,yq;ifapy; Kbahl;rp tPor; r

; pAw;W gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;w Kiw

tsu;rr
; pAw;w tpjj;ij ,t;tj;jpahak; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;. ,jid
ed;F tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Kjypy; gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;w
Ml;rpKiwapd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfisj; njupeJ ; nfhs;Nthk;. mjd; Muk;gKk;>
tsu;r;rpAk; gw;wp juk; 8 ,y; tuyhw;Wg; ghlj;jpy; fw;wJ cq;fSf;F
Qhgfj;jpy; ,Uf;fyhk;.
« gpupjj
; hdpauplkpUe;J vkf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngw;w nfhilNa ghuhSkd;w
Ml;rpKiwahFk;. gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;wk;> kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;
rig> gpuGf;fs; rig> murd; my;yJ murp vd;w %d;W mq;fq;fisf;
nfhz;ljhFk;.
« ghuhSkd; w g; gpujpepjpfs; rig ru; t [d thf; F upik %yk;
njupTnra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfshy; MdJ.
« ,g; gpujpepjpj; J t KiwahdJ murpay; fl; r p mbg; g ilapy;
nraw;gl;lJ.

ghuhSkd; w j; j pd; flikfSk; > nghWg; G f; f Sk;

v rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wjy; my;yJ rl;lthf;fr; nraw;ghL

v rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;Wjy; my;yJ epu;thfr; nraw;ghL
v epjp epu;thfk; vd;gdthFk;.

« gpujpepjpfs; rigapy; MSk; fl;rp> vjpu;f;fl;rp vDk; ,U gpupTfs;

cs;sd.

« epu;thff;flikfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf MSq;fl;rpg; gpujpepjpfsp

ypUe;J njupT nra;ag;gl;l mikr;ruit xd;W cs;sJ. mjid
~fgpdl;| vd;W Fwpg;gpLtu;. mjw;Fj; jiyik tfpg;gtu; gpujkuhthu;.

33 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
v gpuGf;fs; rig my;yJ Nky; rigapy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngWgtu;fs;
Kbf;Fupatuhy; toq;fg;gl;l gpuGj;Jtg; gl;lq;fisg; ngw;Nwhuhthu;.
,tu;fs; mr;rigapd; epue;ju mq;fj;jtuhtu;.

v ,r;rig gpupjj
; hdpahtpd; mjp cau; Nkd;KiwaPlL
; ePjpkd;wKkhFk;.

v gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;w Kiw Ml;rpapy; Kbf;Fupatu; ngausT

epu;thfp kl;LNk.
,g;gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiw ,yq;ifapy;
tsu;r;rpAw;w tpjj;ij> 1833,y; ,Ue;J 1947 tiu nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l
murpay; ahg;Gr; rPuj
; pUj;jq;fs; Clhf ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpy; fw;Wf;nfhs;Nthk;.

,e;ehl;by; ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiw tsu;r;rpAw;w Kf;fpakhd

re;ju;g;gq;fs; tUkhW

Nfhy;GW}f; fkud; rPu;jpUj;jk; - fp.gp 1833

FW} kf;fyk; rPu;jpUj;jk; - fp.gp 1910
kdpq; rPu;jpUj;jk; - fp.gp 1920
kdpq; nlntd;\au; rPu;jpUj;jk; - fp.gp 1924
nlhd%u; rPu;jpUj;jk; - fp.gp 1931
Nrhy;gup rPu;jpUj;jk; - fp.gp 1947

Nfhy;GW}f; fkud; rPu;jpUj;jk; - fp.gp 1833

gpupj;jhdpau; jkf;Fg; gadspf;Fk; FbNaw;w ehlhf ,yq;if

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfNt mjid Kbf;Fupa ehlhf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;.
Mdhy; tUlh tUlk; ,yq;ifapd; tUkhdk; Fiwe;J nfhz;L nry;y>
nryTfs; mjpfupj;Jr; nrd;wd. ,J njhlu;gpy; Muha;e;J mwpf;if
rku;g;gpg;gjw;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;lNj Nfhy;GW}f; Mizf;FOthFk;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 34
 mjd; jiyikj;Jtj;ij lgps;A.vk;.rp.
tpy;ypak; Nfhy;GW}f; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJld;
rhu;s]; ; fkud; mtUf;F cjtpahf ,Ue;jhu;.
fp.gp 1829 ,y; ,yq;iff;F te;j Nfhy;GW}f;
Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;ifiar; nraw;gLj;j
Kide;jhu;. mNjNtis MSeupd;
fz; f hzpg; g pw; F cl; g l; l gpupTfs; fP N o
jug;gl;Ls;sd.
• ,yq;ifapd; epu;thfk;
• tuTk;> nryTk;
• mur gupghyd epWtdq;fs; MSeu; tpy;kl; N`hu;ld;

• ePjpj;Jiw
,tu; f s; jahupj; j spj; j mwpf; i fiag; ngw; W f; nfhz; l
FbNaw;wq;fSf;Fg; nghWg;ghd nrayhsu; nfhl;upr; gpuG> 1833,y; ,jidr;
nraw;gLj;j mq;fPfupj;jhu;. epu;thfk;> nghUshjhuk;> Fbapay;> epu;thf
Nrit> ePjpj;Jiwfspyhd ,r;rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; MSeu; nuhgl; tpy;kl;
N`hu;l;ld; fhyj;jpy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;

w fiuNahuj;ijAk; fz;biaAk; xd;wpizj;J xNu Ml;rpf;

Fl;gLj;Jjy;.
w epu;thf trjpf;fhf ehl;il Ie;J khfhzq;fshfg; gpupj;jy;.
w rl;lthf;f> epu;thf rigfs; (ep&gd) cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
w fl;lha Nritahf ,Ue;j ,uh[fhupa Kiw ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
w tu;j;jf VfNghf cupik ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
w fhzpfis tpw;Fk; nfhs;if Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
w Mq;fpyf; fy;tp mur nfhs;ifahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
w Gjpa rl;lq;fSk; ePjpkd;wq;fSk; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

,r; rPu;jpUj;jq;fSs; ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpy; vq;fSila Kf;fpa

ftdj;ijr; nrYj;j Ntz;baJ murpay;> eput ; hfj; Jiwfspy; jhf;fj;ij
tpistpf;Fk; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gw;wpahFk;.

