06 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; ,yq;if

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;l murpay;> nghUshjhu

khw;wq;fis ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpy; fw;Nghk;.
1948 ,y; ,yq;if Rje;jpukile;jijj; njhlu;e;J ghuhSkd;w
[dehafk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjw;Fj; Njitahd>
v murpay; fl;rp Kiw
v mikr;ruit (Nfgpdw;)
vd;gd gw;wp mwptJld; 1972 Mk; 1978 Mk; Mz;Lf; FbauR
ahg;Gfisg; gw;wpAk; fw;gJ mtrpakhFk;.
Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapy; fy;tp> tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;
Rfhjhuk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlh;ghly; Kjypa Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l tsu;rr ; p
gw;wp fw;gJld; 1948 Kjy; 1977 tiu ,yq;ifah; ngw;W nfhz;l
eyd;Gup NritfSk; fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;.
[dehafk;
v etPd Ml;rp Kiwfspy; [dehafk; kpfTk; gpugy;akhdJ.
v “kf;fshy; kf;fSf;fhd kf;fspd; Ml;rp” [dehafk; vd;gJ If;fpa
mnkupf;fhtpd; 16Mk; [dhjpgjp Mgpufhk;ypq;fdpd;
tiutpyf;fzkhFk;.
v “midtUf;Fk; chpikfs; fpilf;Fk; Xh; Ml;rp Kiw” vd;W rPyu;
vDk; murpay; mwpQu; [dehafj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
Neub [dehafk;
Guhjd fpNuf;fj;jpy; vnjd;];> ];ghl;lh Kjypa efu muRfspy;
Neub [dehafk; epytpaJ. mq;F xd;W $ba gpui[fs; Ml;rp epu;thfk;
njhlh;ghd KbTfis vLj;jdu;.
gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafk;
thf;Fupik cs;s gpui[fs; Ml;rp eltbf;iffSf;fhfj; jkJ
gpujpepjpfisj; Njh;jy; %yk; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fj; njupT nra;jy;
gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafk; vdg;gLk;.
jw;NghJ cyfpd; ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehaf
Ml;rpNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. rdj;njhif mjpfupj;jik> kdpj
Njitfs; mjpfupj;jik> Kjypa fhuzq;fshy; Neub [dehafj;ij
nraw;gLj;JtJk; Kbahj fhupakhFk;. mjw;Fg; gjpyhf gpujpepjpj;Jt
[dehafk; ,d;W eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 77 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 [dehafk; ntw;wpaspg;gjw;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzpfs; ,uz;L>
v Rje;jpuk;
v rkj;Jtk;.
Rje;jpuk;
midtUk; r%fj;jpy; nfsutkhf tho;tjw;fhd cupikiag;
ngw;wpUj;jy; Rje;jpukhFk;.
rkj;Jtk;
gpui[fs; midj;J mbg;gil cupikfisAk; mDgtpg;gjw;F
r%fj;jpy; rkj;Jtk; epyt Ntz;Lk;.
[dehafj;jpd; ntw;wpf;fhd fhuzpfs;
v ru;trd thf;Fupik.
v fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; Nju;jy; eilngWjy;.
v murpay; mwpT gilj;j kf;fs;
v murpay; fl;rpfs; fhzg;gLjy;
murpay; fl;rpKiw
gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafj;jpd; gpujhd MAjk; murpay; fl;rpfshFk;.
fl;rp Kiwiaj; jtpu;j;J [dehaf murpaiyg; gw;wp NgrKbahj
msTf;F ,uz;Lk; gpd;dpg; gpize;Js;sd.
gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ghuhSkd;w [dehafj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;J
tjw;fhf 17Mk; E}w;whz;by; murpay; fl;rpfs; Muk;gkhfpd. ,d;W
[dehafj;jpd; mbg;gilNa murpay; fl;rpfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Ml;rpAhpikiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; murpay; fl;rpfs;
jkJ nfhs; i fia kf; f s; kj; j papy; Kd; i tf; f pd; w d. murpay; >
nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu> ntsptptfhu> r%feyd;Gup Kjypa
Jiwfspy; jhk; Nkw;nfhs;sg; NghFk; eltbf;iffs; gw;wp fl;rp
nfhs;iffs; tpsf;fkspf;Fk;.
nghJ kf;fs; fl;rpfspd; nfhs;iffSf;Nfw;g jdJ ngWkjp kpf;f
thf;Ffis Nju;jypd; NghJ jkf;F tpUg;gkhd fl;rpfSf;F toq;Ftu;.
Nju;jypd; NghJ mspf;fg;gl;l nry;Ygbahd thf;Ffspd;gb murhq;ff;
fl;rpAk; vjpu;f;fl;rpAk; njupT nra;ag;gLk;.
,U fl;rp Kiw
xU ehl;by; ,uz;L fl;rpfs; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLkhapd; mJ ,U
fl;rp Kiw vdg;gLk;. ,k;KiwNa rpwg;ghd [dehaf Ml;rpf;F
toptFf;Fk;. ,k;Kiwapy; gykhd MSk; fl;rpAk; gykhd vjpu;ff
; l;rpAk;
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 78 tuyhW> juk; - 11
mikAk;. murpay; fl;rpKiw Muk;gkhd gpupj;jhdpahtpy; Muk;gf;
fhyj;jpy; ,U fl;rpfNs ,Ue;jd. vdpDk; jw;NghJ gyf; fl;rpfs;
cs;sd. ,d;Wk; mq;F njhopw;fl;rp goikNgz; fl;rp (nfhz;rNtl;bt;)
Mfpa ,U fl;rpfSs; xd;Nw Ml;rpf;F tUfpd;wd.vdNt ,q;fpyhe;J
,Uf;fl;rp Kiw nfhz;l ehlhf fUjg;gLfpwJ If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpYk;
Kf;fpa fl;rpfs; ,uz;L khwp> khwp Ml;rpf;F tUfpd;wd. vdNt
me;ehl;bYk; ,U fl;rpKiw epyTtjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

gy fl;rp Kiw
xU ehl;by; ,uz;Lf;Fk; mjpfkhd fl;rpfs; fhzg;gLkhapd; mJ
gy fl;rp KiwahFk;. N[u;kdp> ,j;jhyp Kjypa INuhg;gpa ehLfspYk;
,e;jpah> ,yq;if Kjypa Mrpa ehLfspYk; gy fl;rp KiwNa
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mikr;ruit (Nfgpdw;)
,yq;ifapy; 1947 Nrhy;gup murpay; jpl;lj;jpd; %yNk Nfgpdw;
vdg;gLk; mikr;ruit mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; gpujkNu
mikr; r uitapd; jiytuhthu; . ghuhSkd; w Ml; r pKiwapy;
mikr;ruitNa epiwNtw;Wj; Jiwahfr; nraw;gl;lJ. mjdhy; epu;thf
eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa KOg; nghWg;Gk; mikr;ruit rhu;e;jjhfNt
,Ue;jJ. nghJ epjpiaf; ifahSjy;> nfhs;iffisr; nraw;gLj;Jjy;>
mgptpUj;jpf;fhd jpl;lkply; Kjypa nghWg;Gf;fSk; mikr;ruit
rhu;e;jjhfNt ,Ue;jd.
mikr;ruitapd; $l;Lg;nghWg;G
ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp Kiwapd; ntw;wpf;F mikr;ruitapd; $l;Lg;
nghWg;G Kf;fpakhdjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
v murhq;fk; nraw;gLj;j cj;NjrpjJ; s;s rl;lq;fisg; gw;wp ve;jnthU
mikr; r Uk; mikr; r uitapy; jkJ fUj; i j njuptpf; f Tk; >
tpku;rpf;fTk; ,lkspf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
v MapDk; mikr;ruitf; fye;Jiuahlypd; gpd;du; mikr;ruit
Nkw; n fhs; S k; KbTfspy; midj; J mikr; r u; f Sf; F k;
$l;Lg;nghWg;G ,Ue;jJ.
v Vw; W f; nfhs; s g; g l; l mikr; r uit Kbnthd; W rk; g e; j khf
mikr;ru;fsplk; fUj;J NtWghLfs; fhzg;gl;lhYk; mjidg;
gfpuq;fkhf tpku;rpf;ff; $lhJ. mt;thW nra;jhy; mikr;ruitf;
nfhs;if mu;j;jkw;wjhtJld; KO mikr;ruitAk; ,Of;fila
NeupLk;.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 79 tuyhW> juk; - 11

v mikr;ruit Nkw;nfhs;Sk; KbTfSf;Ff; $l;Lg; nghWg;G tfpf;f
Kbahj mikr; r u; xUtu; ,Ue; j hy; mtu; jdJ mikr; r u;
gjtpapypUe;J tpyfpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
v mt;thwpy;yhky; mikr;ru; xUtu; gfpuq;fkhf mikr;ruitr;
nraw;ghLfis tpku;rpj;jhy; mtiu ePf;Fk; cupik epiwNtw;Wj;
Jiwapd; jiytuplk; (gpujku;) fhzg;gl;lJ.
v Nrhy;gup ahg;gpd;gb mikr;ruitg; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk; nghWg;Gf;
$Wtjw;F flikg;gl;bUe;jJ.
~~$l;Lg; nghWg;G vDk; mj;jpthuj;jpd; kPNj mikr;ruit vDk; fl;llk;
fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ||

mikr; r uitapd; fl; l ikg; G

­ Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jjpypUe;J 1978 tiu nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay;
jpl; l j; j py; mikr; r uitapd; jiytu; gpujk ke; j phpahthh; .
mikr;ruitia epakpg;gJ gpujkupd; MNyhridf;F ,zq;f
ngausT epu;thfpahyhFk;. 1948 - 1972 tiu MSeu; ehafKk;
1972 - 1978 tiu [dhjpgjpAk; ,g;gjtpia tfpj;jdu;.
­ 1978 - murpay; jpl;lg;gb mikr;ruitapd; jiytu; epiwNtw;W
mjpfhuKs;s [dhjpgjpahthu;.
­ mikr;ru;fis epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjpf;Nf cupajhFk;.
nraw;ghL:
mikr;ruitapd; nraw;ghLfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; tz;zk;
tFg;giwapy; khjpup mikr;ruit xd;iw elj;jpf; fhl;Lf. gpujk
mikr;rUld; 4 my;yJ 5 mikr;ru;fisf; nfhz;ljhf mjid
mikj;Jf; nfhs;f.

,yq;ifapd; fl;rp Kiw tsu;rr

; p
,yq;ifapy; Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd ,af;fq;fs;
gy Njhw; w k; ngw; w pUe; j hYk; ghuhSkd; w [dehafj; i jr;
nraw;gLj;jf;$ba fl;rpfshf mit xOq;fike;J fhzg;gltpyi ; y.
1928 ,y; v. <. Fzrpq;fhtpd; jiyikapy; njhopyhsu; fl;rp
Muk;gkhdJ.
,lJrhupf; fl;rpfs;
,yq; i fapy; Mq; f pyf; fy; t piaf; fw; W Nkw; g bg; g pw; f hf
gpupjhdpahTf;Fr; nrd;w cau; Fohj;ijr; Nru;e;j ,isQu;fSf;Fk;
mq;F nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l ghuhSkd;w [dehaf Ml;rpgw;wpa mDgtj;ijg;

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 80 tuyhW> juk; - 11

ngw; W f; nfhs; s f; $bajhf ,Ue; j J. jha;
ehl;bw;F jpUk;gp te;j mtu;fs; RNjr kf;fis
Ml; r p nra; A k; v[khdh; f shFk; Nehf; f py;
nraw;gl;ldu;.
mtu;fs; jkJ Nehf;fj;ij miltjw;F Nkw;
nfhz; l ,lJrhup ,af; f eltbf; i ffis
ntw;wpfukhff; nfhz;L nry;Yk; nghUl;L 1935
,y; “yq;fh rkrkh[f; fl;rp” vDk; murpay;
fl;rpia Muk;gpj;jdh;. fyhepjp vd;. vk;. ngNuuh
mf;fl;rpapd; jiytuhfr; nraw;gl;lhu;.
1936 ngg; g utup khjj; j py; eilngw; w fyhepjp vd;. vk;. ngNuuh
glk; 6.1
,uz;lhtJ mur fofj;Jf;fhd cWg;gpdu;fisj;
njupT nra;Ak; fhyfl;lj;jpy; yq;fh rkrkh[f; fl;rp rpwg;ghd Kiwapy;
xOq;fike;J fhzg;gl;lJ. MapDk; fl;rpapDs; Vw;gl;l fUj;J NtWghL
mf;fl;rpia ,uz;lhfg; gpsTwr; nra;jJ. mjd; tpisthf>
v 1943 ,y; v];. V. tpf;ukrpq;f mtu;fspd; jiyikapy; “,yq;if
nfhkpA+dprf; fl;rp” cUthdJ.
v 1943 Mk; Mz;bNyNa fyhepjp nfhy;tpd; Mu;. b. rpyt ; h jiyikapy;
“Nghy;N\tpf; nydpd;dp]f; fl;rp” cUthdJ.
1947 Mk; Mz;lhFk; NghJ ,yq;ifapd; ,lJrhhpj; jiytu;fshy;>
v yq;fh rkrkh[f; fl;rp
v Nghy;N\tpf; nydp]f; fl;rp
v nfhkpA+dprf; fl;rp
v njhopyhsh; fl;rp
vDk; gy fl;rpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
1947 Mk; Mz;L ghuhSkd;wj; Njh;jy; eilngWk; NghJ ,lJrhupfs;
,af;fk; ,t;thW gy gpupTfshfg; gpupe;J ntt;Ntwhf nraw;gl;lik
,yq;ifapd; fl;rp Kiw tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa tplakhFk;.

