16Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J Nkiyj;Njrj;jtupd; tUifAld; 450 tUlq;

fSf;F Nkw;gl;l fhyk;

~~,yq;if|| me;epau; Mjpf;
fj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;J te;jJ.
mjpy; 150 tUlq;fSf;F
Nkw;gl;l fhyk; epytpa
gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rp
KbTw;W 1948Mk; Mz;L
ngg;utup 4Mk; jpfjp
,yq;if Rje; j pukile;
jJ. me; j Rje; j puk; $ l
KOikahd Rje;jpukhf
mikatpy;iy. MapDk;
Rje;jpur; rJf;fk;
mg;NghJ tsu;r;rpaile;
jpUe;j murpay;fl;rpKiw> Nju;jy; Kiw> ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiw> murpay;
ahg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jk; vd;gd %yk; G+uz Rje;jpukhdJk; RahjPdkhdJkhd
munrhd;iw Nehf;fpa gazj;ij epiwT nra;J nfhs;sf;$ba gpd;dzp
1948 Mk; Mz;L fpilj;j Rje;jpuj;Jld; cjakhfpaJ. mjd; gpd;du; G+uz
Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; nghUl;L nraw;gl;l ,yq;if murpaypy;
murpay; fl;rp Kiw tsu;r;rp> Nju;jy;fs;> Fbaurpd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk;
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; nfhz;l [dhjpgjp Ml;rpKiwapd; Njhw;wk; Kjypa
gpujhd tplaq;fisf; fw;gJ ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
,yq; i ff; F Rje; j p u k; fp i lj; j jd; gp d ; d zp :
v nlhd%u; ahg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiw
xd;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; ,yq;if murpay; jiytu;fs;
nraw;gl;lik.
v cyf kfhAj;jq;fspd; Kbtpy; FbNaw;w ehLfspy; Vfhjpgj;
jpaj;Jf;F vjpuhd kdg;ghq;F Ntfkhf tsu;r;rpaile;jik.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 96
 v Nkw;F ehLfspy; Mq;fpy nkhop%yk; fy;tp fw;W gy;NtW murpay;
jj;Jt mwptpidg; ngw;w ,lJrhupj; jiytu;fspd; jiyikapyhd
,lJrhup ,af;fq;fs; Muk;gkhdik.
v ,lJrhup ,af;fq;fs; tpuptile;jNghJ Vfhjpgj;jpa vjpu;g;Gf;
nfhs;iffSk; Ntfkhf tsu;r;rpaile;jik.
v ,e;jpahtpy; kfhj;kh fhe;jp> [tfu;yhy; NeU Nghd;w Vfhjpgj;jpa
vjpug
; G
; thjj; jiytu;fshy; me;ehL Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lik.
v ,yq;ifj; jiytu;fspd; Ntz;LNfhSf;F ,zq;f 1946 ,y;
tUif je;j Nrhy;gup Mizf;FOtpd; rpghuprpdg
; b 1947,y; ahg;Gr;
rPu;jpUj;jj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lik.
v 1948Mk; Mz;L ngg;utup 4Me; jpfjp Kjy; ,yq;if Rje;jpuj;ijg;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;lik.

Rje;jpuk; ngWjy;
,yq;iff;F Rje;jpuk; toq;FtJ vd KbntLj;j gpd;du;
gpupj;jhdpah mjw;fhd rfy Vw;ghLfisAk; nra;jJ. 1947Mk; Mz;L
nrg;lk;gu; khjk; md;iwa gpujku; b.v];.Nrdhehaf;fmtu;fSld; %d;W
xg;ge;jq;fs; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;ld.

ghJfhg; G xg; g e; j k; ntsptptfhu xg; g e; j k;

jpUNfhzkiy flw;gil
KfhkpYk; fl;Lehaf;f tpkhd
epiyaj; j pYk; gpupj; j hdpag;
gilfis itj; j pUg; g jw; F
,yq;if ,zq;Fjy;.
gpupj;jhdpa Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpypUe;J
Rje;jpukile;j ehLfSld; njhlu;
Gfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ gpupj;
jhdpah tpjpf;Fk; epge;jidfis
Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fr; rk;kjpj;jy;.

mur Copau; njhlu; g hd

xg; g e; j k;

,yq;ifapy; gzpahw;Wk; Mq;fp

Nya mur Copau;fs; njhlu;e;Jk;
gzpahw; W k; N ghJ mtu; f spd;
Xa;T+jpak; kw;Wk; Copau; Nrkyhg
epjp vd; g tw; i wj; jq; F jil
apd; w p toq; F tjw; F ,yq; i f
rk;kjpj;jy;.

97 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
v gpupj;jhdpah Nkw;nfhz;l jPu;khdj;jpd;gb 1947,y; Nrhy;gup ahg;ig
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Rje;jpuj;ij toq;Ftjw;fhf ,yq;ifr;
Rje;jpur; rl;lk; mKYf;F te;jJ.

,yq;ifr; Rje;jpur; rl;lk;

,J gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gl;L 1947Mk; Mz;L
brk;gu; 3Mk; jpfjp ,yq;ifg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l
rl;lkhFk;. ,yq;ifg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpdJk; mDkjpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l
gpd;du; mJ 1947Mk; Mz;L Kjy; nraw;gl;L te;j Nrhy;gup ahg;gpd;
xU rl;lG+u;t mk;rkhfpaJ.

Rje; j p u rl; l j; j p d ; gp u jhd thrfq; f s;

fhypKfj;jplypy; cs;s
,yq;ifapd; gioa ghuhSkd;wk;

♦ 1948Mk; Mz;L ngg;utup 4Mk; jpfjp Kjy; ,yq;if gpupjj; hdpahtpd;

FbNaw;w ehL my;y.
♦ ,yq;if njhlu;ghfg; gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;wk; ngw;wpUe;j
MizapLk;>rl;lq;fisg; gpwg;gpfF
; k; mjpfhuq;fs; ,of;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
♦ ,yq; i fg; ghuhSkd; w j; j pd; rl; l kpaw; W k; mjpfhuq; f s;
tpuptile;Js;sd.

1948 Mk; Mz;bd; murpay; ahg;G

Rje;jpur; rl;lj;ijg; gpujhdkhff; nfhz;L Gjpa rPu;jpUj;jq;fis

cs;slf;fpa ahg;G 1947Mk; Mz;L ngg;utup 4Mk; jpfjp Kjy; mKYf;F
te;jJ. ,e;j ahg;gpd; ,ay;Gfs; gpd;tUkhW mike;jd.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 98
 gpupjj
; hdpa rl;lj;Jiw
Kb

,g; G jpa ahg; g pd; g b ngausT 1948Mk; Mz;bd; murpay; ahg;gpd;

eput
; hfk; xd;W fhzg;gl;lJ. 1972y; fPo; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rig> nrdl;
FbauR ahg;G mwpKfkhFk; tiu rig vDk; mq;fq;fisf; nfhz;ljhfg;
gpupjj
; hdpa Kb mg;gjtpia tfpj; ghuhSkd;wk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
jJ.

Kbapd; gpujpepjpahf MSeu;

vdNt mJ ,Ukd;wq;fshf;
ehafk; xUtu; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
nfhz;l ghuhSkd;wkhf tpsq;
mtu; Rje; j pu ,yq; i fapd;
fpaJ.
ngausT eput
; hfpahf nraw;gl;lhu;.

eput
; hfj; Jiw ePjpjJ
; iw

1948Mk; Mz;bd; ahg;gpd; 47k; midj;J ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffSk;

thrfj; j pd; g b epu; t hf eltbf; eP j pr; N ritfs; Mizf; F O
iffSf;Fg; nghWg;ghf mikr; %ykhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
ruit fhzg;gl;lJ. mJ gpujpepjpfs;
rigf;Fg; nghWg;Gf; $w Ntz;Lk;.
Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffs;
njhlu;ghd Nkd;KiwaPLfis
mikr;ruitapd; jiytuhf tprhupfF
; k; mjpfhuk; gpupjj
; hdpa
gpujku; fhzg;gl;lhu;. gpupTf; fTd;rpyplNk fhzg;
gl;lJ. gpupj;jhdpag; gpuGf;fs;
rigNa gpupTf; fTd;rpyhfr;
nraw;gl;lJ.

n`d;wp kq;f; Nkrd; %tu;

mtu;fs;

99 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 ,e;j murpay; ahg;gpd;gb ,yq;ifapd;
KjyhtJ MSeu; ehafkhf jpUthsu;
n`d;wp kq;f; Nkrd; %tu; (1948 - 1949)
gjtp tfpj;jhu;. mjd; gpd;du;
♦ Nrhy;gup gpuG (1949 - 1954)
♦ xyptu; Fzjpyf (1954 - 1962)
♦ tpy;ypak; nfhgy;yht (1962 -1972)
tpyy
; pak;
xyptu; Fzjpyf vd;Nghu; MSeu; ehafk; gjtpia nfhgy;yht
mtu;fs; myq;fupj;jdu;. mtu;fs;

v 1948Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1970Mk; Mz;L tiu ,yq;ifapd; murpay;

ahg;igAk; murpaypd; Nghf;ifAk; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ
njspthfj; njupAk; rpy mk; r q; f is mwpe; J nfhs; s f;
$bajhfTs;sJ. mtw;Ws; gpujhd tplaq;fshfg; gpd;tUt
dtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
• 1948,y; murpay; ahg;ig khw;wp mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy;
kf;fspilNa fhzg;gl;l gyj;j vjpu;ghu;g;G.
• murpay; fl;rpfspd; Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk;
• Nju;jYld; xd;wpize;j epfo;fhy murpay; gpur;rpidfSk;
Gjpa Nghf;FfSk;.

v 1956,y; Ml;rpf;F te;j gpujku; v];.lgps;A.Mu;.b. gz;lhuehaf;fh

mtu;fs; ahg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;fhd Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;l
NghjpYk; mJ gadspf;ftpy;iy.

