UG - B.lit. - Tamil - 107 42 - Elakkanam Puraporulum Anielakkanamum

mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk;
Njrpaj; ju epHzaf; FOtpd; %d;whk; Rw;Wj; ju kjpg;gPl;by; A+(CGPA: 3.64) jFjpAk;

kdpjts Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; - gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf;FOtpd; Kjy; jug;
gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk; jd;dhl;rpj; jFjpAk; ngw;wJ)
fhiuf;Fb - 630003
njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffk;
,sq;fiy jkpo; ,yf;fpak; (gp.ypl;;)

,uz;lhkhz;L - ehd;fhk; gUtk;
jhs;: 10742
,yf;fzk; -
Gwg;nghUSk; mzpapyf;fzKk;
Dr.M.CHITHAMBARAM, Associate Professor in Tamil, Tamil Research Centre, Alagappa Govt. Arts College, Karaikudi – 630003
Reviewer : Dr. V. THIRUVENI, Assistant Professor of Tamil, Directorate of Distance Education, Alagappa University, Karaikudi.630003.
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jhs; : 10742
,yf;fzk; - Gwg;nghUSk; mzpapyf;fzKk;
Nehf;fk;:
Gwg;nghUisAk; mzpapyf;fzj;ijAk; khztHfSf;F tpupthf
vLj;Jiuj;jy;.
gpupT: 1
$W: 1 – flTs; tho;j;J – rpwg;Gg; ghapuk; - ntl;rpg;glyk;
$W: 2 – fue;ijg;glyk;
$W: 3 – tQ;rpg;glyk;
$W: 4 – fhQ;rpg;glyk;
gpupT - 2
$W: 5 – nehr;rpg;glyk;
$W: 6 – copiQg;glyk;
$W: 7 – Jk;igg;glyk;
$W: 8 – thifg;glyk;
gpupT - 3
$W: 9 – ghlhz;glyk;
$W: 10 – nghJtpay;
$W: 11 – ctik mzp> cUtf mzp> jPtfmzp
gpupT - 4
$W: 12 –gpd;tUepiyazp Kjy; mjpratzp tiu
$W: 13– VJtzp Kjy; Ritazp tiu
$W: 14– jd;Nkk;ghl;Liuazp Kjy; ghtpf mzp tiu
ghHit E}y;fs;:
Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy – c. Nt. rhkpehijaH ( g. M )

jz;bayq;fhuk; - F. Re;ju%Hj;jp ( g. M )
gad;:
jkpopd; ,yf;fz kugpid mwpjy;
jkpoupd; Gwg;nghUs; kugpid mwpe;J njspjy;
jkpoupd; Gwj;jpizfisAk; mtw;wpd; ,yf;fz tiuaiwfisAk;

mwpe;J gad;nfhs;sy;
njhy;fhg;gpak; njhlq;fpg; Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy tiuapyhd

Gwg;nghUs; ,yf;fz tsHr;rpapd; njhlHr;rpia czHjy;
jkpoupd; tho;tpay; tpOkpaq;fis mwpe;J mjd;top thoj; jiyg;gly;
jkpoupd; mzpapyf;fz kugpid mwpjy;
mzpfisg; gw;wpAk; mtw;wpd; ,yf;fz tiuaiwfisg; gw;wpAk;

njupe;J njspjy;
gilg;ghf;fj;jpwidg; ngwy;
gpupT - 1
$W: 1 – ntl;rpj;jpiz:
Nehf;fk;: ntl;rpj;jpizapd; ,yf;fzj;ijAk; mtw;wpd;
tiffisAk; fw;W mwpjy;
jkpoH tho;tpay; mfk;> Gwk; vd;Dk; ,UngUk; gpupTfisj;

jd;Ds;- nfhz;like;jjhFk;.mtw;Ws; xj;j jiytd;
jiytupilNa Vw;gLk; cs;sj;jpd; md;gha;> gpwUf;F
,j;jd;ikaJ vd $w ,ayhjjha; jiykf;fs; jkf;Fs;Ns
czHe;J ,d;GWk; jd;ik cilajha; mikAk; tho;f;if mfk;
vdg;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa mfj;jpw;F Gwdha; miktJk; gpwUf;F
,j;jd;ikj;J vdf; $wp ,d;GWk; jd;ik cilajha; miktJk;
Mfpa tho;tpay; Kiwik Gwg;nghUs; vdg;gLk;. ,j;jifa
Gwg;nghUspidj; njhy;fhg;gpak; VOjpizfs; nfhz;lJ vd
vLj;Jiuf;Fk;. njhy;fhg;gpaj;ij mbnahw;wpj; Njhd;wpa
Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy vd;Dk; ,e;E}y; Gwg;nghUspid
gd;dpuz;L vd tpupj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
1. flTs; tho;j;J:
GytHfs; jhk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nray; ,dpJ
epiwTWtjw;F Ntz;b ,iwtid tho;j;jpj; njhlq;Fjy; vd;gJ
jkpoHjk; kughk;. mk;kugpid mbnahw;wp Gwg;nghUs;
ntz;ghkhiyapd; Mrpupauhd IadhupjdhH MidKfd;>
rptngUkhd;> fiykfs; Mfpa %tUf;Fk; jdpj;jdpNa
,iwtho;j;Jg; ghbAs;shH.
1.1 MidKfd; tho;j;J:

eila+W nrhd;kle;ij ey;FtJ ek;Nky;
,ila+W ePq;FtJ nky;yhk; -Gila+Wk;
NridKfj; jhspupar; rPWKfj; J}Wkjj;
jhidKfj; jhid epidj; jhy;.
NghHf;fsj;jpy; ,iltplhky; vjpHj;J tUtJ khw;whupd; gilfs;
MFk;. mtw;iw vjpHj;Jg; NghH nra;J mQ;rp Xlr; nra;Ak;
Mw;wy; ngw;wtH MidKfd;.,j;jifa ngUkhd; ngUf;nfLj;J
tUk; kjePupid cilatd;.mtDila jpUtbfis kdj;Js;
nfhz;L Jjpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.mt;thW nra;Nthkhdhy; mt;,iwtd;
fiykfs; topNa ftpghLk; Mw;wiyj; je;jUs;thd;.NkYk;
,ilA+Wfs; midj;ijAk; ek;iktpl;L ePq;Fk; gbr; nra;thd;.
1.2 rptngUkhd; tzf;fk;:

fz;ztidf; fhz;ftpU fhjtidf; Nfl;ftha;g;
gz;ztidg; ghl gjQ;#o;f- vz;zpiwe;j
nea;nahj;J epd;whid ePykplw;whidnad;
ifnahj;J NeH $g;Gf.
vs;spDs; vz;nza; vy;yh ,lj;Jk; ePf;fkw epiwe;J
,Ug;gJNghy; midj;Jg; nghUs;fspYk; fye;J epw;gtd;
rptngUkhd;.,t; ,iwtd; eQ;Rz;ljhy; fupa kplw;wpid
cilatd;.vd;Dila fz;fs; mj;jifa ,iwtdpd; Njhw;wg;
nghyptpidf; fhz;gjw;fhfNt cs;sd. vd;Dila fhJfs;
mt;tpiwtdpd; jpUg;Gfiof; Nfl;gjw;fhfNt cs;sd.vd;
thapdpd;W Njhd;Wk; nrhw;fs; mtDila Gfiog;
Nghw;Wtjw;fhfNt cs;sd.vd; iffs; Ftpe;J kdj;NjhL mt;
,iwtid tzq;Ftjw;fhfNt nray;gLfpd;wd.
1.3 fiykfs; tzf;fk;:

jtsj; jhkiuj; jhjH Nfhapy;
mtisg; Nghw;WJk; mUe;jkpo; Fwpj;Nj
kfue;jk; epiwe;J tpsq;Fk; rpwg;gpidj; jd;Ds; nfhz;L
mike;jJ ntz;jhkiu kyH. mjidj; jhd; ,dpJiwAk;
Nfhapyhff; nfhz;bUg;gts; fiykfs;.mtis> ,g; Gwg;nghUs;
ntz;ghkhiy epiwTWk; nghUl;L tho;j;jp tzq;FNthk;.
1.4 rpwg;Gg; ghapuk;:

kd;dpa rpwg;gpd; thNdhH Ntz;lj;
njd;kiy ,Ue;j rPHrhy; Kdptud;
jd;ghy; jz;lkpo; jhtpd;W czHe;j
Jd;dUk; rPHj;jpj; njhy;fhg; gpad;Kjy;
gd;dpU GytUk; ghq;Fwg; gfHe;j
gd;dpU glyKk; gopg;gpd;W czHe;Njhd;
Xq;fpa rpwg;gpd; cyfKOJ Mz;l
thq;Ftpy; jlf;if thdtH kUkhd;
Ia dhupjd; mfyplj; jtHf;F
ikaW Gwg;nghUs; tohypd;W tpsq;f
ntz;gh khiy vdg;ngaH epwP,g;
gz;Gw nkhope;jdd; ghd;ikapw; njupe;Nj.
vd;gJ ghapuk;.
tpsf;fk;:NjtHfs; Ntz;bf;nfhs;sg; nghjpapd; kiyapypUe;j
mofike;j ,Ub mfj;jpad; ,lj;Jf; FspHe;j jkpio
tUj;jkpd;wp mwpe;j fpilj;jw;fupa kpFe;j GfopidAila
njhy;fhg;gpad; vdg;gLk; Mrpupad; Kjyhd gd;dpUtuhd NgUk;
gFjpapy; kpfr; nrhd;d gd;dpUglynkd;Dk; E}ypidf;
Fw;wkpd;wpNa mwpe;Njhd;> caHe;j Nkk;ghl;bidAila g+Tyif
KOJk; Mz;l tise;j tpy;iyg; ngUj;j ifapNyAila
Nrukhd;fs; topapDs;shd;. IadhupjH vd;Dk;
ngaupidAilatd;> gue;j epyj;jpYs;stHf;Ff; Fw;wkw;w
Gwg;nghUis tOTjypd;wpNa njspa ntz;ghkhiynad;Dk;
ngaupid epWj;jp KiwikahNy Muha;e;J ed;ik kpfr;
nrhd;dhd; vd;gjhk;.
Mf;fpNahd; ngaH: IadhupjdhH

top: gd;dpU glyk;
vy;iy: tlNtq;flk; njd;Fkup mfj;jJ
E}w;ngaH: Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy
ahg;G: njhiftpup
Ejypa nghUs:; Gwg;nghUs;
Nfl;NghH: fw;wwpe;NjhH
gad;: tpsq;f czHj;Jjy;
fhyk;: Iadhupjdhupd; fhyk;
fsk;: mitf;fsk;
fhuzk;: Gwg;nghUSf;F Vw;Gila ,yf;fzj;ij mwpe;J
Fw;wkw;w ,yf;fzj;ij mwpjy;.
1.5 ntl;rpg; glyk; - Jiwfs;:

Gwj;jpizfSs; Kjyhtjha; mikAk; jpiz ntl;rpj;jpiz
MFk;.ntl;rpg;G+tpidr; #ba kwtHfs; kd;ddpd; Mizapid
Vw;Nwh my;yJ mtdpd; csf;Fwpg;gpid mwpe;Njh giftH
Njaj;Jr; nrd;W mtHfspd; Mepiufisf; ftHe;J tUjyhy;
,j;jpiz ntl;rpj;jpiz vdyhapw;W.
ntl;rpg; glyj;jpd; - Jiwfs;:
ntl;rp ntl;rp mutk; tpupr;rp nryT

NtNa Gwj;jpiw CHnfhiy MNfhs;
g+ry; khw;Nw Gfo;Ruj; Ja;j;jy;
jiyj;Njhw; wk;Nk je;Jepiw ghjPL
cz;lhl;L caHnfhil Gydwp rpwg;Ng
gps;is tof;Nf ngUe;Jb epiyNa
nfhw;wit epiyNa ntwpahl;L csg;gl
vl;,uz;L Vid ehd;nfhL njhif,
ntl;rpAk; ntl;rpj; JiwAk; MFk;.
vd;Dk; ,r;#j;jpuk;> ntl;rpj;jpizAk; czHj;jpw;W.
ntl;rpr;jpiz>ntl;rpautk;> tpupr;rp> nryT> Nta;> Gwj;jpiw>

CHnfhiy> MNfhs;> g+rd;khw;W> Ruj;Ja;jj ; y;> jiyj;Njhw;wk;>
je;Jepiw> ghjPL> cz;lhl;L> nfhil> Gydwprpwg;G>gps;istof;F>
Jbepiy> nfhw;witepiy> ntwpahl;L vd ,it ,UgJk;
ntl;rpj;jpizapd; JiwfshFk;.
ntl;rp:
ntl;rpj;jpiz vd;gJ ,Utifj; jd;ikAilajha; tUk;.

mit KiwNa kd;DW njhopYk; jd;DW njhopy; vd;gjhFk;.
kd;DW njhopy; vd;gJ kd;dd; Mizapl kwtH nrd;W
giftupd; Mepiufisf; ftHe;J tUjy; MFk;. jd;DW njhopy;
vd;gJ murdpd; Mizapd;wp kwtHfs; jhNk nrd;W giftupd;
Mepiufisf; ftHe;J tUjy; MFk;. ,t; ,Utifahd;
ntl;rpj;jpiz eilngw;wpaYk;.
ntd;wp Nte;jd; gzpg;gTk; gzpg;gpd;wpAk;
nrd;W ,fy;Kid Mje; jd;W.
ntw;wpapidAila murd; VtjhYk; md;wp mtd; Vtypd;wpAk;

Ngha; khWghl;bidAila Ntw;Wg;Gyj;Jg; Mepiuiaf; ftHe;J
tUtJ ntl;rpj;jpizahFk;.
kd;DWnjhopy:;
kd;dd; Mizapl kwtH nrd;W giftupd; Mepiufisf; ftHe;J

tUjy;
kz;L nkupAz; kue;jbe; jpl;lw;whf;
nfhz;l nfhLQ;rpiyad; Nfhnwupaf;-fz;Nl
milahH Kidayw itapiyNtw; fhis

tpilahaq; nfhs;nfd;whd; Nte;J.
kpFe;J vupfpd;w neUg;gpDs; kuj;ij ntl;bapLk;; Mw;wy;
kwtd; jd; ifapy; nfhba tpy;iyAilatd;.mtd; giftupd;
Mepiufisf; ftuf; fUjpg; Nghupw;fhd mk;gpid Muha;e;jhd;.
mjidf; fz;l murd; giftH fyq;f tpaf;fj;jf;f rpwe;j
NtypidAila tPuNd!> Mepiuiaf;nfhs;f! vd;W murd;
$wpdhd; vd;gjhy; ,J kd;DW njhopYf;Fr; rhd;whk;.
jd;DW njhopy;:
jd;DW njhopy; vd;gJ murdpd; Mizapd;wp kwtHfs; jhNk
nrd;W giftupd; Mepiufisf; ftHe;J tUjy; MFk;.
mwhm epiyr;rhb ahLW Njwy;
kwhmd; kioj;jlq; fz;zp-nghwhmd;
fLq;fz; kwtd; foy;Gide;jhd; fhiy
eLq;fila NeuhH epiu.
FspHe;j ngupa fz;zpidAil ngz;Nz! fs; mw;Wg; Nghfhj
jhopapy; ,Ue;J ,k;kwtd; fs;spidf; fldhff; Nfl;fpwhd;.
mjid toq;Fthahf!. fld; nghwhj ,t; tPud; jd; fhypNy
tPuf;foiyf; fl;bdhd;.vdNt ntw;wpnfhz;l MepiufNshL ehis
fhiyapNy epd; neba thryplj;jtdha; te;J epw;ghd;
vd;wikahy; ,J jd;dW njhopYf;Fr; rhd;whk;.
1.5.1 ntl;rpautk;;:
fythH KidNkw;
nryT mkHe; jd;W .
giftH Mepiuiaf; ftuf; fUJk; kwtH gy;tif fUtpfis
Koq;fpr; nry;tjhy; Vw;gLk; Muhtuj;ij tpsf;Fjyhy; ,j;Jiw
ntl;rpautk; vdg;gl;lJ>
nebgL fhdj;J ePs;Ntd; kwtH
mbgLj; jhujH nry;thd; - JbgLj;J
ntl;rp kiya tputhH kzpepiuf;
fl;rpAl; fhup fYo;k.;
rpy;tPL vd;Dk; tz;Lfs; xypf;Fk; fhl;blj;J ePz;l
NtypidAila kwtH fhypNy nrUg;igj; mzpe;J nfhz;L
flj;jw;fupa topaplj;Jr; nry;y tpUk;gpdH.NkYk;
Jbiaf;nfhl;lr; nra;J ntl;rpg;g+itr; #bdH. giftUila
kzpfs; G+l;lg;ngw;w gRtpid cila fhl;blj;Jf; fhupnad;Dk;
gwit JHepkpj;jkhf mOjJ.mjd; nrayhdJ giftHfSf;F
NfL epfog;Nghtij mwptpj;J epd;wJ.
1.5.2 tpupr;rp;:
Ntz;ba nghUspd; tpisTed; fwpjw;F
<z;L ,Us; khiyr; nrhy; XHj; jd;W .
tpUk;gpanghUisg; ngWjw;F ntl;rp kwtH ,Uz;l khiyaplj;J
ew;nrhw; Nfl;lJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
vOtzp rPW} upUz;khiy Kd;wpw;

FOtpdq; if$g;gp epw;gj; - njhOtpw;
Flf;fzP nfhz;Lth ntd;whs; Fdptpw;
wlf;ifaha; ntd;wp jUk; .
fiza kuq;fs; #o;e;j rpwg;Gila Cupy; ,UisAila
khiyg;nghOjpy; Nfhapy; Kw;wj;jpNy jpuz;bUe;JJ ek; kwtH
$l;lk;. Mf; $l;lk; ifFtpj;Jepw;ff; fs; rhbapUf;Fk; Vzpapw;
Flj;Jf; fs;is eP vLj;Jf;nfhz;L thntd;whs; vd;whs; xUj;jp.
,J ew;nrhy; Mjyhy; tpy;iyg; ngupa ifapNy cila tPuNd!
cWjpahf ekf;F ntw;wpiaj; jUk; vd;wikahy; ,J tpupr;rp
Mapw;W.
1.5.3 nryT:
tpy;NyH cotH Ntw;Wg; Gyk; cd;dpf;
fy;NyH fhdk; fle;Jnrd; wd;W .
tpy;yhfpa VupidAila cotHgiftupd; Mepiufisf; ftHjy;
nghUl;L fy; nghUe;jpd fhl;ilf; fle;J NghdJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
$w;wpdj; jd;dhH nfhLtp yplNde;jpg;

ghw;wpdk; gpd;glu Kd;glHe; - Njw;wpdk;
epd;w epiyfUjp NafpdhH ePs;fioa
Fd;wq; nfhLtpy; ytH .
$w;wpid xj;j ntl;rp kwtHfs; FOtha; ,ize;J tise;j
tpy;iy ,lg;gf;fj;jpw;nfhz;L fOFk; gUe;Jk; jd;idg; gpd;Nd
njhlHe;Jtuj; nrd;wdH. typahNd neUq;fpg;NghdhH> tise;j
tpy;yhsHfs; Mepiuepd;w caHe;j %q;fpiyAila Fd;wj;jpid
epide;J nrd;wdH.
1.5.4 Nta;:
gw;whH jk;Kidg; gLkzp Maj;J
xw;W Muha;e;j tif ciuj; jd;W
giftH mwpahtz;zk; mq;Fs;s Mepiu gw;wpa nra;jpfis
xw;wHfs; mwpe;J te;J nrhy;tJ.
epiyA epiuA epiug;Gwj;J epd;w

rpiyAQ; nrUKidAs; itfp - ,iyGide;j
fs;stpo; fz;zpf; foy;nta;Naha; nrd;wwpe;J
es;spUl;fz; te;jhH ekH .
gr;rpiyAlNd tputpj;njhLj;j Njd;nghopAk; khiyapidAk;
tPuf;foypidAk; cila Nghiu tpUk;Gk; tPuNd! Mepd;w ,lk>;
MtpDila msT> MtpDila Gwq;fhj;Jepd;w tpw;gilapdH
msT> Ntw;Wg;Gwj;jpNyNgha; Muha;e;J eLtpUsplj;J ek;
Rw;wj;jhH te;jhH vd;wikahy; ,J Nta; Mapw;W.
1.5.5 Gwj;jpiw:
Nehf;fUk; FWk;gd; E}ioAk; thapYk;
Nghf;fw tis,g; Gwj;,Wj; jd;W.
giftHfs; jq;fs; fz;zhy; ghHj;jw;fupa rpwpa topapidAk;
ngUthapiyAk; cilaJ fhtw;fhL.mjd; topahf cs;spUg;NghH
ntspapy; jg;gpr; nry;yhjthW@ ntl;rp kwtH Rw;wp tisj;J
kjpw;Gwj;Nj jq;fpdHvd;gJ Gwj;jpiw vd;gjhFk;.
ca;e;njhopth uPq;fpy;iy a+opf;fl; BNaNghy;
Ke;jkU Nsw;whH Kuz;KUq;fj; - je;jkupd;
xw;wpdh ndhw;wp AuNthH FWk;gpidr;
Rw;wpdhH Nghfhkw; #o;e;J .
ntl;rp kwtH jk; Rw;wj;juhfpa xw;wuhNy Muha;e;J czHe;J

nfhz;ldH. vdNt kpFe;jtypapid cilNahH muzpid
tise;Jnfhz;lhH. ,r;nray; Copf;fhyj;Jj; jPia
xj;jpUe;jJ.vdNt ,t; ,lj;J gpioj;jpUg;ghH xUtUkpy;iy.
1.5.6 CHnfhiy:
tpiugup fltp tpy;Yil kwtH
Fiumoy; elg;gf; FWk;G vwpe; jd;W .
tpy;Nye;jpa ntl;rp kwtH jk; Fjpiuia tpiue;J nrYj;jp

jPiag; giftH Cupd;fz; jtOk;gb nra;J giftH muzpid
mopg;gH. ,J CHnfhiy vdg;gLk;.
,fNy Jizah ntupjtor; rPwpg;
GfNy aupnjd;dhH Gf;Fg; - gfNy
njhiytpyhH tPoj; njhLfo yhHg;gf;
nfhiytpyhH nfhz;lhH FWk;G .
ntl;rp kwtH giftUld; nfhz;l khWghNl Jizahff;

nfhz;ltHfs;. mtHfs; giftH muz; ,uTg;nghOjpy; GFjw;fupa
,lk; vd;Wk; vz;zhJ GFe;jdH.giftH Cupd;fz; jPia
itj;jdH.mg;giftH ,be;J tPOk;gbf; nfhd;wdH.jk; fhypy;
fl;bapUe;j tPuf;foy; MuthuQ;nra;af; nfhiyj; njhopyhw; rpwe;j
tpy;ypidAilahH muzpidf; iff;nfhz;lhH vd;wikahy; ,J
CHnfhiy Mapw;W.
1.5.7 MNfhs;:
ntd;W MHj;J tpwd;kwtH
fd;NwhLk; MjoP,ad;W .
ntl;rp kwtH giftH Kidapidf;fle;J Muthuk; nra;J

fd;WlNd Mepiuiaf; iff;nfhz;lJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
nfhLtup $bf; F*cf;nfhz; lidj;jhy;
neLtiu ePs;Nta; euYk; - eLt+Hf;
fzepiu iff;nfhz;L ifafyhH epd;w
epzepiu NtyhH epiy .
caHe;j kiyaplj;J ,Ue;j ePz;l%q;fpy; xypf;Fk; Cupz;fz;

Mepiuiaf; ifg;gw;wp epd;wdH ntl;rp kwtH. mtHfs; Ntyplj;J
giftupd; nfhOg;G epiwe;j jir Nfhj;Jj; njhq;fpf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,f;fhl;rpahdJ Gypfs; jk;kpy; ,iznahj;Jj;
jpul;rpnfhz;l jd;ikj;jha; ,Ue;jJ.
1.5.8 g+rd;khw;W:
fzk;gpwq;ff; iff;nfhz;lhH
gpzk;gpwq;fg; ngaHj;jpl;ld;W .
ntl;rp kwtiu vjhpHj;Jg; NghH nra;a te;Njhiu Kw;wpYk;

mopj;J ,dpg; NghH ,y;iy vd;Dk; epiyapid cUthf;FtJ
G+ry;khw;W vdg;gLk;. ntl;rp kwtH giftupd; Mepiufisf;
iff;nfhz;lhH. Mjidg; nghWf;f ,ayhJ #o;e;J epd;w jLf;f
Kad;wdH giftH vd;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
#o;e;j epiungaur; Rw;wpj; jiyf;nfhz;lhH

tPo;e;jdH tPo;e;jhH tplf;Fzpaj; - jho;e;j
FyTf; nfhLQ;rpiyf;iff; $w;widah nua;j
GyTf; fiztopNgha;g; Gs;.
ntl;rpahuhy; tisj;Jnfhs;sg;gl;l Mepiufis kPl;fr; #o;e;J
nfhz;l NghHf;fsj;J fue;ijahH kbe;J tPo;e;jhH@
tPo;e;jtUila jiriaj; jpd;d Ntz;bg; tise;j nfhbatpy;yhw;
rpwe;j ifapidAila $w;wj;ijnahg;ghH va;j Gyhy; ehWk;
mk;G Nghd topNa Ngha;g; gwitfs; ,we;J tPo;e;j fue;ijahupd;
cly;Nky; nrd;w gbe;jd vd;wikahy; ,j;Jiw G+ry;khw;W
Mapw;W.
1.5.9 Ruj;Ja;j;jy;:
mUQ;Ruj;J mfd;fhdj;Jk;
tUe;jhky; epiuAa;j;jd;W .
mupa topaplj;Jk; gue;j fhl;bYk; MepiufSf;F Jd;gk; Neuh

tz;zk; nrYj;Jjy; Ruj;Ja;jj ; y; vdg;gLk;.ntl;rp kwtH fle;J
nry;tjw;F mupa njhiyit cilaJ fhL. Mtw;wpilNa ntl;rp
kwtH jhk; ifg;gw;wpa Mepiufis Jd;gk; cwh tz;zk;
mioj;Jr; nrd;wdH vd;gJ ,jd; nghUshk;.
Gd;Nka;e; jir,g; GzHe;Jld; nry;nfd;Dk;

tpd;Nk yir,aif nty;foyhd; - jd;Nkw;
fLtiu ePupw; fLj;Jtuf; fz;Lk;
neLtiu ePo dpiu.
tpy;ypd;Nky; itj;j ifapidAk; nty;Yk; tPuf;
foypidAilatHfsha; ntl;rp kwtH ele;J nrd;wdH. mg;NghJ
fue;ij kwtHfs; kiyapdpd;W nre;J}f;fha; tPOk; mUtp Nghd;w
ntl;rp kwtH Nky; tPo;e;jdH. Mdhy; mjidf; fz;‟L mQ;rhj
ntl;rp tPud; jk; cld; te;j tPuHfisg; ghHj;J Mepiufis
kuepoypy; Gy;Nka itAq;fs;.ePH mUe;jr; nra;Aq;fs;.gpd; xUq;F
nry;Yk; gb nrYj;Jq;fs; vd;W $wpaikahy; ,J Ruj;Ja;jj ; y;
Mapw;W.
1.5.10 jiyj;Njhw;wk;:
cunta;Nahd; ,de;joP,
tuT czHe;J fpiskfpo;e;jd;W.
typikapid cila ntl;rpg; gilj;jiytd; mtd; jiyikapy;
ntl;rp kwtHfs; Mepiufisf; ifg;gw;wpf;nfhz;L tUjiyf;
fz;l mtdJ Rw;wj;jpdH kfpo;tJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
nkha;az yhdpiu Kd;nry;yg; gpd;nry;Yk;

ikazw; fhis kfpo;Jb - ifazy;
itj;j ntapw;wpaH thl;f zpldhl
ca;j;jd; Wtif nahUq;F.
Mepiu Kd;NdNghfg; gpd;Nd tUk; fWj;j Kbapid cila
fhis kfpo;e;J nfhl;Le;Jb ,irf;fr; nrd;whd;. ntl;rpahUila
epiyikia mwpahJ ntWg;gpdhw; ifiaf; fd;dj;jpy; itj;j
Ntl;L tpr;rpaH ths; Nghd;w fz; ,le;Jbg;gr; kfpo;e;jdH
vd;wikahy; ,J jiyj;Njhw;wk; Mapw;W.
1.5.11 je;Jepiw:
thHtye;j Jbtpk;k
CHGfy epiuca;j;jd;W.
thupdhy; fl;lg;ngw;w Jb Koq;f CupDs;shH tpUk;g
Mdpiuia kd;wj;jplj;jy; epWj;jy; ,j;JiwahFk;.
jz;lh tpUg;gpd ld;id jiykiye;j

tz;lhH fko;fz;zp tho;nfd;W - fz;lhs;
mzpepiu thz;KWt yk;kh ntapw;wp
kzpepiu ky;fpa kd;W.
jzpahj kfpo;r;rpia cila kwj;jp jd;Dila jiytd;
jiyapNy #bd tz;Lepiwe;j eWehw;wk; tPRk; khiy tho;tjhf!
vd;W tho;jj; pdhs;.gpd;dH moFilj;jjha; xOq;Fgl;L xsptpLk;
gy;ypidAk; mofpa ngUikapidAk; cila kwj;jp>
kzpazpe;j Mepiufs; epd;w kd;wj;ij vapw;wp fz;lhs;
vd;wikahy; ,J je;Jepiw Mapw;W.
1.5.12 ghjPL:
ftHfizr; Rw;wk; ftHe;j fzepiu
mtHmtH tpidtapd; mwpe;J<e; jd;W
ntl;rp kwtH ftHe;J te;j Mepiufis mtutH jFjpf;Nfw;gg;
gpupj;J toq;Fjy; ghjPL vdg;ngWk;.
xs;ths; kiye;jhHf;Fk; xw;W Muha;e;J

ciuj;jhHf;Fk;
Gs; tha;g;gr; nrhd;d GytHf;Fk; - tps;thiu
khW ,l;lhH ntd;wp kwtHjk; rPW}upd;
$W,l;lhH nfhz;l epiu
Mepiufisf; ftHe;J nfhz;L te;j ntl;rp kwtH Nghupy; xspUk;
ths; tPrpg; NghHnra;jhHf;Fk; giftuplj;Jr; nrd;W xw;W Muha;e;J
cuij;jtHf;Fk; ey;epkpj;jk; ghHj;Jr; nrhy;ypNahHf;Fk; GytH
Nghd;NwhHf;Fk; gfpHe;J nfhLj;jhH vd;wikahy; ,J ghjPL
vdg;ngw;wJ.
1.5.13 cz;lhl;L:
njhl;L ,kpOq; fod;kwtH
kl;Lcz;L kfpo;J}q;fpd;W.
tPuf;foypidAila ntl;rp kwtH kfpo;thYk; ngUikahYk;
kJitAz;L kdq;fspj;J MbaJ.
,spnfhz;l jPQ;nrh ypskh ntapw;wpje;Jepiw