If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp

1947,y; NghJj; NjHjypy; Nghl;bapLtjw;fhf gzk;gilj;j tFg;gpdu;
murpay; fl;rpnahd;iw Muk;gpf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;ldu;. vdNt
,yq;ifj; Njrpa rq;fk;> mfpy ,yq;if Nrhdfu; rq;fk;> rpq;fs kfh
rig> mfpy ,yq;if K];yPk;ypf; Kjypatw;iw ,izj;J 1946 ,y;
b. v];. Nrdhehaf;f jdJ jiyikapy; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpia
cUthf;fpdhu;. jkpo; fhq;fpu];> ,yq;if ,e;jpaf; fhq;fpu]; vd;gdTk;
fl;rpfshf xOq;fike;J nraw;gl;ld.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 81 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 Vida fl;rpfs; mikf;fg;gl;lik

­ murpay; fl;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L 1947,y; ,lk; ngw;w

nghJj; Nju;jypypUe;J ,yq;ifapy; gy fl;rp Kiwik nraw;glj;
njhlq;fpaJ.
­ 1947 nghJj; Nju;jypd; gpd;du; ~~,yq;if rkrkh[f; fl;rp||apypUe;J
tpyfpa gpypg; Fztu;j;jd mtu;fs; ~~Gul;rpfu
rkrkh[f; fl;rp||ia mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.
­ 1949,y; v];.N[.tp. nry;tehafk; mtu;fspd;
jyikapy; ~~,yq; i fj; jkpouRf; fl; r p||
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,yq;ifapy; c U t h d
,d uPjpahd KjyhtJ murpay; fl;rp ,Jntd;W
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
­ 1951,y; v];.lgps;A.Mu;.b. gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fs;
If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapypUe;J tpyfp> 1952 ,y;
~~=yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp||ia Muk;gpj;Jf; v];.N[.tp.nry;tehafk;
glk; 6.2
nfhz;lhu;.
­ ,ytrf; fy;tpapd; gydhy; cUthd fw;NwhUk;> gpf;FfSk;> RNjr
itj;jpau;fSk;> Mrpupau;fSk;> tptrhapfSk;> njhopyhsUk; Nru;ej ;
Ik;ngUk; rf;jpfSk; Rje;jpuf; fl;rpiar; #o mzpjpuz;ldu;.
­ 1965,y; Nuh`z tpN[tPu mtu;fspd; jiyikapy; ~~kf;fs;
tpLjiy Kd;dzp|| cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
­ 1977 ,y; ~,lJrhup If;fpa Kd;dzp| cUthf;fg;gl;lJk; ,yq;if
murpay; fl;rp tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpakhd xU fl;lkhFk;.
w ,yq;if rkrkh[f; fl;rp
w ,yq;if fkpA+dp]f; fl;rp
w =yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rpapypUe;J gpupe;J te;j FOtpduhd
~~kf;fs; [dehaff; fl;rp||
w kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpapypUe;J gpupe;J te;j FOtpduhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l ~~kf;fs; tpLjiy fl;rp||
,it midj;Jk; xd;wpize;Nj ~~,lJrhup If;fpa Kd;dzp||
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,t;tpjkhf ,yq;ifapd; murpay; fl;rp Kiwapd; tuyhw;iw
Nehf;Fifapy; ,e;ehl;by; gy; fl;rp Kiw nraw;gLtij mtjhdpff
; yhk;.
,jdhy; cWjpahd murhq;fk; xd;iw mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd
ngUk;ghd;ik Mrdq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ rpukkhAs;sJ. ,jdhy;
gy fl;rpfs; xd;wpize;J $l;lurhq;fq;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tJ
Jyhk;gukhd mk;rkhFk;.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 82 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 Nju;jy; Kiwapd; tuyhW
1947 nghJj; Nju;jy;
Kjy; Kiwahf ,yq;ifapy; fl;rp mbg;gilapyhd Nju;jy; 1947
,y; eilngw;wJ. thf;fhsu;fSk; jkJ ngWkjpahd thf;Ffs; %yk;
ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F jkJ gpujpepjpfisj; njupT nra;jdu;. ,j;Njh;jypy;
fl;rpfs; jtpu;e;j 182 RNal;ir Ntl;ghsu;fSk; Nghl;bapl;ldu;.

1947 - nghJj; Nju;jy; KbTfs;

murpay; fl;rp fpilj;j Mrdq;fs;
01. If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp 42
02. njhopyhsu; fl;rp 01
03. yq;fh rkrkh[f; fl;rp 10
04. RNal;irfs; 21
05. Nghy;N\tpf; nydpd; fl;rp 05
06. nfhkpA+dp];l; fl;rp 03
07. ,yq;if> ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; 06
08. jkpou; rq;fk; 07

,j; Nju;jy; KbTfis mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ xU

fl;rpf;fhtJ 50% Mrdq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
Kbatpy;iy vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ. vdNt mjpf
Mrdq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpa I. Nj. fl;rp RNal;ir
cWg;gpdu;fisAk; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;L Ml;rpia
mikj;jJ. jkpou; fhq;fpu]; murhq;fj;Jld; ,ize;jJ.

gpujku;
,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gpujkh; b.v];.Nrdhehaf;f
glk; 6.3
b.v];.Nrdhehaf;f Mthu;

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 83 tuyhW> juk; - 11

v MSk; fl;rpapy; Nfgpdw; gpujp epjpfs; ,lk;ngw;wdu;.
v mikr;ruit (Nfgpdw;) 14 mikr;ru;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

KjyhtJ mikr;ruit
glk; : 6.4

v 1952 ,y; gpujkh; b.v]; . Nrdhehaf; f fhykhd NghJ

mt; n tw; w plj; j pw; F md; d hupd; kfd; ll; y p
Nrdhehaf;f njupthdhu;. mtu; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
fhyk; Kbtiltjw;F Kd;dNu ghuhSkd;wj;
ijf; fiyj;J Gjpa Nju;jy; xd;iw elhj;jpdhu;.
v 1952 ,y; eilngw;w Nju;jy; KbTfspd;gb l;lyp
Nrdhehaf;f gpujkuhdhu;. ghuhSkd;w
njhFjpfspy; 54 ,y; ,f;fl;rp ntw;wp ngw;wJ.
v 1953 ,y; eilngw;w murhq;fj;Jf;nfjpuhd
ll;yp Nrdhehaf;f
`u;j;jhy; fhuzkhf gpujku; ll;yp Nrdhehaf;f glk; 6.5
gjtp tpyf Nru;. N[hd; nfhj;jyhty gpujkuhfg;
gjtpNaw;whu;.
v 1956 ,y; eilngwtpUe;j nghJj; Nju;jYf;F
Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; Kfkhf v];.lgps;A+.Mu;.b.
gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fs; jd;Dld; vjpu;f;fl;rp
tupirapy; ,Ue;j gpypg; Fztu;jd kw;Wk;
RNal;ir cWg;gpdu;fs; rpyiuAk; Nru;j;Jf;
nfhz; L “kf; f s; If; f pa Kd; d zp”ia
mikj;jhu;.
v 1956 ,y; eilg; n gw; w nghJj; N ju; j ypy;
ntw;wpg;ngw;w v];.lgps;A+.Mu;.b.gz;lhuehaf;f v];.lgps;A.Mu;.b.gz;lhuehaf;f
mtu;fs; gpujkuhfpdhu.; glk; 6.6

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 84 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 v 1959Mk; Mz;L jpU. v];.lgpsA
; +.Mu;.b.gz;lhuehaf;fh
nfhiy nra;ag;glNt mf;fl;rpiar; Nru;e;j jpU.
tp[ahde;jh j`hehaf;fh rpwpJ fhyk; gpujkuhf
flikahw;wpdhu;..
v 1960Mk; Mz;L ,uz;L Nju;jy;fs; eilngw;wd.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Nju;jy; njhFjpfs; 151 tiu
$l;lg;gl;ld. 18 taJf;F Nkw;gl;Nlhu; Kjd; Kiwahf
,j;Nju;jypy; thf;fspj;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;.
1960Mk; Mz;L khu;r; khjk; eilg;ngw;w Nju;jypy;
lg;spA+. j`ehaf;f vf;fl;rpAk; ngUk;ghd;ik Mrdq;fisg; ngwtpy;iy.
glk; 6.7
If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp 50 Mrdq;fisAk;> =yq;fh
Rje;jpuf; fl;rp 46 Mrdq;fisAk; ngw;wd. kpFjpahd 55Mrdq;fis
Vida fl;rpfs; ngw;wd.mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gy fl;rpfs; xd;wpize;J
jpU. ll;yp Nrdhehaf;fhtpd; jiyikapy; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapd;
Ml;rpia epWtpd.vdpDk; ghuhSkd;w tuT nryT jpl;l ciuAld;
murhq;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jJ.
v mjd; gpd;du;1960 [{iy 20Me; jpfjp NkYk; xU nghJj;Nju;jy;
eilngw;wJ. mj;Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;w =yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rpapd;
jiytp jpUkjp rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;f gpujkuhdhu;. mtu; Muk;gj;jpy;
nrdw; rigapd; epakd mq;fj;jtuhf epakpf;fg;gl;Nl
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; gpuNtrpj;jhu;. jpUkjp gz;lhuehaf;fh mtu;fNs cyfpy;
KjyhtJ ngz; gpujkuhthu;. ,J ,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpakhd
xU epfo;thFk;. gj;jpupif epWtdq;fis kf;fSilikahf;FtJ
njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidahy; jpU. rp.gp.B rpy;thtpd; jiyikapy; 14
ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; murhq;fj;jpypUe;J tpyfpajhy; 1964 Mk;
Mz; L brk; g u; khjk; =khNth gz; l huehaf; f htpd; murhq; f k;
Njhy;tpAw;wJ.
v gpd;du; 1965 khu;r; khjk; mLj;j Nju;jy; eilngw;wJ. mj;Nju;jypYk;
murhq;fj;ij mikf;ff;$ba ngUk;ghd;ikia ve;jf; fl;rpAk;
ngwtpy;iy. vdpDk; rpy fl;rpfspd; cjtpiag; ngw;W If;fpa Njrpaf;
fl;rp Ml;rpia mikj;jJ. jpU. ll;yp Nrdhehaf;fh ehd;fhtJ
Kiwahf gpujkuhdhu;. ,e;j murhq;fk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; tiu mjhtJ
mjd; MAl; fhykhd 1970Mk; Mz;L tiu ePbj;jJ.
v 1970Mk; Mz; L Nju; j iy vjpu; N ehf; F k; nghUl; L =yq; f h
Rje;jpuf;fl;rpahdJ fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp> yq;fh rkrkh[f; fl;rp
vd;gtw;Wld; ,ize;J nghJf; $l;lzpia mikj;jJ. fl;rpap;y;
Vw;gl;l nfhs;if NtWghl;lhy; 1975Mk; Mz;L yq;fh rkrkh[f;
fl;rpAk; 1976 Mk; Mz;L fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpAk; murhq;fj;jpypUe;J
tpyf;fpd.
v 1977Mk; Mz; L eilg; n gw; w nghJj; N ju; j ypy; jpU N[.Mu; .
[atu;jj ; dtpd; jiyikapy; If;fpa Njrpaf;fl;rp ntw;wp ngw;W Ml;rp
gPlNkwpaJ.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 85 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 1972 Kjyhk; FbauR murpay; ahg;G.
1947 Kjy; 1972 tiu ,yq;ifapy; Nrhy;gup murpay; ahg;G
eilKiwg; g Lj; j g; g l; l J. ,e; j ahg; g pd; fP o ; ,yq; i f Rje; j puk;
mile;jhYk;$l mr;Rje;jpuk; KOikahdjhff; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
njhlu;e;Jk; ,yq;if gpupj;jhdpa Kbapd; fPo; nraw;gLk; epiyNa
fhzg;gl;lJ. Kbapd; gpujpepjpahf Nrhy;gup murpay; ahg;gpy; MSeu;
ehafk; fhzg;gl;lhu;.
Nrhy;ghp murpay; ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs; vit vd Kjyhk;
mj;jpahaj;ij thrpj;J mwpe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.
NkYk; ,yq; i fapd; Ml; r p eltbf; i ffspy; gpupj; j hdpah
jiyapLtjw;F Nrhy;ghp ahg;G toptFj;jJld; vkJ rl;lj;Jiw> eput ; hfj;
Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw vd rfy tplaq;fspYk; gpupj;jhdpa nry;thf;Ff;
fhzg;gl;lJ. 1950fspy; ,yq;ifapd; murpay;thjpfs;> Gj;jp[Ptpfs;>
vOj;jhsh;fs; Kjypa r%fg; gpujhdpfs; G+uz jd;dhjpff; Kila Rje;jpu
ahg;nghd;wpd; Njit gw;wp Rl;bf; fhl;bdu;. 1948 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du;
nraw;gl;l Nrhy;gup ahg;G “nlhkPdpad; me;j];J” vDk; Rahl;rpia
kl;LNk ,yq;iff;F toq;fpapUe;jikAk; Gjpa ahg;gpw;fhd mtrpaj;ij
cUthf;fhJ.
1948 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; nraw;gl;l Nrhy;gup ahg;G “nlhkPdpad;
me;j];J|| vDk; Rahl;rpia kl;LNk ,yq;iff;F toq;fpapUe;jik.

mJtiu Ml;rpf;F te;j murhq;fq;fs; vy;yhk; Gjpa murpay;

ahg;gpd; Njitia czh;e;jpUe;j NghjpYk; mjw;fhd tha;g;G 1970
nghJj; Njh;jypd; gpd;dNu fpilj;jJ.

cq;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; ahg;Gj;

jpl;l rigahf xd;W $Ltjw;Fk; Gjpa murpay; ahg;nghd;iw
tiutjw;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij toq;FkhW ehk; cq;fsplk; Nfl;Lf;
nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. me;j ahg;gpd;gb jd;dhjpf;fKk; ,iwikAk; cs;s
Fbaurhf ,yq; i fia khw; W tJld; Nrh\ypr> [dehaf
Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; rfy Fbkf;fspdJk; kdpj
cupikfisAk; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk; vd
ehk; vjpu; g hu; f ; f pd; N whk; . 1970 If; f pa Kd; d zpapd; Njh; j y;
tpQ;Qhgdj;jpypUe;J.

1970 Nju;jypy; jpUkjp rpwPkhNth gz;lhuehaf;f mtu;fspd; If;fpa

Kd;dzp %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;Fg; ngUk;ghd;ikiag; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 86 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 kf;fs; Miziag; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l Gjpa
murhq;fk; 1970 [{iy 10 Mk; jpfjp
ahg;Gj; jpl;l rigia epWtpaJ. ahg;Gj;
jpl; l rig tiue; j “,yq; i f rdehaf
Nrhrypr FbauR ahg;G” 1972 Nk khjk; 22
Mk; jpfjp mKYf;F te;jJ.
1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpd;
Nehf;fq;fs;.
01. ,yq;ifiaj; jd;dhjpf;fKk; ,iwikAk;
nfhz;l Fbaurhf;Fjy;.
02. Nrhrypr> [dehaf r%fnkhd;iwf;
fl; b naOg; G tjw; F ahg; G uP j pahd fl; l
rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;f
ikg;ig Vw;gLj;jy;. glk; 6.8
03. ehl;L kf;fspd; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; mbg;gil
cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
1972 Mk; Mz;L ahg;gpd; mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;
01. mJtiu “yq;fh” vDk; ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;l ,yq;if> 1972
Kjy; = yq;fh vDk; ngauhy; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
02. 1956 ,y; ghuhSkd;wr; rl;l %yk; mur fUk nkhopahf;fg;gl;bUe;j
rpq;fsk;> murpay; ahg;Gr; rl;l %yk; NkYk; cWjpgLj;jg;gl;lJ.
03. ngsj;j rkaj;jpw;F Kjyplk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
04. kf;fs; ,iwikia epiyehl;Ljy;> Nrhy;gup ahg;gpd; fPo; ,yq;ifg;
ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F ,iwik mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy.
Mdhy; FbauR ahg;gpd; Kjyhk; mj;jpahaj;jpNy kf;fs; ,iwik
gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ.
kf;fs; ,iwik ghJfhf;fg;gl;l topfs;
01. ru;trd thf;Fupik.
02. mbg;gil kdpj cupik vd;gd ahg;gpdhy;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;ld.

v kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfisf;

nfhz; l Njrpa muRg; Nguitahy; kf; f s;
,iwik nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
- 1972 ahg;gpd; 3 Mk; 4 Mk; ruj;J.

v rl;lk;> eph;thfk;> ePjp vd;w Kj;Jiw

mjpfhuq;fSk; kf;fs; ,iwikAld; $ba Njrpa
muRg; Nguitahy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;. nfhy;tpd;
Mu;. b. rpyt
; h
5 Mk; ruj;J. glk; 6.9

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 87 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 kf; f spd; rl; l j; J iw mjpfhuk;
kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l Njrpa muRg;
Nguit %yk; nraw;gly;
kf; f spd; epiwNtw; W j; J iw mjpfhuk;
kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfspUe;J njupT nra;ag;gl;l
gpujku;> mikr;ru; mlq;fpa mikr;ruit %yk; nraw;gly;.
kf; f spd; eP j pj; J iw mjpfhuk;
kf;fspd; ePjpj;Jiw cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; cau; ePjpkd;wk;
cs;spl;l ePjpkd;wj; njhFjpapd; %yk; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;. me;j
ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpgjpfs; nghJkf;fspd; gpujpepjpahd gpujkupd;
rpghu;RfSf;F mika [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLtu;.
kf;fspd; ,iwik nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; topfs;
v rl;lj;Jiw %yk; rl;lkpaw;wg;gLk;.
v epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw %yk; epu;tfpf;fg;gLk;.
v ePjpkd;wq;fs; %yk; cupikfs; ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.
nraw;ghL
“1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;G %yk; kf;fs; ,iwik cWjpg;gLj;jg;
-gl;lJ.” ,f;fUj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd jfty;fisj; jpul;Lq;fs;.