,e;jpa ,yq;if FbAupikr; rl;lk;

20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpa gFjpapy; ,yq;if murpaypy; Vw;gl;l
Kf;fpa epfo;Tfshf 1948,d; ,yq;iff; FbAupikr; rl;lk;> 1949,d;
,e; j pa ghfp]; j hdpa gpui[fs; njhlu; g hd FbAupikr; rl; l k;
vd;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. mjd; %yk; Rje;jpu ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;J
te;j ,e;jpa - ghfp];jhdpau;fSf;F rl;lG+u;tkhd FbAupikia
toq;Ftjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

murpay; fl;rpfspd; Njhw;wk;

1948Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1972Mk; Mz;bd; ,ilg;gl;l fhyfl;lj;jpy;
,yq;ifapy; murpay; fl;rpfs; gy cUthfpd.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 100
,yq;ifj; jkpo; muRf; fl;rp

,e;jpa ,yq;if FbAupikr; rl;lk; %yk;

Mq;fpNyauhy; ,e;jpa tk;rhtopj; jkpou;fSf;F
toq; f g; g l; b Ue; j cupikfisg; gwpj; J f;
nfhz;ljhf murpd; kPJ Fw;wk; Rkj;jpa jkpo;f;
fhq;fpu]
pu]; fl;rpapd; mq;fj;jtu; rpyu; mkuu;
v]; . NI.tp. nry; t ehafk; jiyikapy;
xd;wpize;J murhq;fj;jpypUe;J ntspNawp
~,yq;ifj; jkpo; muRf; fl;rp|p|ia Muk;gpj;jdu;.
,J ~~rk\;bf; fl;rp|| vdg;gl;lJ.
mkuu; v];.N[.tp.
nry;tehafk;
=yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp

1951Mk; Mz;L v];.lgps;A.Mu;.b gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fs; jkJ

Mjuthsu; f s; rpyUld; If; f pa Njrpaf; fl; r papypUe; J tpyfp
B.v];.Nrdhehaf;ftpd; murhq;fj;Jf;F vjpuhf =yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rpia
Muk;gpj;jhu;.

mJtiu fhyKk; mjpfhuj;jpy; ,Ue;j Nkw;Fyfk; rhu;ghd

nfhs;ifAila If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpfF; r; rthyhf =yq;fh Rje;jpuf;
fl;rp xU eLj;juf; nfhs;ifAila fl;rpahf murpaypy; nry;thf;Fg;
ngw;wJ. mJ G+uz Rje;jpuj;ij ntw;wp nfhz;L
gpupj; j hdpahtplkpUe; J KOikahd tpLjiy ngw; w ehlhf
,yq; i fiar; fl; b naOg; G k; vjpu; g hu; g ; G ld; nghJ kf; f spd;
mgpg;gpuhag;gb nraw;gLk; jiytuhd gz;lhuehaf;ftpd; jiy
ikiag; ngw;wJ.

,lJrhupf; fl;rpfs;

,yq;if rkrkh[f; fl;rpapd; Muk;g mq;fj;jpduhd jpU.gpypg;

Fztu;j;jd mtu;fs; 1947Mk; Mz;Lj; Nju;jypd; gpd;du; Gul;rpfu
rkrkh[f; fl;rpia Muk;gpjj ; hu;. 1943Mk; Mz;L Kjy; gpsTw;w ,lJrhupf;
fl;rpfis 1951Mk; Mz;L Kjy; ,izg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;
nfhs;sg;gl;l NghjpYk; mjpy; yq;fh rkrkh[f; fl;rpAk; Nghy;rtpf;
nydpdprf; fl;rpAk; kl;LNk ,ize;jd. mjw;Nfw;g yq;fh rkrkh[f;
fl;rp> nfhkpA+dp]l
; ; fl;rp> Gul;rpfu rkrkh[f; fl;rp vDk; %d;W ,lJrhupf;
fl;rpfs; fhzg;gl;ld.

101 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
 gpujku; b.v];.Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fspd; kiwT:
1952 ,y; nghJj; Nju;jYf;F ehs; Fwpjj
; pUe;j Ntisapy; ,yq;ifapd;
KjyhtJ gpujku; jpU.b.v]; Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fs; 1952Mk; Mz;L
khu;r; khjk; 22 Mk; jpfjp mfhy kuzkile;jhu;. mjidj; njhlu;e;J
mtuJ kfdhd ll;yp Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fs; gpujkuhdhu;.gpujku; gjtpf;F
njupT nra; j y; njhlu; g py; ll; y p Nrdehaf; f htpw; F k; N[hd;
nfhj;jyhtyTf;Fk; ,ilapy; mgpg;gpuha Ngjq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.
1952Mk; Mz;L nghJj; Nju;jy;
ehL Rje;jpukile;jJ Kjy; Ml;rpapypUe;j If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapd;
,uz;lhtJ gpujku; ll;yp Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fs;> jdJ gjtpf;
fhyk; Kbtila 1952Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 4Mk; jpfjp ghuhSkd;
wj;ijf; fiyj;Jg; nghJj; Nju;jy; xd;iw elhj;jpdhu;. ,j;Nju;jypy;
If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp rpwg;ghd ntw;wpiag; ngw;wJ. kPz;Lk; gpujku;
gjtpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tha;gG ; jpU.ll;yp Nrdhehaf;fTf;Ff;
fpilj;jJ.

,j;Nju;jypd;NghJ If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpf;F vjpuhf v];.lgps;A.Mu;

b. gz;lhuehaf;f jiyikapyhd =yq;fh Rje;jpuf;fl;rp> jpU v];.N[.tp.
nry;tehafk; jiyikapyhd jkpouRf;fl;rp> ,lJrhupf; fl;rpfs;> mfpy
,yq;ifj; jkpof ; ; fhq;fpu]; vd;gd Nghl;bapll
; NghjpYk; mtw;iwnay;yhk;
Njhy;tpailar; nra;J 54 Mrdq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F If;fpa
Njrpaf; fl;rpf;F ,aYkha; ,Ue;jJ.

ll;yp Nrdhehaf;f gjtp tpyfy;

♦ 1953 ,y; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu neUf;fb fhuzkhf muprptpiy
mjpfupj;jikahy; murhq;fj;Jf;F vjpuhd gy;NtW eltbf;iffs;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld.
♦ vd;.vk;.ngNuuh> nfhy;tpd; Mu;.b. rpy;th> gpypg; Fztu;j;jd Kjypa
,lJrhupj; jiytu;fs;> rkrkh[f; fl;rpAs;spl;l ,lJrhupf; fl;rpfs;>
njhopwr; q;fq;fs; Kjypatw;wpd; cjtpAld; md;whl eltbf; iffis
];jk;gpff; r; nra;Ak; tz;zk; vjpug
; G
; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
mjidNa ~`u;j;jhy;| vd;W Fwpg;gpLtu;.
♦ ehL KOtJk; ,e;j `u;j;jhy; gutpaJ.
♦ ghuhSkd;wj;jpDs;Sk; muRf;F vjpuhd eltbf;iffs; jiy
J}f;fpaikahy; gpujku; ll;yp Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fs; gjtp tpyfpdhu;.
♦ vdNt ntw;wplkhd gpujku; gjtpf;F If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapd; rpNu\;l
cWg;gpdu;fspy; xUtuhd Nru;.N[hd; nfhj;jyhty mtu;fis
md;iwa MSeu; ehafkhd xyptu; Fzjpyf mtu;fs; jdJ nrhe;j
tpUg;gpd;gb epakdQ; nra;jhu;.
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 102
gpujku; Nru;. N[hd; nfhj;jyhty mtu;fspd; Ml;rpf;fhyk;
1953Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1956Mk; Mz;L tiu gpujku; gjtp tfpj;j
Nru;. N[hd; nfhj;jyhty mtu;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w
Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs; rpy gpd;tUkhW:

1954 ,y; nfhOk;Gj; jpl;l

1955 ,y; I.eh rigapy; ,yq;if
kfhehL $l;lg;gl;lJ.
mq;fj;Jtk; ngw;wJ.
(United Nations Organization)

gpujku; Nru;.N[hd;
nfhj;jyhty
1953 - 1956

1955Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk;

18Mk; jpfjp Kjy; 24 jpfjp
tiu ,e;NjhNd\pa ghd;^q;;
efupy; Mrpa - Mgpupf;f ehL
fspd; rk;Nksdj;jpy; ,yq;
ifAk; fye;J nfhz;lJ.
,e;jpa tk;rhtop Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;
gpur;rpidiaf; fye;Jiuahb 1954 ,y;
NeU - nfhj;jyhty xg;ge;jk; ifr;
rhj;jplg;gl;lJ.

gpujku; Nru;. N[hd; nfhj;jyhty mtu;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;

Kfq;nfhLf;f Neupl;l gpur;rpidfs;
v If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapd; jiyikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; nfhs;if
njhlu;ghf kf;fs; mjpUg;jpaile;jik.
v v];.lgps;A.Mu;.b. gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fspd; Njrpa czu;T kpf;f
nfhs;ifAld; =yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp gpugy;akile;jik.
v Njrpa fyhrhuj;ij kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;Gk; kf;fs; vjpu;ghu;g;gpid
epiwNtw;Wtjw;F If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpahy; Kbahkw; Nghdik.
• Vfhjpgj;jpathjpfspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;ijg; Nghd;W Mq;fpyNk
mur fUk nkhopahfj; njhlu;e;J epytpaik.
• Njrpa nkhopfspy; fy;tp gapd;NwhUf;Fj; njhopy; tha;gG
; fs;
,y;yhky; NghdJld; mtu;fSf;Fupa kpfr; nrhw;gkhd
njhopy;fspd; rk;gsKk; kpff; FiwthapUe;jik.
• ngsj; j rkaj; j pw; F k; gpf; F fSf; F k; cupa nfsutk;
toq;fg;glhik.
,f; fhuzq;fshy; Nru;.N[hd; nfhj;jyhtytpd; Ml;rp kf;fs;
kj;jpapy; nry;thf;if ,oe;jJ.
103 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 gpur;rpidahd #o;epiyapy; murhq;fj;jpd; cupa gjtpf;fhyj;Jf;F
Kd;dNu ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; fiyj;J tpl;L nghJj;Nju;jy; xd;iw
elj;Jk; epug
; g
; e;jk; Nru;. N[hd; nfhj;jyhty mtu;fSf;F Vw;gl;lJ.