Mapw;W.
fspnfhz;l Nehf;fq; ftw;wj; - njspnfhz;l
ntq;fz; kypa tpsptJnfhy; Ntw;whHNkw;
nrq;fz; kwtH rpdk;.
giftH Nky; rpdk; nfhz;likahy; rpte;j fz;fis cilatH
ntl;rp kwtH. mtHfspd; rpdkhdJ ,spnad;Dk;
,irapidf;nfhz;l ,dpa nrhy;ypidAila ,isa
Ntl;Ltpr;rpapd; fhjy; nfhz;l ghHit tUj;jpajhYk;
fs;isAz;l kfpo;r;rp kpFe;jjhYk; Fiwe;jJ.
1.5.14 nfhil:
<z;baepiu xoptpd;wp
Ntz;bNahHf;F tpUk;gptPrpd;W.
ntl;rp kwtH jkf;Fg; gpupj;Jf; nfhLj;j Mepiufisj;; jk;ik
Ntz;bdtHfSf;F tpUg;Gw;Wf; nfhLg;gJ.
mq;fl; fpizad; Wbad; tpwypghz;

ntq;fl;F tPRk; tpiyahFk; - nrq;fl;
nrUr;rpiyah kd;dH nrUKidapw; rPwp
tupr;rpiyahw; we;j tsk;.
NghHf;F MQ;rhj kd;dH> NghHf;fsj;J ntFz;L tpy;yhNy
nfhz;l Mepiuahfpa nry;tkhdJmofpa fz;zhw; rpwe;j fpiz
nfhl;Lgtd;. Jb nfhl;Lgtd;. tpwyp> ghzd; MfpNahH
fs;spw;Ff; nfhLf;Fk; tpiyahapw;W vd;wikahy; ,J nfhil
Mapw;W.
1.5.15 Gydwp rpwg;G:

ntk;Kidepiy czHj;jpNahHf;Fj;
jk;kpDkpfr; rpwg;G <e;jd;W.
fue;ijahupd; Ntw;Wg;Gyj;jpdJ epiyikia mwpe;J te;J

mwptpj;j xw;wHf;Fg; gpwiuf; fhl;bYk; ngUfr; rpwg;Gf;
nfhLj;jJ
,WKiw naz;zh jpuTk; gfYk;
nrWKidAl; nrd;wwpe;J te;jhH - ngWKiwapd;
ml;Lf; fdY kapy;NtNyh nahd;wpuz;
bl;Lf; nfhLj;j ypay;G.
jkf;F ,wg;G tUk; vd;W mQ;rhJ ,utpYk; gfypYk; nfhy;Yk;

gifg;Gyj;Jg; Ngha;Muha;e;Jte;jhH xw;wH. mtHfl;F gpwHf;Ff;
nfhLg;gjpDk; xd;whapDk; ,uz;lhapDk; Mf;fis kpFjpf;
nfhLj;jy; KiwahFk;.
1.5.16 gps;istof;F:
ngha;ahJ Gs;nkhope;jhHf;F
itahJ tOf;Fciuj;jd;W.
fhupf;FUtpapd; xypiaf; nfhz;l ngha;ahfhJ epkpj;jk; fz;l
$WgtH epkpj;jpfH vdg;gLtH. mtUf;F kdk; Nehfh tz;zk;
kpFjpahff; nfhLg;gH.,k;Kiwapidf; $WtJ gps;is tof;F
vdg;gLk;.
Gy;yhH epiufUjp ahQ;nry;yg; Gz;zyk;

gy;yh uwpag; gfHe;jhHf;Fr; - nrhy;yhw;
flQ;Rl;l Ntz;lh fLQ;Riuah dhd;F
FlQ;Rl; bdj;jhw; nfhL.
giftuJ Mepiuiaf; nfhs;s epide;J ehk; Nghf
epkpj;jed;ikiag; gyUKzur; nrhd;dtH epkpj;jpfH.mtrUf;F
,t;tsTjhd; nfhLf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W fUJjy; Ntz;lhk;. xU
Flk; msT ghy; nfhLf;Fk; Mepiufs; gy cz;L.mtw;Ws;
,dk;NjhWk; ehd;F nfhL vd;gjhk;.
1.5.17 Jbepiy:
njhLfod; kwtH njhy;Fb kugpy;
gLfz; ,kpo;Jbg; gz;Gciuj; jd;W.
njhd;W njhl;L kuG khwhky; Jb nfhl;Lgtd; Fbg;goikia
rpwg;gpj;Jf; $WtJ Jbepiy vdg;gLk;.ngupa fz;zpid
cilajha; Koq;Ffpd;w jd;ik nfhz;lJ Jb. mjidf;
nfhl;Lgtd; goq;Fbf;fz; Jbadptd; vd;gJ ,jd; nghUshk;.
Ke;ij Kjy;tH Jba uptd;Kjy;tH
ve;ijf;Fj; je;ij aptnddf;F - te;j
FbnahL Nfhlh kugpNdhw; fpd;Dk;
tbAW jPe;Njwy; thf;F.
njhd;W njhl;L tUfpd;w vkJ Fbapd; Kd;NdhH
KjyhapdhHf;Fj; Jbnfhl;bdhH ,td; Kd;Ndhd; KjyhapdhH@
vd; je;ijf;F ,td; je;ij Jbnfhl;bdhd;@ ,td; vdf;Fj; Jb
nfhl;Lthd;@ topte;j FbKiwikNahL gpwohj
KiwikapidAilatDf;F ,d;dKk; tbj;jYw;w kJtpdJ
njspit mspg;ghahf! vd;wikahy; ,J Jbepiy vdg;gl;lJ.
1.5.18 nfhw;witepiy:
ntw;wpf;F Jizaha; mikAk; nfhw;witia tho;j;jpg; NgRtJ
nfhw;wit epiy vdg;gLk;.
xspapdPqf
; h tpww;gilNahs;
mspapd; ePq;fh mUs;ciuj;jd;W.
Fiwahj xspiaAk; #yg;giliaAk; cilats; nfhw;wit.mj;
nja;tj;jpd; ,uf;fj;jpy; ePq;fhJ mtsJ mUs;. mj;jifa
mUspdJ rpwg;gpid vLj;Jf; $WtJ nfhw;wit epiy
vd;gjhFk;.
Msp kzpf;nfhbg; igq;fpspg; gha;fiyf;
$sp kypgilf; nfhw;wit - kPsp
muz;KUq;f thNfhs; fUjp dilahH
Kuz;KUq;fj; jhd;Ke; JWk;.
rpq;fj;jhw; rpwe;j mofpa nfhbapidAk; gRq;fpspapidAk;
ghAq;fiyapidAk; Nga;kpf;f gilapidAk; cilats;
nfhw;wit. mts; ntl;rpj;jiytd; giftH khWghL nflj;
ntl;rpahUf;F Kd;djkhfNt vOe;jUSk; jd;ik nfhz;lts;
Mths;.
1.5.19 ntwpahl;L:
thy;,ioNahH tpidKba
NtyndhL ntwpMbd;W.
mofpa Mguzj;ijAilatHfs; kwf;Fb kfspH. ,tHfs; jd;
jiytd; epidj;j njhopy; ntw;wpfukhf Kba KUfDf;F
topghL nra;J ts;spf;$j;ij MLtH. ,J ntwpahl;L vdg;gLk;.
fhzpyuDq; fspf;Fq; fod;kwtd;
g+zpyq;F nkd;Kiyg; Nghjupf;fz; - thZjy;
jhd;KUF nka;e;epwP,j; jhkk; Gwe;jpisg;g
Ntd;KUfw; fhLk; ntwp.
mzpfyd; tpsq;Fk; nky;ypa khHG>g+g;Nghd;w mupgue;j fz;> xsp
kpf;f new;wp Mfpaitfisf; nfhz;lts; kwj;jp. mts; KUff;
flTisj; jd; clk;gpNy epWj;jp khiy gf;fj;Nj mira
NtypidAila KUfDf;F MLk; ts;spf;$j;ij Mbdhs;.
mjidf; fz;lhy; eldg;gpupadhfpa rptngUkhNd kfpo;thd;
vd;gjhk.; ntwpahl;L vd;gJ ts;spehafpapd; Ntlq;nfhz;L MLk;
$j;J MFk;.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1. tpupr;rp; vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
Ntz;ba nghUspd; tpisTed; fwpjw;F
<z;L ,Us; khiyr; nrhy; XHj; jd;W .
tpUk;gpanghUisg; ngWjw;F ntl;rp kwtH ,Uz;l khiyaplj;J
ew;nrhw; Nfl;lJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
vOtzp rPW} upUz;khiy Kd;wpw;
FOtpdq; if$g;gp epw;gj; - njhOtpw;
Flf;fzP nfhz;Lth ntd;whs; Fdptpw;
wlf;ifaha; ntd;wp jUk; .
fiza kuq;fs; #o;e;j rpwg;Gila Cupy; ,UisAila
khiyg;nghOjpy; Nfhapy; Kw;wj;jpNy jpuz;bUe;JJ ek; kwtH
$l;lk;. Mf; $l;lk; ifFtpj;Jepw;ff; fs; rhbapUf;Fk; Vzpapw;
Flj;Jf; fs;is eP vLj;Jf;nfhz;L thntd;whs; vd;whs; xUj;jp.
,J ew;nrhy; Mjyhy; tpy;iyg; ngupa ifapNy cila tPuNd!
cWjpahf ekf;F ntw;wpiaj; jUk; vd;wikahy; ,J tpupr;rp
Mapw;W
2.ghjPL vd;gjid tpsf;fp vOJf.
ftHfizr; Rw;wk; ftHe;j fzepiu
mtHmtH tpidtapd; mwpe;J<e; jd;W
ntl;rp kwtH ftHe;J te;j Mepiufis mtutH jFjpf;Nfw;gg;
gpupj;J toq;Fjy; ghjPL vdg;ngWk;.
xs;ths; kiye;jhHf;Fk; xw;W Muha;e;J
ciuj;jhHf;Fk;
Gs; tha;g;gr; nrhd;d GytHf;Fk; - tps;thiu
khW ,l;lhH ntd;wp kwtHjk; rPW}upd;
$W,l;lhH nfhz;l epiu
Mepiufisf; ftHe;J nfhz;L te;j ntl;rp kwtH Nghupy; xspUk;
ths; tPrpg; NghHnra;jhHf;Fk; giftuplj;Jr; nrd;W xw;W Muha;e;J
cuij;jtHf;Fk; ey;epkpj;jk; ghHj;Jr; nrhy;ypNahHf;Fk; GytH
Nghd;NwhHf;Fk; gfpHe;J nfhLj;jhH vd;wikahy; ,J ghjPL
vdg;ngw;wJ.
3.ntwpahl;L tptup
thy;,ioNahH tpidKba
NtyndhL ntwpMbd;W.
mofpa Mguzj;ijAilatHfs; kwf;Fb kfspH. ,tHfs; jd;
jiytd; epidj;j njhopy; ntw;wpfukhf Kba KUfDf;F
topghL nra;J ts;spf;$j;ij MLtH. ,J ntwpahl;L vdg;gLk;.
fhzpyuDq; fspf;Fq; fod;kwtd;
g+zpyq;F nkd;Kiyg; Nghjupf;fz; - thZjy;
jhd;KUF nka;e;epwP,j; jhkk; Gwe;jpisg;g
Ntd;KUfw; fhLk; ntwp.
mzpfyd; tpsq;Fk; nky;ypa khHG>g+g;Nghd;w mupgue;j fz;> xsp
kpf;f new;wp Mfpaitfisf; nfhz;lts; kwj;jp. mts; KUff;
flTisj; jd; clk;gpNy epWj;jp khiy gf;fj;Nj mira
NtypidAila KUfDf;F MLk; ts;spf;$j;ij
Mbdhs;.mjidf; fz;lhy; eldg;gpupadhfpa rptngUkhNd
kfpo;thd; vd;gjhk.;
ntwpahl;L vd;gJ ts;spehafpapd; Ntlq;nfhz;L MLk; $j;J
MFk
$W: 2 fue;ijg;glyk;
Nehf;fk;: fue;ijj; jpizapd; ,yf;fzk;> mtw;wpd;
gpupTfs; Nghd;wtw;iw khztHfSf;Ff; fw;gpj;jy;
2. fue;ijg; glyk;
ntl;rp kwtHfshy; ftHe;J nry;yg;ngw;w Mepiufis
,ilkwpj;J kPl;Lr;nry;Yk; nghUl;L eilngWk; NghH fue;ij
vd;W miof;fg;gLk;.mt;thW kPl;fr; nry;Yk; kwtH jdf;fhf
milahsg; G+thd fue;ijg; G+tpid mzpe;J nry;tH. ,jd;
fhuzkhfNt ,j;jpiz fue;ijj;jpiz vd;Dk; ngaH
ngwyhapw;W. ,f; fue;ijj;jpiz gjpdhd;F Jiwfisj; jd;Dl;
nfhz;ljhFk;.
2.1 fue;ijj; jpizapd; tif:
fjkyp fue;ij fue;ij mutk;
mjupilr; nryNt mUk;NghH kiyjy;
Gz;nzhL tUjy; NghHf;fsj; njhopjy;
Mnswp gps;is gps;isj; njspNt
gps;is Ml;nlhL ifaW epiyNa
neLnkhop $wy; gps;isg; ngaHr;rp
Ntj;jpad; kypNg kpFFb epiynad
mUq;fiy czHe;NjhH mitgjp ehd;Fk;
fue;ijAq; fue;ijj; JiwA nkd;g.
,r; #j;jpuk; fue;ijj;jpiz czHj;jpw;W.
fue;ijj;jpiz>fue;ijautk;>mjupilr;nryT>NghH
kiyjy;>Gz;nzhLtUjy;> NghHf;fsj;njhopjy;> Mnswpgps;is>
gps;isj;njspT> gps;isahl;L> ifaWepiy> neLnkhop $wy;>
gps;isg; ngaHr;rp> Ntj;jpad;kypG> Fbepiy vdg; gjpdhd;F
JiwfisAilajha; tUk;.
2.1.1 fue;ij:
kiyj;njOe;NjhH kwQ;rhaj;
jiyf;nfhz;l epiungaHj;jd;W.
ntl;rp kwtuhfpa khw;whH ifg;gw;wpa Mepiuia kPl;ly;
,j;JiwahFk;. jk;nkhL khWgl;L te;jtHfshfpa ntl;rp kwtH
Mepiufis ftHe;J nrd;wdH. fue;ijahH mtHfspd; typik
nfLk;gb Nghupl;L Mepiufis kPl;ldH.; ,j;jifa epiyNa
fue;ijj;jpiz MFk;.
mOq;fdPH itafj; jhUapiuf; $w;wk;
tpOq;fpagpd; tPLnfhz; lw;whw; - nrOq;Fbfs;
jhuhH fue;ij jiykiye;J jhq;Nfhly;
NeuhHiff; nfhz;l epiu.
jkJ Mepiufisf; ftHe;J nrd;w ntl;rpahUld; Nghupl;Lf;
fue;ijahH jkJ Mepiufis kPl;L te;jdH. mtHfspd;
,r;nrayhdJ fly;#o;e;j cyfj;Jg; ngWjw;fupa capiuf;
$w;Wtd; cz;lgpd;G kPl;Lf; nfhz;L te;j jd;ikia xj;jjha;
,Ue;jJ.
2.1.2 fue;ij mutk;:
epiuNfhs; Nfl;Lr; nra;njhopy; xopa
tpiutdH F*ck; tifciuj; jd;W.
ntl;rpahH jkJ Mepiuiaf; ifg;gw;wpdik Nfl;Lr; fue;ijahH
jk; nra;J nfhz;bUe;J njhopiy tpl;L Xuplj;Jf; xyp vof;
$b epd;wijf; $WtJ ,j;JiwahFk
fhyhH foyhH fLQ;rpiyahH iff;nfhz;l
NtyhH ntUte;j Njhw;wj;jhH - fhyd;
fpsHe;jhYk; Nghy;thH fpizg;g+ry; Nfl;Nl
csHe;jhH epiug;ngaHT Kz;L.
tPuf;foypidAilahH> nfhba tpy;ypidAilahH> ifapNynaLj;j
NtypidAilahH> mQ;rj;jf;f fhl;rpapidAilahH> $w;Wtd;
Nfhgpj;jhYnkhg;ghH> jlhup Xiriaf; Nfl;L mire;jhH@ ,jdhy;
ntl;rpahH nfhz;l Mdpiu kPlf
; g;gLk; vd;W fz;NlhH $wpdH.
2.1.3 mjupilr; nryT:
Mw;whH xopaf; $w;nwdr; rpid,g;
Nghw;whH Nghfpa newpail Vfpd;W.
Mepiufisf; ftHe;J nrd;w ntl;rpahiug; gpd;gw;wp fue;ijahH
nry;tJ ,j;JiwahFk;. Mepiuia kPl;Fk; NghH nra;Ak; Mw;wy;
,y;yhjtHfs; Cupd;fz; jq;fpdH.vQ;rpa fue;ij kwtH
midtUk; $w;Wtd; rpdj;ijf; Nghyr; rpdk; nfhz;ldH.jk;
Mepiufisr; ftHe;J nrd;w ntl;rpahupd; topapidj; njhlHe;J
fue;ijhahH nrd;wdH. mjdhy; ,J mjupilr; nryT vdg;gl;lJ.
rq;Fq; fUq;NfhLe; jho;gPypg; gy;ypaKk;
vq;Fk; giwNah nlOe;jhHg;g - ntq;fy;
mow;Rue; jhk;glHe;jh uhd;Rtl;bd; NkNy
epow;fjpHNtd; kpd;d epiuj;J.
fue;ij kwtH ntl;rpahH ftHe;J nrd;w Mepiufspd;
RtLfisg; gpd;gw;wpr; nrd;wdH.mtHfs; nrd;w ,lq;fspy; rq;Fk;
nfhk;Gk; jho;e;j gPypiaAila rpy tpNrl thr;rpaq;fSk;
giwNahL vq;Fk; vOe;J Muthupj;jd.,t;thW neUg;Gg; Nghd;w
fy;ypidAila moy;gue;j fhl;bNy jhk; NghapdhH vd;wikahy;
,J mjupilr;nryT Mapw;W.
2.1.4 NghH kiyjy;:
ntl;rp ahiuf; fz;Zw;W tis,
cl;Ftuj; jhf;fp cwo;nrUg; Gupe;jd;W.
ntl;rp kwtNuhL fue;ij kwtH NghH nra;tJ ,j; Jiw
MFk;.Mepiufisf; ftHe;J nrd;w nrd;w ntl;rp kwtiuf; fz;l
fue;ijahH #o;e;J epd;wdH.gpd;dH mtHfs; mQ;Rk; gbahfj;
jhf;fpdH vd;gJ NghH kiyjy; MFk;.
Gypf;fzKQ; rPaKk; NghHf;fspWk; Nghy;thH
typr;rpdK khdKe; NjRk; - xypf;Fk;
mUKid ntQ;Ruj; jhd;g+rw; Nfhbr;
nrUkiye;jhH rPw;wQ; rpwe;J.
Mepiufis ntl;rp kwtH ftHe;J nrd;wdH vdf; Nfl;l fue;ij
kwtH typa fhl;bil mtHfisr; #o;e;J nfhz;L NghH
nra;jdH. ,j;jifa fhl;rpahdJ rpdj;jhy; GypiaAk; khdj;jhy;
rpq;fj;ijAk; ngUikahy; ahidAk; xj;Jf; fhzg;gl;lJ.
2.1.5 Gz;nzhL tUjy;:
kz;NzhL Gfo;epwP,g;
Gz;NzhL jhd;te;jd;W.
fue;ij kwtH tpOg;Gz;nzhL tUtJ ,j;JiwahFk;.kd;dhj ,t;
cyfj;jpy; fue;ij kwtH jk; tpOg;Gz;zpdhy; jd; Gfopid
epWtpdH. ,JNt Gz;NzhL tUjy; vd;gjhFk;.
ntq;FUjp ky;f tpOg;Gz; ZFnjhW}ck;
,q;FypfQ; NrhUk; tiuNaa;f;Fk;-igq;fz;
,dk;Nghf;fp epd;wh upfy;thl;b Nte;jd;
kdk;Nghy te;j kfd;.
ntl;rp kwtNuhL Gupe;j Nghupy; fue;ij kwtd; xUtd;
tpOg;Gz;zpdhy; Kfj;jpDk; khHgpDk; cjpuk; tpotpor;
rhjpypq;ff; Fok;gpid xj;J fhzg;gl;lhd; vd;wikahy; ,J
Gz;nzhL tUjy; vdg;gl;lJ.
2.1.6 NghHf;fsj;njhopjy;:
gilf;Nfhlh tpwd;kwtiuf;
filf;nfhz;L fsj;J xope;jd;W.
ntl;rp kwtupd; gilapidf; fz;L mQ;rhky; vjpHj;Jg; NghH
Gupe;J fue;ij kwtH NghHfsj;J tPukuzk; va;jy; NghHf;fsj;J
xopjy; vd;Dk; ,j;JiwahFk;.
ciug;gp dJtpag;Ngh nthd;dhHiff; nfhz;l
epiug;gp ndLe;jif nrd;whd; - Giug;gpd;
Wsg;gl;l thnay;yh nkhs;ths; ftuf;
fsg;gl;lhd; nwhd;whd; fue;J.
ntl;rpahH ifg;gw;wpd epiuapd; gpd;Nd ngupa tPuj;jid cila
fue;ij kwtd; nrd;whd; mQ;rhJ vjpH epd;W NghH nra;jhd;.
xg;gpd;wpf; fUjg;gl;l clk;G KOikAk; xs;spa thspdhy;
tpOg;Gz; ngw;whd;. Mepiu kPl;fg;gl;lJ vd;gjidf; Nfl;l gpd;Ng
NghHf;fsj;jpy; kPz;Lk; Njhd;whjhdha; capH tpl;lhd;. ,j;jifa
gilj;jiytdpd; Mz;ik tpag;gpw;FupaNj MFk;.
2.1.7 Mnswp gps;is:
tUthiu vjpHtpyf;fp
xUjhd; MfpMs;vwpe;jd;W.
ntl;rp kwtupd; tPuj;jpw;F vjpHj;Jg; NghH nra;a ,ayhj fue;ij
kwtH Xb te;jdH> mtHfisj; jLj;j fue;ij kwtd; xUtd;
jhd; xUtdha;r; nrd;W ntl;rp kwtHfis ntd;W Mepiufisf;
ifg;gw;wpdhd; vd;W nrhy;tJ Mnswpgps;is vd;Dk;
,j;JiwahFk;.
gps;is fLg;gg; gpzk;gpwq;f thnswpe;J
nfhs;isnfh shae; jiyf;nfhz;lhH - vs;spg;
nghUjope;J kPsTk; g+q;foyhd; kPshd;
xUjdpNa epd;wh Dsd;.
kwtH Xb te;jdH> mtHfisj; jLj;j fue;ij kwtd; xUtd;.
mtHfisg; ghHj;J ,fo;e;Jiuj;jhd;.mtd; mr;rj;jpid mwpahjh
rpW gps;isia xj;jtd;. ntl;rp kwtupd; gpzq;fs; NghHf;fsj;Nj
FtpAk; tz;zk; ntl;b tPo;j;jpj; jhd; xUtdhf epd;whd;.
2.1.8 gps;isj; njspT:
fz; kfpo;e;J Jbtpk;kg;
Gz;kfpo;e;J Gfd;WMbd;W.
Jbapd; fz; gFjpapy; xyp vOk;Gk;tz;zk; mjidf; nfhl;LgtH
Kof;fpdH. mjidf; Nfl;l fue;ij kwtd; jhd;
NghHf;fsj;Jg;gl;l tpOg;Gz;izf; fz;L kfpo;e;J $j;jhLtJ
gps;isj;njspT vd;Dk; ,j;JiwahFk;.
Nkth UapUzq;f Nkd;Kbj;j gps;isad;
g+th Siwfopahg; NghHf;fsj; - Njhthd;
Jbapul;b tpk;kj; njhLfoyhH Kd;dpd;
wbapul;bj; jpl;lhL khl;L.
typikahd Nghupd;fz; ntl;rpahupd; capH ePq;Fk; tz;zk;
mtHfs;jk; jiyapid ntl;b tPo;j;jpdhd; fue;ij
kwtd;.mj;jifa mtdpd; ngUik fz;L Jb Kof;fg;gl;lJ>
mjdhy; kfpo;r;rp ngw;w mk;kwtd; jd; ciwapypUe;J mofpa
thspid vLj;J Vida fue;ij kwtH Kd;ghf tPuf;$j;jpid
Mb kfpo;e;jhd;.
2.1.9 gps;is ahl;L:
$lyHFlH khiy#l;b
Nty;jpupj;J tpUk;gpMbd;W.
giftHfspd; Fluhfpa khiyiaj; jhd; ifapNy
Ve;jpapUf;Fk; Ntypw;Fr; #l;b mt;Ntypd; mbia EdpahfTk;
Edpia mbahfTk; Row;wp MLtJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
khl;ba gps;is kwtH epwe;jpwe;J
$l;ba nt/fq; FlHkhiy - #l;bagpd;
khwpupar; rPwp Elq;Fthd; iff;nfhz;l
Ntwpupa tpk;Ke; Jb.
giftiug; NghHf;fsj;jpy; khsg;gz;zpatd; fue;ij kwtd;.
gps;isj;jd;ikia va;jpa mtd; giftHfspd; Flypidj;
jhd; Ve;jpa NtypDf;F khiyahfr; #l;b Mbdhd;. mtd; Ntypd;
mb EdpahfTk; Edp mbahfTk; nfhz;L Mbajw;F Vw;gj; Jb
vd;Dk; fUtp Koq;fpaJ.
2.1.10 ifaWepiy:
ntUtUk; thskH tpspe;Njhz; fz;L
fUtp khf;fs; ifawT ciuj;jd;W.
ntl;rp;ahUf;Fk; tQ;rpahUf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngw;w mQ;rj;jFk;
Nghupy; ,ew;Jgl;l jiytidg; ghHj;J ghHj;J aho;g;ghzH
mtd; gl;lgbiar; nrhy;ypaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
ehg;GytH nrhd;khiy ez;zhH gilAof;fpj;
jhg;Gyp nahg;gj; jiyf;nfhz;lhd; - g+g;GidAk;
ew;Fyj;Jl; Nlhd;wpa ey;ypiraho;j; njhy;GytPH
fw;nfhNyh NrhHe;jpyntq; fz;.
nre;ehg; GytHfNs! giftH gilia mopg;gjpy; Gypiag;
Nghd;wtd;. mj;jifatd; ,g;NghHff;fsj;jpoy; tPo;e;J
gl;lhd;.,tdpd; ,wg;gpidf; fz;Lk; vd; fz;fs; tPo;e;J
Nghftpy;iy vdNt ,it fz;fs; my;y vd;W ghzd; Gyk;gp
epd;whd;.
2.1.11 neLnkhop $wy;:
kd;Nkk; gl;l kjpf;Fil Nahw;Fj;
jd;Nkk; ghL jhndLj;J ciuj;jd;W.
kd;dupd; Nkk;gl;l FspHkjp Nghd;w; nfhw;wf; FilapidAila
murDf;F xUtPud; jd;Dila Nkk;ghl;ilj; jhd; caHj;jpr;
nrhy;ypaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
MskH nts;sk; ngUfp dJtpyf;fp
thnshL itFNtd; ahdhf- ehSk;
fopkfpo; ntd;wpf; foy;nta;Nah aPag;
gpopkfp Oz;ghH gpwH.
ehs; NjhWk; kpf;f ctifahw; rpwe;j ntw;wpapidAk;
tPuf;foypidAKila kd;dNd! ntl;rpahupd; NghH kwtHfs;
tUtH Mapd; ahd; xUtdhfNt vjpHj;J epd;W mtHfis
mopj;n
; jhopg;Ngd;. Ek;Kila kwtHfs; eP nfhLf;f epidT
,iae;J gpopAk; kJit mUe;JtuhFf.
2.1.12 gps;isg; ngaHr;rp:
NghHjhq;fpg; Gs;tpyq;fpNahidj;
jhHNte;jd; wiyaspj;jd;W.
jP epkp;jj
; k; vd;gjidAk; Nehf;fhJ epiu kPl;fr; nrd;w kwtdpd;
Mw;wiy kd;dd; rpwg;gpg;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
jzq;fQHnra; jhnswpj Ndhf;fp - tzq;fhr;
rpiyaspj;j Njhshd; rpdtpliyf; fd;Nw
jiyaspj;jhd; wz;zilAe; je;J.
khWgLk; Nghuplj;Jf; fhupnad;Dk; gwit jP epkpj;jk;
fhl;baJ: mjidf; fz;l epkpj;jpfH kwtidj; jLj;jdH: Mdhy;
kwtNdh mjidf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;shJ NghHf;fsj;Jr; nrd;W
Mepiu kPl;Lj; jpUk;gpdhd;. mjidf; fz;l kd;dd; mtDf;F
rpwg;Gr; nra;J kfpo;e;jhd;.
2.1.13 Ntj;jpad; kypG:
Njhs;typa taNte;jid
ths;typkwtH rpwg;Giuj;jd;W.
Njhs; typikahy; rpwe;J tpsq;Fk; fue;ij kd;ddpd;
rpwg;Gfisr; nrhy;yp kfpo;tJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
mq;ifA nzy;yp ajd;ga khjyhw;
nfhq;fyH jhuhd; Filepow;fPo;j;- jq;fpr;
nrapHtoq;Fk; thskUl; nrd;wilahH Nty;tha;
capHtoq;Fk; tho;f;if AWk;.
Njd; rpe;Jk; khiyapid mzpe;j ek; murDila
ntz;nfhw;wf;Filapd; fPo; Jd;gk; ,d;wp ,dpJ
tho;fpd;Nwhk;.mj;jifa tho;tpid cila ehk; NghHf;fsj;jpy;
thshy; ntl;lg;gl;L capiu tpLfpd;Nwhk;. ,j;jifa nray;
rpwg;ghd gaidj; jUtjhFk;. mJ vt;thW vdpy; cs;sq;if
ney;ypf;fdp Nghd;wjhk;.
2.1.14 Fb epiy:
kz;bzp Qhyj;Jj; njhd;ikAk; kwDk;
nfhz;Lgpw uwpAq; Fbtu Tiuj;jd;W .
kz;nrwpe;j g+kpaplj;Jg; goikAk;> jWfz;ikAk; nfhz;L
gpwuwpAk; tz;zk; jd; Fbapd; ngUikapidr; nrhy;ypaJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
ngha;afy ehSk; Gfo;tpisj;j nyd;tpag;ghk;
itafk; NghHj;j taq;nfhypePH - ifafyf;
fw;Nwhd;wp kz;Nlhd;whf; fhyj;Nj thNshL
Kw;Nwhd;wp %j;j Fb .
,d;W ek; fz;zpw;Fg; GydhFk; ,t; cyfk; Kd;dk; flyhy;
#og;gl;bUe;jJ.mjpy; Kjypy; kiy Njhd;wpaJ> mj;jifa
fhyj;J ,e; epyk; Njhd;wtpy;iy. mj;jifa njhd;ikahd
fhyj;Nj Njhd;wpa FbfSf;nfy;yhk; %j;j Fb xd;W cz;L.mJ
thspidj; jd; iff;nfhz;L Njhd;wpa ,k; kwtdpd; %j;j Fb
MFk;.mj;jifa Fbg;gpwe;NjhH jk; kwg;Gfio ehs;NjhWk;
tsHj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; vd;d tpag;gpw;Fupajhk;?
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1. mjupilr; nryT Fwpj;J vOJf
Mw;whH xopaf; $w;nwdr; rpid,g;
Nghw;whH Nghfpa newpail Vfpd;W.
Mepiufisf; ftHe;J nrd;w ntl;rpahiug; gpd;gw;wp fue;ijahH
nry;tJ ,j;JiwahFk;. Mepiuia kPl;Fk; NghH nra;Ak; Mw;wy;
,y;yhjtHfs; Cupd;fz; jq;fpdH.vQ;rpa fue;ij kwtH
midtUk; $w;Wtd; rpdj;ijf; Nghyr; rpdk; nfhz;ldH.jk;
Mepiufisr; ftHe;J nrd;w ntl;rpahupd; topapidj; njhlHe;J
fue;ijhahH nrd;wdH. mjdhy; ,J mjupilr; nryT vdg;gl;lJ.
rq;Fq; fUq;NfhLe; jho;gPypg; gy;ypaKk;
vq;Fk; giwNah nlOe;jhHg;g - ntq;fy;
mow;Rue; jhk;glHe;jh uhd;Rtl;bd; NkNy
epow;fjpHNtd; kpd;d epiuj;J.
fue;ij kwtH ntl;rpahH ftHe;J nrd;w Mepiufspd;
RtLfisg; gpd;gw;wpr; nrd;wdH.mtHfs; nrd;w ,lq;fspy; rq;Fk;
nfhk;Gk; jho;e;j gPypiaAila rpy tpNrl thr;rpaq;fSk;
giwNahL vq;Fk; vOe;J Muthupj;jd.,t;thW neUg;Gg; Nghd;w
fy;ypidAila moy;gue;j fhl;bNy jhk; NghapdhH vd;wikahy;
,J mjupilr;nryT Mapw;W.
2. Mnswp gps;is – Rl;bAiuf;f
tUthiu vjpHtpyf;fp
xUjhd; MfpMs;vwpe;jd;W.
kwtH Xb te;jdH> mtHfisj; jLj;j fue;ij kwtd; xUtd;
jhd; xUtdha;r; nrd;W ntl;rp kwtHfis ntd;W Mepiufisf;
ifg;gw;wpdhd; vd;W nrhy;tJ Mnswpgps;is vd;Dk;
,j;JiwahFk;.
gps;is fLg;gg; gpzk;gpwq;f thnswpe;J
nfhs;isnfh shae; jiyf;nfhz;lhH - vs;spg;
nghUjope;J kPsTk; g+q;foyhd; kPshd;
xUjdpNa epd;wh Dsd;.
kwtH Xb te;jdH> mtHfisj; jLj;j fue;ij kwtd; xUtd;.
mtHfisg; ghHj;J ,fo;e;Jiuj;jhd;.mtd; mr;rj;jpid mwpahjh
rpW gps;isia xj;jtd;. ntl;rp kwtupd; gpzq;fs; NghHf;fsj;Nj
FtpAk; tz;zk; ntl;b tPo;j;jpj; jhd; xUtdhf epd;whd;.
3. neLnkhop $wy; rhd;Wld; tptup.
kd;Nkk; gl;l kjpf;Fil Nahw;Fj;
jd;Nkk; ghL jhndLj;J ciuj;jd;W.
kd;dupd; Nkk;gl;l FspHkjp Nghd;w; nfhw;wf; FilapidAila
murDf;F xUtPud; jd;Dila Nkk;ghl;ilj; jhd; caHj;jpr;
MskH nts;sk; ngUfp dJtpyf;fp
thnshL itFNtd; ahdhf- ehSk;
fopkfpo; ntd;wpf; foy;nta;Nah aPag;
gpopkfp Oz;ghH gpwH.
ehs; NjhWk; kpf;f ctifahw; rpwe;j ntw;wpapidAk;
tPuf;foypidAKila kd;dNd! ntl;rpahupd; NghH kwtHfs;
tUtH Mapd; ahd; xUtdhfNt vjpHj;J epd;W mtHfis
mopj;n
; jhopg;Ngd;. Ek;Kila kwtHfs; eP nfhLf;f epidT
,iae;J gpopAk; kJit mUe;JtuhFf.
$W: 3 tQ;rpg;glyk;
Nehf;fk;: tQ;rpj; jpizapd; ,yf;fzk;> mtw;wpd;
3. tQ;rpg;glyk;:
jd; Mw;wy; Nghw;whj gif kd;ddpd; ehl;bd;fz;
gilnaLj;Jr; nrY;Yk; murd; mjd; milahskhf tQ;rpg;
G+tpidr; #br; nry;thd;. vdNt ,J tQ;rpj; jpiz vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;jpiz ,Ugj;njhd;W gFjpfisj; jd;Dl;
nfhz;like;jjhFk;.
3.1 tQ;rpj; jpizapd; Jiwfs;:

thlh tQ;rp tQ;rp mutk;
$lhHg; gpzpf;Fq; Filepiy ths;epiy
nfhw;wit epiyNa nfhw;w tQ;rp

Fw;wkpy; rpwg;gpy; nfhw;w ts;is
Nguhz; tQ;rp khuha tQ;rp
neLnkhop tQ;rp KJnkhop tQ;rp
coGy tQ;rp koGy tQ;rp
nfhilapd; tQ;rp FWtQ; rpa;Na
xUjdp epiynahL jopQ;rp ghriw
ngUtQ; rpa;Na ngWQ;Nrhw;W epiynahL
ey;ypir tQ;rpnad ehl;bdH njhFj;j
vQ;rhr; rPHj;jp ,Ugj; njhd;Wk;
tQ;rpAk; tQ;rpj; JiwAkhk;.
tQ;rpr;jpiz> tQ;rpautk;> Filepiy> ths;epiy> nfhw;witepiy>
nfhw;wtQ;rp>
nfhw;wts;is>Nguhz;tQ;rp>khuhatQ;rp>neLnkhoptQ;rp>KJnkhopt
Q;rp>coGytQ;rp>koGytQ;rp>nfhiltQ;rp>FWtQ;rp>xUjdpepiy>jop
Q;rp>ghriwtQ;rp>ngUtQ;rp>ngUQ;Nrhw;Wepiy> ey;ypirtQ;rp vd
,it ,Ugj;njhd;W Jiwfis cilj;jha; tUk;.
3.1.1 tQ;rp:
thlhtQ;rp jiykiye;J
$lhHkz; nfhsy;Fwpj;jd;W.
jd; Mw;wy; Nghw;whj gif kd;ddpd; ehl;bd;fz; gilnaLj;Jr;
nrY;Yk; murd; mjd; milahskhf tQ;rpg; G+tpidr; #br;
nry;thd;.
nrq;fz; kotpilapw; wz;br; rpiykwtH

ntq;fz; kfpo;e;J tpotku- mq;Fioa
tQ;rp tzq;fhH tzf;fpa tz;lhHg;gf;
FQ;rp kiye;jhndq; Nfh.
rpte;jfz;zpidAila ,sikg;gUtj;J fhisia xj;J
nrUf;Fw;W epd;;wdH tQ;rp kwtH.mtHfs; jq;fs; iffspy;
tp;y;ypid Ve;jp epd;wdH. fs;Sz;L fspj;j mk; kwtHfs;
tpohtpid tpUk;gpatuha; ,Ue;jdH.me;epiyapy; murd; jd;idg;
Nghw;whj giftupid nty;yf; fUjp kzk;kpf;f tQ;rpg; G+tpidj;
jd; jiyapy; #bdhd;.
3.1.2 tQ;rpautk;:
ts;thH KurnkhL taf;fspW Koq;f

xs;ths; jhid cUj;J vOe; jd;W.
typik kpFe;j thuhy; fl;lg;ngw;w KuR Koq;fpaJ. ahidfs;
gpspwpd. ,j;jifa xypfSAld; thspidf; ifapy; Ve;jpa
kwtHfs; Muhthuj;Jld; NghUf;F vOe;jdH. ,JNt tQ;rpautk;
vdg;gl;lJ.
ntstpa tQ;rp tyk;Gidar; - nrt;Nty;

xspUk; gileLt Z}opj;jP ad;d
fspWq; fspj;jjpUq; fhH.
fly;Nghy tPuKurk; MHj;jJ. giftHepyk; mopaf; ifg;gw;wpd
tQ;rpia ntw;wpahfr; #lr; rpte;jNty; gilfspd; eLNt
Copf;fhyj;J neUg;ignahj;J vOe;jJ. ahidfSk;; kfpo;e;J
Nkfj;ijg;Nghy Koq;fpd.
3.1.3 Filepiy:
nga;jhkk; RUk;G ,kpug; ngUk;GytH Gfo;ghlf;
nfha;jhH kd;dtd; Filehs; nfhz;ld;W.
mofpa kyHfshy; mike;j khiyfis cilatd; tQ;rp
murd;.mtdpd; Fil Nky; mzptpf;fg;ngw;w khiyfspd; Nky;
tz;Lfs; nkha;j;jd.GytHfs; mjidg; Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;jdH>
murd; Nghiuf; fUjp xU ey;yehspy; mt; ntz;nfhw;wf;
Filapid GwtPL nra;jy; Filehs; Nfhs; vd;gjhFk;.
Kd;dH Kurpuq;f %upf; flw;whidj;