05. MSeu; ehafk; vDk; gjtpf;Fg; gjpyhf [dhjpgjp vDk; ehk

epu;thfg; gjtp Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Nrhy;gup ahg;gpd;gb ,yq;if murpd;
jiytpahf gpupj;jhdpa kfhuhzpNa tpsq;fpdhh;. rl;lkpaw;Wjy;>
epu; t hfk; > eP j pkd; w j; jP u ; g ; G fs; vy; y hk; mtupd; ngauhNyNa
epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld. kfhuhzpapd; mjpfhuq;fs; Kbapd; gpujpepjpahd
MSeu; ehafj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld.
1972 FbauR ahg;G MSeh; ehafk; gjtpia ePf;fpaJld; ngausT
epu;thfpahf [dhjpgjp gjtpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpagpd; gpupj;jhdpa
kfhuhzpapd; Ml;rpf; fhyk; Kbtile;jJ. vdNt ,yq;if murpd;
jiytuhf FbauR [dhjpgjp ngausT epu;thfpahfg; gjtp tfpj;jhu;.
,tu; gpujkupd; MNyhridg;gb epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
nraw; g hL
ehk epu;thfpahd KjyhtJ [dhjpgjp ahu;? mtu; vt;thW epakdk;
ngw;whu;? mtupd; mjpfhuq;fs;> flikfs; ahit? vd;gtw;iw
tpsf;Ff.
06. 1948 Kjy; nraw;gl;l ,uz;L rigfisf; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;wk;
ePf;fg;gl;L xw;iwr; rigiaf; nfhz;l “Njrpa muRg;Nguit”
epWtg;gl;lJ. ,JNt kf;fs; ,iwikia nraw;gLj;Jk; mjpAau;
jhgdkhf tpsq;fpaJ.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 88 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 Njrpa muRg; Nguitapd; flikfs;
v kf;fspd; rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;Jjy;.
v nghJ epjpiag; gupghydk; nra;jy;.
v ehl;bd; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;JtJld; kf;fspd; FiwghLfisj;
jPuj
; j
; y;.
v murpay; ahg; G r; rP u ; j pUj; j k; > ahg; G khw; w k; Kjypatw; i w
Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
07. 1972 FbauR ahg;G mKy;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F Kd;dh; 1971 ,y; ,yq;ifg;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Nky; rigahd nrdw;rig ePff ; g;gl;bUe;jJ. vdNt
1972 ,y; xw;iwr; rigiaf; nfhz;l rl;lkpaw;Wk; Jiwahf
Njrpa muRg; Nguit fhzg;gl;lJ.
,t;thW Njrpa murNguitf;Fj; njupT nra;ag;gLk; kf;fs;
gpujpepfspd; %yk; kf;fs; epu;thfj;jpy; gq;F nfhs;s re;ju;gg ; k; Vw;gl;lJ.
Gjpa ahg;gpidj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; mjpfhuKk; kf;fsplNk cs;sJ vd;gJ
cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

nraw;ghL
v 1947 Nrhy;ghp ahg;gpd;gb rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l tpjj;ijAk;.
1972 FbauR ahg;gpd;gb rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l tpjj;ijAk; ,U
FOf;fshfg; gpupe;J xg;gpl;L Muha;e;J mwpf;if xd;iw
Kd;itf;f.

08.gpujkhpd; jyikapyhd mikr;ruit (epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw)

nghJj; Nju;jy; xd;wpd; gpd;du; mjpf Mrdq;fisg; ngw;w fl;rpapd;
jiytu; gpujkuhf epakdk; ngWthu;. gpujku; jdf;F ek;gpf;ifahd
rpNu\;l cWg;gpdu;fis mikr;ru;fshf epakdk; nra;J (nfgpdl;)
mikr; r uitia cUthf; F thu; . ,e; j epiwNtw; W j; JiwahdJ
rl; l j; J iw ,aw; W k; rl; l q; f is eilKiwg; g Lj; J k; . gpujkupd;
MNyhridg;gb ngausT epu;thfpahd [dhjpgjpNa mikr;ru;fis
epakdk; nra;thu;. Nrhy;gup mikr;ruitf;Fk;> ,t;tikr;ruitf;Fk;
ngupjsthd NtWghLfs; fhzg;gltpy;iy.

gpujku; jiyikapyhd mikr;ruit $l;Lg; nghWg;Gld;

ehl;il epu;tfpg;gjw;Ff; flikg;gl;Ls;sJ.

09. RahjPdkhd ePjpkd;wk;

1947 ahg;gpd; fl;lisr; rl;lg;gb fhzg;gl;l ePjpj;Jiwf;Fg; gjpyhf
1972 FbauR ahg;G ePjpkd;w fl;likg;G xd;iw Vw;gLj;jpaJ. vdNt
Gjpa ahg;gpy;>
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 89 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 01. 1973 Mk; Mz;L 44 Mk; ,yf;f ePjpj;Jiw fl;lisr; rl;lk;.
02. njhopyhsu; gpur;rpid rl;l %yk;.
03. K];ypk; tpthf> tpthfuj;J rl;l %yk;.
Mfpa cg ruj;Jf;fisAk; cl;gLj;jp ePjpkd;w epWtdq; f spd;
njhFjpnahd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
01. cr;r ePjpkd;wk;.
02. Nky; ePjpkd;wk;.
03. khtl;l ePjpkd;wk;.
04. ePjthd; ePjpkd;wk;.
05. njhopy; ePjpkd;wk;.
06. fhjp ePjpkd;wk;.
07. murpay; ahg;G ePjpkd;wk;.
,e; e P j p kd; w j; njhFjpfSs; gpujhdkhd ,uz; L cr; r
ePjpkd;wKk;> Nky; ePjpkd;wKkhFk;.
khtl; l eP j pkd; w q; f s; me; j e; j khtl; l q; f spd; Fbapay;
tof;FfisAk;> ePjthd; ePjpkd;wq;fs; me;je;j khtl;lj;jpd; Fw;wtpay;
tof;Ffis tprhupj;Jj; jPu;g;gspf;Fk; nghWg;ig nraw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
njhopyhsu; ePjp kd;wq;fs; njhopy; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfisf;
ifahs;fpd;wd.
ePjpj; Jiwapd; Rahjpgj;jpaj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ePjpr; Nrit
MNyhridr; rigAk;> ePjpNrit xOq;fhw;W rigAk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
1972 tiu ,yq;if ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Fw;wthspahfj; jPug
; G
; toq;fg;gl;l
xUtUf;F gpupj;jhdpahtpd; gpuPtpf;fTd;rpYf;F Nkd; KiwaPL nra;Ak;
cupik ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; 1972 ahg;gpd;gb mJ Kw;whf ePf;fg;gl;lJ.

1962,y; ,lk;ngw;w muRf;F vjpuhd rjpgG ; ul;rpahsh;fSf;F ,yq;if

ePjpkd;wk; toq;fpa jPug
; i
; g vjph;jJ
; Fw;whthspfs; md;iwa jpdNk
gpuPtpf;fTd;rpYf;F Nkd; KiwaPL nra;J mjD}lhf
tpLjiyahdhu;fs;. ,J ,yq;ifapd; jd;dhjpf;fj;Jf;F rthyhf
mike;jJ.
nraw;ghL
“gpupj;jhdpa gpuPtpf;fTd;rpYf;F Nkd;KiwaPL nra;Ak; cupik
ePf;fg;gl;likahdJ ,yq;if kf;fspd; ,iwikiag; ghJfhf;Fk;
nrayhf mike;jJ.” ,f;fUj;J njhlu;ghf ckJ mgpgg ; puhaq;fis
Kd;itf;fTk;.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 90 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 10. mbg;gil kdpj cupikAk;> Rje;jpuKk;
,yq;if murpay; ahg;nghd;wpy; ~~mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs;||
Kjd; Kjyhf Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ 1972 FbauR ahg;gpyhFk;. ahg;gpd; 6 Mk;
mj;jpahaj;jpd; 18 (I) ruj;jpy; kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpf; Fwpgg
; plg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nraw; g hL
1. mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; vd;why; vd;d? vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
2. 1972 FbauR ahg;gpy; Fwpgg ; plg;gl;Ls;s kdpj cupikfs; rpytw;iw
Rth;g;gj;jpupifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
1948 Mk; Mz;L ngg;utup 4 Mk; jpfjp ,yq;if Rje;jpukile;jJ.
md;W gpupjj
; hdpah toq;fpa nlhkPdpad; me;j];jpypUe;J tpLgl;L cz;ikahd
Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wj;je;jJ 1972Mk; Mz;bd; Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;ghFk;.
nraw;ghL
1. 1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;ghdJ ,yq;ifia jd;dhjpf;fKk;
,iwikAKs;s Fbaurhf khw;wpaikj;jJ. ,J gw;wp ckJ
fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpf;f.
2. 1947 Nrhy;gup ahg;gpYk; 1972 FbauR ahg;gpYk; xj;j jd;ikfisAk;
vjpuhd jd;ikfisAk; gl;baypLf.
xj;j jd;ikfs; vjpuhd jd;ikfs;
1947 1972 1947 1972
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

1978 ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;G

1977Mk; [{iy khjk; 21Mk; jpfjp Mz;L eilngw;w Nju;jypy;
50 % f;F Nkw;gl;l thf;FfisAk; 80 % f;F Nkw;gl;l Mrdq;fisAk;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;l N[. Mu;. [atu;j;jd jiyikapyhd If;fpa Njrpaf;
fl;rp Ml;rp mikj;jJ.
1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;Gf;Fg; gjpyhf Gjpa murpay; ahg;gpid
mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd G+u;thq;f Ntiyfis N[. Mu;. [atu;j;jd
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 91 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 Gjpa murpay; ahg;nghd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjd;
Nehf;fq;fs;.
rpy ehLfspy; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw Neubahf
thf;fhsh;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. me;
epiwNtw;Wj; JiwahdJ ahg;G rPuj ; pUj;jj;ij
vjpug
; hu;ff
; hJ nraw;gLtjhFk;. gpuhd;rpd; Gjpa
ahg;ghdJ If;fpa mnkupff ; ahg;Gk;> gpupjj
; hdpa
ahg; G k; Nru; e ; J cUthdjhFk; . mq; F
fhzg;gLk; epiwNtw;Wj; JiwahdJ kpfTk;
gyk; tha;e;jjhFk;. ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; njupT
nra;ag;gLk; epiwNtw;Wj; JiwahdJ njupT
nra;NthUf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;Lk; ghuhSkd;wf;
Fw;wg; gpNuuizfisg; gw;wp mr;rq; nfhz;Lk;
nraw;glhJ rupahd KbTfis vLg;gjw;fhd
N[. Mu;. [atu;jj
; d
rf;jpAld; mjpfhuj;jpy; epiyj;jpUg;gjw;F glk; 6.10
me;epiwNtw;Wj; Jiwapdhy; KbAk;.

,d; W mgptpUj; j p mile; J tUk; ehLfs; Kfq; n fhLf; F k;

gpur;rpidfisj; jPug
; g
; jw;F ,e;epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; ,d;wpaikahjJ
vd;gNj vdJ fUj;jhFk;.

N[. Mu;. [atu;j;jd

Gjpa murpay; ahg;gpd; Nehf;fk; vd;d vd;gij mjd; %yfu;jj

; hthd
N[. Mu;. [atu;j;jdtpd; $w;W %yNk njupe;J nfhz;bUg;gPh;fs;.

,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fs;

01. [dehaff; Nrh\yprf; Fbaurpd; Nehf; f q; f is ,\; l
G+u;j;jpahf;fy;.
02. gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafj;jpd; ntw;wpf;fhf epiyahd FbauRf;
nfhs;iffis cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
03. jhu;kPf Rje;jpu munrhd;iw cUthf;fy;.
04. Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> ePjp> mbg;gil cupik> RahjPdkhd
ePjpkd;wk; vd;gtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 92 tuyhW> juk; - 11

Nehf;fq;fq;fis miltjw;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l gbKiwfisg;
ghu;g;Nghk;
kf;fs; ,iwik
v ,yq;if rdehaf Nrhryprf; Fbaurpd; murpay; ahg;G ehl;bd;
cah; rl;lkhFk;.
v 1978 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpy; ,iwik vd;w gjk; %yk; cau;
mjpfhuNk Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.
v 1978 ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;Gk; ,e;j cau; mjpfhuj;ij
kf;fsplNk ifaspj;Js;sJ.
kf;fs; ,iwik nraw;gLk; tpjk;
01. thf;Fhpikiar; nraw;gLj;jy;.
02. mbg;gil kdpj cupikfis mDgtpj;jy;.
03. rl;lk;> eph;thfk;> ePjp vDk; Kj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fisAk; kf;fs;
cupikahf;Fjy;.
v kf;fspd; rl;l mjpfhuk; :
kf; f shy; Nju; j y; %yk; njupT nra; a g; g Lk; ghuhSkd; w
cWg;gpdh;fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rl;lq;fis cUthf;Ftu;.

v kf;fspd; epu;thf mjpfhuk; :

Nju;jy; %yk; kf;fshy; Neubahfj; njupT nra;ag;gLk; [dhjpgjpAk;
mtuhy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; mikr;ruitAk; epu;thf eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.

v kf;fspd; ePjpkd;wk; :
kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; [dhjpgjpahy; epakdk; nra;ag;gLk;
ePjpgjpfshy; Nky; ePjpkd;wKl;gl Vida ePjp kd;wq;fshYk; ePjpj;Jiw
nraw;gLk;.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 93 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 nraw;ghL

1 3
2
01. NkNy (1)> (2)> (3) vDk; ,yf;fq;fshy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;
glq;fspd; ngah;fis vOJf.
02. ,e;epWtdq;fs; xt;nthd;whYk; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; ,t;tpuz;L
nraw;ghLfis vOJf.
03. “kf; f s; ,iwikia ntspg; g Lj; J k; gpujhd MAjk;
thf;FupikahFk;” ,f;$w;Wf;F rhjfkhfTk; ghjfkhfTk;
FOuPjpapy; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fTk;.

epiwNtw;W mjpfhuKila [dhjpgjp Kiw.

