1

cs;slf;fk;……..

 If;fpa mNkupf;f murpayikg;G

 gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;G

 gpuhd;]; murpayikg;G

 ,e;jpah murpayikg;G

 Rtpw;ryhe;J murpayikg;G

2
 vd;Diu…..

2017 Mk; Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Gjpa ghlj;jpl;;lj;jpw;F mikthf f.ngh.j. cau;ju

murwptpay; khztu;fspd; eyid ikakhff; nfhz;L ,e;ÁyhdJ njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,r;rpwpa Mf;fj;jpid vOj Jizahf ,Ue;j ty;y ehafd; my;yh`;tpw;Nf
Gfoidj;Jk;. my;`k;Jypy;yh`;.
murwptpay; xU r%f tpQ;Qhd ghlkhFk;. fpNuf;fj;jpy; Kiwg;gb Muk;gpj;j
,f;fy;tpahdJ ,w;iw tiu ghlrhiy> gy;fiyf;fofk; vd Kiwrhu;e;j epWtdq;fspy;
Njrpa > ru;tNjr uPjpahf fw;gpf;fg;gl;L tUtjid mtjhdpf;fyhk;. gioad fopjYk;
Gjpad GFjYk; vd;w KJnkhopf;F Vw;g fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; gy;NtW Gjpa mk;rq;fs;
,f;fw;if newpapy; cs;thq;fg;gl;L tUtjid mtjhdpf;fhyk;. mjpy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l
ehLfspd; murpayikg;Gf;fs; vDk; gFjpAk; cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sik rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.
me;jtifapy; ,e;ÁyhdJ njupT nra;ag;gl;l ehLfshd If;fpa mNkupf;fh>
gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> ,e;jpah> Rtpw;ryhe;J Nghd;w ehLfspd; murpayikg;Gf;fs; gw;wp
Muha;fpd;wJ. ,e;ehLfspd; murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;> rl;lthf;fj;Jiw>
epu;thfj;Jiw vd;gtw;Wld; Vida gy;NtW mk;rq;fis cs;thq;fp njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sik
mtjhdpf;fj;jf;f tplakhFk;. ,it Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;Nfw;g Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd;
JizAld; Njitahd mk;rq;fis cs;thq;fp vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,r;rpW Mf;fj;jpid vOj JizGupe;j ty;y ehafd; my;yh`;tpw;Nf Gfoidj;Jk;

my;`k;Jypy;yh`;. fy;tpapd; ghy;; rpWtajpypUe;J <u;g;gpid fhl;b tUk; vdJ md;G
jha; je;ijau;fSf;Fk;> vdf;F murwptpaiy fw;gpj;J gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; mjid rpwg;G
ghlkhfTk; njupT nra;tjw;F gpd;Gy ,Ue;j vdJ Mrhd; B.M. Sabry ( sir ) B.A (Hons)
(Special in. Politics & Peace Studies ) mtu;fSf;Fk; ty;yehafd; ,iwtd;
mUs;ghypg;ghdhf! MkPd;. my;yh`; Mrpupau; mtu;fsJ Fwpf;Nfhs;fis edthf;FtJld;
khzt rKjhaj;jpw;F njhlu;e;Jk; jdJ gq;fspg;ig toq;f cjtp nra;thdhf!
f.ngh.j cau;ju murwptpay; khztu;fs; midtUk; jkJ ,Wjpg; guPl;irapy; rpwe;j
ngWNgWfis ngw Ntz;Lk; vd tho;j;JfpNwd;.

murwptpaiy fw;Nghk; : fw;gpg;Nghk; : fw;gjw;F JizGupNthk; vd;w Ntz;LNfhSld;….

,td;…

R. m`kl; m`;rd;> murpay; tpQ;Qhd gPlk;> ,uz;lhk; tUlk;>

,yq;if njd;fpof;F gy;fiyf;fofk;> XYtpy;

..

3
 If;fpa mNkupf;fh

If;fpa mNkupf;f murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

1. vOjg;gl;l nefpoh murpayikg;G.

If;fpa mNkupf;f murpayikg;ghdJ RUf;fkhd murpayikg;ghf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J
xU KfTiuiaAk; 07 mj;jpahaq;fisAk; 4000 nrhw;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 229
tUlq;fs; goikkpf;f ,t; murpayikg;gpy; ,Jtiuf;Fk; 27 murpay; ahg;G
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; kl;Lk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. mNj Nghd;W ,J nefpoh ahg;ghfTk;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb ahg;gpid jpUj;JtJ fbdkhdJk; rpf;fyhdJkhFk;.
murpayikg;gpw;F nfhz;L tUk; ve;jnthU jpUj;jj;jpw;Fk; khepy muRfspd; ¾
ngUk;ghd;ik mtrpakhFk;

2. rk\;b murpayikg;G
mNkupf;fhtpd; gy;tifikapd; Clhf RahjPdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd Kaw;rpapd;
tpisthf 13 Rje;jpukhd muRfs; xd;wpize;J cyfpw;fspj;j nfhilNa mNkupf;f
murpayikg;ghFk;. ,J 13 muRfspy; Muk;gpj;J jw;NghJ 50 khepyq;fs; tiu
gue;Js;sJ.

3. tYNtwhf;fk; kw;Wk; jilfs; rkd;ghLfs; nfhz;l ahg;G

mNkupf;f murpayikg;G tYNtwhf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. ,q;F rl;lj;Jiw
epu;thfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw vd;gd jdpj;jdpj;Jiwfshf ,aq;fp tUfpd;wd. mNjNghd;W
jilfs; rkd;ghLfs; jj;JtKk; ,t;ahg;gpy; cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;gb xU Jiw
Vida Jiwapd; kPJ mehtrpakhf jiyapLtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. nfhLPukhd
jhd;Nwhd;wpj;jdkhd Ml;rp Vw;gLtjid jLg;gNj ,t; jilfs; rkd;ghLfs; jj;Jtj;jpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.

4. kuGfs>; tof;fhWfs;> rk;gpujhaq;fis nfhz;l ahg;G.

mNkupf;f murpayikg;ghdJ RUq;fpa xd;whFk;. ,jd; %yk; murhq;fikg;gpd; Gwtikg;G
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Gwtikg;gpw;Fupa vOk;G> jir> euk;G vd;gd kuGfs;> tof;fhWfs;>
rk;gpujhaq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;Ls;sd.

5. ePjpg;Gzuha;T mjpfhuk; nfhz;l ahg;G

murpayikg;gpid nghUs;Nfhly; nra;tjd; Clhf fhq;fpu]; epiwNtw;Wk; rl;lq;fs;
murpayikg;gpw;F cfe;jjh vd;gij kPsha;T nra;Ak; mjpfhuj;ij ePjpkd;wq;fs;
ngw;Ws;sd. vdpDk; ,t;tjpfhuj;ij murpayikg;gpDhlhf ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F Neubahf
ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fhtpbDk; mt;tjpfhuk; kiwKfkhf ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cz;L vd;gij 1803
k; Mz;L khu;gup vjpu;gup nkbrpd; tof;F jPu;khdpj;jJ.
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 6. kf;fs; ,iwik jj;Jtj;ij nfhz;l ahg;G
mNkupf;f murpayikg;ghdJ kf;fs; ,iwik vDk; jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
mikag;ngw;Ws;sJ. Ml;rp nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; kf;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gNj ,jd;
fUj;jhFk;

7. FbauR ahg;G
mNkupf;f xU FbaurhFk;. ,jd; jiytu; [dhjpgjpahthu;. ,tu; kf;fshy;
Neubahftd;wp Nju;thsu; fofj;jpDhlhf njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;whu;. Nju;thsu; fof
cWg;gpdu;fs; 538 NgWk; kf;fs; Nju;jy; %yNk njupthfpd;wdu;. mNkupf;f
murpayikg;ghdJ kf;fsplNk ,Ue;J mjpfhuj;ij ngWfpd;wJ. NkYk; midj;J
muRfSk; jkJ murpay;ahg;gpid FbauR jj;Jtj;jpw;Nfw;g xOq;fikj;Js;sd.

8. [dhjpgjp Ml;rpKiwia nfhz;l ahg;G

mNkupf;f murpayikg;G [dhjpgjp Ml;rpKiw jj;Jtj;jpid nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jd;gb
epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwf;F nghWg;ghf [dhjpgjpAk; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ MNyhrfu;fSkhd
fgpdl; nrayhsu;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. [dhjpgjpw;F mjpfhuq;fs; murpayikg;G
%yKk;> cau;ePjpkd;wj;juP ;g;gpd; %yKk;> fhq;fpu]pdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l Nahridfs;
%yKk; fpilf;fpd;wd.

9. ,ul;ilf;FbAupik
mNkupf;f murpayikg;G ,ul;ilf; FbAupikapid mq;fPfupj;Js;sJ. ,jd;gb
ehl;Lf;FbAupikAk; murpd; FbAupikAk; xUtUf;F ,Ug;gJ ,ul;ilf;FbAupikahFk;.
mNkupf;f gpui[ xUtu; If;fpa mNkupf;fhtpdJk; jhd; thOk; gpuNrj;jpdJk;
gpui[ahfTk; cs;shu;.

10. cupikfs; rhrdk;

mbg;gil cupikfs;> nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L ,J
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

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 mNkupf;f rk~;bKiwapd; gz;Gfs;

1. murpayikg;G Nkyhz;iktha;e;jjhf fhzg;gLjy;

mkupf;f murpayikg;G Nkyhz;ik tha;e;jjhFk;. murpayikg;gpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s
topKiwfSf;Fk; tpjpKiwfSf;Fk; Vw;g kj;jpa muRk; khepy muRfSk; fl;Lg;gl;L
elf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jid kPwp nraw;gl KbahJ. NkYk; murpay; ahg;gpid kPWfpd;w
rl;lq;fisAk; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw jPu;khdq;fisAk; murpay; ahg;Gf;F KuzhdJ vdf;$wp
mjid jil nra;Ak; ePjpg;Gzuha;T mjpfhuj;ij mNkupf;f cau;ePjpkd;wk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

2. vOjg;gl;l nefpoh murpayikg;G

mNkupf;f murpayikg;G RUf;fkhdjhFk;. ,J xU KfTiuiaAk; 07
mj;jpahaq;fisAk; 4000 nrhw;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 229 tUlq;fs; goikkpf;f
,t;ahg;gpy; ,J tiuf;Fk; 27 rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; kl;Lk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. mNjNghd;W nefpoh murpaikg;ghfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb
murpayikg;ig jpUj;JtJ fbdkhdJk; rpf;fyhd xd;WkhFk;. murpayikg;gpw;F
nfhz;L tug;gLk; ve;jnthU jpUj;jj;jpw;Fk; khepy muRfspd; ¾ ngUk;ghd;ik
mtrpakhFk;.

3. ahg;G uPjpahd mjpfhug; gq;fPL

mNkupf;f murpay; ahg;gpy; mjpfhuq;fs; ahg;G uPjpahf gq;fplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jd; gb kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jpw;F rpy mjpfhuq;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; Vida mjpfhuq;fs; khepy
muRfSf;F toqfg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; %yk; gytPdkhd kj;jpa muRk; gykhd khepy
muRfSk; cUthfpAs;sJ. murpay; ahg;gpd; %yk; kj;jpa muRfSf;F
Fwpj;njhJf;fg;glhj rfy mjpfhuq;fisAk; muRfSf;F toq;fpAs;sik mNkupf;f
rk\;bapd; gpujhd gz;ghFk;. ,jd;gb rpy mjpfhuq;fs; :
kj;jpa murf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuq;fs;
 ntspAwT mjpfhuq;fs;
 ehza ntspaPl;L ,mjpfhuq;fs;
 Njrpa ghJfhg;G > Nghu;g;gpufld mjpfhuq;fs;
 tup mwtply;> nryT nra;jy; mjpfhuq;fs;
 ru;;tNjr> khepyq;fSf;fpilapyhd tuj;jf mjpfhuq;fs;
 ,uhZt tptfhuk;> murpay; ahg;G jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;.

khepy muRfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuq;fs;.

 cs;Suhl;rp kd;w mjpfhuq;fs;
 tptrha kw;Wk; Ntshz;ik njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;
 FbAupikAld; njhlu;ghd ghJfhg;G mjpfhuq;fs;
 Muk;g fy;tp> ,ilepiy fy;tp mjpfhuq;fs;.

6
 xj;jpaq;Fk; mjpfhuq;fs;
 rl;lq;fis tpjpj;jy; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; mjpfhuq;fs;
 rptpy; cupikfis ghJfhf;Fk; mjpfhuq;fs;
 Nju;jy; elhj;Jjy;> Rfhjhu ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; eyd;Gup mjpfhuq;fs;
 tuptjpg;G> Nrfupg;G kw;Wk; mwptPL nra;Ak; mjpfhuq;fs;

4. ePjpj;Jiwapd; Nkyhz;ik
mNkupf;fhtpy; ,U kl;lq;fspyhd murhq;fk; fhzg;gLtjhy; kj;jpa murpw;Fk; khepy
muRfSf;Fkpilapy; my;yJ khepyq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; vOk; gpur;rpidfis tpsq;fpj;
jPu;j;Jitf;f gf;fr;rhu;gw;w Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;Jiw mtrpakhfpwJ. ,jd;gb mNkupf;fhtpy
kj;jpa ePjpkd;wnkhd;W jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; mJ murpayikg;gpd; ghJfhtyhdfTk;>
cupikfspd; ghJfhtyhdfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. NkYk; murpay; ahg;gpw;F nghUs;Nfhly;
nra;tJk; ,Jjhd;. mNkupf;f cau;ePjpkd;wkhdJ gy jlitfs; kj;jpa muRf;F
rhu;ghfTk;> khepy muRfSf;F rhu;ghfTk; jPu;gG ; toq;fpAs;sJ

5. nrdl; rigapy; rkgpujpepjpj;Jtk;

mNkupf;ftpy; khepyq;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; nrdl;rigapy; khepyj;Jf;F 2 Ngu;
vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; 50 khepyq;fspypUe;Jk; 100 Ngu; mq;fk; tfpf;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs;
nrdl;lu;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; khepy kf;fshy; njupT
nra;ag;gLthu;fs;. rk~;bapy; vy;yh khepyq;fSf;Fk; rkkhd ftdpg;G vd;w
jj;Jtj;jpw;Nfw;g ,t;TWg;gpdu; njhif mikag;ngw;Ws;sJ.
mNkupf;fhtpd; ,uz;lhk; kd;wkhd ,r;nrdl;rig epue;jukhdJ. ,jd; gjtpf;fhyk; 06
tUlq;fshFk;. ,uz;L tUlj;jpw;F xU Kiw 1/3 gFjpapdu; gjtp Kjpu;r;rpaila
Gjpatu;fs; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLtu;. ,jid Row;rp Kiwj;njupT vd miog;gu;.

6. cupikfs; murpayikg;gpdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLjy;

mNkupf;f murpayikg;gpy; khepyq;fspfspd; cupikfs; murpay; ahg;G uPjpahf
ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. murpay; ahg;gpy; khepyq;fs; kj;jpa muRf;F tpl;Lf;nfhLj;j
mjpfhuq;fNs Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. vQ;rpa mjpfhuq;fs; midj;Jk; khepy muRfsplNk
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
khepy muRfs; kj;jpa muRfspd; jiyaPbd;wp ,aq;f
topaikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. khepy MSdu; kf;fshy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;whu;.
,e;jpahitg;Nghy kj;jpa murpdhy; epakdk; nra;ag;glkhl;lhu;. NkYk; khepy
rl;lkd;wq;fis [dhjpgjp fiyf;f KbahJ. khepyq;fSf;nfd ePjpkd;wq;fs; cz;L.
mNjNghd;W vy;yh khepy muRfSk; jk;kf;fSf;F FbAupikia toq;Ffpd;wJ.

NkYs;stw;iw njhFj;J Nehf;Fk;NghJ mNkupf;f khepyq;fSf;F mjpfsthd

mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sikapidAk; kj;jpa murpd; mjpfhuq;fs;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sikapidAk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;. Mdhy; eilKiwapy; kj;jpa muNr
gyk;ngw;W tpsq;FfpwJ. mNkupf;f murpayikg;gpy; kiwKf mjpfhuq;fs; my;yJ
njhf;fpepw;Fk; mjpfhuq;fs; vd tpsf;fkspf;fg;gl;L gy Gjpa mjpfhuq;fis kj;jpa muR
vLj;Jf;nfhz;lJ. NkYk; fpgd; xf;ld; tof;Fj;jPug; ;gpDhlhf gy Gjpa mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpa
murplk; te;J Nru;e;Js;sJ. vJ vt;thwhapDk; cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; rpwe;j rk~;bfspy;
If;fpa mNkupf;fh gpugy;akhdJ vd;gJ cWjpahdjhFk;
7
 mNkupf;f rk~;bapy; kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfs;

If;fpa mNkupf;f murpayikg;gpy; mNkupf;f xU rk~;b ehL vd Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.

vdpDk; mNkupf;f xU rk~;b ehlhFk;. mNkupf;f murpayikg;gpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w kj;jpa
khepy muRfSf;fpilapyhd mjpfhug;gq;fPL mJ xU rk~;b ehL vd;gij njspthf
czu;j;jp tpLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ mjpfhug;gq;fPl;L tplaj;jpy; rhjhuz rl;lj;jpd; %yk;
kj;jpa muNrh my;yJ khepy muNrh khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;j KbahJ. vdNt mNkupf;f
xU mjpfhug;gq;fPl;Lld; $ba rk~;b ehL vd nrhy;yyhk;.

mNkupf;f murpayikg;gpy; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; njspthf

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk; ,jw;F Gwk;ghf rpy kiwKf mjpfhuq;fisAk; mNkupf;f
kj;jpa murhq;fk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,q;F kiwKf mjpfhuqfs; vd;gJ murpay; ahg;G
uPjpahf kj;jpa murpw;F Neubahf toq;fg;glhj mjpfhuq;fshFk;.

kj;pa murpw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuq;fs; :

 Njrpa ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Nghu; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs
 ru;tNjr kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;fpilapyhd tuj;jfk; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;
 tup mwtpLjy; kw;Wk; nrytpLjy; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;
 kj;jpa murpdhy; xJf;fg;gLk; epjpapDhlhf khepyq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuq;fs;
 Gjpa khepyq;fis Nru;jj ; y; kw;Wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;
 kj;jpa khepy muRfs; ,ize;J gad;gLj;Jk; xj;jpaq;Fk; mjpfhuq;fs;
 khepy muRfis ghJfhj;jy; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;

Njrpa ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Nghu; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs; : ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;G my;yJ

ru;tNjr jPtputhjj;jpypUe;J ehl;il ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk; ahg;G uPjpahf kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jpw;Nf toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jPtputhj Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fspd; NghJ ehl;il ghJfhf;f
Aj;jk; nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; kj;jpa murpw;Nf cz;L. ,jd;NghJ kj;jpa muR mtrpakhdhy;
khepyq;fSf;F nrhe;jkhd tpkhd epiyaq;fis ifg;gw;w my;yJ ghtpf;f KbAk;.
,t;thwhd gzpapid [dhjpgjp Nkw;nfhs;tJld; mjw;F fhq;fpu]pd; rk;kjKk;
mtrpakhFk;.

ru;tNjr kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;fpilapyhd tuj;jfk; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;: mNkupf;f

murpayikg;gpd; %yk; ru;tNjrk; kw;Wk; khepy muRfSf;fpilapyhd tu;jj
; fk;
njhlu;ghd KO mjpfhuKk; kj;jpa murpw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cjhuzk; : xU khepyj;jpw;F khj;jpuk; tiuaWf;fg;glhj tuj;jf eltbf;iffs;
njhlu;ghf kj;jpa muR rl;lq;fis ,aw;w KbAk;.
kj;jpa murpw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s tu;jj
; fk; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; ntspehl;ltu;fs;
kw;Wk; ,e;jpa tu;jj
; fu;fSf;fpilapy; tu;j;jfk; nra;tjw;F rl;lj;jpy; ,lKz;L
ePjpkd;w jPu;g;gpd; %yKk; rpy mjpfhuq;fis kj;jpa muR ngw;Ws;sJ. ( nyhj;ju; rPl;L>
thndhyp … )