Jd;dUe; Jg;gpw; nwhOnjoh- kd;dH
cileh Sye;jdth NyhjePH Ntypf;
,e; epy cyfk; KOikAk; jd; typikahy; Mlrp nra;Ak; tQ;rp
murd; jd; giftH Nky; NghH njhLf;Fk; vz;zj;jhy; jd;
ntz;nfhw;wf;Filapid GwtPL nra;jhd;. mjdhy; giftupd;
gilAk; Mw;wYk; ths;ehSk; mopAk;;.
3.1.4 ths; epiy:

nrw;whHNky; nryTmkHe;J
nfhw;wths; ehs;nfhz;ld;W.
giftHNky; gilnaLf;ff; fUjpa tQ;rpaurd; jd; tPu thspidg;
GwtPL nra;jy; ths;ehs; Nfhs; vdg;gLk;.
mwpe;jt uha;e;jeh shopj;NjH kd;dd;
vwpe;jpy nfhs;th spaf;fk; - mwpe;jpfypg;
gpd;gfNy ad;wpAk; Ngzh ufehl;L
ed;gfYq; $if eFk;.
NrhjplE}y; ty;ytH Ma;e;J $wpa ehspNy rpwe;j
NjupidAila Nte;jd; jdJ xspnghUe;jpa thspdJ GwtPL
nra;jhd;. ,jidg; giftH ehl;by; thOk; $if mwpe;J khiyg;
nghOjpy; kl;Lkd;wp ey;y gfy; nghOjpYk; mywp me;ehl;bw;F
Vw;glg; NghFk; jPikia mwptpj;jJ.
3.1.5 nfhw;wit epiy:
ntw;wpapd; jiykfsha; tpsq;Fk; nfhw;witapd; mUspidg;
Gfo;e;J $Wtjy;> tQ;rp kwtHfspd; NghHj; jpwj;jpidg; Gfo;e;J
$Wjy; vd nfhw;wit epiy ,U jpwj;jjhFk;.
ePNlhshd; ntd;wpnfhs;nfd epiwkz;il

tyd;caupf;
$lhiug; Gwq;fhZk; nfhw;witepiy ciuj;jd;W.
ePz;l NjhspidAilatd; ntw;wp ngWthdhf vdr; nrhy;yp ey;y
nghUs;fshy; epuk;gpa ghj;jpuj;ij ntw;wpahf vLj;J murDila
giftiu KJFGwq;fhZk; nfhw;wit epiyikiar; nrhy;ypaJ.
mzq;Fil Nehiy nghupGOf;fy; gpz;b

epzq;FlH nea;j;NjhH epiwj;Jf;- fzk;Gfyf;
ifapupa kz;ilf; fzNkhb fhtyw;F
nkha;apopaj; jhd;Ke; JWk;.
typik tha;e;j Njhs;fis cila ntl;rp kd;dd; ntw;wp ngw
Ntz;Lk; vd;W ntl;rp kwtHfs; nfhw;witia topgl;ldH.
mtHfspd; Ntz;Ljiy cs;sj;jpy; nfhz;l nfhw;wit mt;
ntw;wpf;F milahskhff; FUjp epiwe;j kz;iliaf; fhl;bg;
gifkd;diug; Gw KJfpl;L Xlr; nra;jhs;. ,t;thW
nfhw;witapd; mUs; epiyapidf; $WtJ nfhw;wit epiy
vdg;gLk;.
3.1.6 ,JTkJ:
ike;Jil MltH nra;njhopy; $wYk;
me;jkpy; GytH mJntd nkhopg.
typapidAila tPuH nra;Ae; njhopiyr; nrhy;YjYk; nfhw;wit
epiy vd;Dk; mj;JiwahFk;.
jkUl; liyahj whHjhq;fp epw;wy;

vkUs;ah kpd;dnkd; nwz;zy;-mkupd;
KLfoypd; Ke;JWjd; .Ky;iyj;jhH Nte;jd;
njhLfod; ike;jH njhopy;.
jk;Kila $l;lj;jhupd;; ngUikAiladhjy;;> J}rpg;giliaj;
jLj;J epw;wy;> vq;fs; giltPuUs; ehk; ,j;jifa rpwg;gpid
cilNahk; vd;W vz;Zjy; Nghuplj;J tpiue;J nry;Yk;
Copj;jP Nghy Kw;glg; GFjy; Mfpad tPuf;foypidAila
kd;dDila tPuHfspd; rpwg;Gfs; MFk;.
3.1.7 nfhw;w tQ;rp:

itafk; tzq;f ths;Xr; rpdnddr;
nra;foy; Nte;jd; rPHkpFj; jd;W
cyfj;Js;NshH tzq;f thshNy giftiu ntl;bdhd; vd
tPuf;foypidAila tQ;rpaurdpd; ed;ikiag; rpwg;gpj;Jr;;
moyile;j kd;wj; jye;jauh epd;whH

epoyile;j epd;idnad; Nwj;jpf; -foyilar;
nrw;wq;nfhz; lhbr; rpiyj;njOe;jhH tPe;jtpaf;
nrw;wq;nfhz; nl/FaHj;jhd; Nfh.
vk; Nte;jdpd; ntFspiag; ghuhl;b mTDld; NghH nra;a
Kide;J te;jdH gyH. mtHfs; midtUk; Nghupy; vk; kd;ddpd;
thshy; ntl;lg;gl;L jd; ngaH khwpg; gpzk; vd;Dk; ngaupidg;
ngw;wdH. vQ;rpNahH jPg;gw;wp vupAk; jk; ehl;bd; kd;wpypil
epd;wdH. mg; giftHfs; jhk; nry;Yk; ,lk; NtW ,d;wp vk;
murdpd; jhs;fisNa gzpe;jdH vd;W murdpd; rpwg;Gfis
vLj;Jiuj;jikahy; ,J nfhw;w tQ;rp Mapw;W.
3.1.8 nfhw;wts;is:
kd;dtd; Gfo;fpse;J
xd;dhHehL mopG,uq;fpd;W.
murd; Gfopidr; nrhy;ypg; giftHNjrk; nfLtjw;F tUe;jpf;
$wpaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
jhohu khHgpdhd; whkiuf;fz; Nre;jdthw;

ghoha;g; gupa tpsptJnfhy;-ahoha;g;
Gilj;Nj dpkpHfz;zpg; g+q;fl; Gjy;tH
eilj;Nj nuhypfwq;F ehL.
Mue;jho;e;j khHgpidAilatd; jhkiu kyH Nghd;w fz;fs;
rpte;jd.vdNt rpde;j murdpd; giftH ehLfspy; Kd;dk;
tz;Lfs; xypf;Fk; kyHkhiy mzpe;j rpWtHfspd; rpWNjH
cUl;Lk; nghOJ vOg;Gk; xyp kpFe;J Nfl;Fk;. ,g;NghJ
mtw;iwf; fz;NlhH tUe;Jk; gbahf tjho;NthH ,d;wpg; ghohfpd.
3.1.9 Nguhz; tQ;rp:
Giftiu ntd;w kwtidg; ghuhl;b kd;dd; ntFkjp toq;fy;.
Kd;dd; Njhy;tpAw;w mtrdplkpUe;J jpiwg;nghUs; ngw;Wj;
jpUk;Gjy; vd Nguhz;tQ;rp ,U jpwg;gLk;.
Nfs; my;yhH KidnfLj;j

kPspahHf;F kpfca;j;jd;W.
NghHf;fsj;Jg; giftiu ntd;W Nghupy;yhky; nra;jtH Mw;wy;
kpf;f tQ;rp kwtH. mtHfSf;F tQ;rpaurd; kpFjpahfg; nghUs;
nfhLj;Jr; rpwg;gpj;jy; Nguhz;tQ;rp vdg;gLk;.
gYngW ed;dfUk; gs;sp aplDk;

xypnfO ehd;kiwNah upy;Yk;- eypnthuP,g;
Gy;yh upupag; nghUjhH KidnfLj;j
tpy;yhHf; fUs;Rue;jhd; Nte;J.
ey;y Nfhapy;fSk; Jwe;jhupUf;Fk; gs;spaplq;fSk;
XirnghUe;jpa ehd;F Ntjj;NjhH ,y;yq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; mopT
Vw;glh tz;zk; kwtH NghHnra;jdH. NkYk; mt; ,lq;fspy;
nrd;W kiwe;J nfhz;l giftUf;Fk; ve;j tpjkhd jPq;Fk;
nra;ahky; tpLj;jdH.jk;ik vjpHj;J epd;w giftHfis kl;LNk
mopj;jdH. ,j;jifa rpwg;Gila kwtHfSf;F murd; rpwg;Gr;
nra;jhd;.
3.1.10 ,JTkJ:
mUe;jpiw msg;g Mwpa rpdj;njhL
ngUk;g+z; kd;dtd; ngaHjYk; mJNt.
ngWjw;fupa nghUisg; giftH nfhLg;gj; jzpe;j Nfhgj;NjhL
Nguzpfyq;fisAila kd;dd; jd; ehL kPz;L tiujy;
mj;JiwahFk;.
$b Kurpuq;ff; nfha;Aiskh Kd;Dfsg;
ghb ngaHe;jpl;lhd; gy;Ntyhd;-Nfhb
epjpae; jpiwase;jhH NeuhUe; jd;fPo;
Kjpankd; whwp Kuz;
gy thr;rpaj;NjhLk; nghUe;jp KuR mjpuf; Fjpiufs;; Kd;Nd
elf;f ,Ue;j ghriwapid tpl;Lg; ngaHe;jhd; kd;dd;.gyNtw;
gilapid cila mk; kd;dDf;F Nfhbg;nghUisj; jpiwahfg;
giftH nfhLj;jhH.
3.1.11 khuha tQ;rp:
kwNte;jdpy; rpwg;G va;jpa
tpwy;NtyhH epiyciuj;jd;W.
kd;ddhNy rpwg;Gg;ngw;w ntw;wp kpf;f NtypidAila kwtHfspd;
rpwg;gpidr; nrhy;ypaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
Neuhuk; g+z;l neLe;jif NeHfoyhd;
NruhH KidNehf;fpf; fz;rptg;gg; -NghuhH
ewNta; fkpo;njupa dz;zh nuwpe;j
kwNt ypiyKfe;j khHG.
ngupa rpwg;gpidAk; nghUe;jpa tPuf;foypidAk; cila tQ;rp
kd;dd; giftHjk; Nghiug; ghHj;J ntFz;L fz;rpte;jhd;.
mjidf; fz;l NghHtPuHfs; giftH Nky; NghH njhLj;jdH:
giftH NghHf;fsj;jpy; jk;ik Nehf;fp vwpe;j Ntypid khHgpy;
Vw;wdH. mj;jifa tPuk; nrwpe;j khHghdJ jw;NghJ murdhy;
toq;fg; ngw;w Kj;J khiyiag; ngw;Wr; rpwe;jJ.
3.1.12 neLnkhop tQ;rp:
xd;dhjhH gilnfOkpj;
jd;Mz;ik vLj;Jiuj; jd;W.
giftH gilapid neUq;fpj; jd; Mz;ikapid vLj;Jf; $wy;
,j;Jiw MFk.;
,d;d nudNtz;lh ntd;Ndh nljpHrPwp
Kd;dH tUf KuzfYk;-kd;dH
gUe;jhH gilakUl; gy;yhH Gfo
tpUe;jh ailFWthH tpz;.
vd; Kd; epw;Fk; kd;dHfNs! ehq;fs; ,j;Jiz rpwg;GilNahk;
vd;W jw;ngUik Ngr Ntz;lhk;.mj;jifa tPuk; cilatHfs;
Mapd; vd;Kd; NghH nra;a tUtPHfshFf.gUe;Jfs; epiwe;jJ ,g;
NghHf;fsk;. ,jpy; vd;id vjpHj;J epw;NghH vy;NyhuhYk;
Gfog;gLtH. NkYk; tpz;zpw;F tpUe;jhfTk; nry;YtH vd;gjdhy;
,j;Jiw neLnkhop tQ;rp vd;gJ Mapw;W.
3.1.13 KJnkhop tQ;rp:

Njhy;kugpd; thl;Fbapd;
Kd;NdhdJ epiyfpse;jd;W.
njhd;ikkahd tuyhw;Wg; ngUikapid cilaJ kwtH
FbahFk;. mj;jifa Fbapy; Njhd;wpa Kd;Ndhdhfpa je;ijapd;
rpwg;gpid vLj;Jg; NgRtJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
FspW Kurq; Fzpy;ghaf; $lhH
xspWths; nts;s Kof;fpf;-fspnwwpe;J
Gz;nzhL te;jhd; Gjy;tw;Fg; g+q;foNyha;
jz;zil ey;fy; jFk;.
kwtd; jd; fhypy; tPuf;foypid mzpe;jtd;. NkYk; giftupd;
NghHg; gilapy; GFe;J ntd;W tPuk; fhl;bdhd;. mtHjk; NgHH
ahidfis ntd;W tPo;j;jpdhd;. typik kpf;f giftHfshy;
khHgpy; tpOg;Gz;izg; ngw;W epd;whd;. ,j;jifa Mz;ik kpf;f
kwtdpd; kfDf;F kUj epyq;fisf; nfhLg;gJ jFjpAila
nrayhFk;.
3.1.14 coGy tQ;rp:

NeuhjhH tsehl;ilf;
$Hvup nfhsP,ad;W.
giftH ehl;bid jPapl;Lf; nfhSj;JtJ ,j; JiwahFk;.
mapyd;d fz;Gijj; jQ;rp aywp
kapyd;dhH kd;wk; gluf;-Fapyft
Mbupa tz;bkpUQ; nrk;k yilahH ehl;
NlhnlupAs; itfpd t+H.
tQ;rp kd;dd; rpdk; nfhz;L gil vLf;Fk; Kd;dk; giftH
ehl;by; Fapy;fs; $tpf; nfhz;bUe;jd. kf;fs; kfpo;Tld; vq;Fk;
,Ue;jdH. tz;Lfs; Njid cz;L xypj;jd. Mdhy; ,d;W
mtw;iw tQ;rp kwtH jPapl;Lf; nfhSj;jpdH. mjidf; fz;l
kf;fs; jq;fisf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;s mywpf; nfhz;L kd;wq;fis
Nehf;fp XbdH.
3.1.15 koGy tQ;rp:

$lhHKid nfhs;isrhw;wp
tPLmwf;ftHe;j tpid nkhope;jd;W.
giftH ehl;bid ntd;W me;ehL gho;glg; gho;glf;
nfhs;isnfhz;l njhopiyr; nrhy;ypaJ ,j;Jiw MFk;.
fskH fjpHkzp fhNyfQ; nrk;nghd;
tskiz ghohf thupf;-nfhsd;kype;J
fz;zhH rpiyahH ftHe;jhH foy;Nte;jd;
ez;zhH fpisayw ehL.
tQ;rp kd;ddpd; gil kwtHfs; giftupd; ehl;bid ntd;W
me;ehl;bd; muz;kidf;Fs; nrd;wdH. mq;fpUe;NjhH myWk;
tz;zk; Ntiyahl;fs;> kzpfs;> Kj;Jfs;> nghd;ddpfs;
Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhs;is mbj;jdH.
3.1.16 nfhil tQ;rp:

ePlTk; FWfTk; eptg;gTk; J}f;fpg;
ghba GytHf;Fg; guprpdPy; ePl;bd;W.
jdJ ntw;wpiag; ghba GytHfSf;F tQ;rp murd; guprpy;
nfhLj;jijf; $wpaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.,irAld; $ba mg;ghly;
Xir caHe;Jk; jho;e;Jk; xU rPuhAk; ghlg;gLtJ MFk;.
Rw;wpa Rw;w Kld;kaq;fpj; jk;tap
nww;wp klth upupe;Njhl-Kw;wpf;
Fuprp yilahiuf; nfhz;l$l; nly;yhk;
guprpd; Kfe;jd ghz;.
tQ;rp kwtHfs; jk; gifehl;bdH mywpabj;Jr; nry;Yk; tz;zk;
mtHfs;jk; nghUl;fis nfhs;isabj;J te;J murdplk; je;jdH.
mj;jifa nghUl;fs; kd;didg; Gfo;e;J ghba ghzH $l;lj;jhy;
nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
3.1.17 FWtQ;rp:
kLjJ vOe;j kwNte;jHf;Ff;
nfhLj;J mspj;Jf; FbXk;gpd;W.
jd;id vjpHj;j tPuj;ijAila kd;dHf;Fj; jpiwiaf; nfhLj;J

ehLila murd; Fbf;Fj; ed;ik nra;J fhj;jJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
jhl;lho; jlf;ifj; jdpkjp ntz;Filahd;
thl;lhid nts;sk; tutQ;rp-kPl;lhd;
kiyah kwkd;dd; khy;tiuNa NghYk;
nfhiyahid gha;khf; nfhLj;J.

jhspNy jhoePz;l ngupaifapidAk; xg;gpy;yhj kjpapidnahj;j
nfhw;wf;FilapidAk; thspidAk; cilatd; tQ;rp murd;.
mtdpd; gilfs; jq;fs; ehl;by; tUjw;F mQ;rp tpyf;fpdhd;
vjpH ehl;lurd;.mjw;Fj; jpiwahf tQ;rp murDf;F ahidfisAk;
FjpiufisAk; jpiwg; nghUshf toq;fpdhd;.
3.1.18 ,JTkJ:
fl;^uJ tif$wpDk;
mj;Jiwf;F cupj;jhFk;.
giftHfz; gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;w tQ;rp murd; NghH njhLf;fhJ
giftiug; gzp nra;j ntw;wpf; fspg;NghL ghriwf;fz;
jq;fpapUg;gjidr; nrhy;YtJ ,j;Jiw MFk;.
mtpo;kyHf; Nfhija uhl nthUghy;
,kpo;Kotk; ahNoh bak;gf;-ftpo;kzpa
fha;flh ahid nahUghw; fspj;jjpUk;
Ma;foyhd; fl;^ ufj;J.
tQ;rp murd>; vjpHj;Jg; NghH nra;NthH ,y;yhikahy;
ghriwf;fz; jq;fpdhd;. mtd; mkHe;jpUe;j ,Uf;ifapidr; Rw;wp
xU gf;fk; Mly; kfspH MbdH. kw;nwhU gf;fk; KothdJ
ahopirNahL Koq;fpaJ.mjidf; Nfl;l NghH ahidfs;
kfpo;r;rpAw;W Muhtupj;jd.
3.1.19 xUjdpepiy:
nghUgilAs;fw;rpiwNghd;W
xUtd;jhq;fpa epiyAiuj;jd;W.
Nghupidr;nra;Ak; gilaplj;J nts;sk; js;shjgb fy;yhw;fl;bd
fiuNaNghyg; ngUk;gilia xUtPud; jLj;j epiyiar;
nrhy;ypaJ.
tPLzHe; NjhHf;Fk; tpag;ghkh ype;epd;w
thld; Kjpahs; tapw;wplk; - $lhH
ngUk;gil nts;s neupjuTk; Nguh
,Uk;Gyp NrHe;j tplk; .
tQ;rp kwtiu Nehf;fp giftupd; gil te;jJ. MapDk; ,t; tPud;
jhd; epd;w ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePq;fhky; jdpj;J epd;W
Nghuhbdhd;.,j;jifa nraiyr; nra;j ,td; Gypiag;
Nghy;thd;.,k; kwtd; Kd;G fple;j ,lk; tw;wpa clYld; epw;Fk;
%jhl;bapd; tapW MFk;.,j;jF nrayhdJ rhd;NwhUf;Fk;
JwtpaUf;Fk; tpag;igj; jUk; nrayhFk;.
3.1.20 jopQ;rp:
mopFeH Gwf;nfhil mapy;thd; Xr;rhf;
fopjW fz;ik fhjypj;J ciuj;jd;W .
xUtPud; jdf;Ff; GwKJfpl;L XLthupd; KJFGwj;Jf; $upa
thspid tPrhj kpf;f kwg;gz;ig tpUk;gpr;nrhy;ypaJ ,j;
JiwahFk;.
fhd;gL jPapw; fythHjd; Nky;tupDk;
jhd;gil jPz;lhj; jWfz;zd; - thd;glHjy;
fz;zpagp dd;wpf; fWj;jhH kwe;njhiyjy;
vz;zpagpd; Nghf;FNkh nt/F .
NghHf;fsj;jpy; tQ;rp kwtid vjpHj;Jg;‟ gif kwtH fhl;by;
Njhd;wpa neUg;gpidg; Nghy rPwp te;jdH. mg;NghJk; tQ;rp
kwtd; jd; thspid vLj;jhd; ,y;iy. giftH tpOg;Gz; ngw;W
tpz;Zyfk; nry;Yk; jpwj;jpdH Mjy; Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ vd;idf;
nfhy;Yk; vz;zj;Jld; tuy; Ntz;Lk;. mtHfSld; kl;Lk;jhd;
NghH nra;Ntd; vd;w cWjpg;ghl;Lld; epd;whd;. mj;jifatd;
Nghupy; GwKJfpl;Lr; nry;thH gpd; ths; tPRthNdh? nra;akhl;lhd;
vd;gjhk;.
3.1.21 ghriwepiy:
kjpf;Filf;fPo; topnkhope;J kd;dH vy;yhk;
kwe;Jwg;gTk;
gjpg;ngauhd; kwNte;jd; ghriw ,Ue;jd;W .
epiwkjp NghYk; ntz;nfhw;wf;Filapd;fPNo jho;T nrhy;yp
Nte;jH gyUk; gifikia tplTk; mt;tplj;jpdpd;Wk; NghfhJ
kwj;jpidAila kd;dd; ghbtPl;bNy ,Ue;jhd; vd;gJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
fUk;nghL fha;new; fidnaup a+l;bg;
ngUk;Gdy; tha;jpwe;j gpd;Dk; - RUk;gpd;
njhifkype;j jz;Ftisj; J}kyHj; jhuhd;
gifnkypag; ghriwA shd;
fUk;gpidAk; fha;e;j ney;ypidAk; Koq;Fk; neUg;gpid
cz;zitj;J ngupa ePHepiyfs; gyTk; cilj;jgpd;Dk; tz;bd;
$l;lkpf;f FspHe;j nrq;fOePupd; J}a;jhd g+thw; nra;j
khiyapidAilNahd; giftHfs; mofpof;f tpl;l gil tPl;bNy
,Ue;jhd;.
3.1.22 ngUtQ;rp:
tQ;rp Nte;jd; jd;Dila giftH ehl;bid kWgbAk jPapl;L
mopg;gJ ngUtQ;rp vdg;gLk;. jd;ghy; gzpahj gifkd;ddpd;
jd;ik fz;l tQ;rp Nte;jd; ngUQ;rpdk; nfhz;L mopj;jypd; ,J
ngUtQ;rp vd;Dk; Jiwahapw;W.
Kd;milahH tsehl;ilg;
gpd;dUk;cld;W vupnfhsP,ad;W.
jd;Dila Kd;Nd te;J nrwpahjhH ey;y Njrj;ijg; gpd;Gk;
Nfhgpj;J neUg;igf; nfhSj;jpaJ
gPLyhk; kd;dH eLq;fg; ngUk;Gif
CLyha; thdjJ; xspkiwg;g - ehnlyhk;
gpd;Dk; gpwq;foy; Nta;e;jd nga;fow;fhy;
kd;dd; fdy kwk;
gzpahj gif murupd; ehl;bid tQ;rp murd; jPapl:Lf;
nfhSj;jpdhd;. mjdhy; vOe;j GifahdJ Qhapw;wpd; xspia
kiwj;jJ vd;wikahy; ,g;ghly; Nkw;fz;l Jiwahapw;W.
3.1.23 ngUQ;Nrhw;W epiy:

tQ;rp kwtd; jd;Dila tPuHfSf;F kpFe;j Nrhw;wpid mspg;gJ
ngUQ;Nrhw;Wepiy vdg;gLk;.
jpUe;jhH njk;Kid njWFtH ,tHvdg;
ngUQ;NrhW MltH ngWKiw tFj;jd;W
,atH Gfo vwpKuR MHg;g
Fak;tup Ntq;if mida – that
ngWk; Kiwahy; gpz;lk;Nfhs; Vtpdhd;
NgzhH
,WKiwahy; vz;zp ,iw
Gyp mida jd; tPuHfis mioj;j tQ;rp murd; mtutHfl;F
cupa tupir Kiwahd; ngUQ;NrhW mspj;jhd; vdf;
Fwpj;jikahy; ,j;Jiw ngUQ;Nrhw;Wepiy vd;gjhapw;W.
3.1.24 ey;ypir tQ;rp:

tQ;rp Nte;jdpd; ntw;wpiag; Gfo;e;J ghLjy; tQ;rp murdhy;
mope;J gl;l gifaurdpd; ehl;bw;fhf tUe;jpg; ghLjy; vd;Dk;
,uz;Lk; .,j;Jiw MFk;.
xd;dhjhH Kidnfl ,Wj;j
ntd;Nty; Mltd; tpwd;kpFj;jd;W .
giftHfs; mopa ntd;wp Ntypid Ailatd; tQ;rp
kd;ddp;d; ntw;wpia kpFj;Jr; nrhy;ypaJ
klq;fypw; rPwp kiyj;njOe;jhH kz;Nky;
,lq;nflr; nrd;wpWj;j gpd;Dk; - Elq;nfupNghy;
nty;yg; ngUFk; gilahw;F Nte;jHNkw;
nry;yg; ngUFQ; rpdk; .
rpq;fk;NghYk; rpdj;jpidf; nfhz;l tQ;rp murd; giftH
ehl;bd;fz; jd; gilapid elj;jpr; nrd;W rpdk; Fiwahjtdha;g;
giftH ehl;bd; Nky; nry;yf; fUjpdhd;.vdNt mtdpd; Nfhgk;
mirAk; neUg;gpidg; nghy fhzg;gl;lJ vd;wikahy; ,J
Nkw;fz;l Jiwahapw;W
,J ntd;NwhH tpsf;fq; $wpaJ.
3.1.25 ,JTkJ:
,Wj;jgpd; mopgpuq;fy;
kWj;J ciug;gpDk; mj;JiwahFk; .
tQ;rp Nte;jd; giftH ehl;bd;fz; gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W
jq;fpdhd;. Mmdhy; giftH ehL Nguoptpw;F cs;shapw;W vdf;
$WtJ ,j;Jiw MFk;.
Fiuaod; kz;ba NfhLaH khlk;
RiunahLNga;g; gPHf;FQ; Rke;j - epiujpz;NlHg;
gy;ypir ntd;wpg; gilf;flyhd; nrd;wpWg;g
ey;ypir nfhz;lilahH ehL .
tQ;rp murdhy; jPf;fpiuahf;fg;gl;l kiyia xg;g Xq;fpd
khspifnay;yhk; Nga;r;RiuAk; Nga;g;gPHf;Fk; tpisAk; ,lq;fs;
Mapd vd giftH ehL Nguoptpw;F cs;shapw;W vdf; $wpajhy;
,J Nkw;fz;l Jiwahapw;W.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.nfhw;wit epiy tpsf;fp tiuf.
ntw;wpapd; jiykfsha; tpsq;Fk; nfhw;witapd; mUspidg;

Gfo;e;J $Wtjy;> tQ;rp kwtHfspd; NghHj; jpwj;jpidg; Gfo;e;J
$Wjy; vd nfhw;wit epiy ,U jpwj;jjhFk;.
ePNlhshd; ntd;wpnfhs;nfd epiwkz;il

tyd;caupf;
$lhiug; Gwq;fhZk; nfhw;witepiy ciuj;jd;W.
ePz;l NjhspidAilatd; ntw;wp ngWthdhf vdr; nrhy;yp ey;y
nghUs;fshy; epuk;gpa ghj;jpuj;ij ntw;wpahf vLj;J murDila
giftiu KJFGwq;fhZk; nfhw;wit epiyikiar; nrhy;ypaJ.
mzq;Fil Nehiy nghupGOf;fy; gpz;b

epzq;FlH nea;j;NjhH epiwj;Jf;- fzk;Gfyf;
ifapupa kz;ilf; fzNkhb fhtyw;F
nkha;apopaj; jhd;Ke; JWk;.
typik tha;e;j Njhs;fis cila ntl;rp kd;dd; ntw;wp ngw
Ntz;Lk; vd;W ntl;rp kwtHfs; nfhw;witia topgl;ldH.
mtHfspd; Ntz;Ljiy cs;sj;jpy; nfhz;l nfhw;wit mt;
ntw;wpf;F milahskhff; FUjp epiwe;j kz;iliaf; fhl;bg;
gifkd;diug; Gw KJfpl;L Xlr; nra;jhs;. ,t;thW
nfhw;witapd; mUs; epiyapidf; $WtJ nfhw;wit epiy
vdg;gLk;
2. ngUQ;Nrhw;W epiy Fwpj;njOJf

jpUe;jhH njk;Kid njWFtH ,tHvdg;
ngUQ;NrhW MltH ngWKiw tFj;jd;W
,atH Gfo vwpKuR MHg;g
Fak;tup Ntq;if mida – that
ngWk; Kiwahy; gpz;lk;Nfhs; Vtpdhd; NgzhH
,WKiwahy; vz;zp ,iw
Gyp mida jd; tPuHfis mioj;j tQ;rp murd; mtutHfl;F
cupa tupir Kiwahd; ngUQ;NrhW mspj;jhd; vdf;
Fwpj;jikahy; ,j;Jiw ngUQ;Nrhw;Wepiy vd;gjhapw;W.
3.neLnkhop tQ;rp vd;gjid tptup
xd;dhjhH gilnfOkpj;
jd;Mz;ik vLj;Jiuj; jd;W.
giftH gilapid neUq;fpj; jd; Mz;ikapid vLj;Jf; $wy;
,j;Jiw MFk.;
,d;d nudNtz;lh ntd;Ndh nljpHrPwp

Kd;dH tUf KuzfYk;-kd;dH
gUe;jhH gilakUl; gy;yhH Gfo
tpUe;jh ailFWthH tpz;.
vd; Kd; epw;Fk; kd;dHfNs! ehq;fs; ,j;Jiz rpwg;GilNahk;
vd;W jw;ngUik Ngr Ntz;lhk;.mj;jifa tPuk; cilatHfs;
Mapd; vd;Kd; NghH nra;a tUtPHfshFf.gUe;Jfs; epiwe;jJ ,g;
NghHf;fsk;. ,jpy; vd;id vjpHj;J epw;NghH vy;NyhuhYk;
Gfog;gLtH. NkYk; tpz;zpw;F tpUe;jhfTk; nry;YtH vd;gjdhy;
,j;Jiw neLnkhop tQ;rp vd;gJ Mapw;W.
$W: 4 fhQ;rpg;glyk;
Nehf;fk;: fhQ;rpj;jpizapd; ,yf;fzk;> mtw;wpd;
4.fhQ;rpg; glyk;:
jd; ehl;bidf; nfhs;sg; gifaurd; te;jhd; vd;gjid
mwpe;j murd; jd; gilfisj; jpul;br; nrd;W jd; ehl;bd;
vy;iyapd;fz; epd;W jLj;Jg; NghH Gupthd;. ,g;Nghupidr; nra;Ak;
murDk; kwtHfSk; fhQ;rpg; G+tpidr; #LtH. vdNt ,j;jpiz
fhQ;rpj; jpiz Mapw;W.
4.1 fhQ;rpj;jpizapd; Jiwfs;:

fhQ;rp fhQ;rp mjpHNt jopQ;rp
ngUk;gil tof;nfhL ngUq;fhQ; rpa;Na
ths;nry vd;wh FilaJ nryNt
tQ;rpdf; fhQ;rp g+f;Nfhs; epiyNa
Gfo;j;jiyf; fhQ;rp jiykh uhak;
jiynahL Kbjy; kwg;ngaHf; fhQ;rp
khw;wUk; Nga;epiy Nga;f;fhQ; rpa;Na
njhl;l fhQ;rp njhlhf;fhQ; rpa;Na
kd;idf; fhQ;rp fl;fhQ; rpa;Na
MQ;rpf; fhQ;rp kfl;ghw; fhQ;rp
Kidfb Kd;dpUg;G csg;glj; njhif,
vz;zpa tifahd; ,Ugj; jpuz;Lk;
fz;zpa fhQ;rpj; Jiwnad nkhopg.
,r; #j;jpuk; fhQ;rpj;jpizapd; Jiwfs; MFk;.
fhQ;rp> fhQ;rpajpHT> jopQ;rp> giltof;F> ngUq;fhQ;rp>

ths;nryT> Filr;nryT> tQ;rpdf;fhQ;rp> g+f;Nfhzpiy>
jiyf;fhQ;rp> jiykhuhak;> jiynahLKbjy;> kwf;fhQ;rp>
Nga;epiy> Nga;f;fhQ;rp> njhl;lfhQ;rp> njhlhf;fhQ;rp>
kd;idf;fhQ;rp> fl;fhQ;rp> MQ;rpf;fhQ;rp> kfl;ghw;fhQ;rp> Kidfb
Kd;dpUg;G vd ,it ,Ugj;jpuz;Lk; fhQ;rpj;jpizAk;
JiwAkhk;.
4.1.1 fhQ;rp:
jd; ehl;bidf; ftu gifaurd; te;jhd; vd;gjid mwpe;j
murd; jd; gilfisj; jpul;br; nrd;W fhQ;rpg; G+tpidr; #bg;
NghH Gupjy; ,j;Jiw MFk;.
ntQ;rpd khw;whd; tpLju Nte;jd;
fhQ;rp #bf; fbkid fUjpd;W.
kpFe;j rpdj;ijAila Ntw;Wkd;dd; te;Jtpl murd;

fhQ;rpnad;Dk; g+itr; #bf; fhtyplj;ijf; fhf;f epide;jJ
,j;Jiw MFk;.
mUtiu gha;e;jpWJ nkd;ghHgz; bd;wpg;
ngUtiur; rPW}H fUjpr; - nrUnta;Nahd;
fhQ;rp kiyiaf; filf;fzpj;J epw;gNjh

