Gwtpir nraw;ghL

 Gwtpir vd;gJ Gtp Nkw;gug;gpy; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;w

tpir Gwtpir MFk;. ,t;tpir Gtp Nkw;gug;gpy; %d;whk;
tifahd epyTUtq;fis cUthf;fpd;wJ. Gtp Nkw;gug;gpy;
epyTUtq;fis cUthf;fpd;w Gwtpir nraw;ghLfshf> XLk;
ePu;> fhw;W> fly; miy> jiufPo; ePu; nraw;ghL> thdpiyahy;
mopjy; kw;Wk; jpzptirT vd;gd Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd.
 thdpiyahy; mopjy; nraw;ghl;bdhy; rpijtile;j ghiwg;
gFjp mupj;jy;> nfhz;L nry;yy;> gbjy; nra;jy; Nghd;w
nraw;ghLfSf;F cl;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf

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epyj;Njhw;wk; khw;wkilfpwJ.

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 Gwtpir nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf epyTUtq;fs; tl;lr;

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nrad;Kiwapy; eilngWfpd;wd. ,t;tl;lr; nrad;Kiwapid

L
mnkupf;f Gtpapayhsuhd W.M. Nltp]; vd;gtu; tpsf;Ffpd;whu;.

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 Gwtpir nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf jpdd;y; epyTUtq;fs;

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(mupj;jy;) kw;Wk; gbjy; epyTUtq;fs; vd;gd cUthf;fk;

IRS
ngWfpd;wd.
01. XLk; ePu; or Mw;Wj; jpd;dy; nraw;ghL
 Gwtpir nraw;ghLfSs; xd;W XLk; ePupd; jpd;dy;
nraw;ghlhFk;. MwhdJ Cw;wpd; %yk ;gdpf;fl;b fiutjd;
%yk; nrwpthd kiotPo;r;rp fpilf;fg; ngWtjd; $yk;
cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,J ejp> Xil> mUtp vd NtWgl;l
ngau;fspdhy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 gbTtPo;r;rpapd; %yk; mjpfkhd ePu; fpilf;fg; ngw;W Mwhf
tope;J Xb> fOT ePNuhl;lkhf rKj;jpuq;fis milfpd;wJ.
,jd; %yk; ePupay; tl;lk; rkdpiyg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 kiotPor;rp fpilf;fg; ngWfpd;w gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J
rKj;jpuq;fis milfpd;w gpuNjrq;fs; tiu ejpapd; neLf;F
gf;fg; ghu;it gpd;tUkhW NtWgLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
i. Mw;wpd; Nky; gFjp my;yJ kiyrhu; gFjp - ,sikg;gUtk;
ii. Mw;wpd; kj;jpa gFjp my;yJ gs;sj;jhf;Fg; gFjp –
Kjpu;;r;rpg; gUtk;
Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 1
 iii. Mw;wpd; fPo; gFjp my;yJ rkntspg; gFjp – KJikg;
gUtk;

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01. Mw;wpd; ,sikg; gUtj;jpy; mtjhdpf;ff; $ba mk;rq;fs;

L
%d;wpid jUf.

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 Mw;wpd; ,sikg; gUtj;jpy; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fis mtjhdpf;f

A
H
Kbfpd;wJ.

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i.

I
caukhd kiyapd; fhuzkhf rupT jd;ik mjpfkhf
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ii. rupT mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf ePupd; Ntfk;
mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
iii. Mw;wpd; Muk;gg; gFjp vd;gjhy; ePupd; msT kpfTk;
Fiwthdjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
iv. ,sikg; gUtj;jpy; epiyf;Fj;Jr; Ruz;liy mtjhdpf;f
Kbfpd;wJ.
v. epiyf;Fj;Jr; Ruz;lypd; tpisthf jpd;dy; cUthf;fk;
ngWfpd;wJ.

02. Kjpu;r;rp gUtj;jpy; mtjhdpf;ff; $ba mk;rq;fs; %d;wpid jUf.

 Kjpu;;r;rp gUtj;jpy; gpd;tUk; Kidg;ghd mk;rq;fis
mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

2 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;

 i. kiyapd; cauk; Fiwtjdhy; rupTj; jd;ikAk;
gbg;gbahff; Fiwtile;J nry;Yfpd;wJ.
ii. gy fpisahWfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,ize;J nry;tjd;
fhuzkhf Mw;wpd; nfhs;ssT njhlu;r;rpahf mjpfupj;J
nry;Yfpd;wJ.
iii. Mw;wpd; nfhs;ssT mjpfupg;gjdhy; gf;fr; Ruz;ly;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
iv. ,g;gFjpapy; gUk; nghUl;fs; mjpfkhf nfhz;L
nry;yg;gLfpd;wJ.

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03. KJik gUtj;jpy; mtjhdpf;ff; $ba Kidg;ghd mk;rq;fs;

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%d;wpidj; jUf.

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 KJikg; gUtkhdJ gy;NtW Kidg;ghd mk;rq;fisf;

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nfhz;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ ejpnahd;wpy; neLf;Fg; gf;fg;

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ghu;itapy; kpff; fPo; epiyapy; ,g;gUtk; cUthf;fk;

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ngWfpd;wJ. fPo; gUtkhdJ rkjiuapidf; nfhz’l

H
IRS
flw;fiuNahu gpuNjrq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;lJ. ,jdhy;
,g;gFjpapy; gpd;tUk; Kidg;ghd mk;rq;fis mtjhdpf;f
Kbfpd;wJ.
i. gy fpisahWfisf; nfhz;L cUthf;fk; ngw;w ejp
mjpfsthd ePupidf; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
ii. flw;fiuNahuj;jpid ikakhff; nfhz;L rha;thd
jiuj;Njhw;wk; fhzg;gLtjdhy; ePupd; Ntfk; gbg;gbahf
Fiwe;J kpfTk; nkJthf gazk; nra;fpwJ.
iii. ,g;gUtkhdJ ejpapd; ,Wjp gUtkhf fhzg;gLtjdhy;
milaw; nghUl;fis mjpfkhff; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,J gUk; nghUl;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
iv. ,g;gFjpapy; Mw;wpd; Ntfk; Fiwthf fhzg;gLtjd;
fhuzkhf gbjy; nraw;ghL eilngWfpd;wJ. ,jd;
fhuzkhf ,q;F gbjy; epyTUtq;fs; cUthf;fk;
ngWfpd;wd.

Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 3

04. gUk; nghUl;fis ejp vt;thW nfhz;L nry;fpd;wJ vd;gjid
tiuglj;jpd; cjtpNahL tpsf;Ff.
i. cUl;br; nry;Yjy;
ii. jhtpf; Fjpj;Jr; nry;Yjy;
iii. njhq;fp nry;yy;
iv. fiury;

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i. cUl;b nry;Yjy;

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Rikfspd; ghuk; mjpfupf;fpd;w NghJ ePupdhy; ms;spr; nry;y

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Kbahj Mw;wpd; mbg;gFjpfspy; cUl;b nry;yg;gLfpd;wJ.

SH
,t;thW cUl;b nry;yg;gLfpd;w gUk; nghUl;fs; Mw;wpd;

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mbg;gFjpfspy; jpd;dy; nraw;ghl;bid Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.
ii. jhtpf; Fjpj;Jr; nry;yy;
gUkdpy; Fiwe;j Jzpf;iffs; Mw;wpd; Ntfj;jpw;F Vw;gTk;>
Rikfspd; ghuj;jpw;F Vw;gTk; jhtpf; Fjpj;J nry;tjid
mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. ,J Mw;wpd; Ntfj;jpid %yk;
kw;Wk; gUk; nghUl;fspd; jd;ikapd; %yk; epu;zak;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. gUk; nghUl;fspd; ghuk; njhlu;ghfTk;
Mw;wpd; ePu; Ntfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;w NghJ gUk; nghUl;fs;
jhtpf; Fjpj;J nry;fpd;wd.
iii. njhq;fp nry;yy;
MW xd;w gazpf;Fk; NghJ ngUk;ghyhd Rikfs;
njhq;fp nry;tjid mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. NrW fiue;j
kz;> fspkz;> Ez;kz; vd;gd njhq;F ghukhf nfhz;L
nry;yg;gLtJ njhq;F epiy vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

4 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;

iv. fiury;
,urhad uPjpahd khw;wk; fiury; nraw;ghl;bid jPu;khdk;
nra;fpd;wJ. ,r;nraw;ghL fz;Zf;F Gyg;gLtjpy;iy.
Rz;zhk;G fw;ghiwfs; kw;Wk; Nrhf;F ghiwfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd;
,f;fiury; epiyapid mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. NkYk; MW
gazk; nra;fpd;w Gtp Nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ,urhad
Jzpf;iffs; jhf;fkile;J fiuryhf khw;wk; ngWfpd;wd.
05. Mw;wpdJ nraw;ghLfisj; jUf.
 Gtp Nkw;gug;gpy; caukhd kiyg; gpuNjrq;fspy; Njhw;wk;
ngWfpd;w MW flw;fiuNahuj;jpid my;yJ rKj;jpuj;jpid
nrd;wilfpd;wJ. ,tt;hW caukhd kiyg;gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J

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rKj;jpuq;fis nrd;wilAk; tiu gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfis

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Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.

AW
i. mupj;jy; nraw;ghL
ii. nfhz;L nry;yy; nraw;ghL

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AT
iii. gbjy; nraw;ghL

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IRS
mupj;jy; nraw;ghL
 mupj;jy; vd;gJ Mw;wpdhy; Gtp Nkw;gug;G Nja;f;fg;gLjy;
my;yJ fiuf;fg;gLtijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,J %d;W tpjq;fspy;
eilngWk;.
i. cuha;jy;
ii. Nja;j;jy;
iii. miue;J Nja;j;jy;
cuha;jy;
 Mw;Wg;gLf;ifapy; ghiwfs; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLk; NghJ
mit Mw;wpd; fiufspy; Nkhjp gf;f Ruz;ly;fis nra;fpd;wJ
my;yJ gf;f mupj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ. NkYk MwhdJ
nfhz;L nry;yg;gLfpd;w gUk; nghUl;fspdhy; mb mupj;jy;
nraw;ghLk; eilnWfpd;wJ. ,r; nraw;ghlhdJ> mjhtJ
cuha;jy; nraw;ghldhJ ,urhad nrad; KiwfshYk;
eilngWfpd;wJ.

Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 5

 Nja;j;jy;
 ,J cile;J Nja;j;jy; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. cile;J
Nja;j;jyhdJ Mw;wpdhy; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLk; gUk; nghUl;fs;
xd;Nwhnlhd;W NkhJtjdhy; gUk; nghUl;fs; cile;J rpwpa
ghiwj; Jz;Lfshf khw;wkilfpd;wd. MW gazk; nra;fpd;w
NghJ gUk; nghUl;fs; xd;Nahnlhd;W NkhJjy;> ciljy;>
Nja;j;jy; fhuzkhf epyTUtq;fs; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd.
NkYk; ,r;nraw;ghLfspdhy; ghiwfs; rpijtile;J rpwpa
rpwpa tl;lkhd tbtq;fs; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd.
miue;J Nja;j;jy;
 Mw;wpd; mupj;jy; nraw;ghLfSs; xd;W miue;J Nja;j;jyhFk;.

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,J Mw;wpdhy; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLfpd;w gUk; nghUl;fs;

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xd;Nwhnlhd;W Kl;b NkhJtjdhy; eilngWfpd;wJ. MW

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gazk; nra;fpd;w NghJ ngupastpyhd gUk;nghUl;fs;

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rpijtile;J Nfhzq;fs; kpUJthf;fg;gl;L my;yJ

L
cUz;ilahf;fg;gl;L NtW tifahd Jzpf;iffshf

T H
khw;wkilfpd;wd.