35 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 ehl;il xd;WgLj;Jjy;
,Jtiu fhyKk; fiuNahu
gpuNjrq;fSk; kiyehLk; ntt;Ntwhf
Msg;gl;L te;jd. Nfhy;GW}f; rPu;jpUj;
jq;fspd; fPo; ,t;tpU gpuNjrq;fSk;
xd;wpizf;fg;gl;L ,yq;if tuyhw;wpy;
Kjd;Kiwahf KO ehl;bw;Fk; nghJ
thd Ml;rp Kiw xd;W Muk;gpf;fg;
gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; ehL Ie;J khfhzq;
fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ.
khfhzq;fSk;>
epu;thf ikaq;fSk;
tlf;F aho;g;ghzk;
njw;F fhyp
fpof;F jpUNfhzkiy
Nkw;F nfhOk;G
,yq;if Ie;J khfhzq;fshfg;
kj;jp fz;b gpupff
; g;gly;

v gpuNjr eltbf;iffSf;fhf khfhz murhq;f mjpgu;fshf Itu;

epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
v Kf;fpakhd ,lq;fSf;F cgmurhq;f mjpgu;fSk; epakpff
; g;gl;ldu;.

ghuhSkd;w Kiwapd; tsu;r;rpf;F ehL xd;Wgl;ljhapUj;jy;

mtrpakhFk;. vdNt Nfhy;GW}f; rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; fPo; ehL
If;fpag;gl;lik ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiwia Nehf;fp tsu;r;rp
miltjw;fhd Muk;g eltbf;ifahf mike;jJ.

1833 ,y; Nfhy;GW}f; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd murpay;

tpisthf rl;lthf;ff; fofKk;> epu;thff; fofKk; cUthf;fg;
gl;ljhFk;. murpay; tsu;r;rpapy; Neubahfg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j
,t; t hNyhrid> ghuhSkd; w Kiw xd; w pw; F ,lg; g l; l
%ytpj;jhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 36
 ,jw;fika cUthf;fg;gl;l rl;lthf;ff; fofk; (rl;lrig) 15
cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

Nfhy;GW}f; fkud; rPu;jpUj;jk; - 1833

MSeu;
rl;lthf;ff;fofk;

15

cj;jpNahfg; cj;jpNahfg;
gw;Ws;Nshu; gw;ww;Nwhu;
09 06

INuhg;gpau; gwq;fpau; rpq;fstu; jkpou;

03 01 01 01

rl;l epu;thff; fofk; KOikahf mjpfhupfis kl;Lk; nfhz;

bUe;jJ. 1833Mk; Mz;by; ,t;tpU rigfSk; Muk;gpff ; g;gl;ld. KjyhtJ
rl;lthf;ff; fofk; 1834Mk; Mz;L Nk khjj;jpy; $baJ. NkNy
Fwpgg
; plL
; s;sgb ,r;rigapd; cj;jpNahfg;gw;Ws;s mq;fj;jtu;fs; murhq;f
cau; mjpfhupfshtu;. cj;jpNahfg;gw;ww;w mq;fj;jtu;fs; MSeuhy;
epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. vdNt mJ ,d;iwa ghuhSkd;w murpaYf;F mik
thd gpujpepjpfs; epWtdk; my;y.

cj;jpNahfg;gw;ww;Nwhu; ,d gpujpepjpfs; rig vd;gJ

mbg;gilapNyNa njupT kf;fspd; thf;Ffshy; njupT
nra;ag;gl;ldu; nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfisf;
nfhz;ljhFk;

37 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 n[h`d;d]; nfhl;gpup gpypg;]; tp[aNfhd; gz;bjuj;d
vd;gtu; rl;lrigf;F Kjd; Kjy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l
rpq;fstuhtu;. MWKfk; gps;is FkhuRthkp vd;gtu; jkpo;
kf;fs; rhu;gpy; njupT nra;ag;gl;ltuhthu;.

,d;W ,yq;ifapd; mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;ghLfspy; ,dq;fSf;fpilNa

fUj; J NtWghL ,ilapilNa Njhd; W fpd; w J. ,jw; f hd
tpj;J}z;lg;gl;lJ Nfhy;GW}f; rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; fPo; rl;lthf;ff;
fofj;jpwF
; cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;w mq;fj;jtu;fs; ,dthupahfj; njupT
nra;ag;gl;lNjahFk;. vdpDk; Nfhy;GW}f;fpd; murpay; rPu;jpUj;j
MNyhridfs; ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpapd; gpuNtrkhf mike;jJ.
,r;rl;lthf;ff; fofNk ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiw tiu tsu;r;rp
aile;jpUe;jJ.

,jdhy; Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;w mq;fj;jtu;fs;

,q;fpyhe;J ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; nraw;gLk; gpujpepjpj;Jt rigNghy; ,r;rig
mika Ntz;Lk; vd;w mgpg;gpuhaj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.

ehl;bd; Vida Jiwfs; tsu;rr ; pailtjw;Nfw;g rl;lthf;ff;

fofKk; fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g tsu;rr; p mila Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
Nfhy;GW}f;fpd; MNyhridahf ,Ue;jJ.

,jw;fikthf cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;w mq;fj;jtu;fspd; mjpfhuq;fis

mjpfupf;Fk;gb Nfhupf;iffs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.

v 1889,y; rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpy; cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;w mq;fj;jtu;fspd;

njhif MwpypUe;J vl;lhf mjpfupff ; g;gl;lJ. ,jw;Nfw;g kiyehl;Lr;
rpqf; stu; xUtUk; (jpU.gP.gp ghdnghf;if) K];ypk; xUtUk; (Idhg;
vk;.rp mg;Jy; u`_khd;) ,g;gjtpf;F epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.

1833,y; nraw; g Lj; j g; g l; l ,duP j pahd gpujpepjpj; J tk;

tp];jupf;fg;gl;likahy;> rpq;fstu;fs; kiyehl;Lr; rpq;fstu;fs;>
fiuNahur; rpq;fstu;fs; vd ,U tifahfg; gpupf;fg;gl;ldu;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 38
 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpf; fhyg;gFjpapy; INuhg;gpau;fs; murpay;
rPuj
; pUj;j Nghuhl;l ,af;fj;jpypUe;J tpyfpf; nfhs;s> Nkw;fj;ija
fy;tpiag; ngw;w kj;jpaju tu;f;f ,yq;ifau;fs; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
Kd; d zpf; F te; j ik> ,e; e hl; b y; ghuhSkd; w Ml; r pKiw
tsu;r;rpapd; ,d;Ndhu; tpNrl mk;rkhf mike;jJ.

,yq;if kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpypUe;J cUthd rpyhgr; rq;fk;>

aho;g;ghzr; rq;fk;> fPo;ehl;L ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu; rq;fk; Nghd;w
gy rq;fq;fs; Njhd;wpaNjhL> mit murpay; rPuj ; pUj;jg; Nghuhl;lq;fspy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngwj; njhlq;fpd.