NjhQ;nra; kwtH njhopy; .
NghHf;fsj;jpy; nghUthupy;yhjgbahy; Kd;G VWjw;fupa

kiyNawp tpOe;jhapDk; capHJwg;Nghk; vd;Dk; fhQ;rp kwtH
,d;W giftH te;jdH vd;gjid mwpe;J fhQ;rpg; G+tpidr; #b
gif Nkw; nrd;wdH vd;wikahy; ,J Nkw;fz;l Jiw Mapw;W.
4.1.2 fhQ;rpajpHT:
tQ;rp kwtH gilnaLj;J tUtjid fz;l jd; kwtupd;
Mw;wiy kpFj;Jr; nrhy;YtJ ,j;Jiw MFk;.
Nky;tUk; giltud; kpfTk; Mw;wh
Nty;ty; Mltd; tpwd;kpFj; jd;W .
vjpH tUk; Nrid NkypLjiyg; nghwhj Nty; njhopiy ty;y

tPuDila ntw;wpia caHj;jpr; nrhy;ypaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
kd;Nky; tUnkd Nehf;fhd; kyHkhHgpy;
ntd;Ntd; Kfe;j Gz; nta;JapHg;gj; - jd;Nty;
gpbf;fY khw;whg; ngUe;jif Natj;
Jbf;fz; Giyahd; nwhLk; .
gif kwtH jd;Nky; va;j NtyhdJ jd; khHgpid CLUtpr;

nrd;w NghJk; mjw;F mQ;rhJ jd; gilapy; Jb nfhl;batid
mioj;J Jb nfhl;lr; nra;J jd; NghH tpUg;gj;jpid
ntspg;gLj;jpdhd; fhQrp kwtd; vd;wikahy; ,J Nkw;fz;l
Jiwahapw;W.
4.1.3 jopQ;rp;
gifaurd; jd; ehl;lbd; vy;iyapidj; njhlhjthW fhQ;rp
kwtd; fhj;J epd;wJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
gue;J vOjU gilj;jhid
tuk;G ,fthikr; Ruk;fhj;jd;W .
NgHf;fUtpfisj; jhq;fp tUk; tQ;rp kd;dpd; gilfs; jd;

ehl;bidj; njhlhjthW fhQ;rp kwtd; fhj;J epd;whd; vd;gJ
nghUshFk;.
FyhTQ; rpiyahH FWk;Gnfhs nt/fp

cyhT Kog;nghopf Nte;jd; - fyhTk;
,dNtq;if ad;d tpfy;nta;NahH fhty;
GdNta; euYk; Gio.
fhQ;rpaurdpd; ehl;bDs; GFk; topahgdJ %q;fpy; fhLfs;

epiwe;j gFjpahFk;. mjid fhQ;rpkd;ddpd; Gypia xj;j tPuHfs;
fhj;J epw;fpd;wdH. mjdhy; tQ;rp murd; mjDs; nry;tjidj;
jtpHj;J epd;whd; vd;wikahy; ,J Nkw;fz;l Jiwahapw;W.
4.1.4 giltof;F:
Kj;J mtpHg+z; kwNte;jd;
xj;jtHf;Fg; giltoq;fpd;W .
Kj;J tpsq;Fk; mzpfyid mzpe;j rpdk; kpf;f kd;dd; jk;kpy;

,dnkhj;jtUf;F MAjj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ
Iaq; fise;jpl; lly;ntq;$w; whypg;g
Iapiy na/f kitgyTk; - nkha;apil
Ml;fb nty;fspw; wz;zy; nfhLj;jspj;jhd;
thl;Fb td;f ztHf;F
NghHf;fsj;jpy; ntw;wpiaj; jUk; ahidg;gilapid cila

fhQ;rp kd;dd; jd; tPuHfSf;F tpy;> Nty; Kjypa
NghHf;fUtpfis toq;fpdhd;. mJ tiu NghH epfohNjh? vd
IAw;W epd;w $w;Wtd; NghH epfOk; vd vz;zp kfpo;e;jhd; vdf;
$WtJ ,j;JiwahFk;..
4.1.5 ,JTkJ:
nfhLj;jgpd;dHf; foy;kwtH
vLj;Jiug;gpDk; mj;JiwahFk; .
murd; giltoq;fpa gpd;dHf; tPuf;foy; mzpe;j tPuHfspd;

ngUikapid caHj;Jr; nrhy;ypDk; Kd;Gnrhd;d JiwNaahk;.
Jd;dUe; Jg;gpw; nwhLfoyhH #o;e;jpUg;gj;
jd;dk nuhs;thnsd; ifje;jhd; - kd;dw;F
kz;zfNkh itfpd;W khiy neLq;Filf;fPo;

tpz;zfKk; Ntz;Lq;nfhy; Nte;J .
giftH fpl;Ljw;fupa tPuj;jpidAk; fl;ba

tPuf;foypidAKilahH jd;idr; Rw;wpapUf;f murd; jdf;F
NkTk; xs;spathis vd; ifapNy je;jhd;. mjdhy; vk; murd;
kz;Zyfpid Ms;tJ kl;Lkd;wp tpz;ZyfpidAk; nty;yf;
fUjpdhd; NghYk; vd tPud; $wpajha; tPudpd; rpwg;gpid kpFj;Jf;
$wpaikahy; ,J Nkw;fz;l Jiwahapw;W.
4.1.6 ngUq;fhQ;rp:
fhQ;rp kwtH Nghupd;fz; jd; tPuj;jpd; ngUikapid
ntspg;gLj;JtJ.
jhq;Fjpwy; kwtH jj;jk; Mw;wy;
tPqF
; ngUk; gilapd; ntspg;gLj;jd;W .
tQ;rp murupd; vjpHtUk; gilapidj; jLf;Fk; typapidAila

fhQ;rp kwtHfs; tQ;rp kwtiu vjpHj;Jg; NghH nra;Ak; tz;zk;
jj;jk; typia kpFj;Jf;fhl;LtJ ,j;Jiw MFk;.
tpy;yhH FWk;gpil NtWNt whHj;njOe;j
fy;yh kwtH fizkhup - xy;yh
ntUtp kwNte;jH nty;fsp nwy;yhk;
,Utp tiuNghd;w tpd;W .
fhQ;rp murdpd; tpw;gil tPuHfis vjpHj;J te;j tQ;rp

kd;ddp;d; ahidg; gilfs; tPuHfspd; tpy;ypy; ,Ue;J Gwg;gl;l
mk;Ggl;likahy; mQ;rp Xbd. Mt;thW mQ;rp Xba ahidfs;
mWtil nra;j jpidj;jhs;fspd; kiyfisg;Nghy; fhl;rpaspj;jd
vd;wikahy; ,J Nkw;fz;l Jiwahapw;W.
4.1.7 ths;nryT:
fhQ;rp kd;dd; jd; thspidg; NghHf;fsj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; nry;tJ.
mUKidahd; dmw$tpdgpd;
nrUKidNky; ths;nrd;wd;W .
nty;Yjw;fupa NghiuAila tQ;rp murd; ,tidf; fhQ;rp

kd;dd; NghHf;F mioj;jhd;. cld; fhQ;rp kd;dd; jd; thspidg;
NghHf;fsj;jpw;F mDg;gpdhd; vd;gJ ,j;Jiw MFk;.
czq;F Gytwh nthd;dhH Fuk;ig
Ezq;fupy; ntk;Kid Nehf;fp - mzq;fpa
Fe;j kypAk; Gutpahd; $lhjhH
te;jgpd; nry;nfd;whd; ths; .
giftiu mQ;rr; nra;Ak; <l;bfis Ve;jpa Fjpiug; gilfis

cila tQ;rp murd; giftupd; Gyhy; ehw;wk; tPRk; ghriwfis
Nehf;fpdhd;. cld; jd; kwtHfsplk; giftH NghUf;F tUtH.
vdNt ekJ thspid NghHf;fsk; nfhz;L nry;Yq;fs; vdg;
gzpj;jhd; vd;wikahy; ,J Nkw;fz;l Jiw Mapw;W.
4.1.8 FilnryT:
fhQ;rp kd;dd; jd; Filapidg; NghHf;fsj;jpw;F vLj;Jr;
nry;tJ.
KJFb kwtH Kd;Dwr; #of;
nfhjpaoy; NtNyhd; Filnrd; wd;W .
neUg;Gg;Nghd;w NtypidAilatd; fhQ;rp murd; njhy;Fb

kwtHfs; jd; Kd;Nd #o;e;J Nghf Filiag; GwtPL tpLj;jJ
,j;Jiw MFk;.
njk;Kid Njaj; jpwy;tpsq;F NjHj;jhid
ntk;Kid ntw;wp 3tpwy;nta;Nahd; - jk;Kid
ehl;bg; nghwpnrwpj;J ez;zhHNkw; nry;nfd;W
$l;behl; nfhz;lhd; Fil .
gifaurH Mw;wy; nflg; NgH GupAk; NjHg;gilapid cilatd;

fhQ;rp murd;. mtd; jd;dplk; NghH Gupa te;j tQ;rp murdplk;
,e;j ehspy; NghH Gupa tUfpNwd; vdj; jd; ,yr;rpid nghwpj;j
klypid tpLj;jhd;.gpd;dH ehopiff; fzf;fH Fwpj;j ey;yehspy;
jd; Filapidg; NghHf;fsk; Nehf;fp tpLj;jhd;.
4.1.9 tQ;rpdf; fhQ;rp:

fhQ;rp kd;dd; NghHf;fsj;jpy; ,j;jifa ntw;wpiag; ngWNtd;.
mtthW ngwhJ xopNtd; Mfpy; ,j;jifa ,opepiyiag;
ngWNtdhf vd ciug;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
ntQ;rpd Nte;jd; Ntw;wtHg; gzpg;g
tQ;rpdq; $wpa tifnkhope; jd;W.
kpFe;j Nfhgj;ijAila kd;dtd; giftiuj; jd; mbapy;

gzpar; nra;thd; Ntz;b ,t;thW nra;Ntnddr;; nrhy;ypaJ.
,d;W gfNyh dpwthK ndhd;dhiu
ntd;W fsq;nfhs;sh NtYaHg;gpd; - vd;Wk;
muztpag; ghA kilahHK dpw;Ngd;
Kuztpa Kd;Kd; nkhope;J .
,d;iwa ehs; fjputd; kiwtjw;F Kd; giftiu ntw;wp

ngw;W mjd; milahskhf Ntypid caHj;JNtd;. mt;thW
nra;a ,ayhJ vdpy; tQ;rp murdpd; gifapid kwe;J mtd;
,Lk; fl;lisf;Ff; fhj;J epw;Ngd; vd;wikahy; ,j;Jiw Mapw;W.
4.1.10 g+f;Nfhs; epiy:

fhQ;rp kwtH jk; kd;ddplk; ,Ue;J fhQ;rpg;G+tpidg; ngWjy;
,j;Jiw MFk;.
fhH vjpupa fly;jhid
NghH vjpupa g+f;nfhz;ld;W .
Nkfk; nghUe;jpa Kof;fj;jpidAk; fly;Nghy Muhthuj;jpidAk;

cila fhQ;rpg; gil kwtH murd; nfhLj;j
fhQ;rpg;g+tpidf;nfhz;lJ ,j;Jiw MFk;.
gUjpnry; thdk; gue;JUfp ad;d
FUjpah whtJnfhy; Fd;W}H - fUjp
kwj;jpwj;jpd; khwh kwtUq; nfhz;lhH
Gwj;jpWj;j Nte;jpupag; g+ .
tPuk; nfhz;l fhQ;rp kwtH tQ;rp tPuHfs; jd; ehl;bd;

kjpy;Gwj;Nj ,Ug;gjid mwpe;J jd; kd;ddplk; ,Ue;J
fhQ;rpg;G+tpid thq;fpr; #bf;nfhz;ldH. mjdhy; tQ;rpahupd;
FUjp Mwhf Xlg;NghfpwJ vd ciuj;jikahy; ,j;Jiw Mapw;W.
4.1.11 jiyf;fhQ;rp:
ike;Jau kwq;fle;jhd;
ige;jiyr; rpwg;G ciuj;jd;W .
nrUf;fsj;jpy; mupa nray; nra;J tPukuzk; mile;j tPudpd;

jiyiag; ghuhl;LtJ ,j;Jiw MFk;.
tpl;blndd; Nte;jd; 3tpiyapbnd dpt;Tyfpd;
,l;Liuap nda;Jt nta;jpw;why; - xl;lhjhH
NghHjhq;fp kpd;Dk; Gyth Siwfopahj;
jhHjhq;fp tPo;e;jhd; wiy .
NghHf;fsj;jpy; giftupd; typik nfLk;gb NghH nra;J tPukuzk;

mile;jtd; fhQ;rp kwtd;. mtdpd; FUjp nrhl;l ntl;b tug;gl;l
jiyapapidf; fz;L murd; tpae;J ghuhl;baijf; Fwpj;jikahy;
Nkw;fz;l ghly; ,j;Jiw Mapw;W
4.1.12 jiykhuhak;:
jiynfhLte;jhd; cz;kypar;
rpiycilNte;jd; rpwg;G<e;jd;W.
jiyiaf; nfhz;L te;j gpwpNjhH kwtDf;F fhQ;rp kd;dd;

kdKte;J nry;tj;ijf; nfhLj;jy;.
ctd;wiy nad;D Kwo;tpd;wp nahd;dhH
,td;wiynad; Nwj;j tpaYk; - mtd;wiy
je;jhw;F ey;fy; tpag;Ngh fpse;Njj;jp
te;jhHf; Fte;jPAk; tho;T .
fhQ;rp kwtd; giftupd; jiyapidj; jd; thshy; ntl;bdhd;.

gpd; mtHfshy; ntl;Lg;gl;L; NghHf;fsj;jpy; ,we;jhd;. mj;jifa
rpwg;Gila kwtdpd; jiyapidf; nfhz;L te;jhDf;F murd;
kfpo;e;J nghUs; nfhLj;jhd; vd;wikahy; ,j;Jiw Mapw;W.
4.1.13 jiynahL Kbjy;:

kz;L mkUs; khwhike;jpd;
nfhz;lhd; jiynahL Nfhy;tis Kbe;jd;W .
NghHf;fsj;jpy; tPukuzk; mile;j jd; fztdpd; jiyAlNd

jpuz;l tisapidAila kidtpAk; ,we;jJ ,j;Jiw MFk;.
nfhiyahdhf; $w;wq; nfhbNj nfhOed;
jiyahdh ilayhs; fz;Nl - Kiyahy;
Kaq;fpdhs; thz;KfKQ; NrHj;jpdh shq;Nf
caq;fpdh Nshq;fpw; WapH.
fhQ;rp kwtd; giftupd; jiyapidj; jd; thshy; ntl;bdhd;.

gpd; mtHfshy; ntl;Lg;gl;L; NghHf;fsj;jpy; ,we;jhd;. mj;jifa
rpwg;Gila kwtdpd; jiyapidf; nfhz;L te;jhd; xU kwtd;.
jd; fztdpd; jiyapidf; fz;l kidtp mj;jiyapNdhL jd;
jiyapidr; NrHj;J jd; capH tpLj;jhs; vd;wikahy; Nkw;fz;l
ghly;; ,j;Jiw MFk;.
4.1.14 kwf;fhQ;rp:
,iyg;nghypjhH ,fy;Nte;jd;
kiyg;nghopa kwq;fil,ad;W .
grpa ,iyapdhy; nghypT ngw;w khiyapdhy; rpwe;j

typikapidAila kd;dd; giftH khWghL ePq;f kwj;njhopiyr;
nrYj;jpaJ ,j;Jiw MFk;.
fUe;jiyAk; ntz;zpzKQ; nre;jbA kPuhg;
gUe;Njh nlUit glu - mUe;jpwy;
Ntwha kd;dH tpag;gf; flhapdhd;
khwh kwtd; kwk; .
Mw;wy; nghUe;jpa fhQ;rp kd;dd; tQ;rpahH mQ;Rk;gbg; NghH

nra;jhd;. mjdhy; tQ;rp kd;dd; NghHf;fsj;jpy; tPo;e;Jgl;lhd;.
mtdpd; fWj;j jiyiaAk; nts;isepzj;ijAk; rpte;j
jiriaAk; ,Oj;Jf;nfhz;L gUe;Jk; fOFk; nrd;wd
vd;wikahy; ,j;Jiw kwf;fhQ;rp Mapw;W.
4.1.15 ,JTkJ:
kz;nfO kwtd; khWepiy Nehdhd;

Gz;fpopj;J KbapDk; mj;Jiw ahFk; .
kwj;njhopiyAila fhQ;rp tPud; giftUila ntw;wpiag;

nghWf;f ,ayhjtdhfp giftHNty;gl;l jd; khHgpw; Gz;izj;
jhNd gpse;J nfhz;L ,wg;gJk; ,j;JiwNaahk;.
eifak uha eLq;f eLq;fhd;
njhifak Nuhl;ba Jg;gpw; - giftHKd;
Eq;fpr; rpdTj Ndhdh DjpNtyhw;
nghq;fpg; gupe;jpl;lhd; Gz; .
fhQ;rp kwtH giftupd; gilahw;wiyf; fz;L mQ;rpa NghJk;

,t;tPud; kl;Lk; mQ;rhJ NghH nra;jhd;.mg;Nghupy; tQ;rp kwtH
ntw;wp ngw;W tUjiyf; fz;L kdk; nghwhjtdhfpj; jd;
Gz;zpid jhNd fpopj;Jf; nfhz;L capH Jwe;jhd; vd;wikahy;
,j;Jiw kwf;fhQ;rp Mapw;W.
4.1.16 Nga;epiy:
nrUNtNyhd; jpwk;Nehf;fpg;
gpuptpd;wpg; Nga;Xk;gpd;W.
Gz;gl;L tPo;e;j kwtidg; Nga; fhg;gJ Nga;epiy vd;gjhFk;.
MA kLjpwyhw; fd;gpyh upy;NghYk;
NjhAq; fjo;FUjp Njhs;Gilg;gg; - NgAk;
fsk;Gfyr; rPwpf; fjpHNty;tha; tPoe

; ;jhd;
csk;Gfy Nthk;g YWk; .
giftiuf; nfhd;W NghHf;fsj;jpy; tPo;e;j typikapid cila

tPuDf;F md;gpyhjhH ,y;iyNghYk;@ NghHf;fsj;jpy; tPo;e;J
fple;j tPuid mtd; kdk; kfpOk;gb Nga; fhj;jJ vd;wikahy;
,J Nga;epiy Mapw;w.
4.1.17 Nga;f;fhQ;rp:
gpzk;gpwq;fpa fsj;JtPo;e;jhHf;F
mzq;FMw;wh mr;RwP,ad;W.
NghHf;fsj;jpNy Gz;gl;Lf; fplf;Fk; kwtidg; Nga; kpfTk;
mr;rKWj;jy; ,j;Jiw MFk;.
nfhl;F epkpUq; FWFq; FlH#bg;
ngl;g eFk;ngaUk; Nga;kfs;-cl;fg;
Gdyq; FUjpg; Gyhy;tha;f; fple;J
fdy tpopg;gtw; fz;L .
NghHf;fsj;jpy; tPo;e;J fple;j kwtidr; Rw;wp epd;w NgahdJ

epkpHe;Jk; FWfpAk; Rod;Wk; Fliu khiyahfr; #l;bf; nfhz;Lk;
mr;r%l;baJ> Mdhy; mjidf; fz;Lk; kwtd; mQ;rhjpUe;jhd;
vd;wikahy; ,j;Jiw Nga;f;fhQ;rp Mapw;W.
4.1.18 njhl;l fhQ;rp:

tpad;kidtpliy Gz;fhg;gj;
Jad;Kiyg;Ngo;tha;g; Nga;njhl;ld;W
NghHf;fsj;jpNy Gz;gl;Lf; fplf;Fk; kwtdpd; Gz;izg; Nga;

njhLtJ ,j;Jiw MFk;.
nfhd;WUj;j $HNt ytw;FWfpf; $upUs;tha;
epd;WUj;J Nehf;fp neUg;Gkpohr; - nrd;nwhUj;jp
xl;lhH gilaple;j thwhg;G Nze;jfyk;
njhl;lhs; ngUfj; Japy; .
NghHf;fsj;jpy; tpOg;Gz; ngw;w tPuid cwtpdHfs; tPl;by;

itj;Jg; ghJfhj;jdH> xUehs; mtHfs; mwpahj gb ,utpy;
nrd;w Nga; mtd; ,we;J NghFk;gb mtDila khHgpidj;
njhl;lJ vd;wikahy; ,J njhl;l fhQ;rp vd;Dk; Jiwahapw;W.
4.1.19 njhlhf; fhQ;rp:

mlyQ;rh neLe;jifGz;
njhly;mQ;rpj; Jbj;JePq;fpd;W .

njhl mQ;rp epw;gJ ,j;Jiw MFk;.
Iatp rpe;jp 3eiwGifj; jha;kyH J}a;f;

nfha;ahf; FwpQ;rp gyghb - nkha;apzHg;
g+g;nga; njupa ndLe;jifGz; ahq;fhg;gg;
Nga;g;ngz; ngaUk; tUk; .

itj;Jg; ntz;rpWfLfpidj; J}tpf; Fq;fpypak; Kjyhd
eWehw;wj;ijg; Gifj;Jj; njupe;j g+tpidr;rpjwpg; FwpQ;rpg;gz;
gyTk;ghbr; kyupl;Lj; njhLj;j khiyahy; epiwe;j ngupa
Nkk;ghl;bidAilatd; Gz;izg; ghJfhj;jdH.mjdhy; NgahdJ
mtdpd; Gz;zpidj; jPz;l mQ;;rp tpl;Lr; nrd;wJ vd;wikahy;
,g;ghly; njhlhf;fhQ;rp Mapw;W.
4.1.20 kd;idf; fhQ;rp:

tpay;,lk;kUs tpz;glHe;Njhd;
,ay;Ngj;jp mopG,uq;fpd;W.
NghHf;fsj;jpy; tPukuzk; mile;j tPudpd; Gfopidg; gpwH ghuhl;b

tUe;JtJ ,j;Jiw Mfk;.
CHf;F Kyfpw;F NkhUapHkd; - ahHf;Fk;
mwe;jpwe;j thap yilj;jjh yz;zy;
epwe;jpwe;j ePspiy Nty; .
NghHf;fsj;jpy; ,we;j tPud; NghUf;Fj; njg;gk;

xg;gtd;.caHe;NjhHf;Fj; khspifiaj; jhq;Fk; J}z; xg;gtd;>
jd; CUf;Fk; cyFf;Fk; capiug; Nghd;wtd;.,j;jifatDila
khHgpid giftUila thshdJ gpse;J capiug;
Nghf;fpaJ.,j;jifa nraypidr; nra;j NtyhdJ ahtHf;Fk;
mwk; nra;tjhfpa thapiy milj;J tpl;lJ vdg; gpwH $wp
tUe;jpdH vd;wikahy; ,J kd;idf;fhQ;rp Mapw;W.
4.1.21 fl;fhQ;rp:
ewkypAk; eWe;jhNuhd;
kwike;jHf;F kl;L<e;jd;W.
Njd; kpFe;j khiyapid mzpe;j kd;dd; jd; kwtHfSf;Ff;

fs;spid toq;fpaJ ,j;Jiw MFk;.
xd;dh KidNahHf; nfhopf tpdpj;Japy;

kd;dd; kwtH kfpo;J}q;fh - Kd;Nd
gliyf; Fuk;igg; goq;fz; Kjpahs;
tpliyf;F ntq;fs; tpLk;.
xU Fbirapy; tho;fpd;w %jhl;bapd; kfDf;F kd;dd; gpwH

mUe;Jk; Kd; fs;spid toq;fpdhd;.mjdhy; giftHfspd;
cwf;fk; vd;gJ ,y;yhky; NghdJ vd;wikahy; ,J fl;fhQ;rp
Mapw;W.
4.1.22 MQ;rpf; fhQ;rp:

fhjw; fztndhL fidnaup %o;Fk;
khjH nky;ypay; kypGciuj; jd;W.
NghHf;fsj;jpy; tPukuzk; mile;j md;gpidAila jd; fztid

neUg;gpNy itj;jNghJ kidtpAk; me;neUg;gpNy tPo;e;J
,wg;gjd; Nkd;ikapidr; nrhy;tJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
jhq;fpa NfnshL jhD nkupGfg;
g+q;Fio ahak; GyHnfd;Dk; - ePq;fh
tpyhopg; gupj;jhid nte;jpwyhH rPW}Hg;
Gyhopj; jiyf;nfhz;l Gz;.
NghHf;fsj;jpy; tPukuzk; mile;j md;gpidAila jd; fztid

neUg;gpNy itj;jNghJ me;neUg;gpNy tPo;e;J ,wg;gjid
tpUk;gpa kidtp jd; Njhopaiu mg;Gwk; mfd;W nry;Yq;fs;
vd;gjid czHj;jpaikahy; ,J MQ;rpf;fhQ;rp Mapw;W.
4.1.23 ,JTkJ:
kd;DapH ePjj
; Ntypd; kidNahs;
,d;DapH ePg;gpDk; mj;Jiw ahFk;.
jiytd; capupid ePf;fpd NtyhNy kidtp jd; ,dpa

Mtpiag; Nghf;fpf; nfhz;lhs; vd;gjidf; Fwpg;gJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
ft;itePH Ntypf; fbNjfhz; fw;Gilik nra;As;
ntt;Nty;tha; tPo;e;jhd; tpwy;nta;Nahd;

,k;gpw; gpwOe; jlq;f ztd;fhjw; mt;NtNy
mbfs;
NghHf;fsj;jpy; ntw;wpia tpUk;gpa kwtd; mg;NghHf;fsj;jpNy

Nty;gl;L ,we;jhd;. me;j NtNy gpwo;fpd;w ngupa fz;fis
cila mt;tPudpd; kidtpf;Fk; $w;whapw;W vd;wikahy;
,g;ghly; MQ;rpf;fhQ;rp Mapw;W.
4.1.24 kfl;ghw; fhQ;rp:

Ve;jpioahs; jUfvd;Dk;
Nte;jndhL NtWepd;wd;W.
fhQ;rpaurd; jd; kfisf; Nfl;L te;j tQ;rpaurNdhL khWgl;L

epw;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
mspa foy; Nte;j uk;kh tupit
vspansd; nws;sp Aiug;gpw; - FspahNth
gz;Nghw; fpstpapg; gy;tisahs; thz;Kfj;j
fz;Nghw; gfop fbJ.
fhQ;rp kd;ddpd; kfNsh jpUkfis xj;j rpwg;gpid

cilats;.mf;fhQ;rp Nte;jd; kfs; gz;zpidg; Nghd;w
nrhy;ypid cilats; gythfpa tisay;fis
mzpe;jts;.mj;jifatspd; $Hikahd fz;fs; jd;id vspjpy;
mile;Jtplyhk; vd;w fUJk; tQ;rp Nte;jdpd; khHgpy; $Hikahd
mk;GNghy; nrd;W ijf;Fk;.
4.1.25 Kidfb Kd;dpUg;G

kd;dH ahiuAk; kwq;fhw;wp
Kd;dpUe;j Kidfbe;jd;W.
tQ;rp Nte;jDf;Fj; Jizahf te;j Nte;jH gyH mQ;rp XLk;gb

fhQ;rp murd; NghH nra;jhd;. mjdhy; mt;Nte;jHfs; mQ;rp
XbdH vdr; nrhy;tJ ,j;Jiw MFk;.
fbfko; Ntupf; filNjhWQ; nry;yf;
nfhbkyp nfhy;fsp Nwtpj; - Jbkfpo
MHj;jpl; lkU silahiu ak;Kidapw;

NgHj;jpl;lhd; nga;foyp dhd; .
tPuf;foypid cila fhQ;rpNte;jd; jd; ahidg; gilapid

giftHfs;Nky; Vtpdhd;. mjdhy; tQ;rp murDf;Fj; Jizahf
te;j gifaurHfs; mQ;rp XbdH vd;wikahy; ,g;ghly; Nkw;fz;l
Jiwahapw;W.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.tQ;rpdf; fhQ;rp - tpsf;Ff
fhQ;rp kd;dd; NghHf;fsj;jpy; ,j;jifa ntw;wpiag; ngWNtd;.

mtthW ngwhJ xopNtd; Mfpy; ,j;jifa ,opepiyiag;
ngWNtdhf vd ciug;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
ntQ;rpd Nte;jd; Ntw;wtHg; gzpg;g
tQ;rpdq; $wpa tifnkhope; jd;W.
kpFe;j Nfhgj;ijAila kd;dtd; giftiuj; jd; mbapy;

gzpar; nra;thd; Ntz;b ,t;thW nra;Ntnddr;; nrhy;ypaJ.
,d;W gfNyh dpwthK ndhd;dhiu
ntd;W fsq;nfhs;sh NtYaHg;gpd; - vd;Wk;
muztpag; ghA kilahHK dpw;Ngd;
Kuztpa Kd;Kd; nkhope;J .
,d;iwa ehs; fjputd; kiwtjw;F Kd; giftiu ntw;wp

ngw;W mjd; milahskhf Ntypid caHj;JNtd;. mt;thW
nra;a ,ayhJ vdpy; tQ;rp murdpd; gifapid kwe;J mtd;
,Lk; fl;lisf;Ff; fhj;J epw;Ngd; vd;wikahy; ,j;Jiw Mapw;W.
2.njhl;l fhQ;rp Fwpj;J vOJf.
tpad;kidtpliy Gz;fhg;gj;
Jad;Kiyg;Ngo;tha;g; Nga;njhl;ld;W

njhLtJ ,j;Jiw MFk;.
nfhd;WUj;j $HNt ytw;FWfpf; $upUs;tha;
epd;WUj;J Nehf;fp neUg;Gkpohr; - nrd;nwhUj;jp

xl;lhH gilaple;j thwhg;G Nze;jfyk;
njhl;lhs; ngUfj; Japy; .

itj;Jg; ghJfhj;jdH> xUehs; mtHfs; mwpahj gb ,utpy;
nrd;w Nga; mtd; ,we;J NghFk;gb mtDila khHgpidj;
njhl;lJ vd;wikahy; ,J njhl;l fhQ;rp vd;Dk; Jiwahapw;W.
3.kfl;ghw; fhQ;rp - tptup
Ve;jpioahs; jUfvd;Dk;
Nte;jndhL NtWepd;wd;W.
fhQ;rpaurd; jd; kfisf; Nfl;L te;j tQ;rpaurNdhL khWgl;L

epw;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
mspa foy; Nte;j uk;kh tupit
vspansd; nws;sp Aiug;gpw; - FspahNth
gz;Nghw; fpstpapg; gy;tisahs; thz;Kfj;j
fz;Nghw; gfop fbJ.
fhQ;rp kd;ddpd; kfNsh jpUkfis xj;j rpwg;gpid

cilats;.mf;fhQ;rp Nte;jd; kfs; gz;zpidg; Nghd;w
nrhy;ypid cilats; gythfpa tisay;fis
mzpe;jts;.mj;jifatspd; $Hikahd fz;fs; jd;id vspjpy;
mile;Jtplyhk; vd;w fUJk; tQ;rp Nte;jdpd; khHgpy; $Hikahd
mk;GNghy; nrd;W ijf;Fk;.
gpupT - 2
$W: 5 nehr;rpg;glyk;
Nehf;fk;: nehr;rpj;jpizapd; ,yf;fzk;> mtw;wpd;
5. nehr;rpg;glyk;
gifaurd; xUtd; gpwpNjhH murdpd; Nfhl;ilapidf;
ifg;gw;w tpUk;Gthd;.mjd; fhuzkhfg; gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W jhd;
nty;yf; fUjpa murdpd; kjpiy tisj;Jf; nfhs;thd;. mjidf;
fz;l kjpypd; cl;Gwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; murd; gifaurd; jd;
kjpypidf; ifg;gw;whjthW nehr;rpg; G+tpidr; #bf; fhj;J
epw;ghd;. vdNt ,j;jpiz nehr;rpj; jpiz vdg;gl;lJ.
5.1 nehr;rpj;jpizapd; Jiwfs;:

EtyUq; fhg;gpd; nehr;rp Vid
kwDilg; ghrp CHr;nrU vd;wh
nrUtpil tPo;jy; jpz;gup kwNd
vapyJ NghNu vapy;jid mopj;jy;
mopgil jhy;fy; kfz;kWj;J nkhopjy; vd
vr;rk; ,d;wp vz;zpa xd;gJk;
nehr;rpj; jpizAk; JiwAk; MFk; .
vd;gd nehr;rpj;jpizapd; Jiwfs; MFk;.
nehr;rpj;jpiz> kwDilg;ghrp> CHr;nrU> nrUtpil tPo;jy;>

Fjpiukwd;> vapw;NghH> vapw;NghH >
vapwidaopj;jy;>mopgilahq;fy;> kfz; kWj;J nkhopjy; vdr;
nrhy;yg;gl;l ,t;nthd;gJk; nehr;rpj; jpizapd; Jiwfs; MFk;.
5.1.1 nehr;rp:
Vg;Gio Qhapy; Ve;Jepiy muzk;
fhg;NghH #ba g+g;Gfo;e; jd;W.

mk;gpid VTfpd;w miwfisAk; kiwfpd;w Klf;FfisAk;
cilaJ Nfhl;il kjpyhFk;.mjid nehr;rpg;G+tpidr; #b epd;w
kwtH fhj;J epd;wdH. mt;thW fhj;J epw;Fk; kwtH #b epw;Fk;
nehl;rpg;G+tpd; rpwg;gpidf; $WtJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
Mlutk; g+z;lh doYzr; rPwpa
$luzq; fhg;NghH Fohk;Giuar; - #bdhH
cr;rp kjp toq;F Nkhq;F kjpy;fhg;ghd;
nehr;rp EjpNt ytH.
MLk; ghk;gpid mzpe;jpUg;gtH rptngUkhd;. mtH xUKiw

Nfhgk; nfhz;L jpupGuj;jpid vupf;fr; nrd;w NghJ mTzHfs;
$l;lkha; epd;W jk; kjpiyf; fhj;J epd;wdH. mjidg; Nghy
Ntw;gilapid cila kwtH nehr;rpg;G+tpidr; #b jq;fs;
kjpiyf; fhj;J epd;wdH vd;wikahy; ,g;ghly; nehr;rp vd;Dk;
Jiw rhHe;jjha; mike;jJ.
5.1.2 kwDilg; ghrp:

kwg;gil kwNte;jH
Jwf;fj;Jr; nryTciuj;jd;W.
kwj;jd;ik epiwe;jtHfs; nehr;rp kwtHfs;. mtHfSf;F tPuj;jpy;

kpfr;rpwe;j jd;ik nfhz;NlhH jiyik jhq;fp epd;wdH>
mtHfs;giftUld; Nghupl;L tpz;Zyfk; va;jpdH vd
vLj;Jiug;gJ kwDilg;ghrp vd;Dk; JiwahFk;.ePHg;ghrp Nghd;W
ePq;fhjtuha; gutp ,Ue;j gifg;gilapDs; gutpr; nrd;W NghH
nra;jiy czHj;jpaikahy; ,j;Jiw kwDilg;ghrp vd;Dk;
ngaH ngw;wJ.
ghapdhH khAk; tifahw; gyfhg;Gk;
Vapdh Nua tpfd;kwtH - MapdhH
xd;wp atuw t+Hg;Gyj;Jj; jhHjhq;fp
ntd;wp akuH tpUe;J.
nehr;rpahupd; kjpiyr; #o;e;J epd;w giftH kjpypd; kPJ

Vwj;njhlq;fpdH. mjidf; fz;l nehr;rpg; gilapd; jiytHfs;
kjpypd;fz; VWNthH ,we;J gLk;lgb jk; fhty; njhopiyr;
nra;AkhW $wpdH. mjid jiyNkw; nfhz;l nehr;rp kwtH
capUld; kPs;tJ mupJ vd;W njupe;Jk; giftupd;
J}rpg;gilapilr; nrd;W mtHfspd; jiyapid ntl;b
tPo;j;jpdH.mg;nghOJ giftHfshy; ntl;lg;ngw;W thNdhHfspd;
tpUe;jpdH MapdH vd;wikahy; ,g;ghly; kwDilg;ghrp vd;Dk;
Jiwapidr; rhHe;jjhFk;.
5.1.3 CHr;nrU:
kjpYf;Fg; Gwj;Nj cs;s Cupd;fz; giftNuhL nehr;rpahH NghH