8
tup mwtpLjy; kw;Wk; nrytpLjy; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs; : mNkupf;f fhq;fpu]; jdpj;J tup
mwtply; kw;Wk; nrytply; mjpfhuj;ij murpayikg;G toq;ftpy;iy. vdpDk; re;ju;gg ;
R+oYf;Nfw;g kj;jpa muR tup mwtpl > nrytpl KbAk;. NkYk; kj;jpa murhq;fj;ij
Nghy khepy murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; tup mwtpLk; mjpfhuk; cz;L vd;gij fpgd;]; xf;ld;
epA+Nahu;f; tof;Fj;jPu;gG
; kPstypAWj;jpaikia Fwpg;gplyhk;.

kj;jpa murpdhy; xJf;fg;gLk; epjpapDhlhf khepyq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuq;fs; :

kj;jpa muRf;F fy;tp kw;Wk; tptrhak; njhlu;ghf Neubj; jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
mjpfhuk; ,y;yhtpbDk; mt;tplagug;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghf kj;jpa muR epjp xJf;fPL nra;aTk;

ed;nfhil toq;fTk; KbAk;. NkYk; epge;jidfSld; $ba epjpapid kj;jpa muR

khepy muRfSf;F toq;Ftjd; %yk; kiwKfkhf khepy muRfspd; nraw;ghLfspy;
jiyapLtjw;Wk; mjd;thapyhf mjpfhuk; nrYjJtjw;Fk; kj;jpa muRf;F KbAkhf
cs;sJ.
NkYk; kj;jpa muR epjpapid xJf;Fk; NghJ mij khepy muRfs; vt;thW
nrytpl Ntz;Lk; vd jPu;khdpf;f KbAk;. kj;jpa muR epjpapidf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;>
fl;Lg;gL:j;Jtjw;fhd mr;RWj;jiy tpLtpg;gjd; %yk; khepy muRfisAk; egu;fspdJ
nraw;ghLfs; kPJ fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpf;f kj;jpa murpdhy; KbAkhf cs;sJ.
cjhuzk; : kj;jpa muR khepy muRf;F ahNjDk; nraw;jpl;lj;jpw;fhf toq;fg;gLk;
epjpapid ahNuDk; egUf;F epwk;> ,dk;> ghy; kw;Wk; cly; jFjpfspy; VNjDk; xd;iw
fhuzk; fh;l;b khepy muR kWj;jhy; toq;fg;gLk; epjpAjtp epWj;jg;gLk;.

kj;jpa khepy muRfs; ,ize;J nraw;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuq;fs; : kj;jpa muRfs; khepy muRfs;
,ize;J nraw;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; gw;wp murpayikg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,it
xj;jpaq;Fk; mjpfhuq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;: tup tpjpg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; mt;tt; khepyj;jpd; cs;sfr;
nraw;ghLfspy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; tpahghuj;ij jPu;khdpj;jy;
mNkupf;f xj;jpaq;Fk; mjpfhuq;fis kj;jpa murpd; rl;lq;fNshL
Kuz;glhj tifapy; mtw;wpid khepy muRfs; mDgtpf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; mNkupf;f
khepyq;fs; khepyq;fSf;fpilapy; tpahghuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Njitaw;w FWf;fPLfs;
kw;Wk; mOj;jq;fs; Vw;gLk; tpjj;jpy; murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfspy; jiyapLk; tifapy;
nraw;gl KbahJ.
cjhuzk; : xNu tpjkhd Njrpa rYif khepyq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd tuj;jfk;
vd;gtw;iw kj;jpa murpd; rl;lj;JiwNa jPu;khdpf;Fk;. mit [dhjpgjpapd; mDkjp
kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; nfhs;if vd;gtw;Wf;Nfw;g tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

khepy muRfis ghJfhj;jy; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs; :

mNkupf;f rk\;b fl;likg;gpy; khepyq;fis ghJfhg;gJ rk;ke;jkhf gy Vw;ghLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
cjhuzk; : If;fpa mNkupf;f khepyq;fspy; cs;sf fpsu;r;rpfs; Vw;gLk;NghJ cupa
khepyj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jhgdj;jhy; tpLtpf;fg;gLk; Ntz;LNfhs;fSf;fpzq;f mNkupf;f
[dhjpgjp ,uhZtj;ij mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.

9
vdNt Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s tplaq;fis njhFj;J Nehf;Fk; NghJ mNkupf;f rk~;bKiwapy;
kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfis mwpe;J nfhs;syhk. VdpDk;
eilKiwapy; kj;jpa murpd; mjpfhuNk tYtile;J tUfpd;wikia mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

mNkupf;f rk~;bKiwapy; khepy muRfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfs;

mNkupf;f rk~;b Kiwapy; kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilapy; njhlu;Gfs; epytp

tUfpd;wikaia mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
Gjpa khepyq;fis ,izj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd my;yJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;s kj;jpa murpd;
fhq;fpu]pw;Nf mjpfhuk; cs;sJ.

mNkupf;f ahg;gpd; 4k; cWg;Giuapd; gb khepy munrhd;wpw;F NtnwhU khepy gpui[

xUtupd; mbg;gil cupikfs; njhlu;gpy; tpNrl rYif toq;fNth my;yJ
toq;fhjpUg;gjw;Nfh rl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rYiffs; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fs; vd;gd njhlu;ghd
tplaq;fis kiwj;J nrayhw;w KbahJ.

NkYk; khepy muRfs; jkJ gpui[fSf;F toq;Fk; rYiffis Vida

khepyq;fspd; gpui[fSf;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ rl;lghJfhg;G rkhjhd njhopy;
xd;wpy; <Lgly;> ePjp epthuzj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; vd;gNj ,jd; mu;j;jkhFk;.

murpayikg;gpd; 14k; cWg;Giuapd; 2k; cg gpuptpd; gb Fwpg;gpl;l khepyk; xd;wpy; Fw;wk;

Rkj;jg;gl;L NtnwhU khepyj;jpw;F jg;gpr;nry;Yk; xUtiu ifJ nra;J mk;khepyj;jpd;
cupa mjpfhupaplk; xg;gilj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd Fwpg;gplg;l;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ ahNjDk;
khepynkhd;W kw;nwhW khepyj;jpd; Fw;wthspf;F ghJfhg;G toq;ff;$ba ,lkhf
,Uf;ff;$lhJ vd;gNj ,jd; nghUshFk;.

NkYk; G+uzkhd ek;gpf;if vDk; ek;gpf;if rpj;jhe;jj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa

khepymunrhd;W njhopw;gl Ntz;Lk;. khepy muRfspd; rl;l Mtzq;fs;> ePjpkd;w
nrad;Kiwfs; njhlu;gpy; ek;gpf;if itj;J fUkkhw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,jd;
fUj;jhFk;.

mNkupf;f murpay; ahg;ig jpUj;Jk; topKiwfs;

mNkupf;f murpayikg;ghdJ gpd;tUk; topKiwfs; %yk; jpUj;jg;gLfpwJ.

1. fhq;fpu]pd; ,U rigfspYk; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tNjhL

mJ njhlu;gpy; khepy muRfspy; ¾ ,d; mDkjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspd; %yk; my;yJ ,J njhlu;gpy; elhj;jg;gLk; khehl;bd;
%yNkh mDkjp toq;f KbAk;.

2. khepy muRfSk; murpayikg;G jpUj;jq;fis Muk;gpf;f KbAk; khepy

muRfspd; 2/3 ,w;F mjpfkhd vz;zpf;ifapdu; fhq;fpu]py; Ntz;LNfhs;
10
 tpLf;Fk; NghJ fhq;fpu]pd; murpayikg;G cUthf;f khehL miof;fg;gLk;.
gpd;G ¾ khepy muRfs; mj;jpUj;jj;ij mq;fPfupf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mNkupf;f fhq;fpu]pd; mikTr;Nru;f;if> mjpfhuq;fs;> gzpfs;

mikTr;Nru;fi
; f

mNkupf;f fhq;fpu];

,U kd;wq;fs;

kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rig nrdl;rig

my;yJ fPo;rig 435Ngu; my;yJ Nkw;rig
100 Ngu;

- ,jd; cWg;gpdu;fs; Nju;jy; %yk; kf;fshy; - gpujpepjpfs; khepy kf;fshy; njupthtu;

njupTnra;ag;gLthu;fs;. - gjtpf;fhyk; 06 tUlq;fshFk;
- ,tu;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; 2 tUlq;fshFk; - rig epue;jukhdJ

- ,r;rig jw;fhypfkhdjhFk;. - rigf;F cg [dhjpgjp jiyik jhq;Fthu;

- rghehafu; ,jw;F jiyik jhq;Fthu;

-
mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;
kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rig nrdl;rig

tuT nryT jpl;lj;ij Muk;gpj;Jitj;jy; epjp kNrhjhtpw;F mq;fPfhuk; toq;Fjy;. jpUj;Jtjw;F

my;yJ khw;Wtjw;F mjpfhuk; cz;L.

Fw;wg;gpNuuizia Muk;gpj;Jitj;jy; Fw;wg;gpNuuidia tprhuiz nra;jYk; 2/3

[dhjpgjpapd; ntspehl;L xg;ge;jj;ij
jLf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,y;iy.
[dhjpgjpapd; ,uhZt nraw;ghl;Lf;F
mDkjp toq;f Ntz;Lk;
ngUk;ghd;ikapdhy; epiwNtw;wYk;.
2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikapdhy; ntspehl;L xg;ge;jj;ij
mq;fPfupj;jy; my;yJ jil
nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; cz;L
[dhjpgjpapd; ,uhZt nraw;ghl;il jilnra;Ak;
mjpfhuk; cz;L

11
[dhjpgjpj; Nju;jypy; ve;j Ntl;ghsUk; cg [dhjpgjp Nju;jypy; ve;jnthU Ntl;ghsUk;
ngUk;ghd;ik mDkjp ngwhtpl;lhy; mWjpg;ngUk;ghd;ik ngwhtpbd; cg [dhjpgjpia
[dhjpgjpia njupT nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; njupT nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; ,r;rigf;F cz;L.

,r;rigf;F cz;L
cau; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; cau; mjpfhupfs; ,g;gjtpfs; epakdj;jpw;F nrdl;bd; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik
epakdq;fspy; ve;j tpj mjpfhuKkpy;iy Ntz;Lk;

mNkupf;f [dhjpgjpapd; njupTk; Nju;jy; fy;YhupAk;

If;fpa mNkupf;fh [dhjpgjp murhq;fKiwia cila ehlhFk;. ,tu; kf;fspdhy;

Neubahftd;wp Nju;thsu; fofj;jpDhlhf kiwKfkhf njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;whu;. ,tupd;
gjtpf;fhyk; 04 tUlq;fshFk;. xUtu; 02 jlitfSf;F Nky; [dhjpgjpahf gjtp tfpf;f
KbahJ. mNkupf;f [dhjpgjp gjtp cyfpNy mjpf mjpfhuKs;s gjtpahf
ghuf;fg;gLtjdhy; ,tiu njupT nra;tjw;fhd njupTKiwAk; KiwAk; rpf;fyhdJk;>
ePz;lJk;> nryTkpf;fJkhf mike;J tpLfpd;wJ.

[dhjpgjp Ntl;ghsUf;Fupa jifikfs;.

 gpwg;ghy; mNkupf;f gpui[ahf ,Uj;jy;
 35 taij G+u;j;jpaile;jpUj;jy;
 14 tUlq;fs; mNkupf;fhtpy; njhlu;r;rpahf trpj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;

mNkupf;f [dhjpgjpia njupT nra;Ak; KiwahdJ gpd;tUk; fl;lq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;

eilngWk;.

fl;lk; - 01

[dhjpgjpj; Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl tpUk;Gk; Ntl;ghsu;fs; ahtUk; jk;ik kj;jpa Nju;jy;

Mizf;FOtpy; gjpT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. RNal;ir Ntl;ghsu;fs; jk;ik Neubahf gjpT
nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;. fl;rpfs; jkJ Ntl;ghsiu jkJ Njrpa fl;rp kfhehl;by; njupT
nra;fpd;wd. ,J [dhjpgjp Nju;jy; eilngWk; tUlj;jpd; Mf];l; my;yJ nrg;lk;gu;
khjj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk;.

fl;lk; - 02 ( Nju;thsu; fofk; )

murpayikg;gpd; gb [dhjpgjp kf;fspdhy; Neubahftd;wp Nju;thsu; fofj;jpdhy; njupT

nra;ag;gLfpd;whu;. .,j;Nju;thsu; fofkhdJ fhq;fpu]pd; ,UrigfspdJk; cWg;gpdu;
njhiff;F rkdhd vz;zpf;ifia nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,jd;gb Nju;thsu; fof cWg;gpdu;
njhif nkhj;jk; 538 MFk;.

12
 Nju;thsu; fofj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fis njupT nra;tjw;fhd Nju;jyhdJ [dhjpgjp Nju;jy;
eilngWk; tUlj;jpd; etk;gu; khjj;jpy; KjyhtJ jpq;fs; fpoikf;F gpd;du; tUk;
KjyhtJ nrt;tha;f;fpoik eilngUk;.

mNkupf;fhtpy; ntw;wpahsu; rfy thf;FfisAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; nfhs;if ( winer

Takes All ) filgpbf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb ntw;wpngWgtu; rfyijAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;thu;
vd;w mbg;gpilapy; khfhzj;jpy; ntw;wp ngWk; fl;rp rfyijAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;.

fl;lk; - 03

ntw;wpngw;w Ntl;ghsu; ahtUk; brk;gu; khjj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; Gjd;fpoik jj;jkJ

khepyq;fspd; jiyefuq;fspy; $b [dhjpgjp Ntl;ghsu;fSf;F thf;fspg;gu;. gpd;du; mit
Kj;jpiu ,lg;gl;L thrpq;ld; efupYs;s nrdl;rigapd; jiytUf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gLk;.

fl;lk; - 04

thrpq;lDf;F mDg;gg;gl;l mt;thf;Ffs; [dhjpgjp 06 my;yJ 07k; jpfjp fhq;fpu]pd;

,U rigfspdJ $l;Lf; $l;lnkhd;wpy; nrdl;rig jiytuhy; jpwf;fg;gl;L vz;zg;gLk;..
xUtu; [dhjpgjpahf njupT nra;ag;gLtjw;F nkhj;j thf;Ffspy; ( 538 )
mWjpg;ngUk;ghd;ikia ( 270 ) ngw Ntz;Lk;.

vtUk; mWjpg;ngUk;ghd;ikia ngwhjtplj;J [dhjpgjpia njupT nra;Ak;

nghWg;G kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rigf;Fk; cg [dhjpgjpia njupT nra;Ak; nghWg;G nrdl;
rigf;Fk; tplg;gLk;. ,jd;gb xt;nthU khfhzKk; xU thf;fpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;.
mjpy; ahu; mWjpg;ngUk;ghd;ikia ( 26 ) ngWfpwhNuh mtu; [dhjpgjpahf njupT
nra;ag;gLthu;.

NkYs;stw;iw njhFj;J Nehf;Fk; NghJ [dhjpgjp njupT KiwapidAk; Nju;jy;

fy;YhupapdJ nrad;KiwapidAk; njspthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;. mNjNeuj;jpy;
[dhjpgjpia njupT nra;Ak; Nju;jy; KiwahdJ kuGfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
xd;W vd;gJk; GydhfpwJ.

mNkupf;f [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;

mNkupf;f [dhjpgjpapd; rl;lj;Jiw rhu;e;j mjpfhuq;fshtd :

 tUlhe;j murhq;f nra;jpfis fhq;fpu]py; rku;g;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; Njit Vw;gLk; NghJ

nra;jpfis mDg;Gjy;

 fhq;fpu]pd; jtizfis Kbf;Fk; NghJ kPz;Lk; $Lk; jpdj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jy;

 fhq;fpu]; ,aw;Wk; rl;lq;fSf;F ,Wjp mjpfhuj;ij toq;Fjy; my;yJ ,uj;J

mjpfhuj;ij gpuNahfpj;jy;

 rl;lthf;fk; nra;a Ntz;ba nfhs;iffis rpghupR nra;jy;

13
  fhq;fpu]; epiwNtw;Wk; rl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fshtd :

 murpd; jiytu; vd;w tifapy;

- Njrpa tPuu;fSf;F tpUJ toq;Fjy;

- Njrpa fpwp];k]; kuj;ij xspngwr;nra;jy;
- mNkupf;f FbauirAk;> khfhzq;fspd; FbauirAk; ghJfhj;jy;
- mNkupf;f nrhj;Jf;fis ghJfhj;jy;
- Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j nra;jpfis ntspaply;

 Kg;gilfspd; jiytu; v;dw tifapy;

- mNkupf;fhtpd; Njrpa ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jy;

- Njrpa NritfSf;fhf ,uhZtj;ij mioj;jy;
- Kg;gil cau; mjpfhupfis epakpj;jy;
- mNkupf;f ,uhZt Nghu;f;fg;gy;fs;> tpkhdq;fs jupj;J epw;Fk; ,lj;jpid jPu;khdpj;jy;

 gpujhd epiwNtw;W mjpfhup vd;w tifapy;

- mur nfhs;ifapid jPu;khdpj;jy;

- epiwNtw;W fl;lisia gpwg;gpj;jy;
- tuT nryit fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
- Fw;wthspfSf;F kd;dpg;gspj;jy;
- rk~;b epUthfj;ij nfhz;L elhj;Jjy;

 ntspehl;L tptfhuq;fis epu;tfpg;gtu; vd;w tifapy;

- mNkupf;fhit ntspeh\lfspy; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jy;

- ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;iffis nfhz;L elhj;JjYk; ntspehl;L JhJtu;fis
tuNtw;W mq;fPfupj;jy; my;yJ epuhfupj;jy;
- ntsehl;L muRfis cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhf mq;fPfupj;jy;
- ntspehl;L tuj;jfj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.

 nrdl; rigAld; ,ize;J Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gzpfs; :

fgpdl; nrayhsu;> ,yhfhj; jiytu;fs;> cau;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;> rk~;b ePjpkd;w

ePjpgjpfs kw;Wk; ,uh[je;jpu mjpfhupfs; Nghd;w cau; gjtp epakdq;fis
toq;Fjy;> ntspehl;L xg;ge;jq;fis 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik rk;kjj;Jld;
Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
14
 ePjpj;Jiw njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fshtd

- nrdl; rigapd; rk;kjj;Jld; cau; ePjpkd;w> rk~;b ePjpgjpfis epakpj;jy;

- Fw;wthspfis kd;dpj;jy; > jz;lizia Fiwj;jy;
( khepyq;fspy; rl;lq;fis kPwpajw;fhf jz;liz ngw;Nwhupd; jz;lizia Fiwf;f
mjpfhukpy;iy )

NkYs;stw;iw njhFj;J Nehf;Fk; NghJ [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fis gzpfis

njspthf milahsk; fz;L nfhs;s KbAk;. ,t;thwhd mjpfhuq;fisAk; gzpfisAk;
gpd;tUk; %yhjhuq;fspypUe;J ngWfpd;whu;.

 mNkupf;f murpay; ahg;G %yk;

 mNkupf;f fhq;fpu]pdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l Nahridfs; %yk;
 mNkupf;f cau; ePjpkd;w jPu;g;gpd; %yk;
 kuGfs; kw;Wk; [dhjpgjpapd; MSik Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk;.

gpupj;jhdpah

gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

1. vOjg;glhj murpayikg;G
gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;gpd; gpujhd ,ay;G mjd; ngUk;gFjp vOjg;glhJ ,Ug;gjhFk;.
,jd;gb gpupj;jhdpah murpay; jpl;lk; vd miof;fj;jf;f xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l murpay;
jpl;l Mtznkhd;wpid mq;F milahsk; fhzk KbahJ. ,jidNa B. nlhf;Ftpy;
vd;w mwpQu; cz;ikapy; ,q;fpyhe;J murpay; jpl;lk; vd;w xd;W ,y;iy vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. ,t;thW gpupj;jhdpah vOjg;glhj murpayikg;gpid nfhz;bUg;gjw;F
murpayikg;G eilKiwfspy; kuGfspdJk; tof;fhWfspdJk; mjpfupj;j nry;thf;Nf
gpujhd fhuzkhFk;. vdpDk; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy murpay; rl;l tpjpfs;
Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jd;gb tuyhw;W rl;l Mtzq;fs;> ghuhSkd;w rl;lq;fs;>
ePjpkd;w jPu;gG
; f;fs;> Nghd;w gy gFjpfs; vOj;Jug; ngw;Ws;sd. cjhuzkhf kf;dfhl;lh
( 1215 ) cupikfs; kZ ( 1628 ) cupikfs; kNrhjh ( 1689 ) ghuhSkd;w rl;lq;fs; (
1911> 1949 ) Nghd;w vOjg;gl;l Mtzq;fis Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.