SHA
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06. MW gazk; nra;fpd;w NghJ cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w mupj;jy;
epyTUtq;fs; %d;wpidf; Fwpg;gpl;L Gidah tiuglq;fspd;
cjtpNahL tpsf;Ff.
 caukhf kiyg; gpuNjrq;fspy; Cw;nwLj;j MW kiyg;gFjpapd;
Nkw;gFjpfspy; mupj;jy; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhz;L mupj;jy;
epyTUtq;fis cUthf;Ffd;wJ. ,t;thwhd mupj;jy;
epyTUtq;fshf
i. V tbtg; gs;sj;jhf;F
ii. ghidf; Fopfs;
iii. kiy ,Lf;F
iv. ePu;tPo;r;rp
v. tpiuNthw;w Mw;Wg;gFjp
vi. Mw;Wg; gbTfs;
vii. gpizay; RtLfs;
6 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;
i. V tbt gs;sj;jhf;F
Mw;wpdJ jpd;dy; epyTUtq;fSs; xd;W V tbtkhd
gs;sj;jhf;fhFk;. MW jdJ Nkw;gLf;if gFjpapDs;
V tbtkhd gs;sj;jhf;fpD}lhf gha;e;J nry;fpd;wJ.
,g;gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; ngUk;ghYk; kiyg;gFjpfspYk; Fd;Wg;
gFjpfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. V tbtkhd gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;
nrq;Fj;jhd gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
epiyf;Fj;jr; Ruz;lypd; fhuzkhf V tbtkhd gs;sj;jhf;F
cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,g;gs;sj;jhf;fpd; Clhf ePu; gha;e;J
nry;fpd;w NghJ fw;fisAk;> ghiwfisAk; ePUld; ms;spf;
nfhz;L nry;fpd;wJ.

Y E R
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ii. ePu;tPo;r;rp
MW gazk; nra;fpd;w NghJ cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w
epyTUtq;fspy; xd;W ePu;tPo;r;rpahFk;. ,e;ePu;tO;r;rp ,uz;L
tiffspy; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ.
i. ghiwfspd; Nkyhf ghAk; ejp mg;ghiwfspd;
fhzg;gLfpd;w td;ik> nkd;ik NtWghLfspdhy;
cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ.
ii. epyj;jpd; Nky; cau;r;rpfspdhy; epyr;rupTfspy;
cUthfpd;w ePu;tPo;r;rpfs;.

Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 7

 mjhtJ td;ikahd kw;Wk; nkd;ikahd ghiwfisf;
nfhz;l NtWghlhd ghiwfspd; Nkyhf MW ghAk;
NghJ ePu;tPo;r;rp cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ. Mw;wpd; Nghf;fpd;
td;ikahd ghiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;w NghJ nkd;ikahd
ghiwfs; $Ljyhf jpz;zg;gl;L Vw;w ,wf;fq;fis
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ePu;tPo;r;rp cUthfpd;wJ.
iii. ghidf;Fopfs;
w;wpd; jpd;dy; epyTUtq;fSs; xd;W ghidf;Fopahfk;. ,J
Mw;wpd; rkdw;w gLf;iffspd; my;yJ mbj;jsj;jpd; xU
gFjpapy; Row;rp fhuzkhf kzy; kw;Wk; gUl;fw;fspdhy;
cUthf;fg;gLk;. ,J tl;lkhd ,wf;fq;fs; gbg;gbahf
MokilAk; NghJ ghidf;Fopfis my;yJ ghidf;

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FilTfis cUthf;FfpwJ. Mw;wpd; mbj;jsj;jpy;

Y
cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w Row;rpfs; fhuzkhf ,f;Fopfs;

AW
cUthfpd;wJ.

H L
HAT
I RS
iv. kiy ,Lf;F
kiy ,Lf;F vd;gJ nrq;Fj;jhd xLq;fpa gs;sj;jhf;fhf
ghiw Rtu;fisf; nfhz;L fhzg;gLk;. nrq;Fj;jhd mupj;jy;
fhuzkhf ,it cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd. kiy ,Lf;fhdJ
Mokhd gs;sj;jhf;fpid nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

8 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;

07. Mw;Wg; gs;sj;jhf;F xd;wpd; fPo; gFjpapy; Mw;wpdhy; nfhz;L
nry;yg;gLfpd;w Rikfis my;yJ nghUl;fspdhy; cUthf;fk;
ngWfpd;w gbjy; epyTUtq;fs; %d;wpid tiuglj;jpd;
cjtpNahL tpsf;Ff.
 Mw;Wj; jpd;dy; nraw;ghl;by; epyTUtq;fis
cUthf;Ftjpy; gbjy; nraw;ghL xd;whFk;. mjhtJ
Mw;wpdhy; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLfpd;w gUk; nghUl;fs;
jho;epyg; gpuNjrq;fspy; gbjy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW
gbjy; nra;ag;gLtJd; fhuzkhf cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w
epyTUtq;fs; gpd;tUtd Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd.
i. gpd;dpa MW v. gug;Gk; fpisahW

R
ii. nts;sr; rkntsp vi. kiyab tpspk;G
iii. gdpaWj;j Vup
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vii. kpahe;ju; tisT

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iv. fopKfk; viii. cau; miz

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H
i.

T
gpd;dpa MW

HA
gpd;dpa MwhdJ Mw;wpd; ePupd; gha;rr;y; nkJthf ,lk;ngWk;

IRS
nghOJ milay;fs; gbatplg;gLtjdhy; gpd;dpa MWfs;
cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd. ,jdhy; Mw;wpd; jpirapy; khw;wk;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ. Gjpa fhy;tha;fs; cUthf;fk; ngWtjw;F ,J
fhuzkhf mikfpwJ. milay; %ykhd Rikfs; mjpfkhf
,Uf;Fk; NghJ gpd;dpa MWfs; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd. rpy
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,t;tilay;fs; fhy;tha;fSf;F ,ilapy;
efUk; jPTfshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 9

ii. nts;sr; rkntsp
Mw;wpd; gbjy; epyTUtq;fSs; nts;sr; rkntsp
Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ. Mw;wpd; %yk; nfhz;L tug;gLfpd;w
gUk;nghUl;fs; Mw;wpd; ,uz;L fiuNahuq;fisAk;
ikakhff; nfhz;L gbjy; nra;ag;gLtjd; fhuzkhf
,e;epyTUtq;fs; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ. mjhtJ MwhdJ
jdJ fiufis cilj;J ntspahFk; NghJ tz;ly; kz;
gbTfs; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; rkntspahd
fiug;gFjpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;L nts;sr; rkntspahf
fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ.

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RSH
I
iii. fopKfk;
Mw;wpd; gbjy; nraw;ghl;bd; fhuzkhf cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w
epyTUtq;fSs; xd;W fopKfkhFk;. mjhtJ Mw;wpdhy;
nfhz;L tug;gLfpd;w milay;fs; gbT nra;ag;gl;L
,e;epyTUtk; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. flw;fiuNahuj;jpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;w rkkhd jiuj;Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; gbjy;
nraw;ghLfs; ,jw;F mbg;gilahd fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ.
fopKfkhdJ mtw;wpd; mikg;gpid nghWj;J tprpwp tbtk;>
gwit fhy; tbtk;> $LS tbtk; vd NtWgLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

10 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;

 Y E R
08. Mw;Wj; jpd;dy; nraw;ghl;bd;

L AW mupj;jiy ghjpf;fpd;w

H
fhuzpfisj; jUf.

AT
 Mw;wpd; mupj;jy; nraw;ghl;bid gpd;tUk; fhuzpfs;

H
ghjpf;fpd;wJ.

IRS
i. ,aw;if rha;T
ii. Gtpr;rupjtpay; mikg;G
iii. mupj;jYf;F cl;gl;l nghUl;fs; (gUk; nghUl;fs;)
iv. kz;zpd; tif or jd;ik
v. gs;sj;jhf;fpd; gUkd;> tbtk;
vi. Mw;wpd; ePuhdJ msT kw;Wk; Mw;wpd; Row;rp Ntfk;
vii. jhtuj;jpd; Nghu;it Nghd;w gy;NtW fhuzpfs; Mw;wpd;
mupj;jy; nraw;ghl;bid fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.

Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 11

 02.fhw;wpd; nraw;ghLfSk; mtw;wpd;
epyTUtq;fSk;
 ghiytdg; gpuNjq;fspy; Ntfkhd fhw;W kpf fLikahd
ntg;gk; Nghd;w fhuzq;fspdhy; NtWgl;l epyf;fhl;rpfs;
cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd. thdpiyahy; mopjy; nraw;ghL
,q;F rpwg;ghf mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; rpijtile;j
ghiytd gpuNjrq;fspy; Ntfkhd fhw;wpd; njhopw;ghl;bd;
tpisthf gy;NtWgl;l epyf;fhl;rpfs; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ.
 ghiytdg; gpuNjrq;fspy; njhopw;gLfpd;w fhw;W gpd;tUk;
njhopw;ghLfspd; %yk; epyTUtq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
i. mupj;jy;
ii. nfhz;L nry;y;

Y E R
W
iii. gbT nra;jy;

L A
 mupj;jy; nraw;ghlhdJ ghiytd gpuNjrq;fspy; njhopw;gLfpd;w

T H
Ntfkhd fhw;wpdhy; gUk;nghUl;fs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W NkhJz;L

A
mupj;jy; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.

SH
 mupj;jy; nraw;ghLfshdJ>

R
I
i. thup ,wf;fy;
ii. Nja;j;jy;
iii. miue;J Nja;j;jy;

i. thup ,wf;fy;
 ghiytdj;jpdJ mupj;jy; nraw;ghLfspDs; xd;whd thup
,wf;fy; vd;gJ fhw;wpd; %yk; kzy;> J}R Jzpf;iffs;
Nghd;w gUk; nghUl;fs; Gtp Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J nfhz;L
nry;yg;gLtjidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. thup ,wf;fy; fhuzkhf Gtp
Nkw;gug;gpy; ghiytdg; gFjpfs; mupf;fg;gLtjdhy; ghupsathd
gs;sq;fs; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,jw;F rpwe;j cjhuzkhf
vfpg;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w Fthl;uh gs;sk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. thup
,wf;fy; nraw;ghlhdJ eilngWfpd;w NghJ gUk; nghUl;fs;
xd;Nwhnlhd;W NkhJz;L rpijtiltjidAk; mtjhdpf;f
Kbfpd;wJ.
12 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;
ii. Nja;j;jy;
fhw;wpd; mupj;jy; nrad;KiwfSs; xd;whd Nja;j;jy; jpd;dy;
epyTUtq;fs; cUthf;fk; ngw fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ.
mjhtJ Nja;j;jy; vd;gJ fhw;wpdhy; ms;sp tug;gLfpd;w
ghiwg; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; kzw; nghUl;fs; ghiytd
Nkw;gug;gpy; NkhJz;L cuha;Tf;F cl;gl;L Nkw;gug;G
nrg;gkhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; epyf;fhl;rpfs; cUthf;fk;
ngWfpd;wd.

iii. miue;J Nja;j;jy;

R
miue;J Nja;j;jy; vd;gJ ghiytd gpuNjrq;fspy;

Y E
njhopw;gLfpd;w Ntfkhd fhw;wpd; fhuzkhf thup ,wf;fg;gLk;

W
gUk; nghUl;fs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W Kl;b NkhJtjdhy;

A
mupj;jYf;F cl;gLfpd;wJ. ,r;nrad;Kiw ghiytd

L
gpuNjrq;fspy; gy;NtWgl;l epyf;fhl;rp cUthf;fk; ngw

T H
fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ.