,r;rq;fq;fshy; jdpjj; dpahff; Nfhupfi; ffs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lhYk;

mtw;wpy; rl;lthf;fg; gpujpepjpfs; njupT nra;tJ khfhz uPjpahd
gpuNjr thupg; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwg;gb mika Ntz;Lk; vd;w
tplak; midj;Jf; Nfhupf;iffspYk; nghJthff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

1908Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; 12Mk; jpfjp N[k;]; gPup]; mtu;fs;

Kd;itj;j Nfhupf;iffis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nghuhl;lk; mikg;G
uPjpahd tbtk; ngw;wJ

mtu; Kd;itj;j Kf;fpakhd Nfhupf;iffs; tUkhW

„ rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpw;F mq;fj;jtu;fis epakpf;Fk;NghJ>
,duPjpahd Kiwia mfw;wp gpuNjrthupKiwia mwpKfg;
gLj;jy;.
„ ,g;gpujpepjpfis MSeu; ngau; Fwpg;gpl;L epakpg;gij ePf;fp>
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l thf;F %yk; njupT nra;jy;.
„ rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fis tpupTgLj;Jjy;.
„ epu;thff; fofj;jpw;F cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;Nwhupy; ,Ue;Jk;
mq;fj;jtu;fis epakpj;jy;.

v 1910Mk; etk;gu; 24k; jpfjp ,f;Nfhupf;iffspd; gpujpgydhf

Gjpa murpay; ahg;G ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

39 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 v ,e;j ahg;gpd;gb 1912Mk; Mz;L [dtup 12Mk; jpfjp
rl;lthf;ff;fofk; Kjd; Kiwahff; $baJ.
FW} - kf;fyk; rPu;jpUj;jk; ^1910 - 1912&

rl;lrig mq;fj;jtu;fs;
21

cj;jpNahfg; cj;jpNahfg;
gw;Ws;Nshu; gw;ww;Nwhu;
11 10

epakdk; %yk; 06 ,duPjpahf Nju;jy; %yk; - 04

fiuNahur; rpqf
; stu; - 02 INuhg;gpau; - 02
jkpou; - 02 gwq;fpau; - 01
fz;br; rpq;fstu; - 01 fy;tp fw;w ,yq;ifau; - 01
K];ypkf; s; - 01

FW} - kf;fyk; rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;

v rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpw;F mq;fj;jtu;fisj; njupT nra;tjw;F

Kjd;Kiwahf thf;Fupik gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

v fy;tpg;Gyik kpf;f ,yq;ifaUf;F xU gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij toq;fy;

v ,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; njhlu;e;Jk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gly;

v cj;jpNahfr; rhu;Gs;Nshu; njhlu;e;Jk; mjpfkhapUj;jy;.

v ,r;re;ju;gg; j;jpy; fw;w ,yq;ifg; gpujpepjpiaj;

njupT nra;tjw;F thf;Fupik
fpilf;fg;ngw;wJ. Fwpg;gpl;lsT fy;tpiag;
ngw;wtu;fSf;Fk;> nrhj;J cupik
cs; s tu; f Sf; F k; kl; L Nk thf; F upik
fpilj;jJ. ,jw;fika ,yq;ifapy; Kjy;
fy; t pfw; N whupy; mq; f j; j tuhfj; jpU.
nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd; mtu;fs; njupT
nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
MSeu; n`d;wp
nkf;fyk;

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 40
 nghJkf;fSf;Fg; nghWg;Gr; nrhy;Yk; murpay; jpl;lk; xd;W
fpilf;fg;ngwhtpl;lhYk;> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mstpyhd thf;F
upikiag; gpuNahfpjJ
; mq;fj;jtu;fisj; njupT nra;Ak; re;ju;gg
; k;
fpl;baJ. ,J ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiw xd;wpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba
gpujpepjpj; J t Kiwf; F r; rl; l thf; f f; fofj; j pD}lhf
Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l Kjy; Kaw;rp vDk; tifapy; Kf;fpakhdJ.

kdpq; murpay; rPu;jpUj;jk; - 1920

FW} kf;fyk; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd;gb ,yq;ifau;fs; vjpu;ghu;j;j

Ml;rpKiw xd;W fpl;lhikahy;> gbj;j ,yq;ifau;fs; njhlu;e;Jk;
jkJ Nfhupfi
; ffis Kd;itj;Jg; Nghuhl;lq;fis Kd;ndLj;jdu;. ,jd;
nghUl;L 1919,y; ,yq;ifj; Njrpa fhq;fpu]; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

Nghuhl;lf;fhuu;fspd; Nfhupf;iffSf;Fg; gpujpgypg;ghf 1920,y;

Gjpa murpay; rPu;jpUj;jk; xd;W toq;fg;gl;lJ. nghWg;Gld; $ba Ml;rp
Kiwf;Fg; gjpyhf> MSeu; tpy;ypak; n`d;wp kdpq; mtu;fshy;
toq;fg;gl;l rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; ,e;ehl;Lj; jiytu;fSf;Fr; rpwpjsNtDk;
jpUg;jp jutpy;iy.

,e;epiyapy; ,e;j ahg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jj;ijg; Gwf;fzpg;gjw;F

,yq;ifau;fs; jPu;khdpj;jdu;. ,jidf; ftdpahJ tpl;lhy;> ,yq;ifj;
jiytu;fs; gpupjj; hdpa vjpug
; G
; eltbf;iffis Nehf;fpj; js;sg;gLthu;fs;
vd;W kdpq; MSeu; tpsq;fpf; nfhz;lhu;. Mifahy; tpiutpy; ,d;DnkhU
rPu;jpUj;jj;ij Kd;itf;Fk;gb Njrpaj; jiytu;fis mtu; Ntz;bdhu;.
MSeupd; ,t;Ntz;LNfhis Vw;W kdpq;fpd; rPuj ; pUj;jj;ij jw;fhypfkhf
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F Njrpa rq;fk; (,yq;if Njrpa fhq;fpu];) jPuk ; hdpjj
; J.

41 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 kdpq; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;F mika rl;lrig
^1920&

rl;lrig mq;fj;jtu;fs;
njhif 37

cj;jpNahfg; cj;jpNahfg;
gw;Ws;Nshu; gw;ww;Nwhu;
14 23

,dthupg; Nju;jy; %yk; njhopy; rhu; epakdj;jpd;

gpujpepjpjJ
; tk; 11 02 %yk; 07
03

Nky;
INuhg;gpau; khfhzk;
- 02 tu;jj
; f
- 01 kiyehl;ltu; - 02
r%fk; K];ypk;fs; - 01
02 nfhOk;G
- 01 fiuNahu ,e;jpau;fs; - 01
gwq;fpau; efu;
cw;gj;jpahsu; - 01 MSeupd;
01 Vida rq;fk; tpUg;Gf;Nfw;g - 03
khfhzq;fs; - 08

nraw; g hL
tFg;giwapy; khztu;fs; Njrpa rq;fj;ijg; Nghy; $b MSeu;
kdpq;fpd; murpayikg;G gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 42
 kdpq; ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;
„ cj;jpNahfg; gw;Ws;Nshiu tpl
cj; j pNahfg; gw; w w; N whu; njhif
mjpfupf;fg;gl;lik
„ gpuNjrthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij mwpKfg;
gLj;jpaik
„ khfhz uPjpahd njupT Kiw
,lk;ngw;wik
„ rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs;
tpupthf;fg;gl;lik
„ thf;Fupik rpW mstpy;
kdpq; Njrhjpgjp
mjpfupf;fg;gl;lik
„ ,duPjpahd gpujpepjpj;Jtk; njhlu;e;J
mKy;gLj;jg;gl;lik.

ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiwia Nehf;fp tsu;rr ; pailtjw;fhd gz;Gfs;

gyTk; 1920Mk; Mz;L rPuj; pUj;jq;fs; Clhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
mitahtd
• khfhz uPjpahd Nju;jy; njhFjp Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
• Mq;fpyk; fw;w kj;jpaju tu;ff ; j;jpdUf;F Nkyjpfkhf ,d;Dk;
Fwpg;gpl;lstpdUf;F thf;Fupik fpilf;fg;ngw;wik.
• Kjd; Kiwahf rl;lthf;ff;fofj;jpy; cj;jpNahfr; rhu;
Gs;Nshiu tpl cj;jpNahfr; rhu;gw;Nwhupd; njhif mjpfupj;Jf;
fhzg;gl;lik.
• rl;lthf;ff;ffofj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; rpwpjsT tpupthf;fg;gl;lik.
kdpq; - nltd;\au; murpay; rPu;jpUj;jk; - 1924

,Jtiu xw;Wikahf murpay; Nghuhl;lq;fis Kd;ndLj;j

jkpo; - rpq;fsj; jiytu;fspilNa 1920Mk; Mz;L
rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; gpd;du; fUj;J NtWghLfs; Vw;gl;ld.
`
1912,y; njupthd rl;lthf;ff;fofj;jpy; 3:3 vd;wpUe;j jkpo; -
rpq;fs gpujpepjpj;Jtk; 1920Mk; Mz;Lj; Nju;jypy; rpq;fstu;fSf;F
; 14
Mrdq;fSk;> jkpou;fSf;F 4 Mrdq;fs; kl;LNk fpilj;j ,e;epiy
fhuzkhf rpqf ; s> jkpo; jiytu;fspilNa Vw;gl;l fUj;J Ntw;Wikiaj;
njhlu;e;J ,UrhuhUk; jkJ murpay;; Nfhupf;iffisj; jdpj;jdpahf
Kd;itj;jdu;.

43 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 rpq; f sj; jiytu; f Sld; Vw; g l; l fUj; J Ntw; W ikahy;
nghd;dk;gyk; mUzhryk; mtu;fs; Njrpa rq;fj;jpypUe;J tpyfp
nfhz;lhu;. gpd;du; nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd; mtu;fs; cl;gl Vida
jiytu;fSk;; Nru;e;J 1921 Mf];l; 15k; jpfjp ,yq;ifj; jkpou;
kfhrigia Muk;gpj;jdu;.

MSeu; kdpq;fpd; gjpYiug;G

v ,yq;ifaupd; ,e;j Ntz;LNfhs;fisAk;> Gjpa murpay;
rP u ; j pUj; j j; j pd; nghUl; L j; jkJ MNyhridfisAk;
FbNaw;wr; nrayhsu; nltd;\aUf;F rku;gpf;f MSdu;
nraw;gLj;jpdhu;.

,yq;ifj; Njrpa
rq;fj;jpd; Ntz;LNfhs;
,yq;ifj; jkpou;
© rl; l thf; f f; fofj; j pd;
kfhrigapd; Ntz;LNfhs;
mq;fj;jtu; njhifia 45
tiu cau;jj ; Ntz;Lk;.
© rl; l thf; f f; f of mq; f j;
jtu; njhifia 45 tiu
© khfhz Nju;jy; cau;jj ; Ntz;Lk;.
mbg; g ilapy; 28 gpujp
epjpfs; njupT nra;ag;gl © khfhz Nju; j y; mbg;
Ntz;Lk;. gilapy; 9 Ngu;
epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
© rpWghd;ikapdu; rhu;ghf 11
Ngu; epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. © rpWghd;ikapdu; rhu;ghf 11
Ngu; epakpff
; g;gl Ntz;Lk;.
© Nju; j y; mjpfhuk; gut
yhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 44
« ,jd; gpujpgypg;ghf 1924ypUe;J kdpq; - nltd;\au; murpay;
jpl;lk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

kdpq; - nltd;\au; murpay; jpl;lj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs;

v rl;lthf;ff;fofj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fSs; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l thf;Ffshy; njupT nra;ag;gl;Nlhuhthu;.

v thf;FupikahdJ 1920Mk; Mz;L rPuj

; pUj;jj;jpy; ,Ue;jgbNa
fhzg;gl;lJ.

v rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpd; cgjiytuhf mq;fj;jtu;fSs;

xUtiu thf;Fupikapd; %yk; njupT nra;J nfhs;sr;
re;ju;g;gk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

v rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpd; jiyikg;gjtp MSeiuNa rhUk;.

v ,dthup gpujpepjpj;Jtk; njhlu;e;J ,Ue;J tUk;.

v Nky;khfhzj;jpy; jkpoUf;nfd;W Gjpa mq;fj;Jtk; xd;W

toq;fg;gl;lJ.

v epu;thff; fofj;jpw;F cj;jpNahfr; rhu;gw;w mq;fj;jtu;fs;

%tiu epakpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; fpilj;jJ.

kdpq; - nltd;\au; murpay; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; MSeuhfr; nraw;gl;l

`pA+fpspgu;l; (1925 - 1927) ,t;thl;rp Kiwia ntw;wpfukhfr; nraw;gLj;j
KbahJ vd;Wk; mtrukhf ,J rPuj ; pUj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; FbNaw;w
ehl;Lr; nrayhsUf;F mwptpj;jhu;.

45 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 kdpq; - nltd;\au; rPuj
; pUj;jk; - 1924

rl;lrig
mq;fj;;jtu;fs; 49

cj;jpNahfg; cj;jpNahfg;
gw;Ws;Nshu; gw;ww;Nwhu;
12 37

Nju;jy; %yk; epakdj;jpd;

%yk;
29 08

K];ypk;03
khfhz epakdk;
,e;jpaj; jkpou;
Nju;jy; %yk; %yk;
02
23 06
MSeupd; njupT
03
INuhg;gpau; 03
gwq;fpau; 02
Nky;khfhz ,yq;ifj; jkpou;
01

rl;lthf;ff;fof mq;fj;jtu;fSs; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu; khfhzj;

Nju;jy; njhFjp thupahfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;lik ghuhSkd;w
Ml;rp Kiwia Nehf;fpr; nrd;w gazj;jpd; Kf;fpakhdnjhU
jpUg;G KidahFk;.