1956Mk; Mz;Lg; nghJj; Nju;jy;

1956Mk; Mz;L ngg;utup 18 Mk; jpfjp ghuhSkd;wk; fiyf;fg;gl;l

gpdd; u; Vg;uy; khjk; 5>7 kw;Wk; 10 Mk; jpfjpfspy; Nju;jiy elhj;Jtjw;Fj;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ.

« 1956Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w nghJj; Nju;jy; ,yq;if murpay;

tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpakhd epfo;thFk;. mjw;Fg; gq;fspg;G nra;j
fhuzpfs; gythFk;.
v Rje;jpuk; mile;jJ Kjy; MSk; fl;rpahftpUe;j If;fpa
Njrpaf; fl;rpf;F vjpuhf RahjPd mq;fj;jtu;fSk; Vida
murpay; fl;rpg; gpujpepjpfSk; kf;fs; If;fpa Kd;dzp
vDk; ngaupy; murpay; mikg;nghd;iw epWtpf; nfhz;ldu;.
v ll;yp Nrdhehaf;f Nru;. N[hd; nfhj;jyhty Kjypa
Kjyhspj;Jtf; nfhs;ifAila If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpj;
jiytu;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf eLepiyf; nfhs;ifthjpahd
gz;lhu ehaf;f> ,lJrhupf; nfhs;ifAila vd;.vk;.ngNuuh
Kjypa jiytu;fs; ,yq;if murpay; fsj;jpy; jiy
ikj;Jtk; ngw;wdu;.
• 1956 ,y; Ml;rpfF
; te;j gpujku; gz;luehaf;f mtu;fs;
1948Mk; Mz;L Kjy; nraw;gl;l ntsptptfhu>
ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jq;fis ,uj;Jr; nra;jhu;. ,jd; %yk;
,iwahz;ikAs;s Rje;jpu murhf ehL vOr;rp
ngWtjw;F toptFf;fg;gl;lJ.
v Njrpankhop> rkak;> Njrpa fyhrhuk;> Njrpa r%fk;>
Njrpa nghUshjhuk; vd;gtw;iw kjpj;Jr; nraw;gLk;
nfhs;if eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
• rpq; f s nkhop kl; L k; mur fUk nkhopahfj;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJld; jkpo; nkhopf;Fk; cupa ,lk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 104
• ngsj;j rkaj;ij vOr;rpailar; nra;tjw;fhd eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf Mizf;FO xd;W mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
• gpujku; Kjw;nfhz;L mikr;ru;fs; midtUk; Kf;fpa itgtk;
xd;wpd;NghJ Njrpaf; fyhrhuj;jpw;F Kjd;ikahd ,lj;ij
toq;fpdu;.
• Njrpa tptrhaj; Jiwia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

,j; N ju; j ypy; Nghl; b apLtjw; F

v];.lgps;A.Mu;.b gz;lhu ehaf;fhtpd; =yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp>

gpypg; Fztu;j;jdhtpd; Gul;rpfu rkrkh[f; fl;rp> tp[ahde;jh
j`ehaf;fhtpd; gh\hnguKd> I.vk;.Mu;.V. <upa nfhy;y mtu;fspd;
RNal;irf; FOtpdu; MfpNahu; ,ize;J If;fpa Kd;dzp vDk;
ngaupy; $l;lzp xd;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;.

kf;fs; If;fpa Kd;dzp ntw;wp ngWtjpy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj; j pa fhuzpfs;
v gpupj;jhdpahtplkpUe;J Rje;jpukile;j gpd;du; kf;fs; vjpu;ghu;jj
;
jd;dhjpf;fKk; ,iwikAila G+uz Rje;jpu Fbahl;rpiag;
ngWtjw;Fj; Njitahd gpd;dzp kf;fs; If;fpa Kd;dzpahy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lik.
v ngsj;j gpfF
; fs;> Njrpa itj;jpau;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> tptrhapfs;>
njhopyhsu;fs; vDk; Ie;J kfh rf;jpfs; xd;wpize;J
nraw;gl;lik.
v gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fs; ,lJ rhupj; jiytu;fisAk; ,izj;Jf;
nfhz;L elhj;jpa Nju;jy; gpurhug; gzpapd; rf;jp tha;e;j
jd;ik.
v Njrpa rf;jpfis vjpu;nfhs;tjw;F If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpf;F
,ayhkw; Nghdik.

,j;Nju;jypy; ntw;wpaile;j kf;fs; If;fpa Kd;dzpf; fl;rpapd;

jiytu; v];.lgps;A.Mu;.b.gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fs; 1956 ,y;
,yq;ifapd; gpujkuhdhu;.

105 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
 gpujku; jpU v]; . lgps; A .Mu; . b gz; l huehaf; f mtu; f spd;
nraw; g hLfs;
,yq;if xU Fbau
rhf Ntz;Lk;. vd;w
jPuk
; hdk; vLf;fg; gpupjj
; hdpa
gl;L mjw;fhfg; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; jilfisj; jfu;jJ ;
njupTf; FO xd;W 1947,y; ifnahg;gk;
,e;jpah - ,yq;if mku;jj
; g;gl;lJ. ,lg;gl;l ntsptptfhu>
cwT rpwg;ghfg; ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jq;fs;
Ngzg;gl;lJ. ,uj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;ld.

gpujku; gz;lhuehaf;fhtpd;
fhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Njrpa
Njrpakakhf;fy;
murpay; rPuj
; pUj;jq;fs; ifj;njhopy>;
nraw;ghL
(1956 - 1959) tptrha mgptpUj;jp
tpupthf;fg;gl;lik.
c-k; JiwKfk;
Nghf;Ftuj;J

ntspehLfSld;
rpq;fsk; murfUk
njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jk;
nkhopahf
NghJ ty;yuR mzpfisr;
mq;ff P huk; ngWjy;
Nru;tjpy;iy vDk; jPuk
; hdk;
(mzprhuhf; nfhs;ifapd;
Muk;gk;)

gpujku; gz;lhuehaf;ftpd; kuzk;

1959Mk; Mz;by; murhq;fj;jpd; cs;Ns Vw;gl;l mgpg;gpuha

Ngjq;fspd; tpisthf nrg;lk;gu; khjk; 26Mk; jpfjp nfhiyahsp
xUtdhy; gpujku; Jg;ghf;fpr; #l;Lf;F ,yf;fhfp capu; ePj;jhu;.
mjd; gpd;du; mikr;ruit Kbtpd;gb lgps;A.j`ehaf;f mtu;fs;
rpwpJ fhyk; gpujku; gjtpia tfpj;jhu;.

1956 ,y; Gul;rpfukhd Kiwapy; Ml;rpaikj;j =yq;fh Rje;jpuf;

fl;rpf;F 1959 ,d; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; mjd; jiytUk;> ,lJrhup
ez; g u; f Sk; > If; f pa gpf; F khu; Kd; d zpAk; ,y; y hkyhd
epiynahd;W cUthdJ. MSk; $l;lzpf;Fs; Vw;gl;l G+ry;fshy;
njhlu;e;Jk; me;j murhq;fj;ijf; nfhz;L nry;tJ rpukkhd
fhupakhapw;W.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 106
 1960Mk; Mz;L khu;r; nghJj; Nju;jy;

ghuhSkd;wk; fiyf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; 1960Mk; Mz;L khu;r; 19Mk;

jpfjp ghuhSkd;wg; nghJj; Nju;jy; eilngw;wJ. mjpy; ve;jnthU
fl;rpfF
; k; ngUk;ghd;ik Mrdq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbahky; NghdJ.

If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp 50

=yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp 46
Vida fl;rpfs; 55

,e;jr; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ll;yp Nrdhehaf;f jiyikapyhd If;fpa

Njrpaf; fl;rp ,d;Dk; rpy fl;rpfSld; ,ize;J Gjpa murhq;fj;ij
mikj;jJ. MapDk; Gjpa ghuSkd;wj;jpd; ~~rpk;khrdg; gpurq;f
ciu|| Kbtpy; eilngw;w thf;nfLg;gpy; Njhy;tpaila ghuhS
kd;wk; cldbahff; fiyf;fg;gl;lJld; kPzL ; k; xU nghJj; Nju;jy;
elhj;jg;gl;lJ.

1960Mk; Mz;L [_iy nghJj; Nju;jy;

1960Mk; Mz;L I_iy 20Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w Nju;jypy; =yq;fh

Rje;jpuf; fl;rpapd; Nju;jy; gpurhu eltbf;iffs; mf;fl;rpapd; rpNu\;l
jiytu;fSs; xUtuhd rP.gP.b rpyt ; h mtu;fshy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ.
,j;Nju;jy; gpurhuj;jpy; <Lgl;l jpUkjp =khNth gz;lhuehaf;f
mtu;fs; kiwe;j jdJ fztupd; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis Kd;ndLg;
gjw;fhf kf;fs; Miziaf; Nfhupdhu;. ,j;Nju;jypy; =yq;fh
Rje;jpuf; fl;rp ntw;wpaPl;baJ.