1972 ,ypUe;J nraw;gl;L te;j Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpy; nra;ag;gl;l

,uz;lhtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; gb 1978Mk; Mz;L ahg;gpYk; ,g;gjtp
Kjd;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1978 murpay; ahg;G ,yq;iff;F mwpKfk;
nra;j epiwNtw;W mjpfhuKila [dhjpgjp KiwahdJ KOikahd
ru;t ty;yik gilj;j xU gjtpahFk;.

,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; 30Mk; mjpfhuj;jpd;gb ,yq;if

[dhjpgjpahdtu;>

v ehl;bd; jiytUk;
v epu;thfj;jpd; murhq;fj;jpdJk; jiytUk;
v Kg;gilfspd; jsgjpAkhthu;.
v kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; [dhjpgjp gjtpahdJ MW tUl
gjtpf;fhyj;ij cilaJ.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 94 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fs;.
v [dhjpgjp ghuhSkd; w cWg; g pduhf ,y; y hj NghjpYk; ghuhS
kd;wk; njhlu;gpy; gy mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;shu;. mikr;ir
tfpg;gtu; vd;why; ghuhSkd;wj;jpDs; cupik ePq;fyhf> mikr;ru;
xUtu; midj;J mjpfhuq;fSk; mtUf;Fk; cz;L. ,jy;yhky;
murpay; ahg; G j; j pl; l rP u ; j pUj; j k; my; y hj> ghuhSkd; w j; j hy;
epuhfupf;fg;gl;l ve;jnthU rl;l %yj;ijAk; nghJrd mgpg;gpuha
thf; n fLg; G f; F tpl; L epiwNtw; w pf; nfhs; S k; rl; l j; J iw
mjpfhuj;ijAk; mtu; nfhz;Ls;shu;.
v epiwNtw;Wj; Jiwapd; jiytu; vd;w tifapy; epu;thfj; Jiw
mjpfhuq;fs; gytw;iwAk; nfhz;Ls;shu;. (mit gw;wp gpd;du;
fye;JiuahLNthk;.)
v ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; gw;wp ,g;NghJ ghu;g;Nghk;.
01. gpujk ePjpauru; cl;gl ePjpauru;fis epakdk; nra;jy;.
02. Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w ePjpauru;fis epakdk; nra;jy;.
03. ePjpr; Nrit Mizf;FOit epakpj;jy;.
04. ,yq;ifapd; ve;jnthU ePjpkd;wj;jhYk; Fw;wthspahfj; jPug ; G
;
toq;fg;gl;l xUtUf;F>
v kd;dpg;G toq;fy;.
v jz;lidiaf; Fiwj;jy;> xj;jpitj;jy;.
v tpjpf;fg;gl;l jz;lidapy; ,Ue;J tpLjiyaspj;jy;.
35 - 1 ruj;J
[dhjpgjp vd;w tifapy; jdpg;gl;l uPjpahfNth gjtp uPjpahfNth
nra;j Fw;wj;jpwf
; hf my;yJ nra;ahky; tpll ; flikf;fhf mtUf;F
vjpuhf ePjp kd;wj;jpy; tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;aNth> tof;nfhd;iw
tprhuiz nra;aNth KbahJ. ,J [dhjpgjpf;Fhpa tpNrl
ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhukhFk;.
NtW mjpfhuq;fs;.
01. Nghu;> rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iwg; gpufldk; nra;jy;.
02. murhq;f itgtq;fSf;Fj; jiyik tfpj;jy;.
03. Fbaurpd; ,yl;rpidia itj;jpUj;jYk;> mur Kj;jpiuiaapl;L
fhzp> epyk;> nrhj;Jf;fisg; gfpu;e;jspj;jYk;.
04. ntspehl;Lj; J}Jtu;fs;> Mizahsu;fs; kw;Wk; gpujpepjpfis
epakdk; nra;jy;.
05. gy; f iyf; f of khdpaq; f s; Mizf; FOtpw; f hd jiytu; >
mq;fj;jtu;fisAk;> gy;fiyf;foq;fSf;fhd Nte;ju;fisAk;> Jiz
Nte;ju;fisAk; epakdk; nra;jy;.
,jd; g b [dhjpgjpf; F Vfg; g l; l mjpfhuq; f Sk; rYiffSk;
fhzg;gLtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 95 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpy; ghuhSkd;wKk; mjd; rl;lthf;f
mjpfhuKk; (1978)
01. rl;lj;Jiwahd ghuhSkd;wk; xw;iw kd;wkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
02. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gjtpf;fhyk; MW tUlq;fshFk;.
03. tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt mbg;gilapyhd Njh;jy; %yk; ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdh;fs; njupT nra;ag;gLtu;.
04. ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; vz;zpf;if 225 MFk;. Nju;jy; %yk; 196
NgUk;> Njrpa gl;bay; %yk; 29 NgUk; njupthfpd;wdu;.
v 1972 Kjyhk; Fbaurpy; Njrpa muRg; Nguit vdg; g l; l
rl;lj;JiwahdJ 1978 ahg;gpy; kPz;Lk; ghuhSkd;wk; vd;Dk;
ngaiug; ngw;wJ.

ghuhSkd;wf; fl;likg;G
rghehafu;
ghuhSkd;wk;
ê
ê ê
MSk; fl;rp
ê vjpu;f;fl;rp
ê

mq;fj;jtu; njhif 225

ê ê
Neubj; Nju;T Njrpag; gl;bay;
196 %yk; njupT
29

[dhjpgjpAk; ghuhSkd;wKk;.
01. ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;Ljy;> fiyj;jy;> xj;jpitj;jy;.
02. Gjpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; KjyhtJ $l;lj; njhlUf;Fj; jiyik
jhq;Fjy;.
03. ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F nra;jpfis mDg;Gjy; Kjypa ghuhSkd;wk;
njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs; [dhjpgjpf;F cz;L. ,tw;wpw;fhf mtu;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F r%fkspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 96 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs;

01. rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuk;.

02. epjp epu;thfk;.
03. mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fis Kd;itj;jy;
04. ,ilf;fhy tuT - nryTj; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jy;.
05. gy;NtW mikr;ru;fspdJk; nraw;ghLfis xd;wpizj;jy;.

nraw;ghL.
01. 1978 ahg;gpd;gb “xw;iw kd;w rl;lj;Jiw|| vdg; ghuhSkd;wk;
Fwpg;gplg;gLtjd; fhuzk; vd;d ?
02. khztu; ghuhSkd;wk; xd;iw tFg;giwapy; nraw;gLj;Jf.
(nraw;ghLfs;> mjpfhuq;fs;> ntspg;gLk; FOr; nraw;ghlhf
mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.)
03. MrpupaUld;> ghuhSkd;w $l;lj; njhlu; xd;iwg; ghu;itaplr;
nry;Yq;fs;.

mikr;ruit (Nfgpdw;)

01. [dhjpgjpNa mikr;ruitapd; jiytuhthu;. mtuhy; gpujku; njupT

nra;ag;gLthu;.
02. mikr;ru;fSk; [dhjpgjpahNyNa njupT nra;ag;gLtu;.
03. ghuhSkd;w MSk; fl;rp cWg;gpdu;fspy; ,Ue;J mikr;ru;fs;
njupT nra;ag;gLtu;.
04. mikr;ruit me;j];J ,y;yhj mikr;ru;fis epakdk; nra;Ak;
mjpfhuKk; [dhjpgjpf;Fz;L.
05. mikr;ruitia khw;wpaikg;gjw;F [dhjpgjpf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L.
06. ve;jnthU mikr;irAk; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; itj;jpUf;Fk;
mjpfhuKk; [dhjpgjpf;F cz;L.
07. gpujpaikr;ru;fis epakdk; nra;aTk; [dhjpgjpf;F mjpfhuk;
cz;L.
08. mikr;ruitf;fhd nrayhsu;> mikr;Rf;fSf;fhd nrayhsu;fs;
vd;NghUk; [dhjpgjpahNyNa epakdk; ngWtu;.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 97 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 mikr;ruitapd; nraw;ghLfs;
01. ghuhSkd;wk; ,aw;Wk; rl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
02. mikr;ruitf;fhd tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jy;.
03. ,ilf;fhy tuT nryTj; jpl;lk; jahupj;jy;.
04. gy;NtW mikr;Rf;fspd; nraw;ghLfis ,izj;jy;.
gy; N tW mikr; R f; f shfg; gpupe; J ntt; N tW mikr; r u; f s;
nraw;gl;l NghjpYk; nghJthd epu;thfj;jpw;fhf mikr;ru;fs; $l;Lg;
nghWg;Gld; nraw;gLtjw;F flikg;gl;Ls;sdu;. mjd; %yNk ehl;bd;
mgptpUj;jpAk; If;fpaKk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.

1978 murpay; ahg;gpy; ePjpkd;wk;.

ahg;gpd; 15 Mk; 16 Mk; mj;jpahaq;fspy; ePjpkd;wf; fl;likg;Gk;
mJ nraw;gLk; tpjKk; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. “rl;lj;jpd; Mjpf;fk;
epyTk; Rje;jpukhd r%fj;jpy; RahjPdkhd ePjpkd;wk; mj;jpahtrpakhdJ.
kf;fspd; mbg;gil cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; ePjpia epiy
ehl;Ljtjw;Fk; ePjp kd;wk; nraw;gLj;Jk; caupa NritahNyNa rl;lj;jpd;
Mjpf;fKk; Rje;jpuKk; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
1978 murpay; ahg;gpy; gf;fr; rhh;gw;w ePjpkd;w Kiwnahd;iwr;
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gy Vw;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws;
rpytw;iwg; ghu;g;Nghk;.
v cau; ePjp kd;wq;fs;> Nky; ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpauru;fis [dhjpgjp
epakdk; nra;jy;. vd;whYk; mth;fisg; gjtp ePf;Fk; cupik
[dhjpgjpf;F ,y;iy.
v KiwNflhd nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLjy; vDk; Fw;wr;rhl;bd; NgupNyNa
ePjpgjp xUtu; gjtp ePff
; k; nra;ag;glyhk;. ,t;thwhd mbg;gilapy;
vd;whYk; ePjpgjp xUtiug; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;tjw;Fk; ghuhS
kd;wj;jpd; r%fe;juhj gpujpepjpfs; cl;gl mWjpg; ngUk;ghd;ik
apdupd; tpUg;gg;gbNa [dhjpgjp nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.
v thf;Fupik jtpu Vida murpay; cupikfs; ePjpgjpfSf;F
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ePjpkd;w xOq;fikg;G.
01. cr;r ePjpkd;wk;
02. Nkd; KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;
03. mbg;gil ePjpkd;wq;fs;
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 98 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 mbg;gil ePjpkd;wq;fs;
ê
ê ê ê ê ê
Nky; ePjp khtl;l ePjp FLk;g ePjp ePjthd; ePjp Kjy;epiy ePjp
kd;wk; kd;wk; kd;wk; kd;wk; kd;wk;
cr;r ePjpkd;wk;
Fbaurpd; cr;r - ,Wjpahd ePjpkd;wk; ,JthFk;. mbg;gil kdpj
cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;> [dhjpgjpf;F vjpuhd Fw;wg; gpNuuiziag;
gw;wp tprhupj;jy;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rpwg;Gupikfis kPWNthUf;F vjpuhf
eltbf;if vLj;jy;> Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd KiwaPLfis tprhupjj ; y; Nghd;wd
,jd; flikfspy; rpythFk;.

Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;
fPo; ePjpkd;wq;fshy; toq;fg;gLk; jPuT
; fSf;F vjpuhfr; nra;ag;gLk;
Nkd;KiwaPLfis tprhupf;Fk; G+uz mjpfhuk; ,jw;FupaJ. ,k;kd;wj;jpd;
mjpfhuq;fspy; rpy tUkhW:
­ jz;lidiaf; Fiwj;jy; my;yJ khw;Wjy;.
­ jPu;g;gspj;j ePjpkd;wq;fSf;Ff; fl;lis gpwg;gpj;jy; my;yJ kPs
tprhupf;Fk;gb MizapLjy;.
­ Kjy; tof;fpy; rhl;rpak; toq;fpa rhl;rpff
; huu;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf
rhl;rpaq;fis mioj;jy;.
­ Ml;nfhzu;T (n`gpa]; Nfhg];) Miziag; gpwg;gpj;jy;.
mbg;gil ePjpkd;wq;fs;
,t;tif ePjpkd;wq;fs; tprhupf;Fk; tof;FfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs;
rpy tUkhW:
Nky; ePjpkd;wk; : Njrj;jpd; epyj;jpNyh ePupNyh thdpNyh
epfo; j ; j g; g l; l Fw; w q; f s; njhlu; g hd
tof;Ffs;.
khtl;l ePjpkd;wk; : vy;yh tifahd Fbapay; tof;Ffs;
ePjthd; ePjpkd;wk; : vy;yh tifahd Fw;wq;fSk;
FLk;g ePjpkd;wk; : FLk;gk; njhlu;ghd tof;Ffs;
Kjy;epiy ePjpkd;wk; : 1500 &ghTf;Ff; Fiwe;j ngWkjpiaf;
nfhz;l tof;Ffs;. cs;@uhl;rp
epWtdq;fspd; tUkhdq;fis <l;bf;
nfhs;Sjy; njhlu;ghd tof;Ffs;.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 99 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 ePjpr; Nrit Mizf;FO
cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpauru;fspd; epakdk;> ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpd;
rpghu; r pd; Ngupy; [dhjpgjpahy; Nkw; n fhs; s g; g Lk; . eP j pNrit
Mizf;FOTf;F jiyik jhq;FtJ gpujk ePjpauruhthu;. cr;r ePjpkd;w
ePjpauru;fs; ,Utu; ,jd; mq;fj;jtu;fshthu;. ,jd; %yk; ePjpgjpfspd;
gf; f Q; r huhj jd; i kiag; ghJfhj; J f; nfhs; t jw; f hd Vw; g hLfs;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ePjpkd;wq;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ijg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
nghWg;G ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtplk; nghWg;gspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Fw;wg;gpNuuiz
[dhjpgjpia ve;jnthU tprhuizf;fhfTk; ePjpkd;wnkhd;wpw;F
miof;f KbahJ. vd;whYk; murpay; ahg;gpy; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s
FiwghL xd; w pw; f hf my; y J Fw; w nkhd; i w ,ioj; j tuhfNth
fUjg;gLkhdhy; mtUf;F vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba eltbf;ifNa
Fw;wg;gpNuuiz MFk;.