,yq;ifapy; ahg;Gr; rPuj

; pUj;jj;ijf; Nfhupa ve;jnthU gpuptpdUk;
kdpq; - nltd;\au; rPu;jpUj;jj;jhy; jpUg;jpg;gltpy;iy.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 46
 1924 ,y; kdpq; - nltd;\au; rPu;jpUj;jk; nraw;glj; njhlq;fpaJ.
Kjy; mjidf; fz;bj;j Njrpa ,af;fq;fspd; jiytu;fs; Gjpa murpay;
ahg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghff; Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;jdu;. mtw;iw
epahag; g Lj; J tjw; f hf gj; j pupiffs; > nghJf; $ l; l q; f s; thapyhf
Nghuhl;lq;fis Kd;ndLj;jdu;.

nlhd%u; murpay; ahg;G - 1931

kdpq; - nltd;\au; murpay; rPu;jpUj;jk; kPsha;T nra;ag;gl

Ntz;Lk; vdf; Nfhug;gl;ljw;F mika ,jid Muha;e;J mwpf;if
rku;g;gpf;Fk; nghUl;L 1927,y; FO xd;W epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.
MSeu; `u;gl; ];lhd;yp (1927 - 1931) ,d; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
,yq;iff;F te;j FOtpw;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpatu; nlhd%u; gpuG Mthu;.
,jdhy; ,J ~~nlhd%u; Mizf;FO|| vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

nlhd%u; Mizf;FOtpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs;

jiytu; - nlhd%u; gpuG

mq;fj;jtu;fs; - Nru;.nkjpt; Nejd;
Nru;.n[g;up gl;yu;
Nguhrpupau; bukd;l; \Py;];

nlhd%u; Mizf;FOtpw;F Kd;itj;j Nfhupf;iffs;

v ,yq;ifj; Njrpa rq;fj;ijr; Nru;e;j gPup]; mtu;fs; cl;gl

Kf;fpa FOtpdu;> ,yq;ifg; gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpapd; fPo; nghWg;
Gila Ml;rp Kiwiaf; Nfhupdu;.
v V.<. Fzrpq;ftpd; jiyikapyhd Gul;rpthjpfs; ,yq;iff;F
Ra Ml;rpKiw xd;iwf; Nfhupdu;.
v nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd; mtu;fspd; jiyikapyhd jkpo;f;
FOtpdu;> rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpy; Xu; ,df; FOtpdiu ,d;Ndhu;
,df;FOtpdu; kpifj;Jr; nry;yhj Kiwapyhd gpujpepjpj;
Jtj;ijf; Nfhup epd;wdu;.
v V.vg;. nkhyKNu> up.gp. nfhg;NgfLt> [p.gp.uj;ehaf;f MfpNahu;
mlq;fpa kiyehl;L Njrpa rig> RNal;ir mjpfhuKila
rk\;b Ml;rp Kiwnahd;W kiyehl;Lf;F Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfl;Lf;
nfhz;ldu;.

47 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 Njrpaj; jiytu;fspd; Nfhupf;iffspd;gbAk; MSeupd; tpje;
Jiug;gpd; NgupYk; ,yq;iff;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ml;rp Kiwiaj; jPu;
khdpg;gjw;fhf Mizf;FOnthd;W epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.

nlhd%u; Mizf; F Otpd; rpghupRfs;

• muRf; fofj;ij cUthf;Fjy;.
• ru;t[d thf;Fupikia toq;Fjy;.
• gpuNjrthup gpujpepjpj;Jtk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lik.
• epu;thff; FO Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
• muRf; fofj;jpy; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; %tiu cs;thq;Fjy;.
• MSeupd; mjpfhuq;fis kWrPuikj;jy;.

,yq;if murpay; ahg;G tsu;r;rpapy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd ,t;

thNyhridfs; midj;Jk; 1931ypUe;J nraw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
muRf; fofk;

1833,y; Nfhy;GW}f; fkud; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpy;

nraw;gl;lJNghy; rl;lk;> rl;lthf;ff; fofq;fSf;
fpilNa gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;l flikfs;> mjpfhuq;fs;
vd;gd xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld.

KjyhtJ muRf; fofj;jpw;Fg; gpujpepjpfisj;

njupT nra;tjw;fhf 1931 [_d; 10Me; jpfjp MSeu;
fpufk; njhk;rd; mtu;fshy; Nju;jy; elhj;jg;gl;lJ.

muRf; fofk; - 1931 fpufk; njhk;rd;

mq;fj;jtu; 61

Nju;jy; njhFjp mur MSeuhy;

%yk; njupT cj;jpNahfj;ju; 3 epakpf;fg;gl;Nlhu;
nra;ag;gl;lNlhu; gpujk fhupajuprp 08
50 epjpf; fhupajuprp
rl;lf; fhupajuprp

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 48
 muRf; fof mq;fj;jtu;fspd; thf;fspgg
; pd; %yk; njupT nra;ag;gLk;
mitj; jiytu; gjtpf;F Kjd; Kiwahf V. vg;. nkhyKNu mtu;fs;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;.

rl; l epu; t hf
mjpfhuq; f s; kf; f s; gpujpepjpfs; ngUk; g hd;
ikNahupdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l jhgdk; xd;wplk; ifaspff ; g;gLtJ
ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiw xd;wpy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba tpNrl gz;
ghFk;. ,yq;ifapd; murpay; jpl;lj;jpy; mg;gz;ig cUthf;fpa
nlhd%u; ahg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jnkhd;W ,e;ehl;L ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp
Kiwapy; tpNrlkhd Kd;Ndw;wj;ij cUthf;fpa re;ju;g;gkhff;
Fwpg;gplyhk;.

nraw; g hL

muRf;fof mikg;G> mjpfhuk;> nraw;ghL vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fp

Rtu;g;gj;jpupiff;F Mf;fk; xd;W vOJq;fs;.

ru;trd thf;Fupik

v Nju;jy; Kiw mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l 1910 Kjy; ,yq;ifapy;

nraw; gLj;jg;gl;l thf;Fupik tiuaiwf;Fl;;gl;ljhFk;.

v tiuaWf;fg;gl;l thf;Fupik 1910 FW} - kf;fyk; rPu;jpUj;jj;jhy;

toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

v ,jw;fika fy;tpawpT> Mz; ngz; NtWghL> nrhj;J> tUkhdk;

vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; thf;Fupik tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
mjdhy; thf;Fupik xU rpW njhifapdUf;F 4% kl;LNk fpilj;jJ.