GuptJ Cur;nrU vdg;gLk;.
mUkpisnahL fplq;Fmopahikr;
nrUkiye;j rpwg;Gciuj;jd;W.
giftuhw; GFjw;fupajhfpa fhtw;fhl;NlhL mfop rpijahjgb

nehr;rp kwtH NghH nra;j jpwj;jpidr; nrhy;ypaJ.
tisAk; tapU nkhypg;gths; tPrp
,isAq; fplq;FQ; rpijaj; - jisgupe;j
NehdhH gilapupa nehr;rp tpwd;kwtH
Mdh ukHtpyf;fp ahHg;G.
nehr;rpg; G+tpidr; #ba kwtHfs; rq;Fk; nfhk;Gk; Koq;f this

tPrpdH. mjdhy; fhtw;fhLk; mfopAk; mopaf; fUpjp te;j
giftHfis mQ;rp Xlr; nra;jdH. NkYk; NghH nra;ag;
giftHfs; ,y;yhikahy; Muhtupj;J epd;wdH vd;wikahy; ,J
CHr;nrU vd;Dk; JiwahFk;.
5.1.4 nrUtpil tPo;jy;:

khw;whH cs;Ns Eioahjgb Nghupl;L muizf; fhj;J ,we;j
kwtiug; Nghw;wpAiug;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
Mo;e;JgL fplq;NfhL mUkpis fhj;J
tPo;e;j NtNyhH tpwd;kpFj; jd;W.
MoKila mfopNahL mupa fhtw;fhl;ilf; fhj;J Nty;tPuH

ntw;wpiaj; je;J NghHf;fsj;jpy; ,we;J gl;l jd;ikiar;
nrhy;ypaJ.
<z;lupy; #o;e;j tpisA nkupkyHf;
fhz;lF ePs; fplq;Fq; fhg;ghuha; - Ntz;lhH

klq;f yida kwNtNyhH jj;jk; jj;jk;
clk;nghL fht YapH.
Rpq;fj;jpid xj;j nehr;rp kwtHfs; nfhbfs; Rw;wpa fhtw;fhLk;

neUg;Gg; Nghd;w rpte;j g+tpidAila fhzj;jf;f ePz;l
mfopiaAk; fhj;J epd;wdH. mtHfs; mj;jifa fhty; njhopiy
tpl;L jk; capiuf; fhj;J epw;wiy xUNghJk; tpUk;gkhl;lhH
vd;wjhFk;.
5.1.5 Fjpiukwk;:
Vkhz;l neLk;Gupir
thkhdJ tifciuj;jd;W.
mk;Gfis va;Ak; njhopy; rpwg;GilaJ nehr;rpahupd; ngupa

kjpyhFk;. mj;jifa kjpyplj;Jg; ghAk; FjpiuaJ rpwg;gpidr;
nrhy;ypaJ.
jhq;fd;kpd; whq;fd;kpd; whid tpwd;kwtpH
Xq;fd; kjpY nshUjdpkh-Qhq;fH
kapuzpag; nghq;fp kioNghd;W khw;whH
capUzpa Nthb tUk;.
kiyNghd;w kjpyplj;J xg;gpy;yhjnjhU Fjpiu xd;W Nkfj;ij

xj;Jg; giftH capiu cz;z Ntz;bf; fLfptUfpwJ. mjidj;
jLj;jw;fupJ! jLj;jw;fupJ! jLf;fhJ tpLkpd;fs;! jLf;fhJ
tpLkpd;fs;! vd;gjhk;.
5.1.6 vapw;NghH:
mapw;gilapd; muz;fhf;Fk;
vapw;gilQH ,fd;kpFj;jd;W.
$Hikahd MAjj;jpidf; nfhz;l nehr;rp kwtHfspd;

Nghuhw;wiyf; Fwpj;J epw;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
kpfj;jha nrq;FUjp NktU khHgpd;
cfj;jh Kaq;fpaf; fz;Zk; -mfj;jhH
Gwj;jpilg; Nghje; jly;Gupe;jhH nghq;fp

kwj;jpil khdNkw; nfhz;L.
kjpypd; mfj;Nj fhj;J epd;w kwtHfspd; khHgpil Gz;zpid

cUthf;fpdH giftH. Mdhy; mjid xU nghUl;nldf; fUjhJ
tPuj;ijAk; khdj;ijAk; iff;nfhz;L kjpYf;F ntspNa epd;w
giftiuf; nfhy;yf; fUjpdH vd ciuj;J epw;Fk;.
5.1.7 vapy;jid mopj;jy;:

JzpTila njhLfoyhd;
mzpGupir mopTciuj;jd;W.
kjpiyf; fhj;J epd;w giftiu vjpHj;Jg; NghH nra;Ak; Mw;wy;

cila nehr;rp kwtid giftHfs; jhf;fpdH. mjdhy; mtd;
mtHfNshL Nghupl;L ,we;jhd; vdf; Fwpg;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
mfj;jd thHfo Ndhd;wh suzpd;
Gwj;jd Nghnuopw; wpz;Nlhs;-cwj;joP,j;
Njhl;Fupik ngw;w JiztisahH ghuhl;l
thl;Fuprpy; thDyfp dhd;.
kjpiyf; fhj;J epd;w nehrprp kwtd; giftNuhL Nghupl;lhd;.

mg;Nghup;y; mtdpd; fhy;fs; muzpDs;Ns tPo;e;jd. Njhs;fs;
kjpypd; Gwk;Ng tPo;e;jd. mtdpd; Njhs;fisj; jOTtjw;F
cupikAila nja;tg; ngz;fs; mtid ,Wf mizj;J
thDyfj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;wdH vd;gjhk;.
5.1.8 mopgil jhq;fy;:

,opGcld; ,fy;ngUf
mopgil muz;fhj;jd;W.
giftHfshy; jk; gil rpije;J XbbDk; mjidf; fz;L

mQ;rhJ khdj;NjhL mjidf; fhj;J epd;w kwtHfspd; jd;ik
gupir gyfle;J gw;wh nujpHe;jhH
vupnr apfyuzq; nfhz;khH- Gupir
mfj;jb Aa;ahik aQ;RlHth Nshr;rp

kpfj;jbe;jhH Nkdpd; wtH.
nehr;rpahupd; fpLFgil gytw;iwAk; ntd;w gifahd

copiQahH kjpiy Nehf;fp te;jdH. mtHfis jk; kjpypd; kPJ
fhy; itf;fhjthW nehr;rp kwtHfs; jLj;jdH;. mjidAk; kPwp
te;jtHfisj; jk; thspdhy; ntl;b tPo;j;jpdH.
5.1.9 kfz;kWj;J nkhopjy;:

ntk;Kuzhd; kfs;Ntz;l
mk;kjpNyhd; kWj;Jciuj;jd;W.
nfhLikahd gifapid cila copiQ murd; nehr;rp

murdpd; kfis Ntz;l nehr;rp murd; kWj;J nkhopjy;
,j;JiwahFk;.
xs;thz; kwt UUj;njOe; Jk;gHehl;
fs;thH eWq;Nfhij fhuzkhf;-nfhs;thd;
kUq;nfz;zp te;jhH kofspw;wpd; Nfhbf;
fUq;fz;zp ntz;fl;bw; fhy;.
nehr;rp kd;ddpd; kfs; Njd; nghUe;jpa kyHfshy; Mfpa

khiyapid mzpe;jts; mtis miljy; Ntz;b gy kd;dHfs;
jq;fs; ahidg; gilAld; te;jdH. mt;ahidfis nehr;rp
kwtHfs; ntl;b tPo;jj ; pdH.mj;jifa ahidfspd; nfhk;GfNs
nehr;rpkd;ddpd; kfs; gLj;Jwq;Fk; fl;bypd; fhy;fs; MFk;.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.nrUtpil tPo;jy; Fwpj;J vOJf.
khw;whH cs;Ns Eioahjgb Nghupl;L muizf; fhj;J ,we;j

kwtiug; Nghw;wpAiug;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
Mo;e;JgL fplq;NfhL mUkpis fhj;J
tPo;e;j NtNyhH tpwd;kpFj; jd;W.
MoKila mfopNahL mupa fhtw;fhl;ilf; fhj;J Nty;tPuH

ntw;wpiaj; je;J NghHf;fsj;jpy; ,we;J gl;l jd;ikiar;
nrhy;ypaJ.
<z;lupy; #o;e;j tpisA nkupkyHf;

fhz;lF ePs; fplq;Fq; fhg;ghuha; - Ntz;lhH
klq;f yida kwNtNyhH jj;jk; jj;jk;
clk;nghL fht YapH.
Rpq;fj;jpid xj;j nehr;rp kwtHfs; nfhbfs; Rw;wpa fhtw;fhLk;

neUg;Gg; Nghd;w rpte;j g+tpidAila fhzj;jf;f ePz;l
mfopiaAk; fhj;J epd;wdH. mtHfs; mjjifa fhty; njhopiy
tpl;L jk; capiuf; fhj;J epw;wiy xUNghJk; tpUk;gkhl;lhH
vd;wjhFk;.
2.kfz;kWj;J nkhopjy; tpsf;fp tiuf
ntk;Kuzhd; kfs;Ntz;l
mk;kjpNyhd; kWj;Jciuj;jd;W.
nfhLikahd gifapid cila copiQ murd; nehr;rp

murdpd; kfis Ntz;l nehr;rp murd; kWj;J nkhopjy;
,j;JiwahFk;.
xs;thz; kwt UUj;njOe; Jk;gHehl;
fs;thH eWq;Nfhij fhuzkhf;-nfhs;thd;
kUq;nfz;zp te;jhH kofspw;wpd; Nfhbf;
fUq;fz;zp ntz;fl;bw; fhy;.
nehr;rp kd;ddpd; kfs; Njd; nghUe;jpa kyHfshy; Mfpa

khiyapid mzpe;jts; mtis miljy; Ntz;b gy kd;dHfs;
jq;fs; ahidg; gilAld; te;jdH. mt;ahidfis nehr;rp
kwtHfs; ntl;b tPo;jj ; pdH.mj;jifa ahidfspd; nfhk;GfNs
nehr;rpkd;ddpd; kfs; gLj;Jwq;Fk; fl;bypd; fhy;fs; MFk;.
3. nehr;rpj;jpiz czHj;Jk; nra;jpfisf; fl;Liuf;f
nehr;rpj;jpiz vd;Dk; ghlg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J njhFj;J vOJjy;

Ntz;Lk
$W: 6 copiQg;glyk;
Nehf;fk;: copiQj;jpizapd; ,yf;fzk;> mtw;wpd;
6. copiQg; glyk;:
khw;whupd; Nfhl;ilapid nty;yf; fUjpa murd; khw;whupd;
fhtw;fhl;bidAk; mfypiaAk; mopj;J cs;Ns nry;thd;. ,JNt
copiQj; jpiz vdg;gLk;. ,g;NghUf;Fr; nry;Yk;NghJ kd;dUk;
kwtHfSk; copiQg; G+tpidr; #br;nry;tH.
6.1 copiQj;jpizapd; Jiwfs;:

copiQ Xq;fpa Filehl; NfhNs
ths;ehl; NfhNs Kur copiQ
nfhw;w copiQNahL mur copiQ
fe;jop vd;wh Kw;Wop iQNa
fhe;js; Gwj;jpiw ahnuap YopiQ
mUe;Njhy; copiQ Fw;Wop iQnahL
Nfhl;Gwj;J copiQ ghrp epiyNa
Vzp epiyNa ,yq;nfapw; ghrp
KJcop iQNa Ke;Jmfj;J copiQ
Kw;W KjpHNt ahidiff; NfhNs
Ntw;Wg;gil tuNt cOJtpj; jpLjy;
thz;kz;Z epiyNa kz;Zkq; fyNk
kfl;ghy; ,fNy jpiwf;nfhz;L ngaHjy;
mbg;gl ,Uj;jy; njhifepiy csg;gl;l
,Onkd; rPHj;jp ,Ugj; njhd;gJk;
copiQ vd;kdhH czHe;jprp NdhNu.
vd;gd copiQj; jpizapd; Jiwfs; MFk;.
copiQj;jpiz> Filehl;Nfhs;> thzhl;Nfhs;> KurTopiQ>

nfhw;wTopiQ> murTopiQ> fe;jop> Kw;WopiQ> fhe;js;>
Gwj;jpiw> MnuapYiQ> NjhYopiQ> Fw;WopiQ> Gwj;JopiQ>
ghrpepiy> Vzpepiy> vapw;ghrp> KJTopiQ> mfj;JopiQ>
Kw;WKjpHT> ahidiff;Nfhs;> Ntw;Wg;giltuT> cOJtpj;jpLjy;>
thz;kz;Zepiy> kz;Zkq;fyk;> kfl;ghypfy;> jpiwnfhz;L
ngaHjy;> mbg;gltpUj;jy;> njhifepiy vdr;nrhy;yg;gl;l
,t;tpUgj;njhd;gJ Jiwfsha; mikAk;.
6.1.1 copiQ:
Kbkpir copiQ #b xd;dhH
nfhbElq;F Mnuapy; nfhsf;fU jpd;W.
jkJ KbNkNy copiQkhiyia mzpe;J giftHfs;

nfhbairAk; Nfhl;ilapidf; ifg;gw;w epidj;jJ.
copiQ KbGide; njhd;dhg;NghH kd;dH
tpOkjpy; nty;fspW ghaf;-fopkfpo;
nta;jhU nka;jp apirEtYQ; rPHj;jpaNd
nfha;jhu khHgpndq; Nfh.
khHgpy; kyHkhiyapid mzpe;jpUe;j jiytd; jiyapy;

copiQg;G+tpidr; #bdhd;. mtdpd; ahidg;gilahdJ giftupd;
kjpiy cilj;njwpe;jJ. mjdhy; rhd;NwhHfshy; Nghw;wg;Lk;
Gfopid murd; mile;jhhd;.
6.1.2 Filehl;Nfhs;:
nrw;wilahH kjpy;fUjpf;
nfhw;wNte;jd; Filehl;nfhz;ld;W.
copiQ Nte;jd; jd;NdhL Kuz;gl;l nehr;rpaurid nty;y xU

ey;y ehspy; ntw;wpf; Filiag; GwtPLtpl;lJ.
nea;azpf nrt;Nt ndLe;NjH epiyGFf
nfha;Aiskh nfhy;fspW gz;tpLf-itafj;J
Kw;wf; fbauz nky;yh Kuztpe;j
nfhw;wf; Filehl; nfhs.

ey;y ehspy; ntw;wpf; Filiag; GwtPLtpl;lJ. mjdhy;
cyfpd;fz; cs;s murHfs; ek; murNdhL nfhz;l gifikia
tpl;ldH. mjdhy; Nty;fSf;F nea; G+Rf. NjHfs; mtw;wpw;Fupa
,lq;fspy; epw;fl;Lk;. FjpiuAk; ahidAk; jkf;Fupa
xg;gidfisf; fisal;Lk;.
6.1.3 ths; ehl;Nfhs;:

fye;jilahH kjpy;fUjp
tye;jUths; ehl;nfhz;ld;W.

ey;y ehspy; ntw;wp thspid GwtPLtpl;lJ.
thzhl;nfhsYk; topnkhope;J te;jilahg;
NgzhH gpiwnjhLk; Ngkjpw;-g+zhH
mzpnfhs; tdKiyah uhluq;f Nkwpg;
gpzpnfhs;Ng ahLk; ngaHj;J.
.copiQ Nte;jd; jd;NdhL Kuz;gl;l nehr;rpaurid nty;y xU

ey;y ehspy; ntw;wp thspid GwtPLtpl;lhd;.. mjdhy; cyfpdfz;
cs;s murHfs; ek; murNdhL nfhz;l gifikia tpl;ldH.ek;
muridg; gzpahjtHfSk; rpyH cz;L. mtHfs; ehLfspy; Mly;
muq;fq;fs; cz;L. mtw;wpy; eldkhjH MLtH. ,dp ek; murdpd;
gilnaLg;gjw;Fg; gpd; ,t; muq;fq;fspy; Nga;fs; epd;W MLk;.
6.1.4 Kur copiQ:
nghd;Gid copiQ #b kwpmUe;Jk;
jpz;gpzp Kur epiyciuj; jd;W.
ek; murdpd; Kurk; nghd;dhNy nra;j copiQ khiyia

mzpe;J ML ntl;bapLk; gypia EfUk; jd;ik cilajhFk;
vd Kurpd; jd;ikiar; nrhy;yy;.
fjpNuhil nty;fspW ghaf; fyq;fp
cjpuh kjpY Ksnfhy; - mjpUkhy;
g+f;fz; kypjhHg; Gfo;nta;Nahd; NfhapYs;
khf;fz; Kur kio .
murdpd; Kurk; ngupa fz;fisf; nfhz;lJ> mJ Nkfj;jpidg;

Nghy Koq;fpaJ. mjdhy; ek; murdpd; ahidfs; giftHfspd;
kjpy;fis Fj;jpd. mjdhy; rpijahj kjpy;fSk; cz;Nlh mit
,y;yNt ,y;iy vd;gjhFk;.
6.1.5 nfhw;w copiQ:

milahjhH muz; nfhs;spa
gilNahL gue;JvOe;jd;W.
copiQ Nte;jd; jd; giftupd; kjpiyf; ifg;gw;wf; fUjpj; jd;

gil tPuHfisj; jpuz;L tug; gzpj;;jhd; vd ciug;gJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
nts;thl; fUq;fow;fhy; ntQ;RlHNtw; wz;zspahd;
nfhs;thd; nfhbj;jhid nfhz;nlOe;jhd; - es;shjhH
mQ;RtU thap yUkpisf; Fz;lfop
kQ;rptU Qhapd; kjpy; .
xspgue;j thspidAk; typa tPuf;foyhw;rpwe;j fhypidAk; nta;a

xspahw; nghype;j NtypidAk; jz;zspiaAk; cilatd;
copiQ murd;> mj;j giftupd; thapypidAk; GFjw;fupa
fhl;bidAk; Mo;e;j fplq;fpidAk; Nkfk; guf;Fk;
VtiwapidAKila kjpiyAk; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;sf;
fUjpdhd;.vdNt gilapidj; jpul;bf; nfhz;L nrd;whd;.
6.1.6 mur copiQ:

njhopy;fhty; kype;J,aYk;
nghopy;fhtyd; Gfo;tpsk;gpd;W.
copiQ murdpd; ehL fhf;Fk; Nkd;ikapid vLj;Jiug;gJ

,j;JiwahFk;.
Cf;f Kuz;kpFjp nahd;wpa ew;#o;r;rp
Mf;f ktd;f zfyhthy;-tPf;fk;
efg;glh ntd;wp eykpF jhuhw;
ffg;glh tpy;iy auz;.
kdntOr;rpAk; khWghl;bd; ngUikAk; nghUe;jpa ey;y #o;r;rpj;

jpwKk; nry;tg; ngUf;fKk; ePq;fhj ngUikapidAk; gpwuhy;
,foj;jfhj ntw;wpapidAk;> ed;ik epiwak; khiyapidAk;
cilatd; copiQ murd;. mtDf;F mfg;glhj gifaurupd;
muz;fs; ,y;iy.
6.1.7 fe;jop:
khcilj;jhH kzptz;zd;
Nrhcilj;j kwEtypd;W
copiQ muridj; jpUkhyhff; nfhz;L Gfo;Jiug;GJ

,j;JiwahFk;.; jpUkhy; Kd;ndhU fhyj;J khiyahw; rpwe;j
ePykzpNghd;w NkdpiaAilahd;. mj;jifa jpUkhy; Nrhntd;Dk;
muiz mopj;jhd; vdr; nrhy;tJ fe;jop vd;gjhFk;.
md;nwwpe; jhD kptdh yuz;typj;
jpd;wptd; khwh ntjpHthHahH-vd;Wk;
kilahH kzpg;g+ zilahjhH khHgpw;
Rluhop epd;nwupar; Nrh.
xspnghUe;jpa kzpfisj; jd; khHgpy; mzpe;jpUe;j gifaurdpd;

khHgpd; kPJ rf;fug; gilapid Vtpj; jPia cz;lhf;fpatd;
copiQ murd;. Kd;ndhU fhyj;J Nrhntd;Dk; muiz
mopj;jtDk; ,tNd Mthd;. vdNt ,tid vjpHj;J epw;Fk; murH
cz;Nlh? ,y;iy vd;gjhk;.
6.1.8 Kw;WopiQ:
ML,ay; mtpHrilahd;
#bag+r; rpwg;Gilj;jd;W.
Mba mtpH rilahd; Mfpa rptngUkhd; #ba copiQg;G+tpd;

rpwg;gpidf; $WtJ.
kaq;fhj jhHg;ngUik kw;wwpthH ahNu
,aq;fuz %d;W nkupj;jhd; -jaq;fpzHg;
g+f;nfh spjopg; GupnrQ; rilahDk;
khf;nfh SopiQ kiye;J.
nfhj;jhfg; nghyptpidf; nfhz;l nfhd;iwiaAila

nrQ;rilahd; Mfpa rptngUkhd; jpupGuj;jpid mopj;jtd;
Mthd;.mj;jifatd; Gide;j copiQg;G+tpd; rpwg;gpidf; $WthH
ahtH? xUtUk; ,y;iy vd;gjhk;.
6.1.9 fhe;js;:
fUq;flYs;; khj;jbe;jhd;
nrOq;fhe;js; rpwg;Gciuj;jd;W.
flyplj;Jr; #ugd;khit ntd;w KUfg;ngUkhdpd; fhe;jl;g+tpd;

rpwg;gpidr; nrhy;ypaJ
FUF ngaupa Fd;nwwpe; jhDk;
cUnfO fhe;jz; kiye;jhd;-nghUfow;
4fhHfUjp thHKur khHf;Fq; flw;whidg;
NghHfUjp ahHkiyahH g+.
FUfpd; ngaHngw;w kiyia vwpe;jtd; KUfg;ngUkhd; mtd;

moF epiwe;j fhe;js; G+tpidr; #bdhd;. jw;NghJ
tPuf;foypidAilj;jha; epw;fpwJ kwtH $l;lk;. mtHfsplj;J
Nkfj;ijnahj;J thuhw; gpzpj;j KuRKoq;FfpwJ. vdNt
fly;Nghd;w fly; Nghd;w ,f; $l;lj;jpy; G+tpidr; #lhjhH ahH?
xUtUk; ,y;iy vd;gjhk;.
6.1.10 Gwj;jpiw:
kwj;Jiw kype;J kz;b khw;whH
tpwy;nfhb kjpypd; Gwj;J,Wj; jd;W.
giftH ehl;bd; kjpw;Gwj;Nj jq;FtJ Gwj;jpiw vdg;gLk;.

Nghupid tpUk;gpr; nrd;w copiQ kwtH giftupd; kjpw;Gwj;Nj
jq;fpdH vd;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
Gy;yhH GfnyhL Nghf;nfhopag; nghq;fpddha;g;
gy;yhH kUsg; gilgug;gp-xy;yhH
epwj;jpWj;j thl;lhid NeuhH kjpypd;
Gwj;jpWj;jhd; g+q;foyp dhd;.
tPuf;foypidAila copiQ Nte;jd; giftH vq;Fk; jg;gpr;

nry;y Kbahjgb Gwj;Nj ghb tPL mikj;Jj; jq;fpdhd;.
mjidf; fz;l giftH mQ;rp kaq;fpdH vd;gJ ,jd;
nghUshk;.
6.1.11 Mnuapy; copiQ:

thms;kwtH tzq;fhjhH
eP,s;kjpypd; epiyAiuj;jd;W
thspidAila nehr;rp kwtH jk; murdplk; gzpahj gifaurupd;

muzpidr; #o;e;J epd;W mt;muzpd; typikia vLj;Jf; $WtJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
kapw;fzj; jd;dhH kfpo;Njw Y}l;lf;
fapw;foyhH fz;fdy; g+g;g -vapw;fz;zhH
tPag;NghH nra;jhYk; ntd;wp aupjNuh
khag;NghH kd;dd; kjpy;.
tPuf;foypid mzpe;j copiQ kwtHf;F kapypidg; Nghd;w

fz;fisf; nfhz;l ngz;fs; fs;spisf; nfhLj;jdH.mjid
cz;likahy; fz;fs; rptf;f giftiu nty;YTk; vz;zk;
nfhz;ldH mt;thW Kad;wpbDk; nehr;rp murdpd; kjpiy
nty;Yjy; mupjhFk;.
6.1.12 Njhy; copiQ:

ntd;wp NahL Gfo;tpisf; Fk;vdj;
njhd;W te;j Njhy;kpFj; jd;W.
ntw;wpAld; GfioAk; cz;lhf;Fk; fpLFg; gilapd; ngUikiar;

nrhy;YtJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
epd;w Gfnohopa epy;yh TapNuhk;gp
,d;Wehk; itf ypopthFk;- ntd;nwhspUk;
ghz;b dpiuNjhy; gzpahH gifauzk;
Ntz;b ndspnjd;whd; Nte;J.
; z;zhb epiuj;j fpLFgilapd; Jizapdhy;

f giftupd;
muzpid nty;Yjy; vspJ vd;whd; kd;dd;.mq;qdk;
ghuhl;lg;ngw;w ehk; mjd; ngUikapidf; fhg;ghw;w
Ntz;Lk;.mjid tpLj;J epiyapy;yhj capupidg; ngupnjdf;
fUjp kjpw;Gwj;Nj jq;fpapUj;jy; ,opitj; jUk; vd;gjhk;.
6.1.13 Fw;WopiQ:
fUjhjhH kjpy;FkupNky;
xUjhdhfp ,fd;kpFj;jd;W
copiQ Nte;jd; jhd; xUtdhf jdpj;J epd;W NghHnra;J

muizf; ifg;gw;wpaJ Fw;WopiQ vdg;gLk;.jdpj;J epd;W ntw;wp
ngw;w murdpd; ngUikia nrhy;YtJ mj;JiwahFk;.
FspW Kurpdhd; nfhz;lh duzk;
fspWq; fjtpwg; ghape;j-xspWk;
mapw;Wg; gile;j tzpnaO nty;yhk;
3vapw;Wg; gilah yple;J.
copiQ Nte;jd; nehr;rpahupd; muzpid jdpj;J epd;W ntw;wp

ngw;whd;.mtDila NghH ahidfs; giftupd; muz;kid
thapypd;fz; ,Ue;j fiza kuq;fisj; jd; nfhk;Gfshy;
ngaHj;J vwpe;jd.
6.1.14 ,JTkJ:
tisQuy tapHMHg;g
kpisflj;jYk; mj;JiwahFk;.
rq;F Koq;f nfhk;Gfs; xypf;f copiQ tPuHfs; nehr;rpahupd;

fhtw;fhl;bid fle;J nrd;wdH.me;j epiyia vLj;Jiug;gJ
Fw;WopiQNa MFk;.
me;jue; NjhA tikNahq; fUkpis
ike;jH kwpa kwq;fle;J -ige;jhH
tpiukhHgpd; tpd;duy ntq;fiz J}thH
tiukhHgpd; itfpd ths;.
thdj;jpidj; njhLk; mstpw;F caHe;J tsHe;j %q;fpiy

cilaJ fhtw;fhL. mj;jifa fhtw;fhl;bidf; fle;J nrd;W
Nghupl;L nehr;rp kwtiu GwKJfpl;L Xlr; nra;jJ kwtH gil.
NkYk; mtHfspd; mk;G giftupd; khHgpy; jq;fpaJ.
6.1.15 ,JTkJ:
ghLmUe;Njhy; gilkwtH
MlnyhLmilapDk;mj;JiwahFk;
copiQ kwtH nehr;rp kwtupd; muZf;Fs; $j;jhbf; nfhz;Nl

GFe;jdH vd;gjid czHj;JtJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
epiunghwp thap ndLkjpw; #op
tiuGF Gs;spd khd-tpiugile;jhH
NtNye;J jhid tpwNyhd; tpwd;kwtH
NjhNye;jp ahl nwhlHe;J.
Ntw;gil kwtHfshy; kpFe;j ntw;wpia mile;jhd; copiQ

murd;. mtdpd; ntw;wp tPuHfs; fpLFg;gilapid ifapy; Ve;jpf;
nfhz;L kfpo;r;rpahy; $j;jhb te;jdH.mtHfs; nghwpfSk;
thapy;fSk; kjpypd; cr;rpapid tpiuthf mile;jdH.mf;fhl;rp
kiy nrd;w gwitf; $l;lj;jpid xj;Jf; fhzg;gl;lJ>
6.1.16 Gwj;JopiQ:
tpz;NlhAk; kpisfle;J
Fz;Lmfopg; Gwj;J,Wj;jd;W.
thdj;ijj; njhLk; mstpw;F caHe;J epw;gJ nehr;rp kwtupd;

fhtw;fhL. mjidf; fle;J nrd;w copiQ kwtH gifaurupd;
mfopf;fiuapy; jq;fpdH.,jid czHj;JtJ Gwj;JopiQ vd;Dk;
JiwahFk;.
Nfhs;tha; Kjiya Fz;lfop ePuhf
ths;tha; kwNte;jd; te;jpWj;jhd;-ePs;thapy;
Xq;f yuzj; njhsptisahH nta;JapHg;g
Mq;nfh yupa tkH.
Ntw;gil kwtHfshy; kpFe;j ntw;wpia mile;jhd; copiQ

murd;.Kjiyfis cila mfopf;fiuapd;fz; te;J jq;fpdhd;
copiQ kd;dd;.NkYk; mfop ePupid cz;ldH kwtHfs;. NghH
epfOk; vd;gjid mwpe;j kjpypd; cs;Ns ,Ue;j kfspH
ngU%r;R tpl;ldH.
6.1.17 ghrpepiy:
mlq;fhjhH kply;rhaf;
fplq;fpilg; NghHkiye;jd;W.
nehr;rpg; giftUila typik nfl mfopaplj;Jg; NghH Nkw;

nfhz;lijf; Fwpg;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
ehthAe; NjhzpA Nky;nfhz;L es;shjhH
XthH tpyq;fp AlyTk;-g+thH
mfop gue;njhOF kq;FUjpr; Nrw;Wg;
gfoptha; tPo;e;jhH gyH.
mfopaplj;J te;j copiQ kwtH mjid mLj;J Kd;Ndwhky;

jLj;j nehr;rp kwtH Xlk; kuj;Njhzp Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;L
Nghupl;ldH. mtHfis copiQ kwtH vjpHj;Jg; NghH
nra;jdH.mjdhy; mfopapy; giftupd; mk;gpdhy;copiQ kwtH
gyH tPoe ; ;J ,we;jdH vd;gJ ,jd; nghUshk;.
6.1.18 Vzpepiy:
njhLfoy; kwtH Jd;dpj; Jd;dhH
,L#l;L ,Q;rpapd; Vzprhj; jpd;W.
tPuf;foypidAila copiQ kwtH giftuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l

mk;Gfis VTk; miwfis cila kjpypNy Vzpiar; rhj;jpaJ.
fw;nghwpAk; ghk;Gq; fdYq; fbFuq;Fk;
tpw;nghwpAk; NtYk; tpyf;fTk;-nghw;Gila
ghzp eilg;Gutpg; gy;fspw;whH rhj;jpdhH
Vzp gyT nkapy;.
fy;nywpAk; nghwp ghk;Gk; neUg;Gk; fbFuq;Fk; tpy;

,ae;jpuKk; mapYk; ,itaidj;Jk; giftH cl;GFjhjgb
nehr;rp kwtH nra;jdH. Mdhy; copiQ kwtH mtw;iw tpyf;fp
kjpypd; Nky; Vzpiar; rhj;jpdH;.
6.1.19 vapw;ghrp:
cly;rpdj;jhH fbmuzk;
kply;rha Nky;,tHe;jd;W.
copiQ kwtH kjpypd; Nky; Vzpiar; rhj;jp VwpdH

vd;gjidf; Fwpg;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
fLKu nz/fq; fopa -mLKuz;
Mwpdh ud;wp auT KLk;Gk;Nghy;
Vwpdh Nuzp gyH.
nrq;fyhy; nra;j neba kjpiyr; #o;e;J ePq;fhuha;; copiQ

kwtH epd;wdH. mtHfs; Nky; nehr;rp kwtH nfhba Ntypid
va;jdH.mJ khHgpNygl;L cUtpg; Nghfg; gyH ,we;jdH. vdpDk;
vQ;rpNahH ghk;Gk; clk;Gk; Nghy; VzpNky; VwpdhH.
6.1.20 KJTopiQ:
Nta;gpzq;fpa kpisauzk;
gha;Gs;spd; gue;jpope;jd;W.
%q;fpy; #o;e;j fhtw;fhl;bidAila muzpy;,iufz;L ghAk;

gwitiag;Nghy; tPuH Fjpj;jJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
NfhLaH ntw;gp dpyq;fz; biufUJk;
NjhLnfhs; Gs;spd; nwhifnahg;gf; -$lhH
Kuzfj;Jg; ghw KoTj;Njhz; ks;sH
muzfj;Jg; gha;e;jpope;jh uhHj;J.
kiyapypUe;J ,iuiag; g+kpapNy fz;L ghAk; gwitapd;

FOit Nghy; khWghL jk; kdj;Nj nfl KoTNghyj; jpuz;l
NjhisAila tPuH muzplj;Jg;gha;e;J ,wq;fp Muthupj;jhH.
6.1.21 ,JTkJ:
nrUkjpNyhH rpwg;Giuj;jYk;
mUKuzhd; mj;JiwahFk;.
Nghiur; nra;Ak; vapypDs; cs;NshUila rpwg;gpidf; $wYk;
Kd;dH Fwpj;j JiwNaahFk;.
mwpahH tat ufj;jpope;j gpd;Dk;
newpahH neLkjpY NzuhH-kwpahk;
fpspnahL Neuhq; fpstpahH thl;fl;
fspAW fhkq; fye;J.
kjpyfj;J ,Ue;j nehr;rptPuH copiQ tPuH cl;GFe;jij

czuhH.NkYk; Njhw;fg; Nghtij mwpahky; NghH Nky; tpUg;gk;
nfhz;ltuha; ,Ue;jdH. ,j;jifa epiyahdJ fpspia nahj;j
nrhy;ypid cila ngz;fspd; xspapidAila fz;zpd;
ghHitahy; kfpOk; fhk Ntl;ifapid xj;J ,Ue;jJ.
6.1.22 mfj;JopiQ:
Kuz;mtpar; rpdQ;rpwe;NjhH
muz;mfj;Njhiu mkHntd;wd;W
Nfhgkpf;f copiQ kwtH vapypDs; nehr;rpahiug; Nghupy;

ntd;wJ ,j;Jiw MFk;.
nrq;fz; kwtH rpdQ;nrhupths; nrd;wpaq;f
mq;fz; tpRk;gp dzpjpfOk;-jpq;fs;
Kfj;jh uyw KfpYupQ;RQ; #op
mfj;jhiu ntd;wh ukH.
rpte;j fz;zpidAila copiQ kwtH jkJ this nehr;rpaH

Nky; nrYj;jp ntd;wdH> mjidf; fz;l jpq;fis xj;j
Kfj;jpid cila ngz;fs; mywpdH.
6.1.23 Kw;WKjpHT:
mfj;Njhd; fhiy mjpHKuR ,ak;gg;
Gwj;Njhd; ntQ;rpdg; nghypTciuj; jd;W
kjpypd; cs;s nehr;rp murdpd; KuR fhiyapy; xypf;f