HA
IRS
01. ghiytdg; gpuNjrq;fspy; Ntfkhf fhw;wpd; %yk;
gUk;nghUl;fs; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLtjidf; Fwpg;gpl;L
RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
 jilfs; mw;w ghiytd gpuNjrq;fspy; fhw;wdp; Ntfk;
mjpfkhFk;. ,jdhy; ghiy epy gpuNjrq;fspy; gUk;
nghUl;fs; gpd;tUkhW nfhz;L nry;yg;gLfpd;wJ.
i. jhtpr; nry;yy; - njhq;fy;
ii. jhtpf; Fjpj;J nry;yy; - gha;r;ry;
iii. cUl;b nry;yy; - csuy;

Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 13

 Y E R
W
i. jhtpr; nry;yy;

L A
 jhtpr; nry;yy; vd;gJ ghiytd gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w

H
nkd;ikahd kzy; JfLfs;> J}Rg;gbTfs; fhw;wpd; Ntfj;jpd;

AT
%yk; caukhd gFjpfspy; ms;spr; nry;yg;gLtjidf;

H
Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,r;nraw;ghlhdJ gpd;tUk; fhuzpfspy;

RS
jq;fpAs;sJ.

I
i. J}uk;
ii. fhw;wpd; Ntfk;
iii. nghUspd; jd;ik
iv. nghUspd; ghuk;

 rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ghiyepy gpuNjrq;fspy; Ntfkhd fhw;W

njhopw;gLfpd;w NghJ gy fpNyhkPw;wu;fs; J}uj;jpw;F gUk;
nghUl;fs; jhtpr; nry;yg;gLfpd;wJ.
ii. jhtpf; Fjpj;J nry;yy;
 ,r;nraw;ghL gha;r;ry; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ gUk;
nghUl;fspy; rpwpa ghuk; Fiwe;j kzw;fw;fs;> kzy;
vd;gd fhw;wpd; fhuzkhf Kd;Ndhf;fp Ntfkhf jhtpr;
nry;yg;gLtjid Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

14 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;

iii. cUl;b nry;yy;
 ,J csuy; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ ghiytdg;
gpuNjrq;fspy; ghuk; $ba gUk; nghUl;fs; fhw;wpdhy; J}f;fp
nry;yg;gl KbahJ ghiytd Nkw;gug;gpD}lhfNt cUl;b
nry;yg;gLfpd;wJ. nghJthf ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; gUk;
nghUl;fs; Gtp Nkw;gug;gpd; kPJ cUl;b nry;yg;gLtjid
mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

02. ghiytd gpuNjrq;fspy; mupj;jy; nraw;ghL fhuzkhf

cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w jpd;dy; epyTUtq;fs; %d;wpid Fwpg;gpl;L
Gidah tiuglj;jpd; cjtpNahL tpsf;Ff.

E
 ghiytd gpuNjrq;fspy; mupj;jy; nraw;ghL fhuzkhf

Y R
W
gy;NtW tifahd epyTUtq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd.

A
mtw;Ws; gpd;tUk; epyTUtq;fs; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd.

L
i. thup ,wf;fy; gs;sk; fhw;wupguy;

T H
ii. ahlhq;F jl;ilAau;r;rp Xq;fy;

A
iii. fhshd; cUg;ghiw

H
IRS
iv. jsj;jpilf; Fd;W
v. gPilj; jpilj; jpzpT
vi. Nkrh kw;Wk; tl;];
vii. giwr; rkntsp
gPilj; jpilj; jpzpT
ghiytdg; gpuNjrq;fspy; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w jpd;dy; epy
gpuNjrq;fspy; gPilj; jpilj; jpzpT xd;whFk;. ,J ghiwakg;gpdJ
td;ik> nkd;ik NtWghl;Lf;F ,zq;f
cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ. nkd;ikahd
gFjp Ntfkhf jpz;zg;gl;L ePs;
tiufisAk;> rha;TfisAk;
cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ,jd; NghJ vQ;rp
epw;fpd;w td;ikahd ghiwg; gFjp tuk;G
Nghd;Nwhu; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. ,it 3
36 km tiu NtWgl;L fhzg;gLtJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;.

Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 15

 ahlhq;F
ghiytd gpuNjrq;fspy; cUthf;fk;
ngWfpd;w Neu;Nfhl;L njhlu;fshf
ahlhq;Ffs; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd.
,t; ahlhaq;FfSk; ghiwapd; td;ik
kw;Wk; nkd;ikahd mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
td;ikahd ghiwg; gFjpfs;
mupf;fg;glhJ vQ;rp epw;gjdhy; ,t;
epyTUtk; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ahlhq;Ffs; nghJthf 15m cauKila
ghiwj; jpzpthf fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ.

R
kj;jpa Mrpa ghiytdk; kw;Wk; mw;wfhkh ghiytdk; Nghd;w

Y E
ghiyepyq;fspy; ,t;tifahd ahlhq;Ffis mtjhdpf;f

W
Kbfpd;wJ.

L A
AT H fhshd; cUg;ghiw

H
ghiytd gpuNjrq;fspy; cUthf;fk;

I RS
ngWfpd;w mupj;jy; epyTUtq;fspy; xd;W
fhshd; cUg;ghiwahFk;. gUk; nghUl;fs;
mjpfkhf jiu Nkw;gug;NghL nfhz;L
nry;yg;gLtjdhy; ghiwapdJ mbgg;Fjp
Ntfkhf mupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thW
mupf;fg;gLtjw;F fhuzkhf fhshd;
tbtpyhd ghiwfs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,f;fhshd; cUgg;hiwfs; 3 – 5 m
cauj;jpidf; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

03. ghiytdg; gpuNjrq;fspy; mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpd;w gbjy;

epyTUtq;fs; %d;wpidf; Fwpg;gpl;L Gidah tiuglq;fSld;
tpsf;Ff.
 ghiytdg; gpuNjrq;fspy; gbjy; nraw;ghl;bd; fhuzkhf
gy;NtW tifahd epyf;fhl;rpfs; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd.
mjhtJ ghiy epy gpuNjrq;fspy; ms;sg;gLfpd;w

16 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;

 gUk;nghUl;fs; fhw;wpdhy; fhtpr; nry;yg;gLfpd;w NghJ
njhlu;e;J fhtpr; nry;yg;gl KbahJ fPopwq;Ftjd;
fhuzkhf my;yJ fPo; ,wf;fg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf gbjy;
epyTUtq;fs; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd. ,e;epyTUtq;fspd;
Njhw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g gpd;tUkhW NtWgLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
i. miyTfs; thy;kzw;Fd;W
ii. ePs;Fd;Wfs;
iii. FWf;F kzw; Fd;Wfs;
iv. ghu;f;fd; kzw; Fd;Wfs;
v. el;rj;jpu kzw; Fd;Wfs;

E R
vi. fiuNahu kzw; Fd;Wfs;
vii. Ez;kzw; Fd;Wfs;

W Y
L A
T H
ePs; kzw;Fd;Wfs;

HA
ghiyepyg; gpuNjrq;fspy; gbjy; nraw;ghLf fhuzkhf

IRS
cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w epyTUtq;fSs; ePs; Fd;W xd;whFk;. ,J
xU fpNyhkPww;Uf;F Nkw;gl;l ePsk;> mfyk; nfhz;ljhf fhw;wpd;
jpirf;F ,izahf mikag; ngWfpd;wJ. ,t;tifahd ePs;
Fd;Wfis cg mad ghiytdq;fspy; xOq;fw;w kzy; epuk;gy;
fhzg;gLk; gFjpfspy; nghJthf mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
ghu;f;fd; kzw;Fd;W
ghiy epyg; gpuNjrq;fspy; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w gbjy;
epyTUtq;fSs; ghu;f;fd;
kzw;Fd;Wk; xd;whFk;. ,it
gpiwAU kzw;Fd;Wfs; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. tisT
tbtkhd xU kzw; njhluhf
xU fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. kiw
tbtkhd mikg;igf; nfhz;l
,t; kzw; Fd;Wfs; xJf;F gf;fk;
Fj;J rha;thfTk;> fhw;Wg; gf;fk;
nkd;rha;thfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tifahd kzw;Fd;Wfs;
30m tiu cauKilajhf fhzg;gLtNjhL rfhuh ghiytdk;
Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 17
kw;Wk; JUfp];jhd; ghiytdq;fspy; gutyhf mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

R
el;rj;jpu kzw;Fd;W
ghiy epyg; gpuNjrq;fspy;

Y E
AW
cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w gbjy;

L
epyTUtq;fspy; xd;w el;rj;jpu

H
kzq;Fd;whFk;. ,t;thwhd

AT
kzw;Fd;Wfspd; kj;jpa gFjp

H
NkYau;e;J fhzg;gLtNjhL

RS
mtw;iw #o;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;w

I
Vida gFjpfs; jl;ilahd
mikg;igAilajhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fhw;wpd;
jpirf;Nfw;g NtWgl;l gf;fq;fspdhy; khw;wkilfpd;wd. ,t; kzw;
Fd;Wfs; If;fpa mnkupf;fhTf;Fk; nkf;rpNfhtpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
ghiy epy gpuNjrq;fspy; gutyhf mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

04. ghiytdg; gpuNjrq;fspy; ePupdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; %d;W

epyTUtq;fis tiuglj;jpd; cjtpNahL tpsf;Ff.
 ghiytd gpuNjrq;fspy; gbTtPo;r;rp fpilf;fg; ngWtJ
mupjhFk;. kpf ePz;l ehl;fSf;F gpwF fpilf;fg; ngWfpd;w
gbTtPo;r;rpapdhy; caukhd kiyg;gpuNjrq;fspy; gbe;J
fhzg;gLfpd;w Ez;kz; gbTfs; kiyapd; rha;tpd;
topahf tbe;J fPopwq;fp NtWgl;l epyf;fhl;rpfis
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. ,t;thW cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w
epyf;fhl;rpfSs; gpd;tUtd Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ.
18 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;
 i. ePuup gs;sq;fs; kiyab tpspk;G
ii. tz;ly; tprpwpfs; tw;Wg;gs;sk;
iii. rspdh]; or cg;G Vup Nrw;Nwhl;lk;
iv. Ftptiu
v. fhw;wup rknsp
ePuup gs;sq;fs;
ghiy epy gpuNjrq;fspy; gbTtPo;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf
cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w epyTUtq;fSs; xd;W ePuup
gs;sq;fshFk;. ghiytd gpuNjrq;fspy; gy tUlq;fshf
or kpf ePz;l fhykhf kiotPo;r;rp fpilf;fg; ngwhJ jpBu; vd

E R
fpilf;fg; ngWfpd;w kiotPo;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf (100 – 250

Y
mm) Fj;jhd kiyg; gpuNjrq;fspy; rha;Tfs; topahf xd;W

AW
Nru;e;J nry;Yk; ePu; nkd;rha;thd gFjpfspy; Xilfis

L
cUthf;fp ,Wjpapy; ePuup gs;sq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.