« 1960Mk; Mz;L I_iy khjk; ,lk;ngw;w nghJj; Nju;jy;

KbTfspd;gb =khNth gz;lhuehaf;f ,yq;ifapd; gpujkuhdhu;.
mjd; %yk; cyfpd; KjyhtJ ngz; gpujku; vd;w ngUikiag;
ngw;whu;.

107 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
 jpUkjp.=khNth gz; l huehaf; f tpd; Ml; r pf; f hyk;
Njrpakaj;jpll
; j;ij 1956,y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L
njhlu;eJ
; Kd;ndLj;jy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F Ie;J
cjhuzkhf ,yq;if Mz;Lfs; xj;jpitf;fg;gl;bUe;j
tq;fp> jdpahu; ~mur nkhopr; rl;lj;ij|
ghlrhiyfs; KOikahfr; nraw;gLj;jy;

gpujku; =khNth gz;lhuehaf;f

Njrpag;
mtu;fspd; nraw;ghLfs;. nghUshjhuj;ij
^1960 - 1964& Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
nfhs;ifiag; gpdg; w;wy;

,e;jpaj; Njhl;l
njhopyhsu;fspd; ,yq;if rkrkh[f; fl;rpAlDk;>
gpu[hTupikg; gpur;rpidia nfhkpAdp]l ; ; fl;rpAlDk; ,ize;J
jPug
; g
; jw;fhf 1964,y; ,e;jpag; ~~If;fpa Kd;dzpia|| epWtpf;
gpujku; yhy; gfJ}u; rh];jpup nfhs;sy;.
mtu;fSld; xg;ge;jk;
xd;iwr; nra;J nfhs;sy;.

=khNth gz;lhuehaf;f Ml;rp KbTWjy;

v jpUkjp gz;lhuehaf;ftpd; r%fka> kf;fs; kaf; nfhs;iffis
cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L rf;jpfs; vjpu;j;jik.
v 1962 ,y; jdpahu; ghlrhiyfis murkag;gLj;jpaikahy; rpy
FOf;fs; murhq;fj;Jf;F vjpuhfr; #o;r;rp nra;jik.
v cyfg; nghUshjhu neUf;fbf;F kj;jpapy; ,yq;if murhq;fKk;
Kfq;nfhLf;f Neu;ej
; ik. (cjhuzk; : nghUl;fspd; tpiy cau;T)
v =yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rpapypUe;J rP.gP.b. rpy;th jiyikapy; 14
cWg;gpdu;fs; vjpu;f;fl;rpapy; Nru;e;jik.

1965Mk; Mz;L nghJj; Nju;jy;

=yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rpf;Fs; Vw;gl;l G+ryhy; me;j murhq;fKk;

Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; Kbtila Kd;du; fiyf;fg;gl;L> nghJj;
Nju;jnyhd;iw elhj;j Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJ. mjd;gb 1965Mk; Mz;L
khu;r; khjk; nghJj; Nju;jy; xd;W ,lk; ngw;wJ.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 108
 ,j;Nju;jypy; ntw;wpaPl;ba If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapd; jiytu; ll;yp
Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fs; ehd;fhtJ Kiwahfg; gpujku; gjtpia
tfpj;jhu;. Nju;jy; ntw;wpapd; gpd;du; rpq;fs mbg;gil thjf; fl;rp
fs; rpytw;WlDk; ,yq;ifj; njhopyhsu; fhq;fpuRlDk; $l;lzp
xd; i w Vw; g Lj; j pf; nfhz; l If; f pa Njrpaf; fl; r p Njrpa
murhq;fnkhd;iw mikj;jJ.

gpujku; ll;yp Nrdhehaf;ftpd; murhq;fk; vjpu;nfhz;l rthy;fs;

v ,dq;fspilNa Vw;gl;l Ntw;Wikiaj; jPu;f;f Kbahj gl;rj;jpy;
jkpo;f; fl;rpahd rk];bf; fl;rp murhq;fj;jpypUe;J ntspNawpaik
v nghUshjhu neUf;fbfs; fhuzkhf czTg; nghUl;fspd;
tpiyfs; mjpfupj;jikAk; nrd;kjp epYitg; gw;whf;Fiw mjpf
upj;jikAk;.

1970Mk; Mz;Lg; nghJj; Nju;jy;

Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; Kbtila ll;yp Nrdhehaf;f ghuSkd;wj;ijf;

fiyj;J Gjpa Nju;jnyhd;Wf;fhd Maj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
1964y; =yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp jiyikapy; rkrkh[f; fl;rp
nfhkpA+dp];l; fl;rp vd;gd xd;wpize;J $l;lzp mikj;J
Nju;jYf;F Kfq;nfhLj;jd. ,j;Nju;jypy; ntw;wpaPl;ba If;fpa
Kd;dzp 1970,y; murhq;fj;ij mikj;jJld; mf;$l;lzpapd;
jiytp =khNth gz;lhuehaf;f ,uz;lhtJ jlit ,yq;ifapd;
gpujkuhdhu;.
1972Mk; Mz;bd; Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;Gk; ,yq;if FbaurhjYk;.
1972Mk; Mz;L FbauR ahg;G jahupj;jy;

1970,y; Ml;rpf;F te;j If;fpa Kd;dzp - murhq;fk; jkJ nfhs;ifg;

gpufldj;jpy; $wpajd;gb Gjpa murpay; ahg;nghd;iw tiutjw;fhd
Maj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. mjd; Kjw; fl;lkhf gpujku; =khNth
gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fs; 1970Mk; Mz;L I_iy 19Mk; jpfjp ahg;Gj;
jpl;lr; rigapd; KjyhtJ $l;lj;ij nfhOk;G Nwhay; fy;Y}upapd;
etuq;fy kz;lgj;jpy; elj;jpdhu;. Gjpa ahg;Gj; jpl;lr; rig rpwg;ghd
Kiwapy; jpl; l kpl; l mbg; g ilapy; nraw; g Ltjw; f hf mjw; F j;
jiyikj;Jtk; toq;Ftjw;F Xu; mikr;ru; gjtp cUthf;fg;gl;;lJld;
mg;gjtp ,yq;if rkrkh[f; fl;rpj; jiytu; fyhepjp nfhy;tpd; Mu;.b.
rpy;thTf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.

109 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
 nraw; g hL

tFg;gpYs;s midj;J khztu;fisAk; ,izj;J ,yf;fpa

kd;wj;Jf;F ahg;G xd;W jahu; nra;Aq;fs;.

1972Mk; Mz;L ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa tplaq;fs;

v ,yq;if vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ,e;j ehL ~~= yq;fh|| vd

miof;fg;gLjy;
v gpupj;jhdpag; NguuRldhd rfy tpjkhd $l;Lf;fspdpd;Wk;
tpLgl Vw;ghLfisj; jahupj;jy;.
v murpay; ahg;G ehl;bd; cau;thd rl;lk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sy;
v ,yq;if xU jd;dhjpf;fKs;s ehL vd;gjid ahg;gpd; %yk;
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sy;
v ,iwikajpfhuk; kf;fsplkpUe;Nj gpwf;fpd;wJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sy;
v ngsj;j rkak; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpg;gJld; Vida kjq;
fSf;Fk; cupa me;j];J toq;fg;gLk; vdf; Fwpg;gply;

1972Mk; Mz;L ahg;gpd; gpujhd mk;rq;fs;

1' ngausT [dhjpgjp 2' Njrpa muRg; Nguit

3' gpujkiuj; jiytuhff; 4' ePjpkd;wj; njhFjp

nfhz;l mikr;ruit

,Jtiu ,Ue;j MSeu; ehafk; (kfhNjrhjpgjp) gjtp 1972,d;

Gjpa ahg;Gld; ePf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; gpd;du; ngausT epu;thfpahf
[dhjpgjpg; gjtp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. MSeu; ehafj;jpw;F
mjpfhuq;fs; njhlu;eJ; k; [dhjpgjpahy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. 1948Mk;
Mz;L Kjy; ngaustpyhd MSeu; ,q;fpyhe;J Kbapdhy;
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. Mdhy; Gjpa ahg;gpd; %yk; gpujk ke;jpupahy;
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 110
 mf; f hyj; j py; MSeu; ehafk; (kfh Njrhjpgjp) ,Ue; j
jpU.tpy;ypak; Nfhgy;yht mtu;fs; Gjpa murpay; ahg;gpd;fPo;
KjyhtJ ngaustpyhd [dhjpgjpahdhu;.

1948Mk; Mz;L Kjy;

Njrpa muRg; Nguit
,Jtiu ghuhSkd;wk; vd
miof;fg;gl;lJ ,e;j
ahg;gpdhy; Njrpa muRg;
Nguit vd;W mwpKfkhdJ.
nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l Nky;
rig 1971,y;
ePf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mjd;gb
nraypy; ,Ue;j rl;lrig
xw;iw kd;wkhf 1972Mk;
Mz;L ahg;gpy; njhlu;e;J
nraw;gl;lJ.