15
 2. gbKiwahf tsu;rr
; p ngw;w murpayikg;G
gpupj;jhdpah murpay; jpl;lk; jw;nrayhdNjh Fwpg;gpl;l jpdj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l FOtpdhy;
tiuag;gl;lNjh my;y. mJ ePz;lfhy gbKiw tsu;r;rpapd; xU cw;gj;jpahFk;.
mNjNtis gpupj;jhdpa murpay; jpl;l %yhjhuq;fSk; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; rpjwpf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. me;j tifapy; gpupj;jhdpa murpay; jpl;lj;jpid gbKiwahf tsu;r;rp
ngw;w Xu; murpayikg;G vd;W Fwpg;gpl KbAk;

3. nefpOk; murpayikg;G
gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;G xU nefpOk; murpayikg;G MFk;. ,q;F murpayikg;G
eilKiwfis ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ikAld; khw;wpaikf;f KbAk;.
,jdhy; rhjhuz rl;lj;jpw;Fk; murpayikg;G rl;lq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa njspthd
NtWghLfs; ,y;iy. ,uz;L rl;lq;fSk; xNu khjpupahd ftd <u;gg
; pid ngw;Ws;sd.

4. xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;G
gpupj;jhdpah murpayikg;G xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;G xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;G MFk;.
,t;turpayikg;gpd; midj;J mjpfhuq;fSk; ghuhSkd;wj;jplk; Ftpf;fg;l;Ls;sJ. ehl;bd;
epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw $l ghuhSkd;w nraw;ghl;bw;F JizGupAk; xd;whf ,Ug;gJld;
mtw;wpd; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf jdpahfNth $l;lhfNth ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
nghWg;Gf;$w Ntz;Lk;.

5. ghuhSkd;w murhq;f Kiw

gpupj;jhdpah ghuhSkd;w khjpupapyhd murhq;f Kiwapid nfhz;Ls;sJ. Kb murpd;
jiytuhf njhopw;gLfpd;w NghjpYk; mikr;ruit ghuhSkd;w ngUk;ghd;ik MjuTld;
epWtg;gLtJld; mjd; ek;gpf;ifapypUf;Fk; tiu gjtpapypUf;Fk;. mikr;ruitapd;
jiytu;fshd gpujkUk; mikr;ru;fSk; mtu;fsJ nfhs;iffs; njhlu;ghf
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;Gilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

6. kuGfSk; tof;fhWfSk;
gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;gpd; gpujhd gFjp kuGfSk; tof;fhWfSkhFk;. ,it gpupj;jhdpa
murpayikg;gpy; fzprkhd nry;thf;fpid nfhz;Ls;sJ. 03 tifahd kuGfs;
tof;fhWfs; gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;gpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wd. mit KbAld;
njhlu;ghd kuGfSk; tof;fhWfSk;> mikr;ruitAld; njhlu;ghd kuGfSk;
tof;fhWfSk;> ghuhSkd;wj;Jld; njhlu;ghd kuGfSk; tof;fhWfSk; MFk;.

7. ghuhSkd;w ,iwik
gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;gpd; gpujhd ,ay;Gfspy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,iwikAk; xd;whFk;.
,q;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,iwik vd;gJ rl;lthf;fj;jpy; ghuhSkd;wk; ngw;wpUf;Fk; cau;
jd;ikapid Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,jd;gb ghuhSkd;wk; jhd; tpUk;Gk; ve;jnthU rl;lj;jpid
,aw;Wtjw;Fk;> jpUj;Jtjw;Fk; ePf;Ftjw;Fkhd mjpfhuj;jpid ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jd;NghJ
ghuhSkd;wj;jpid Nfs;tpf;fplkhf;Fk; ve;jnthU jhgdKk; ,y;iy. ,J gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk;
rl;l mwpQu; V.tp.ilrp gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;G ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,iwik> rl;lj;jpd;
Ml;rp vDk; ,U Jhz;fspy; epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;whu;.

16
 8. rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp
gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;gpd; gpujhd ,ay;Gfspy; xd;W rl;lthl;rpahFk;. rl;lthl;rpahdJ
rl;l rkj;Jtj;jpid Fwpf;fpd;wJ. mNjNtis rl;lj;jpd; Nkyhz;ikapidAk;
typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. rl;lthl;rp jj;Jtj;jpid V.tp.ilrp Kd;itj;jhu;. ,tu; rl;lthl;rpapd;
03 gpujhd jj;Jtq;fis milahsk; fz;Ls;shu;. mit rl;lj;jpd; Kd; rfyUk; rkk;>
jdpkdpju;fs; md;wp rl;lNk Nkd;ik kpf;fJ> epahakhdJk; KiwahdJkhd
tprhuizfs; ,d;wp ve;jnthU egUk; ifJ nra;ag;glNth jz;bf;fg;glNth $lhJ
Nghd;witahFk;.

9. fyg;G murpayikg;G
gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;G Kbahl;rp> cau;Fbahl;rp kw;Wk; [dehaf jj;Jtq;fs;
xd;Wfye;j xU murpayikg;ghFk;. ,jd;gb Kb vd;w epWtdk; Kbahl;rp jj;Jtj;jpid
gpujpgypg;gJld; gpuGf;fs; rigapdJ ,Ug;G cau; Fbahl;rp jj;Jtj;jpid
gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. mNj Nghy nghJkf;fs; rig cz;ikahd [dehaf
nraw;ghl;Ljj;Jtj;jpid gpujpgypj;J epw;fpd;wJ. ,jdbg;gilapy; gpupj;jhdpa
murpayikg;G rfytpjkhd murpay; jj;Jtq;fisAk; ntw;wpfukhf xd;wpizj;Js;sJ
vdyhk;.

10. Nfhl;ghl;Lf;Fk; eilKiwf;Fkpilapyhd ,ilntsp

Vida ehLfspidg; Nghyy;yhky; gpupj;jhdpa murpay; Kiwikapy; Nfhl;ghl;bw;Fk;
eilKiwf;FkpilNa njspthd NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
gpupj;jhdpa Kb Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahf ,iwik mjpfhuk; nghUe;jpatuhthu;. vdpDk;
cz;ikahd eilKiwapy; ghuhSkd;wNk ,iwik mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
Nfhl;ghl;lstpy; ghuhSkd;w kNrhjh xd;wpd; kPJ ,uj;J mjpfhuj;jpid gpuNahfpg;gjw;F
Kb mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;s NghjpYk; eilKiwapy; mtu; jdJ ,uj;J mjpfhuj;jpid
gpuNahfpf;f KbahJ. gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;gpy; Nfhl;ghlhdJ ajhu;j;jj;Jld;
njhlu;Ggl;ljy;y vd rhq;Nf gpuG Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
11. Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;Jiw
gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;G rl;lthl;rpapd; kPJ epWtg;gl;Ls;sjhy; me;ehl;bd; ePjpj;Jiw
Rje;jpuk; cau; kl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,jd;gb ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk;> gjtp ePf;fk; kw;Wk;
ePjpgjpfSf;fhd rYiffs; vd;gd ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuj;jpid NkYk; tYg;gLj;Jk;
tifapy; mike;Js;sJ. ePjpgjpfis mfw;Wk; tplaj;jpy; mtu;fs; ghuJhukhd
Ju;elj;ijfis nfhz;bUe;jhy; xopa mtu;fis gjtpfspypUe;J mfw;w KbahJ.
mt;thW ePjpgjpfis mfw;Wk; NghJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U rigfspdJ rk;kjk; mtrpak;.

17
 gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mikTr;Nru;f;if>
mjpfhuq;fs; > gzpfs;

gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;wk; ,U rigfis nfhz;L tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

1. nghJkf;fs; rig
2. gpuGf;fs; rig

nghJkf;fs; rig gpuGf;fs; rig

nghJkf;fs; rig 650 cWg;gpdu;fs; nkhj;jk; 811 cWg;gpdu;fs;

gpujpepjpfs; Nju;jy; %yk; Neubahf gpujpepjpfs; njhif tiuaWf;fg;gltpy;iy

njupththu;fs;

jdp mq;fj;jtu; Nju;jy; njhFjp Kiwapd; ,r;rigapy; Mj;kPf gpuGf;fs; nysfPf

vspa ngUk;ghd;ikapDhlhf njupththu;fs; gpuGf;fs; Mfpa ,Utifapdu;
,lk;ngWfpd;wdu;. Mj;kPf gpuGf;fSs;
Mq;fpy jpUr;rigapd; 26 gprg;Gf;fs;
cs;slq;Ftu;

gjtpf;fhyk; 05 tUlq;fshFk; ,tu;fs; gpujk ke;jpupapdJ my;yJ

gpuGf;fs; rig epakd Mizf;FOtpdJ
gupe;Jiuapd; Ngupy; Kbapdhy;
epakpf;fg;gLthu;fs;

,r;rig jw;fhypfkhdJ. ,r;rigf;F

rghehafu; jiyik jhq;Ffpwhu;.
,ilf;fhyj;jpy; cWg;gpdu;fspd; gjtpfspy;
ntw;wplk; Vw;gLk; NghJ ,ilj; Nju;jy;
eilngWk;

nghJkf;fs; rigapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;

 rl;lk; rhu;e;jit
rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; nghWg;Ng nghJkf;fs; rigapd; gpujhd flikahFk;. ngUk;ghyhd
kNrhjhf;fs; nghJkf;fs; rigapNy Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. gz kNrhjhf;fs;
nghJkf;fs; rigapy; jhd; Kjypy; Muk;gkhfpwJ. nghJkf;fs; rigahy; ,aw;wg;gl;l
kNrhjh rl;lrigf;F nry;fpwJ. rl;lrig mjid fhyjhkj gLj;j KbANk jtpu jLj;J
epWj;jp tpl KbahJ. KbAk; nghJkf;fs; rigapd; kNrhjhf;fSf;F rk;kjj;jpid
mspg;gJ kuG. MfNt nghJkf;fs; rigahy; ,aw;wg;gl;l kNrhjhf;fs; rl;lkhtJ epr;rak;

18
  epjpepiy rhu;e;jit
ehl;bd; epjpepiyapid fz;fhzpg;gJ ,r;rigapd; nghWg;ghFk;. ,jdhy; ,r;rigapid
Njrpa epjpapd; fhtyu; vd;gu;. gz kNrhjhf;fs; ,r;rigapNyNa Muk;gkhfpwJ.
murhq;fj;jpw;Fupa tUtha;j;JiwfisAk; nryTj;JiwfisAk; nghJkf;fs; rigNa
jPu;khdpf;fpwJ. NkYk; murhq;fj;Jiwfspd; gzk; nryT nra;ag;gLk; Kiwapid
jpwdha;T nra;tJk; xt;nthU ,yhfhTf;Fk; Njitahd epjpia xJf;FtJk; ,jd;
gpujhd gzpahFk;.

 kf;fspd; Fiwfis njuptpf;Fk; kd;wkhf njhopw;gly;

kf;fs; Fiwfis njuptpf;Fk; kd;wkhf nghJkf;fs; rigNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. kf;fSf;F
epiwa Fiwfs; ,Uf;Fk;. mit vy;yhtw;iwAk; murhq;fk; czu;e;jpUf;Fk; vd;W $w
KbahJ. vdNt tpdhf;fs; %ykhfTk;> xj;jpitg;G Nguiz %ykhfTk; vjpu;fl;rpapdu;
kf;fspd; Fiwfis murhq;fj;jpw;F njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. rhjhuz Fbkf;fSf;F $l jq;fs;
Fiwfis kDf;fs; %ykhf rigapd; ftdj;jpw;F nfhz;L tu cupik cz;L

 epu;thfj;Jiw rhu;e;jit
mikr;ruitia fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$ba KOikahd mjpfhuk; ,r;rigf;Fs;sJ.
mikr;ruitapd; jiytuhd gpujku; ,r;rigapypUe;Nj njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;whu;.
mikr;ruit epiyj;jpUg;gjw;F ,r;rigapd; MjuT mtrpak;. mikr;ruitf;F vjpuhf
ek;gpf;ifapy;yh gpNuuizia epiwNtw;wp mjid gjtpapypUe;J ePf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
,r;rigf;F cz;L. NkYk; tuT nryT jpl;lj;ij epuhfupf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,r;rigf;Fs;sJ.
mikr;ruitapd; gzpfs; njhlu;ghf Nfs;tp Nfl;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,r;rigf;F cs;sJ.

 ePjp mjpfhuk;
,r;rigapd; ePjp mjpfhuk; kpff; Fiwthd

gpuGf;fs; rigapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;

 rl;lthf;fk; rhu;e;jit
rl;lthf;f tplaj;jpy; nghJkf;fs; rigf;F rkdhd mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Ws;sJ. ve;jnthU
kNrhjhitAk; gpuGf;fs; rigapd; rk;kjk; ,y;yhky; epiwNtw;w KbahJ. mNjNghd;W
epjp kNrhjhtpy; jpUj;jq;fis nra;af;$ba mjpfhuk; ,r;rigf;F cs;sJ. nghJkf;fs;
rigahy; cUthf;fg;gl;l VjhtJ xU rl;lj;ij jLj;J epWj;jp itf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
,r;rigf;F cs;sJ. me;j tifapy; rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fis xU tUl fhyj;jpw;Fk; epjp
kNrhjhf;fis xU khj fhyj;jpw;Fk; jLj;J itf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,r;rigf;F cs;sJ.
vdpDk; 1948 Mk; Mz;L nfhz;Ltug;gl;l rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; gb mjpfhuq;fs; Fiwf;fg;gl;L
,d;W Fiwe;j mjpfhuq;fNshL MNyhrid rigahf njhopw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

 ePjpj;iw rhu;e;jit
Vida ehLfspd; ,uz;lhk; kd;wq;fSld; xg;gpLk; NghJ mtw;wpf;fpy;yhj cr;r ePjp
mjpfhuk; ,r;rigf;Fs;sJ. rl;l gpuGf;fNs cs;slf;fpa ePjp epWtdNk ,e;ehl;bd;
cau;e;j ePjp mikg;ghFk;. Ml;rpahsu;fspd; ,uh[JNuhf nray;fis tprhupf;fpd;w

19
 mjpfhuk; ,r;rigf;Fs;sJ. nghJeytha ehLfspd; Nkd;KiwaPLfis tprhuiz
nra;Ak; mikg;ghf ,J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ

gpupj;jhdpa Kbapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;

gpupj;jhdpahtpy; KbNa goikapd; rpd;dkhf tpsq;Ffpd;whu;. 1688k; Mz;L ,lk;ngw;w

khz;GW Gul;rpapid njhlu;e;J ghuhSkd;wk; mjpAau; mjpfhuk; nfhz;l epWtdkhf
khwpaJ. gpupj;jhdpa gpujku; mjpfhuk; nfhz;ltuhfTk; Kb mjpfhukw;wtuhfTk;
khw;wkile;jJ. me;jtifapy; gpujkupd; rpghuprpd; Ngupy; rpy mjpfhuq;fisAk;
gzpfisAk; nrYj;jf; $batuhf Kb cs;shu;. mit gw;wp ,dp ghu;g;Nghk;

 rl;lj;Jiw rhu;e;jit

- rpk;khrd gpurq;fj;ij epfo;j;Jjy;

- ghuhSkd;wj;ij $l;Ljy;> fiyj;jy;> xj;jpitj;jy;
- rlq;FKiwahd epfo;TfSf;F jiyik jhq;Fjy;

 epu;thfj;Jiw rhu;e;jit

- gpujkiu njupT nra;jy;

- gpujkupd; rpghuprpd; gb Vida mikr;ru;fis epakpj;jy;
- mikr;ru;fspd; nrayhsu;fis epakpj;jy;
- cau; epu;thf jpizf;fs jiytu;fis epakpj;jy;
- cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L JhJtu;fis epakpj;jy;
- epu;thf cld;gbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;

 ePjpj;Jiw rhu;e;jit
- ePjpgjpfis epakpjjy;
- Fw;wthspfSf;F kd;dpg;G toq;Fjy;

 ghJfhg;G Jiw rhu;e;jit

- Kg;gilj;jsgjpfis epakpj;jy;
- ntspehl;Lj;JhJtu;fis epakpj;jy;
- ntspehl;L cld;gbf;ifspy; ifr;rhj;jpLjy;
- Nghu; kw;Wk; rkhjhdg; gpufldq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;

,t;thW gy mjpfhuq;fisAk; gzpfisAk; ngw;wpUe;jhYk; Rakhf midj;J

mjpfhuq;fisAk; mtuhy; nraw;gLj;j KbahJ. gpujkupd; MNyhridg;gbNa nraw;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;
20
 gpupj;jhdpah xw;iwahl;rpAk; mjpfhu gutyhf;fKk;

gpupj;jhdpah xU xw;iwahl;rp ehlhFk;. me;jifapy; xw;iwahl;rp vd;gJ rfy ,iwik

mjpfhuq;fSk; xU kj;jpa murhq;fj;jplk; Ftpe;jpUf;Fk; my;yJ nrwpe;jpUf;Fk;
epiyahFk;.. ,jd; gpujhd gz;G xU kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpdhy; r%fj;jpd; vy;yhj;
JiwfisAk; cs;slf;Fk; tifapy; rl;;lq;fis cUthf;FtJk; mtw;iw xNu
fl;likg;gpw;Nfw;g kj;jpa murpd; rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;F Vw;g eilKiwg;gLj;JtJkhFk;.
,t; xw;iwahl;rp jj;Jtj;ij mwpKfk; nra;j ehlhf ,t; ngupa gpupj;jhdpah
fhzg;gLfpwJ. gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;wk; kPAau; mjpfhuj;ij nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,jid
mJ khz;GW Gul;rpapid njhlu;e;J ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. vdNt gpupj;jhdpah xw;iwahl;rp
ehlhFk;. ,q;F KO ehl;bw;Fk;; rl;lthf;fk; nra;Ak; mjpfhuj;ij ghuhSkd;wk;
ngw;Ws;sJ. xU Miz ngz;zhfTk; xU ngz;iz MzhfTk; Mf;Fk; mjpfhuk; jtpu
vr;rl;lj;ijAk; Mf;Fk; mjpfhuk; gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F cz;L vd DE LOME vd;w
mwpQu; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
me;jtifapy; ,q;fpyhe;J> mau;yhe;J> ];nfhl;yhe;J> Nty;]; Mfpa midj;J
gpuNjrq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa gpuNjrkhf ,t; ngupa gpupj;jhdpah tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
gpupj;jhdpah mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy; ,g;gpuNjrq;fSf;F mjpfhu gutyhf;f nraw;ghl;bid
Nkw;nfhz;L tUtij fhzyhk;.
,jd;gb gpupj;jhdpah jdJ xw;iwahl;rp jj;Jtk; ghuhSkd;w kPAau; mjpfhuj;ij
gad;gLj;jp 1920 fspy; tl mau;yhe;J FbauRf;nfd;W xU gFjpia gpupj;J jdp ehlhf
nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. mNj Nghd;W 1990fspy; ];nfhl;yhe;Jf;F gpupe;J NghFk; cupj;Jld; xU
ghuhSkd;wj;ijAk; cUthf;fp mjpfhu; gutyhf;fj;iAk; Nkw;nfhz;lJ. mNj Nghd;W
Nty;];]pw;Fk; xU mjpfhug; gpuNjrk; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;wk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
vdNt Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs; jq;fs; rl;lq;fis ,aw;wf;$ba mjpfhuKs;s
ghuhSkd;wq;fis cUthf;Fk; rl;lj;ij gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;wk; epiwNtw;wpA;s;sik
mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fJ. vdpDk; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;nfd;W jdpahd ghuhSkd;wk; fpilahJ.
Vnddpy; mJ gpupj;jhdpah ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; KOikahf Ml;rp nra;fpd;w gpuNjrkhFk;.
vJ vt;thwpUg;gpDk; ngupa gpupj;jhdpah vd miof;ffg;gLk; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy;
KOikahd rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;;ij nfhz;lJ gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;wkhFk;. mJ jdJ
mjpAau; mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;jp rpytw;Wf;F rpwpa ghuhSkd;wq;fis toq;fp tUtjid
mtjhdpf;fyhk;. mtw;iw ,dp Nehf;FNthk;

tlmau;yhe;jpw;fhd mjpfhu gutyhf;fk;

gpupj;jhdpah jha;ehl;bd; 50>000 rJu fpNyhkPw;wu; gug;Gf; nfhz;l gpuNjrk; jhd; tl
mau;yhe;J vdg;gLfpwJ.,q;F Rkhu; 1.7 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,J If;fpa
uh[;[paj;jpd; rdj;njhifapy; 2.5 rjtPjkhFk;. ,J ];nfhl;yhe;jpw;F njw;F gf;fkhfTk;
Nty;];]pw;F Nkw;Fg;gf;fkhfTk; mike;Js;s jPthFk;.