AT H
H
IRS

tz;ly; tprpwp
ghiytdg; gpuNjrq;fspy; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w
gbTtPo;r;rpapyhd epyTUtq;fspy; tz;ly; tprpwp

Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 19

 Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd. ,t; ghiytdq;fspd; gutyhf
mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ghiytdq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w
nkd;rha;thd Nkl;L epyq;fspy; tz;ly; tprpwpfis
NtWgLj;jp ,dk; fhz;gJ rw;W fbdkhdjhFk;. tbepyj;jpd;
ikag; gFjpapid Nehf;fp nkd;rha;thf mike;jpUf;Fk;
,it g[hlh vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Y E R
L AW
AT H
SH
cg;G Vup

I R
ghiytdg; gpuNjrq;fspy; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w
gbTtpo;r;rpapd; epyTUtq;fspy; ,J xd;whFk;. ,J
rptg;G epwkhf fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. tbepyq;fspd; kj;jpa
gFjpfspy; cau; Mtpahf;fk; fhuzkhf jw;fhypfkhf cg;G
Vupfs; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd. ,it tl Mgpupf;fhtpy;
nrhl;]; vdTk; tl mnkupf;fhtpy; gpNsah]; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

20 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;

05. ghiytd gpuNjrq;fspd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs;
%d;wpidf; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Ff.
 ghiytd gpuNjrq;fs; gy;NtW Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; epiwe;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
i. fdpa tsq;fs; :-
ghiy epy gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J mjpfsthd fdpa tsq;fs;
mfo;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf ngw;Nwhypa tsk;
,g;gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J mjpfstpy; mfo;e;njLf;fg;gLtJld;
cyfg; nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapy; mjpfsthd
jhf;fj;jpidAk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
ii. tptrha eltbf;if :-

Y E R
ghiy epyg; gpuNjrq;fs; ghupastpyhd epyg;gug;gpid

W
jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sd. ,e;epyg; gug;gpidg; gad;glj;jp

L A
cau; njhopDl;gj;jpD}lhf mjpfstpyhd tptrha

H
eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. nrhl;L ePu;g;ghrdk;>

T
J}ty ePu;g;ghrdk; Nghd;w ePu;g;ghrd eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf

HA
tptrha eltbf;if tpUj;jpaile;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.

IRS
iii. Rw;Wyh gazpfis ftUjy; :-
cyfshtpa uPjpapy; Rw;Wyh gazf; ifj;njhopy; eltbf;if
mjpf tUkhdj;jpid <l;bj; jUk; njhopy; eltbf;ifahFk;.
me;j tifapy; ghiyepy gpuNjrq;fshdJ mjpfstpy;
Rw;Wyh gazpfis ftUk; gpuNjrkhf fhzg;gLtjdhy;
nghushjhu uPjpahf mjpfstpyhd me;epa nrythzpapid
<l;bj; jUfpd;wJ.
 ,it jtpu fhy;eil tsu;g;G kw;Wk; rpdpkhj;Jiw Nghd;w
JiwfspD}lhfTk; ghiytd gpuNjrq;fs; gy;NtW
Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; epiwe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 cyfpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ghiytdq;fis or ghiy
epyq;fis tifg;gLj;Jf?
 ntg;g ghiytdk;
 Fspu; ghiytdk;

Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 21

06. ghiytdq;fshdJ fhyepiy mbg;gilapYk; ,ay;gpd;
mbg;gilapYk; NtWgLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mit gpd;tUkhW>
 ,ay;ghd mbg;gilapy; ghiyepyq;fs; gpd;tUkhW
NtWgLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
i. kzw; ghiy epyk;
ii. fw;ghiy epyk;
iii. ghiw ghiy epyk; (fkhlh)

07. gpd;tUk; ghiy epyq;fis cyfg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

i.

R
nkhN[ht; ghiytdk;

Y E
ii. mw;wfhkh ghiytdk;

W
iii. fyfhup ghiytdk;
iv. mT];jpNuypah ghiytdk;
L A
AT H
RSH
I

22 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;

 03. gdpj; jpd;dy; nraw;ghL

 gdpf;fl;b nraw;ghLfSk; epyTUtq;fSk; Fspu;r;rpapd;

fhuzkhf ePu; gpse;J jpz;k epiyf;F cl;gLfpd;w NghJ
cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd. ,t;thwhd gdpg; gpuNjrq;fshf
Gtp Nkw;gug;gpdJ 10 tPjkhd epyg;gFjp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; kpf mjpfstpy; gdp fhzg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf
fpNsrpau; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 Fwpj;jnjhU gpuNjrj;jpid ikakhff; nfhz;L gdpg;gbTfs;
njhlu;r;rpAk; eilngWtjd; fhuzkhf gdpf;ftpg;Gf;fs;

R
Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd. ,g;gdpf;ftpg;ghdJ ,uz;L mbg;gilfspy;

Y E
cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd.

W
i.

A
cau; mfyhq;F (JUtg; gpuNjrk;)

L
ii. cau; kiyg; gpuNjrk;

AT H
H
 gdpf;fl;bahWfs;

IRS
cUthfpAs;s gpuNjrq;fSf;Nfw;g
gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
i. kiyg; gdpf;fl;bahw;Wg; gpuNjrk;
ii. fz;lg; gdpf;fl;bahw;Wg; gpuNjrk;

kiyg;gdpf;fl;bahw;Wg; gpuNjrk;
 kiyg;gdpf;fl;bahw;W nraw;ghl;bid caukhd kiyg;
gpuNjrq;fspy; mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. cauk; mjpfupf;fpd;w
NghJ ntg;gepiy gbg;gbahf Fiwtilfpd;wJ. ,J ntg;g
eOT tPjk; or #oy; eOT tPjk; vdg;gLk;.
 cauk; mjpfupg;gjw;F Vw;g 6000m Nkw;gl;;l gpuNjrq;fspy;
gdpgL epiyapid mile;J gdpf;ftpg;Gf;fs; cUthf;fk;
ngWfpd;wd. caukhd kiyg; gpuNjrq;fspy; cUfpa gdp
mbf;fb fPo; Nehf;fp ruptkdhy; rupT gdpf;fl;b or kiyg;
gdpf;fl;b vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,t;thwhd gdpf;ftpg;Gf;fis gpd;tUk; kiyj; njhlu;fspy;
Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 23
 mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
 ,ka kiy> mw;y]; kiy> nwhf;fp kiy> my;g;];
kiy> a+uy; kiy
 ,t;thW cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w gdpf;ftpg;Gf;fs; Mok;
$bajhfTk; ePsk; $bajhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy;
,it fpsrpau; vdg;gLk;.
 gdpf;fl;bahd;wpd; gpujhd nraw;ghLfshf %d;W nraw;ghLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
i. mupj;jy;
ii. nfhz;L nry;yy;

R
iii. gbT nra;jy;

E
,r;nraw;ghLfspd; fhuzkhf Gtp

Y
Nkw;gug;gpy; gy;NtWgl;l epyTUtq;fs; cUthf;fk; ngw

W
fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ.

L A
T H
01. cyfpy; gdpf;fl;bahWfs; fhzg;gLk; ehd;F gpujhd gFjpfis

HA
ngaupLf.

RS
 kiyg;gdpf;fl;bahW - ,khya kiy> nwhf;fp kiy>

I
me;jp]; kiy
 fz;lg; gdpf;fl;bahW – Ml;bf;> me;jhl;bf; fz;lk;>
fpwPd;yhe;J> I];yhe;J>
myh];fh gpuNjrk;> irgPupa
rkntsp

02. gs;sj;jhf;F gdpf;fl;bahw;W gFjpfspy; %d;W topfspy;

,lk;ngWk; mupj;jiy RUf;fkhf tpgupf;Ff.
 gwpj;jy;
 Nja;j;jy;
 ms;sp nry;yy;

24 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;

gwpj;jy;
gwpj;jy; vd;gJ ,yfpa ghiwg; gLf;iffspy; fhzg;gLk; nghUl;fs;
gdpf;fl;bahw;wpdhy; ePf;fg;gLtjid or mfw;wg;gLtjid
Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ghiwg; gLf;ifapy; cs;s %l;Lf;fspy; ePu; ciwe;J
fhzg;gLfpd;w NghJ gdpg;glyj;jpd; mKf;fk; cau;tJld;
ghiwg; gLf;ifapYk; ,Ufp Jzpf;iffis mfw;wp tpLfpd;wJ.
gdpf;fl;bfSk;> gdpahWfSk; efUk; NghJ Rw;wpAs;s ghiwg;
gilfis cuha;e;J nry;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ghiwg;gil gwpj;jYf;F
cl;gl;L mupf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Nja;j;jy;

Y E R
Nja;j;jy; vd;gJ gdpahW efu;e;J nry;Yk; NghJ ghiwapd;

W
Nkw;gug;G Nja;f;fg;gLtjid Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,r; nrad;Kiwapy;

A
gdpf;fl;bahwhdJ mjd; fPo; cs;s ghiwfis cuha;jYf;F

L
cl;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ gdpf;fl;bahw;wpYs;s ghiwj; Jzpf;iffs;>

T H
guy;fs; kw;Wk; kzy; vd;gd epyj;jpd; kPJ mKf;fj;ij nrYj;jp

A
Nkw;gug;gpid Nja;j;jYf;F cl;gLj;jp mupj;jy; nraw;ghl;bid

H
IRS
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.

ms;spr; nry;yy;
ms;spr; nry;yy; vd;gJ gdpf;fl;bahw;wpYs;s ghiwfs; kw;Wk;
Nkw;gug;gpYs;s gUk; nghUl;fs; ngupa ghiwfspdhy; or ghiw
jpzpTfspdhy; ms;spr; nry;yg;gLtjidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. GwcUtp
fUtpfshf fhzg;gLk; gdpf;fl;bahwhdJ jdJ gha;r;ry;
jpirf;F ,izthf ghiw Nkw;gug;Gfspy; cuha;TfisAk;>
jghspg;Gf;fisAk; cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. ,jdhy; mupj;jy;
epyTUtq;fis cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd.

03. kiyg; gdpf;fl;bahw;W nraw;ghl;bdhy; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w

jpd;dy; epyTUtq;fs; %d;wpid Fwpg;gpl;L Gidah
tiuglq;fspd; cjtpNahL tpsf;Ff.
 kdpahw;W nraw;ghL fhuzkhf caukhd kiyg;
gpuNjrq;fspy; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w jpd;dy;

Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 25

 epyTUtq;fSs; gpd;tUtd Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd.
i. tl;lf; Fif
ii. tl;lf; Fif Vup
iii. $u;Edp cr;rp
iv. $k;gfr; rpfuk;
v. U tbtg; gs;sj;jhf;F
vi. njhq;F gs;sj;jhf;F
vii. nrk;kwpAUg; ghiw

E R
tl;lf;Fif

W Y
 caukhd kiyg; gpuNjrq;fspy; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w jpd;dy;

A
epyTUtq;fspy; tl;lf;Fif Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.

L
kiyAr;rpfspy; tpOk; gdp mt;Tr;rpfspd; rha;thd gFjpfspy;

T H
mike;jpUf;Fk; rpwpastpyhd Fopfspy; ePu; Njq;Ffpd;wJ.

A
ehsiltpy; ,f;Fopfs; Fiffshf khw;wk; ngWfpd;wJ.

SH
NkYk; gs;sj;jhf;Ffspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w gUk; nghUl;fspd;

I R
NghJjypdhy; ghiw jilfs; gpLq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy;
Mokhd ,qf;fy;fs; cUthfp Fiffshf khw;wk; ngWfpd;wd.
 tl;lf;Fif VupapDs; gbe;J fhzg;gLfpd;w gdpg;gbTfs;
fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; tpisthf cUfp ePu; epiyahf
fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; ,it tl;lf;Fif Vup vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

U tbt gs;sj;jhf;F
 caukhd kiyg; gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J gdpf;fl;bahW gazpf;fpd;w
NghJ mupj;jy; nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;tjd; tpisthf U
tbtpyhd gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd.
 gdpf;fl;bahW gazpf;fpd;w NghJ epiyf;Fj;Jr; Ruz;ly;
kw;Wk; gf;fr; Ruz;ly;fis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf
U tbtpyhd gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd.
gdpahWfs; gazpf;Fk; NghJ cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w U

26 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;

 tbtpyhd gs;sj;jhf;Ffspy; gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; cUthFk;
NghJ gPlq;fs; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd.
 ,j;jifa epyTUtq;fis gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ];nfhl;yhe;J
Nty;]; Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspy; mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

njhq;F gs;sj;jhf;F
 caukhd kiyg; gpuNjrq;fspy; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w
jpd;dy; epyTUtq;fspy; njhw;F gs;sj;jhf;F xd;whFk;. ,J
fpisg; gdpahWfis gpujhd gdp Mw;wpid te;J NrWfpd;w
gFjpfspy; gpujhd gdpahw;wpd; Nkw;gFjpapYs;s Nkw;gug;Gf;fs;

R
xNu kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gpujhd gdpahW jbg;ghdjhf

Y E
fhzg;gLfp;dwJ. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; Mokhd mupj;jy;

W
nraw;ghlhFk;. ,jdhy; fpisg;gdpahWfis tpl gpujhd

A
MW Mokhf fhzg;gLfpd;w NghJ fpisg;gdpahWfis tpl

L
gpujhd MW Mokhf fhzg;gLfpd;w NghJ fpisg;gdpahWf;Fk;

T H
gpujhd Mw;Wf;Fk; ,ilNa gdp njhq;fp fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wj.