,yq;ifj; Njrpa rq;fk;> kiyehl;L Njrpa rig> ,yq;ifj;

jkpou; rq;fk;> K];ypk; mikg;Gfs; cl;gl rfy mikg;GfSk;
ru;t[d thf;Fupik toq;Ftij vjpu;j;jd.

Gul;rpj; jiytuhd V.<.Fzrpq;f mtu;fs; ru;t[d thf;Fupik

toq;Ftjw;F Mjuthff; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jhu;.

49 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 nlhd%u; rPuj
; pUj;jpd; fPo; ,yq;ifapy; thOk; 21 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l
Mz;> ngz; ,UghyhUf;Fk; thf;Fupik toq;Ftjw;F tpje;Jiuf;
fg;gl;lJ.

gpupj;jhdpahtpy; $l ru;t[d thf;Fupik 1928Mk; Mz;bNyNa

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mt;thwhd #o;epiyapy; 1931Mk; Mz;L ,yq;
ifaUf; F ru; t [d thf; F upik fpilf; f g; n gw; w ik ghuhSkd; w
Ml;rpKiw tsu;r;rpapy; mjpKf;fpakhd mk;rkhFk;.

kf;fs; jkJ gpujpepjpfis muRf; fofj;jpwF

; j; njupT nra;tjw;F
ru;t[d thf;Fupik tha;g;gspj;jJ ,J ,e;ehl;bd; ghuhSkd;w
tsu;r;rpapy; Kf;fpa fl;lkhFk;.

nraw; g hL
thf;fspgG
; %yk; tFg;gpy; ,yf;fpa kd;wj;jpwF
; mq;fj;jtu;fisj;
njupT nra;Aq;fs;.

ep u ; t hff; F O Kiwik
v gpupj;jhdpaf; FbNaw;wq;fspy; epu;thff;FO Ml;rp Kiwik Kjypy;
nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ ,yq;ifapyhFk;.
v rl;lthf;fj; Jiwapy; ngUk;ghd;ikapduhd cj;jpNahf rhu;gw;Nwhu;
nghWg;gpd;wpr; nraw;gLtjw;Fg; gjpyhf mtu;fis mur epu;thfj;jpy;
Neubahfj; njhlu;GgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F ,k;Kiw nghUj;jkhap
Ue;jJ.
v ,yq;if murpay;thjpfSf;F vjpu;fhyj;jpy; nghWg;Gld; $ba
Ml;rp xd;iw elj;jpr; nry;tjw;Fj; Njitahd gapw;rpiag; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;F eput
; hff; FO Kiwikapd; %yk; re;ju;gg; k; fpilj;jJ.
v 61 mq;fj;jtu;fspy; mjpfhupfs; %tiuAk; jtpu;j;J Vida 58
mq;fj;jtu;fSk; epu;thff; FOf;fspy; ,lk;ngw;wdu;.
v VO epu;thff; FOf;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. xt;nthU FOTf;Fk;
xt;nthU jiytu; mq;fj;jtu;fspilNa ,Ue;J thf;fpd; %yk;
njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;. mtu; mj;Jiwf;fhd mikr;ru;Nghyf;
fUjg;gl;lhu;. mt;thW epakdk; ngw;w VO jiytu;fSk; mur
cj; j pNahfj; j u; f s; %tUk; Nru; e ; J gj; J g; N giuf; nfhz; l
mikr;ruit xd;iw cUthf;fpdu;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 50
 KjyhtJ epu;thff; FOf;fSk; mtw;wpd; jiytu;fSk;
tUkhW:
epu;thff; FO jiytu;
1 cs;ehl;L mYty;fs; b.gp [ajpyf;f mtu;fs;

2 fhzp tptrhak; b.v];.Nrdhehaf;f mtu;

fs;

3 cs;Suhl;rp rP.gl;Ltd; Jlht mtu;fs;

4 Rfhjhuk; b.gp.ghdnghf;if mtu;fs;

5 njhopy;> ifj;njhopy;> tu;j;jfk; gp.Re;juk; mtu;fs;

6 fy;tp rP.lgpsA
; .lgpsA
; . fd;dq;fuh
mtu;fs;

7 Nghf;Ftuj;J> nghJ Ntiyfs; vk; . vd; . khf; f d; khf; f u;

mtu;fs;

nlhd%u; murpay; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; Njrpag; gpujpepjpfSf;F epu;thfj;

Jiwapy; ngUk;ghd;ikg; gyKk;> nghWg;Gk; toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. epu;thff;
FO Kiwapd; Clhf nghWg;ig Mw;Wtjpy; toq;fg;gl;l gapw;rpAk;
mDgtKk; ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp Kiwia Nehf;fpa gazj;jpy; neLe;
njhiyitf; fle;jJ Nghy; ,Ue;jJ.
MSeupd; mjpfhuq;fs;
v mJtiu ,Ue; J te; j Ml; r p KiwfSs; MSeUf; F kpf
mjpfsthd mjpfhuq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. nlhd%u; mt;tjpfhuq;fSs;
fzprkhdtw;iwf; Fiwj;jpUe;jhu;.
v muRf; fofj;jpd; jPu;khdk; xd;W rl;lkhtjw;F MSeupd; mDkjp
fpilf;fg;ngw Ntz;Lk;.
v gpupj;jhdpag; NguuR rk;ge;jg;gl;l tplaq;fspy; jPu;khdq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk; MSeuplk; ,Ue;jJ.
v muRf;fofj;jpd; mDkjpAlNdh> mDkjpapd;wpNah Kf;fpakhdJ
vdj; jhk; fUJk; tplaq;fspy; rl;lq;fisg; gpwg;gpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
MSeuplk; ,Ue;jJ.

51 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
v murhq;f Nritf;F cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuKk;
mtuplk; ,Ue;jJ.

ru;t[d thf;Fupikiag; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J> ,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;

Jtj;ij ,y;yhkw; nra;J> nghJkf;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpyhd
muRf; fofj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fis tpupTgLj;jpajd; %yk; nlhd%u;
murpay; jpl;lk; ,e;ehl;Lg; gpujpepjpj;Jt Ml;rp Kiwikia
epiwTnra;jnjdyhk;.

Nrhy;gup murpay; ahg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jk; - 1947

nlhd%u; murpay; ahg;G nraw;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghNj kPsTk;

rPu;jpUj;jf; Nfhupf;iffs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. ,yq;ifj; Njrpa rq;fk;
Nghd;Nw ,yq;ifj; jkpou; rq;fKk; Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;jNjhL
nlhd%u; murpay; jpl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhff; FiwghLfs; gytw;iwAk;
mtu;fs; Kd;itj;jdu;.