Njrpa muRg; Nguitapd; nraw;ghLfs;

v kf;fs; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l Njrpa muRg; Nguit> rl;lk; ,aw;Wk;

mjpfhuKilajhf ,Ue;jJ.
v Njrpa muRg; Nguitapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjh rl;lkhtjw;F
rghehafupd; ifnahg;gk; ngwNtz;Lk;.
v kf;fspd; epjp> epu;thfk;> rpwe;j gupghydk; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf
ehl;bd; ghJfhg;ig cWjpgg ; Lj;jy;> kf;fspd; Njitfs; ,d;dy;fis
ePf;f $baftdk; vLj;jy; vd;gd muRg; Nguitapd; flikahFk;.

epiwNtw;W mjpfhur; nraw;ghLfs;

« Kd; ,Ue;j murpayikg;gpd;gb epiwNtw;Wr; nraw;ghLfs; mikr;

ruitaplk; ,Ue;jJ. gpujk ke;jpup mikr;ruitapd; jiytuhthu;.

ePjpkd;w mjpfhuq;fisr; nraw;gLj;jy;

1972Mk; Mz;L murpay;ahg;gpd;gb Gjpa ePjpkd;w mikg;nghd;W

mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. mit gpd;tUkhW

111 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
 • cau; ePjpkd;wk; • Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;
• khtl;l ePjpkd;wk; • k[p];l;Nul; ePjpkd;wk;
• njhopyhsu; ePjpkd;wk; • murpay; mikg;G
ePjpkd;wk;

cau; ePjpkd;wk;> Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd

ePjpgjpfs; gpujk ke;jpupapd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy; [dhjpgjpahy;
epakpf;fg;gLtu;.

gpupj;jhdpa Vfhjpgj;jpa fhyj;jpy; epytpaJ NghyNt 1948,d;

gpd;dUk; rpy tof;Ffs; njhlu;ghfg; gpupj;jhdpa gpupTf; fTd;rpypy;
Nkd;KiwaPL nra;ag;gl;lJ. 1972Mk; Mz;L ahg;gpd;gb mJ
Kw;wpYk; ePf;fg;gl;lJ. =yq;fhtpd; RahjPdj;jpw;F ,ilA+whf
,Ue;j me;j mjpfhuk; ePf;fg;gl;lik> Rje;jpuj;jpd; KOikia
milAk; Kf;fpa re;ju;g;gkhFk;.
mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs;
« mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghf Kjy; Kiwahf
murpay; ahg;gpy; xU gpupT Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,J 1972Mk;
Mz;L ahg;gpd; tpNrl mk;rkhFk;.

1977Mk; Mz;Lg; nghJj;Nju;jy;

« 1977Mk; Mz;L [_iy khjk; eilngw;w nghJj; Nju;jypy;
N[.Mu;.[atu;jj
; ditj; jiytuhff; nfhz;l If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp
tpNrl ntw;wpiag; ngw;wJ.

1977Mk; Mz;L gjtpNaw;w murhq;fj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs;

• 1977Mk; Mz;Lj; Nju;jypy; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp 50% w;Fk;

Nkw;gl;l thf;fpidg; ngw;W ntw;wp ngw;wik.

• ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; MSq; fl;rpapd; mjpfhuk; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jjhy;

vjpu;f;fl;rp gytPdkile;jik.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 112
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 5/6 gq;F ngUk;ghd;ikapidg; ngw;wpUe;j
If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpahy;> Nju;jypy; Kd;itj;j Gjpa murp
ayikg;G xd;wpid mikg;gjpy; vt;tpj rpukKkpUf;ftpy;iy.

1978Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;G

,yq;ifapy; ,g;NghJ mKypy; ,Ue;J tUk; ahg;G 1978Mk;

Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; 31Me; jpfjp epiwNtwpa =yq;fh [dehaf
Nrhryprf; Fbaurpd; ahg;G MFk;.

,e;j ahg;gpid mikg;gjd; mbg;gil eltbf;ifahf mike;jJ

1972Mk; Mz;L ahg;Gld; 1977Mk; Mz;L xf;Nlhgu; khjk; ,uz;lhk;
jpUj;jj;jpid cs;slf;fp epiwNtw;W mjpfhuKila [dhjpgjpg; gjtpia
mwpKfk; nra;jikahFk;.

mJtiu gpujkuhf ,Ue;j jpU N[.Mu; [atu;j;jd mtu;fs;

1978Mk; Mz;L ngg;utup 4e; jpfjp KjyhtJ epiwNtw;W mjpfhuKila
[dhjpgjpahfr; rj;jpag; gpukhzk; nra;J nfhz;lhu;.

mjd; gpd;du; mikf;fg;gl;l FOtpdhy; Gjpa murpay; ahg;G

tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.

nraw; g hL

tFg;gpy; midj;J khztu;fSk; xd;W $b 1972> 1978k; tUlq;fspy;

mKy; nra; a g; g l; l ahg; G fspd; xw; W ik> Ntw; W ikfisf;
fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

113 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
 1
2

kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; kf;fspd; thf;Ffshy; njupT

gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l nra;ag;gLk; epiwNtw;W
ghuhSkd;wk; mjpfhuKila [dhjpgjp

3
1978Mk; Mz;L ahg;gpd;
Kf;fpa ,ay;Gfs;
[dhjpgjpahy;
epakpff
; g;gLk; ePjpgjpfSk;>
ePjpkd;wj; njhFjpAk;
5
4
mbg;gil cupik gw;wpa
tpfpjhrhug;
gFjp
gpujpepjpjJ
; tk;

ehL KOtJk; xNu Nju;jy; njhFjpahff; fzpf;fg;gl;L kf;fspd;

thf; F fshy; epiwNtw; W mjpfhuKila [dhjpgjp njupT
nra;ag;gLtJld;> njupT nra;ag;gLk; [dhjpgjp 6 tUlq;fs;
gjtp tfpf;ff;f$bajhf ahg;gpd; %yk; re;ju;g;gk; mspf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ.

epiwNtw;W mjpfhuKila [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fSk;> rYiffSk;

v [dhjpgjp murhq;fj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ug;gJld;> Kg;gilapd;

jiytuhfTk; ,Uf;fpwhu;.
v ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;Ljy;> fiyj;jy; Nghd;w mjpfhuq;fSk;
mtUf;F cz;L. mjd; Muk;g mku;Tfspy; jiyik tfpj;jy;>
murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffis Kd;itj;jy; vd;git mtw;Ws;;
cs;slq;Fk;.
v epiwNtw;W mjpfhuKila [dhjpgjpapd; gjtpf; fhyj;jpy; mtUf;F
vjpuhf vt;tpjf; Fw;wr;rhl;bw;Fk; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;Fj; njhlu
KbahJ. ,J mg;gjtpapd; rpwg;ghd tug;gpurhjkhFk;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 114
 mtUf;F vjpuhf ek;gpf;if ,y;yhj; jPuk
; hdk; khj;jpuk; nfhz;L
tuyhk;.

v ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Fw;wthspnadj; jPug

; G
; toq;fg;gl;l xUtUf;F kd;dpgG
;
mspj;jy;> jz;lidiaf; Fiwj;jy;> jz;lidiag; gpd;NghLjy;
Nghd;w mjpfhuq;fs; [dhjpgjpf;F cz;L.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rl;l mjpfhuq;fSk;> nghWg;Gf;fSk;
nghJj;Nju;jypy; 6 tUlq;fSf;Fj; njupT nra;ag;gLk; gpujp
epjpfisf; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;wk; xU rl;l kd;wkhFk;.
1972Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; Njrpa muRg; Nguit vd miof;fg;gl;l
rl;lkd;wk; 1978Mk; Mz;L Gjpa murpay; ahg;gpd;gb ghuhSkd;wk;
vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ghuhSkd;w
mq;fj;jtu;fs; njhif
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
225 mjpfhuq;fs;

• rl;lk; ,aw;Wjy;
khtl;l mbg;gilapy; • mbg;gil nraw;ghLfis
tpfpjhrhu Kiwapy; Njrpa gl;bay; epu;tfpj;jy;
thf;fpd; %yk; Kiwg;gb • mgptpUj;jp Ntiyfisj;
njupTnra;ag;gLNthu; 29 jpl;lkply;
196

mikr;ruitapd; mjpfhuq;fs;

v [dhjpgjp mikr;ruitapd; jiytu; Mthu;

v [dhjpgjpahy; gpujk ke;jpup epakpf;fg;gLthu;
v ghuhSkd;w mq;fj;jtu;fspypUe;J njupT nra;ag;gLk;
mikr; r uit njhlu; g hf jP u ; k hdnkLf; F k; cupik
[dhjpgjpAilajhFk;.
v ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; mKy; nra;ag;gLk; rl;lq;fisr; nraw;
gLj;jy;> tuT nryTj; jpl;lk; jahupj;jy; vd;gd mikr;
ruitapd; Kf;fpa nghWg;GfshFk;.