A
,jd; fhuzkhf ,g;gs;sj;jhf;FfNs njhq;F gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;

H
IRS
vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

2014 - 3 (iii) gs;sj;jhf;F kiyg;gdpf;fl;bahWfspy;

fhzg;gLk; %d;W mupj;jy; epyTUtq;fis
tiuglj;jpd; cjtpNahL tpsf;Ff.

i. fOj;J
ii. $u;Kbr;rpfuk;
iii. $u;Edpfs;
iv. U tbtg; gs;sj;jhf;F
v. nrk;kwpAUg;ghiw
vi. rpW kiy Vup
vii. njhlu; tl;lf;Fif Vup
viii. Jz;bf;fg;gl;l RtL

Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 27

(iii) gs;sj;jhf;F kiyg;gdpf;fl;bahWfspdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk;
%d;W tifahd gbjy; epyTUtq;fis tiuglq;fspd;
cjtpNahL tpsf;Ff.
 caukhd kiyg;gpuNjrq;fspy; gazk; nra;fpd;w
gdpahWfspdhy; jpz;zg;gLfpd;w gUk; nghUl;fs; nfhz;l
nry;yg;gl;L gbjy; nra;ag;gLfpd;wjd; fhuzkhf gbjy;
epyTUtq;fs; cUthf;fk; mgWfpd;wd. ,t;thW gbjy;
nra;ag;gLtjpy; ghiw> fspkz; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ.
gs;sj;jhf;F gdpf;fl;bahWfs; KbAk; ,lq;fis ikakhff;
nfhz;L ,t;thwhd gbjy; epyTUtq;fs; mjpfkhf cUthf;fk;
ngWfpd;wd.

Y E R
 caukhd kiyg;gpuNjrq;fspy; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w gpujhd
gbjy; epyTUtq;fspy; Moraines nkhiud]; (gbTfs;) MFk;.

AW
,it cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w mikg;Gfis ikakhff;

L
nfhz;L gpd;tUkhW fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

AT H
1. gf;f gbTfs;

SH
2. ,ilg; gbTfs;

I R
3. jiu gbTfs;
4. KidTg; gbTfs;

gf;fg; gbTfs;
 gdpahW gazk; nra;fpd;w NghJ gupf;fg;gl;l gUk;nghUl;fs;
gbjy; nra;ag;gLk; jd;ikf;Nfw;g gf;fg;gbTfs; cUthf;fk;
ngWfpd;wJ. ,J ghiwj;Jz;L Fuhapayhf jpul;rpaile;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wj. nghJthf ,it gs;sj;jhf;Ffspy;
gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L jpul;rpailfpd;wd.
,ilg;gbTfs;
 ,g;gbthdJ gf;fg;gbTfspilNa gbjy; nra;ag;gLfp;dw gUk;
nghUl;fs; fhuzkhf cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ. mjhtJ
,uz;L gf;fq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l gFjpapy; jpul;rpailtjd;
fhuzkhf ,ilg;gbT or kj;jpa gbT cUthf;fk; ngWfpwJ.

28 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;

 KiTg; gbTfs;
 gdpf;fl;b Mw;Wg;gbTfs; gs;sj;jhf;fpid Kd; gFjpapy;
gbjy; nra;ag;gLtjd; fhuzkhf KidTg; gdpf;fl;b
Mw;Wg;gFjp cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd. gdpf;fl;b Mw;wpd; fPo;
gbjy; nra;ag;gLtjd; fhuzkhf jiug;gdpf;fl;b MWfs;
cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fz;lg;gdpf;fl;bahW
 fz;lg;gdpf;fl;bahw;Wg; gpuNjrq;fspy; mupj;jy; nraw;ghl;bdhy;
cUthf;fg;gLk; %d;W epyTUtq;fis nghUj;jkhd
tiuglq;fSld; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff?

R
 cyfshtpa uPjpapy; 8 gpuNjrq;fspy; gdpg;gbTfs;

Y E
mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

W
I. caukhd kiyg;gpuNjrq;fs;
II. JUtg; gpuNjrq;fs;

L A
T H
 JUtg; gpuNjrj;jpy; mjpfsthd gdpahw;Wg; gbTfs;

HA
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it fpsprpau; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

IRS
nkhj;j gdpf;ftpg;gpy; kpff; $Ljyhf KidT gpuNjrq;fis
ikakhff; nfhz;Nl fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. (96%)
 KidTg; gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w gdpf;ftpg;ghdJ kpfTk;
jbg;ghdjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fpl;lj;jl;l 2300m mstpyhd
jbg;ghf gdp ftpo;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 Fwpg;ghf tl kw;Wk; njd; JUtq;fshd Ml;bf; kw;Wk;
me;jhl;bf; gpuNjrq;fspYk; fpwPd;yhe;J> I];yhe;J> irgPupah>
myh];fh Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspYk;> gdpf;ftpg;gpid mtjhdpf;f
Kbfpd;wJ.
 ,t;thwhd gpuNjrq;fspy; gdpahW efu;r;rpailAk; NghJ
mupj;jy; nraw;ghL fhuzkhf gy;NtW jpd;dy; epyTUtq;fs;
cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd.
i. nrk;kwpAUg;ghiw
ii. Fj;Jg;ghiw thw;Fd;W
iii. Eiofsp
iv. gdpf;fl;bahw;W ,ilf;Fd;Wfs;
Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 29
i. nrk;kwpAUg;ghiw
 nrk;kwpAUg;ghiw vd;gJ ghiwg; gLf;ifapd; Nkyhfr;
nry;Yk; gdpf;fl;bahw;wpdhy; ghiwg;gLf;if Nja;Tf;F cl;gl;l
tbtkhf khw;wkilfpd;wJ. gdpahw;W jpiria Nehf;fp
nkd;rha;T nfhz;ljhfTk; kWgf;fk; Fj;Jr; rha;thfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J ghiwapd; Kd;gFjpapy; Nja;j;jy;
nraw;ghl;bidAk;> gpd; gFjpapy; gwpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bidAk;
Nkw;nfhs;tjd; fhuzkhf cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ.
,g;ghiwapdJ Njhw;wj;jpid mbg;gilahf nrk;kwpAUg;ghiw
vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ii. Eiofop

Y E R
AW
 Eiofsp vd;gJ fly; ePupdhy; epug;gg;gl;l xU gdpf;fl;bahww;W

L
gs;sj;jhf;fhf fhzg;gLfpd;w ePz;l ,Uf;fkhd nrq;Fj;jhd

T H
Rtu;fis nfhz;ljhf cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ. gdpAfj;jpy;

A
kiyj;njhlu;fis nfhz;l fiuNahug; gFjpfspy; cUthf;fk;

SH
ngWfpd;wJ. ,e;EiofspfshdJ flw;fiuNahuj;jpy;

I R
cUthf;fk; ngw;w gs;sj;jhf;fpy; fly; kl;lk; caUk; NghJ
fly; ePupdhy; epug;gg;gl;L Eiofspfis or nts;sj;jpdhy;
%lg;gl;l gdpahw;W gs;sj;jhf;Ffis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.

iii. Fj;Jg;ghiw thw;Fd;W

 ,J fhiwfspy; fhzg;gLk; gdpf;fl;bahw;W mupj;jypdhy;
tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;w xU epyTUtkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mjhtJ typikahd ghiwfspy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
Xq;fs;fNs Fj;Jg;ghiw thw;Fd;W vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
mjhtJ ,e;epyTUtj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w thy; vd;gJ
nkd;ikahd ghiwfspy; mjd; xJf;F gf;fj;jpd; mupj;jypdhy;
cUthf;fg;gLtij Fwpf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ Fj;jhd td;ghiwf;F
thy; Nghd;w xU mikg;gpid cUthf;Ftjdhy; Fj;Jg;ghiw
thw;Fd;W cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ.

30 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;

 ,it jtpu gdpf;fl;bahW ,il Fd;Wfs;> Vupfs; Nghd;w jpd;dy;
epyTUtq;fSk; gdpf;fl;bahw;wpd; mupj;jy; nraw;ghLfspdhy;
cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ.

 fz;lg;gdpf;fl;b ghiwg; gpuNjrq;fspy; gbjypdhy;

cUthf;fg;gLk; 03 epyTUtq;fis nghUj;jkhd
tiuglq;fSld; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
 fz;lg;gdpg; gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w gdpahW efu;e;J
nry;Yk; NghJ jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;L nry;fpd;w gy;NtW
tifahd gUk; nghUl;fis gbjy; nra;tjd; fhuzkhf
gbjy; epyTUtq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. mt;thwhd gbjy;

E R
epyTUtq;fSs; gpd;tUtd Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd.

Y
i. ePs; Fd;W

W
ii. ePs; kzw; Fd;W
iii. gbT jpl;ilfs;

L A
T H
iv. nfd;bj; Jisfs;

A
v. gl;ilg; gbTfs;

H
IRS
vi. ntspailay; rkntsp
vii. Kidg;gdpf;fl;bahw;Wg; gbT
viii. miyAk; ghiwfs;> miughiwg; gbTfs;

i. ePs; kzw; Fd;W (v];fu; / easkers)

 ePs; kzw;Fd;Wfs; fz;lg; gpuNjrq;fspd; gdpahw;Wr;
nraw;ghLfspdhy; cUthf;fgk; ngWfpd;w gbjy;
epyTUtq;fspy; xd;whFk;. ,e;ePs; kzw;Fd;Wfs; ePz;ljhfTk;>
xLq;fpajhfTk; miy Nghd;w tbtk; nfhz;ljhfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J gdpf;fl;bahw;W gLf;iffspd; fPohf
fhzg;gLfpd;w mUtpfspdhy; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;L gbT
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F gUk; nghUl;fshd kzy;>
fw;fs; Nghd;wd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; ,f;Fd;Wfs; xU
njhluhd Fd;Wfshf mikag; ngWfpd;wd. ,f;Fd;Wfs;
15 – 30m cauj;jpidAk;> 50km tiuapyhd ePsj;jpidAk;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.

Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 31

 gbT jpl;ilfs; (kemes)
 fz;lg; gpuNjrq;fspy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w gbjy; epyTUtq;fSs;
xs;W gbT jpl;ilahFk;. ,it gil gilahf gbjy;
nra;ag;gLfpd;w .............................. NkYk; gy;NtWgl;l
milaw; njhFjpfspdhy; cUthf;fk; ngw;w xU epyTUtkhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,U tifahd gbTj; jpl;ilfs;
gdpf;fl;bahw;W Kidf;F Kd;dhy; tz;ly; tprpwpfs;
Nghy or fopKf tbtpy; fpisg;gdpf;fl;bahw;wpdhy; gbjy;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tifahd gbT jpl;ilfs; xOq;fw;w
xU gbthf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

R
ii. nfd;bj; Jisfs; (ketties)

Y E
 nfd;bj; JisfshdJ gdpg;glyj; njhFjp xd;W KOtJk;

W
or xU gFjp Gije;J fhzg;gl;L cUFk; NghJ efUk;

L A
gdpf;fl;bahw;wpd; gbT fhuzkhf %lg;gl;l gFjpfshf or

H
gs;sq;fshf or ,wf;fq;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f; nfd;bj;

AT
Jisfs; gdpAUFtjdhy; cUthf;fk; ngUfpd;w gs;skhFk;.