,zf;fr;rig
fpuhkq;fspy; Vw;gLk; rpwpa gpur;rpidfisj; jPug
; g
; jw;fhd epWtdNk
,zf;f rigahFk;. ,J Xu; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l ePjpkd;wk; my;y.
gpuNjrj;jpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l gpui[fs; ,r;rigf;F epakpf;fg;gLtu;.
ghlrhiy Nghd;w nghJf; fl;llk; xd;wpy; ,zf;f rig $b tof;Ffis
tprhupf;Fk;.
gpur; r pidf; F s; s hd ,U gpuptpdUf; F k; jkJ fUj; J f; f is
Kd;itg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;gg ; kspjj
; y;> fye;Jiuahly; %yk; ,U jug;gpdiuAk;
GupeJ
; zh;T %yk; rkhjhdk; nra;jy; vd;gd ,r;rigapd; eltbf;iffshf
mikAk;. ,jdhy; kf;fspd; gzKk;> NeuKk; tPzhfhkYk; ituhf;fpak;>
Nfhgk; vd;gd njhluhkYk; ,Ug;gjw;F topNaw;gLfpd;wd.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 100 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs;.
1978Mk; Mz;bd; ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpy; mbg;gil kdpj
cupikfs; gw;wp tpupthff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1972 FbauR ahg;gpy; 18-I; vd;w gpuptpy; RUf;fkhff; Fwpgg
; plg;gl;bUe;j
mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs;> Rje;jpuk; vd;gd gw;wp 1978 murpay; ahg;G
tpupthff; $Wfpd;wJ. mt;thW $wg;gLk; rpy mbg;gil cupikfs;
gpd;tUkhW :

­ ,k;irg;gLj;jypypUe;J tpLgLk; cupik.

­ rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; ePjpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; cupik.
­ xUtu; ifJ nra;ag;gLtjw;F Kd;du; jhd; vjw;fhff; ifJ
nra;ag;gLfpd;Nwd; vd;gij njupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik.
­ NgRtjw;fhd cupik> fUj;Jf;fis ntspapLk; cupik vd;gdTk;
mbg;gil kdpj cupikfspy; mlq;Fk;.
­ tpUk;gpa njhopy; xd;iwr; nra;Ak; cupik.
­ tpUk;gpa rkak; xd;iwg; gpd;gw;Wk; cupik.

1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpy; mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; kPwg;gLk;

NghJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.
Mdhy; 1978 ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpy; ,it gw;wp kpfj;
njspthfTk; tpsf;fkhfTk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

mbg; g il kdpj cupikfis mDgtpg; g jw; f hd Rje; j puk;

kWf;fg;gLk;; NghJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;glf; $ba eltbf;iffs; :

v jdJ mbg;gil cupik kPwg;gl;l xUtu; cau; ePjpkd;wk; %yk;

jdJ cupikfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
v murhq;fj;jpy; my;yJ jpizf;fsj;jpy; Nritahw;Wk; xUtUf;Fj;
jdJ mbg;gil cupikfis mDgtpg;gjpy; mur jug;gpypUe;J
jilfNsw;gl;lhy; mjid epu;thfj;jpw;fhd Mizahsu; ehafk;
“xk;Gl;];kd;” vd;gtupd; ftdj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L te;J jdf;Fupa
ePjpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
rl; l j; j pdhy; tpjpf; f g; g l; L s; s vy; i yf; F s; ,Ue; J khj;jpuNk
mbg;gil kdpj cupikfis mDgtpf;f KbAk;.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 101 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 kdpjdpd; jdpj;Jtj;jpw;F kjpg;gspj;J Vio> gzf;fhud;> gbj;jtd;>
ghkud; vd;w Ngjkpy;yhkYk; ,dk;> rhjp> rkak; > nkhop
Ngjkpy; y hkYk; midtUk; xNu khjpupahd mbg;gil kdpj
cupikfis mDgtpg; g jw; F murpay; ahg; G re; j u; g ; g j; i j
Vw;gLj;jpj; je;Js;sJ.

nraw; g hL :-

khztu;fs; FOf;fshfg; gpupe;J nra;jpg; gj;jpupif> rQ;rpiffspy;

kdpj cupikfs; rk;ge;jkhd glq;fisr; NrfhpjJ ; tFg;giwapy;
fhl;rpgg
; Lj;jf; $ba Rtnuhl;bfisj; jahupf; f . Rtnuhl; b f; F g;
nghUj;jkhd RNyhfj;ijAk; vOJf.

~~xk;Gl;];kd; || epu;thfj;Jf;fhd ghuhSkd;w

Mizahsu; ehafk; (FiwNfs; mjpfhup) gjtp
v ,g;gjtp ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpdhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhFk;.
,g;gjtpf;F xUtiu [dhjpgjpNa epakdk; nra;thu;.
v “mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; kPwg;gLjy;> epu;thfj;jpdhy; mePjp
,iof;fg;gLjy;> KiwNflhd Ml;rpapdhy; ehl;L kf;fs; Kfq;
nfhLf;Fk; ,d;dy;fs; Kjypatw;Wf;fhd epthuzq;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Stjw;F eilKiwapYs;s ePjpkd;w Kiw Nghjpajhf
,y; y hkypUg; g Jld; mjw; f hfg; gzKk; fhyKk; mjpfkhfr;
nrytplg;gLtjw;F ,t;thwhdnjhU gjtp NjitahFk; vd;W
murpay; ahg;G rPuikg;G epu;thff; FO ntspapl;l mwpf;ifapy;
xk;Gl;];kd; gjtpapd; Njit njspthff; Fwpg;gplg;gbUe;jJ.

1978 murpay; ahg;G mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Gjpa Njh;jy;

Kiwfs; :
01. [dhjpgjpj; Njh;jy;
02. tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jj; Njh;jy;
03. nghJrd mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;G

[dhjpgjpj; Njh;jy; Kiw :

epiiwNtw;W mjpfhuKila [dhjpgjpiaj; njupT nra;tjw;fhf
elhj;jg;gLk; Nju;jypd; NghJ KO ehLk; xU Nju;jy; njhFjpahff;
fzpf;fg;gLk;. Nju;jypy; mspf;fg;gl;l thf;Ffspy; 50% f;F mjpfkhd
ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Ntl;ghsu; ntw;wpailthu;.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 102 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 ,yq;ifapd; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;l KjyhtJ
[dhjpgjpahf N[. Mu;. [ath;jj
; d mtu;fs; 1978 ,y; njupthdhu;.
1978,y; mf;fhy fl;lj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,uz;lhk; FbauR
ahg; g py; Xu; mjpfhuj; i jr; Nru; j ; j jd; %yk; md; W gpujkuhfg; gjtp
tfpj;jtu; [dhjpgjpahfg; gjtpNaw;whu;. ,jd; %yk; [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jy;
,y;yhkNy N[. Mu; . [atu;j;jd mtu;fs; ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ
[dhjpgjpahdhu; . 1982,y; kP z ; L k; mtu; [dhjpgjpahfj; njupT
nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
1993Mk; Mz;L [dhjpgjpahf ,Ue;j Mu;. gpNukjhr mtu;fs;
Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhu;. vdNt ahg;gpd; gpufhuk;
gpujkuhff; filikahw;wpa b. gp. tp[aJq;f mtu;fs; [dhjpgjpahfg;
gjtpNaw;whu;.

tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw

mJtiu fhyKk; ,yq;ifapy; epytpa njhFjpthhpj; Nju;jy; Kiw
my;yJ vspa ngUk;ghd;ik gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwf;Fg; gjpyhf 1978
murpay; ahg;G mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Gjpa Kiwahf tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt
Kiw mike;jJ.
v ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;.
v khfhz rig cWg;gpdu; njupT.
v cs;Suhl;rp kd;w cWg;gpdu; njupT.
Mfpa re;ju;g;gq;fspd; NghJ tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw
gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwapd; gz;Gfs;.
01. ghupa Nju;jy; njhFjpfs;. (Nju;jy; khtl;lq;fs;)
02. Ntl;ghsu;fs; FOthf Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapLtJld; jkf;nfd Xu;
,yf;fj;ijg; ngw;wpUg;gu;.
03. thf; F fis mspf; F k; NghJ jhk; tpUk; g pa fl; r pf; F k; mjd;
gl;baypy; cs;s %tUf;Fk; tpUg;G thf;Ffis mspj;jy;.
04. Nju; j y; njhFjp xd; W f; F cWg; g pdh; f s; FOnthd; W njupT
nra; a g; g Lk; .
05. Nju;jypd; NghJ fl;rpfs; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l thf;Ffspd;gb tpfpjhrhu
Kiwg;gb cWg;gpdu; vz;zpf;if jPu;khdpf;fg;gLtJld; Ntl;ghsu;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;l tpUg;G thf;Ffspd; mbg;gilapYk; njupT
,lk;ngWk;.
06. mjpf thf;Ffisg; ngw;w fl;rpf;F Nkyjpf (Nghd];) MrdKk;
toq;fg;gLk;.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 103 tuyhW> juk; - 11
07. nry; Y gbahd thf; F fspd; vz; z pf; i fapy; 5% my;yJ 1/20
gq; i fg; ngw; Wf; nfhs; s hj murpay; fl; r pfSk; RNar; i rf;
FOf;fSk; cWg;Gupik ngWtjw;F mUfijaw;witfshff;
fUjg;gl;L Nghl;bapypUe;J ePf;fg;gLk;.

nraw; g hL
1 Mrpupaupd; mwpTiuiag; ngw;W ckJ ,yf;fpa kd;wj;jpw;F
tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwapy; epiwNtw;Wf; FOitj; njupT
nra;tjw;fhd nraw;ghl;by; <LgLf.
2 gpd;tUtd gw;wp vOJf.
­ vspa ngUk;ghd;ikj; Nju;jy; (njhFjpthup) ed;ik / jPik
­ tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwj; Nju;jy; ed;ik / jPik
nghJrd mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;G
kf;fs; rl;lkpaw;Wk; eltbf;iffspy; Neubahfg; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd
re;ju;g;gkhf nghJrd mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
nghJrd mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;ig elhj;Jtjw;fhd KbntLf;Fk;
mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjpaplNk fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
­ nghJrd mgpgg
; puha thf;nfLg;ig elj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffisg;
ghuhSkd;wk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.
­ Nju;jy; Mizahsu; ehafk; mjw;Nfw;g eLepiyahd Nju;jy;
xd;iw elj;j Ntz;Lk;.
­ ,j;Nju;jypd; NghJ thf;fhsh;fs; xU tplak; njhlu;ghf “Mk;”
my;yJ “,y;iy” vd;W thf;fspg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fg;gLk;.
­ Mk; my;yJ ,y;iy vDk; fUj;ijj; njspthfg; gpupj;jwpaf;
$ba ,uz;L rpd;dq;fisj; njupT nra;Ak; Nju;jy; Mizahsu;
ehafk; mJ gw;wpg; nghJ kf;fis mwpT+l;l Ntz;Lk;.
­ nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj; Nju;jiy elhj;jp mjd; KbTfisj; Nju;jy;
Mizahsu; ehafk; [dhjpgjpf;F mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; MAl;fhyj;ij ePbg;gjw;fhf 1982 ,y; elj;jg;gl;l
nghJrd mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;nghd;Nw ,e;ehl;by; ,Jtiu ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
nghJrd mgpg; g puha thf; n fLg; g pd; NghJ ehl; b d; my; y J
mspf;fg;gl;l thf;Ffspy; mWjpg; ngUk;ghd;ikiag; ngw;w fUj;J
MNyhridahff; fUjg; g l; L [dhjpgjpapd; ifnahg; g j; j hy;
MNkhjpf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; mJ rl;lkhff; fUjg;gLk;.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 104 tuyhW> juk; - 11
Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpdd
; u; mgptpUj;jpff
; hf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nraw;ghLfs;.
(1948 - 1977)
1948 Kjy; Ml;rpf;F te;j xt;nthU murhq;fKk; kf;fspd;
tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gy;NtW jpl;lq;fisg; gy;NtW
Jiwfspy; nraw;gLj;jp te;Js;sd.
me;j tifapy; fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy>; mbg;gilf;
fl;likg;G trjpfs;> r%f eyd;Gup trjpfs; Kjypa Jiwfspy;
mgptpUj;jpf;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLNthk;.

fy;tp
Mq;fpNyau; jkJ eput ; hf Nritf;fhd Ml;fisj; jpul;bf; nfhs;Sk;
Nehf;Fld; efuq;fspy; Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiyfis elhj;jp te;jdu;. fhyg;
Nghf;fpy; fy;tpaikg;gpy; khw;wnkhd;iw Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w Njit
,yq;ifah;fshy; czug;gl;lJ. mjw;fhf 1931 Kjy; gy;NtW tpjkhd
Kaw;rpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. vdNt Nkiyj;Nja fy;tpiag; ngw;w
mjpfkhd ,yq;ifau;fs; ehl;bd; fy;tpf; fl;likg;gpy; khw;wj;ijf;
nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd Muk;g eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.

fy;tpapd; Gjpa ghijf;fhd MNyhridfs; gw;wp Muha;Nthk;.