Gwj;jpUe;j copiQ murd; nfhz;l Nfhgj;jpd; kpFjpiar;
nrhy;ypaJ.
fhiy Kur kjpypak;gf; fz;fdd;W
Ntiy tpwy;nta;Nah Ndhf;FjYk; -khiy
mLf kbrpnyd; wk;kjpY spl;lhH
njhLfoyhH %io JLg;G.
ehl;fhiyNa nehr;rp kd;ddpd; KuR muzpd;fz; xypg;gf;

copiQ kd;dd; fz;rpte;J Ntiy ntw;wpia
Ntz;LNthdhfg;ghHj;jhd;.murdpd; Fwpg;gwpe;j copiQ kwtH
khiyg; nghOjpw;Fs; giftupd; muzpw;Fs; NrhW rikg;Nghk;
vd;wdH. NkYk; JLg;igAk; mfg;igiaAk; kjpyfj;J vwpe;jdH>
6.1.24 ahid iff;Nfhs;:

khWnfhz;lhH kjpy;mopa
VWe;Njhl;bAk; vwpe;Jnfhz;ld;W.
gifnfhz;lhH muiz mopj;J ahidiaAk; fhtiyAk;

giftiu ntd;W iff;nfhz;lJ.
Vt ypfo;kwtH tPa tpfy;fle;J
fhtYk; ahidAq; iff;nfhz;lhd;-khtyhd;
tk;Gil nahs;thz; kwtH njhONjj;j
mk;Gil Qhap yuz;.
jd; kwtHfshy; Vw;wpg; Nghw;wg;ngWk; copiQ murd; giftupd;

kjpypid mopj;J mtHfspd; ahidapidf; iff;nfhz;lhd;.
6.1.25 Ntw;Wg;gil tuT:

nkha;jpfo; NtNyhd; Kw;Wtpl;L mfyg;
nga;jhH khHgpy; gpwd;tuT ciuj;jd;W.
copiQ murd; nehr;rp murdpd; kjpiy Kw;Wif ,l;bUe;jhd;.

mg;nghOJ nehr;rp murdpd; cjtpf;F Ntw;wurd; te;jhd; vdr;
nrhy;YtJ ,j;Jiw MFk;.
ctdpd; WWJau Ka;ahik Nehf;fp
mtndd; WyNfj;J khz;ik -,tdd;wp

kw;wpahH nra;thH kioJQ;R ePsuzk;
Kw;wpahH Kw;W tpl.
copiQ murd; nehr;rp murdpd; kjpiy Kw;Wif ,l;bUe;jhd;.

mjdhy; nehr;rp murd; Jd;gKw;whd;. mjidf; Fwpg;ghy;
czHe;j Ntw;wurd; mtDf;F cjtpf;F te;jhd;. caHe;NjhH
GfOk; Mz;ikj;jd;ikapidAila ,tdy;yJ kw;W ahtH ,J
nra;aty;yhH! NtW xUtUk; ,y;iy vd;gjhk;.
6.1.26 cOJ tpj;jpLjy;:

vz;zhH gy;vapy; fOijNaH cOtpj;J
cz;zh tunfhL nfhs;tpj; jpd;W.
giftUila gymuZk; ifg;gw;wpa copiQ murd; mjid

mopj;jJld; epy;yhJ fOijiag; G+l;b cOJ ftb> FlNthiy
Nghd;wtw;iw tpijj;jy;.
vOnjopd; khlj; jplndyh E}wpf;
fOijNaH ifnahspHNty; Nfhyh-cOjjw;gpd;
nts;tuF nfhs;tpj; jpbDk; tpspahjhw;
fs;tpuT jhuhd; fjk;.
Xtpak; vOjp ,Ue;j mofpa khspif KOJk; ,bj;Jf;

fOijNa VuhfTk; ifapy; tpsq;Fk; NtNy NfhyhfTk; nfhz;L
cOJ mjw;Fg; gpd;G ftbAk; FilNtYk; tpijj;jhd; vd;gjhk;.
6.1.27 ths; kz;Zepiy:

Gz;zpa ePupy; GiuNahH Vj;j
kz;zpa thspd; kwk;fpse;j jd;W.
caHe;NjhH Jjpf;f Gz;zpa ePuhNy ePuhl;ba thspdJ tPuj;ijr;

nrhy;ypaJ.
jPHj;jePH g+nthL nga;J jpirtpsq;ff;
$Hj;jthz; kz;zpf; nfhbj;Njuhd;-NgHj;Jk;
,bahH gizJitg;g tpk;kjpYs; Ntl;lhd;
Gilah uiwag; Gfo;.

copiQ Nte;jd; ntw;wpia cila jd;Dila thspid Gdpj
ePUk; G+Tk; nga;J ePuhl;b fsNts;tp nra;jhd;. mjd; %yk; jd;
Gfopidg; gf;fj;J ehl;bdUk; NgRk;gb nra;jhd;. vd;gjhk;.
6.1.28 kz;Zkq;fyk;:
tzq;fhjhH kjpw;FkupnahL
kzq;$ba kypGciuj;jd;W.
copiQ kd;dd; jd;idg; gzpahNjhH ehl;bidg; NghH nra;J

ngw;whd;. mjdhy; mtHfspd; muzhfpa fd;dpia kze;jhd;
vdf; Fwpg;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
vq;fz; kyu ntapw;Fkup $ba
kq;fy ehs;ah kfpo;J}q;ff;-nfhq;fyHjhHr;
nra;RlHg;g+z; kd;dtd; Nrtbf;fPo; itfpdNt
nkha;RlHg;g+z; kd;dH Kb.
kyH mzpe;j vk;Kila murd; giftiu ntd;W mtHfspd;

fd;dpahfpa muiz kze;jhd;.me;j ehspy; gifaurupd; Kbfs;
mtdpd; fhypy; nghUe;jpd.,r;nraypidf; fz;L kwtHfshfpa
ehq;fs; kfpo;e;Njhk; vd;gjhk;.
6.1.29 kfl;ghy; ,fy;:

kapw;rhay; kfs;Ntz;ba
fapw;foNyhd; epiyciuj;jd;W.
kapy;Nghd;w nkd;ikapidAila nehr;rpahupd; kfis copiQ

Nte;jd; kzk; nra;a tpUk;gpdhd; vd;w Kiwikiar;
nrhy;ypaJ.
me;jio ay;FY khlik nkd;NwhSk;
ige;jspH NkdpAk; ghuhl;bj;-je;ij
Gwkjpy; itFk; Gyk;Ng jUNk
kwkjpd; kd;dd; kfs;.
mofpa jioahw; rpwe;j ,ilapidAk; mirAk; %q;fpy;Nghd;w

nky;ypaNjhspidAk; gRe;jspHNghd;w epwj;jpidAk; nfhz;lts;
nehr;rp kd;ddpd; kfs;. mtis mila Ntz;b kjpw;Gwj;Nj
jq;fpapUe;jhid jdpikj;JaH thl;baJ vd;gjidf; $Wtjhk;.
6.1.30 jpiwnfhz;L ngaHjy;:

mLjpwy; muzj;J muRtopnkhopag;
gLjpiw nfhz;L gjpg;ngaHe; jd;W.
typik kpFe;j copiQ murd; jd;idg; gzpe;j nehr;rp murd;

je;j jpiwg;nghUisf; nfhz;L jd; ehL jpUk;gy; ,j;Jiw MFk;.
NfhLk; tapU kpirg;gf; FOkpis
Xnlup Nta Tld; Wyha;g;-ghb
caHe;Njhq; fuzfj; njhd;dhH gzpag;
ngaHe;jhd; ngUe;jifap dhd;.
copiQ murd; giftupd; muiz mopj;J ntw;wp nfhz;lhd;.

mjdhy; gifaurdhy; nfhLf;fg; ngw;w jpiwg;nghUs; nfhz;L
ehL jpUk;gpdhd;.
6.1.31 mbg;gl tpUj;jy;:

NgzhjhH kwk;fhy
Miznfhz;L mbg;gl ,Ue;jd;W.
giftH ehL jd; fPo; mbikg;gl copiQ murd; rpwpJ fhyk;

ghriwapy; jq;fp ,Ug;gJ mbg;gl ,Uj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
xd;wp atHeh nlhUtopj;jha;f; $f;Nfl;g
ntd;wp tpisah tpOkjpNyhH-vd;Wk;
gUe;jhH nrUkiyag; ghb ngauh
jpUe;jh dpfd;kwt NuW.
gif kd;dH rpdk; nfhz;L NghH Gupe;J mjpy; Njhw;W jd; fPo;
<uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf copiQ mrud; ghriwf;fz; ,Ue;jhd;
. NkYk; jdf;f mbgzpahjhH muZf;Fs; mtHfspd; gpzq;fis
cz;L kfpOkhW NghH nra;aTk; rpy fhyk; ghriwf;fz;
jq;fpapUe;jhd; vd;gJ MFk;.
6.1.32 njhifepiy:
vk;kjpypd; ,fy;Nte;jUk;
mk;kjpypd; mbmile;jd;W.
copiQ murd; jd;id vjpHj;j nehr;rp murid ntd;whd;.

mjidf; fz;l gpw giftHfSk; copiQ murdpd; mb
gzpe;jdH vd;gJ ,j; JiwahFk;.
ehty; ngaupa Qhyj; jbaile;
Njt nyjpuh jpfy;Gupe;j - fhtyH
tpd;dpd;w jhid tpwy;nta;Nahw; fk;kjpypd;
Kd;dpd; wtpe;jhH Kuz; .
copiQ murd; jd;id vjpHj;j nehr;rp murid ntd;whd;.

mjidf; fz;l ehtye;jz;nghopy; vd;Dk; ,g; gue;j
cyfj;jpd;fz; ,Ue;J gpw giftHfSk; copiQ murdpd; mb
gzpe;jdH .
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.fe;jop Fwpj;J vOJf
khcilj;jhH kzptz;zd;
Nrhcilj;j kwEtypd;W
copiQ muridj; jpUkhyhff; nfhz;L Gfo;Jiug;GJ

,j;JiwahFk;.; jpUkhy; Kd;ndhU fhyj;J khiyahw; rpwe;j
ePykzpNghd;w NkdpiaAilahd;. mj;jifa jpUkhy; Nrhntd;Dk;
muiz mopj;jhd; vdr; nrhy;tJ fe;jop vd;gjhFk;.
md;nwwpe; jhD kptdh yuz;typj;
jpd;wptd; khwh ntjpHthHahH-vd;Wk;
kilahH kzpg;g+ zilahjhH khHgpw;
Rluhop epd;nwupar; Nrh.
xspnghUe;jpa kzpfisj; jd; khHgpy; mzpe;jpUe;j gifaurdpd;

khHgpd; kPJ rf;fug; gilapid Vtpj; jPia cz;lhf;fpatd;
copiQ murd;. Kd;ndhU fhyj;J Nrhntd;Dk; muiz
mopj;jtDk; ,tNd Mthd;. vdNt ,tid vjpHj;J epw;Fk; murH
cz;Nlh? ,y;iy vd;gjhk;.
2.ghrpepiy vd;why; vd;d?
mlq;fhjhH kply;rhaf;
fplq;fpilg; NghHkiye;jd;W.
nehr;rpg; giftUila typik nfl mfopaplj;Jg; NghH Nkw;

nfhz;lijf; Fwpg;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
ehthAe; NjhzpA Nky;nfhz;L es;shjhH
XthH tpyq;fp AlyTk;-g+thH
mfop gue;njhOF kq;FUjpr; Nrw;Wg;
gfoptha; tPo;e;jhH gyH.
mfopaplj;J te;j copiQ kwtH mjid mLj;J Kd;Ndwhky;

jLj;j nehr;rp kwtH Xlk; kuj;Njhzp Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;L
Nghupl;ldH. mtHfis copiQ kwtH vjpHj;Jg; NghH
nra;jdH.mjdhy; mfopapy; giftupd; mk;gpdhy;copiQ kwtH
gyH tPoe ; ;J ,we;jdH vd;gJ ,jd; nghUshk;.
3. vapw;ghrp vd;gjid tpsf;Ff
cly;rpdj;jhH fbmuzk;
kply;rha Nky;,tHe;jd;W.
copiQ kwtH kjpypd; Nky; Vzpiar; rhj;jp VwpdH

vd;gjidf; Fwpg;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
fLKu nz/fq; fopa -mLKuz;
Mwpdh ud;wp auT KLk;Gk;Nghy;
Vwpdh Nuzp gyH.
nrq;fyhy; nra;j neba kjpiyr; #o;e;J ePq;fhuha;; copiQ

kwtH epd;wdH. mtHfs; Nky; nehr;rp kwtH nfhba Ntypid
va;jdH.mJ khHgpNygl;L cUtpg; Nghfg; gyH ,we;jdH. vdpDk;
vQ;rpNahH ghk;Gk; clk;Gk; Nghy; VzpNky; VwpdhH.
$W: 7 Jk;igg;glyk;
Nehf;fk;: Jk;igj;jpizapd; ,yf;fzk;> mtw;wpd;
7. Jk;igg;glyk;:
kw;wurH ,UtH NghHf;fsj;jpy; thif #Ljiy Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;L fLk;NghH nra;tH.,g;NghuhdJ mtHfspd; typikia
ntspg;gLj;Jtjha; mikAk;.,j;jifa Nghupid Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
kwtHfs; Jk;igg;G+tpidr; #LtH. vdNt ,j;jpiz
Jk;igj;jpiz vdg; ngaH ngwyhapw;W.
7.1 Jk;igj;jpizapd; Jiwfs;:

Jd;dUk; fLk;NghHj; Jk;ig Jk;ig mutk;
jd;dpfH ,y;yhj; jhid kwNk
ahid kwj;njhL Fjpiu kwNk
jhHepiy NjHkwk; ghzJ ghl;Nl
,UtUk; jGepiy vUik kwNk
Vk vUik E}opy; vd;wh
E}opy; Ml;Nl Kd;NjHf; Fuit
gpd;NjHf; Fuit Nga;f;Fu itNa
fspw;Wl dpiyNa xs;ths; mkiy
jhid epiyNa ntUtU epiyNa
rpUq;fhu epiyNa ctiff; fYo;r;rp
jd;id Ntl;ly; njhifepiy csg;gl
ed;nghUs; njupe;NjhH ehy;,U %d;Wk;
tz;g+e; Jk;ig tif vd nkhopg .
vd;gd Jk;igj;jpizapd; Jiwfs; MFk;.
Jk;igj;jpiz> Jk;igautk;> jhidkwk;> ahidkwk;> Fjpiu

kwk;> jhHepiy> NjHkwk;> ghz;ghl;L> ,UtUe;jGepiy> vUik
kwk;> VkntUik> E}opy;> E}opyhl;L> Kd;NwHf;Fuit >
gpd;NwHf;Fuit> Nga;f;Fuit> fspw;Wldpiy> xs;ths;mkiy>
jhid epiy> ntUtUepiy> rpUq;fhuepiy> ctiff;fYo;r;rp>
jd;idNtl;ly;> njhifepiynad ,Ugj;Jehd;Fk;
Jk;igj;jpizapd; Jiwfs; MFk;.
7.1.1 Jk;ig:
nrq;fsj;J kwq;fUjpg;
ige;Jk;ig jiykiye;jd;W.
FUjpahw; rpte;j epwj;jpid cilaJ NghHf;fsk;. mjpy;

giftiu tPo;j;j epidj;j murd; Jk;igg;G+itr; #LtJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
fhHfUjp epd;wjpUq; nfsit tpOg;gizahd;
NrhHFUjp #oh epyeidg;gg; - ghHfUjpj;
Jg;Gilj; Jk;ig kiye;jhd; WfsWrPH
ntg;Gilj; jhidnak; Nte;J .
Fw;we;jPHe;j GfopidAk; ntk;ik kpf;f gilapidAk; cilatd;

vk; kd;dd;. mtd; Nkfj;ij xg;GKoq;Fk; KurpidAilahd;
mj;jifatd; FUjp xOFk; NghHf;fsj;ij tpUk;gpdhd;.mjw;fhf
typiaAila Jk;ig khiyiar; #bdhd;@
7.1.2 Jk;ig mutk;:

nghd;Gide;j foy;mbNahd;
jd;giliaj; jiyaspj;jd;W.
tPuf;fow;fhypidAila Jk;ik murd; jdJ gil kwtHfspd;

jFjp mwpe;J mjw;Nfw;g nghUs; toq;fp kfpo;tpg;ghd;. ,J
Jk;ig mutk; vdg;gLk;.
nty;nghwpA ehLk; tpOg;nghUSe; jz;zilAk;
nfhy;fspW khTq; nfhLj;jspj;jhd; - gy;Gutp
ed;kzpj; jpz;NlH eathH jiygdpg;gg;
gd;kzpg; g+zhd; gilf;F .
etkzp khiyfs; nrwpe;j khHgpid cila Jk;ig kd;dd; jd;

giftHfis nty;yf; fUjpdhd;. mjdhy; jd; kwtHfSf;F
nty;Yjw;Fupa ,ae;jpuk;> FWehL> nghd; Nghd;w kjpg;Gs;s
nghUl;fs;> kUjepyk;> ahid> Fjpiu Nghd;wtw;iw toq;fpdhd;.
7.1.3 jhid kwk;:

jhk;gilj; jiyf;nfhs;shik
;.Xk;gLj;j caHG$wpd;W.
NghH epfOkhapd; xj;j typik cila ,Ujpwg;gilAk; jk;Ks;

nghUJ mope;j tpLtH> mjdhy; NghH Vw;glhky; fhj;jy;
,j;JiwahFk;
fOjhH gwe;jiyf; fz;Zw;Wj; jk;Ks;
,OjhHNtw; whid apfypw; - gOjhk;
nrapHfhty; g+z;nlhOFQ; nrq;NfhyhH nry;tk;
capHfht nyd;D Kiu.
murHfs; Fw;wk; ,y;yhky; fhf;Fk; nraq;Nfhd;ik nfhz;ltHfs;

MtH: ,j;jifa nrq;Nfhd;ikapd; rpwg;G capHfs; mopahky;
fhj;jy; vd;gjhFk;. mjid tpLj;J NghH Kfj;J epw;ghHfs;
Mapd; Fw;wk; ,y;yhky; fhj;jNy nrq;Nfhd;ik vd;Dk;
rhd;Nwhupd; nrhy; Fw;wKilajhFk;.
7.1.4 ,JTkJ:
g+k;nghopy; Gwk;fhtyid
Xk;gLj;jw;F cupj;njdnkhopg.
nghypTngw;w epyTyfpid MSk; murDf;F cWjpg; nghUis

ciuj;jYk; ,J;JiwahFk;.
tapHNky; tisQuy itNtYk; thSk;
nrapHNkw; fdy;tpopg;gr; rPwp - capHNkw;
gyfopA NkDk; gupkhd;NwH kd;dHf;
FyfopA NkhHj;Jr; nrapd;.
NghHf;fsj;jpy; rq;Fk; nfhk;Gk; Koq;Fk;. thl;fs; jk;Ks; Njhjpf;

nfhs;Sjyhy; neUg;Gg;nghwp gwf;Fk;.mjdhy; capHfs; gyTk;
,we;J gLk;. murd; cupa fhyj;ij Muha;e;J NghH nra;jhy;
cyfk; mopAk; vd;gjhk;.
7.1.5 ,JTkJ:
Nty;jhid kwq;$wp khw;whuJ mopgpuq;fpDk;
Mw;wpd; czupd; mj;Jiw ahFk;.
Ntw;gilapdJ jWfz;ikiar; nrhy;ypg; giftUila moptpw;F

tUe;jp ciuj;jy; ,j;JiwahFk;.
kpd;dhH rpdQ;nrhupNtd; kPspf; flw;whid
xd;dhH eLq;f Tyha;epkpupd; - vd;dhq;nfhy;
Mopj;NjH nty;Gutp az;zd; kjahidg;
ghopj;Njhz; kd;dH gil.
Xsp epiwe;j rpdj;jPapid cila Ntypid Ve;jpatd; Jk;ig

murd;. mj;jifatd fly; NghYk; gilapidj; jd;dfj;Nj
nfhz;ltd;.mg;gilahdJ giftH mQ;rp elf;Fk; gbahd
jd;ikiaf; nfhz;lJ. mt;thW mg;gil nry;Ykhdhy; giftupd;
NjHg;gil> Fjpiug;gil> ahidg;gil Mfpatw;wpd; epiy
vd;dhFNkh ? mwpNahk; vd;gjhk;.
7.1.6 ahidkwk;:
vOk;mutf; fly;jhidahd;
kofspw;wpd; kwq;fpse;jd;W.
kpFe;j Muthuj;jhy; epiwe;j fly;Nghd;w gilapid cilatd;

Jk;ig Nte;jd;. mtdJ ,sq;fspw;wpdJ kwj;ijf; $wpaJ.
mlf;fUe; jhid ayq;FjhH kd;dH
tplf;F KapU kpiraf; - flw;gilAs;
NgA nkUitAq; $w;We;jd; gpd;gluf;
fhAq; foyhd; fspW.
jLj;jw;fupa NridapidAk; Nfhit khiyapidAKilatd;

gif murd;.mtd; tPuf;foy; mzpe;j Jk;ig murDld; NghH
nra;a te;jhd;.mjdhy; Jk;ig murdpd; gl;lj;J ahid
giftupd; jirAk; capUk; jdpj;jdpahfr; rpjWk;gb
NghHf;fsj;jpy; GFe;jJ.mtw;wpid cz;gjw;fhf fOFk; $w;wKk;
mjidg; gpd; njhlHe;J te;jd.
7.1.7 Fjpiukwk;:
Vwpgilahd; ,fy;mkUs;
nrwpgilkhd; jpwq;fpse;jd;W.
Ntw;gilahy; rpwe;j Jk;ig Nte;jdpd; Fjpiug; gilapd;

ngUikapid tpje;J nrhy;Yjy; ,j;JiwahFk;.
Fe;jq; nfhLtpy; FUjpNty; $lhjhH
te;j tifawpah thskUs; - nte;jpwy;
MHfod; kd;d dyq;Fiskh ntQ;rpiy
thHfizapd; Ke;jp tUk; .
typikapid cila Jk;ig Nte;jdpd; FjpiuahdJ

NghHfsj;Jr; nrd;wJ. mg; NghHf;fsk; tpw;gilAk; Ntw;gilAk;
FUjp Njha;e;j fhyhl;gilAk; NkhJk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
mj;jifa NghHf;fsj;jpy; FjpiuahdJ tpy;ypy; ,Ue;j Gwg;gl;l
mk;GNghy; tpiue;J te;jJ.
7.1.8 jhHepiy:
Kd;vOjU giljhq;Ftd;vd
kd;dtw;F kwk;fpse;jd;W.
J}rpg;giliaj; jhd; xUtNd jLg;Ngd; vd epd;w kw

tPudpd;ngUikia vLj;Jiug;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
cWRlH thNsh nlhUfhy; tpyq;fpd;

rpWRlHKw; NgupUshq; fz;lha; - vwpRlHNtw;
Nwq;Fyhk; g+e;njupaw; NwHNte;Nj epd;NdhL
ghq;fyh kd;dH gil .
Jk;ig Nte;jNd> ehd; xsptPRk; trhNse;jp NghH nra;ag;NghNtd;.
mg;NghJ rpW tpsf;fpd; Kd; xsp nfl;L XLkhW giftHfs;
nfl;loptH vd Jk;ig tPud; kd;didg; ghHj;Jf; $wpdhd;.
7.1.9 ,JTkJ:
xUFil kd;didg; gyFil neUq;fr;
nrUtpilj; jkpad; jhq;fw;Fk; cupj;Nj.
ntz;nfhw;wf; Filapid cila Jk;ig Nte;jid gy

kd;dHfs; vjpH;j;J epd;wdH. mjidf; fz;l Jk;ig tPud; jhd;
xUtdhf mtHfis vjpHj;J epd;W ntw;wp nfhs;tJk; jhH epiy
vd;gjhFk;..
fhyhd; kaq;fpf; fjpHkiwj;j fhHKfpy;Nghy;
Ntyhd;if Nty;gl tPo;e;jdNt - Njhyh
,iyGid jz;lh upiwtd;Nky; te;j
kiyGiu ahid kwpe;J .
Jk;ig murd; Njhy;tp vd;gjidf; fhzhjtd;.mk;kd;dDld;

NghupLtjw;fhf ahidfs; neUq;fp te;jd. mtw;iw mk;kd;ddpd;
tPud; xUtd; fz;lhd;.jd; ifafj;J ,Ue;j Nty; nfhz;L
mtw;iwj; jhf;fpdhd;.mjdhy; ahidfs; ,we;J
tPo;e;jd.mj;jifa fhl;rpahdJ fjpH kz;lyj;jpid kiwj;j fupa
Nkfq;fs; fhw;why; fPoN
; kyha; epiyFiye;jjid xj;Jf;
fhzg;gl;ld.
7.1.10 NjHkwk;:
KwpkyHj;jhH taNte;jd;
nrwpkzpj;NjHr; rpwg;Gciuj;jd;W.
Jk;ig kd;ddp;d Njupd; ngUikapid tpje;J $WtJ NjHkwk;

vd;gjhFk;..
nrUkyp ntq;fsj;Jr; nrq;FUjp nts;sk;

mUKu zhop njhlu - tUkNuh
fl;lhH fko;njupaw; fhtyd; fhkHNjH
xl;lhH Gwj;jpd;Nk Y}He;J .
jk;ig khiyapid mzpe;j Jk;ig kd;ddpd; NjuhdJ
NghHf;fsj;jpy; giftiu tPo;j;jpaJ. mjd; typikahd
NjHr;rf;fuj;;jpy; rpf;fp giftHfs; mope;njhope;jdH.
7.1.11 ghz;ghl;L:
ntz;Nfhl;l fspWvwpe;J nrq;fsj;J tPo;e;jhHf;Ff;
ifty;aho;g; ghzH fld;,Wj; jd;W.
NghHf;fsj;jpy; ahidapid ntd;W rpwe;j Jk;ig kwtd;

giftHfshy; ntl;lg;gl;L tPo;e;J ,we;jhd;.mj;jifa tPudpd;
clYf;F aho;thrpf;Fk; ghzHfs; ,Wjpf;fld; nra;jJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
jsupa wha;Gjy;tH jhKz uhikf;

fsupf; fdd;Koq;f %l;b - tpsupg;gz;
fz;zpdhH ghzH fspnwwpe;J tPo;e;jhHf;F
tpz;zpdhH nra;jhH tpUe;J .
NghHf;fsj;jpy; ahidapid ntd;W rpwe;j Jk;ig kwtd;
giftHfshy; ntl;lg;gl;L tPo;e;J ,we;jhd;. ahidia vwpe;J
gl;l tPuHf;F nrhHf;fj;J cs;NshH tpUe;jpLjy; nra;jhH.mjid
jsHe;j ,ay;gpidAila mtdpd; kidtp jha; rpWtHNghd;NwhH
mwpatpy;iy.mjw;F Kd;dH ghzH neUg;ig Koq;f%l;br;
rhg;gz;izg; ghlf;fUjpdhH.
7.1.12 ,UtUk; jGepiy:

nghUgil fsj;Jmtpa
,UNte;jUk; ,fy;mtpe;jd;W.
NghHf;fsjjpy; NghH nra;j gilapuz;Lk; jk;Ks; nghUJ

mope;njhope;jJ. mjidf; fz;l kd;dHfSk; Nghupl;L
mope;njhop;e;jdH vd;W nrhy;tJ ,UtUk; jGepiy vdg;gLk;.
fha;e;J fLq;fspW fz;fdyf; if$b

Nte;j upUtUk; tpz;glu - Ve;J
nghUgil kpd;dg; Gwq;nfhlh nghq;fp
,UgilA ePqf
; h tpfy; .
7.1.13 vUik kwk;:
ntaHnghbg;gr; rpdq;fil,g;
ngaHgilf;Fg; gpd;epd;wd;W.
giftupd; gilf;Fj; Njhw;NwhLk; jd; kwtHfisf; fz;l tPud;

xUtd; rpdk; nfhz;L mg;gilfSf;F Kd; jhd; xUtdha; epd;W
giftHfspd; gil Kd;Ndwp tu ,ayhjthW NghH nra;jy;
,j;JiwahFk;.
fLq;fz; kwtd; fdy;tpopahr; rPwp
neLq;ifg; gpzj;jpil epd;whd; - eLq;fkUs;
Ms;nts;sk; NghfTk; Nghfhd;if NtY}d;wp
ths;nts;se; jd;Nky; tu .
Nghuplj;Jf; jd; gil mQ;rp XlTk; Nghfhdhfpj; jd; ifNtiy

Cd;wp> giftH thl;gil jd;NkNy tPud; neUg;Gg;Nghy; tpopj;Jf;
ahidg;gpzj;jpd; eLNt epd;whd;.
7.1.14 Vk vUik:
Filkaq;fpa ths;mkUs;
gilkaq;fg; ghopnfhz;ld;W.
kd;dHfspd; Filfs; jk;Ks; epd;W NghH nra;jw;F cupa ,lkhf

tpsq;FtJ NghHf;fsk;. mjDs; tPud; xUtd; jd; Ntypid
ahid Nky; vwpe;J gpd; jd; Njhspdhy; NghH nra;J giftiu
tPo;j;jpdhd; vd;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
kUg;Gj;Njh shf kjHtpilapw; rPwpr;

nrUg;Gfd;W nrq;fz; kwtd; - neUg;gpikahf;
iff;nfhz;l nt/fq; fLq;fspw;wpd; Nkw;Nghf;fp
nka;fn
; fhz;lhd; gpd;dU kPl;L.
NjhNs nfhk;ghff; nfhz;LvUikNaW Nghy ntFz;L
NghiutpUk;gpatPud;;>ifapNye;jpa Ntiyf; ahidNky; nrYj;jp
Kd;G ntd;wp nfhz;lJ Nghy; epuhAjdhfp epd;W cly;
typikahy; gpd;dUk; ntd;wpnfhz;lhd;.
7.1.15 gilkWj;J E}opy;

foy;Nte;jH giltpyq;fp
moy;Nty;jpupj;J Ml;LmkHe;jd;W.
giftiu ntd;w Jk;ig kwtd; jd; Ntypid NkYk; fPOk;
Row;wp kfpo;e;J MLtJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
Ml ykHe;jh dkHnta;Nahd; tPo;FlH

#ld; kiye;j Roy;fl;Nga; - kPly;
kwe;jNtd; Qhl;gpd; kiye;jtH khHgk;
jpwe;jNtw; ifapw; wpupj;J.
Jk;ig kwtd; jd; vjpHj;Jg; Nghupl;l giftHfspd; khHgpidj;
jd; Ntyhyy; gpse;jhd;. gpd; jd; Ntypid NkYk; fPOk; Row;wp
kfpo;e;J Mbdhd;. mjidf; fz;l Nga;fs; NghHf;fsj;jpy; rupe;J
tpOk; giftHfspd; Flupid khiyahfr; Rke;J nfhz;L Mbd.
7.1.16 E}opyhl;L:
fsq;fOkpa gil,upa
csq;fpopj;jNty; gwpj;JXr;rpd;W.
Jk;ig kwtd; giftHfis vjpHj;Jg; Nghupl;lhd;. mtHfs; vwpe;j

Nty; xd;W mtd; khHgpy;gha;e;jJ. me;j Ntiyg; gwpj;J giftH
NghHf;fsj;ij tpl;L XLk;gb vwpe;jJ ,j;Jiw ahFk;.
nkha;afj;J kd;dH Kuzpdp nad;dhq;nfhy;

ifafj;Jf; nfhz;lhd; foy;tpliy - nta;a
tpLRlH rpe;jp tpiuafyk; Ngho;e;j
gLRl nu/fk; gwpj;J.
Jk;ig khiyapid mzpe;jtd; Jk;ig murd;. mj;jifa Jk;ig
kwtd; giftHfis vjpHj;Jg; Nghupl;lhd;. mtHfs; vwpe;j Nty;
xd;W mtd; khHgpy;gha;e;jJ. me;j Ntiyg; gwpj;J jd;ifapy;
jhq;fpAs;shd;. ,dpg; giftH epiy vj;jd;ikj;jhFNkh? mwpNahk;
vd;gjhk;.
7.1.17 Kd;NjHf; Fuit:

vOcwo; jpzpNjhs; Nte;jd; nty;NjH
KOtyp tatH Kd;M bd;W.
typikahd fizaj;ij xj;j jpz;ikahd NjhspidAila

kd;dDila NjHKd; typikAila tPuH MbaJ.
Mdh tatHKd; dhl tkHfsj;J

thdhHkpd; dhfp topElq;Fk;- Nehdhf;
fOkzpg; igk;g+l; foy;Nte;j D}Uk;
FOkzpj; jpz;NlHf; nfhb.
Jk;ig kd;dd; tPuf;foypid mzpe;jtd;. NghH nra;jiy
tpUk;gpatd;. mtd; Vwp te;j Njupd; nfhbfs; fhw;wpy; mre;jd.
mj;Njupd; Kd;Nd Fd;whj typik cila NghH kwtH
Mbf;nfz;Nl te;jdH.
7.1.18 gpd;NjHf; Fuit:
fUq;foy; kwtnuhL nts;tis tpwypaH
ngUe;jif Njupd; gpd;M bd;W.
Jk;ig kd;dd; tPuf;foypid mzpe;jtd;.NghHnra;jiy

tpUk;gpatd;.mj;jifatd; Vwp te;j Njupd; gpd;Nd kwtUk;
tpwypaUk; Mb te;jdH.
fpisaha;e;J gz;zpa Nfs;tpaho;g; ghZk;

tisah tatUk; gpd;dhf; - nfhisaha;e;
jirtpsq;Fk; ghlnyh lhl tUNk
jpirtpsq;Fe; jhidahd; NwH.
fpiseuk;ig Muha;e;jikj;j RUjpahd;kpf;fJ aho;>mj;jifa
ahopid ,irg;gjpy; ty;ytHfs; ghz;kfspH. mk;kfspH J}f;Fjy;
Xir mike;j ghliyg; ghbdH> mjw;Nfw;g Jk;ig kwtHfs;
MbdH. mtHfspd; Kd;Nd Gfo; epWj;Jk; gilfis cila NjH
Mb te;jJ.
7.1.19 Nga;f; Fuit:

kd;dd; CUk; kwk;kpF kzpj;NjHg;
gpd;Dk; Kd;Dk; Nga;M bd;W.
murd; nrYj;Jk; typikkpf;f kzpiaAila Njupd; gpd;Gk;

Kd;Gk; Nga; MbaJ.
Kd;dUk; gpd;dUk; %upf; flw;whid

kd;d ndLe;NjH kwNdj;jp- xd;dhH
epzq;nfhs;Ngo; tha epoy;Ngh Dlq;fpf;
fzq;nfhs;Ng ahLq; fspj;J.
ngupa fly; Nghd;w giliaAila murd; nebaNjupd;
jd;ikia tho;j;jpj; Njupd;Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk;>giftuJ jirfisj;
jpd;w ngupa thapidAila Nga; epoy; Nghy mire;J
kfpo;e;J eldkhbaJ.
7.1.20 fspw;Wldpiy:
xspWv/fk; gltPo;e;j
fspw;wpd;fPo;f; fz;gLj;jd;W.
xspiaAila Nty;gLjyhd; tPo;e;j ahidapd;fPog
; ;gl;lJ.
,Wtiu tPo tpaf;fw; wtpe;j
jWfl; lifaupaupkhg; Nghd;whd;-rpWfl;
ngUq;iff; fspnwwpe;Jgpd;djd; fPo;g;gl;l
fUq;fow; nrt;Nt ytd;.
ngupakiy Kwpe;J tPog; Nghf;fw;Wg; gl;l nfhLikj;njhopd;