21
tl mau;yhe;J 12k;Ehw;whz;bypUe;J gpupj;jhdpa Kbahl;rpapd; fPo; Msg;gl;lJ.
xl;Lnkhj;j mau;yhe;Jk; fp.gp 1800 ,y; gpupj;jhdpahNthL ,ize;jJ. ,J 1922y; Rje;jpu
FbaurhdJ. ,J ma;up]; ,dj;jtu; tho;fpd;w 32 fTz;bfSk;> 26 Gjpa muRfSk;
xd;wpize;Nj cUthdJ. vdpDk; tl mau;yhe;J gpupj;jhdpahtpd; xU gFjpahfNt
,Ue;jJ. FbauRld; ,ize;Nj 06 fTz;bfs; tlmau;yhe;Jld; ,ize;J nfhz;lJ.

1920 fspy; tl mau;yhe;jpw;fhd jdpahd ghuhSkd;wk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J 1921 –

1970 tiu fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; ,uz;L rigfis nfhz;l rl;lj;JiwAld; mjpfhu
guythf;f nraw;ghl;bw;F top Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,t; murpayikg;gpy; kj;jpa murpd;
njspthd mjpfhuq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jd. xg;gilf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fspy; ,q;fpyhe;J
kj;jpa muR jiyaplhJ vDk; nfhs;if gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ
tl mau;yhe;J kf;fs; fpwp];jtu;> Gul;l];jhe;jtu; vd ,uz;lhf gpupe;jdu;. ,jpy;
fpwp];jtu;fs; gpupj;jhdpahTld; Nru;e;Jnfhs;s tpUk;gpa mNj Neuk; Gul;l];jhe;jtu;
Rje;jpu muir Nfhupdu;. ,it kf;fspilNa Kuz;ghl;il Njhw;Wtpj;jd. ,tw;iw
jPu;g;gjw;fhd Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jd.
1998 Vg;uy; 10k; jpfjp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ngupa nts;sp cld;gbf;if Kf;fpakhd
xd;whFk;. ,jd; gadhf 1998 ,y; tlmau;yhe;J rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJld; 2002 y;
Gjpa tl mau;yhe;J Ml;rp Kiw Muk;gkhdJ. ,jd; fPo; tl mau;yhe;jpw;F mjpfhuk;
gutyhf;fg;gl;l Ml;rpKiwnahd;W fpilj;jJ
Nty;]; ];nfhl;yhe;J mjpfhu gutyhf;fj;ij ghu;f;Fk; NghJ ,it ,uz;bw;Fk;
,ilg;gl;ljhf tlmau;yhe;J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. cjhuzq;fs; :

 fy;tp > tptrhak; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuk; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;

 r%fNrit > nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; cs;Suhl;rp njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;
 tPL> R+oy; kw;Wk; Rfhjhuk; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;
 Nghf;Ftuj;J> tpisahl;L kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wk;> nghyp]; njhlu;ghd rl;lthf;f mjpfhuk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; tup mwtpLtjw;fhd mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gltpy;iy

];nfhl;yhe;jpw;fhd mjpfhu gutyhf;fk;

gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fk; 1990 fspy; gpupe;J nry;Yk; mjpfhuj;Jld; xU ghuhSkd;wj;ijAk;
cUthf;fp mjpfhu gutyhf;fj;ijAk; Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
cjhuzk; :
 Fw;wtpay; rl;lk;> fy;tp >R+oy;> Rfhjhuk;> ePjpkd;wq;fis cUthf;Fjy;> cs;Suhl;rp
kd;wq;fs;> ngyp]; Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghd gue;j mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 Njrpa tUkhd tupfs; > gTd; xd;wpd; 03 ngd;];fs;> tiu khwj;jf;f mstPl;bw;fhd
mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

22
  rpy nfhs;ifj;Jiwfs; nt];l;kpdp];lu;; ghuhSkd;wj;jplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(ghJfhg;G> ntspehl;L nfhs;if njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;);

Nty;]]
; pw;fhd mjpfhu gutyhf;fk;
Nty;]; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Njrpa rigf;F Muk;gj;jpy; Jizepiy rl;lthf;f mjpfhuNk
toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jpy; Njrpa rl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd KOikahd
mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
cjhuzk;; : Nty;];]pd; Njrpa tpla gug;Gf;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mjpfhuk;.
 Nty;];]pd; RahjPd epWtdq;fspd; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis epakpj;jy;
 Nty;];]pw;fhd xl;Lnkhj;j epjp xJf;fPL njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;
 epiyahd tup mwtpLk; mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gltpy;iy
2010 kf;fs; fUj;J fzpg;gpd; gpd;du; Nty;];]pd; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuq;fs;
mjpfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 2011 ,y; Vw;gl;l ,e;j kWrPuikg;Gf;F mika gutyhf;f tplaq;fs;
20 ,w;F rl;lq;fisahf;Fk; mjpfhuk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;fhf nt];kpdp];lu;
ghuhSkd;wpd; mDkjp Nitapy;iy. ,t;tjpfhu gutyhf;fj;jpd; NghJ gpupj;jhdpahtpy;
rpy khfhz kf;fSf;F jkJ vjpu;fhyj;ij jPu;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd cau;e;jgl;r
mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

vdNt Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fis MuhAk; NghJ gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;G

xw;iwahl;rp KiwapypUe;J tpyfp;r; nrd;Ws;sij mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. vdpDk; mJ
rk~;b Nehf;fp nry;ytpy;iy. kj;jpa murpd; mjpfhuq;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mjpfhuq;fs;
kl;Lk; cg myFfSld; gfpu;e;J nfhz;L mjpfhu gutyhf;fk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ

,yq;ifapd; xw;iwahl;rpAk; mjpfhu gutyhf;fKk;

gpupj;jhdpau; 1818 fz;b gpufldj;j;pd; %yk; kiy ehl;L gpuNjrj;ij Vida epu;thf
tyaq;fSld; ,izj;jik> KO ehl;bidAk; murpay; uPjpahf xd;wpizj;jik
,yq;ifapd; xw;iw kw;Wk; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l mur Kiwikf;fhd fl;likg;G rhu;
mbg;gilahf fhzg;gLfpwJ. 1833 Nfhy;GWhf; rPu;jpUj;jj;pd; MNyhridfs; ,jw;F
mbg;gilahf ,Ue;jNjhL ,yq;if mjd; %yk; Xu; If;fpa murhfTk; khwpaJ.
1931 nlhd%u;> 1947 Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpYk; ,k;ikag;gLj;jpa xw;iwahl;rp
murpayikg;G njhlu;e;Jk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ. 1947 Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpd; %yk;
,yq;if xw;iwahl;rp murhf milahsg;gLj;jg;glhtpl;lhYk; murpd; fl;likg;ghdJ
xw;iw kw;Wk; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;ljhf ,Ue;jJ. gpupj;jhda khjpupapyhd xw;iwahl;rp
fl;likg;gpid gpd;gw;wpapUe;jJ.
1972k; Mz;L Kjyhk; FbauR murpayikg;ghdJ xw;iwahl;rp murhf ,yq;ifia
gpufldk; nra;jJ. ,yq;if FbauR xw;iwahl;rp FbauR vd ,t; murpayikg;gpd; 2k;
cWg;Giu Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,e;epiyNa ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpYk;
cs;thq;fg;gl;lJ.
23
1987y; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l 13tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l
khfhzrig Kiwik %yk; xw;iw kw;Wk; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l mur fl;likg;gpy; khw;wk;
Vw;gl;lJ. ,k;khw;wkhdJ mjpfhu gutyhf;f nrad;KiwapYk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,e;j tifapy;
mjpfhu gutyhf;fk; vd;gJ xw;iwahl;rp kw;Wk; rk~;bahl;rp vDk; khjpupfSf;fpilg;gl;l
munrhd;wpid cUthf;Fk; nrad;KiwahFk;. ,J fyg;G KiwahFk;.
1987 ,yq;if . ,e;jpah cld;gbf;if %yk; xw;iwahl;rp KiwapypUe;J
,g;gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhd mbg;gilaplg;gl;lJ. ,yq;if xw;iwahl;rpapy; rPu;jpUj;jj;ij
VwgLj;Jk; tifapy; ,t;Tld;gbf;ifapy; cs;thq;fg;gl;l tplaq;fs; :
 ,yq;if r%fj;ij gy;ypd r%fkhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
 jkpo; nkhop NgRk; kf;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikahf thOk; tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fis
jkpo; NgRk; kf;fspd; G+u;tPf tho;tplkhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sy;
 tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;fis jw;fhypfkhf xz;wpizj;J khfhzrig xd;wpiz
jhgpj;jy;
,jd;gb tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;fSf;F cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;l khfhzrig Kiwik KO
ehl;bw;Fk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,k;khfhzrigfs; rk~;bKiwapYk; ghu;f;f Fiwe;j
mjpfhu gutyhf;fk; nfhz;l xd;whf ,Ug;gpDk; ,jd; %yk; ,yq;ifapd; xw;iwahl;rp
mur fl;likg;gpw;fhd kWrPuikg;G Muk;gpj;Jitf;fg;gl;likahy; ,;t; 13 tJ rPu;jpUj;jk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xd;whf khwpaJ

jkpoupd; ,dKuz;ghLk; xw;iwahl;rp kWrPuikg;Gk;

,yq;ifapy; xw;iwahl;rp murfl;ikg;gpid kWrPuikf;f gpujhd fhuzk; jkpou;fsJ

,dKuz;ghlhFk;. ,k;Kuz;ghL ,yq;ifapy; %d;W fl;lq;fshf tpUj;jpaile;jJ
1. ,yq;if jkpou;fspd; rkgpujpepjpj;Jt Nfhupf;if ( 1930 )
1930 fspy; [P.[P nghd;dk;gyk;; mtu;fspd; jiyikapd; fPo; jkpo; jiytu;fspd; 50 f;F
50 rkgpujpepjpj;Jt Nfhupf;if Kjw;fl;lkhf mike;jJ rkgpujpepjpj;Jt Nfhupf;if vd;gJ
ru;trd thf;Fupikapd; fPo; rl;lhf;f fofj;jpy; rpq;fstu;fspd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij
jtpu;gg
; jw;fhf rl;lrigapy; rpq;fstu;fs; 50 tPjKk; Vida rpWghd;ikapdu; 50 tPjKk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. ,J jkpoupd; Kuz;ghl;by; Kjw;fl;;lkhFk;.

2. 1952 y; jkpo; jiytu;fs; rk~;b murpayikg;G xwd;wpiz Kd;itj;jik

,yq;if Rje;jpukile;j gpd;du; 1949y; kiyaf kf;fspd; gpu[h cupik gwpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,J kiyaf jkpo; kf;fSf;F ngUk; Vkhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;epiyikia
mtjhdpj;j jkpo; jiytu;fs; xw;iwahl;rp jkf;F nghUj;jkpy;iy vd;gij czu;e;J
nfhz;lhu;fs;. ngUk;ghd;ikapdupd; jPu;khdk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtJ
rpWghd;ikapdUf;F ghjfkhFk; vd;w jPu;khdj;ijAk; vLj;jhu;fs;. NkYk; 1947 y; 101
cWg;gpdu;fis nfhz;l KjyhtJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; kiyaf kf;fis
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; 07 cWg;gpdu;fs; kl;Lk; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jik
mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
Nkw;gb epiyikfis ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L 1949 Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; 18k; jpfjp ,yq;if
jkpouR fl;rpnahd;W cUthf;fg;l;lJ. ,e;ehl;bw;F rk~;b mtrpak; vd;gij ikag;gLj;jp

24
ngluy; fl;rpnahd;Wk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tu;fs; jkpo; kf;fSf;F Vw;gLk; mePjpfis
jtpu;gg
; jw;fhf jkpou;fs; mjpfk; tho;fpd;w tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fSf;F
Rahl;rpia toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;ifia Kd;itj;jdu;.
,yq;if murhq;fk; jkpo; kf;fspd; Nfhupf;iffis ftdj;jpy; vLf;ftpy;iy. vdpDk;
1957 gz;lhuehaf;f – nry;tehafk; xg;ge;jk; > 1965 Nrdehaf;f – nry;tehafk; xg;ge;jk;
vd;gd ,yq;if xw;iwahl;rp mur fl;likg;gpid khw;wpaikf;Fk; ,uz;L murpay;
iky;fw;fshf mike;jd. ,t;tpuz;L xg;ge;jq;fspYk; rpq;fsk; kw;Wk; jkpo; jiytu;fs;
rk~;bapYk; Fiwthd mjpfhu gutyhf;fk; xd;wpw;fhd Gjpa fl;likg;G xd;wpw;F
cld;gl;ldu;. ,t; cj;Njr gpuNjr myFfs; ul;lrgh ( cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs;) vd
mwpag;gl;lJ. vjpu;fl;rpfs; kw;Wk; Vida vjpu; FOf;fspd; ghupa vjpu;g;gpdhy; ,t;tpuz;L
tha;g;Gf;fSk; gpd;zilthdJ

3. kWrPuikg;Gf;fhd Gjpa mjpfhu gfpu;T jpl;lk;

fle;j 30 tUlfhykhf ,yq;ifapy; eilngw;w ,duPjpahd rptpy; Aj;jj;ijaLj;J
,yq;if xw;iwahl;rpapy; kWrPuikg;Gf;fhd Gjpa eltbf;if rPu;jpUj;jk;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpa mjpfhu gfpu;T mjDld; njhlu;Gila eltbf;iffis Fwpg;gplyhk;.

,yq;ifAk; rk~;b mjpfhu gfpu;Tk;

,yq;ifapy; rk~;b mbg;gilapy; Kjd; Kjyhf mjpfhu gfpu;T Ntz;Lk; vd

Kjd;Kjyhf Kd;nkhope;jtu; SWRD gz;lhuehaf;f Mthu;. jkpo; jiytu;fspd; vtUk;
,jid Kd;itf;ftpy;iy. SWRD gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fNs 1926 Mk; Mz;L ,jid
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. mj;NjhL ,tu; ,t;tplaq;fs; rk;ge;jkhf rpNyhd; Nkhdpq;yPlu; vd;w
gj;jpupifapy; njhlu;r;rpahd fl;LiufisAk; vOjpdhu;. mj;Jld; aho;gg
; hzj;jpw;F
tUif je;J rk~;bKiw Fwpj;j tpsf;fq;fis toq;fpaJld; ,kKiwNa ,yq;iff;F
nghUj;jkhdJ vdTk; $wpdhu;. NkYk; mtu; jhd; vOjpa fl;Liuapy; Rtpw;ryhe;J rk~;b
Kiw gw;wp Fwpg;gpl;lik mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fJ
NkYk; ,yq;iff;F tUif je;j nlhd%u; > Nrhy;gup Mizf;FOtplk; ,yq;iff;F
rk~;bKiwjhd; nghUj;jkhdJ vdf; $wpatu;fs; fz;b kfhrig ngsj;j rpq;fsj;
jiytu;fNsahtu;.
NkYk; 1944k; Mz;L ,e;ehl;bd; Ml;rpf;F nghUj;jkhdJ rk~;bKiwNa vd;W =yq;fh
fkpA+dpr fl;rpapdNu mtu;fsJ kfhehl;by; jPu;khdk; vLj;jpUe;jdu;. mf;fhyj;jpy; jkpo;
murpay; jiytu;fs; mjid Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy vd;gJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.. 1949 k;
Mz;L kiyaf kf;fspd; thf;Fupik gwpf;fg;gl;l NghJjhd; rk~;bapd; mtrpaj;ij jkpo;
jiytu;fs; czu;e;J nfhz;ldu;.

25
 gpuhd;];
gpuhd;]pa murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

1. vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G
gpuhd;]pd; 5tJ FbauR murpayikg;G xU vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;ghFk;. ,J 15
gf;fq;fspy; tpupthf;fk; ngw;Ws;sJld; 15 gpujhd jiyg;Gf;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;L 92
cWg;Giufisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdpDk; xU murpayikg;G Mtzk; vd;w tifapy; ,e;j
murpayikg;G Kiwahd tifapy; tiuag;gltpy;iy vd;w tpku;rdKk; cz;L. Vnddpy;
,t;turpayikg;G Njrpa mtru fhyepiyapd; fPo; n[duy; rhy;]; B Nfhy; vd;w jdpeguhy;
tiuag;gl;ljhFk;. ,J gw;wp gpuhd;]pa vOj;jhsu; uPd; nfg;gpl;ly; vd;gtu; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ
gpuhd;]pd; murpayikg;G jpl;l tuyhw;wpy; kpfTk; Nkhrkhf vOjg;gl;l Mtzk; ,JthFk;
vd;whu;.

2. nefpoh murpayikg;G
gpuhd;]pa 5 tJ FbauR nefpoh murpayikg;ghFk;. murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; njhlu;gpy;
murpayikg;G 2 topfis gupe;Jiu nra;fpwJ.
 FbauR [dhjpgjp murpayikg;G jpl;l gpNuuizia ,U rigfSf;Fk; mDg;g
KbAk;. ghuhSkd;wk; Fwpj;j jPu;khdj;ij 2/5 ngUk;ghd;ikapdhy; mq;fPfupj;jhy;
Fwpj;j jPu;khdk; murpayikg;gpd; gFjpahf mKYf;F tUk;.

 gpujkupd; tpjg;Giuapd; Ngupy; Fbaurpd; [dhjpgjp murpayikg;G jpUj;j gpNuuiz

xd;wpid ghuhSkd;wpy; nfhz;L tu KbAk;. Fwpj;j gpNuuiz ghuhSkd;wpd; rhjhuz
ngUk;ghd;ikAld; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;;lhy; [dhjpgjp mg;gpNuuizia kf;fs; jPu;g;Gf;F
tpl KbAk;. kf;fs; jPu;g;gpd; NghJ kf;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ikahy; mJ
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lhy; mJ murpayikg;gpd; xU gFjpahf ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk;.