115 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
v ghuhSkd;w mikr;ru;fs; gy;NtW tplaq;fSf;Fk; nghWg;ghf
,Ue; J nraw; g Lfpd; w NghjpYk; mikr; r uitapd; KbT
njhlu;ghfg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpwF
; f; $l;lhf tif nrhy;tJ mtu;fspd;
nghWg;ghFk;.
ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;

v 1978Mk; Mz;L murpay; ahg;gpy;

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s mbg;gilkdpj
cupikfisg; ghJfhj;J ePjpiaf;
filg;gpbg;gJ ePjpgjpfspdJk; ePjp
kd;wq;fspdJk; nghWg;ghFk;.

mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; cr;r ePjpkd;wk;

v 1972Mk; Mz; L murpay; ahg; G f; F mikthf Kiwahf>

tpsf;fj;Jld; kdpj cupikfs; gw;wp 1978Mk; Mz;L murpay;
ahg;gpd; 3tJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• tpUk;gpa njhopiyr; nra;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;> rka Rje;jpuk;>

rl;lj;jpd; Kd; rkdhf kjpf;fg;gLk; cupik vd;gd 1978Mk;
Mz;L murpay; ahg;gpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s kdpj cupikfspy;
rpythFk;.

rl;lk; my;yJ epu;thfr; nraw;ghLfspd; %yk; ,e;j mbg;gil

cupikfs; kPwg;gbd;> Fwpgg
; pll
; re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; cau;ej
P pkd;wj;jpy;
tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;L mjw;fhd jPu;g;gpidg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;syhk;. vd ,e;j murpay; ahg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw

v ghuhSkd;w mq;fj;jtu;fs; khfhzrig mq;fj;jtu;fs; cs;@uhl;rp
epWtdq;fspd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; MfpNahiu tpfpjhrhu mbg;gilapy;;
njupT nra;Ak; Kiw ,e;j murpay; ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa ,ay;ghFk;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 116
[dhjpgjpj; Nju;jy;

v [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jypy; ehL KOtJk; xNu Nju;jy; njhFjpahff;

fzpf;fg;gLk;.
v mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s thf;Ffspy; miuthrpf;Fk; mjpfkhf mjhtJ
50tPjj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhf ahuhtJ xU Ntl;ghsu; ngw;why; mtu;
[dhjpgjpahfj; njupT nra;ag;gLthu;.

1972Mk; Mz; b d; KjyhtJ FbauR ahg; g py; Nru; j ; J f;

nfhs;sg;gl;l jpUj;jj;jpd; tpisthf mg;NghJ gpujk ke;jpupahf
,Ue;j jpU.N[.Mu;. [atu;j;jd mtu;fs; [dhjpgjpahdJld;
1978Mk; Mz;L murpay; ahg;gpd;fPo; Kjy; [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jy;
1982Mk; Mz;L eilngw;wJ. mj;Nju;jypy; jpU N[.Mu;.[atu;jd
ntw;wpaPl;bdhu;.

kf;fs; jPu;g;G

v [dhjpgjpapd; my;yJ cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fl;lisf;F mikaNt

kf;fs; jPu;g;G elj;JtJ njhlu;ghf KbT vLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

v kf;fs; jPu;g;gpy; Mk; / ,y;iy vd;W jPu;khd Kbit khj;jpuNk

nfhLf;f KbAk;.

1982,y; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; MAl;fhyj;ij ePbj;jy; njhlu;ghf

kf;fspd; tpUg;gj;ijj; njupe;J nfhs;tjw;F kf;fs; jPu;g;G
eilngw;wJ.

nraw; g hL

jw;Nghija murpay; ahg;gpd;fPo; [dhjpgjpiaj; njupT nra;Ak;

nghUl;L eilngWk; Nju;jiyg;Nghy xU Nju;jypd; %yk; tFg;Gj;
jiytiuj; njupT nra;Aq;fs;.

117 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
 1948 ,y; Rje;jpuk; ngw;w gpd;du; murpay; muq;fpy; jiyik
tfp j ; j jiytu; f s; rp y up d ; tho; f ; i fr; rup i jia mwp a
Kw; g LNthk; .

jpU.vd;.vk;. ngNuuh mtu;fs; (1905 - 1979)

1905Mk; Mz;L A+d; 06Me; jpfjp gpwe;j

vd;.vk;.ngNuuh mtu;fs; nfhOk;G Mde;jhf;
fy; Y }upapYk; fy; f pir Gdpj Njhk];
fy;Y}upapYk; fy;tp gapd;whu;. nfhOk;G gy;
fiyf; f ofj; j py; nghUspay; njhlu; g hd
cau;e;j mwptpidg; ngw;wNjhL> xf;];Nghl;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; fy;tp gapd;W gy cau;ej ;
gl;lq;fisg; ngw;whu;. gpd;du; ,tu; khf;]pa
thjj;jhy; ftug;gl;lhu;.

gy; f iyf; f of tpupTiuahsuhfg;

gzpahw;wpa ,tu; 1935Mk; Mz;L ,lJrhup
jiytu;fSld; ,ize;J ,yq;if rkrkh[f;
fl;rpia Muk;gpj;jhu;. 1936Mk; Mz;L Utd; jpU vd;.vk;.ngNuuh
ntyj; Nju;jy; njhFjpapy; Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wp
ngw;whu;. kNyupahj; njhw;WNeha; Ntiyj;
jpl;lj;jpy; kf;fs; rhu;ghf ,Ue;J mtu;fSf;F epthuzk; toq;fpdhu;.
,jdhy; ,tu; ~~gUg;G Iah|| vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;.

1947Mk; Mz;L kPz;Lk; Utd;ntyj; Nju;jy; njhFjpia ntd;w

vd;.vk;.ngNuuh vjpu;f;fl;rpj; jiytuhdhu;. 1956Mk; Mz;L jpU.
gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fspd; Ml;rpapd;NghJk; vjpu;f;fl;rpj; jiytuhf
,Ue;jhu;. rpq;fs nkhop murnkhopahtJ njhlu;ghf epyTk; rpf;fyhd
#oiyj; njspTgLj; j pdhu; . 1964Mk; Mz; L jpUkjp =khNth
gz;lhuehaf;fhTld;; ,ize;J If;fpa Kd;dzpia mikj;J 1970k;
Mz;Lj; Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;whu;. me;j murpy; mtu; epjp mikr;ruhf
,Ue;jhu;. vdpDk; fUj;J Kuz;ghL fhuzkhf 1975Mk; Mz;L If;fpa
Kd;dzpapypUe;J tpyfpdhu;. 1977Mk; Mz;L nghJj;Nju;jypy; Njhy;tpAw;w
,tu; 1979Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; 4Me; jpfjp kiwe;jhu;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 118
jpU. nfhy;tpd; Mu;.b. rpy;th (1907 - 1987)

1907Mk; Mz;L ngg;utup 16Me;

jpfjp nfhy;tpd; Mu;.b.rpy;th gpwe;jhu;.
rp.vk;.v]; ghlrhiyapy; Muk;gf; fy;tpiaf;
fw;W> gpd;du; ghze;Jiw nrd;l; N[hd;
tpj; j pahyaj; j pYk; > nfhOk; G Nwhay;
fy;Y}upapYk; fw;W nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;
fofj;jpDs; Eioe;J jkJ KjyhtJ
gl;lj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. yz;ld;
fpq;]; (Kings) fy;Y}upapYk; Nfk;gpup[;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; rl;lgPlj;jpYk; fw;w
mtu; yz;ld; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;
tuyhw; W g; ghlj; j py; fyhepjpg; gl; l k;
ngw;whu;.
INuhg;ghtpy; fw;Wf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; nfhy;tpd; Mu;.b.rpyt
; h
NghNj mq;F gutpf; nfhz;bUe;j khu;f;
]paj; jj;Jtq;fs; mtUila murpay; Nghf;Ffspy; Neubg; ghjpg;ig
tpistpj;jd. 1931,y; ,yq;iff;Fj; jpUk;gpa gpd;du; rl;lj; njhopypy;
<Lgl;L Gfo; G+j;j tof;fwpQuhdhu;. mf;fhyj;jpy; gutpa kNyupahf;
nfhs;is Nehapd;NghJ kf;fSf;Fg; gzpahw;wpa khu;f;]Pa ,isQu;
mzpapd; Kd;dzpj; jiytu;fSs; xUtuhfr; nraw;gl;lhu;.
1935Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; 12 Me; jpfjp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l rkrkh[f;
fl;rpapd; Kjy; jiytuhd ,tu; rpwe;j Ngr;rhsuhf kl;Lkd;wp Kd;dzpg;
nghJ kf;fs; NritahsuhfTk; jd;id ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.
Gul;rpfukhd ,af;fq;fspD}lhf Vfhjpgj;jpa vjpu;g;G ,af;fj;ij
topelj;jpaikahy; ,tu; rpiwnry;yTk; Neu;ej ; J. 1947,y; Nghy;N\tpf;
- nydpd; fl;rpg; gpujpepjpahf ghuhSkd;wj;jpDs; Eioe;jhu;. 1953Mk;
Mz;L Mf];l; 12Mk; jpfjpad;W ,lk;ngw;w ~`u;jj ; hiy| (murhq;fj;jpwF
;
vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Nghuhl;lk;) topelj;jpa ,lJrhupj; jiytu;fspy;
Kd;dzpapy; epd;W kf;fs; kdq;ftu;e;j jiytuhdhu;.

1972 Mk; Mz;L Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;ig cUthf;Ftjpy;

Kd;dzpapy; epd;W nraw;gl;l mtu; 1987Mk; Mz;L ngg;utup 27Me;
jpfjpad;W fhykhdhu;.