v 1931 - 1947 fyhepjp rp .lgps; A .lgps; A .fd; d q; f u mth; f spd;
MNyhridahf “midtUf;Fk; ,ytrf; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;
nfhLj;jy;” vd;gJ njhdpg; nghUshf mike;jJ. ,J njhlu;ghd
Nkyjpf tplaq;fis 2Mk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; fw;Ws;sPu;fs;.
v 1956 ,y; v];.lgps;A.Mu;.b.gz;lhuehaf;ftpd; murhq;fk; fy;tp
tsu;r;rpapy; tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ.
01. nrhe;j nkhopapy; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
02. ,ytr kjpa czit kPz;Lk; toq;Fjy;.
03. tWikahd khztu;fSf;Fg; Gyikg; guprpy;fis toq;Fjy;.
04. xt;nthU kfh tpjj
; pahyaj;Jf;Fk; tpQQ
; hd Ma;T $lnkhd;iw
toq;Fjy;.
05. cau; fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf 1958 ,y; tpj;jpNahja
gpupNtdh tpj;jpNahja gy;fiyf;fofk; vdTk;> 1959 ,y;
tpj;jpahyq;fhu gpupNtdh tpj;jpahyq;fhu gy;fiyf;fofk; vDk;
ngaupYk; gy;fiyf;fof me;j];ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ljd; %yk;
mjpfkhd ,yq;ifaUf;F cau; fy;tp ngWtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;
fpilj;jJ.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 105 tuyhW> juk; - 11
v 1962 ,y; mur cjtp ngWk; ghlrhiyfs; mur cilikahf;-
fg;gl;ld. ,jd; %yk; ,d;Dk; mjpfkhNdhUf;F ,ytrf; fy;tpngWk;
tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ.
v mur cjtp ngWk; midj;J Mrphpag; gapw;rpf; fyhrhiyfSk;
mur kakhf;fg;gl;ld.
v Mrpupag; gapw;rpf; fyhrhiyfspy; Mq;fpyg; ghlnewp fl;lhakhf;-
fg;gl;lJ.
v Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofj;Jld; ,ize;jjhf nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;-
fofj;jpy; fiyg;gPlk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

v 1963 - 65 fhyfl;lj;jpy;........
v ghlrhiyf; fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;Jk; Kfkhf khzt Mrpupau;
fSf; f hd guP l ; i ria elhj; j p mjd; %yk; murhq; f g;
ghlrhiyfSf;F Mrpupau;fs; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;ldu;.
v khtl;l kl;lj;jpy; Mrpupar; Nritia kWrPuikg;gjw;fhd
eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
v gpuNjrf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;fs; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;ldu;.
v 1960 - 1970 jrhg;jj;jpy; fy;tpj; Jiwapy; gy Gjpa Kd;Ndw;wq;fs;
Vw;gl;ld.
v 1960 ,y; cau; fy;tpr; rl;lk; %yk; fy;tp epu;thf mikg;G
khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.
v fdp\;l gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
v fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;ljhf mr;rfk;
xd;W epWtg;gl;lJ.
v rpukhgpkhdp thuk; kw;Wk; Ntiy ,irthf;fk; Kjypa epfo;rr
; pj;
jpl;lq;fs; ghlrhiyfspy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
v nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fof gPlj;ij RahjPdkhd gy;fiyf;
fofkhf khw;wg;gl;lJ.
v 1968 ,y; ghlj;jpll
; mgptpUj;jp kj;jpa epiyak; Muk;gpff
; g;gLjy;.
v ,yq;ifj; Njrpa E}yf Nritfs; rig Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
v ngsj;j gpfF ; fSf;fhd jdpahd gy;fiyf;fofkhf “Gj;j rpuhtf
jh;k gPlk;’’Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 106 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 cau;fy;tp

Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
glk; 6.11

v 1921 Kjy; Adptu;rpw;wp nfhNy[; vDk; cau; fy;tp epWtdk;

yz;ld; gy;fiyf;fofj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
v ,yq;if kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}up Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;gpUe;Nj nraw;gl;L
te; j J. ,q; F Mq; f pyk; fy; t p nkhopahff; fhzg; g l; l Jld;
trjptha;gG; s;s rpW njhifapdUf;Nf ,q;F fy;tp fw;Fk; tha;gG ; f;
fhzg;gl;lJ.
v 1942 ,y; ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofk; nfhOk;gpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
v 1952 ,y; ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofk; Nguhjidf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.
mjpy; fiyg;gPlKk; Rankhopg; gPlKk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
v 1960 ,y; kUj;Jt gPlKk;> nghwpapay; gPlKk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
v 1966 ,y; tpj;jpahyq;fhu ~tpj;jpNahja| vDk; gy;fiyf;foq;fs;
fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk; vd;Wk; [atu;j;jd gy;fif;fofk; vd;Wk;
khw;wg;gl;lJ.
v 1972 ,y; fl;Lngj;j gy;fiyf;fofk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
v 1974 ,y; aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 107 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 njd; MrpahtpNy vOj;jwpT tPjk; $ba e h l h f , y q ; i f
cs;sJ.

tptrhaj;Jiw
gz;ila ,yq;if RaNjitg; G+u;j;jpahd xU nghUshjhu
Kiwiaf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. fypq;f khfdpd; Mf;fpukpg;igj; njhlu;e;J
njd;Nkw;Fj; jpirf;F ,lk; ngau;e;j ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuKk;
tho;f;if KiwAk; khw;wKw;w tpjj;ij ehk; 10 Mk; tFg;gpy; fw;Nwhk;.
16 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; INuhg;gpaupd; tUifapdhYk; 1815 Mk;
Mz;L KO ,yq;ifAk; Mq;fpNyaupd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; te;jikahYk;
,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuk; GjpanjhU Kiwapy; nrd;W Gjpa tbtk;
ngw;wJ. tho;thjhug; gaph;r; nra;if Kiw %yk; tho;f;ifia
tsg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l ,yq;ifah; gpupj;jhdpa Nguurpd; Njitf;fhf
tu;j;jfg; gapu;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; epiyf;F Mshdhu;fs;. mjd;
gadhf 1948 ,y; ,yq;if Rje;jpuk; milAk; NghJ jkf;Fj; Njitahd
czTg; nghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;NthuhfTk; ntspehl;Lr; re;ijf;fhd
%yg; nghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp nra;NthuhfTk; ,yq;ifah; fhzg;gl;ldu;.
,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ czT ,wf;Fkjpf;fhd
jilapdhy; ,yq;if kf;fs; grp> gl;bdpf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Neu;e;jJ.
,jdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Njrpaj; jiytu;fSk; ehl;L kf;fSk; vkJ
ehl;Lf;Nf cupa tho;thjhug; gapu;r; nra;ifia mgptpUj;jp nra;tjd;
mtrpaj;ij czu;e;jdu;.
Rjj;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; Ml;rpf;F te;j vy;yh murhq;fq;fSk; ehl;il
muprp cw;gj;jpapy; jd;dpiwtilar; nra;tjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis Nkw;
nfhz;ld.

nraw; g hL
~~jd;dpiwTg; nghUshjhu Kiwia|| tpsf;Ff.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 108 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 new; gapu;r;nra;ifapd; tpUj;jpf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
eltbf;iffs;
01. ney;Yf;fhd cj;juthj tpiy
1948,y; fkey Nritfs; rig %yk; ney;Yf;fhd cj;juthj
tpiy Kiw nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1972 Kjy; ney; re;ijg;gLj;Jk; rig
mg;gzpiaj; njhlu;e;jJ.
nraw; g hL
ney;ypwf
; hd cj;juthj tpiyapd; %yk; tptrhap ngWk; ed;ikfs;
ahit

02. Gjpa ney;ypdq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;

v 1952 ,y; gjynfhl ney; Muha;r;rp mgptpUj;jp epiyak;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
v mjidj; njhlu;e;J yGJ}t> k`h,Yg;gyfk> Nghk;Gty>
`pq;Fuq;nfhl Kjypa ,lq;fspYk; ney;yh Muha;r;rp
epiyaq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
v ney;yh Muha;r;rp epiyaq;fs; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; $ba
tpisr;riyj; jUk; etPd ney;ypdq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpd.
v gpypgi
; gd;]; ru;tNjr ney; Muha;rr
; p epWtdk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa
I.Mu; vdg;gLk; etPd ney;ypdk; gw;wp ,yq;ifapYk; gpurhuk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
03. tptrhaf; flDjtpfs; toq;Fjy;
n e y ; Y w ; g j ; j p a p y ; < L g L k ; t p t r h a p fspd ; t W i k i a g ;
Nghf; F tjw; F g; gy eltbf; i ffs; Nkw; n fhs; s g; g l; l d.
v fhzp Mizahsh; jpizf;fsk;.
v czTj; jpizf;fsk;.
v fkey Nritfs; jpizf;fsk;. vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; tptrhaf;
fld;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld.
v 1961 ,y; kf; f s; tq; f p Muk; g khdJld; $l; L wTr; rq; f k; >
mDkjpf; f g; g l; l rq; f q; f s; Clhf tptrhaf; fld; f s;
toq;fg;gl;ld.
v 1972 ,y; fkey Nritfs; epiyaj;jpy; Muk;gpff ; g;gl;l ,yq;if
tq;fpf; fpisfs; %ykhfTk; tptrhaf; fld;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld.
v 1972 ,y; tptrha eltbf;iffis ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
Kfkhf fkey Muha;r;rpg; gapw;rp epiyak; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 109 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 04. kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lk;
Rje; j puj; j pd; gpd; d u; Nkw; n fhs; s g; g l; l tptrha mgptpUj; j p
eltbf;iffspy; kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lk; kpf Kf;fpa ,lk;
tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jpl;lk; Muk;gpf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;du; gy fl;lq;fspYk;
Muhag;gl;L mwpf;ifg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
v b.v];.Nrdhehaf; f mtu; f spd; gpd; d u; Ml; r pf; F te; j ll; y p
Nrdhehaf;f mth;fs; ud;njdpfy jpl;lk; gw;wp Muk;g Ma;T
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
v 1953 - 56 fhyg;gFjpfspy; md;iwa tptrha mikr;ru; P. B. Gyq;Fyk
mtu; f s; kfhtypg; gs; s j; j hf; f pd; epyk; > rdj; n jhif gw; w pa
Ma;tpid elhj;jpdhu;.
v ,yq;if murpd; Ntz;LNfhspd; Ngupy; 1958 ,y; I. mnkupf;f
mur epWtdnkhd; W kfhtyp fq;if eP i u gy Nehf; f q;
fSf; F k; ghtpg;gjw;fhd jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jPl;baJ.
v 1961 ,y; rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;f mth;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
tpupthd Ma;Tj; jpl;lk; %yk; kfhtyp mgptpUj;jp jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ.
v kfhtypj; jpl;lj;jpd; Kjy; fl;lkhf 1970 ,y; nghy;nfhy;iyapy;
ejpf;Ff; FWf;fhf Xu; mizf;fl;L mikf;Fk; gzp Muk;gkhdJ.
v 1973 ,y; Nghgj;njd;d ePuj
; N
; jf;fj;Jf;fhd Ntiyfs; Muk;gpff
; g;gl;ld.
v Muk;gj;jpy; 30 tUlq;fspy; Kbg;gjw;Fj; jpl;lkplg;gl;bUe;j ,g;ghupa
gzpahdJ 1977 ,y; Ml;rpf;F te;j J. R. [atu;j;jd mtu;fspd;
fhyj;jpy; mikr;ru; fhkpdp jprhehaf;f mtu;fshy; Jupj kfhtyp
mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lk; vDk; ngahpy; 6 tUl fhyj;Js; nra;J
Kbf;fg;gl;lJ. kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;ljjpd; fPo; tpf;Nlhupah>
ue;njdpfy>ud;nlk;g> nfhj;kiy> Nghd;w ghupa ePu;j;Njf;fq;fs;
Njhw;wk; ngw;wJld; tptrhak; tsu;r;rp ngw;w gy gpuNjrq;fs;
Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
v new; gapu;r; nra;iff;F Nkyjpfkhf NtWgapu;fisg; gapupLtjpy;
muR $ba ftdk; nrYj;jpaJld; mjw;fhd eltbf;iffSk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. 1948Mk; Mz;bw;f;Fg; gpd; Nkl;L epyq;fspYk;>
cyu; tyaj;jpYk; gapu;r; nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. 1960fspd;
gpw;gFjpapy; mKy; nra;ag;gl;l ,wf;Fkjp fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lj;jpd;
fhuzkhf Vida gapu;r;nra;if tsu;r;rpaile;jJ. (1970 - 1977)
fhyfl;lj;jpy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l ,wf;Fkjp fl;Lg;ghl;lhYk; Nkyjpf
gapu; r ; nra; i f Jupj tsu; r ; r paile; j J. tl> kj; j pa> Cth
khfhzq;fspy; cUisf;fpoq;F nra;ifia vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff;
nfhs;syhk;.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 110 tuyhW> juk; - 11
05. rpW Vw;Wkjpg; gapu;r; nra;if mgptpUj;jp
ghuk;gupa Vw;Wkjpg; gapu;r; nra;if %yk; fpilj;j tUkhdk;
Nghjhj fhuzj;jhy; ghuk;gupakw;w rpW Vw;Wkjpg; gapu;fshd Nfhg;gp>
nfhf; N fh> Vyk; > rhjpf; f ha; > fuhk; G > kpsF> rpq; N fhdh> fWth
Kjypatw;wpd; mgptpUj;jpapy; murhq;fk; ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ.
v 1968 Njapiyf; Mizaj; j pd;
mwpf; i fapd; g b nghUshjhu
uP j papy; ,yhgkw; w Njapiy
epyq; f spy; khw; W g; gapu; f shf
Nfhg;gp> nfhf;Nfh> fWth> kpsF>
fuhk;G Kjypa gapu;fisr;
nra; i f gz; Z tjw; F rpghu; R
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
v 1972 ,y; kiyehl;L Vw;Wkjpg;
gapu; f isg; gy; t ifg; g Lj; J k;
jpl;lj;jpw;fhf c y f czT
tptrha mgptpUj;jpj; jpll ; j;jhYk;>
rpW Vw;Wkjpg; gapu;fs;
I. eh. mgptpUj; j p epfo; r ; r pj;
glk; 6.12
jpl; l j; j hYk; (UNDP) epjpAjtp
fpilj;jJ.
v rpwpa Vw;Wkjpg; gapu;fis Nkk;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; ngUe; Njhl;l
m i k r ; r p d ; f P o ; “r p W V w ; W k j p g ; g a p u ; j p i z f ; f s k ; ’’
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
v 1972 ,y; khj;jisapy; rpW Vw;Wkjpg; gapu; Muha;r;rp epiyak;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
v rpW Vw;Wkjpg; gapu; Muha;rr ; p epiyaq;fs;> Fz;lrhiy> njy;gplb ; a>
epy;yk;g> khgyhd> ehuk;ky> fk;kLt vDk; 6 ,lq;fspy;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
v 1972 “cjtp MNyhridj; jpl;lk;’’ %yk; rpW Vw;Wkjpg; gapu;
epyq;fis mjpfupf;fTk; cw;gj;jpia mjpfupf;fTk; Kbe;jJ.
v cj;juthj tpiy> gris khdpak;> MNyhridr; Nrit Kjypa
murhq;f eltbf;iffshy; Vw;WkjpfN ; fw;w tpjj;jpy; gapur ; ; nra;if
khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.
v 1972 - 76 Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; %yk; kuKe;jphpif (f[{)> Nrhsk;>
#hpa fhe;jp> Kjypa gaph; tsh;gG ; eltbf;iffSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;-
gl;ld.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 111 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 06. tpyq;F Ntshz;ik mgptpUj;jp
Gujj; Njitia epiwT nra;tjw;Fk; grisf;fhfTk;> tptrha
eltbf;iffSf;fhfTk; khL tsu;g;gpid Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;ba Njit
fhzg;gl;lJ.
v 1948 - 53 Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;Jf;Nfw;g ,e;ehl;Lf;Fj; Njitahd
ghy; nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpYk; ,wf;Fkjpiaf;
Fiwg;gjpYk; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.
v 1970 - 76 fhyg;gFjpapy; ,wf;Fkjpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; nfhs;if
fLikahf nraw; g Lj; j g; g l; l J. vdNt ghYw; g j; j papy;
jd;dpiwtiltjw;Fg; gRf;fspd; vz;zpfi ; fiaf; $l;Ltjw;fhd
eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
v 1967 ,y; Njrpa ghy; rig cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
v mk;Ngty ghYw;gj;jp epiyak;> nghyd;dWit fl;bg;ghy;
cw;gj;jp Miy vd;gd epWtg;gl;L ghYw;gj;jp mjpfupg;Gf;fhd
tpupthd eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
v Fiwe; j tpiyapy; cau; j uj; j py; fhy; e il czTfisj;
jahupg;gjw;fhf ,yq;if vz;nza; nfhOg;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
v 1973 ,y; fhy;eil tsq;fs; rig epWtg;gl;lJld; mJ tptrhaj;
jpizf;fsj;Jld; ,ize;J nraw;gl;lJ.
v 1978 ,y; fhy;eil cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffs; fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp
mikr;rpd; fPo; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