3. fyg;G epu;thf murpayikg;G

gpuhd;]pd; 5 tJ murpayikg;G ghuhSkd;w kw;Wk; [dhjpgjpj;Jt Kiwfspd; %yf;
nfhs;iffis jOtpajhFk;.
murpayikg;gpd; gpufhuk; mikr;ru;fs; FO Njrpa mrk;gpspf;F nghWg;GilaJ vd
murpayikg;G Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Njrpa mrk;gpsp xU fz;ldj; jPu;khdj;jpd; %yk;
murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;Gilik Fwpj;j Nfs;tpfis vOg;g KbAk;. Njrpa mrk;gpsp
mj;jifa jPu;khdq;fis vOg;Gfpd;w NghJ murhq;fj;jpd; nghJf;nfhs;if gpufldj;jpid
epuhfupf;fpd;w NghJ gpujku; jkJ ,uh[pdhkhtpid [dhjpgjpaplk; xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;.

kWGuk; [dhjpgjp gpuhd;]pa Fbaurpd; jiytuhfTk; murhq;fj;jpd; jiytuhfTk;

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd murpayikg;G Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mNj Neuk; Kf;fpa rl;l> epiwNtw;W>
ePjprhu; mjpfhuq;fis [dhjpgjp jd; iftrk; itj;Js;sJld; mikr;ru;fs; FO kw;Wk;
ghJfhg;Gf;FOf;fspdJk; $l;lq;fSf;F mtNu jiyik jhq;Ffpwhu;.NkYk; [dhjpgjp
MAjg;gilapd; jsgjpahf tpsq;FtJld; Njrpa mrk;gpspapid fiyg;gjw;fhd
26
mjpfhuj;ijAk; ngw;Ws;shu;. murpayikg;gpd; 16k; cWg;Giuapd; fPo; [dhjpgjp ngw;Ws;s
mtrufhy mjpfhukhdJ mtuJ epiyapid NkYk; gyg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. vdNt gpuhd;]pa
murpay; jpl;lk; [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiwia jOtpaJ vd;gJ
ntspg;gilahdjhFk;.
4. [dehaf murpayikg;G :
gpuhd;]pd; Ie;jhk; FbauR murpayikg;G [dehaf %yf;nfhs;iffspd; gb
jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 2 gpuhd;]pid xU Fbaurhf mwpKfk;
nra;tJld; gpupf;fg;gl Kbahj kjr;rhu;gw;w > [dehaf kw;Wk; r%f > murhf gpufldk;
nra;fpd;wJ. mNjNtis Njhw;wk;> ,dk; kw;Wk; rkak; vd vt;tpj ghuhl;rKkpd;wp
rl;lj;jpw;F Kd; rfy gpuiqfisAk; rkkhf fUjj;jf;f rl;lr; rkj;Jtj;jpid
murpayikg;G typAWj;jJtJld; midj;J ek;gpf;iffSf;Fk; kjpg;gspg;gjidAk; ahg;G
tpjpahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; gpuhd;]pa murpayikg;gpd; kFl thrfKk;
Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; rNfhjuj;Jtk; Mfpa [dehaf tpOkpaq;fisNa
typAWj;JfpwJ.

5. gykhd epiwNtw;W [dhjpgjp Kiw

gpuhd;]pd; 5tJ murpayikg;G [dhjpgjpapd; epiyapid gyg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. [dhjpgjp
mikr;ruit $l;lq;fSf;F jiyik jhq;FtJld; mikr;ruit $l;lq;fshy;
vl;lg;gLfpd;w jPu;khdq;fis xg;gkpl;L mq;fPfupf;fpd;whu;. mNjNtis [dhjpgjp
MAjg;gilapd; jiytuhf tpsq;FtJld; Njrpa ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd
cau;kl;lf;FOf;fshd jiyikj;Jtj;jpid ,tNu toq;Ffpd;whu;. NkYk; Njrpa
mrk;gpspapid fiyj;jy; cl;gl mtrufhy epiyfspy; tpNrl mjpfhuq;fis
gpuNahfpg;gjw;Fk; [dhjpgjp mq;fPfhukspf;fg;gl;Ls;shu;.

6. tiuaWf;fg;gl;;l mjpfhuj;jpid nfhz;l ghuhSkd;wk;

gpuhd;]pd; 5 tJ FbauR murpay; jpl;lk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
mjpfhuj;jpidNa toq;Ffpd;wJ. murpayikg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fspy; kl;LNk
ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lj;jpid ,aw;w KbAk;. Mdhy; murpay; epUthfkhdJ gue;jsthd
tplaq;fspy; rl;lq;fis Mf;fpr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F cupik ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jdhy;
rl;lthf;f tplaj;jpy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpid tpl murpay; epiwNtw;Wf;fuk;
gyg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rl;lthf;f cau; jd;ik Fwpj;J Nfs;tpfis
vOg;Gfpd;wJ.

7. <uq;f rl;lkd;wk;
gpuhd;]pd; 5 tJ FbauR murpay; jpl;lk; ,U kd;w rl;lj;Jiwapid mwpKfk;
nra;Js;sJ. mit Njrpa mrk;gpsp> nrdl; MfpaitahFk;. Njrpa mrk;gpsp
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; fPo; mitahFk;. ,J 577 cWgg;pdu;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,tu;fs; 05
Mz;Lfhy gjtp fhyj;jpw;fhf kf;fshy; Neubahf njupTnra;ag;gLthu;fs;.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Nkyit nrdl; vdg;gLfpwJ. ,J 348 cWg;gpdu;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ. (
2004 321 cWgg;gpdu;fs; 2011 y; 348 Mf mjpfupf;fg;l;lJ ). ,tu;fs; xd;gJ Mz;Lfhy
gjtpfhyj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhf kiwKfj; Nju;jy; xd;wpd; %yk; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;.
,tu;fSs; 1/3 gFjpapdu; 3 Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw gjtp tpyFtu;. vdpDk; ,uz;L
mitfis nfhz;l ,g;ghuhSkd;wk; cau; jd;ik nghUe;jpa epWtdkhf
nraw;gLtjpy;iy. khw;wkhf FbauR [dhjpgjapd; fPo; nraw;gLk; xU epWtdkhf
ghuhSkd;w mjpfhuk; kjpg;gpwf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

27
 8. murpayikg;Gg; Nguit
gpuhd;]pd; 05tJ FbauR murpayikg;G murpayikg;G Nguit xd;wpid mwpKfk;
nra;Js;sJ. ,J 09 cWg;gpdu;fis nfhz;lJ. ,tu;fs; GJg;gpf;fKbahj 09 Mz;Lfhy
gjtpfhyj;jpw;F epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fSs; 03 Ngu; Fbaurpd; [dhjpgjpahYk;>
vQ;Qpa 03 Ngu; Njrpa mrk;gpspd; jiytuhYk;> vQ;Qpa 03 Ngu; nrdl;rigapd;
jiytuhYk; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;. ,jd; gpujhd gzp [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jy; Kiwahf
,lk;ngWtjid cWjpg;gLj;JtJk; rl;lq;fspd; ahg;GW jd;ikapid guprPypg;gJkhFk;.
mNjNis rl;lj;Jiwf;Fk; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwf;Fkpilapyhd gpzf;F Fwpj;J
murpayikg;G Nguit fUj;jpy; nfhs;fpwJ.

9. ePjpj;Jiw cau;kl;l FO
murpayikg;gpd; gpufhuk; gpuhd;]pa ePjpj;Jiw Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpujhd ghJfhtyd; [dhjpgjp
Mthu;. ,J tplaj;jpy; [dhjpgjpf;F cjTtjw;fhf 09 cWg;gpdu;fis nfhz;l ePjpj;Jiw
cau;kl;l; FO cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tu;fs; [dhjpgjpapdhy; epakpf;fg;gLtJld;
,f;FOtpd; jiytuhf [dhjpgjpNa tpsq;Ffpwhu;. ePjpaikr;ru; ,jd; cg jiytu; Mthu;.
cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk; njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis toq;FtJk; Vida
ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk; njhlu;ghf ePjp mikr;rUf;F MNyhrid toq;FtJk; ,f;FOtpd;
gpujhd gzpahFk;. mNjNtis Fw;wthspfSf;F kd;dpg;gspj;jy; tplaj;jpYk; ,f;FO
fye;jhNyhrpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

10. nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f FO

gpuhd;]pa 05 tJ FbauR murpay; jpl;lj;jpd; gb nghUshjhu r%f FOthd;W
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;FOtpd; gpujhd gzp murhq;f kNrhjhf;fs; fl;lisfs; kw;Wk;
jPu;khdq;fs; njhlu;ghf mgpg;gpuhaq;fis njuptpg;gjhFk;.

11. kf;fs; jPu;g;G

gpuhd;]pa murpayikg;gpd; kw;WnkhW rpwg;gpay;G kf;fs; jPu;g;G KiwahFk;. murpay;
mikg;gpd; gpufhuk; Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghf jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gjw;F [dhjpgjp
mjid kf;fs; jPu;g;gpw;F rku;gg ; pf;F tpl KbAk;. mNj Ntis [dhjpgjp murpayikg;G
jpUj;jj; kNrhjhf;fisAk; kf;fs; jPu;g;gpw;F tpl KbAk;.

12. gy fl;rp Kiw

gpuhd;]; gy fl;rpKiwia cila ehlhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F murpayikg;gpy;
vj;jifanjhU fl;rpf;Fk; jdpj;Jt ,lk; toq;f;g;gltpy;iy. khwhf vj;jifa fl;rpfis
Ntz;LkhdhYk; njhlq;Fk; cupik cz;L

28
gpuhd;]pa ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mikTr; Nru;f;if> mjpfhuq;fs;
kw;Wk; gzpfs;

 gpuhd;]pa ghuhSkd;wkhdJ ,U mitfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.

1. Njrpa mrk;gpsp my;yJ Njrpa Nguit my;yJ fPoit

2. nrdl; rig my;yJ ,uz;lhk; mit my;yJ Nkyit

Njrpa mrk;gpsp nrdl;rig

577 cWg;gpdu;fis nfhz;lJ 348 cWg;gpdu;fis nfhz;lJ

,jd; cWg;gpdu;fs; jdpaq;fj;Jt ,jd; cWgg;pdu;fs; 88>000 Nju;thsu;fis

njhFjp KiwapypUe;J njupththu;fs; cs;slf;fpa Nju;jy; fy;Yhup
%yk; njupththu;fs;

gjtpf;fhyk; 05 tUlq;fshFk;; gjtpf;fhyk; 09 tUlq;fshFk;

,r;rig tUlj;jpw;F ,uz;L jlit $Lk; ( Row;rp Kiwapd; Clhf 3 tUlj;jpw;F

(xf;Nlhgu;> Vg;uy; ) 1/3 gFjpapdu; mfw;wg;gLtu;

ntw;wpngw;w cWg;gpdUk; mtuJ gjpy; 348 Ngu;fSs; 323 Ngu; gpuhd;]pa

egu; tpUg;g cWg;gpduhfTk; Ms;Gyq;fisAk; vQ;Qpa 13 Ngu;
gjtpNaw;ghu;fs; ntspehLfspYs;s
Ms;Gyd;fisAk; vQ;Qpa 12 Ngu;
ntspehLfspYs;s gpuhd;]pa Njr
jiytu;fisAk; gpujpepj;Jtk; nra;tu;

Nguitf;F jiytu; xUtu; njupththu;. nrdl;bd; 03 tUlj;jpw;F xU Kiw

mtu; rghehafu; xUtu;p jiytu; njupththu;.
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

Njrpa muRg;Nguitapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;

 rl;lj;Jiw rhu;e;jit
epjp kNrhjhf;fis Muk;gpj;jy;
mikr;ruitf;F vjpuhf ek;gpf;ifapy;yh gpNuuizfis nfhz;L tUjy;
tUlj;jpy; ,U jlitfs; [dhjpgjpahy; Njrpa muRg;Nguitia fiyf;f KbahJ.
murpay; ahg;Gf;fis jpUj;Jfpd;w mjpfhuk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F Njitahd nfhs;iffis cUthf;Fjy;

29
  epu;thfj;Jiw rhu;e;jit
mikr;ruit Njrpa muRg; Nguitf;F $l;lhf nghWg;GilaJ
mikr;ruitf;F vjpuhf ek;gpf;fif ,y;yh jPuk
; hddq;fis nfhz;L tUjy;
mikr;ru;fspd; gzpfs; njhlu;ghf Nfs;tp Nfl;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,r;rigf;F cz;L
,r;rig cWg;gpdu;fs; mikr;ru;fshf epakpf;fg;gl;lhy; jkf;Fupa Mrdj;ij ,uh[pdhkh
nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

 ePjpj;Jiw rhu;e;jit
cau; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis epakpj;jy;
cau; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis gjtp ePf;fk; nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; ,r;rigf;Fs;sJ.

nrdl;rigapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;

 rl;lj;Jiw rhu;e;jit
rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fis nfhz;L tUfpd;w mjpfhuk;
Nghu; mwptpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; Kf;fpa cld;gbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
epjpkNrhjhf;fis jpUj;Jfpd;w mjpfhuk;
murpay; ahg;Gf;fis jpUj;Jfpd;w mjpfhuk;

 epu;thfj;Jiw rhu;e;jit
Kjyhk; rigiag;Nghd;W rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fis nfhz;Ltuyhk;
epjpkNrhjhit rigapy; rku;g;gpf;Fk; cupik ,y;iy
[dhjpgjp gjtp ntw;wplk; Vw;gLk; NghJ nrdl; rigapd; jiytu; [dhjpgjpahf gjtp
tfpg;ghu;.
,U rigfSf;FkpilNa rl;l tptfhuk; njhlu;gpy; Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gLk; NghJ ,U
rigfspypUe;J njupT nra;ag;gLk; FOtpd; %yk; ,zf;fg;ghl;bw;F tUjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mikr;ru;fsplk; Nfs;tp Nfl;Fk; mjpfhuk; cz;L.
nghJthf murpay; mikg;gpd; gb xU rpy tplaq;fis jtpu Vidatw;wpy; rkkhd
mjpfhuq;fis ,U rigfSk; nfhz;Ls;sJ

gpuhd;]pa [dhjpgjpapd; njupT kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;

gpuhd;]pa [dhjpgjp thf;Fupik ngw;w gpuhd;]pa Fbkf;fshy; Nju;jy; xd;wpd; %yk;

Neubahf njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;whu;. 1962k; Mz;bd; murpayikg;G jpUj;jjpd; gpufhuk;
[dhjpgjpapd; gjtpf;fhyk; 07 tUlq;fs; vd tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;lJ. 2002 murpayikg;G
rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; gpufhuk; ,tupd; gjtpf;fhyk; 05 tUlq;fshf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. 2008k;

30
Mz;bd; murpayikg;G jpUj;jj;jpd; gpufhuk; [dhjpgjp xUtu; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;
njupTnra;ag;gLtjw;fhd fhy vy;iy ,uz;L jtizfshf tiuaWf;fgl;Ls;sJ.
[dhjpgjpapd; cj;jpNahf G+u;t th];jtk; jiyefu; ghup]py; mike;Js;s Elysee
khspifahFk;.
[dhjpgjpf;nfjpuhd Fw;wg;gpNuuiz gpuhd;]pa ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L ,J
rk;ge;jkhd tprhuizfs; cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; eilngw;W Fw;wk; ePUgpf;fg;gl;lhy;
[dhjpgjpg; gjtp ntw;wplkhFk;. mt;tplj;jp;id nrdl; rigapd; jiytu; epug;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.

mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;

 murpd; jiytu; tifapy;

gpuhd;]pa Fbauir gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jy;
Njrpa tpohf;fis gq;Fgw;Wjy;
mur nra;jpfisAk; mwptpj;jy;fisAk; ntspaply;
nfsut gl;lq;fis ntspaply;
mur ,yl;ridia gpuNahfpj;jy;
ntspehl;L mur tpUe;jpdu;fis tuNtw;wy;.

 murhq;fj;jpd; jiytu; tifapy;

gpujkiu epakpj;jy;
mikr;ruitia epakpj;jy;
mikr;ruit $l;lq;fSf;F jiyik jhq;Fjy;
mikr;ruitia xOq;FgLj;Jk; fl;lisfSf;F ,Wjp mq;fPfhuk; toq;Fjy;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;gg
; pf;fg;gLk; Kf;fpa tplaq;fSf;F Kd; mDkjp toq;Fjy;
[dhjpgjpapd; mDkjpapd;wp mikr;ruitapy; ve;jnthU jPu;khdKk; epiwNtw;wg;gl
KbahJ
mikr;ruitia khw;wpaikj;jy;
mikr;ru;fis gjtpapypUe;J ePf;Fjy;
mikr;ru;khu;fspd; gzpfs;> nghWg;Gf;fis khw;wpaikj;jy;

 MAjg;gilfspd; jsgjp vd;w vtifapy;

MAjg;gilfspd; cau; mjpfhupfis epakpj;jy;
gjtp cau;Tfis toq;Fjy;
gjtp ePf;fq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
Nghu;g;gpufldq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
rkhjhd cld;gbf;iffis Nkwn;fhs;Sjy;

31
  rl;lj;Jiw rhu;e;jit

Njrpa muRg;Nguitia fiyj;jy;. ( tUlj;jpy; 01 jlit khj;jpuNk Nguitia fiyf;f

KbAk;. fiyg;gjw;F Kd; gpujkiuAk; rl;lj;Jiwapd; ,U kd;w jiytu;fisAk;
MNyhrpj;jy; Ntz;Lk; )
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; gpurd;dkhfp ciu epfo;j;Jjy;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nra;jpfis mDg;Gjy;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;Wk; rl;lq;fis gpufldk; nra;jy;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; kNrhjhf;fis guprPyidf;fhf jpUg;gpaDg;Gk; mjpfhuk;
ahg;Gj;jpUj;j kNrhjhf;fis kf;fs; jPu;g;gpw;F tpLk; mjpfhuk;
kNrhjhf;fis Gzuha;T nra;tjw;fhf murpay; mikg;G FOtpw;F mDg;Gjy;

 epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw rhu;e;jit

KO murhq;f NritiaAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuj;ij [dhjpgjp ngw;Ws;shu;

ghuhSkd;wjj;py; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; xU rl;lj;jpd; %yk; murhq;f Nritapy; Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;ba epakdq;fs; fhzg;glhtpl;lhy; murhq;f Nrit epakdq;fs; njhlu;ghf [dhjpgjp
jkJ jw;JzpT mjpfhuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; nraw;gl KbAk;

 ePjpj;Jiw rhu;e;jit
ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpu;jij ghJfhf;fpd;w mjpfhuk;
ePjpj;Jiwapd; cau;kl;l FOtpdupd; 09 mjpfhupfis epakpj;jjy;
cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiytuhf nraw;gLjy;
Fw;wthspfSf;F kd;dpg;G toq;Fjy;
jz;lizia Fiwj;jy;

 ntsptptfhuk; rhu;e;jit
cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L JhJtu;fis epakpj;jy;
ntspehl;L nfhs;iffis nfhz;L elhj;Jjy;
ntspehLfSld; xg;ge;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;

32
 gpuhd;]pd; mjpfhu gutyhf;fk;

murpay; mjpfhuj;ij gutyhf;Fjy; vd;gJ murpayikg;gpy; ,y;iy. murpay;

mjpfhukhdJ kj;jpa murpay; ikaj;jpypUe;J ntspNawhj tifapy; mike;Js;sJ.
vdpDk; gpuhd;]py; epUthf gutyhf;fk; cz;L. vdpDk; mjpy; gpuNjr myFfSf;F
RahjPdk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jd; %yk; gpuhd;]pd; xw;iwahl;rp jj;Jtk;
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F gpuhe;jpaq;fs;> jpizf;fsq;fs;> fk;A+d;fs; vd;w tifapy;
epUthfk; gutyhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;F jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; NghJ gpupngf;l; mjpfhupfs;> kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jpd; gpuNjr fhupahyaq;fs;> njhopw;rq;fq;fs;> kw;Wk; r%f FOf;fspd; gbNa
KbTfs; vLf;fg;gLk;.