H
or gdpAUfp kiwfpd;w nghOJ mq;F fhzg;gLfpd;w Fopfs;

RS
nfd;bj; Jisfs; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. mit tl;lkhd Vupfshf

I
fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd.

 gdpf;fl;bahw;wpd; gpuNjrj;jpy; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

%d;wpidf; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Ff.
 Gtpapd; ePu; guk;gypy; gdpf;fl;bahW gy;NtW guk;gypy;
fhzg;gLfpdw;J. me;j tifapy; gdpf;fl;bahwhdJ 70%
tPjj;jpy; Gtpapy; guk;gpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;gdpf;fl;bahwhdJ
gy nghUshjhu eltbf;iff;F Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ. me;j
tifapy; gdpf;fl;bahw;wpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
gpd;tUkhW Nehf;fyhk;. mitahtd>
1. gdpf;fl;bahw;W Nghf;Ftuj;J
2. Rw;Wyh eltbf;if
3. kpd; cw;gj;jp Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

32 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;

 Nghf;Ftuj;J
 gdpf;fl;bahw;wpd; nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapy; xd;whf
Nghf;Ftuj;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;Nghf;Ftuj;jhdJ me;ehl;by;
thOk; kf;fspd; Njitfs; fUjpAk; cy;yhrg; gazpfspd;
Rw;Wyh Nghf;Ftuj;jhfTk; mikayhk;. ,e;j tifapy; Gtpapd;
Eiofsp vDk; epyTUtkhdJ ,t; fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F
kpfTk; gq;fspg;G nra;fpd;wJ. vdNt ,g;Nghf;Ftuj;jhdJ
gdpf;fl;bahw;wpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf
fhzg;gLk;.
c+k; :- Ik;ngUk; Vupfs; (If;fpa mnkupf;fh)

Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis ftUjy;

Y E R
W
 mjpfsthd ntg;g fhyj;jpy; ngUk;ghYk; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs;

L A
Fspuhd ,lj;ij Nehf;fpNa gazpg;ghu;fs;. me;j tifapy;

H
gdpf;fl;b gpuNjrkhdJ Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ. me;j tifapy;

T
Rw;Wyh gazpfSf;F Vw;whw; Nghy gdpr;rWf;fy; Nghd;w

HA
tpisahl;L Nghl;bfSk; mq;F ,lk;ngWk;. ,jdhy;

IRS
mjpfsthd kf;fs; ftUk; gpuNjrkhf gdpf;fl;bahw;W gpuNjrk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; nghUshjhu uPjpapy; mjpfstpyhd
me;epa nrthzpapid <l;bj; jUfpd;wJ.

kpd; cw;gj;jp
 gdpf;fl;bahw;wpd; gpujhdkhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kpd;
cw;gj;jpahFk;. ,t; cw;gj;jpahdJ tl JUtk; kw;Wk; njd;
JUt ehLfspy; ngupJk; fhzf;$ba xd;whf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,g;gdpf;fl;bahwhdJ jpz;k epiyapypUe;J jput epiyf;F
tUk; NghJ rPuhf fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; mq;F kpd;
cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F ngupJk; gq;fspg;G nra;fpd;wJ. ,t;thW
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; gpuNjrkhf Nehu;Nt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt
gdpahw;wpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpy; xd;whf kpd;
cw;gj;jp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 33

 04. flyiy nraw;ghL
 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfspy; xd;whd miyfs; Gtp Nkw;gug;gpy;
gy;NtWgl;l epyTUtq;fs; cUthf;fk; ngw fhuzkhf
mikfpd;wJ.
 fhw;wpd; nraw;ghLfspdhy; fly; ePupy; Vw;gLfpd;w Vw;w
,wf;fq;fs; fly; miy vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 flw;fiuNahuq;fs; flyiyapd; jhf;fj;jpw;F njhlu;;r;rpahf
cl;gLtjd; fhuzkhf flw;fiuNahuq;fs; gy;NtW
khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gLfpd;wJ. ,k;khw;wq;fspd; tpisthf
epyTUtq;fs; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd.
 flyiyapd; fhuzkhf cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w epyTUtk;

E R
flw;fiuNahuq;fspNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd. me;j tifapy;

Y
flw;fiuNahuk; vd;gJ flYk;> fiuAk; rq;fkpf;fpd;w ,lk;

W
mjhtJ rKj;jpuj;jpd; fiu fz;lj;jpd; fiuapid or

L A
tpspk;gpid rq;fkpg;gJ flw;fiu vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

T H
 flw;fiuahdJ gpd;tUkhW NtWgLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

HA
1. gpd; flw;fiu

I RS
2. Kd; flw;fiu
3. mz;kpj;j flw;fiu
4. mg;ghw;gl;l flw;fiu

34 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;

 flw;fiuNahuj;jpy; .....................................................................
........................ mupj;jy; fhuzpfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L RUf;fkhf
tpsf;Ff.
1. flw;fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; mupj;jy; nraw;ghLfspy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;w fhuzpfSs; gpd;tUtd Kf;fpak;
ngWfpd;wd.
i. flyiy

Y E R
AW


H L
HAT
IRS
 fhw;wpd; nraw;ghLfspdhy; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w
miyfs; Mf;Fk; miyfs; vdTk; mopf;Fk; miyfs;
vdTk; NtWgLfpd;wd. ,t;miyfspd; fhuzkhf gbjy;
epyTUtq;fSk;> jpd;dy; epyTUtq;fSk; cUthf;fk;
ngWfpd;wd.
 flyiyapd; nraw;ghLfs; Kd;fOty; kw;Wk; gpd;fOty;
vd NtWgLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 Kd;fOty; vd;gJ rpijtile;j gUk;nghUl;fs; mjd;
kPJ kzy;> fw;fs;> ghiwj;Jz;L vd;gd fiuia Nehf;fp
efu;j;jg;gLtjid Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
 gpd;fOty; vd;gJ kPs; fOty; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
cs;Nehf;fp Ntfkhf nrd;w miy kPz;Lk; Kd;Nehf;fp
tUfpd;w miyapdhy; fOtYf;F cl;gLtJ kPs; fOty;
Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 35
 vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k;kPs;fOtypd; tpisthf
rpijtile;j ghiwg; nghUl;fs; flw;fiuapypUe;J
Mokhd flw; gpuNjrj;jpw;F kPz;Lk; nfhz;L
nry;yg;gLfpd;wJ.

ii. tw;W kl;lk; kw;Wk; ngUf;F kl;lk;

 fiuNahu epyTUtq;fs; cUthf;fk; ngWtjpy; tw;W
kl;lk; kw;Wk; ngUf;F kl;lk; nry;thf;F nrYj;JfpwJ.
flw;fiuNahuj;jpy; ePu; $bf; Fiwtjd; tpisthf
epyTUtq;fs; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd.

iii. ePNuhl;lq;fs;

Y E R
W
 rKj;jpuj;jpy; gy;NtWgl;l ePNuhl;lq;fs; njhopw;gLfpd;wd.

L A
,it ntg;g ePNuhl;lq;fs; vdTk; Fspu; ePNuhl;lq;fs;

H
vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpdhy; flw;fiuNahuk;

T
rpijTf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w NghJ ................ ................

HA
......................... cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd.

I RS
2. flyiyapd; nraw;ghLfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;iw RUf;fkhf
tpsf;Ff.
 Vida Gwtpir nraw;ghLfisg; Nghd;W flyiyapd;
nraw;ghLfSk; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
i. mupj;jy; nraw;ghL
ii. nfhz;L nry;yy; nraw;ghL
iii. gbjy; nraw;ghL
 ,r;nraw;ghLfspd; %yk; flw;fiuNahuk; mupj;jYf;F cl;gl;L
mupf;fg;gLfpd;w gUk; nghUl;fs; fly; miyfspdhy; xU
,lj;jpypUe;J ,d;ndhU ,lj;jpw;F nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;L
gbjy; nra;ag;gLtjd; fhuzkhf gy;NtW tifahd
epyTUtq;fs; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd. ,e;epyTUtq;fs;
jpd;dy; epyTUtq;fs; vdTk; gbjy; epyTUtq;fs; vdTk;
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
36 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;
3. mupj;jy; nrad;Kiwfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;iw RUf;fkhf
tpsf;Ff.
 mupj;jy; nrad;KiwfshdJ gpd;tUkhW
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
i. ePupaw; jhf;fk; or ePu;Kiwj; jhf;fk;
ii. miue;J Nja;j;jy;
iii. Nja;j;jy;

R
ePupaw; jhf;fk;
 mupj;jy; nrad;Kiwfspy; xd;W

Y E
ePupaw;jhf;fkhFk;.

AW
flw;fiuNahuq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w Jthuq;fspy; fhw;W epuk;gp

L
fhzg;gLfpd;w NghJ flyiyapd; jhf;fk; fhuzkhf mKf;fk;

H
mjpfupj;J flw;fiuNAhuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ghiwg;gilfs;

AT
rpijTf;F cl;gl;L rpW rpW Jz;Lfshf khw;wkiltJ ePupaw;

H
jhf;fk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

IRS
miue;J Nja;j;jy;
 flw;fiuNahuj;jpy; njhopw;gLfpd;w fly; miyapd; %yk;
gy;NtW gUk; nghUl;fs; nfhz;L tug;gLfpd;wd. kzy;>
kzw;wilfs;> ghiwj;Jz;Lfs;> ghiwg;gilfspy; NkhJz;L
mupj;jYf;F cl;gLtjd; fhuzkhf ghiwg;gilfs; kw;Wk;
ghiwfs; miue;J Nja;j;jYf;F cl;gLfpd;wd.

Nja;j;jy;
 fly; miyapd; jhf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;l gUk; nghUl;fshd
kzy;> guy;fs;> fw;Jfy;fs; ePUld; fye;J flyiyapdhy;
nfhz;L tUfpd;w NghJ vjpu;gLfpd;w ghiwj; jpzpTfspd;
kPJ NkhJtjdhy; ghiwj;jpzpTfs; cuha;Tf;F cs;shfp
nrg;gkplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,r;nraw;ghL Nja;j;jy; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,t;thwhd gy;NtW mupj;jy; nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf
flw;fiuNahuq;fspy; mupj;jy; epyTUtq;fs gy cUthf;fk;
ngWfpd;wd.
Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 37
4. flw;fiuNahuj;jpy; mupj;jy; nraw;ghLfspd; fhuzkhf
cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w mupj;jy; epyTUtq;fs; 3 Fwpg;gpl;L
Gidah tiuglj;jpd; cjtpNahL tpsf;Ff.
 fly; miyfspy; mupj;jy; nrad;Kiw fhuzkhf
gpd;tUk; mupj;jy; epyTUtq;fs; flw;fiuNahuq;fspy;
mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
i. flw;Fif
ii. miy ntl;ba Nkil
iii. tpy; tisT

R
iv.