07. kPd;gpbf;ifj;njhopy;
,yq;ifiar; #oTs;s flw;gug;Gk; kiyehl;by; Cw;nwLj;J ehl;bd;
ehyh jpirfspYk; XLk; ejpfSk; cs;ehl;Lf; Fsq;fs;> ePuj ; ; Njf;fq;fSk;
kPd;gpbj; njhopYf;Fr; rhjfkhd tha;g;Gf;fshFk;.
1948 fspd; gpdd
; u; ehl;L kf;fspd; Gujf; Fiwghl;il eptu;jj; pff
; Tk;>
Ntiyapy;yhg; gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPu;thfTk; kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopiy
Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gl;ld.
v 1964,y; kPd;gpbf; $l;Lj;jhgdk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; :-
01. kPdf
; isf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;> tpepNahfpjj
; y;.
02. gioa NjhzpfSf;F ,ae;jpuq;fisg; nghUj;Jjy;> ,ae;jpug;
glFfis mwpKfk; nra;jy;.
03. kPd;gpb cgfuzq;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;Ff; fld; trjp
nra;J nfhLj;jy;.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 112 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 04. kPdtu; mgptpUj;jp cj;jpNahf];ju;fis Nritapy; mku;j;Jjy;
Kjypa eltbf;iffs; %yk; kPd;gpbj; njhopiy mgptpUj;jp
nra;Ak; eltbf;iffspy; muR jiyapl;lJ.
05. 1970 fspy; ,why;> rpq;fp ,why;> flyl;il Kjypa Vw;Wkjpfshy;
me;epar; nryhtzp <l;Lk; ebtbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
06. murhq;f topfhl;lypd; fPo; kPdtu; $l;LwT mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fq;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;ld. ,t;thwhd 300 $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs;
gytw;iw ,izg;Gr; nra;J 45 Muk;g kPdtu; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs;
cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
07. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd; flDjtp ngwg;gl;L ts;sq;fis
,ae;jpukakhf;Fk; eltbf;iffSf;fhf me;j epjp kPdtu; kj;jpapy;
,yF fldhf toq;fg;gl;lJ.
08. fz;zhbapiog; glFfs; (iggh; fpsh];) mwpKfk; nra;ag;
gl;lJld; kPdg; pbg;gjw;fhd ,ae;jpug; glFfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf;
$l;Ljy; Kjypa eltbf;iffSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
09. kPdtu; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; %yk; %yjd cjtpfs; ngw;Wf;
nfhLf;fg;gl;ld.
10. Njhzpfs;> ts;sq;fs;> glFfSf;fhd epjpAjtp 90% tiu
mjpfupf;fg;gl;lJ.
,t;tpj cjtpfisf; nfhz;LNky; tlNky;> njd; khfhzq;fspy;
fiuNahu kPd;gpb tsu;r;rp fz;lJ. kPd;gpb cgfuzq;fisf; nfhs;tdT
nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd fld; trjpfs; kf;fs; tq;fp %ykhfg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
1972 ,y; kPd;gpbj;JiwKfq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;L> mbg;gil trjpfs;
mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;L rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; Kfhikj;Jtk; nraw;gl;ljhy;
,yq;ifapd; ctu;ePu; kPd;gpb tsh;r;rp fz;lJ.
1952 ,y; kPd;gpbj; jpizf;fsk; ed;dPu; kPd;gpb tsu;g;G epiyaq;fs;
gytw;iw cs;ehl;by; epWtpajhy; ed;dPu; kPd;gpbAk; tsu;r;rp fz;lJ.

08. ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r; nra;if

1833 ,y; Nfhy;GW}f; Mizf;FOtpd;> murpd; tu;j;jf VfNghf
cupikia ePf;Fk; rpghupR kw;Wk; 1840 jupR epyr; rl;lk; vd;gd %yk;
,yq; i fapd; tskhd epyk; ngUe; N jhl; l g; gapu; r ; nra; i ff; F
cl;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Mq;fpNyauhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r; nra;if %yk;
,d;W tiu mjpf mstpy; me;epar; nryhtzp fpilf;fg;ngWtJld;
mjpfkhNdhUf;F Ntiytha;g;Gk; toq;Ffpd;wJ.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 113 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 mz;ikf; fhyk; tiu mjpfsthd me;epar; nryhtzpiag;
ngUe;Njhl;lg;gapHfs; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jd> ,g;ngUe;Njhl;lq;fs; mjpfstpy;
ntspehl; L f; fk; g dpfSf; F cupj; J iladthf ,Ue; j Jld; >
mf;fk;gdpfSf;Nf ,yhgKk; nrd;wile;jJ.
Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ngUe;Njhl;lj; Jiw
v 1972 Mk; Mz;L ,yq;if muR gpwg;gpj;j fhzp cr;r tuk;Gr;
rl;lj;jhy; xUtu; itj;jpUf;ff;$ba tay; epyk; 25 Vf;fu; vdTk;
Nkl;L epyk; 50 Vf;fu; vdTk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJld; mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
fhzpfs; murhq;fj;jpdhy; RtPfupf;fg;gl;ld. vdNt gy;yhapuk;
Vf;fu; ngUe;Njhl;lq;fs; mur clikahf;fg;gl;ld.
v 1972 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l fhzp kWrPuikg;G Mizf; FONt
Nkyjpf fhzpfisr; RtPfupj;jJld; mjidg; gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;Fk;
eltbf;iffisAk; Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
v 1972 - 75 fhyg;gFjpapy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l fhzp kWrPuikg;Gf;
nfhs;if fhuzkhf jdpg;gl;lth;fsplkpUe;Jk; fk;gdpfsplkpUe;Jk;>
Njapiyj; Njhl;lk; - 166>405 n`f;Nlau;.
,wg;gu; Njhl;lk; - 74>494 n`f;Nlau;.
njd;de; Njhl;lk; - 48>130 n`f;Nlau;.
vd;W nkhj;jk; 419>101 n`f;Nlau; fhzpfs; kf;fs; kag;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
v 1975 ,yf;fk; 3 fhzpg; Gduikg;Gr; (mgptpUj;jp) rl;lk; %yk; ,r;
nraw;ghL tpupthf;fg;gl;lJ.
v vdNt fk; g dpfSf; F upa Njhl; l q; f Sk; tUkhdKk; kf; f s;
kag; g Lj; j g; g l; l d. ,jdhy; 1976 Mk; Mz; l hFk; NghJ
fk;gdpfSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; 62% mur Jiwf;Fr;
nrhe;jkhdJ.
v ifNaw;fg;gl;l fhzpfSs; 28% mur cjtpAld; ,aq;Fk; $l;LwTg;
gz;izia mikg;gjw;Ff; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;lJ. 10% epyk;
rpW Jz;Lfshf tptrhapfSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;lJ.
v ngUe; N jhl; l cupik Kfhikj; J tKk; epu; t hfKk; jdpahu;
JiwaplkpUe;J mur Jiwf;Ff; ifkhwpd.
v vdNt Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; mgptpUj;jpapy; Gul;rpfukhd khw;wkhf
,f; fhzpr; rPu;jpUj;jr; rl;lj;ijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
v muR cilikahf;fg;gl;l ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspd; Kfhikj;Jt
epu;thfj;Jf;fhf %d;W epWtdq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
01. 1958,y; mur ngUe;Njhl;lahf;fk;
02. 1976,y; kiyehl;L Njhl;l mgptpUj;jpr; rig (crtrk)
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 114 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 03. 1976 ,y; kf;fs; Njhl;l mgptpUj;jpr; rig ([dtrk)
v 1976 ,y; ,t;thW ,yq;ifapy; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu; epyq;fspy;
35% murhq;fj;jhy; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;lJ.
v Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;fspd; cw;gj;jp mjpfupj;jjd;
%yk; ntspehl;L tUkhdk; mjpfupj;jJ.
v cyfr; re;ijapy; nkhj;jj; Njapiy Vw;Wkjpapy; 1950 ,y; 34%
Kk; 1960 ,y; 40% Kk; ,yq;ifapd; gq;fspg;ghff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
,wg;gu;
v 1952 ,y; rPdhTld; nra;J nfhz;l muprp> ,wg;gu;> ,Ugf;f tu;j;jf
cld;gbf;if %yk; ,yq;ifapd; ,wg;gUf;fhd epiyahd re;ij
tha;g;igg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbe;jJ.
v 1977 ,y; ,aw; i f ,wg; g Uf; f hd ru; t Njr xg; g e; j j; j py;
ifr;rhj;jpl;ljd; %yk; ,yq;if ed;ikaile;jJ.
v 1977 fspd; gpdd
; u; cyf tq;fpapd; cjtpAld; ,wg;gu; kPs; eLifAk;
Gjpa fhzpfspy; gapupLjYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
murTilikf;nfhs;if
nghJ kf; f Sf; F mjpf eyd; f isg; ngw; W f; nfhs; s Tk;
Copau;fSf;F mjpf eyd;fis toq;Ftjw;Fk; jdpahu; Jiw mur
kakhf;fg;gl;lJ. 1956 ,y; v];.lgps;A.Mu;.b.gz;lhuehaf;f Ml;rpapy;
,yq; i fj; JiwKfKk; > jdpahu; Nghf; F tuj; J j; JiwAk; mur
kakhf;fg;gl;ld. ,t;turTilikf; nfhs;if 1960 njhlf;fk; 1964 tiu
gpujku; rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;f fhyj;jpy; rpwg;ghff; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;ld.
,jw;fhf mtu; vLj;j Kaw;rpfshtd :
v 1960 [_iy 1 Mk; jpfjp cUthf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; tq;fp murhq;fj;Jiw
Kaw; r pahsu; f Sf; F f; ifnfhLg; g jw; f hd tpupthd jpl; l khf
mike;jJ.
v njhopyhsu; trjpfis Nkk;gLj;jYf;fhd eyd;Gup Nritfs;
tpupthf;fg;gl;ld.
v Njrpa mgptpUj; j pf; F j; Njitahd cs; e hl; L r; Nrkpg; G
Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
v kf;fs; tq;fp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljhy; nghJkf;fs; - tq;fpj; njhlu;Gfs;
mjpfupj;jd.
v gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;if tq;fpAk; mur cilikahf;fg;gl;lJ.
v 1960 ,y; fhg;GWjpj; JiwAk; murkakhf;fg;gl;L fhg;GWjpf;
$l;Lj;jhgdk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 115 tuyhW> juk; - 11
v Nkw;F ehl;Lf; fk;gdpfspd; iffspypUe;j ngw;Nwhypa tpepNahfk;
,yq; i fg; ngw; N whypaf; $l; L j; j hgdj; j pd; cupikahf; f g;
gl;likahy; ,yq;ifapd; gzk; ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdpfSf;Fr; nry;tJ
jilg;gl;lJ.
v gpujku; rpwpkhNth gz; l huehaf; f tpd; Ml; r pf; fhyj; j py;
Efu;NthUf;fhd ghtidg; nghUl;fs; tpw;gidAk; murpdhNyNa
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhf 1971 ,y; $l;LwTr; rq;ff; filfs;
Gduikf;fg;gl;L gyg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. NkYk; $l;LwT nkhj;j tpwg ; id
epiyak; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L> ghtidg; nghUl;fspd; tpepNahfKk;
mur JiwapdhNy Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
v ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdpfspd; cupikahff; fhzg;gl;l ngUe;Njhl;lq;fs;
mur cilikahf;fg;gl;likahy; ,yq;if ghupastpy; nghUshjhu
ed;ikfis mile;jJ. mj;Jld; mJtiuf; fhyKk; ntspehl;Lf;
fk;gdpfshy; Mf;fpukpff
; g;gl;bUe;j ,e;ehl;bd; ngUe;Njhl;l epyq;fs;
vy; y hk; [dtrk> crtrk vDk; ngau; f spy; kf; f s; kag;
gLj;jg;gl;ld>
ifj;njhopy; Jiw mgptpUj;jp.
Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; %yg;nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;
gpupj;jhdpahtpd; KbTg; nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;Ak; re;ijahfTNk
,yq;if fhzg;gl;lJ.
v 1952 ,y; cyf tq;fpapd; mwpf;if mur ifj;njhopy; Jiw
Mizf;FO mwpfi ; f vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; mur ifj;njhopy; nfhs;if
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
v eLj;juf; ifj;njhopy;fis Muk;gpg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij cyf
tq;fpapd; mwpf;if Rl;bf;fhl;baJ.