Fwpg;G : gpupngf;l; FO vd;gJ gpuhd;]pd; epUthfj;jpy; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpid

gpujpepj;Jtg;gLj;Jk;> gpuNjrq;fspy; Nrit GupAk; kj;jpa murhq;f mikr;Rf;fspd;
gzpfis gpuNjr kl;lq;fspy; ,izg;ghf;fk; nra;Ak; murhq;fj;jpd; milahskhf gpuNjr
kl;lj;jpy; gpurd;dkhFk; FOthFk;
,J gpuhe;jpa gpupngf;l;> jpizf;fs gpupngf;l;> cg gpupngf;l; vd;w 03 kl;lq;fspy;
xOq;fike;J fhzg;gLk;

gpuhd;]pa fyg;G epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; ,ay;Gfs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs;

gpuhd;]pa epiwNtw;Wj;JiwahdJ ,U gFjpfis nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpwJ.

1. gpujkupd; jiyikapy; $Lk; mikr;ruit
2. [dhjpgjpapd; jiyikapy; $Lk; mikr;ruit

gpuhd;]pd; [dhjpgjpNa gpujkiuAk; Vida mikr;ru;fisAk; epakpg;ghu;. Kjypy; gpujku;

epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mq;F [dhjpgjp xt;nthU murpay; fl;rpAk; ngw;Ws;s Mrdq;fspd;
vz;zpf;iffis ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L gpd;du; gpujkupd; fUj;ij mwpe;J Vida
mikr;ru;fis epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpujku; epakdk; njhlu;ghd Vw;ghLfs; murpayikg;gpy; epr;rakhf Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.
mJ njhlu;ghd gpujhd jFjp ahnjdpy; [dhjpgjp jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy;
Vw;Wfnfhss;gg ; LtjhFk;. ,uz;lhtJ gpujku; gjtpf;F epakpf;fg;glf;$ba Ms; Njrpa
Nguitapy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba Mjutpd; msthFk;.

gpuhd;]pa mikr;ruitapd; gpujhd gz;G ahnjdpy; ghuhSkd;wpd; cWg;gpduy;yhj

Ml;fisAk; mikr;ru;fshf epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjpf;F cz;L. mur nfhs;iffis
jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhf mikr;ruit gpujkupd; jiyikapd; fPo; $Lk;. gpd;du; [dhjpgjpapd;
jiyikapy; $b mf;nfhs;iffs; gw;wp ,Wjpj; jPu;khdk; vLf;fg;gLk;.

murpay; ahg;gpd; gpufhuk; mikr;ru;fis gjtptpyf;Fk; mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjpf;F cz;L.

,jw;F gpujku; cld;glhtpl;lhYk; eilKiwapy; gpujkiu gjtpapUe;J ePf;Fk; tpjj;ij
fhzyhk;.
33
gpuhd;]pa gpujkUf;F murpayikg;G uPjpahf xg;gilf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fshtd
 mur nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
 murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghl;il top elhj;Jjy;
 rl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;
 gfpuq;f Nritia nfhz;L elhj;Jjy;
 ghuhSkd;w Kuz;ghl;Lf; $l;Lf;FOtpid epakpj;jy;
 mikr;ruitapd; mikTr;Nru;f;ifiaAk; epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba mikr;ru;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifiaAk; epakpj;jy;
Nkw;gb mjpfhuq;fis gpujku; [dhjpgjpapd; xj;Jiog;Gld; nraw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;
gpuNahfpf;f KbAk;.

murpayikg;gpd; gpufhuk; ,e;j epiwNtw;Wg;gzpfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gpujku;

gpwg;gpf;Fk; rl;lq;fSk; xOq;FtpjpfSk; nry;Ygbahf Ntz;Lkhapd; [dhjpgjp mtw;wpw;F
ifnahg;gkpl;L cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

1958 B Nfhy; ahg;gpd; fPo; jhgpf;fg;gl;l epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; gpujku; cs;spl;l

mikr;ruitf;fk; [dhjpgjpf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s njhlu;gpid guprPyid nra;Ak; NghJ
gpujku; jiyikapyhd mikr;ruit RahjPdkhdJk; > gykhdJkhd Ml;rpf;fUtpahf
,Ug;gjpy;iy vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ. mJ cz;ikapNy [dhjpgjpf;Fupa Vida
mjpfhuq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F Mjutspf;Fk; fUtp kl;LNkahFk;.

34
 ,e;jpah
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

1. vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G
cyf murpay; ahg;Gf;fspy; kpf ePz;l ahg;ghf ,e;jpah murpay; ahg;G tpsq;Ffp;dw
; J.
,t;ahg;G xU Kd;DiuiaAk; 09 mj;jpahaq;fisAk; 13 ml;ltizfisAk; 22
gFjpfisAk; kw;Wk; 395 cWg;GiufisAk; ,Jtiu Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l 78 murpayikg;G
jpUj;jq;fisAk; nfhz;L tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

2. nefpOk; murpayikg;G
,e;jpa murpayikg;G xU nefpOk; murpayikg;ghf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jd;gb kj;jpa
muR jdpj;J ahg;GjpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sKbAkhf cs;sJ. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd;
42 tJ cWg;Giu ,e;jpah xU Nrhrypr kjr;rhu;gw;w ehL vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

3. ghuhSkd;w murhq;fKiwia nfhz;l ahg;G

,e;jpa murpayikg;G gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;gpid Nghd;W nt];l;kpdp];lu; khjpupapyhd
ghuhSkd;w murpayikg;gpid nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F ghuhSkd;wkhdJ uh[;rgh>
Nyhf;rgh vDk; ,U mitfis nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

4. ePjpg;Gzuha;T mjpfhuj;ij nfhz;l ahg;G

rl;lkd;wj;jpdhy; ,aw;wg;glf;$ba rl;lq;fs; murpay; ahg;gpw;F cfe;jjh? ,y;iyah?
vd;gJ njhlu;ghf ePjg
; G
; zuha;T nra;af;$ba mjpfhuj;ij cau;ePjpkd;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

5. xw;iwf;FbAupikia nfhz;l ahg;G

rk~;b murpayikg;gpid cila mNkupf;fh ,ul;ilf;FbAupikia nfhz;bUf;f
,e;jpahNth xw;iwf;FbAupikia nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

6. mbg;gil cupikfisf; nfhz;Ls;s ahg;G

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; %d;whk; ghfj;jpy; mbg;gil cupikfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;Tupikfs; ePjpapd; mbg;gilapy; cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; mjid
jLg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfSk; cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ePjpj;Jiwapd; fhtydhf ePjpkd;wk;
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.. midj;J cupikfSk; MW tiffshf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

7. topfhl;ly; newpfisf; nfhz;Ls;s ahg;G ( mwnewpf;Nfhl;ghL )

muR vt;thW njhopw;gl Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wfpd;w nfhs;iffNs topfhl;ly; newpfshFk;.

kf;fspd; rKjha nghUshjhu Nkk;ghlbw;fhd nfhs;iffs; ,jpylq;fpAs;sd.

35
8. kjr;rhu;gw;w FbauR
murpay; mikg;gpd; 42 tJ cWg;Giuapy; rkju;k> kjr;rhu;gw;w Mfpa gjq;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mbg;gil cupikfis tpl ,jw;F Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mdhy; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; KOkj topghl;L Rje;jpuj;ij murpay; ahg;G toq;Ffpd;wJ.

9. taJ te;Njhu; thf;Fupik

18 taij mle;j Mz;fs; ngz;fs; vy;NyhUf;Fk; NtWghbd;wp thf;Fupik
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

10. ,e;jpah xw;iahl;rpAkd;W> rk~;bahl;rpAkd;W

,e;jpahthdJ neUf;fbfhy epiyapy; xw;iwahl;rpahfTk;> rhjhuzfhyq;fspy;
rk~;bahl;rpahfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. $l;lhl;rp ( rk~;bahlrp) vd;w nrhy; ahg;gpy;
vq;Fkpy;iy. khwhf khepyq;fspd; xd;wpak; vd;Nw cs;sJ. ,jid miuFiw rk~;behb
vd miof;fpd;wdu;.

,e;jpa rk~;bKiwapd; gz;Gfs;

,e;jpahthdJ rk~;bKiwia cila ehlhf ntspg;gilahf tpsq;fpdhy; mJ

cz;ikapNyNa rk~;bad;W. mJ jdf;NfAupa gz;Gfisf; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;w
miuFiu rk~;behlhFk;
DR. P.R. mk;Ngj;fhu; mtu;fsJ fUj;Jg;gb ,e;jpa murhq;fKiw kuGrhu; rk~;b
%yf;nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; tFf;fg;gl;ljd;W. mJ rhjhuz epiyikfspy;
rk~;bKiwapdjhf nraw;gLfpd;w tifapYk;> mtru fhyepiyfspy; xw;iwahl;rp
Kiwapdjhf nraw;gLk; tifapYk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

,e;jpah rk~;bf;Fupa gpujhd rpy gz;GfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ khepy muRfis

cUthf;Fjy;> kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilapy; mjpfhuq;fis gfpu;jy; vd;gtw;iw
Fwpg;gplyhk;. vdpDk; mJ miuFiw rk~;bahFk;.
miuFiw rk~;b vd;gJ xw;iwahl;rp rk~;bahl;rp Mfpa ,uz;bw;fpilg;gl;l
epiyahFk;. ,jd;gb ,e;jpa murpayikg;G cUthf;fg;gLk;NghNj xw;iwahl;rpf;Fupa
gz;Gfs; cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ GydhfpwJ. ,e;jpa rk~;bKiwapd; gz;Gfshtd:

1. vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G : cyf murpay; ahg;Gf;fspy; kpf ePz;l ahg;ghf ,e;jpah

murpay; ahg;G tpsq;Ffp;dw
; J. ,t;ahg;G xU Kd;DiuiaAk; 09 mj;jpahaq;fisAk; 13
ml;ltizfisAk; 22 gFjpfisAk; kw;Wk; 395 cWg;GiufisAk; ,Jtiu
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l 78 murpayikg;G jpUj;jq;fisAk; nfhz;L tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

1. gykhd kj;jpa murhq;fk;

,e;jpa murpd; ngsjPfj; jd;ikapd; fhuzkhf mjid xw;iwahl;rp murhf fUjKbahJ..
,jw;fhd rpwe;j jPu;T rk~;bahFk;. me;j rk~;bapid cUthf;f gykhd kj;jpa
murhq;fk; ,e;jpahtpw;F Njitg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb ,e;jpa gykhd kj;jpa murhq;fk;
mikg;gjpy; gy fhuzq;fs; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpd. mitahtd:
36
  gykhd kj;jpa murpd; Njit Fwpj;j ru;tNjr mDgtq;fs;( mNkupf;fh> fdlh… )
 ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd; gpuptpdhy; Vw;;gl;l frg;ghd mDgtq;fspdhy; kPz;Lk; ,e;jpah
murpay; uPjpahf gpstiltij jLf;f.
 KO ,e;jpahitAk; If;fpag;gLj;Jk; fl;rp fhzg;gLjy; ( fhq;fpu]; fl;rp)
 ghfp];jhd; kPJ Vw;gl;l gifTzu;T fhuzkhf ehl;bd; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghf ftdk;
nrYj;Jjy;
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpDhlhf kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fs; mjid
gyg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.( rl;l mjpfhuk;> epjp mjpfhuk;> mtrufhy mjpfhuk;)

2. nefpOk; murpayikg;G
mNkupf;f murpayikg;gpid jpUj;Jtjw;F kpf ePz;l Rw;W Njitg;gLfpwJ.
murpayikg;gpw;F nfhz;L tug;gLk; ve;jnthU jpUj;jj;jpw;Fk; khepy muRfspd; ¾
ngUk;ghd;ik mtrpakhFk;. Mdhy; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpid jpUj;Jtjw;F ,e;jpa
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U rigfspdJk; rhjhuz ngUkghd;ik my;yJ ngUk;ghd;ik my;yJ
2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikAld; khepyj;jpd; miuthrpg; ngUk;ghd;ik kw;Wk; [dhjpgjpapd; ,Wjp
xg;ge;jk; kl;Lk; NghJkhdjhFk;. ,e;jtifapy; mNkupf;fhTld; xg;gpLk; NghJ ,e;jpa
ahg;G xU nefpOk; ahg;G vd;gjpy; re;Njfkpy;iy.,q;F kj;jpa murpd; tpUg;gpd; gbNa
khepyq;fspd; vz;zpf;if jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

3. mjpfhug; gq;fPL
rk~;bKiwapd; gpujhd gz;ghf mjpfhug;gq;fPL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb ,e;jpa
murpayikg;gpd; 7tJ ml;ltid mjpfhu gpupg;G gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mjd;gb
kj;jpa muRfspd; gl;bay;
khepy muRfspd; gl;bay;
xj;jpaq;Fk;gl;bay; vd 03 mjpfhu gl;bay;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

kj;jpa muR gl;bay; : kj;jpa muR gl;baypy; Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j 97 tplaq;fs;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. mtw;Ws; rpy
 ghJfhg;G murpayikg;G tptfhuk;
 njhlu;ghly; epjp kw;Wk; tup
 ,uhZt mjpfhuk; epjpf;fl;Lg;ghL
 ntsptptfhuk; khepyq;fSf;fpilapyhd tu;j;jfk;
 fk;gdpfis gjpT nra;jy; ehl;bd; gpujhd mgptpUj;jp tptfhuk;

khepy muRfspd; gl;bay; : ,jpy; 66 tplaq;fs; cs;thq;fg;glLs;sd. mtw;Ws; rpy:

 khepyf;fy;tp khepy Rfhjhuk;

 khepy ePu;g;ghrdk; khepy ngUe;njUf;fs;
 khepy tu;jj ; fk; cs;S+uhl;rp tptfhuk;
 khepy tptrhak; khepyr;rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;F tptfhuk;

37
 xj;jpaq;Fk; gl;bay; : ,J kj;jpa muRk; khepy muRfSk; Nru;e;J gad;gLj;Jk;
mjpfhuq;fshFk;.,jpy; 47 tplaq;fs; cs;sd. mtw;Ws; rpy
 kf;fs; eyNdhk;gy;
 njhopyhsu; gpur;rpidfs;
 tu;jj
; f VfNghf cupik
 kpd;rhu tptfhuk;
 mj;jpahtrpa nghUl;f ; s; tptfhuk;.

,e;jpa mjpfhu gq;fPL njhlu;ghd tpjpfs;

 03 gl;bay;fspYk; mlq;fhj rpy mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpa muRf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 xj;jpaq;Fk; gl;bay; njhlu;gpy; kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilNa gpzf;Ffs; tUk;NghJ

kj;jpa murpd; rl;lNk NkyhdjhFk;

 mtrufhy epiyapd; fPo; kj;jpa muR khepyq;fspd; 66 tplaq;fspd; kPJ rl;lq;fis

gpwg;gpf;f KbAk;

 ,e;jpa [dhjpgjp mq;fPfupj;jhy; khepy rl;lq;fs; kj;jpa murpd; rl;lq;fSld;

Kuz;gl;lhYk; mjid eilKiwg;gLj;j KbAk;.

4. epjpj;njhlu;Gfs;
ntw;wpfukhd rk~;b Ml;rpf;F Nghjpa epjp mtrpakhFk;. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; ,J
njhlu;gpy; njspthd fUj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd:

 khepyq;fs; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; topKiwapd; fPo;

tup mwtpLk; cupik kj;jpauRf;FupajhFk;.

 KO ehl;bw;Fk; xNu tpjkhd tupKiw Njitg;gLkplj;J mjw;fhd mjpfhuKk;

kj;jpaurpw;FupaJ.

 khepy muRfSf;Fk; murpayikg;gpdhy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;l tupapid mwtpLk; mjpfhKz;L

kj;jpa murpw;Fupa tpjpKiwfs; khepy muRf;fhd tupKiwfs;

 ,iwtup my;yJ Rq;f tup fhzpa tup
 fk;gdp tup my;yJ %yjdtup ehza tup
 nrhj;Jtup kw;Wk; Kj;jpij tup fhzp tUkhd tup
 gj;jpupif tup kw;Wk; kuz tup tptrhak; kPjhd tup
 tpw;gid nfhs;tdT tup fQ;Qh Nghd;w Nghijg;nghUs; tup
 gq;Fr;re;ij kPjhd tup

tup tpjpg;G njhlu;ghd rpy Kf;fpa tplaq;fs;

 tUkhd tupapid ,U muRfSk; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
 Rq;ftup tpUg;gj;jpd; Ngupy; gq;fpl;Lf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
 NjitNaw;gLk;NghJ khepyq;fSf;F kj;jpa muR md;gspg;Gfis nrYj;Jjy;.

38
5. ePjpg;Gzuha;T mjpfhuk;:
rl;lkd;wj;jpdhy; ,aw;wg;glf;$ba mjpfhuk; murpayikg;gpw;F cfe;jjh? ,y;iyah?
vd;gij jPu;khdpf;ff$ba ePjpg;Gzuha;T mjpfhuk; cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,jd;gb cau;ePjpkd;wNk murpayikg;gpd; ghJfhtydhFk;.

,jd;gb:
kj;jpa khepy murhq;fq;fSf;fpilNa vOfpd;w Kuz;ghLfis jPu;j;jy;
murpayikg;G Fwpj;j Vw;ghL njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;T fhZjy;
Fbkf;fspd; cupikfis ghJfj;jy; Nghd;w gy tplaq;fspy; cau;ePjpkd;wk;
ePjpg;Gzuha;T epahahjpf;fj;ij nfhz;Ls;sJ.