1932 ,y; ,yq;ifj; Njrpa rq;fj; jiytu; <.lgps;A. ngNuuh

mtu;fs; Gjpa rPu;jpUj;jf; Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;jhu;. mtw;Ws;
Kf;fpakhd rpy tplaq;fs; tUkhW

v mur cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; %tiuAk; muRf; fofj;jpypUe;J ePff

; ptpl;L
mtu;fSila gjtpfis mikr;ru;fSf;F xg;gilj;jy;.

v mikr;ruit mjpfhuq;fis tpupthf;Fjy;

v epu;thff;FO Kiwf;Fg; gjpyhf mikr;ruit Kiwnahd;iw

Muk;gpj;jy;.

v muRf; fofj;jpw;F epjpia epu;tfpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij toq;fy;

,t;Ntisapy; jdpahf MNyhridfis Kd;itj;j jkpo;j;

jiytu;fs;> rpq;fstu;fSf;Fk; jkpou;fSf;Fk; rk mstpyhd gpujpepjpj;
Jtk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; ,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij kPsTk;
Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; Nfhupdu;. vd;whYk; ke;jpuprig Ml;rp Kiwia
Nehf;fpr; nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;ifia mtu;fSk; Vw;wpUe;jdu;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 52
 ,jw;fika Njrpaj; jiytu;fs; midtUk; eput
; hf KiwapypUe;J
tpyfp> ghuhSkd;w mikr;ruit Ml;rp Kiwia Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjpy; xd;Wgl;L ,Ue;jdu;.

vg;gbapUe;j NghjpYk; 1939Mk; Mz;by; ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jk;

Muk;gkhdikahy; murpay; jpl;l rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;j
Kbatpy;iy.

1941,y; eilngwtpUe;j muRf; fofj;jpw;fhd Nju;jiyAk;> elj;j

Kbahky; NghfNt 1936,y; njupT nra;ag;gl;bUe;j muRf;fofNk 1947
tiu nraw;gl Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

cyf kfhAj;jk; cf;fpuk; mile;j Ntisapy; ,yq;ifj;

jiytu;fis rkhjhdj;JlDk;> gpupj;jhdpahTf;Fr; rhu;ghdtu;fshfTk;;
itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Njit Mq;fpNyaUf;F ,Ue;jJ. mjw;fika 1943,y;
ntspaplg;gl;l mwpf;if xd;wpy; Aj;jk; Kw;Wg; ngw;wTld; ,yq;iff;F
murpay; rPu;jpUj;jk; xd;iw toq;Ftjw;F KbT nra;ag;gl;ljhff;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ.

,J njhlu;ghf MNyhridfisr; rku;gg

; pfF
; k;gb mikr;ruitf;F
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

murpay; ahg;Gj; njhlu;ghf epGzj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;j mf;fhy

gy;fiyf;fof cgNte;juhd Itu; n[d;dpq]; ; mtu;fisf; nfhz;L
mikr;ruitapd; jPu;khdq;fSf;F ,iaghd murpay; ahg;Gr; rl;l
%yk; xd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;fhd nghWg;ig gpujku; B. v];.
Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.

murpay; jpl;l rPu;jpUj;jk; xd;W njhlu;ghfg; guprPyid nra;tjw;F

2k; cyfAj;jk; KbtilAk; epiyapy; 1944 ,y; Nrhy;gupg; gpuGtpd;
jiyikapy; Mizf;FOnthd;W epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; mq;fj;jtu;fs;
tUkhW:

• jpUV.vg;.uP]; mtu;fs;
• jpU.vg;.N[.gNuh]; mtu;fs;

53 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 Nrhy; g up murp a y; jp l ; l j; j p d ; Kf; f p a MNyhridfs;

v nrdl; rigahfpa Nky;rig xd;WlDk; gpujpepjpjJ

; t rig xd;WlDk;
$ba gpupjj
; hdpa Kbapd; fPohd ghuhSkd;wk; xd;W mikf;fg;gly;.

v MSeu; ehafk; (kfhNjrhjpgjp) njhlu;e;Jk; Kbapd; gpujpepjpahfr;

nraw;gly;.

v gpujkupd; jiyikapyhd mikr;ruit xd;iw mikj;jy;.

v gpujpepjpfs; rigapy; ngUk;ghd;ikNahupd; Mjuitg; ngw;w

gpujpepjpiag; gpujkuhf epakpj;jy;.

v %d;W mq;fj;jtu;fisf; nfhz;l murhq;f Nrit Mizf;FO

xd;iw mikj;jy;

v gpujk ePjpaurupd; jiyikapyhd ePjpr; Nrit Mizf;FO xd;iw

cUthf;Fjy;.

v ntspehl;L tptfhuKk; ghJfhg;Gk; njhlu;e;J gpupj;jhdpa murpd;

nghWg;gpNyNa ,Uj;jy;.

v rpWghd;ikapdupd; cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;

gl;bUj;jy;.

MSeu; ehafk; (kfhNjrhjp g jp )

v Nrhy;gup murpay; jpl;lj;jpd;gb ,yq;iff;F

nlhkpdpad; me;j];Jf; fpl;baJ. vd;whYk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;
Jk; ty;yik MSeu; ehafj;Jf;F ,Ue;jJ.

v ghuhSkd; w j; j hy; epiwNtw; w g; g Lk; xU

jPu;khdk; rl;lkhtjw;F gpupj;jhdpa Kbapd;
mq;ff P huk; mtrpakhdjhFk;. mt; mq;ffP huj;ij
Kbapd; gpujpepjpahd MSeu; ehafk; Nrhy;gupg; gpuG
toq;Fthu;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 54
v ghJfhg;G> ntsptptfhuk;> ehzak; ntspapLjy;> cau; gjtpfSf;fhd
epakdk;> rpWghd;ikapdu; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tp;laq;fspy; murpay;
jpll
; j;ijj; jpUj;Jjy; Mfpa tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd jPuk
; hdq;fSf;F
mDkjp toq;fhJ ,ilepWj;jp itg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuk; MSeu;
ehafj;jplk; ,Ue;jJ.

ghuhSkd; w k;

v ehl;by; rkhjhdj;ij epiyepWj;Jtjw;Fk; ey;ynjhU eput ; hfj;jpwF

; k;
vd ghuhSkd;wk; mikj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
v gpujpepjpfs; rigapy; 101 mq;fj;jpdu;fs; ,lk;ngWtu;. mtu;fSila
gjtpf;fhyk; 5 tUlq;fshFk;.
v gpujpepjpfs; rig> %jit vd ,U rigfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
v %jitapy; 30 mq;fj;jtu;fs; ,lk;ngWtu;. ,J nrdl; rig my;yJ
Nky; rig vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.

ghuhSkd; w k;
131

gpujpepjpfs; rig
101

kf;fspd; ru;t[d
thf;Ffshy; murpay; rpWghd;ikapdUf;fhf
fl;rpfis MSeu; ehafj;jhy;
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L epakpf;fg;gl;Nlhu;.
Nju;jy; njhFjpfspypUe;J
njupT nra;ag;gl;Nlhu;. 06
95

nrdl; rig
30

gpujkupd; rpghuprpd;gb MSeu; gpujpepjpfs; rigapd; %yk;

ehafj;jhy; epakpf;fg;gLNthu; epakpf;fg;gLNthu;
15 15

55 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
v Nky; rig cUthf;fg;gl;ljhy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Kf;fpakhd ehd;F
Nehf;fq;fs; tUkhW:
1' rpWghd;ikapdupd; cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;.
2' gpujpepjpfs; rigahy; J}u Nehf;fw;w Kiwapy; mtrukhfr;
rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wtijj; jLj;jy;.
3' ehl;bd; cd;djkhd mwpthspfspd; Nritfisr; rl;lthf;fj;
Jiwf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;
4' Gj;jprhypj;jdkhd tpthjq;fs; ,lk;ngWjy;.