1955 mur $l;Lj;jhgd rl;l%yk;.

mur ifj;njhopy; Mizf;FO mwpf;ifapd;gb mur Kaw;rp
xOq;fikg;G kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gtw;iw mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak;
Kfkhf mur jpizf;fsq;fspd; fPo; nraw;gl;l ifj;njhopw;rhiyfs;.
$l;Lj;jhgdq;fshf khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;ld.
v 1955 nts;isawpf;ifapy; jdpahu; KjyPLfs; kw;Wk; ntspehl;L
KjyPLfs; gw;wpa murhq;ff; nfhs;if ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
v 1957 Mk; Mz;L ifj;njhopy; jpizf;fs rl;lj;jpd; %yk;
ifj;njhopy; xd;wpid Muk;gpf;fTk;> Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yTk;
murhq;fj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; fpilj;jJ

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 116 tuyhW> juk; - 11

v 1959 ,y; ,yq;ifapd; Kjy; ifj;njhopy; FbNaw;wk; Vf;fyapy;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt nfhOk;Gf;F kl;LNk cupa mbg;gil trjpfs;
Vida gFjpfSf;Fk; gutyhf;fg;gl;lJ.
v 1960,y; ,uj;kyhidapy; ifj;njhopy; FbNaw;wk;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;likahdJ nfhOk;igr; Rw;wpAs;s gpuNjrq;fspy;
ifj;njhopy;fis Muk;gpg;gjw;F mbg;gilahf mike;jJ.
v 1958 - 1968 gj;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; %yk; ghupa ifj;njhopy;fSk; rpW
ifj;njhopy;fSk; tsu;r;rpaile;jd.
1961 ,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; tq;fp> Njrpa kakhf;fg;gl;l ,yq;if
tq;fp vd;gd cs;ehl;Lf; ifj;njhopy; Kaw;rpahsu;fSf;Ff; fld;
cjtpfisr; nra;jd.
ifj;njhopYf;Fj; Njitahd %yg;nghUl;fisAk; epyj;ijAk;
,yFthfg; ngw; W f; n fhs; S k; mbg; g ilapYk; > rdj; n jhifiaf;
nfhOk;Gf;F ntspNa gutyilar; nra;Ak; Nehf;fpYk; ehl;bd; gy
ghfq;fspYk; ifj;njhopw;rhiyfs; epWtg;gl;ld.
v gPq;fhd;> uau;> fz;zhb> fljhrp> rPNke;J> ,Uk;G> cUf;F> xl;Lg;
gyif. ,urhadg; nghUl;fs;> Glit> Njhw; nghUl;fs; Kjypa
njhopw;rhiyfs; $l;Lj;jhgdq;fshy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;ld>
Rfhjhu Nritfs;
Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;dNu ,yq;ifapy; ,ytr kUj;Jt Nrit
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. MapDk; mJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhfTk;
nfhOk;ig ikag;gLj;jpajhfTk; mike;jJ. me;j tifapy; itj;jpa
trjpfs; efu;g;Gwq;fspy; mjpfkhfTk; fpuhkg; Gwq;fspy; FiwthfTk;
fhzg;gl;ld.
Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; efug; Gwq;fisg; NghyNt fpuhkg;Gwq;fspYk;
Rfhjhu Nritfis tpupTgLj;Jk; Kfkhf Rfhjhu mikr;R> kfspu;
tptfhuk; kw;Wk; Nghjdh itj;jparhiyfs; mikr;R> RNjr itj;jpa
mikr;R Kjypa mikr;Rf;fspd; fPo; nghJkf;fSf;F rpwg;ghd itj;jpa
Nritfs; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld.
1950,y; nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jpapy; Rfhjhu NritfSf;fhd
nryT 1.5% Mff; fhzg;gl 1970,y; mJ 2.1% Mf mjpfupj;jJ.

nghJ kf; f spd; Rfhjhu Nkk; g hl; b w; f hf murhq; f k; mf; f iwf;

nfhz; L s; s ik ,jpypUe; J njspthfj; njupfpwJ.fle; j Ik; g J
Mz;LfSs; Rfhjhu trjpfis mjpfupjj ; Jld; itj;jparhiyfs;> Rfhjhu
gzpapy; <LgLNthu; njhif itj;jpa cgfuzq;fs;> tpNrl Nrit>
rj;jpurpfpr;ir trjp FLk;g Rfhjhuk;> Rfhjhuf;fy;tp vd;gdtw;iwAk;
gy topfspYk; gutyhf;fpAs;sJ.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 117 tuyhW> juk; - 11
v 1947 ahidf;fhy; Neha; xopg;Gj;jpl;lk; Muk;gk;.
v 1949 fhrNuhfj;ijj; jLg;gjw;fhd B.C.G. jLg;G kUe;J mwpKfk;.
v 1954 F\;lNuhf xopg;Gj; jpl;lk; Muk;gk;.
v 1961 njhz;ilf; fug;ghd;> Ff;fy;> rpd;dKj;J vd;gtw;Wf;fhd
jLg;G kUe;J mwpKfk;.
v 1962 NghypNah nrhl;LkUe;J mwpKfk;.
v 1965 mk;ik Neha; xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
v 1966 Kjd; Kiwahfg; gutpa nlq;Ff; fha;r;rYf;fhd rpfpr;irfs;
Nkw; n fhs; s g; g l; l Jld; me; N eha; xopg; G eltbf; i ffSk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
v 1969 fu;g;gpzpj; jha;khUf;fhd Vw;Gtyp jilkUe;J mwpKfk;.
v 1970 kNyupah Esk;G Xopg;Gf;fhd kyj;jpad; ghtid.
v 1970Mk; Mz;lhFk; NghJ nfhyuh Nehia ehl;by; Kw;whf xopf;f
Kbe;jJ.
v fha;r;ry;> ahidf;fhy;> kNyupah> fhrNeha; Kjypa Nehahspfspd;
vz;zpf;if Fiwe;J nrd;wJ.
v ,yq;ifapy; 1946,y; fhrNehapdhy; 9250 Ngu; ,we;j mNjNtis>
1965,y; ,e;Nehapdhy; vtUNk ,wf;ftpy;iy.
v Neha; j ; j Lg; G > jha; k hu; > Foe; i jfs; > ghlrhiy khztu; f s;
MfpNahUf;F Nkyjpf czT tpepNahfk;> gy;itj;jpaj;Jiw>
ghlrhiy Rfhjhu Nritfs; vd; g d Rfhjhuj; Jiwapd;
tsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fshFk;.
v 1972,y; FLk;g Rfhjhug; gpupT Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L mjd; %yk; jha;
Nra; eyd;> FLk;gj; jpl;lk;> Rfhjhuf; fy;tp KjypadTk; Rfhjhu
Nritapy; tsu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpd.
v 1972,y; mur kUe;jhf;ff; $l;Lj;jhgdk; Muk;gpf;f g;gl;likahy;
epahakhd tpiyapy; kUe;Jfis thq;f Kbe;jJ.
Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifaupd; Rfhjhu trjpfSk; vjpu;ghu;fF
; k;
MAl;fhyKk; tsu;r;rpaile;jpUg;gij NkNy cs;s ml;ltizapd;
%yk; ePq;fs; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

njd; MrpahtpNy $ba MAs; vjpu;ghu;g;G> Fiwe;j rpR kuz

tPjk;> Fiwe;j rdj;njhifg; ngUf;f tPjk; vd;gd ,yq;ifapNyNa
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 118 tuyhW> juk; - 11

Nghf;Ftuj;J
rpwg;ghd Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; NritahdJ cs;ehl;Lg; nghUshjhuj;
Jiwia Nkk; g Lj; J k; mNjNtis nghJkf; f Sf; F k; rpwg; g hd
Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritia toq;Ftjd; %yk; mtu;fspd; tho;f;ifj;
juj;ijAk; cau;tilar; nra;Ak;.
Mq;fpNyauhl;rpf; fhyj;jpNyNa ngUe;njUf;fs;> Gifapuj tPjpfs;>
JiwKfq;fs; vd;gd tsu;rr ; paile;J fhzg;gl;ld. Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du;
Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritf;fhd Njit mjpfupj;jikahy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;
JiwahdJ NkYk; tsu;r;rpf; fz;lJ.
ngUe;njUf;fspy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nrit
v fpuhkq;fisAk;> efuq;fisAk; ngUe;njUf;fs; njhlu;G gLj;jpd.

v 1948 fspy; 53 g]; fk;gdpfs; ngUe;njUf;fspy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr;

Nritia elhj;jpte;jd. murhq;fk; fl;lzj;ijj; jPu;khdpj;jJ.

v 1958 [dtup Kjyhe; jpfjp Kjy; jdpahu; g]; fk;gdpfs; mur

kag;gLj;jg;gl;L Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nrit ,yq;if Nghf;Ftuj;Jr;
rigapd; VfNghf cupikahf;fg;gl;lJ.
v 1978 ,y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l jpwe;j nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifapd;
fPo; ,yq;ifg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rigAld; jdpahu; g]; tz;bfSk;
Nritapy; <LgLj;jg;gl;ld.
v gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rig kf;fs; kag;gLj;jg;gl;l
g]; fk;gdpfshf khw;wg;gl;L kPz;Lk; ,yq;ifg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr;
rig vd;w ngaupy; ,d;Wtiu ,aq;fp tUtJld; ghlrhiy
khztHfSf;fhd khjhe;j gUtfhy rPl;Lf;fis 1948 - 1977 tiu
njhlu;r;rpahf toq;fp tUfpd;wJ.
GifapujNrit
gpupj;jhdpauhl;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Gifapuj NritahdJ
Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; murhq;fj;jpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
v 1948Mk; Mz;L tiu fhzg;gl;l epyf;fup %yk; ,aq;Fk;
eP u htp vd; [ pd; f Sf; F g; gjpyhf Bry; vd; [ pd; f is
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaikahy; Gifapujg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapy;
ghupa khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ.
v etPd trjptha;gG; fSld; $ba Gifapuj tz;bfs; ,wf;Fkjp
nra;ag;gl;lJld; fhl;rpfhz; $lq;fSld; $ba efu;Nru; fLfjp
NritfSk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 119 tuyhW> juk; - 11
 v Gifapujg; ghijfspd; etPd rkpf;iQj; njhFjpfs; %yk;
Gifapuj Nritfs; Jupjkile;jJld; gUtfhy
mDkjpr;rPl;Lf;fs; %yKk; Fiwthd fl;lzq;fs; %yKk;
nghJkf;fs; eyd;Gup NritfSk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld.
v 1956 Kjy; clul;lnkdpf;Nf> U`{D Fkhup> nghb nkdpf;Nf>
aho; Njtp Kjyhd J}u ,lq;fSf;fhd Gifapuj NritfSk;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
JiwKf mgptpUj;jp
Mq;fpNyauhl;rpf; fhyj;jpy; nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
1948 MFk; NghJ> cyfpd; Kf;fpa JiwKfq;fSs; xd;whf ,J
khwpaJ.
1950 - 1965 fhyj;jpy; JiwKf mgptpUj;jpf;fhd gy eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
fg;gy; eq;$uj;jsq;fs; 16> kw;Wk; vyprngj; ,wq;FJiw>
gz;lhuehaf;f ,wq;FJiw> tp[a ,wq;FJiw> njw;Fg; ghyk;>
tlf;Fg;ghyk; vd;gd mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJld;. JiwKfk; mjpf
,yhgkPl;Lk; Jiwahff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
v 1958,y; JiwKfk; murkakhdJ.
v 1960,y; ftu;r;rpfukhd eyd;Gup Nritfs; %yk; njhopyhsu;
gpur;rpid jPu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
v 1964,y; JiwKfj;jpy; 10 ehl;fs; jupj;jpUf;f Ntz;ba
fg;gypd; fhy msT 1973 ,y; 3 ehl;fshff; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
v 1970,y; JiwKf mjpfhu rig cUthf;fg;gl;lijj; njhlu;e;J
NkYk; mgptpUj;jp fz;lJ.
v 1973,y; mikf;fg;gl;l kj;jpa fg;gy; nghUl;fs; $l;Lj;jhgdk;
mgptpUj;jpf;F NkYk; cjtpaJ.
v 1977,y; mwpKfkhd jpwe;j nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifapd; fPo;
JiwKf mjpfhu rig Clhf NkYk; mgptpUj;jp fz;lJ.
v xU ehl;bd; Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp tsu;r;rpf;Fj; JiwKfk; Kf;fpa
,lkhf miktjhy; 1948Mk; Mz;L Kjy; Ml;rpfF ; te;j midj;J
muRfSk; ,jpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ.
njhlu;ghly; JiwapNyw;gl;l mgptpUj;jp
gpujhd njhlu;ghly; Jiwfshd jghy;> je;jp> njhiyNgrp
Nritfspy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rpiag; ghu;g;Nghk;.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 120 tuyhW> juk; - 11
jghy; Nrit
Mq;fpNyauhl;rpapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l jghy; jpizf;fsk; ,d;Wtiu
jd; Nritiaj; njhlHfpd;wJ.
v 1948 jghy; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf thfd Nrit mwpKfg;gLj;-
jg;gl;lJ.
v 1949 nfhOk;G-aho;g;ghz tpkhd%ykhd jghy; Nrit
Muk;gkhdJ.
v 1949 mur Copau;fspd; Xa;T+jpak; jghy; fe;Njhu;fs; %yk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
v 1958 rpq;fs vOj;Jf;fSld; $ba jghy; Kj;jpiufs;
mr;rplg;gl;ld.
v 1972 mQ;ry; mYtyfq;fs; Njrpa Nrkpg;G tq;fpfshfTk;
nraw;gl;ld.
v 1977 ,d; gpd;du; Kftu; mQ;ry; mYtyfq;fs; mwpKfg;-
gLj;jg;gl;ld.
gpupj;jhdpau; fhye;njhl;L ,d;W tiu> jghy; Nrit kf;fSf;F
mjpf gaidj; jUfpd;wJ. ehl;bd; ve;jnthU f\;l gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk;
fbjk;> nghjp vd;gdtw;iw mDg;Gtjw;Fk;> fpuhk kf;fs; rpWnjhf
gzj;ijNaDk; Nrkpg;gpy; ,Ltjw;Fk; jghy; Nrit ngUk; gzpahw;wp
tUfpd;wJ.
,d;W jghy; gy;$l;Lj; njhFjpfs; gpujhd efuq;fspy; gy;NtW
tpjkhd NritfisAk; nghJkf;fSf;F toq;fp tUfpd;wd.

je;jp> njhiyNgrp Nritfs;.

v 1948,y; ,yq;ifapy; 8625 njhiyNgrpfs; kl;LNk fhzg;gl;lJld;
mtw;Ws; 5079 nfhOk;G efUs; fhzg;gl;ld.
v 1951,y; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Nfgps; kw;Wk; tau;y]; (gpupj;jhdpa)
fk;gdp murhq;fj;jhy; nghWg;Ngw;fg;gl;lJ.
v 1963,y; nunyf;]; Nrit mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
v 1966,y; Neubj; njhiyNgrp trjpfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
v 1976,y; KjyhtJ nra;kjp gupkhw;W epiyak; mikf;fg;gl;lJld;
rHtNjr uPjpapy; njhiyj;njhlHG Nrit tpuptile;jJ.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 121 tuyhW> juk; - 11

 thndhyp Nrit
v 1925 ,y; ,yq;ifapy; thndhyp Nrit mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

v 1949 ,y; thndhypj; jpizf;fsk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

v 1950 [dtup Kjyhk; jpfjp Kjy; nuhupq;ld; rJf;fj;jpy; Gjpa

thndhyp kj; j pa epiyak; Muk; g pf; f g; g l; L xypgug; G Neuk;
mjpfupf;fg;gl;lJ rpq;fsk;> jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; vDk; Kk;nkhopfSk;
xNu miytupirapy; xypgug;ghfpd.

v 1950,y; tu;j;jfNrit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lijj; njhlu;e;J Njrpa

NritAk; rk mstpy; xypgug;ghfpaJ.

v 1951,y; fy;tpr;Nrit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

v 1967,y; ,yq;if xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

v 1979,y; gpuhe;jpa xypgug;G mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

v 1970 fspd; gpd;du;; mwpKfkhd buhd;rp];lu; thndhypg; ngl;bfs;

thndhypg; ghtidia mjpfupf;fr; nra;jd.

v 1980 fspd; gpd;du; ];BupNah> F. M. miythpir vDk; etPd

Nritfshy; thndhypr; Nritfs; tskile;Js;sd.

RUf; f k;
Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;duhd ,yq;if vDk; ghlj;ijf; fw;w
cq;fSf;Ff; fPot; Uk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; tplaq;fis mwpeJ
; nfhs;s
Kbe;jjh vd;W ghUq;fs;.
01. ghuhSkd;w [dehafKk; mJ nraw;gLtjw;fhd fl;rpKiw>
mikr;ruit vd;gdTk;.
02. 1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;G> jd;dhjpf;fKk; ,iwikAk;
nfhz;l ehlhf ,yq;ifia khw;wpaikj;jJ.
03. 1978 ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;G %yk; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;
nfhz;l [dhjpgjp Ml;rpKiw.
04. Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;l fy;tp> Rfhjhu>
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