6. epjp epUthfj; njhlu;Gfs;

cjhuzk; : ehl;bd; fld; kw;Wk; epjpj;Njitfs; kPJ mr;Rwj;jy; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ vd
[dhjpgjp fUJk;NghJ ,t;tjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

7. ,ul;il murpay; Kiwik: ,e;jpahtpy; kj;jpa muR Kiwik> khepy muR

Kiwik vd ,uz;L tifahd murpay; Kiwikfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

8. kj;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; rig fhzg;gly;: ,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wkhdJ

,uh[;a rgh> Nyhf; rgh vd;W ,uz;;L tifahd rigfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,e;jpa rk~;bKiwapy; kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfs;

,e;jpah rk~;behL vd murpayikg;gpy; Neubahf Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. khwhf

khepyq;fspd; xd;wpak; vd;Nw Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk; rk~;bahl;rpf;Fupa gz;Gfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; khepy muRfis kj;jpa murhdJ fl;Lg;gLj;jp tUfpwJ.

khepy muRfis kj;jpa muR fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mit ,uz;Lk;

njhlu;GgLfpd;wd. mtw;wpid gpd;tUkhW tpsq;fpf;nfhs;syhk;

 xj;jpaq;Fk; gl;baypy; ,lk;ngWk; 47 tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf rl;lthf;fk; nra;Ak;

mjpfhuk; kj;jpa murpw;F cz;L. NkYk; kj;jpa murpw;Fk; khepy murpw;Fk; Kuz;ghL
Vw;gLk;NghJ kj;jpa murpd; rl;lNk NkyhdJ vd ahg;G Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ

 khepy muRfspd; gl;baypy; ,lk;ngWk; 66 tplaq;fs; rk;ge;jkhf kj;jpa muR

rl;lthf;fk; nra;a KbAk; vd ahg;G Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

 ,uz;L khepyq;fs; my;yJ ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;;l khepyq;fs; kj;jpa murpid

Ntz;bepw;Fk;NghJ mjd; kPJ ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk; rl;lq;fis kj;jpa muR gpwg;gpf;f
KbAk; vd ahg;G Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ

39
 kj;jpa muR rpy gzpfis epiwNtw;WkhW khepy muRfSf;F fl;lis gpwg;gpf;f
KbAk; vd ahg;G Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

 khepy muRfs; gpwg;gpf;Fk; xj;jpaq;Fk; rl;lq;fs; tYg;ngWtjw;F [dhjpgjpapd;

mDkjp NjitahFk;. [dhjpgjp mDkjpj;jhy; khepy murpRfspd; rl;lq;fs; kj;jpa
muRld; Kuz;gl;lhYk; mit eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

 kj;jpa murhq;fk; ifr;rhj;jpLk; ru;tNjr xg;ge;jq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F KO

,e;jpahtpYk; ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;jf;$ba rl;lq;fisg; gpwg;gpg;gjw;F kj;jpa murpw;F
mjpfhuk; cz;L vd ahg;G Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

 khepy MSdu;fis epakpj;jy;> Kjyikr;ru;fSf;F vjpuhd Mizf;FOf;fis

epakpj;jy; kw;Wk; mfpy uPjpapy; epu;thf Nritfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; kj;jpa murpw;Nf
cz;L.

 khepyq;fSf;F gpupe;J nry;Yk; cupik toq;fg;glhik

 ,uz;L khepyq;fs; my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; tupKiwfspd;

fPo; tup mwtpLk; cupik kj;jpaurpw;FupajhFk;. NkYk; KO ehl;bw;Fk; xNu tpjkhd tup
Kiw Njitg;gLj;Jkplj;J mjw;fhd mjpfhuKk; kj;jpa murpw;F cs;sJ.

 khepy muRfs; epjp trjpw;fhf kj;jpa murpid rhu;e;Js;sik. kj;jpa murpd; epjpf;FONt
epjp njhlu;ghd tplaq;fNs jPu;khdpf;fpd;wJ. [dhjpgjpNa epjpf;FOtpd; jiytuhthu;.

vdNt NkYs;stw;iw njhFj;J Nehf;Fk; NghJ kj;jpa muR khepy muRfs;

njhlu;Gfis mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

,e;jpahtpd; xw;ibAwahl;rpg; gz;Gfs;

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; xw;iwahl;rpf;Fupa gy gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd:

 Xw;iwf;FbAupik toq;fg;gly;: ,e;jpa kf;fSf;F xw;iwf;FbAupikNa

toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 nefpo;r;rpahd murpayikg;G fhzg;gLjy;

 kj;jpa muR khepy muR gl;baypy; jiyapLjy;:

,e;jpahtpy; kj;jpa muR khepy muR gl;baypYs;s tplaq;fspy; jiyapLtjdhy; mJ
xw;iwahl;rp jd;ikia gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. khepy muRfspd; gl;baypy; ,lk;ngWk; 66
tplaq;fs; rk;ge;jkhf kj;jpa muR rl;lthf;fk; nra;a KbAk; vd ahg;G Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

40
 kj;jpa muR khepyq;fSf;fhf rl;lkpaw;Wjy;:
kj;jpa muR khepyq;fSf;fhf rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjd; %yk; mJ xw;iwahl;rpf;Fupa
jd;ikia gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. ,uz;L khepyq;fs; my;yJ ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;;l khepyq;fs;
kj;jpa murpid Ntz;bepw;Fk;NghJ mjd; kPJ ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk; rl;lq;fis kj;jpa
muR gpwg;gpf;f KbAk; vd ahg;G Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ

 kj;jpa muR jd;dpr;irg;gb ru;tNjr xg;ge;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;

,e;jpah ahg;gpd; 253 tJ cWg;Giuf;F mikthf ,e;jpah Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ru;tNjr
xg;ge;jq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ KO ,e;jpahitAk; ghjpf;Fk; tifapy; mjid
eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; kj;jpa murpw;Fz;L. ,e;j tplaj;jpDhlhf KO
,e;jpahitAk; MSk; jpwid kj;jpa muR ngWfpd;wJ.

 kj;jpa muR mtrufhyepiyapy; tYTs;s murhf khWjy;

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 352 – 360 tiuahd cWg;Giufs; %yk; kj;jpa murpw;F mtru
fhy mjpfhuq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wJ. mtrufhyepiyapid [dhjpgjp gpuNahfpf;Fk;
re;ju;gg
; q;fs;
 ntspehl;Lj;jhf;Fjy;fs;> kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L fpsu;r;rpfspd;NghJ
 ahjhapDk; xU khepyj;jpd; murpayikg;G uPjpahd nghwpKiw nrayw;Wg;NghFk; NghJ
 epjp njhlu;ghd mtru fhyepiyapd; NghJ

 khepy murpid fiyf;Fk; mjpfhuk; kj;jpa murplk; fhzg;gly; : ,jd;gb kj;jpa

murhdJ khepy muRfis fiyg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuj;jpid nfhz;bUg;gjhdJ
xw;iwahl;rpf;Fupa jd;ikia gpujpgypg;gjhf cs;sJ.

 kj;jpa muR khepy muRfspd; Kuz;ghl;by; ,Wjpapy; kj;jpa muR

ntw;wpailjy;
xj;jpaq;Fk; gl;baypy; ,lk;ngWk; 47 tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf rl;lthf;fk; nra;Ak; mjpfhuk;
kj;jpa murpw;F cz;L. NkYk; kj;jpa murpw;Fk; khepy murpw;Fk; Kuz;ghL Vw;gLk;NghJ
kj;jpa murpd; rl;lNk NkyhdJ vd ahg;G Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

 ,e;jpa rptpy; Nrit Mizf;FO fhzg;gLjy;

,e;jpahtpy; IAS, IPS Nghd;w cau; epu;thf mjpfhupfspd; epakdk;> gjtpTau;T> gjtpePf;fk;>
,lkhw;wk; Nghd;w gy;NtW tplaq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s rptpy; Nrit Mizf;FO
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J xw;iwahl;rp jj;Jtj;ij gpujpgypf;fpdw;J.

 ,e;jpa Nju;jy; Mizf;FO fhzg;gLjy;

,e;jpahtpy; xU Nju;jy; Mizf;FO ehL KOtJw;Fkhf njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy;
Nju;jy; fhyq;fspy; Nju;jy; epu;thfj;jpd; NghJ ,e;jpah xw;iwahlrp Kiwahf
khWfpd;wJ.

 ,e;jpa Kjyikr;ru;fSf;nfjpuhd Mizf;FOf;fis epakpj;jy;

khepy Kjyikr;ru;fSf;nfjpuhf Mizf;FOf;fis epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; kj;jpaurpw;F
cz;L. ,jd;gb jhgpf;fg;gl;l rpy Mizf;FOf;fs;
1963k; Mz;ila jh]; Mizf;FO
1972k; Mz;ila rhq;fsp Mizf;FO
41
 1976k; Mz;ila rhu;fupa Mizf;FO
,it xw;iwahl;rp jj;Jtj;ij gpujpgypf;fpd;wd.

 midj;J khepyq;fSf;Fk; MSeiu epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; kj;jpa murpw;Fz;L

vdNt NkYs;s tplaq;fis njhFj;J Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,e;jpahtpd; xw;iwahl;rp

gz;Gfis mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

,e;jpa rk~;bapd; mz;ikf;fhy Nghf;F

,e;jpa rk~;bKiwapy; mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy; ghupa jpUg;gq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sij

fz;Zhlhf fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. Fwpg;ghf 1948 Kjy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jp te;j
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; Mjpf;fk; tPo;r;rpaile;J gpuNjr kw;Wk; ,duPjpahd fl;rpfspd;
nry;thf;F kj;jpa muR tiu gutpAs;sij mtjhdpf;ff;$bajhf cs;sJ.

fle;j 10 tUlq;fshf ,e;jpa rk~;b Kiwikapy; rpwg;ghd gykpf;fNjhu; tsu;r;rp

fhzg;gLfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tplakhFk;. ,t;thwhd tsu;r;rpapid cWjp nra;j
fhuzpfs; tUkhW:
 khepyq;fspd; jdpj;Jtj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; gpuNjr> kj> rhjp uPjpahd fl;rpfspd;
Njhw;wKk; njhlu; Nghuhl;lKk;
 mjpfhukpf;f fhq;fpu];> ghujPf [hdjPf fl;rpfSf;F vjpuhf gy $l;lzpfl;rpfs;
cjakhfpaik
 ,e;jpa cau; ePjpkd;wk; ePjpg;Gzuha;T mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;jp khepyq;fspd;
RahjPdj;ij ghJfhj;jy;.

,tw;iw rw;W RUf;fkhf ghu;gN; ghk;.

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; khepyq;fspd; jdpj;Jtk;> mgpyhirfis ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L
gy gpuNjr > kj> rhjp uPjpahd fl;rpfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sik rkfhy rk~;bKiwapd;
gz;ghFk;. mt;thwhd gpuNjr> kj> rhjp uPjpahd fl;rpfs; rpy

 kj uPjpahd fl;rpfs; : rptNrdh> K];ypk; yPf;>

 gpuNjr uPjpahd fl;rpfs; : jp.K.f. > m.jp.K.f. > njYq;FNjr fl;rp> gF[d fl;rp>
rkh[thjfl;rp> uh[;upa [djhjs;
 rhjp uPjpahd fl;rpfs;: tpLjiy rpWj;ijfs;> ghl;lhsp kf;fs; fl;rp.

NkYk; ,Jtiu fhyKk; kuG uPjpahd mjpfhukpf;f fl;rpfshf tpsq;fpa fhq;fpuRk;>

ghuj [hdj fl;rpAk; khepyq;fspd; mgpyhirfSf;Fk;> vz;zq;fSf;Fk; ,lk;
toq;ftpy;iy.,it ,e;jpa kf;fspd; vjpu;g;gpid rk;ghjpj;Js;sik ftdpf;fj;jf;fjhFk;.
,jid gad;gLj;jpa $l;lzp fl;rpfs; murpaypy; Fjpj;jJld; mit ,k; kuG uPjpahd
mjpfhu fl;rpfSf;F rthyhf khwpAs;sJld; khepyq;fspd; jdpj;Jtj;ij
tYg;gLj;Jtjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jp tUtjidAk; mtjhdpf;fyhk.

NkYk; kuG uPjpahd Mjpf;ff;fl;rpfs; murpayikg;gpd; 352 MtJ cWg;Giuia jkf;F

rhjfkhf gad;gLj;jp mtrufhy epiyapid gpufldk; nra;J jkf;nfjpuhd murpay;
42
 fl;rpfspd; khepy Ml;rpia fiyj;JtpLtjpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;j;p te;jd. vdpDk;
,e;epiyapid ,e;jpa cau;ePjpkd;wkhdJ jkf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ePjpg;Gzuha;T
mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;jp khepyq;fis fiyg;gJ murpayikg;gpw;F KuzhdJ vd jPu;g;G
$wp khepyq;fspd; jdpj;Jtj;ij ghJfhf;f Kd;tUtjid rkfhy ,e;jpa
rk~;bKiwapy; mtjhdpf;ff;$ba gz;ghFk;.

MfNt NkYs;s tplaq;fis njhFj;J Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,e;jpa rk~;b Kiwapd;

gz;Gfis njspthf fz;L nfhs;s KbAk;

,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mikTr; Nru;f;if kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fSk;>

gzpfSk;

,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wkhdJ uh[;a rgh> Nyhf;rgh vDk; ,U mitfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.

Nyhf;rgh : ,J Kjyhk; kd;wk; > kf;fsit> fPo; rig vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

 nkhj;j cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if 545 MFk;. ,tu;fSs; 543 Ngu; ehL KOtJKs;s
Nju;jy; njhFjpfspypUe;J gpuNjrthup gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwg;gb njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;.
 2 Ngu; Mq;fpy ,e;jpaupd; ed;ik fUjp [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;
 gjtpf;fhyk; 05 tUlq;fshFk;.
 Mdhy; ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; gpujkupd; rpghuprpd; Ngupy; [dhjpgjpahy; fiyf;fg;glyhk;
 neUf;fb fhyq;fspy; gjtpf;fhyj;ij xt;nthU Mz;lhf ePbf;fyhk;.
 Mdhy; neUf;fb fhyk; Kbtile;J 06 khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; rigia fl;lhak; fiyf;f
Ntz;Lk;
 ,r;rigf;F rghehafu; jiyik jhq;Ffpwhu;. mtu; ,y;yhj NghJ cg rghehafu; jiyik
jhq;Fthu;.

mjpfhuq;fs; :

 rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; - kj;jpa muR gl;bay;> nghJg;gl;baypYs;s tplaq;fspy;

rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wjy;> epjp kNrhjhf;fis ,r;rigapy; khj;jpuNk mwpKfg;gLj;j KbAk;>
kNrhjh njhlu;ghf ,U rigfspilNa fUj;J Kuz;ghL Vw;gLk; NghJ ,r;rigapd;
jPu;khdk; ,WjpahdJ> tuT nryT jpl;lj;ij mq;fPfupj;jy;> murpay; ahg;G jpUj;jq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;sy;

 epu;thfj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; - mikr;ruitia fl;Lg;gLj;jp Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;>

mikr;ruit ,r;rigf;F nghWg;GilaJ> mikr;ruitf;F vjpuhf ek;gpf;ifapy;yhg;
gpNuuiz nfhz;L te;J gjtp ePf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,tr;rigf;F cz;L> mikr;ru;fs; gzp
njhlu;ghf tpdh njhLj;jy;> mikr;ruitahy; jahupf;fg;gl;l tuT nryT jpl;lj;ij
mq;fPfupj;jy;

 ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; - [dhjpgjpf;F vjpuhd Fw;wg;gpNuuizfis tprhupj;jy;> cr;r

ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis gjtp ePf;Fk; jPu;khdj;ij epiwNtw;Wjy;

43
 uh[;a rgh : ,J Nkyit> ,uz;lhk; kd;wk;> khepyq;fspd; mit vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

 nkhj;j cWg;gpdu;fs; 250 Ngu;

 ,jpy; 238 Ngu; khepyq;fspypUe;J khepy rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fshy; njupT
nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;.
 12 Ngu; [dhjpgjpahy; njupT nra;ag;gLtu;. ,tu;fs; ;ehl;bw;F Kf;fpa Nrit Mw;wpa
Kf;fpa Jiwia Nru;e;j egu;fshf ,Ug;gu;
 rig cWg;gpdu;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; 06 tUlq;fs;
 rig epue;jukhdJ
 ,uz;L tUlj;jpw;F xU Kiw %d;wpy; xU gq;fpdu; jkJ 06 tUl gjtpfhyj;ij Kbj;Jf;
nfhz;L ntspNaw %d;wpy; xU gq;fpdu; mNj ,lj;jpw;F epakpf;fg;gLtu;.
 Jiz [dhjpgjp ,jd; jiytuhthu;.

mjpfhuq;fs;
 rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; - rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fis cUthf;Fjy;> vy;yh kNrhjhf;fSf;Fk;
xg;Gjy; toq;Fjy;> kNrhjhf;fSf;F jpUj;jq;fis nfhz;L tUjy;> epjp kNrhjhf;fis
jpUj;Jfpd;w mjpfhuk; ( epjp kNrhjhf;fis 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; jLf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
,r;rigf;Fz;L )

 epu;thfj;Jiw njpfhuq;fs; - mikr;ruit cWg;gpdu;fs; ,r;rigapy; ,Ue;J njupT

nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;> mikr;ruitapd; nraw;ghLfs; rk;ge;jkhf Nfs;tp Nfl;Fk; mjpfhuk;>
xj;jpitg;G jPu;khdq;fis nfhz;L tUk; mjpfhuk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

 ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; - [dhjpgjpf;F vjpuhf Fw;w tprhuizia Muk;gpf;fpd;w

mjpfhuk;> [dhjpgjpf;F vjpuhf Fw;w tprhuizia mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk;> jiyik
ePjpkd;w> cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis gjtp ePf;Fk; mjpfhuk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,uz;L rigfSk; ,ize;J gad;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;

 [dhjpgjpapd; epakdk; kw;Wk; ePf;fk;

 cg [dhjpgjp> cau;ePjpkd;w [dhjpgjpfs;> fzf;fha;thsu; ehafk; Nghd;Nwhiu
epakpj;jy;
 mtrufhy gpufldj;ij mq;fPfupj;jy;
 rl;lkpaw;Wjy; kw;Wk; epjp kNrhjhf;fis mq;fPfupj;jy;
 murpayikg;G jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sjy;
 mikr;ruitf;F vjpuhd ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPuk; hdk; nfhz;L te;J ePf;Fjy;

,e;jpah [dhjpgjpapd; njupTk; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;

[dhjpgjpapd; njupT Kiw :

 ,e;jpa [dhjpgjp Nju;thsu; fofj;jpDhlhf njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;whu;
 Nju;thsu; fofj;jpy; uh[;a rgh> Nyhf;rgh Mfpa ,uz;L rigfis Nru;e;j cWg;gpdu;fs;
mq;fk; tfpf;fpd;wdu;
 Nju;jypy; 4 NgUf;F Nky; Nghl;bapl;lhy; thf;Ffs; 1>2.3.4 VD jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;
44
 ntw;wp ngWk; Ntl;ghsu nkhj;j thf;Ffspy; mWjpg; ngUk;ghd;ikia ngw Ntz;Lk; (
50 rjtPjj;jpw;F mjpfkhd thf;F )
 tpfpjhrhu Nju;jypy; c;s;s jdpkhw;W thf;F Kiwg;gb Nju;jy; eilngWk;
 [dhjpgjpapd; gjtpf;fhyk; 5 tUlq;fshFk;
 ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; Fw;w tprhuiz %yk; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;

[dhjpgjpf;Fupa jifikfs; :
 ,e;jpa gpui[ahf ,Uj;jy;
 35 taJ G+u;jj; paile;jpUj;jy;
 kf;fsit Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl jifik ngw;wpUj;jy;
 kj;jpa> khepyq;fspy; Nritahw;Wgtuhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ve;j rigapYk;> khepyj;jpd; ve;j rigapYk; cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ

[dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fs;:

 rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; -
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U rigfisAk; $l;Ljy;> fiyj;jy;> xj;jpitj;jy;
 khepy mitf;F 12 cWg;gpdu;fis epakpj;jy;
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rpk;khrdg; gpurq;f ciuia epakpj;jy;
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nra;jpfis mDg;Gjy;
 ,U rigfSf;fpilNa Vw;gLk; gpzf;Ffis jPu;j;jy;
 epjp kNrjhf;fSf;F Kd; mDkjp toq;Fjy;
 mtrufhyepiyia gpufldk; nra;jy
 khepyq;fspd; vy;iyfis khw;Wjy;> ngaiu khw;Wjy;> Gjpa khepyq;fis cUthf;Fjy;

 epu;thf mjpfhuq;fs;

 gpujkiuAk; Vida mikr;ru;fisAk; epakpj;jy;

 khepy MSeu;fis jPu;khdpj;jy;
 Nju;jy; mjpfhupfis epakpj;jy;
 Kg;gilj;jsgjpfis epakpj;jy;
 Nghu;> rkhjhd gpufldq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
 ntspehLfSld; cld;gbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
 cau; mjpfhupfis epakpj;jy;
 ntspehl;L JhJtu;fis epakpj;jy;
 epjpf;FO cWg;gpdu;fis epakpj;jy;

 ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;
o gpujk ePjpauriu epakpj;jy;
o gpujk ePjpaurNuhL fye;jhNyhrpj;J Vida ePjpgjpfis epakpj;jy;
o jz;lidia xj;jpitj;jy;
o Fw;wthspfSf;F kd;dpg;G toq;Fjy;> jz;lidia Fiwj;jy;

,t;thW [dhjgjp gy mjpfhuq;fis gpuNahfpj;jhYk; mikr;ruitapd;

MNyhridg;gbNa nraw;gl Ntz;bAs;shu;. ,jdhy; ,tu; xU ehk epu;thfpahthu;.

;
45
 Rtpw;ryhe;J

Rtpw;ryhe;J murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

1. vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G
Rtpw;ryhe;J murpayikg;G vOjg;gl;l ePz;l murpayikg;ghFk;. ,J 04
mj;jpahaq;fisAk; 196 cWg;GiufisAk; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,jd;gb jw;Nghija
murpayikg;G 1998 brk;gu; 18k; jpfjp rk~;b ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJld;
1999 Vg;uy; 04k; jpfjp kf;fs; jPu;g;nghd;wpd; %yk; kf;fspdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.