119 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
Nru;. N[hd; nfhj;jyhty (1897 - 1980)
1897Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 4Me; jpfjp
N[hd; yady; nfhj;jyhty> gk;gyg;gpl;bapy;
gzf; f huf; FLk; g nkhd; w py; gpwe; j hu; .
cau;fy;tpiag; ngWtjw;fhf ,q;fpyhe;jpd;
Nfk;gpup[; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;Fr; nrd;w mtu;
Mq;fpy nkhopapy; Gyikngw;whu;. jha;ehL
jpUk;gpa gpd;du; b.v];.Nrdhehaf;f mtu;
fis mbnahw;wp Njrpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;
lj;jpy; <Lgl;lhu;. gpd; mjd; Kd;dzpj;
jiytuhfp ehl;bw;Fk; ,dj;jpw;Fk; cz;ik
AlDk; mu;g;gzpg;GlDk; Nritahw;wpdhu;.
1931 Mk; Mz;L ,lk;ngw;w nghJj; Nru;.N[hd; nfhj;jyhty
Nju;jypy; FUehfy; njhFjpapy; Nghl;bapl;L
ntw;wp ngw;whu;. 1936,y; muRf; fofj;jpw;F kPz;Lk; njupT nra;ag;gl;L
ngUe;njUf;fs;> ifj;njhopy;fSf;fhd mikr;ruhfr; nraw;gl;lhu;.
mg;NghJ f\;lg; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fg; ngUe;njUf;fis mikg;gjpYk;
ifj;njhopy;fis cUthf;FtjpYk; ngUQ;Nrit Gupe;jhu;. cau; fy;tpj;
Jiwf;F mUk;gzpahw;wpa ,tu;> b.Mu;.tpN[atu;j;jd mtu;fSld;
Nru;e;J Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofj;ij mikg;gjpYk; ghLgl;lhu;.
1953,y; ,lk;ngw;w ~`u;jj
; hyp|d; NghJ ll;yp Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fs;
gpujku; gjtpapypUe;J tpyfpa gpdd; u;> mg;gjtpfF
; ,tu; epakdk; ngw;whu;.
mg;NghJ ,tu; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapd; rpNu\;l jiytuhfTk;
nghUshsuhfTk; nghWg;G tfpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. 1953Mk; Mz;L
xf;Nlhgu; 12 Me; jpfjp Kjy; 1956 Mk; Mz;Ltiu ,yq;ifg; gpujku;
gjtpia tfpj;jhu;.
,yq;ifapy; tpkhdk; xd;iwr; nrhe;jkhf itj;jpUe;jtuhd ,tu;>
uj;kyhid tpkhd epiyaj;ij mikg;gjpy; Kd;Ndhbahfr; nraw;gl;lhu;.
Kg;gilfSf;Fkhd gapw;rp epiyak; xd;iw epWTtjw;fhfj; jkJ ~fe;j
ty| tsitAk; mjpypUe;j jkJ nrhe;j tPl;ilAk; mu;g;gzpg;Gld; <e;j
tPuj;jsgjpahthu;. 1980 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gu; 3 Me; jpfjp fhykhd
,tu; ,yq;if murpay; tuyhw;wpy; kpspUk; xU ghj;jpukhthu;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 120
jpU. gpypg;. Fztu;j;jd mtu;fs; (1901 - 1972)

1901Mk; Mz;L [dtup khjk; 11Me; jpfjp nghuSnfhl vd;w

,lj;jpy; gpwe;j gpypg; Fztu;jj
; d mtu;fs; fSmf;fy rpj;jhu;jj
; ngsj;j
tpj;jpahyaj;jpy; Muk;gf; fy;tp gapd;W nkhul;Lt Nty;]; ,sturu;
fy;Y}upapYk;> nfhOk;G Mde;jhf; fy;Y}upapYk; fy;tpiaj; njhlu;ej; hu;.
gy;fiyf;fofk; nrd;w ,tu; tptrhaj; Jiwapy; gl;lk; ngw;whu;.
,q;fpyhe;jpypUe;J ,yq;iff;F te;jJk; jiyefupy; ,isQu;
mikg;gpy; ,ize;J murpaypy; jk;ik ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. 1933,y;
#upaky; ,af; f j; j py; ,ize; J
Vfhjpgj;jpa vjpu;g;G eltbf;ifia
Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;whu;. mtu; rkju;kf;
nfhs;ifahy; ftug;gl;L rkrkh[f;
fl; r papd; Kf; f pa jiytu; f Ss;
xUtuhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;. 1950Mk; Mz;L
mf;fl;rpapy; ,Ue;J tpyfp> Gul;rpfu
rkrkh[f; fl;rpia mikj;jhu;.
1956Mk; Mz;L gjtpf;F te;j
kf;fs; If;fpa Kd;dzp Ml;rpapy;
Kf;fpa jiytuhf tpsq;fpa ,tu;>
tptrha czT mikr;ruhf epakpf;fg;
gl;lhu;. nry;te;ju;fspd; ifapy; rpf;fp
Jd; G w; w Fj; j if tptrhapfSf; F jpU.gpypg; Fztu;jj
; d
cjTk; nghUl;L tay; rl;lj;ij mKy;
nra;tjpy; Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;e;jhu;.
,e;j murhq;fj;jpy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;j rpyupd; #o;r;rpahy; ,tu;
tpyf Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ.

gpypg; Fztu;jj ; d mtu;fs; ,e;ehl;L kf;fshYk; mwpthspfshYk;

kj;jpaju tu;ff ; j;jpduhYk; kjpf;fg;gl;l murpay;thjpahthu;. ,yq;ifapd;
rkTlik,af; f j; j pd; je; i j vdf; fUjg; g Lk; ,tu; murpaypy;
Gul;rpahsuhfr; nraw;gLk;NghJ kuzj;ijj; jOtpf; nfhz;lhu;. fpuhkj;jpy;
gpwe;J fpuhk kf;fSf;fhfTk; njhopyhsu;fSf;fhfTk; Nghuhba cau;ej ;
kdpjdhfg; Nghw; w g; g Lk; ,tu; ~~nghUSnfhl rpq; f k; | | vd; W k;
miof;fg;gl;lhu;.

121 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
jpU. ll;yp Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fs; (1911 - 1973)

gk;gyg;gpl;ba t[puhuhikapy;
Muk;gf;fy;tp gapd;w jpU. ll;yp
Nrdhehaf; f h mtu; f s; gd; r iyAld;
neUq;fpa njhlu;Gila ngsj;juhthu;.
fy; t piag; Nghd; N w tpisahl; b Yk;
jpwikahd ,tu;> ,q;fpyhe;jpd; Nfk;gpup[;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; rl;lf;fy;tp gapd;W
1933Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; rl;lj;juzpahff;
flikahw;wp te;jhu;.
jpU ll;yp Nrdhehaf;f

jdJ je;ijiag; gpd;gw;wp> ehl;bdJk; kf;fspdJk; ed;ik fUjp

,e;ehl;il ney; cw;gj;jpapy; jd;dpiwthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;NfhL
nrayhw;wpdhu;. tptrha epiyaq;fis epWTjy;> gyNehf;Fj; jpll ; q;fisr;
nraw;gLj;jy;> tptrha mgptpUj;jpapd; nghUl;Lf; Fsq;fisg; Gduikj;jy;
Nghd;wtw;iw Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. Vio kf;fSf;F ,ytrkhf muprp
toq;fpajhy; ~NrhW toq;fpa je;ij| vd miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
jdJ je;ijapd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;du; 1952Mk; Mz;L nghJj;
Nju;jYf;F Kfq;nfhLj;J mjpy; ntw;wpaile;J gpujkuhdhu;. 1953Mk;
Mz;L epfo;e;j `u;j;jhy; fhuzkhf kde;jsu;e;J NehAw;W gpujku;
gjtpapy; ,Ue;J tpyfpdhu;. 1965Mk; Mz;L nghJj; Nju;jYf;F
Kfq;nfhLj;J jpUkjp =khNth gz;lhuehaf;fh mk;ikahiu ntd;W
gpujkuhdhu;.
nghUshjhu ke;jepiy fhzg;gl;l 1965Mk; Mz;bw;Fg; gpw;gl;l
fhyj;jpy; gapu;r;nra;ifia mjpfupf;f> Ntz;ba eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ehl;bw;Fk;> kf;fSf;Fk; gzpahw;wp> ViofSf;F cjtpa
,tu;> 1973Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk; 13Mk; jpfjp ,t;Tyf tho;it
ePj;jhu;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 122
jpU.v];.lgps;A.Mu;.B. gz;lhuehaf;f ^ 1899 - 1959&

cau; Fbapy; gpwe;j nrhykd;

nt];l; wpl;[Nt la]; gz;lhuehaf;f
mtu; f s; gpwg; g hy; fpwp]; j tuhthu; .
,q;fpyhe;jpd; xf;];Nghu;l; gy;fiyf;
fofj;jpy; cau;fy;tpiag; ngw;W ,yq;
iff;Fj; jpUk;gpa gpd;du; murpaypy;
fhY}d;wp If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapy;
,ize;J nraw;glj; njhlq;fpdhu;. 1951
,y; fl;rpapd; nfhs;ifapdhy; mjpUg;jp
mile;J kj;jpa nfhs;if xd;iwf;
filg;gpbg;gjw;fhf =yq;fh Rje;jpuf;
fl;rpia Muk;gpj;jhu;.

Njrpa fyhrhuj; i j kjpj; j

jpU.v];. lgps;A. Mu;. B. gz;lhuehaf;f
gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fs;> ngsj;j rkaj;
ijj; jOtpdhu;. rpq;fs ngsj;ju;fSldhd njhlu;ghy; ,tuJ Njrpa
czu;T capu;g;Gg; ngw;wJ. Njrpa Milfis mzpe;J Njrpaj;
jd;ikAld; nraw;gl;l md;dhu; ,yq;ifau;fspilNa Gjpa fyhrhu
kWkyu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fSila murpay;
,af;fj;jpy; Kd;dzpapy; ,lk; ngw;NwhUk; ngsj;j FUkhNuahtu;.
md;dhuJ tho;fi; fj; jj;Jtkhf mike;jJ> ~~ kdpjDila Kf;fpakhd
flik> kdpjDf;Fr; Nrit nra;tNj|| vd;gjhFk;.

,yq;if murpay; muq;fpy; Rlu;tpl;Lj; Jyq;Fk; jiytuhd

gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fs;> murpaypy; Gjpa Gul;rp xd;iw tpistpj;
jtuhthu;. ,Wjpapy; ngsj;j gpfF
; xUtupd; Jg;ghf;fpf; Fz;Lf;F md;dhu;
,iuahf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,Wjp Neuj;jpYk; $lj; jd;idf; Rl;l egUf;F
kd;dpg;G toq;Fk; msTf;F cj;jku; xUtuhf mtu; jpfo;e;jhu;.