Nrhy; g up murp a yikg; G r; rl; l j; j p d ; fP o ; Njhw; W tp f ; f g; g l; l ghuhS

kd; w j; j p d ; rl; l thf; f mjp f huq; f s;

v 1833ypUe;J nraw;gl;L te;j rl;lthf;f rigfSld; xg;gpLifapy;

,jd; mjpfhuq;fs; gutyhf;fg;gl;ld. vd;whYk; ,d;Dk; rpy
tiuaiwfs; fhzg;gl;ld. mitahtd:
© MSeu; ehafj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs;
© murpay; ahg;gpd; 29 MtJ cgtpjp (rpWghd;ikapdupd;
ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghdJ) Nghd;w rpy tpjpfs;.

v NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyfSf;F cl;gl;ljhf ntspehl;L tptfhuKk;

ghJfhg;Gk; jtpue
; j
; Vida tplaq;fspy; rl;lq;fis Mf;fpfn
; fhs;Sk;
mjpfhuk; ,r;rigf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.

gp u jkup d ; jiyikap y hd mikr; r uit

v gpupj;jhdpa Kbapd; Nguhy; MSeu; ehafj;jhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;ba epu;thff; flikfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf gpujkupd;
jiyikapyhd mikr;ruit epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.
v ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ngUk;ghd;ik mq;fj;jtu;fspd; Mjuitg; ngw;w
xUtu; MSeu; ehafj;jhy; gpujkuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
v ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ gpujkuhf b.v];.Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fs;
epakdk; ngw;whu;.
v gpujkupd; rpghuprpd; Ngupy; MSeu; ehafj;jhy; Vida mikr;ru;fs;
epakdk; nra;ag;gLtu;.
v Nky;rigapy; ,Ue;J Fiwe;j gl;rk; ,UtuhtJ mikr;ruitapy;
,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;. mjpy; xUtu; fl;lhak; ePjp mikr;ruhf

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 56
 epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
v ghJfhg;G> ntspehl;L tptfhuk; Mfpa mikr;Rfs; gpujkuhy;
tfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
v mikr;ru;fSf;F mikr;Rf;fs;> mjpylq;Fk; gpupTfs; gpujkuhy;
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
v jkJ mikr;ruit njhlu;ghfj; jdpg;gl;l KiwapYk;> murhq;f
nraw;ghLfspy; $l;lhfTk; nraw;gLtJ mikr;ruitapd; nghWg;
ghFk;.
v mikr;ruit ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;Gf; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Nrhy;gup murpay; ahg;gpd;gb ,U rigfisf; nfhz;l> Ml;rp
KiwAk; mikr;ruitAk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;likahy; ghuhSkd;w
Ml;rpKiw KOikj;Jtkile;jJ.

Nrhy;gup ahg;gpd; fPo; KjyhtJ ghuhSkd;wj; Nju;jy; 1947,y;

eilngw;wJ. b.v];. Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fs; jiyik tfpj;j If;fpa
Njrpaf; fl;rp ntw;wp ngw;wJ. fl;rpfs; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l Mrdq;fspd;
vz;zpf;if tUkhW

fl;rp Mrdq;fs;
If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp 42
,yq;if rkrkh[f; fl;rp 10
jkpo;f; fhq;fpu]; 07
,yq;if ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; 06
Nghy;N\tpf; nydpdp]f; fl;rp 05
fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp 03
njhopw; fl;rp 01
RNal;irfs; 21
95

v b.v]; Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fspd; mikr;ruitapy; 13 Ngu; ,lk;

ngw;wpUe;jdu;.

v 1948Mk; Mz;L ngg;utup 4Me; jpfjp ,yq;if Rje;jpuk; ngw;wJld;

rpy khw;wq;fSld; ,Nj murpay; ahg;G Kiw nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

57 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 nraw; g hL

tFg;gpy; gj;J mikr;ru; gjtpfisf; nfhz;l mikr;ruitia

mikj;J> mikr;ruitf; $l;lj;ij elj;Jq;fs;. (Mrpupaupd;
MNyhridAld;> khztu;fs; midtUk; gq;Fgw;wj;jf;fthWk;
khztu;fs; midtUf;Fk; mikr;ru; gjtpfs; fpilf;fj;
jf;fthWk; ,uz;L %d;W $l;lq;fis elj;Jq;fs;)

RUf; f k;

° 1833 Mk; Mz;L ghuhSkd;w Kiwf;F tpj;jplg;gl;lJ.

° 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; 1910Mk;> 1920Mk;> 1924Mk; Mz;L fhy
murpay; ahg; G r; rP u ; j pUj; j j; j pd; %ykhf ghuhSkd; w k;
gpujpepjpjJ
; t rig xd;whf khw;wkiltjw;fhd Kd;ndLg;Gfs;
nraw;gl;ld.
1910 ,y; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l thf;Fupik mwpKfg;
gLj;jy;
1920,y; khfhz Nju;jy; njhFjp Kiwapd;
mwpKfk;
1924,y; khfhz Nju;jy; Kiwik tpupTgLj;
jg;gly;.

° 1931,y; nlhd%u; ahg;gpd; fPo; ru;t[d thf;Fupik

toq;fg;gly;. ,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; xopf;fg;gly;>
epu;thff; FOKiw mwpKfkhjy; %yk; ,q;fpyhe;jpd;
ghuhSkd;w Kiwia Nehf;fpa efu;T Muk;gkhdJ.
° 1946 Nrhy;gup murpay; ahg;gpd;gb ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp
Kiwik KOikaile;jJ.
° 1948,y; Rje;jpuk; fpilf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gupG+uzkhd
ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiwnahd;W nraw;gl;Lf; nfhz;
bUe;jJ.
° 1948,y; ghuhSkd;w Kiwapd; fPo; Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jJ.
° Rje; j puk; ngw; w jd; gpd; d uhd fhyfl; l j; i j 4Mk;

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 58