E
Xq;fy;

Y
v. CJJis
vi. FtL

L AW
H
vii. tpupFlh
viii. Kid

HAT
I R
i. Fif/flw;FifS
 flw;fiuNahuj;jpy; mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpd;w jpd;dy;
epyTUtq;fspy; xd;W FifahFk;. ,J flw;Fif
vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. flw;fiuNahu ghiwj;jpzpT
fly; mitfspdhy; jhf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLfpd;w NghJ
my;yJ mupj;jYf;F cl;gLfpd;w NghJ flw;Fiffis
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. mjhtJ flw;fiuNahuq;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;w ghiwfspd; %l;Lf;fs;> Fiwfs;>
typikaw;;w gLf;iffs; Nghd;wd fhuzkhf ghiwfs;
mupf;fg;gl;L Fiffs; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd.
ii. miy ntl;ba Nkil
 ,J flw;fiuNahuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w Nkilahf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J xLf;fkhfTk;> jl;ilahfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;w Nkw;gug;gpidf; nfhz;lJ. miyfspd;
mupg;G nraw;ghl;bdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Xq;fy;fspd;

38 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;

 mbj;jsj;jpypUe;J cau;tile;J fliy Nehf;fp mike;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; ,J nkd;rha;tpd; fly; jskhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
iii. Xq;fy;
 fly; miyfspd; mupj;jy; nraw;ghL fhuzkhf
cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w epyTUtq;fSs; Xq;fy;
Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ. ,J Nja;j;jy; fiu vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. flw;fiuNahuj;jpy; njhopw;gLfp;dw
miyfspd; nrzw;ghl;bdhy; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w
Xq;fy;fs; Fj;J Xq;fy;fshfTk;> rha;T Xq;fy;fshfTk;>
cl;FilT Xq;fy;fshfTk; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd.

R
flw;fiuNahuj;jpd; td;ik nkd;ikapid mbg;gilahff;

Y E
nfhz;L ,t; Xq;fy;fspd; msTk; NtWgLfpd;wJ.

W
nghJthf ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w Xq;fy;fs; mstpy;

A
rpwpa Xq;fyhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

H L
AT
05. flw;fiuNahuq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w gbjy; epyTUtq;fisf;

H
IRS
Fwpg;gpl;L Gidah tiuglj;Jld; tpsf;Ff.
 flw;fiuNahuk; Xu; ,aq;F Kiwikahff; fhzg;gLtJld;
gy;NtW %yhjhuq;fspypUe;J milay;fs; gytw;iw nfhz;L
nrd;W gbjy; nra;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ mupj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;
%yk; flw;fiuNwhuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ghiwfs; mupf;fg;gl;L
fly; miyfspdhy; nfhz;L nrd;W flw;fiuNahuq;fis
ikakhff; nfhz;L gbjy; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thW gbjy;
nra;ag;gLfpd;w gUk; nghUl;fs; NtWgl;l epyTUtq;fis
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;epyTUtq;fs; gbjy; epyTUtq;fs;
vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;Ws; gpd;tUtd gpujhd epyTUtq;fshFk;.
i. flw;fiu (Beach)
ii. kzy; NkL (Sand Barzs)
iii. kzy; jilfs; (Tompolos)
iv. jilj; jPTfs;
v. Nrw;W epyk;

Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 39

 kzy; NkL or $ohq;fz;zhf;F
 ,J ePskhd flw;fiuNahukhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fhw;wpd;
nraw;ghL fhuzkhf gpujhd epyj;jpzptpypUe;J fiuahdJ
tpuptile;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. flw;fiuNahuj;jpy;
mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpd;w gbjy; cUtkhd kzy;NkL caukhf
jpul;rp mile;J fhzg;gLtjid mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
,k;kzy; NkLfs; njhlu;r;rpahf FlhTf;F FWf;fhf
tsu;r;rpailAk; NghJ Flhtha; kzy; jilapid
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.

njhk;NghNyh (Tombolo)

R
 flw;fiuNahuq;fspy; gbjy; nrw;ghL fhuzkhf cUthf;fk;

Y E
ngWfpd;w epyTUtq;fSs; njhk;NghNyh xd;whFk;. ,J kzy;

W
NkL or kzy; jilfisf; nfhz;l xLf;fkhd epyg;gFjpahf

L A
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ flw;fiuNahuq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w

H
gpujhd epyg;gFjpapidAk; mUfpYs;s jPtpidAk; ,izf;Fk;

AT
epyTUtkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;F rpwe;j cjhuzkhf

H
miktJ rPnry;]; jPthFk;.

I RS jilj; jPTfs; (Barrier Island)

 flw;fiuNahuq;fspy; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w jilj;jPTfs;>
kzy;NkLfs; ,lk;ngau;tjd; fhuzkhf cUthf;fk;
ngWfpd;wJ. ,j;jilj;jPTfis fly; kl;;l khw;wq;fs; ngupJk;
ghjpg;gilar; nra;fpd;wJ. tw;Wg;ngUf;F miyfspdhy;
kzy;NkL ntl;lg;gLk; NghJ kpFjp gFjp xU jilj;
jPthf fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jilj; jPthdJ epiyahd xU
epyTUkhf fhzg;glhJ.

06. ,yq;ifapy; njd;Nkw;F fiuNahug; gFjpapy; miyfspd;

nraw;ghl;bdhy; Vw;gLk; xd;W gpujhd jhf;fq;fis jUf.
i. kz;zpd; jukpog;G
ii. capu;g;gy;tifik moptiljy;
iii. ,yqq;ifapd; epyg;gFjp Fiwtiljy;
40 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;
 iv. tptrha epyq;fs; ctu; jd;ikailjy;
v. flw;fiuNahu tsq;fs; ghjpg;giljy;
vi. Rw;Wyh njhopy; eltbf;if ghjpg;giljy;
vii. flw;fiuNahu FbapUg;G ghjpg;giljy;

jiuf; fPo; ePu; nraw;ghL

 Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; gbT tPo;r;rpahf fpilf;fg; ngWfpd;w

ePu; CLtbjy; nraw;ghl;bd; Clhf Gtpapd; cl;gug;gpid

E R
milfpd;wJ. ,t;thW CLtbjYf;F cl;gLfpd;w ePu;

Y
ghiwg;gilfSf;F Nkyhf fhzg;gLk; ka; kw;Wk;

AW
ghiwfSf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; Jisfs;> ,ilntspfs;

L
Nghd;wtw;wpd; Nrfupf;fg;gLfpd;w NghJ mit jiufPo; ePu; vd

H
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

AT
 jiu fPo; mupf;fg;gLfpd;w NghJ xf;rpNaw;Wk; fhgNdw;Wk;

H
IRS
fiury; nraw;ghL gbjy;> nfhz;L nry;yy; Nghd;w
nraw;ghl;bd; Clhf gy;NtW tifahd epyTUtq;fs;
cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd.
 jiufPo; nraw;ghl;bd; fhuzkhf cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w
epyTUtq;fis Rz;zf;fw; fpuNjrq;fspy; mtjhdpf;f
Kbfpd;wJ.
 vdNt Rz;zhf;fw; gpuNjrq;fspd; jiufPo; ePu; nraw;ghl;bidAk;
mtw;wpdhy; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w epyTUtq;fisAk;
mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

01. cyfpd; gpujhd Rz;zf;fw; gpuNjrq;fsis cyf GwTUtg;

glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 41

 cyfshtpa uPjpahf gpujhd gpuNjrq;fspy; Rz;zf;fw;
gbTfis or Rz;zf;fy; milay;fis mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
i. kj;jpa mnkupf;fhtpd; Afz;lh jPgfw;gk;
ii. ];NyhNtdpah gpuNjrk; (INuhg;gh)

 ,it jtpu ,j;jhyp> gpuhd;];> N[u;kdp> fq;Nfup> Nghye;J>

gpupj;jhdpah> u\;ah (Nkw;F gFjp)> N\ nfhl;];yhthf;fpah>
,yq;if> ,e;jpah> ngy;[pak;> !nf];Nyhtpah
 Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspy; jiugfPo; epyTUtq;fis mtjhdpf;f
Kbfpd;wJ.

Y E
02. Rz;zf;fy; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w ,uz;L gpujhd Kiwfisj;
R
AW
jUf.

L
 Rz;zf;fy; cUthf;fk; ngWjy; ,uz;L tifg;gLfpd;wJ.
i.

AT H
nghwpKiwahy; cUthf;fk; ngWjy; (capu; Rtl;bay;)

SH
ii. ,urhad Kiwahy; cUthf;fk; ngWjy;

I R
 nghwpKiwahy; cUthf;fk; ngWjy; capu;r;Rtl;bay; Kiw
vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,it rKj;jpu ePupy; tho;fpd;w gy;NtWgl;l
capupdq;fspD}lhf cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ,it
capu;r;Rtl;bay; Kiw vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
 mNjNghd;W rKj;jpuj;jpDs; fhzg;gLfpd;w
KUiff;fw;ghiwfs;> capupdq;fs;> ej;ijfs;> kPd;fs; Nghd;w
fly;tho; capupdq;fspd; td;$Lfs;> Nrjd milay;fs;
vd;gd fy;rpak; fhgNdw;wpdhy; cUthfpAs;sikahy; mit
Rz;zw;fy; gpuNjrq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
 rKj;jpu ePuhdJ Mtpahf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLfpd;w NghJ
Rz;zf;fw;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. fy;rpak; fhgNdw;W>
kf;dprpak; fhgNdw;W> Nrhbak; FNShiul;L Nghd;w ,urhad
gjhu;;j;jq;fis mlf;fpa rKj;jpu ePu; MtpahjYf;F cl;gl;L
jpul;rpailAk; NghJ Rz;zf;fw; ghiwfs; cUthf;fk;
ngWfpd;wd.
42 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;
 ,t;thW cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w gy;NtWgl;l epyTUtq;fs;
fh];l; gpuNjrk; epyTUtk; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

03. fh];l; gpuNjr epyTUtq;fis Fwpg;gpl;L Gidha tiuglj;jpd;

cjtpNahL tpsf;Ff.
 Rz;zf;fy; MdJ fy;rpak; fhgNdw;wpdhy; cUthf;fk;
ngw;w ghiwj; njhfjpahFk;. ,J Jthuq;fisf; nfhz;L
fhzg;gLtJld; gilahfTk; nrq;Fj;jhfTk; mikag;
ngWfpd;wJ.
 kioePu;> fhhdPnuhl;irl;L thAld; fye;J fhgd; mkpyj;ij

R
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. ,J Rz;zf; fw;ghiwfspd; Jthuq;fspD}

Y E
lhf cl;nrd;W Rz;zf;fw; ghiwfis mupj;jYf;F

W
cl;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; gy;NtWgl;l epyTUtq;fs;

A
cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wd.
 ,t;tifahd

H
epyTUtq;fs; fh];l;
L epyTUtk; vd

T
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;ngau; cUthf;fk; ngWtjw;fhd

HA
fhuzk; tp];NyhNtdpahtpd; fh];l; gpuNjrq;fspy; gutyhf

IRS
mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Ue;j NghjpYk; Rz;zf;fw;
gpuNjrq;fspy; mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpd;w epyTUtq;fSf;F
,g;ngau; nghJthf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 me;j tifapy; fh];l; gpuNjrq;fspy; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w
epyTUtq;fSs; gpd;tUtd Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd.
i. yhgp]; (Lapies)
ii. njhypdh (Dolina) (tpOq;F Jis) (sink Holl – Jis)
iii. Nghy;N[ (Polje)
iv. frpu;Jsp tPo;T (Stalactite)
v. frpu;Jsp gbT (Stalagmite)
vi. Gdw;gs;sk; (Ponore)
vii. cthyh]; (Uvalas)
viii. Rz;zf;fy; Fif (lime stone caves)

Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 43

 yhgp]; (Lapies)
 Rz;zf;fy; gpuNjrq;fspy; njhopw;gLfpd;w ,urhad
nghwpKiwahy; mopjy; nraw;ghL uPjpahf jpd;dYf;F
cl;glhj td;ikahd ghiwfis #o;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;w
nkd;ikahd ghiwg; gFjpfs; fiuf;fg;gLfpd;w NghJ
cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd epyTUtq;fis
Rz;zf;fy; gpuNjrj;jpy; mtjhdpf;fg;gLtJld; td;ikahd
ghiwj;Jz;Lfs; ePz;L xLf;fkhd jhopfisAk; nfhz;L
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
cthyh];
 fh];l; gpuNjrj;jpy; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;w epyTUtq;fspy;

R
cthyh]; ck; xd;whFk;. ,J Gdw;gs;sq;fs; fiurYf;F

Y E
cl;gLfpd;w NghJ tpOq;F Jisahf khw;wkilfpd;wJ.