123 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
jpUkjp =khNth gz;lhuehaf;f ^1916 - 2000&
1916Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 17Me; jpfjp gyhq;nfhilapy; gpwe;j =khNth
gz;lhuehaf;f uj;tj;j mtu;fs; ,uj;jpdGup gu;fpA+\d; cau; ju
ghlrhiyapYk; nfhOk;G nrd;. gpup[[ ; l; fd;dpah];jpupfs; ghlrhiyapYk;
fw;whu;.
24MtJ tajpy; mtu; vjpu; f hyj; j py; gpujkuhf tutpUe; j
jpU.v];.lgps;A.Mu;.b. gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fis jpUkzk; nra;jhu;.
1959,y; Vw;gl;l gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fspd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;du; 1960,y;
vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf murpaypy; gpuNtrpj;jhu;.
rpq; f sj; i j mur fUk nkhopahf; F tjw; F eltbf; i ffis
Nkw;nfhz;l mtu; mzpNruhf; Nfhl;ghl;ilf; ifahz;L ntspehLfSld;
ey;Ywitg; Ngzp te;jhu;. r%f thjf; Nfhl;ghl;ilf; iff;nfhz;L
nraw;gl;lNjhL> nghJTlik Nfhl;ghl;ilf; nfhz;L kf;fSf;Fg;
ngUQ;Nrit Gupe;jhu;. Njrpag; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifiaf; ifahz;l
jpUkjp. gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fs; ghupastpyhd mur $l;Lj;jhgdq;
fisAk;> rigfisAk; cUthf;fpdhu;. ,d;Wq;$l mit nraw;gLfpdw ; d.
1970,y; If;fpa Kd;dzp murhq;fj;jpd; fPo; ,uz;lhk; KiwAk;
gpujkuhdhu;. rkfhyg; nghUspay;
gpur;rpidfshy; cUthd 1971Mk;
Mz;L thypgu;fspd; fpsu;r;rpf;F
mQ;rhky; Kfk; nfhLj;jhu;.
fy;tpj;Jiwapy; ghupa khw;
wj; j pw; F toptFf; F k; tz; z k;
jdpahu; J iwaplkpUe; j ghlrh
iyfis Njrpa cilik
ahf;fpdhu;. gpupj;jhdpa Vfhjpgj;jpa
thjpfspd; fl; L g; g hLfspypUe; J
G+uzkhf tpLtpj;J> ,yq;ifiaf; jpUkjp =khNth gz;lhuehaf;f
Fbau rhf;fpdhu;. KjyhtJ FbauR
ahg;G ,tuJ jiyikapNyNa cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
mNjNghd;W 1976Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; nfhOk;gpy; mzprhuh
,af;f kfhehl;il elj;j Kbe;jik ghupanjhU epfo;thFk;. NkYk;
24 tUlq;fshf jPu;f;fg;glhky; ,Ue;j ,e;jpaf; FbAupikg; gpur;rpid
njhlu;ghf ,e;jpag; gpujku; yhy; gfJ}u; rh];jpup mtu;fSld; Ngrp
,g;gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;j;J nfhz;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 124
 1980,y; jpUkjp gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fspd; gpu[hTupikiag; gwpjJ
;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,Ue;J mtiu ntspNaw;w If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp
eltbf;if vLj;jJ. vd;whYk; 1994,y; %d;whk; KiwahfTk; mtuhy;
gpujkuhf tuKbe;jJ. 2000Mk; Mz;L xf;Nlhgu; khjk; 10 Me; jpfjp
nghJj; Nju;jy; eilngw;w mNj jpdj;jpy; khuilg;ghy; md;dhu;
fhykhdhu;. ehw;gJ Mz;Lfshf murpay; muq;fpy; gpufhrpj;j md;dhu;
rpwe;j murpay; jiytu;fspy; xUtuhthu;. cyfpd; KjyhtJ ngz;
gpujku; vd;w rpwg;Gk; ,tiuNarhUk;.

jpU.N[.Mu;.[atu;j;jd ^1906 - 1996&

[_dpa]; upr;ru;l; [atu;j;jd mtu;fs; 1906Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gu;

khjk; 17 Me; jpfjp gpwe;jhu;. ,tu; nfhOk;G Nwhay; fy;Y}upapd;
jiyrpwe; j khztu; f Ss; xUtuhthu; . 1925,y; ,yq; i fg;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Eioe;J cau; fy;tpiaj; njhlu;e;jhu;. 1928,y;
rl;lf; fy;Y}upapy; fy;tpia epiwT nra;J 1931 ,y; tof;fwpQuhfj;
njhopy; tho;fi
; fia Muk;gpjj; hu;. mj;Jiwapy; kpfTk; Gfo;ngw;wtuhdhu;.

ngsj;j rkak; kw;Wk; rpq;fs fyhrhuk; ,ay;ghd vspikahd

tho;fi ; fia kjpjj; ,tu; 1939 ,y; mf;fhy murpay; muq;fpy; Gfo;ngw;Wj;
jpfo;e;j Nrdhehaf;fhf;fspd; topfhl;lypy; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapy;
,ize;J nfhz;lhu;. 1940,y; nfhOk;G efurig mq;fj;jtuhfj; njupT
nra;ag;gl;lhu;. 1944 ,y; rpqf
; sj;ij kl;Lk;
murhq;f nkhopahf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
jP u ; k hdnkhd; i w muRf; fofj; j py;
Kd;itj;jhu;. 1947,y; ,lk;ngw;w nghJj;
Nju;jypd; %yk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpwF ; j; njupT
nra;ag;gl;lhu;. If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapy;
gy gjtpfisAk; tfpj;Js;shu;.

,yq;ifapy; KjyhtJ ghuhSkd;

wj;jpy; epjp mikr;ruhfTk; jpU.N[hd;
nfhj; j yhtiyapd; mikr; r uitapy;
tptrha czT mikr;ruhfTk; gjtpfis
tfpj;jhu;. ll;yp Nrdhehaf;ftpd; kuzj;
ijj; njhlu;e;J If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapd;
jpU.N[.Mu;.[atu;jj
; d
jiyikg; nghWg;ig Vw;w ,tu;> fl;rpia

125 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf
gpugy;akhdjhff; fl;bnaOg;gpdhu;. 1977Mk; Mz;L nghJj;Nju;jypy;
tuyhw;Wg; Gfo;ngw;w ntw;wpiag; ngw;W gpujkuhdhu;. gpd;du; 1978,y;
,uz;lhtJ Fbaurpd; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; nfhz;l KjyhtJ
[dhjpgjpahdik rpwg;ghff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

1978,y; ,uz;lhtJ FbauR ahg;Gk;> epiwNtw;W mjpfhuKs;s

[dhjpgjp KiwAk; ,tuJ jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;lik
rpwg;gk;rkhFk;. kfhtypj; jpl;lj;ijr; nraw;gLj;jp tptrha> ifj;njhopy;
Jiwfspy; mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. Vio kf;fSf;F fhzp> njhopy;
vd;gtw;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jhu;. tpfN
; lhupah> ue;njdpfy Nghd;w kfhtyp
mgptpUj; j pj; jpl; l q; f isr; nraw; g Lj; j pdhu; . 1977,y; jpwe; j
nghUshjhuj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpajd; %yk; cyfj;Jld; xd;wpize;j
rpNu\;l jiytuhdhu;.

1982,y; eilngw;w [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;W ,uz;lhtJ

epiwNtw;W mjpfhuKila [dhjpgjpahf N[. Mu; n[atu;jdh mtu;fs;
gjtpNw;W 10 tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf gjtpapypUe;jhu;. mzpNruh ehLfSld;
ty;yuRfshd If;fpa mnkupf;fh> Nrhtpaj; u\;ah Nghd;wtw;Wld;
ey;YwTfisg; Ngzp te;jhu;. [g;ghd; ehL ,tu; kPJ tpNrl <LghL
nfhz;L cjtp> xj;jhirfisg; Gupe;jJ. rpukkhd fhyfl;lk; xd;wpy;
Ml; r pia elj; j pr; nry; t jw; F ,tuJ gue; j murpay; mDgtk;
cWJizaha; mike;jJ.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 126
RUf; f k;

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpdd
; u; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; tsu;rr ; pgw;wp
,Jtiu fw;w ePqf ; s; fPot
; Uk; tplaq;fs; gw;wp mwpeJ ;
nfhz;bUg;gPu;fs;.

° 1948y; gpupj;jhdpag; Nguurpy; ,Ue;J kPz;Lk; ,yq;if Rje;jpuk;

ngw;wJ.

° gy; N tW Nju; j y; f spy; murpay; fl; r pfspd; nfhs; i ffs;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjk;

° Nju;jypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu>

fyhrhu gpur;rpidfSk; gjtpfF ; te;j murhq;fq;fs; mtw;iwj;
jPu;f;f Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffSk;

° 1972y; KjyhtJ FbauR murpay; ahg;G cUthf;fg;gl;lik

° epiwNtw;W [dhjpgjp Kiwiaf; nfhz;l ,uz;lhtJ FbauR

murpay; ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa ,ay;Gfs;

nraw; g hL

tFg;igg; ghuhSkd;wkhf khw;wp mku;T xd;iw elj;Jf.

rghehafu; cl;gl ghuhSkd;w cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis epakpj;J>
VjhtJ xU gpur;rpidia kl;Lk; fye;JiuahLk; mku;thf
mJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. (Mrpupaupd; topfhl;Ljiyg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;f)

127 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf

; hf