2. nefpoh murpayikg;G
Rtpw;ryhe;J murpayikg;G nefpoh murpayikg;ghFk;. ,q;F murpayikg;gpid
jpUj;JtJ fbdkhdjhFk;. murpayikg;gpid jpUj;Jtjw;F kf;fs; jPu;g;G > njhlf;f
cupik Mfpa ,U topKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
Rtpw;ryhe;J murpayikg;gpd; 139 MtJ cWg;Giu murpayikg;G jpUj;jk;> Gjpa
murpayikg;G cUthf;fk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb Rtpw;ryhe;J kf;fspy; 100>000
yl;rk; Ngu; 18 khjq;fSf;F jkJ ifnahg;gq;fis jpul;b Fwpj;j murpayikg;G
jpUj;jj;ij my;yJ Gjpa murpayikg;G kNrhjhit rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F Kd;nkhopayhk;.
mjid rl;lkd;wk; kWf;fKbahJ vd;gJld; ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fs; mq;fPfupf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy;
jpUj;jk; my;yJ Gjpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lkhf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,J
Rtpw;ryhe;J murpayikg;G nefpoh murpayikg;G vd;giij njspTgLj;JfpwJ.

3. FbauR murpahl;rpyikg;G
Rtpw;ryhe;J INuhg;ghtpy; cs;s kpfTk; goikahd FbaurhFk;. ,e;ehl;bd; 1998 Mk;
Mz;ila murpayikg;ghdJ kj;jpapy; kl;Lkd;wp gytpjkhd fd;uq;fspYk; Fbahl;rpia
jhgpj;Js;sJ. Fwpg;ghf ehl;bd; midj;J mikg;Gf;fspYk; Fbaurpd; nry;thf;if
fhzKbfpwJ. Xt;nthU fd;uq;fspYk; gpujpepjpj;Jt Ml;rp Kiw eilngwNtz;Lnkd
murpayikg;G typAwj;JfpwJ. 18 tajpid G+u;j;jpid rfyUf;Fk; thf;Fupik
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

4. $l;lhl;rp FO
Rtpw;ryhe;jpy; mjpfhuq;fs; xU jdpeguplk; nfhLf;fg;glhky; VO Ngu;fs; mlq;fpa xU
FOtplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJNt $l;lhl;rpFOthFk;. ,jid > rk~;b fTd;rpy;>
BUNDESRAT vdTk; miog;gu;. 04 Mz;LfSf;F xUKiw ,tu;fs;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLthu;fs;. ,t;thW njupT nra;ag;gLk; 07 cWg;gpdu;fSk; Nru;epNj Ml;rp
nra;fpd;wdu;.

46
 5. ,U mit ghuhSkd;wk;
Rtpw;ryhe;J rl;lthf;fj;Jiw $l;lhl;rp ghuhSkd;wk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jid
rk~;b mrk;gpsp vdTk; miog;gu;. ,J Njrpa rig> khepy rig vd <uq;f rigfis
nfhz;Ls;sJ. Njrpa rig mq;fj;jtu;fs; kf;fshy; Neubahf njupT nra;ag;gl khepy
rig mq;fj;jtu;fs; khepyq;fshy; njuT nra;ag;gLtu;. ghuhSkd;w rl;lq;fs;
jiyahdJk; ,WjpahdJky;y. rl;lk; njhlu;ghf gpur;rpid Vw;gLk; NghJ mJ kf;fs;
jPu;g;gpw;F tplg;gLk;

6. fl;lha ,uhZt Nrit

murhq;fk; epiyahd gilia itj;jpUf;ff; $lhnjd murpayikg;G Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
ghJfhg;G Fbkf;fspd; iffspNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ. 20 taij mile;j midtUk; fl;lha
,uhZt Nritapy; <Lgl Ntz;Lk; vd murpayikg;G Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,tu;fSf;

7. [dehafj;jd;ik
Rtpw;ryhe;J [dehafj;jd;ik kpf;fJ. ,J goikahd [dehaf ehlhFk;. ,q;F kf;fs;
,iwik> gpui[fs; kj;jpapy; rkj;Jtk;> ru;t[d thf;Fupik Nghd;w [dehaf gz;Gfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tu;fSf;F rpwpJ fhyk; kWgapw;rpaspf;fg;gl;L ,uhZtj;jpw;F
jahuhf;fg;gLtu;. Nghu;fhyq;fspy; kl;LNk gilj;jiytu;fs; epakpf;fg;gLthu;fs;. ehL
vg;NghJk; NghUf;F jahuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd typAWj;jgg;gl;Ls;sJ.

8. Neub [dehaf Vw;ghLfs;

Rtpw;ryhe;jpy; Fbnahg;gk;> njhlf;f cupik Mfpa Neub [dehaf Vw;ghLfs;
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd.

9. jhuhs rpe;jidfs;
19k; Ehw;whz;by; jhuhsthj rpe;jidfs; Rtpw;ryhe;J murpay;ahg;G tiuQu;fs;
kPJ jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jJ. ,jd;gb Rtpw;ryhe;J murpayikg;G jhuhsthj
rpe;jidfspd; mbg;gilapy; mikag;ngw;Ws;sJ vdyhk;

10. kdpj cupikfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;

Rtpw;ryhe;J murpayikg;ghdJ mbg;gil r%f> Fbapay; cupikfs; gytw;iw jkJ

gpui[fSf;F toq;fpAs;sJ. murpayikg;gpd; 06k; cWg;Giu xt;nthUtUk; jj;jkJ
jpwikfSf;Fk;> jj;jkJ muRfspdJ> r%fj;jpdJ Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; Vw;g jq;fis
Kd;Ndw;wpf; nfhs;s nghWg;ghdtu;fs; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. Vida ehLfspd;
murpayikg;Gf;fis Nghyy;yhky; Rtpw;ryhe;J murpayikg;gpy; cupikfs;;
murpayikg;gpd; gy ghfq;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. rl;lj;jpd; Kd; rfyUk; rkkhf
fUjg;gJld; midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; vOj;Jupik> kjTupik> nghUshjhu cupi> r%jha
cupik Nghd;wit toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

47
 Rtpw;ryhe;J rl;lthf;fj;JiwapdJ mikg;G> mjpfhuq;fSk;> gzpfSk;

Rtpw;ryhe;J rl;lkd;wk; rk~;b kd;wk; my;yJ rk~;b mrk;gpsp/ ngluy; mrk;gpsp vd

miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J ,U mitfis nfhz;Ls;sJ

1. Njrpa rig
2. khepyq;fs; mit
Njrpa rig:
 nkhj;j cWg;gpdu;fs; 200 Ngu;
 cWg;gpdu;fs; Nju;jy; %yk; Neubahf njupththu;fs;
 vy;yh fz;lq;fspypUe;J; cWg;gpdu;fs; njupththu;fs;
 ,jd; gjtpf;fhyk; 04 tUlq;fshFk;.
 rigapd; $l;lj;njhliu njhlq;Ftjw;fhd Nfhuk; Fiwe;jgl;r vz;zpf;if 101
MFk;.
 Xt;nthU tUlKk; ,jd; jiytu; cg jiytu; MfpNahu; njupT nra;ag;gLtNjhL
mtu;fs; njhlu;e;J ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; njupT nra;ag;glhnjd;gJk; mtu;fs; xNu
khepyj;jtuhfTk;> ,uj;j cwit Nru;e;jtuhfTk; ,Uf;f KbahJ vd;gJk;
mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fJ.

 ,jd; cWg;gpdu;fs; tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt mbg;gilapy; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;.

Fwpg;G : murpayikg;gpid KOikahf khw;Wtjw;fhd tplak; Fwpj;J Rtpw;ryhe;J

rl;lj;Jiwapd; ,U rigfSk; cld;ghl;bid vLg;gjpy; Njhy;tpailfpd;w re;ju;g;gj;jpy;
kl;LNk Njrpa rig fiyf;fg;gLNk jtpu jd; Mal;fhyk; KbAk; tiu mJ epue;jukhdJ

khepyq;fs; rig ( mur rig /muRf;fofk; )

 nkhj;j cWg;gpdu;fs; 46 Ngu;.
 ,tu;fspy; 40 Ngu; 20 fd;uq;fspypUe;J ,Utu; tPjk; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;.
 6 Ngu; miuf;fd;uq;fspypUe;J xUtu; tPjk; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;.
 fd;uj;jpw;F fd;uk; njupT Kiw NtWgLk;
 khepyq;fs; rigf;fhd cWg;gpdu;fs; 03 tpjq;fspy; njhopw;gLfpd;wdu;.

1. rpy fd;uq;fspypUe;J KjyhtJ kd;wj;jpd; %yk;

2. ,Utu; fd;uq;fspYs;s rl;lkd;wq;fspdhy;
3. Vidatu;fs; kf;fspdhy; Neubahf njupthfpd;wdu;.
 ,r;rigapd; gjtpf;fhyk; khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspdhNyNa jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ..
,jdhy; ,tu;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; 1 tUlk; - 4 tUlq;fs; tiu NtWgLk;. vdpDk;
rig epue;jukhdJ.
 rigapd; $l;j;njhliu njhlq;Ftjw;fhd Nfhuk; Fiwe;jgl;r vz;zpf;if 24 MFk;.
 khepyq;fs; mit xt;nthU tUlKk; jiytu;> Jizjiytu; xUtiu njupT
nra;fpwJ.mtu;fs; ,UtUk; xNu khepyj;jtuhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. mtu;fs; ,uj;j
cwT nfhz;ltu;fshf ,Uf;f $lhJ..
 rig cWg;gpdu;fs; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; njupthtjhy; ey;y mDgtk; Mw;wy;
cs;stu;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wdu;.

48
 Rtpw;ryhe;J rl;lkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;

 rl;j;Jiw rhu;e;jit
rfy rl;lq;fisAk; cUthf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fspypUe;J ehl;il ghJfhf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
fd;uq;fspd; rl;l xOq;if Ngzy;
tuT nryT jpl;lj;ij jahupj;jy;
fld; thq;f mDkjpj;jy;
rl;lJiwapy; ,aw;wg;gl;l kNrhjh 90 ehl;fSf;Fs; kf;fs; jPu;g;gpw;F tplg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 50>000 kf;fs; my;yJ 8 fz;lq;fs; Ntz;bf;
nfhz;lhy; mjid kf;fs; jPug;gpw;F tpl Ntz;Lk;.

Fwpg;G : Rtpw;ryhe;jpd; ,U rigfSf;FkpilNa rl;lthf;f tplaj;jpy; Kuz;ghLfs;

Vw;gLkhapd; ,U mitfspd; FOf;$l;lj;jpy; ,zf;fg;ghL Vw;gLjj; Kaw;rp
vLf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. me;j ,zf;fg;ghL Njhy;tpAw;why; njhlu;Gila rl;l %yk;
mopf;fg;gl;l rl;l %ykhf fUjg;gLk;.

 epu;thfj;Jiw rhu;e;jit
epu;thfj;Jiwia Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;
ehl;bd; rl;l mikjp xOq;if mDkjpj;jy;
may;ehl;L cld;gbf;iffis mDkjpj;jy;

 ePjpj;Jiw rhu;e;jit
ehl;bd; ,uhZt jsgjpia epakpj;jy;
ehl;bd; Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhj;jy;
ehl;bd; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jy;

49
 Rtpw;ryhe;J epu;thfj;Jiw mikg;G> mjpfhuq;fs; gzpfs;

Rtpw;yhe;J epu;thfj;Jiw rk~;b Nguit my;yJ rk~;b fTd;rpy; my;yJ ngluy;

fTd;rpy; my;yJ Bundesrat vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J rk~;b mrk;gpspapd; ,U
rigfspd; ,izg;Gf; $l;lj;jpy; %yk; njupT nra;ag;gLk; ,J rk~;b gpujpepjpfs; 07
Ngupid nfhz;lJ. mt; VO NgUk; 07 mikr;Rf;fspd; gpujpepjpahtu;. mt;tikr;Rf;fs;
1. epjp mikr;R
2. cs;ehl;L tptfhu mikr;R
3. ntsptptfhu mikr;R
4. ePjpkd;w nghyp]; mikr;R
5. nghUshjhu tptfhu mikr;R
6. ghJfhg;G> rptpy; ghJfhg;G> tpisahl;L tptfhu mikr;R
7. tu;jj; f> nghUshjhu> R+oy; kw;Wk; Clf mikr;R

rk~;b FOtpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfspy; xd;W mJ gd;ikjd;ik kpf;fjhFk;. ,J 07

cWg;gpdu;fis cs;slf;fpa epiwNtw;Wj;JiwahFk; vy;yh mjpfhuq;fSk; ,tu;fshy;
$l;lhf epiwNtw;wg;gLk;. xUtu; kw;wtiu tpl cau;e;jtu; my;y. midtUk; rk~;b
mrk;gpspapdhy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLtJld; rk~;b fTd;rpypd; jiytuhf> cg jiytuhf
tUtjw;fhd tha;g;gpid ngw;Ws;sdu;. ,J xU Mizf;FOthf nraw;gLtJld;
jdpg;gl;l fTd;rpyu; ,r;rigapid topelhj;Jtjpy;iy. ,r;rigapy; Mjpf;fk;
nrYj;JtJkpy;iy.
Rtpw;ryhe;J murpayikg;gpd; gpufhuk; ,jd; cWg;gpdu;fs; kiwKf Nju;jy; %yk;
njupththu;fs;. ,jd;gb rk~;b mrk;gpspapd; ,U rigfSk; $Lk; ,izg;Gf; $l;lj;jpy;
,t; 07 fTd;rpyUk; njupththu;fs;. murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 175 ,d; gpufhuk; xNu
khepy;j;jpypUe;J ,Utu; njupT nra;ag;gl KbahJ. ,g;gjtpf;F tpNrl jifikfs;
vJTkpy;iy. Njrpa rigf;F njupT nra;ag;gl jFjpAs;s ve;jnthU gpui[Ak; rk~;b
fTd;rpyuhf njupT nra;ag;gl jFjpahdtuhthu;. mjhtJ Rtpw;ryhe;J ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdu;fs; ahtUk; rk~;b fTd;rpyuhFk; jFjpAilatu;fs;.

rk~;b fTd;rpy; 07 cWg;gpdu;fspypUe;J jiytUk;> cg jiytUk; xt;nthU Mz;Lk;

njupththu;fs;. jiytu; Rtpw;ryhe;J rk~;bapd; [dhjpgjp vd miof;fg;gLtJls]d;
murpd; jiytuhfTk; nraw;gLfpd;whu;. ,tu; rkkhdtu;fspy; Kjd;ikahdtu; kl;LNk.
Rfytpjkhd rk;gpujha G+u;tkhd filikfis ,t; [dhjpgjpNa epiwNtw;Wfpd;whu;. mtu;
,y;yhj re;ju;gg ; j;jpy; cg [dhjpgjp mtupd; filikfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;whu;.
,g;Nguitapy; xU jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; NghJ mt;NtW egu;fSf;Fk; rkthf;Fupik
fpilf;Fk;. xU jlit Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLk; xU rk~;b fTd;rpyu; ehd;F Mz;LfSf;F
gjtp tfpf;f KbAk;.

NkYk; rk~;b fTd;rpypYs;s 07 cWg;gpdu;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf rhd;ryu;. vd

miof;fg;gLk; kw;WnkhUtiuAk; rk~;b mrk;gpsp njupT nra;Ak;. ,tUk; rk~;b
fTd;rpyiu Nghd;W 04 tUlj;jpw;F gjtp tfpf;fpd;whu;. ,tu; rk~;b mrk;gpspapd;
cWg;gpdu; my;y. ,tu; rk~;b mrk;gpspapdJk;> rk~;b fTd;rpapypdJk; nrayhsuhf
njhopw;gLthu;. ,tupd; gzpfshtd
1. rk~;b fTd;rpypd; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf gjpTfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
2. Nju;jy;fs; kw;Wk; kf;fs; jPug
; G
; j;Nju;jy;fis elhj;Jtjw;F nghWg;ghf ,Uj;jy;.

50
Rtpw;ryhe;J epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;.

 rl;lj;Jiw njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;

,U rigfspdJ mku;TfspYk; fye;J nfhs;sy;
ehl;Lf;F Njitahd kNrhjhf;fis cUthf;Fjy;
rl;lq;fis Muha;e;J epu;thfj;ij Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; VjhtJ xU rigapy; tpUg;gpd; Ngupy; mwpf;iffis Kd;itj;jy;

 epu;thfj;Jiw rhu;e;jit
Njrpa murpayikg;G> ePjpj;jPu;g;Gf;fs; > cld;gbf;iffs; vd;gtw;iw Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;
fd;uq;fs; jkJ epu;thf;g gzpfis ruptu epiwNtw;w jtwpdhy; eltbf;if vLj;jy;
$l;lhl;rpapd; nfhs;iff;F Kuzhd nfhs;iffis jilnra;jy;
fd;uq;fspy; mikjpia Vw;gLj;jy;
tpNrl gjtpfSf;F Ml;fis epakpj;jy;
may; ehLfSldhd cld;gbf;iffis Nkwghu;it nra;jy;

 ePjpj;Jiw rhu;e;jit
cau; ePjpkd;w jPu;g;ig nraw;gLj;Jjy;
khepyq;fspd; xg;ge;jq;fis nraw;gLj;Jjy;
$l;lhl;rp mjpfhupfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tof;Ffis tprhupj;jy;
ehl;bd; Vida tof;FfisAk; Nkd;KiwaPLfisAk; Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;

 ntspAwT njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;

ntspehl;L cwtpid NgZjy;
ntspehl;L Rje;jpuj;ij guhkupj;jy;
ehl;bd; ghJfhg;G gw;wp mwpf;if vOJjy;
cs;ehl;L epiy gw;wp mwpf;if vOJjy
ntspehl;L xg;ge;jq;fis nra;jy;

 epjp njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;

ehl;bd; epjp epu;thfj;ij fz;fhdpj;jy;
tuT nryT jpl;lj;ij jahupj;jy;
epjp njhlu;ghd kNrhjhf;fis> rl;lq;fis nfhz;LtUjy;;

 ,uhZt mjpfhuq;fs;
,uhZtj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;> ,uhZt epu;thfj;ij Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;> neUf;fbfhy
mjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;Jjy;
51
Rtpw;ryhe;J rk~;b fTd;rpypw;Fk; rk~;b mrk;gpspapw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfs;

1. rk~;b fTd;rpyhdJ 04 tUl gjtpfhyj;jpw;F rk~;b mrk;gpspapdhy; njupT

nra;ag;gLk; 07 cWg;gpdu;fis nfhz;lJ.

2. rk~;b mrk;gpspapd;; ,U rigfSk; $Lk; ,izg;G FO $l;lj;jpy; rk~;b

fTd;rpypd; 07 cWg;gpdu;fs; njupththu;fs;

3. rk~;b fTd;rpy; ifr;rhj;jpLk; xg;ge;jq;fs; rk~;b mrk;gpspapdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl

Ntz;;Lk;

4. rk~;b fTd;rpy; mur jfty;fs; njhlu;ghf tFf;Fk; tpN~l gpufldq;fs;

fhyj;Jf;Ff fhyk; rk~;b mrk;gpspf;F mDg;gg
; g;gLtNjhL mtw;iw guprPypg;gJ rk
rk~;b mrk;gpspapd; flikahFk;.
;

5. rk~;b m~k;gpspapd;; cWg;gpdu;fs; Nfl;Fk; Nfs;tpfSf;F rk~;b Nguitapd;

cWg;gpdu;fs; nghWg;Gf; $wNtz;Lk;.

6. ek;gpf;ifapy;yh gpNuuizapd; %yNkh NtW Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j rl;l %yj;ij

Njhy;tpAwr; nra;tjd; %yk; rk~;b fTd;rpiy rk~;b mrk;gpspapdhy;
gjtpapypUe;J mfw;w KbahJ. vdNt rk~;b fTd;rpyhdJ jdJ gjtpf;fhyk;
KbAk; tiu epue;jukhf nraw;gLk;.

52
R.Ahamed Ahzan Political Science