W
,J njhlu;r;rpahd fiurYf;F cl;gLfpd;w NghJ

A
cthyhf khw;wkilfpd;wJ. ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; NghJ gy

L
tpOq;F Jisfs; fiury; nraw;ghl;bd; fhuzkhf xd;W

T H
NrUfpd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy; cthyhf;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.

A
Afh];yhtpahtpy; Rz;zf;fw; gpuNjrq;fspy; ,t;thwhd

SH
epyTUtq;fis gutyhf mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

I R Gdw; gs;sk;
 Rz;zf;fw; gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w epyTUtq;fSs;
Gdw;gs;sk; xd;whFk;. Rz;zf;fw; gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w
%l;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; JisfspD}lhf ePu; fPopwq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jd;
GNhJ %l;Lf;fspd; ghfq;fs; fiurYf;F cl;gLfpd;wJ.
,jdhy; fuLKulhd gs;sq;fs; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ.
,g;gs;sq;fs; Gdw;gs;sq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
 Gdw; gs;sq;fspd; Eiothapy;fNs njhlu;r;rpahf fiurYf;F
cl;gLfpd;w NghJ tpOq;F Jisfshf khw;wk; ngWfpd;wJ.

Nghy;N[
 ,e;epyTUtkhdJ cthyh];fspdJ njhlu;r;rpahd
44 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;
 tbtkhFk;. ,J kpff; $ba ePsKilajhfTk;> kpff;
$ba mfyKilajhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ gy
cthyh];fs; xd;wpize;J Nghy;N[f;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,g;Nghy;N[f;fs; Gtp mirTf;F cl;gl;L
jfLfs; tpyfp nrd;wjdhy; cUthf;fk; ngw;wpUf;f KbAk;
vd Gtpapayhsu;fs; vjpu;T $Wfpd;wdu;.
jiufPo; Fif
 Rz;zf;fw; gpuNjrq;fspy; mtjhdpf;ff; $ba epyTUtq;fSs;
,J Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ. mjhtJ Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpid
mile;j gbT tPo;r;rp %l;Lf;fspd; ClhfTk; KfLfspd;
ClhfTk; fPopwq;fp fiury; nraw;ghl;bid Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wJ.

R
,jdhy; jiuapd; cw;gFjpapy; ghupastpyhd Fifnahd;W

Y E
cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ.

L AW
04. Rz;zf;fw; gpuNjrj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; xd;wpidf;

T H
Fwpg;gpl;L RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

HA
 kioahfNth> gdpahfNth Nkw;gug;gpy; gbAk; ePu; fPo;Nehf;fp

IRS
CLWTk;. mt;thW CLUTk; ePuhdJ ghiwg; gilf;F
Nkyhff; fhzg;gLk; kz; kw;Wk; ghiwfSf;F ,ilapy;
fhzg;gLk; JisfspYk; ,ilntspapYk; ePu; Njq;fp epw;Fk;
NghJ mit jiufPo; ePu; vdg;gLk;.
 ,t;thwhd jiufPo; ePu; ghiwf;Fs; nrd;W gy Rz;zf;fw;
gpuNjrq;fis Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ. ,t; Rz;zf;fw; gpuNjrj;jpy;
gy nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mtw;Ws;
gpd;tUkhW
i. jiufPo; ePu; tsk; fhzg;gLjy;
ii. ifj;njhopy; eltbf;iffspd; %yg;nghUshf mikjy;
iii. kz; guk;giy jPu;khdpj;jy;
iv. ePupd; CL tbjy; jd;ikfis jPu;khdpj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw
Rz;zf;fw; gpuNjrj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
jiufPo; ePu; tsk; fhzg;gLjy;
 Rz;zf;fy; gpuNjrj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtkhf
Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 45
 jiufPo; ePu; tsk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t; jiufPo; ePuhdJ
ghiwg; gilfspDs; ePu; Njq;fp epw;fpwjhy; mq;F ePu; tsk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t; ePiu kf;fs; jiufPo; ePuhf ngWfpd;wdu;.
,jw;F cjuzkhf
c+k;: fpzW/Foha; ePu; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
,it jiu ePupdhy; kf;fspd; md;whl Njitfis
epiwNtwwpf; nfhs;sf; $ba
tha;g;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt jhd; Rz;zf;fw;
gpuNjrj;jpy; ePu; tskhdJ gy;NtW njhopw;rhiy>
kpd; cw;gj;jp vd;W nghUshjhu NjitfSf;Fk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ths;e;jjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

ifj;njhopy; eltbf;ifapd; %yg;nghUs;

Y E R
W
 ,t; Rz;zf;fy; ifj;njhopy; eltbf;iff;fhd %yg;nghUshf

L A
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t; nraw;ghLk; Rz;zf;fy; gpuNjrj;jpd;

H
nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. Rz;zhk;G cw;gj;jp

AT
midj;Jf;Fk; %yg;nghUshf Rz;zf;fw; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s

H
Rz;zhf fw;fNs %yg;nghUshf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;

RS
%yk; Rz;zhf;fw; gpuNjrj;jpd; nghUshjhuk; mjpfupj;Jf;

I
nfhz;Nl nry;fpd;wJ. ngUkstpyhd ifj;njhopy;> rpW
mstpyhd ifj;njhopw;fhd %yg;nghUshf ,t; Rz;zf;fw;
gpuNjrk; kpfTk; gq;fspg;ghw;WfpwJ. Rz;zf;fw;fspdhy;
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fshf>
c+k; : ntz;fl;b
 Rz;zhk;G Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. vdNt jhd;
,t;thwhd nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;tjD}lhf ifj;njhopy;
eltbf;iff;fhd %yg;nghUshd Rz;zf;fy;ypd; Njit
mjpfupj;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

kz; guk;giyj; jPu;khdpj;jy;

 Rz;zf;fw; gpuNjrj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpy; xd;W
46 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;
 kz; guk;giy jPu;khdpj;jYk; xd;whf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
kz;zpd; guk;gypy; mry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjpy; xd;whf
ghiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;ghiwfshdJ Rz;zf;fy; fw;
gpuNjrkhfTk; fhzg;glyhk;. ,t; Rz;zf;fw; gpuNjrkhdJ
thdpiyahy; mopjy; fhuzkhf kz; cUthf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ.
vdNt kz; cUthf;fg;gLtjpdhy; gy;NtWgl;l gpuNjrj;jpy;
kz; guk;gp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt ,r; nraw;ghlhdJ
Rz;zf;fw; gpuNjrj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vdf;
fUjyhk;.

jpzpT mirT

Y E R
AW
01. jpzpT mirT vd;gjid tiuaiw nra;f.

H L
 ,J epyr;rupNthL njhlu;GilajhFk;. mjhtJ GtpaPu;g;G

T
tpir fhuzkhf capu; epyg;gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J jho;epyg;

A
gpuNjrq;fSf;F or caukhd kiyj; njhlu;fspypUe;J jho;thd

H
IRS
gs;sj;jhf;FfSf;F gUk; nghUl;fis nfhz;L nry;tij
,J Fwpf;Fk;. fspkz;> kzw;fw;fs;> ngUk;fw;fs; jpwy;fs;
Nghd;wtw;wpidAk; juk;> nrb> nfhbfs; vd;gtw;iwAk; xd;W
Nru;j;jjhf ,Oj;J nry;yg;gLtijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
 jpzptirthdJ nghJthf epyr;ruptpidNa rhu;e;J
cs;sJ. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; epyr;ruptpd; %yk; Fwpj;jnjhU
fzg;nghOjpy; kpf mjpfkhd gUk;nghUl;fs; fPo; Nehf;fp
efu;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ghupastpy; jpzpTfs; Fwpj;jnjhU
Neuj;jpy; efu;j;jg;gLtijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
 jpzptirthdJ epyr;rupT> kz;rupT> epytOf;Fif
Nghd;wtw;wpidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
 ,it jtpu Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfspdhy; xU ,lj;jpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;w jpzpTfs; ,d;Ndhu; ,lj;jpw;F nfhz;L
nry;yg;gLtjk; jpzpT mirT vdg;gLfpwJ.

Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 47

02. epyr;ruptpid Kd;$l;bNa mwpaf; $ba rhd;Wfisj; jUf.
 epyr;rupthdJ jpBu; vd Vw;glf;$ba xU jpzptirTr;
nraw;ghlhFk;. ,Ue;j NghjpYk; rpy mwpFwpfisf; nfhz;L
kz;ruptpid Kd;$l;bNa milahsk; nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
i. Fwpj;j gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J kpf tpyq;Ffs; Ntfkhf
,lk;ngau;e;J nry;yy;.
ii. caukhd rha;thd gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gLfp;dw
fl;llq;fs;> kuq;fs;> kpd;fk;gq;fs; rha;e;J nry;Yfpd;wJ.
iii. caukhd kiyg; gpuNjrq;fspy; kw;Wk; fl;blq;fspy;
ghupastpyhd ntbg;Gf;fs; Vw;gly;.
iv. eP&w;Wf;fspd; khw;wk; Vw;gLfpd;wd. eP&w;Wf;fs; tw;Wjy;>

Y E R
eP&w;Wf;fspd; Nghf;Ffspy; khw;wk; Vw;gLjy;> Gjpa

W
eP&w;Wf;fs; njd;gly; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfis ikakhff;

A
nfhz;L kz;ruptpid Kd;$l;bNa ,dq;fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

H L
AT
03. epyr;rupT Vw;glf; $ba gpuNjrq;fisj; jUf.

SH
 epyr;rupthdJ Gtp Nkw;gug;gpd; vy;yh gpuNjrq;fspYk;

I R
eilngWtjpy;iy. rpy gpuNjrq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;Nl
epyr;rupT or jpzptirT mbf;fb ,lk;ngWfpd;wj. mjhtJ
kpfTk; caukhd mghafukhd rha;Tfs; fhzg;gLfpd;w
gpuNjrq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L epyr;rupT Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
,t;thwhd gpuNjrq;fshf
i. mjpfkhd FbapUg;Gfs; fhzg;glf;$ba mghafukhd
rha;Tfs;
ii. mbf;fb kz;rupT mghaj;jpw;F cl;gLfpd;w gpuNjrq;fs;
c+k; : ,yq;ifapd; nfh];ye;ij
iii. rpwpa ep&w;Wf;fSld; fhzg;glf; $ba kiyabthuq;fs;
iv. mjpfstpyhd ghiw ntbg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Jthuq;fs;
fhzg;glf;$ba gpuNjrq;fs;
 Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L kz; rupT mghak;
mbf;fb ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

48 Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay;

04. epyr;rupT tiffis jUf.
 epyr;rupthdJ gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
i. epy tOf;if
ii. rupe;J tpOjy;
iii. tOf;Fjy;
iv. cUSjy;
v. NrW topjy;

05. epyr;rupit Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; fhuzpfis jUf.

 epyrr;upthdJ gy;NtW fhuzq;fspdhy;

Y E R
epu;zak;

W
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;fhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW

A
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

H
1. ngsjPff; fhuzq;fs;
L
AT
2. khdplf; fhuzq;fs;

H
IRS
ngsjPff; fhuzq;fs;
1. kiotPo;r;rpapd; nrwpT
2. epyj;Njhw;wj;jpd; rha;Tj;jd;ik
3. jiuapd; fl;likg;G
4. Gtp mjpu;T or eLf;fk;
5. jha;g;ghiwfspd; rpijT
6. jiufPo; ePu;
7. gdpf;fl;bfspd; jhf;fk;

Gwtpirr; nraw;ghLfs; - Gtpapay; 49