Nkk;ghl;bidAila rpq;fj;ij xj;jhd;@ rpwpa fz;zpidAk; ngupa
ifapidAKila Midianawpe;J gpd;dH mjd; fPo;g;gl;l typa
tPuf; foypidAk; rpte;j NtypidAk; cilatd;.
7.1.21 xs;ths;mkiy
typnfONjhs; ths;taH
xypfoyhd; cld;Mbd;W.
typik tha;e;j gifaurd; NghHf;fsj;jpy; ,we;J gl mtidr;
Rw;wp tPuHfs; thNse;jp MLtJ xs;ths; mkiy vdg;gLk;.
this gpwOq; faq;fLg;g te;jilahH
MskH ntd;wp aLfsj;Jj; - Njhs;ngauhf;
fha;e;jL Jg;gpw; fod;kwt uhbdhH
Nte;njhL nts;ths; tpjpHj;J.
fhypy; tPuf;foiy mzpe;j Jk;ig kwtH NghHf;fsj;jpy; kpFe;j
rpdj;Jld; NghH nra;jdH> mg;NghHf;fsj;jpy; typik tha;e;j
gifaurd; NghHf;fsj;jpy; ,we;J gl;lijf; fz;L mtidr; Rw;wp
tPuHfs; thNse;jp MbdH.
7.1.22 jhidepiy:
,UgilAk; kwk;gopr;rg;
nghUfsj;Jg; nghypTva;jpd;W.
,U gf;fj;Jg; gilAk; jd;idg; GfOk;gb jdp xU tPud; Nkk;gl;L

epw;gjidf; Fwpg;gJ jhidepiy vdg;gLk;.
NeuhH gilap dpiyik neLe;jif
Xuh Diwfopah ndhs;thSk;- NjuhHf;Fk;
ntk;gupkh t+He;jhHf;Fk; nty;fspw;wpd; NkyhHf;Fk;

fk;gkh epd;whd; fsj;J.
giftH gilapd; typikapidf; fz;L mQ;rhd;. jd; thspidAk;

ciwapy; ,Ue;J vLj;jhd; ,y;iy. MapDk;NjHtPuHf;Fk;
Fjpiuiar; nrYj;jpdhHf;Fk; nty;Yk; ahidapd; Nky;
,Ue;jhHf;Fk; epiyj;J}z;Nghyf; fsj;jpd;fz; epd;whd;.
7.1.23 ntUtU epiy:

tpyq;fkUs; tpayfyk; tpy;cijj;j fizfpopg;g
epye;jPz;lh tifg;nghype;j neLe;jif
epiyAiuj;jd;W.
Jk;ig kwtd; giftupd; NghHf;fsj;jpy; vjpHj;Jg; NghH Gupe;J
epd;whd;. mg;nghOJ giftupd; mk;Gfs; mt;tPudpd; khHgpy;
gha;e;jd. mt;thW gha;e;j mk;Gfs; mt;tPud; epyj;jpy;
tPohtz;zk; jhq;fpg; gpbj;jd vdr; nrhy;tJ ,j;JiwahFk;
ntq;fz; Kur jpUk; NtykUs; tpy;Yijg;g
vq;F kUjj; jpilf;Fspg;gr; - nrq;fl;
Gyth nzLe;jif g+k;nghop yhfk;
fythkw; fhj;j fiz.
KuR Koq;Fk; Ntw; NghHf;fsj;Js; rpte;j fz;zpidAk; Gyhy;
ehWk; thspidAk; ciladhfpg; ngupa jifikahw; rpwe;jtdpd;
khHgpy; gha;e;j giftHfspd; Nty;fs; mt;tPud; epyj;jpy;
tPohtz;zk; jhq;fpg; gpbj;jd.
7.1.24 rpUq;fhu epiy

gif Gfof; fple;jhid
KifKWtyhH Kaf;F mkHe;jd;W
gyUk; GfOk; Mw;wiy cila Jk;ig kwtd; NghHf;fsj;jpy;
,we;jhd;.mtid Ky;iy mUk;G Nghd;w gw;fis cila kfspH
Muj; jOtpdH vd;W nrhy;tJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
vq;fztd; vq;fztd; vd;ghH ,fy;thlj;
jq;fztd; jhHjk KiyKfg;g – ntk;fizNrH
Gz;zil khHgk; nghUfsj;J Gy;ypdhH
Ez;zpilg; NgHmy;F yhH
,we;jhd;. mtid vq;fztd; vq;fztd; ,td; vd;W
tpz;Zyfj;jpidr; NrHe;j kfspH jOt te;jdH. mtHjk;
$w;wpid Jk;ig kwtdpd; cupik kfspH khWglr; nra;jdH
vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs; MFk;.
7.1.25 ctiff; fYo;r;rp:
ths;tha;j;j tLMo;ahf;iff;
Nfs;fz;L fYo;e;Jcte;jd;W.
NghHf;fsj;jpy; thshy; tpOg;Gz; ngw;w clk;Gila
fztidf;fz;L kidtp kfpo;e;J fz;zPH tbj;jJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
nte;njhopw; $w;wK ehzpd;W ntq;fsj;J
te;j kwtHif thLkpg;gg;- ige;njhb
Mlupkh td;dhd; fplg;g tfj;Jtif
Xlupf;fzPHgh Af.
Jk;ig kwtd; giftupd; NghHf;fsj;jy; vjpHj;Jg; NghH Gupe;J
epd;whd;. mg;nghOJ giftupd; ths; mt;tPudpd; khHgpy;
tpOg;Gz;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mj;jifa Gz;Zld; NghHf;fsj;jpy;
tPo;e;J gl;lhd;.mjidf; fz;l tisay;fs; mzpe;j mtdpd;
kidtp kfpo;e;J fz;zPH tbj;jhs;.
7.1.26 jd;id Ntl;ly;:

jk;,iwtd; tpRk;Gmile;njd
ntk;Kuzhd; capHNtl;ld;W.
jd;Dila kd;dd; tpRk;igr; NrHe;jhd; vd mwpe;j tPuj;jpid
cila kwtd; jhDk; capiu tpl;lJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
thd kpiwtd; glHe;njd thLLg;gh
khdNk nea;ah kwk;tpwfhj;- NjdpkpUk;
fs;stpo; fz;zpf; foy;nta;Nahd; thskH
xs;soYs; Ntl;lh DapH.
tpz;zplj;J jd; kd;dd; nrd;whd; vd;gjid mwpe;j Jk;ig
kwtd; NghHf;fsj;jpidNa neUg;ghfTk; tPuj;jpidNa tpwfhfTk;
khd czHtpidNa nea;ahfTk; thspidNa nea;A+w;Wk;
JLg;ghfTk; nfhz;L jd; capiu Nts;tpf;Fupa nghUshfr;
nrhupe;J fs Nts;tp nra;jhd;.
7.1.27 ,JTkJ:
fha;fjpH neLNty; fztidf; fhzpa
Mapio NrwYk; mj;Jiw ahFk;.
gifia nty;Yk; NtypidAila fztidf; fhzNtz;b mtd;
,we;j NghHf;fsj;Js; mofpa mzpfyid cila kidtpAk;
Nghapdhs; vd;gJ ,j;JiwNaahk;.
fw;gpd; tpOkpa jpy;iy filapwe;
jpw;gpwg;G ehD kpilnahopa - ew;NghH
mzq;fpa ntq;fsj; jhUapiuf; fhz;ghd;
tzq;fpil jhNd tUk;.
ngz;zpw;Ff; fw;Gilikapw; rPupanjhd;wpy;iyMdhy; ,g;ngz; jd;
tPl;bd; thapypd; ePqf
; pf; Fbg;gpwg;Gk; ehzKk; jd;dplj;ijtpl;L
ePq;f gilfs; gug;gpw;fple;j jd;DapH mida fztidf;
fhzNtz;b NghHf;fsj;jpw;Fj; jdpasha; te;jhs;.
7.1.28 njhifepiy:
moptpd;W Gfo;epwP,
xoptpd;W fsj;Jxope;jd;W.
epy;yh cyfj;J epiyj;j Gfo; Ntz;b NghHf;fsj;jpy; nghUj
,UNgUk; Nte;jUk; tPuHfSk; xUq;Nf kha;e;jdH vdr; nrhy;YtJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
kz;lkHj; jpz;Nlhz; kwq;fil, kz;Gyk;gf;
fz;bus;Ntd; kd;dH fsk;gl;lhH - ngz;bH
fbnjO nre;jf
P ; fOkpdh upd;Dk;
nfhbNjfh zhHe;jpd;W $w;W.
tPuk; nrwpe;j Ntypidf; ifapy; jhq;fpatuha;g; NghHf;fsj;jpy;
NghH Gupe;j ,UngUk; Nte;jUk; xUq;Nf khz;ldH> mtHfs;jk;
kidtpaUk; neUg;gpDs; %o;fp capH Jwe;jdH. ,tHfis
vy;yhk; cz;l gpd;Dk; tapW epuk;ghky; ,Uf;Fk; $w;Wtd;
nfhbatNd Mthd;.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.Kd;NjHf; Fuit – Rl;bAiuf;f
vOcwo; jpzpNjhs; Nte;jd; nty;NjH
KOtyp tatH Kd;M bd;W.
typikahd fizaj;ij xj;j jpz;ikahd NjhspidAila

kd;dDila NjHKd; typikAila tPuH MbaJ.
Mdh tatHKd; dhl tkHfsj;J
thdhHkpd; dhfp topElq;Fk;- Nehdhf;
fOkzpg; igk;g+l; foy;Nte;j D}Uk;
FOkzpj; jpz;NlHf; nfhb.
Jk;ig kd;dd; tPuf;foypid

mzpe;jtd;.NghHnra;jiytpUk;gpatd;. mtd; Vwp te;j Njupd;
nfhbfs; fhw;wpy; mre;jd.mj;Njupd; Kd;Nd Fd;whj typik
cila NghH kwtH Mbf;nfz;Nl te;jdH.
2. rpUq;fhu epiy vd;gjid tpsf;Ff
gif Gfof; fple;jhid
KifKWtyhH Kaf;F mkHe;jd;W

,we;jhd;.mtid Ky;iy mUk;G Nghd;w gw;fis cila kfspH
Muj; jOtpdH vd;W nrhy;tJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
vq;fztd; vq;fztd; vd;ghH ,fy;thlj;
jq;fztd; jhHjk KiyKfg;g – ntk;fizNrH
Gz;zil khHgk; nghUfsj;J Gy;ypdhH
Ez;zpilg; NgHmy;F yhH

,we;jhd;. mtid vq;fztd; vq;fztd; ,td; vd;W
tpz;Zyfj;jpidr; NrHe;j kfspH jOt te;jdH. mtHjk;
$w;wpid Jk;ig kwtdpd; cupik kfspH khWglr; nra;jdH
vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs; MFk;
3.xs;ths;mkiy tpsf;fpAiu
typnfONjhs; ths;taH
xypfoyhd; cld;Mbd;W.
typik tha;e;j gifaurd; NghHf;fsj;jpy; ,we;J gl mtidr;
Rw;wp tPuHfs; thNse;jp MLtJ xs;ths; mkiy vdg;gLk;.
this gpwOq; faq;fLg;g te;jilahH
MskH ntd;wp aLfsj;Jj; - Njhs;ngauhf;
fha;e;jL Jg;gpw; fod;kwt uhbdhH
Nte;njhL nts;ths; tpjpHj;J.
fhypy; tPuf;foiy mzpe;j Jk;ig kwtH NghHf;fsj;jpy; kpFe;j
rpdj;Jld; NghH nra;jdH> mg;NghHf;fsj;jpy; typik tha;e;j
gifaurd; NghHf;fsj;jpy; ,we;J gl;lijf; fz;L mtidr; Rw;wp
tPuHfs; thNse;jp MbdH.
$W: 8 thifg;glyk;
Nehf;fk;: thifj;jpizapd; ,yf;fzk;> mtw;wpd;
8.thifg; glyk;:
NghHf;fsj;jpy; jk; typik nghUl;lhfg; nghUJk; ,UngUk;
Nte;jHfSs; xUtH ntw;wp ngw;W caHe;J epw;gJ thifj;jpiz
vdg;gLk;.thifj;jpiz kwtHfs; thifg;G+tpidr; #b NghUf;Fr;
nry;tH vd;wikahy; ,J thifj;jpiz vdg; ngaH
ngwyhapw;W.,j;jpizapy; ntw;wp ngw;wtdpd; rpwg;Gfs;
tpupj;Jiuf;fg;gLk;.ntl;rp> fue;ij vd;gd Nghd;w gpw
Gwj;jpizfisg;Nghy; ,j;jpiz NghHf;fs ntw;wpia kl;L;k;
Fwpj;J epw;gjd;W.xUtH jhd; Njhd;Wk; xt;nthU JiwapYk;
ngWk; ntw;wpAk; thifj;jpizapd;ghw;gLk; vd;gjhff;
nfhs;sg;ngWk;.
8.1 thifj;jpizapd; Jiwfs;:

rPHrhy; thif mutk;
mur thif Kur thif
kwf;fs topnahL fsNts; tpa;Na
Kd;NjHf; Fuit gpd;NjHf; Fuit
ghHg;gd thif thzpf thif
Ntshz; thif nghUe thif
mwptd; thif jhgj thif
$jpHg; ghriw thilg; ghriw
mur Ky;iy ghHg;gd Ky;iy
mita Ky;iy fzptd; Ky;iy
%jpd; Ky;iy Vwhz; Ky;iy
ty;yhz; Ky;iy fhtd; Ky;iy
Nguhz; Ky;iy kwKy; iyNa
FilKy; iynahL fz;gil epiyNa
mtpg;gyp vd;wh rhy;G Ky;iy
fpizepiy Vidg; nghUnshL Gfwy;
mUnshL ePqf
; y; csg;glj; njhif,
%d;W jiyapl;l %<H Ie;Jk;
thd;Njha; thifj; jpizaJ tifNa.
vd;gd thifj;jpizapd; Jiwfs; MFk;.
thifj;jpiz> thifautk;> murthif> Kurthif> kwf;fstop>

fsNts;tp> Kd;NwHf;Fuit> gpd;NwHf;Fuit> ghHg;gdthif>
thzpf thif> Ntshz;thif> nghUethif mwptd;thif>
jhgjthif> $jpHg;ghriw> thilg;ghriw> murKy;iy>
ghHg;gdKy;iy> mitaKy;iy> fzptd;Ky;iy> %jpd;Ky;iy>
Vwhz;Ky;iy> ty;yhz;Ky;iy> fhtd;Ky;iy> Nguhz;Ky;iy>
kwKy;iy> filKy;iy> fz;gilepiy> mtpg;gyp> rhy;GKy;iy>
fpizepiy> nghUnshL Gfwy;> mUnshL ePqf
; y; vd;W
nrhy;yg;gl;l Kg;gj;J%d;W Jiwfis cilajhFk;.
8.1.1 thif:
,iyGid thif #b ,fy;kiye;J
miyfly; jhid muRml;L MHj;jd;W.
fly;Nghd;w NridapidAila gifNte;ijf; nfhd;w thif
murd; gr;rpiy tputpj; njhLj;j thifg;g+itg; Gide;J
Muthupj;jJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
#bdhd; thifr; RlHj;njupay; #LjYk;
ghbdhH nty;Gfiog; gy;GytH - $lhH
cly;Nt yOtj; njhspjpfOk; igk;g+z;
Rly;Nt yOtj; njhspjpfSk; igk;g+z;
cly;Nte;j dl;lhHj; juL.
xspepiwe;j nghd;dhy; Mfpa mzpfyd;fis mzpe;j thif
murd; NghHf;fsj;jpy; vjpupfNshL khWghL nfhz;L NghH
nra;jhd;.giftupd; Ntw;gilahy; Mfpa muzpidf; fle;Jk;
gifauriuf; nfhd;whd;.gpd; thif khiyapid mzpe;J
Muhtupj;jhd;.
8.1.2 thif mutk;:

ntz;fz;zpAk;; fUq;foYk;
nrq;fr;Rk; jifGide;jd;W.
NghH kwtHfs; nts;iskhiyapidAk; typa tPuf;foypidAk;
rpte;j fr;rpidAk; mzpe;J Muhtupg;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
mida tkU sapy;Ngho; tpOg;Gz;
,ida tpdpf;ftiy apy;iy - Gidf
moNyh bikf;F kzq;Filthz; ike;jH
foNyhL g+q;fz;zp fr;R.
NghHf;fsj;jpy; giftupd; thspdhy; gl;l ,t; tpOg;Gz;fs;
,j;jd;ikAilathapd.,dpNky; vf;ftiyAk; ,y;iy.giftUf;F
tUj;jk; nra;Ak; thspid Ve;jpa kwtHfs;
nts;iskhiyapidAk; typa tPuf;foypidAk; rpte;j fr;rpidAk;
mzpe;J Muhtupj;jdH.
8.1.3 mur thif:

gfy;md;d tha;nkhop
,fy;Nte;jd; ,ay;Giuj;jd;W.
Efj;jbapd; gfyhzpNghd;w eLepiyr; nrhy;ypidAila
khWghl;lhw; rpwe;j kd;ddJ Nkd;ikiar; nrhy;ypaJ.
fht yike;jhd; flYyfq; fhtyhy;
Xt ywpah JaHf;Ftif - NktUQ;rHP
Ie;njhop dhd;kiw %j;jP apUgpwg;G
nte;jpww; wz;zspnak; Nte;J.
ed;ikapidAila Ie;J njhopypidAk; ehd;F Ntjj;jpidAk;
%d;W jPapidAk; g+Z}ypLtjw;F Kd;Dk; gpd;Dkhfpa
,Ugpwg;gpidAk; gifaplj;J ntt;tpa tpidapidAk; FspHe;j
mUspidA Kila vk;Kila Nte;jd; fhty; njhopypy;
rpwe;jtd;.
8.1.4 Kur thif:

Xypfoyhd; mfy;efUs;
gypngWKurpd; gz;Gciuj;jd;W.
tPuf;foypid mzpe;j thif murdpd; khspifapy; cs;s
gypiag;ngWk; KurpidAila jd;ikiag; Gfo;e;J nrhy;ypaJ.
kjpNaH neLq;Fil kd;dH gzpe;J
Gjpa Gfo;khiy Nta - epjpak;
toq;Fe; jlf;ifahd; thd;Nwha; efUs;
Koq;F kjpU KuR.
gyUf;Fk; nghUisf; nfhLf;Fk; nfhilj;jd;ik nfhz;ltd;
thif murd;. mtDila muz;kid tpz;izj; njhLk;
mstpw;F caHe;jJ. mjpy; giftiug; gyp nfhs;Sk; KuR
,Uf;fpwJ> mjid kd;dH gyUk; gzpe;J tzq;fpdH.khiyiar;
#l;bdH. Mk;KuR ,g;nghOJ caHe;j Kof;fj;jpid vOg;gpaJ.
8.1.5 kwf;fstop:
KoTwo; jpzpNjhshid
cotdhf ciukype;jd;W.
KoTNghYk; jpuz;l Njhs;fis cila kd;did cOk;
Ntshsdhf kpFj;Jr; nrhy;ypaJ.
mQ;RtU jhid aknud;D ePs;taYs;
ntQ;rpdk; tpj;jpg; Gfo;tpisf;Fk; - nrQ;RlHNtw;
igq;fl; gizj;jhl; gfl;Lot dy;fyhd;
vq;fl; filah tplH.
fz;lhUf;F mr;rj;ijj; jUtJ gil. mjid tug;ghff;
nfhz;lJ NghH nra;tjw;Fupa fsnkd;Dk; ePz;l tay;. NfhgNk
tpj;jhFk;. Gfioj;jUk; tpisf;Fk; rpte;j xspNtNy NfhyhFk;.
ngUj;j fhy;fis cila ahidNa vUjhFk;.GfNo tpis
gadhFk;. ,t;thW kd;dNd cotdha; epd;W cotpidr;
nra;fpwhd;.mt;thW kd;dd; fhj;jy; njhopiyr; nra;tjhy; vk;
Nghd;NwhUf;F tWikj; Jd;gk; ,y;iy.
8.1.6 fsNts;tp:
mLjpwy; mzq;fhu
tpLjpwyhd; fsk;Ntl;ld;W.
nfhy;Yk; typikapid cila Nga; tapwhu cz;zg; rpwe;j
typapidAila thif kd;dd; fsNts;tp nra;jJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
gpbj;jhb ad;d gpwo;gw;Ng ahuf;
nfhbj;jhid kd;dd; nfhLj;jhd;-1Kbj;jiyj;
NjhnshL tPo;e;j njhbf;if JLg;ghf
%isaQ; Nrhw;iw Kfe;J.
thif Nte;jd; NghHf;fsj;jpy; gif Nte;jiu ntl;b tPo;j;jpdhd;.
mtHfspd; jiyapidNa kplhrhfr; nra;jhd;.ifapid
mfg;igahf;fpdhd;.giftHfspd; %isahfpa Nrhw;wpid Kfe;J
Nga;fSf;ff; nfhLj;jhd;.gyfiw vd;Dk; tpisahl;Lg;
nghUspidg; Nghd;w gpwo;e;j gw;fis cila Nga;fs; mtw;iw
tpUk;gp cz;;L kfpo;e;jd.
8.1.7 Kd;NjHf; Fuit:

Ntd;WVe;jpa tpwy;gilNahd;
Kd;NjHf;Fmzq;F Mbd;W.
Giftiu ntd;W ntw;wp ngw;w thif kd;ddpd; Njupd; Kd;
Nga;fs; MbaJ Kd;NjHf;Fuit MFk;.
cyth tsQ;nra;jh D}optho; nfd;W
Gytha Gd;wiyg;Ng ahLk;-fyth
murjpu E}wp aLfsk; Ntl;lhd;
Kurjpu ntd;wNjH Kd;.
thif murd; jd;NdhL Nghupl;l gifaurupd; jiyapid ntl;b
tPo;j;jpdhd;.mjdhy; ntw;wp Kurk; Koq;fj; Njupd; Nky;
te;jhd;.mj;Njupd; Kd;dH Gyhy; ehWk; thapidAk; jiyapidAk;
cila Nga;fs; epd;W Mbd.
8.1.8 gpd;NjHf; Fuit:
ngha;foyhd; Njupd;gpd;
nkha;tis tpwypaH tatnuhLMbd;W

tPuKila thifaurdpd; Njupd; gpd;dH tpwypaUk; kwtUk;
$j;jhLtJ gpd;NjHf;Fuit vdg;gLk;.
tQ;rkpy; Nfhyhid tho;j;jp tatUk;

mQ;nrhy; tpwypaU khLgNt-ntQ;rkupy;
Fd;NwH kofspWq; $e;jw; gpbAk;Nghw;
gpd;NwHf; Fuit gpize;J.
ngha;ikapy;yhj nrq;NfhypidAila murid tzq;fp
ntw;wpapidAila tPuUk; mofpa nkhopapidAila tpwypaUk;
$j;jhb epd;wdH. NghHf;fsj;jpd;fz; jWfhz;ik cilaJ
,isa Mz;ahid. mjNdhL NrHe;J ngz;ahid epd;wJ.
mj;jifa fhl;rpahdJ NghHkwtUk; tpwypaUk; epd;wpUe;j
fhl;rpia xj;Jf; fhzg;gl;lJ>
8.1.9 ghHg;gdthif:
Nfs;tpahd; rpwg;Gva;jpahid
Nts;tpahd; tpwd;kpFj;jd;W.
caHtpid cila Ntjj;jpidf; Nfl;L epd;w ghHg;gdUs;

Nkk;gl;L epd;whd; xUtd;. mj;jifa rpwg;Gilatidg; Gfo;e;J
epw;gJ ghHg;gdthif vdg;gLk;.
Xjq; fiujto;ePH Ntyp AyfpDs;
Ntjq; fiufz;lhd; tPww

; pUf;Fk;-Vjk;
RLRlH jhdhfpr; nrhy;yNt tPoe

; ;j
tpLRlH Nts;tp afj;J.
miyfs; #o;e;j flypid vy;iyahff; nfhz;lJ ,t; cyfk;.

mf;fsj;Js; thNdhuhYk; tpUk;gg;gLk; Nts;tpf;fsk; xd;W
cz;L.mj;j ; ifa Nts;tpf;fsj;Js; ehd;F Ntjq;fisAk;
cilatdha; Nkk;gl;L epd;whd; xUtd;.,tNd Fw;wkhfpa
fhl;bid Rl;;nlupf;fpd;w neUg;gpidg; Nghd;wtd; vd;W
vy;NyhuhYk; Gfog;gLfpwhd;. mjdhy; ,t; Nts;tpf;fsj;jpy;
Nkk;gl;L epd;whd;.
8.1.10 thzpf thif:

nrWnjhopypy; Nrz;ePq;fpahd;
mWnjhopYk; vLj;Jiuj;jd;W.
nghy;yhj tpidfspy; ,Ue;J tpyfp ePz;l njhiyT nrd;wtH
tzpfH. mWtifj;njhopiyr; nra;Ak; tzpfupd; rpwg;gpid
Nkk;gLj;jpr; nrhy;tJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
cOJ gad;nfhz; nlhypepiu Nahk;gpg;

gOjpyhg; gz;lk; gfHe;J-KOJzu
Xjp aoy;topgl; Nlhk;ghj tPifahd;
Mjp tzpfHf; fuR.
epyj;ij cOJ mjd; gadhfpa tpisnghUisf;
iff;nfhs;Sjy;> Mepiufisg; ghJfhj;jy;> Fw;wkw;w
nghUs;fis tpw;wy;> fw;gjw;F cupadtw;iwf; fw;wy;>Kj;jPiag;
Nghw;Wjy;>jk; nghUisr; rPHj;J}f;fpg; gpwUf;F toq;Fjy; vd;gd
Nghd;wd mWtifj; njhopy;fs; MFk;.
8.1.11 Ntshz; thif:

Nkd;%tUk; kdk;Gfy
tha;ikahd; topxOfpd;W.
Ntshz; kf;fisg; Gfo;e;J rpwg;gpj;J ciug;gJ Ntshz;thif
vdg;gLk;.
%tU neQ;rku Kw;wp atutH
Vt nyjpHnfhz;L kPz;Liuahd;-Vty;
tOthd; topepd;W tz;lhH taYs;
cOth DyFf; FapH.
tz;Lfs; epiwe;J Muhthuk; nra;Ak; rpwg;gpidAila
Ntshz;epyj;jpy; Ntshz;ik nra;gtH Ntshsd; MtH.
mj;jifatH jdf;F Nkk;gl;l tUzj;jhuha; tpsq;Fk;
murH>me;jzH> tzpfH Nghd;Nwhuhy; tpUk;gg;gLgtuha; ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.mtHfshy; nrhy;yg;gLk; Ntiyfis tpUk;gpr;
nra;gtuha; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.jdf;nfd ePjpE}y; tFj;j tpjpfis
tpUk;gpr; nra;gtuha; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
8.1.12 nghUe thif:

GfnohL ngUik Nehf;fp ahiuAk;
,fo;jy; Xk;Gvd vLj;Jiuj; jd;W.
cyfpy; xUtUf;Fg; Gfo; cz;lhFk;.mjidg; gpwNuhL

xg;Gikg;gLj;jp ciug;gH> mjdhy; gpwH jkf;F xg;gp;y;iy vd;W
vz;zp eifahLtH. mt;thW gpwiu ,fo;jiyj; jtpHj;jy;
Ntz;Lk; vdr; rhd;NwhH mwpTiu toq;fy; nghUethif vd;Dk;
JiwahFk;.
nts;sk;Nghw; whid tpae;J tputhiu
vs;sp AzHj ypay;gd;W-njs;spahH
MWNk yhwpagp dd;wpj;jq; iff;nfhs;shH
ePWNkw; g+j;j neUg;G.
fhl;lhw;W nts;sj;jpidg; Nghy; ngUk;gilapid cilNahk;

vd;W jk;ikj;jhNk tpae;J kfpo;tH>mjdhy; jd; khw;wuhiu
Fiwj;J kjpg;gpLtH> mt;thW vilNghly; rpwe;j kd;dupd;
,ay;gd;W. ey;y mwpTila khe;jH %ba neUg;ig Kw;Wk;
Mw;wpa gpd;dd;wp jkJ ifapy; Ve;jkhl;lhHfs;.
8.1.13 mwptd; thif:

Gfo;Ety Kf;fhyKk;
epfo;Gmwpgtd; ,ay;Gciuj;jd;W.
%d;W fhyj;jpidAk; czUk; Mw;wy; cilatH mwptH.
mtHfspd; ,ay;gpid vLj;Jiuj;J rpwg;gpj;jy; mwptd; thif
vdg;gLk;.
,k;% Tyfp dpUs;fbA kha;fjpHNghy;
mk;%d;W Kw;w twpjyhw;-wk;kpd;
cwoh kaq;fp AwopD nkd;Wk;
gpwoh ngupNahHtha;r; nrhy;.
fPoc
; yfk;> eL cyfk;> Nky; cyfk; vdg;ngWk; %d;W
cyfq;fspd; ,UisAk; Nghf;Fk; Mw;wy; cilaJ QhapW.mJ
Nghy ,wg;G> epfo;T> vjpHT vd;Dk; Kf;fhyj;jpYk; epfOk;
epfo;tpid mwpe;J czHj;Jk; Mw;wy;ngw;wtHfs; mwptH
vdg;gl;ldH.,dpf;Fk; ghy; Gspj;jy;> gfy; ,Ushjy; Nghd;W
khwhjd $l khWk;. MapDk; rhd;Nwhuhfpa ngupNahupd; tha;ik
khwhJ vdf; Fwpj;jy; mwptd;thif vdg;gLk;.
8.1.14 jhgj thif:

jhgj KdptH jtj;njhL Kaq;fp
XTjy; mwpah xOf;Fciuj; jd;W.

jtj;jpid Nkw;nfhz;L thOk; KdptHfs; jk;xOf;fj;jpd;W
gpwohJ tho;tH vd;W czHj;;JtJ jhgj thif vdg;gLk;.
ePHgyfhd; %o;fp epyj;jir,j; NjhYB,r;
NrhHril jhor; RlNuhk;gp-CuilahH
fhdfj;j nfhz;L flTs; tpUe;Njhk;gy;
thdfj; Ja;f;Fk; top.
ePupDs; gyfhYk;%o;fp ,Uj;jy;> epyj;jpil fplj;jy;> ril
Gidjy;> Nts;tpj; jPapidg; ghJfhj;jy;>CUf;fs; tUif
Gupahik> fpoq;F> fha; Nghd;wtw;iw cz;zy;> fhl;by; fpilf;Fk;
nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L ,iwtidAk; JwtpaiuAk; Nghw;wy;
vd;gd jhgjw;F cupa xOf;fq;fs; MFk; vdr; rpwg;gpj;jy; jhgj
thif vdg;gLk;.
8.1.15 $jpHg; ghriw:

$w;Wmidahd; tpad;fl;^Hf; $jpHthd; Jsptoq;f
Mw;whik edpngUfTk; mapy;Ntyhd; mspJwe;jd;W.
giftHf;Ff; $w;Wtid xj;j murd; ghriwaplj;Jf;

$jpHfhyj;Jj;jq;fpapUe;jhd; vdf; Fwpg;gJ $jpHg;ghriw vdg;gLk;.
ftiy kWfpw; fLq;fz; kwtH

ctiynra; $iu nahLq;fj; - Jtiynra;
$jpH eypaT Ks;shd; nfhbj;Njuhd;
%jpd; klthz; Kaf;F.
Nkfq;fs; kioj;Jspfisj; rpjWk; $jpHfhyk; vd;gJ murdpd;
jdpikj;Jaiu kpFtpf;Fk; fhyk; MFk;. mj;jifa fhyj;Jk;
murd; jd; jdpikj;Jaiug; ngupnjdf; fUjhky; NghH Nehf;fk;
cilatdha; ghriwf;fz; ,Ue;jhd; vd;W ciug;gJ
$jpHg;ghriw vdg;gLk;.
8.1.16 thilg; ghriw:

nte;jpwyhd; tpad;ghriw Nty;tatH tpjpHnga;j
te;Jyha;j; JaHnra;Ak; thilaJ kypGiuj;jd;W.
ntw;wpia cila thif muridAk; kwtHfisAk; tUj;Jk;
thilf;fhw;wpd; jd;ikiar; nrhy;YtJ thilg;ghriw vdg;gLk;.
thil eypa tbf;fz;zh Nlhzir

Xil kofspw;wh Ds;shd;nfhy; - Nfhly;
KifNah lyk;tu Kw;nwupNghw; nghq;fpg;
gifNahL ghriwA shd;
ntw;wpia cila murDk; mtDila gil tPuHfSk;
ghriwf;fz; jq;fpapUe;jdH.mtHfis thilf; fhw;whdJ
tUj;jpaJ. mjidf; fz;l kd;dd; khtL NghYk; fz;zpidf;
nfhz;l jd; kidtpapd; Njhs; Nru tpUk;gjtdha; giftH Nky;
rpdk; nfhz;L ghriwf;fz; jq;fp ,Ue;jhd;.
8.1.17 mur Ky;iy:

nrUKid clw;Wk; nrQ;RlH neLNty;
,Uepyk; fhtyd; ,ay;Gciuj; jd;W.
ngUk; gifia tUj;Jk; rpte;j Nrhjpahw; nghype;j neba
NtypidAila ngupa Gtpiaf;fhf;Fk; murd; jd;ikiar;
nrhy;ypaJ.
nrapHf;f zpfohJ nrq;Nfh Yaup
kapHf;fz; Kur Koq;f - capHf;nfy;yhk;
eht yfyplj;J Qhap widadha;f;
fhtyd; Nrwy; fld; .
kapuhy; kpf;f fz;zpidAila tPuKuR xypg;gFw;wj;jpd;
ghijapy; nry;yhJ kDePjpia caHj;jp vy;yhTapHf;Fk;
ehtye;jPtpd;fz; fjputid xj;J elj;jy; Nte;jd; Kiwik
MFk; vdr; nrhy;tJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
8.1.18 ghHg;gd Ky;iy:

fhd;kypAk; eWe;njupay; foy;Nte;jH ,fy;mtpf;Fk;
ehd;kiwNahd; myk;ngUFk; eLTepiy ciuj;jd;W.
murHfsplj;J cs;s khWghl;bis ePf;fp re;J nra;tpf;Fk;

ghHg;gdHfspd; rpwg;gpidr; nrhy;tJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
xy;nydPH Qhyj; JzHNth tpOkpNj
ey;ypir Kr;nre;jP ehd;kiwNahd; -nry;yYk;
ntd;wd;wp kPsh tpwy;Nte;jH ntk;gif
giftH Nky; gilnaLj;Jr; nry;Yk; murH mg;giftiu

nty;yhJ kPz;L tUthH ,y;iy mj;jifa murHfsplj;Jr; re;J
nra;tpf;f xUtd; nrd;whd;. mtd; rpwe;j Gfopid cilatd;.
Kj;jP tsHg;gtd;.ehd;F Ntjq;fisAk; KOikAk; fw;wtd;.
mj;jifatd; J}jhfr; nrd;wikahy; mt;turHfs; ntk;
gifapdp;d;W kPz;ldH. mjid tpLj;J xUtiu xUtH Njhy;tp
milar; nra;J kPz;byH> mJNt flyhy; #og;ngw;w me; epy
cyfpy; mwptpd; rpwg;Gilik MFk;.
8.1.19 mita Ky;iy:

eitePq;f eLT$Wk;
mitkhe;jH ,ay;Gciuj;jd;W.
Fw;wk; nfl eLT epiyikapy; epd;W nrhy;Yk; mitf;fsj;Jr;

rhd;NwhH jd;ikiar; nrhy;ypaJ.
njhiltpil a+ohj; njhiltpil Jd;dpj;
njhiltpil a+opit Njhyhj; - njhilNtl;
lopgl yhw;w ywpKiwNad; 3nwl;bd;
topglHjy; ty;y jit .
tof;F vd te;Jiug;Nghuplj;Jf; Nfs;tpfis vOg;gp mjw;fhd

tpilapidg; ngWjy; Ntz;L:k;.gpd;dH mtw;iwj; jd; mwptpd;
Jiznfhz;L Muha;e;J mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.gpd; tpdh> tpil.
nghUj;jKw mike;j Kiw Nghd;wtw;iw Muha;e;J Kbtpidf;
$wy; Ntz;Lk;.Njhy;tpiaAk; ntw;wpiaAk; mtw;wpw;F cupa
Kiwapy; ntspg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.mj;jifa jd;ikapy; mike;J
vz;tifg; gz;GfSf;F Vw;gr; nrhy;tJ vJNth mJNt
rhd;Nwhupd; mitf;fsr; rpwg;ghFk;.
8.1.20 fzptd; Ky;iy:

JzpGczUk; njhy;Nfs;tpf;
fzptdJ Gfo;fpse;jd;W.
fhyj;jpidf; fzf;fpl;L Muha;e;J $Wk; fzptdpd;

ngUikapidr; nrhy;tJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
Guptpd;wp ahf;ifNghw; Nghw;Wt Nghw;wpg;
guptpd;wpg; gl;lhq; fwpaj; - jpuptpd;wp
tpz;zpt; Tyfk; tpisf;Fk; tpisnty;yhk;

fz;zp Aiug;ghd; fzp .
kdpjH xt;nthUtUk; jd; clk;gpidg; Ngzpf; fhj;Jg; NgZtH.

mjidg; Nghd;W fw;f Ntz;ba E}y;fisf; fw;Wg; Nghw;Wjy;
vd;gJ mwptdpd; flik MFk;.mtd; ,t;Tyfpd;fz; thOk;
kf;fs; cz;ikia czHe;J nfhs;Sk; gb fzpj;Jf; $Wgtd;
Mthd;.mjd;gb tpz;zpYk; kz;zpYk; elg;gtw;iw jtWjy;
,d;wp fzf;fpl;L Muha;e;j ciuf;Fk; jd;ik cilatNd
fzpad; Mthd;.
8.1.21 %jpd; Ky;iy:

mly;Nty; MltHf;F md;wpAk; mt;,y;
kltud; kfspHf;Fk; kwk;kpFj; jd;W.
giftiuf; nfhy;Yk; NtypidAila tPuHf;F kl;Lkd;wp me;j

kwf;Fbapy; klg;gj;jpidAila ngz;fSf;Fk; rpdj;ijr;
rpwg;gpj;jJ.
te;j gilNehdhs; thapd; Kiygwpj;J
nte;jpw ny/fkpiwf;nfhsP, - Ke;ij
Kjy;tHfw; whd;fhl;b %jpd; klths;
Gjy;tidr; nry;nfd;whs; NghHf;F .
kwf;Fbapy; gpwe;j ngz; xUj;jp jd; murNdhL khWgl;L te;j

gifg;gilapidf; fz;L nghWf;fhky; rpdk; nfhz;lhs;. cld;jd;
jd; gps;is ghYz;Zk; jd; khHgpid mtd; thapypUe;J vLj;J
mtd; ifapy; Nty; nfhLj;Jg; Nghupy; nrd;W ,we;J Nghd jd;
Kd;Ndhupd; eLfw;fisf; fhl;b ePAk; giftiu mopf;fr; nry;Yk;
mk; kwtHfNshL NghUf;Fr; nry;thahf vd mDg;gp itj;jhs;.
8.1.22 Vwhz; Ky;iy:

kwf;Fbapd; caHT kpf;f rpwg;gpid caHj;jpr; nrhy;tJ
Vwhz;Ky;iy vdg;gLk;.
khW,d;wp kwk;fdYk;
Vwhz;Fb vLj;Jciuj;jd;W.
kwf;Fbapd; caHT kpf;f rpwg;gpid caHj;jpr; nrhy;tJ

Vwhz;Ky;iy vdg;gLk;.
fd;dpd;wh nde;ij fztd; fsg;gl;lhd;
Kd;dpd;W nkha;atpe;jh nud;idaH - gpd;dpd;W
ifNgha;f; fizAijg;gf; fhtyd; NkNyhb
va;Nghw; fple;jhndd; NdW.
fy;ypNy nghUe;jpepd;whd; vd; jfg;gd;@ vd; fztd;

NghHf;fsj;jpy; ,we;jhd;.giftH Kd;Ndepd;W vjpHj;Jg; g+rypNy
tpOe;jhH vd; cld;gpwe;NjhH.vd; kfNdh jd; Nrid nflTk;
nflhNj gpd; epd;W jd; mk;igr; nrYj;jpg; gifaurd; NkNy
NghUf;Fr; nrd;whd;. giftupd; mk;Gfs; mtd;Nky; gha;e;jikahy;
Ks;sk;gd;wp Nghy; NghHf;fsj;jpy; tPo;e;J fple;jhd;.
8.1.23 ty;yhz; Ky;iy:

,y;Yk; gjpAk; ,ay;Gk; $wp
ey;yhz; ikia eykpFj; jd;W.
kwtdpd; ,y;iyAk; CiuAk; ,ay;gpidAk; vLj;Jr; nrhy;yp

mofpa Mz;ikj; jd;ikia ed;ikngUfr; nrhy;ypaJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
tpd;Kd; fiznjupAk; Ntl;ilr; rpWrpwhH
Kd;Kd; KaYfS Kd;wpw;Nw - kd;Kd;
tiukhHgpd; Ntd;%o;f thsOte; jhq;fp
ciukhiy #bdh D}H .
Nte;jd; Kd;ghf epw;Fk; ,k;kwtd; kiyNghYk; khHgpid

cilatd;. giftHfspd; thl;Nghupidj; jLj;J epWj;jpa
ngUikia cilatd;.mjdhy; giftuhy; vwpag;ngw;w
thl;gilapidj; jd; khHgpy; ngw;w Gfo; khiyapidr;
#batd;.,td; thOk; Cupy; cs;s Ntl;Ltr; rpWtHfs;
tpy;ypid vLg;gjw;F Kd;ghf mk;gpd; $Hikia Muha;tH.
mtHfSf;F Kd;ghf Kay;fs; gha;jw;F ,lkha Kw;wq;fs;
fhzg;gLk;.
8.1.24 fhtd; Ky;iy:

jto;jpiu Koq;Fk; jz;fly; Ntypf;
fko;jhH kd;dtd; fhty;kpFj; jd;W.

miyfs; Muthupf;Fk; fliy vy;iyahf cila cyfj;jpy;
kzk; epiwe;j khiyapidAila murdpd; ghJfhj;jiyr;
rpwg;gpj;Jf; $WtJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
ngUk;g+l; rpWjifg; nga;kk

; yHg; ige;jhHf;
fUq;foy; ntz;Filahd; fhty; - tpUk;ghd;
xUehz; kbap Dyfpd;Nk dpy;yh
jpUehy; tifah upay;G .
ngupa Mguzj;jpidAk; ey;Nyhuplj;Jj; tzf;fj;jpidAk;
kyupl;Lj; njhLj;j khiyapidAk; tPuf;foypidAk; cilatd;
murd;.mj;jifatd; ehL fhj;jy; njhopiyr; rpwg;Gwr; nra;fpwhd;.
ehL fhj;jy; njhopy; Ntz;lhdhfp xU ehs; ,Ug;gpDk; ,t;
cyfpy; tho;fpd;w vz;tifj; jd;ikfis cila rhd;NwhHfspd;
jd;ikAk; mtHfis tpl;L ePqF; k; vd;gjhk;.
8.1.25 ,JTkJ:
jf;fhq;Fg; gpwH$wpDk;
mj;Jiwf;F cupj;jhFk; .
nghUe;Jk; tifahd; gpwH nrhy;ypDk; Kd; $wg;gl;l Jiwf;F

cupikAilj;J MFk;.
Cwpd; WtifAs; itf TapNuhk;gp

Mwpnyhd; whdh jspj;Jz;L - khwpd;wp
thd;fhty; nfhz;lhd; topepd;W itfYk;
jhd;fhty; nfhz;l wFk; .
xU ehl;bid MSk; murd; Fw;wkpd;wp ehl;bidf; fhj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; tpz;zpy; cs;s jd; je;ijtopapy; ehl;bidf;
fhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; Mwpy; xU gq;fpid tupahff;
nfhs;sy;Ntz;Lk;. mg;nghUl;fisg; gpwHf;Fk; nfhLj;J jhDk;
EfHjy; Ntz;Lk;. jdJ fhtypd; fPo; cs;s vy;yh capHfSk;
kfpo;r;rpapy; jpisf;Fk;gb Ml;rp Gupjy; Ntz;Lk;.
8.1.26 Nguhz; Ky;iy:

csk;Gfy kwNte;jd;
fsq;nfhz;l rpwg;Gciuj;jd;W.
murd; xUtd; jd; khw;whiu ntd;W NghHfsj;jpidj; jdjhf;fpf;
nfhs;Sk; jd;ikiaf; $WtJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
Ve;Jtl; lhid apupa Tiwfopj;Jg;
Nghe;Jthz; kpd;Dk; nghUrkj;J - Nte;jH
,Uq;fsp ahid apdkpupe; Njhlf;
fUq;foyhd; nfhz;lhd; fsk; .
fhypy; tPuf;foypid mzpe;j thif kd;did vjpHj;J epd;w

kwtHfs; xsptPRk; thspid NghHf;fsj;jpy; Ve;jpg; NghH nra;jdH.
mt;thW NghH nra;j kd;dHfis thif Nte;jd; GwKJfpl;L
XLkhW nra;J NghHf;fsj;jpidj; jdjhf;fpf; nfhz;lhd;.
mtw;Wld; giftupd; ahidf; $l;lj;jpidAk; mfw;wpdhd;.
8.1.27 kwKy;iy:
nts;ths; Nte;jd; Ntz;baJ <aTk;
nfhs;sh kwtd; nfhjpg;Gciuj; jd;W .
ntw;wp nghUe;jpa thspidAila kd;dd; kwtHf;Fj; jhd;

tpUk;gpaijf; nfhLf;f tpUk;gpdhd;. mjid Vw;Wf;nfhs;shj
tPudJ rpdj;jpidf; $wpaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
tpd;dtp NwhshDk; Ntz;ba nfhs;nfd;Dk;
fd;dtp wpz;Nlhl; foyhDk; - kd;dd;Kd;
xd;wh doy;tpopah nths;ths; tyNde;jp
epd;wh ndba nkhope;J .
tpy; Ve;jpa Gaj;jpidAila murDk; kwtHfsplk; ePq;fs;

tpUk;gpdtw;iw eP nfhs;fntd;W $wpdhd;. mk;kwtHfSs;
nghUspid tpUk;ghJ epd;w xUtd; kiyapid xj;j jpz;ikahd
Njhspid cilatd;.tPuf;foypidf; fhypy; mzpe;jtd;.mtd;
jdJ fuj;jpy; thspid Ve;jpf; nfhz;L giftHfis
nty;yNtz;Lk; vdf; $wpepd;whd;.
8.1.28 Fil Ky;iy:

nkha;jhq;fpa Kotypj;Njhs;
nfha;jhuhd; FilGfo;e;jd;W.
Nghupidj; jLj;J epwj;Jk; Mw;wy;nfhz;l Nte;jd; jd;khHgpy;
mofpa khiyapid mzpe;jtd;. mj;jifa rpwg;gpid cila
Nte;jdpd; Filr;rpwg;gpid tpae;J $WtJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
NtAs; tpRk;G tpsq;F fjpHtl;lk;
jha Gfohd; wdpf;Filf;Fj; - Njhak;
vjpHtoq;F nfhz;% tpilNgho;e;j Rw;Wf;
fjpHtoq;F khkiy fhk;G .
rpwe;j Gfopid cila thif Nte;jdpd; FilahdJ ,izaw;w

rpwg;gpidj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;like;jjhFk;.mjd; Nky; mike;j
NghHitahdJ thdk; MFk;. xsptPRfpd;w QhapW xsp
tl;lkhFk;.epoiyg; nghopAk; NkfkhdJ ,ilapy; tplg;gl;l
ERw;Wj; jhkk; MFk;.jpq;fSk; QhapWk; Rw;wp tUfpd;w
NkUkiyNa fhk;ghFk;.
8.1.29 fz;gil epiy:

kz;nfhz;l kwNte;jd;
fz;gilepiy kype;jd;W.
khw;whhpd; ehl;bid ntd;W iff;nfhz;l rpdk; kpf;f kd;dd;

cwf;fj;ij kpFj;jJ.
nfhq;fyHjhH kd;dUq; $l;lsg;gf; $w;wzq;Fk;
ntq;fjpHNtw; wz;nlupay; Nte;jw;Fg; - nghq;Fk;
Gdyhil ahSk; GidFilf;fPo; itff;
fdyh JapNyw;w fz; .
jpiwnfhlhj Nte;jUk; jpiwnfhLf;f> vkid tUj;Jk;

xspNtypidAk; FspHe;j khiyapidAk; cila murdpd;
ntz;nfhw;wf; Filf;fPo; flyhfpa GilitiaAila epykfSk;
jq;Fjyhy; mtdpd; fz;fs; rpdj;jhy; rptj;jiy tpLj;J
cwf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ld.
8.1.30 mtpg;gyp:
nts;ths; mkUs; nrQ;NrhW my;yJ
cs;sh ike;jH capHg;gyp nfhLj;jd;W.

njspe;j thl;Nghupid cila NghHf;fsj;jpd;fz; NghH nra;Ak;
kwtHfs; gpwtw;iwg; ngupnjd vz;zhJ nrQ;Nrhw;Wf;flid
epidj;Jf; nfhz;L NghH nra;J capiug; gypahff;
nfhLg;gH.me;epiyNa capHg;gyp vdg;gLk;.
rpwe;j jpJntd;dr; nrQ;NrhW tha;g;g
kwe;jU thsk nud;Dk; - gpwq;foYs;
MUap nud;D ktpNtl;lh uhq;f/jhy;
tPupanua; jw;ghy tPL .
NghHf;fsj;jpd;fz; NghH nra;j tPu kwtHfs;

nrQ;Nrhw;Wf;flDf;fhfg; NghH nra;jiy rpwe;j xOf;fkhfg;
Nghw;wpdH> vdNt NghHf;fsj;jpid neUg;ghff; fUjp mjDs; jk;
capupid mtpg;gypahff; nfhLj;jdH.mj;jifa nrayhdJ
mtHfs; Jwf;f cyfpid mila VJthapw;W.
8.1.31 rhy;G Ky;iy:

thd;NjhAk; kiymd;d
rhd;NwhHjk; rhy;Gciuj;jd;W.
thdj;ij vl;Lk; kiyapidnahj;j rhd;NwhHfspd;

rpwg;gpay;Gfis vLj;Jiug;gJ rhy;G Ky;iy vdg;gLk;.
ciwahH tpRk;gp Dthkjp Nghy
epiwah epyTj yd;wpf; - Fiwahj
tq;fk;Ngho; Ke;ePH tsk;ngwpDk; NtwhNkh
ntz; rq;F NghYk; J}a;ikapidg; ngw;w rhd;NwhHfs; thdpy;

tpsq;Fk; KOkjp NghYk; epiwTldha mikjpiag; ngw;wtHfs;
MtH. mj;jifa rpwg;GilatHfs; kuf;fyj;jpidg; gpsf;fpd;w
fly; NghYk; nry;tk; ngwpDk; jk; ,ay;gpy; ,Ue;J
khwkhl;lhHfs;.
8.1.32 fpizepiy:
jz;giz tay;cotidj;
njz;fpiztd; jpUe;JGfo;fpse;jd;W.
FspHr;rp nghUe;jpa ed;nra; epyj;jpy; cOJ tpijg;gtHfs;

NtshsH.mtHfs; Nkyhd Gfopidg; ngw;wtHfs; MtH. mtHfspd;
Gfopid fpiz nfhl;Lgtd; vLj;Jiug;ghd;. mjidf; $WtJ
fpizepiy vd;Dk; JiwahFk;.
gfLtho; nfd;W gdptaY shik

mfLNgh yq;fl; llhupj; - JfLilj;Jf;
Fd;WNghw; NghHtpw; FUrpy; tsk;ghl
,d;WNgh nkq;fl; fplH .
FspHr;rp ngUe;jpa epyj;jpd;fz; tho;tJ Mik MFk;. mjd;
tapw;iwg; NghYk; fz;zpid cila jlhupg; giwapd; J}rpidj;
Jilj;jhd; fpiztd;. gpd; VH tho;f! vdg; ghbdhd;.mjd; gpd;dH
Fd;iwg;Nghy; caHe;J tpsq;Fk; itf;fg;Nghupid cila
NtshsHfspd; tsj;jpidg; ghbdhd;. mjdhy; ,d;Nw vk; tWik
vy;yhk; ePq;fpg; NghFk; vdf; $wpdhd;.
8.1.33 nghUnshL Gfwy;:

itafj;J tpioTmWj;J
nka;aha nghUs;eae;jd;W.
itafj;jpy; cs;s ngha;aha nghUs;fspd; kPjhd gw;wpid
tpLj;J nka;aha nghUs;fspd; Nky; gw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
vd;W vLj;Jiug;gJ nghUNshL Gfwy; vdg;gLk;.
Mkpdp %g;G kfd;w jpsikAk;

jhkpdp NehAe; jiytUk; - ahkpdp
nka;iae;J kPJ}u itfhJ Nky;te;j
Iiae;J kha;t jwpT .
tho;tpy; ,dpikiaj; jUk; ,sikg;gUtk; fope;jJ. ,dp %g;G
te;jikAk; NehAk; te;jikAk;. Mjyhy; ,dp nka; Kjyhfpa
Ie;J nghwpfspd; topg;gl;L epw;wiy xopj;J nka;g;nghUisg; gw;w
Ntz;Lk;
Iiae;jhtd :
nka;> tha;> fz;> %f;F> nrtp - QhNde;jpupaq;fs; Ie;J
;epyk;> ePH> jP> fhw;W> Mfhak; - g+jq;fs; Ie;J
CW> Rit> xsp> ehw;wk;> Xir - jd;khj;jpiufs; Ie;J
tha;> if> fhy;> vUtha;> fUtha; - fd;Nke;jpupaq;fs; Ie;J
kdk;> Gj;jp> rpj;jhk;> mfq;fhuk; - me;jf;fuzk; ehd;F
capH – xd;W
,iw – xd;W
8.1.34 mUnshL ePq;fy;:
xypfly; itafj;J
eypTfz;L eag;Gmtpe;jd;W.
flyhy; #og;ngw;w ,t; cyfk; Jd;gj;jpidj;
jUtjhFk;.mj;Jd;gj;jpid czHe;J ,t; cyfpd; kPJ cs;s
Mirapid tply; Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt mUNshL ePq;fy; vdg;gLk;.
faf;fpa Nehatha;f; ifapfe;J ek;ik

,af;fpa ahf;if apwhKd;-kaf;fpa
gl;glh itFk; gad;Qhy ePs;tiy
cl;glhk; Nghj YWk;.
capiuf; fyf;Ffpd;w gy;NtW Neha;fspd; ,Ug;gplkhfj; jpfo;tJ
,t; cly; MFk;. mJ capupd; topg;glhJ nghwpapd; topg;ghLk;
jd;ik nfhz;lJ MFk;. mjdhy; tpisAk; ey;tpid> jPtpid
vd;gd ek;ik mLj;j gpwtpapy; gpwtpahfpa tiyapy; rpf;f
itf;Fk;.vdNt ,t; cly; mopAk; Kd;dNu ,t; capUf;F cWjp
NrHf;Fk; ey;ydtw;iwr; nra;jy; ed;ndwpf;fz; NrHf;Fk; topahFk;
vd;W ciuj;jy; mUNshL mfwy;; vd;gjhFk;.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.ghHg;gdthif – Fwpj;Jiu
Nfs;tpahd; rpwg;Gva;jpahid
Nts;tpahd; tpwd;kpFj;jd;W.
caHtpid cila Ntjj;jpidf; Nfl;L epd;w ghHg;gdUs;
Nkk;gl;L epd;whd; xUtd;. mj;jifa rpwg;Gilatidg; Gfo;e;J
epw;gJ ghHg;gdthif vdg;gLk;.
Xjq; fiujto;ePH Ntyp AyfpDs;

Ntjq; fiufz;lhd; tPww
; pUf;Fk;-Vjk;
RLRlH jhdhfpr; nrhy;yNt tPo;e;j
tpLRlH Nts;tp afj;J.
miyfs; #o;e;j flypid vy;iyahff; nfhz;lJ ,t; cyfk;.
mf;fsj;Js; thNdhuhYk; tpUk;gg;gLk; Nts;tpf;fsk; xd;W
cz;L.mj;j
; ifa Nts;tpf;fsj;Js; ehd;F Ntjq;fisAk;
cilatdha; Nkk;gl;L epd;whd; xUtd;.,tNd Fw;wkhfpa
fhl;bid Rl;;nlupf;fpd;w neUg;gpidg; Nghd;wtd; vd;W
vy;NyhuhYk; Gfog;gLfpwhd;. mjdhy; ,t; Nts;tpf;fsj;jpy;
Nkk;gl;L epd;whd;.
2.fz;gil epiy tpsf;Ff
kz;nfhz;l kwNte;jd;
fz;gilepiy kype;jd;W.
khw;whhpd; ehl;bid ntd;W iff;nfhz;l rpdk; kpf;f kd;dd;
cwf;fj;ij kpFj;jJ.
nfhq;fyHjhH kd;dUq; $l;lsg;gf; $w;wzq;Fk;

ntq;fjpHNtw; wz;nlupay; Nte;jw;Fg; - nghq;Fk;
Gdyhil ahSk; GidFilf;fPo; itff;
fdyh JapNyw;w fz; .
jpiwnfhlhj Nte;jUk; jpiwnfhLf;f> vkid tUj;Jk;
xspNtypidAk; FspHe;j khiyapidAk; cila murdpd;
ntz;nfhw;wf; Filf;fPo; flyhfpa GilitiaAila epykfSk;
jq;Fjyhy; mtdpd; fz;fs; rpdj;jhy; rptj;jiy tpLj;J
cwf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ld.
3. Nguhz; Ky;iy Fwpj;Jiuf;f
csk;Gfy kwNte;jd;
fsq;nfhz;l rpwg;Gciuj;jd;W.
murd; xUtd; jd; khw;whiu ntd;W NghHfsj;jpidj; jdjhf;fpf;
nfhs;Sk; jd;ikiaf; $WtJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
Ve;Jtl; lhid apupa Tiwfopj;Jg;

Nghe;Jthz; kpd;Dk; nghUrkj;J - Nte;jH
,Uq;fsp ahid apdkpupe; Njhlf;
fUq;foyhd; nfhz;lhd; fsk; .
fhypy; tPuf;foypid mzpe;j thif kd;did vjpHj;J epd;w

kwtHfs; xsptPRk; thspid NghHf;fsj;jpy; Ve;jpg; NghH nra;jdH.
mt;thW NghH nra;j kd;dHfis thif Nte;jd; GwKJfpl;L
XLkhW nra;J NghHf;fsj;jpidj; jdjhf;fpf; nfhz;lhd;.
mtw;Wld; giftupd; ahidf; $l;lj;jpidAk; mfw;wpdhd;.
4.thifj;jpizapd; nra;jpfisj; njhFj;Jiuf;f.
ghlg;gFjpapy; Rl;lg;gl;Ls;s thifj;jpiz Fwpj;j nra;jpfis

vLj;J vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;.
gpupT - 3
$W: 9 ghlhz;glyk;
Nehf;fk;: ghlhz;jpizapd; ,yf;fzk;> mtw;wpd;
9.ghlhz;glyk;:
Mz;kfdpd; caHe;j xOfyhWfisg; Gfo;e;Jiug;gJ
ghlhz;jpiz vdg;gLk;. ,jid ghL + Mz; + jpiz =
ghlhz;jpiz vdf; Fwpg;gH.me;epiyapy; xUtUila nfhilik>
Mz;ik>Mw;wy;> typik Nghd;w ,d;dgpw rpwe;j xOfyhWfs;
,jDs; Gfo;e;Jiuf;fg;gLk; vd;gJ njupatUk;. ,j;jpizf;nfd
jdpj;j G+ VJk; njhy;fhg;gpauhy; Fwpf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,j;jpiz
iff;fpis vd;Dk; mfj;jpizf;Fg; Gwdha jpizahFk;.
9.1 ghlhz;jpizapd; Jiwfs;:

ghlhz; ghl;Nl thapy; epiyNa
flTs; tho;j;njhL g+it epiyNa
guprpy; JiwNa ,ad;nkhop tho;jN
; j
fz;gil epiyNa Japnyil epiyNa
kq;fy epiynahL tpsf;F epiyNa
fgpiy fz;zpa Gz;zpa epiyNa
Nts;tp epiynahL nts;sp epiyNa
ehL tho;j;njhL fpizaJ epiyNa
fstop tho;j;Nj
tPwW
; ,dpJ ,Ue;j ngUkq; fyNk
FLkp fise;j Gfo;rhw;W epiyNa
kzkq; fyNk nghypTkq; fyNk
ehz;kq; fyNk guprpy; epiyNa
guprpy; tpilNa Ms;tpid Nts;tp
ghzhw;Wg; gilNa $j;juhw;Wg; gilNa
nghUehw;Wg; gilnahL tpwypahw;Wg; gilNa
thAiw tho;jN
; j nrtpawp TW}cf;
Filkq; fynkhL thz;kq; fyNk
kz;Zkq; fyNk Xk;gil Vidg;
Gwepiy tho;j;Jk; csg;glj; njhif,
mkuHfz; KbA mWtif ahfpa
nfhbepiy fe;jop ts;sp FzQ;rhy;
Gytiu mtHtapd; Gfo;e;jhw;Wg; gLj;jy;
Gfo;e;jdH guty; gopr;rpdHg; gzpjy;
epfo;e;j fhkg; gFjpAs; Njhd;wpa
iff;fpis tifAk; ngUe;jpiz tifAk;
ey;Jdp etpd;w ghlhz; ghl;Lk;
flTs; gf;fj;J NkNdhH gf;fj;Jk;
kltuy; kfspH kfpo;e;j gf;fKk;
khjH kfpo;e;j FotpAk; Cupd;
fz;Nz Njhd;wpa fhkg; gFjpnahL
Mhq;f MWvz; gFjpg; nghUSk;
ghq;Fw ciug;gJ ghlhz; ghl;Nl.
ghlhz; jpizahdJ thapy;epiy> flTs; tho;j;J> g+it
epiy> guprpy; Jiw> ,ad;nkhop tho;j;J> fz;gil epiy>
Japnyil epiy> kq;fy epiy> tpsf;F epiy> fgpiy fz;zpa
Gz;zpa epiy> Nts;tp epiy> nts;sp epiy>ehL tho;j;J>
fpizaJ epiy> fstop tho;j;J>ngUkq;fyk;>FLkp fise;j
Gfo;rhw;Wepiy>kzkq;fyk;> nghypTkq;fyk;>ehz;kq;fyk;>
guprpdpiy> guprpy;tpil> Ms;tpid Nts;tp>ghzhw;Wg; gil>
$j;juhw;Wg;gil>nghUehw;Wg; gil>tpwypahw;Wg; gil>thAiw
tho;j;J> nrtpawp TW}c> Filkq;fyk;>thz;kq;fyk;>
kz;Zkq;fyk;> Xk;gil>Gwepiy tho;j;J> mkuHfz; KbAk;
mWtifahfpa nfhbepiy> fe;jop> ts;sp>Gytiu mtHtapw;
Gfo;e;jhw;Wg; gLj;jy;>Gfo;e;jdH guty;> gopr;rpdHg;gzpjy;>
iff;fpis tif> ngUe;jpiz tif> ghlhz; ghl;L> flTl;
gf;fj;J NkNdhH gf;fj;Jk; kltud; kfspH kfpo;e;j gf;fKk; khjH
kfpo;e;j FotpAk; Cupd; fz;Nz Njhd;wpa fhkg; gFjpnahL
Mq;f Mnwz; gFjpg; nghUSk; ghq;Fw ciug;gJ
ghlhz;gFjpapd; Jiwfs; MFk;.,t;thW ghlhz;ghl;L Kjyhff;
fhkg;gFjp <whfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l ehw;gj;njl;Lk; ghlhz;jpizAk;
JiwfSkhFk;.
9.1.1 ghlhz; ghl;L:

xspAk; Mw;wYk; Xk;gh <ifAk;
mspAk; vd;wpit Ma;e;Jiuj; jd;W.
Gfo;> typ> nfhil> fUiz Mfpatw;wpy; rpwe;J epw;Fk;

xUtdpd; jd;ikfis Muha;e;J mtw;iwg; GytH Gfo;e;Jiug;gJ
ghlhz;ghl;L vdg;gLk;.
kd;dH klq;fd; kiwatH nrhd;khiy
md;d eilapdhHf; fhuKjk;- Jd;Dk;
guprpyHf;F thdk; gdpkyHg; ige;jhH
vuprpdNtw; whidnaq; Nfh.
murHgyHf;Fk; rpq;fk; Nghd;wtd;> me;jzHf;Fg;

Gfo;khiyahdtd;> md;dk;Nghd;w eilapid cila kfspHf;F
epiwe;j mkpo;jk;Nghd;wtd; vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; murd; jd;id
ehb tUk; guprpyHf;F ,yiy vd;W $whky; kioNghy;
nfhLg;gtd; vd;wikahy; ,J ghlhz;ghl;L Mapw;W.
9.1.2 thapy; epiy:

Gutyd; neLq;fil FWfpa vd;dpiy
futpd;W ciunadf; fhtyHf;F ciuj;jd;W.
murDila neba thapiyf; mile;j Gytd; jd; tutpid

kiwtpd;wp murDf;Fr; nrhy;nyd thapy;fhtyDf;Fr;
ehl;ba tha;nkhop ehg;GytH ey;ypir
<l;ba nrhy;yh dptndd;W - fhl;ba
fhaNyhq; nf/fpikf;Fq; fz;zhH nfhbkjpy;
thapNyha; thap tpir.
muz;kid thapypid NghHj;njhopypy; rpwe;j NghHtPuHfs; gyH

fhty; fhj;jdH> mf;fhtyHfisf; fz;l Gytd; xUtd;
mtHfisg; ghHj;J> cq;fSila murd; ,t; cyfpy;
nka;ikahfpa nkhopfis cila murHfshy;
ghuhl;lg;ngw;wtd;.mj;jifa rpwg;gpidg; ngw;w cd;idg; Gfo;e;J
ghba nkhopfis cila Gytd; xUtd; cd; thapyplj;Nj
epw;fpd;whd; vd vd; tutpid kd;ddplk; $Wthahf! vdg; Gytd;
ciuj;J epd;whd;.
9.1.3 flTs; tho;j;J:

fhty; fz;zpa foNyhd; ifnjhOk;
%tupy; xUtid vLj;Jiuj; jd;W.
g+kpiaf;fhj;jyhfpa njhopiyr; nra;Ak; murd; xUtdhy;

tzq;fg;gLk; mup> mad>; mud; vd;Dk; %tUs; xUtiu
caHj;jpr; nrhy;ypaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
ita kfis abg;gLj;jha; itafj;jhH
ca;a cUtk; ntspg;gLj;jha; - nta;a
mLe;jpw yhop autizah nad;Wk;
neLe;jif epd;idNa ahk;
xUtuhYk; msf;f ,ayhj ngUikapid cilatd; jpUkhy.;

mj;jifa jpUkhy; epykfisj; jd; jpUtbapy;
mlf;fpatd;.cyfj;jhH ca;tpjw;fhfj; jd; cUtkhfpa
jpUNkdpiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;J mUspdtd;.rf;fug;gilapidf; ifapy;
Ve;jpatd;.ghk;gizapd;Nky; gs;sp nfhz;ltd;. ,j;jifa
rpwg;Gfis cila jpUkhiyg;Nghy; ePAk; cyfpy; fhj;jy;
njhopiyr; nra;fpd;wha;!ehq;fs; mj;jpUkhiy tho;j;JNthk;.
9.1.4 g+it epiy:

fwit fhtyd; epwndhL nghuP,g;
GwTmyH g+itg; g+g;Gfo;e; jd;W.
Mdpiuiaf; fhj;j khatd; jpUTUNthL ctkpj;Jf;

fhl;blj;jFk;; fhahk;g+itg; Gfo;e;jJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
g+it tpupAk; GJkyupw; g+q;foNyha;
ahit tpOkpa ahKzNuk; - NkthH
kwj;njhL ky;yH kwq;fle;j fhis

epwj;njhL NeHjUjyhd;.
tPuf;foypid mzpe;j Nte;jNd! giftupd; tPuj;jpidAk;

ky;yHfspd; tQ;rj;jpidAk; ntd;wtd; jpUkhy;. mtdpd;
cUtj;jpid xj;jpUg;gJ fhahk;G+. mk;khatdpd; cUtj;jpid
xj;jpUf;Fk; fhak; G+g;NghYk; rpwe;j nghUs; ,t; cyfj;jpy;
vt;tplj;jpYk; ,Ug;gjid mwpNahk; ahk;‟? vd;gjhk;.
9.1.5 guprpw;Wiw:
kz;zfq; fhty; kd;dd; Kd;dH
vz;zpa guprpy; ,Jntd ciuj;jd;W.
kz;Zyfj;jpidf; fhf;Fk; njhopiyAila murd; Kd; nrd;w

,utyd; jhd; tpUk;gpa nghUs; ,Jntdf; fUjpaij ,Jntdr;
Rl;br; nrhy;ypaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
tupir fUjhJ thd;Nghw; wlf;iff;
FuprpdP ey;fahq; nfhs;Sk; - guprpy;
mLfs khHg;g tkNuhl;bj; je;e
gLfsp ehy;tha;g; gfL.
Nkfk; NghYk; ts;sy;jdikapid cila murNd! eP

NghHf;fsj;Jr; nrd;W Nghupy; ntd;W giftHfspd;
ngUk;nghUspidf; iff;nfhz;lha;. mt;thW nfhz;l nghUs;fis
cq;fs; juj;jpid Muha;e;J ghuhJ nfhLf;fk; ts;sy;jd;ik
nfhz;ltd; eP> vdpDk; eP nfhz;l nghUs;fSs;
kjf;fspg;gpidAk; njhq;Fk; iffisAk; cila ahidapid
ehd; grprhfg; ngw tpUk;GfpNwd; vd;gjhk;.
9.1.6 ,ad;nkhop tho;j;J:

,d;NdhH ,d;dit nfhLj;jhH ePAk;
md;NdhH Nghy miknakf;F <nfd
vd;NdhUk; mwpa vLj;Jiuj; jd;W.
cd;Dila Kd;NdhH nfhLj;jijg; NghYk; ePAk; nfhLg;ghahahf!

vd ciug;gJk; murDila ,ay;gpid vLj;Jiug;gJk;
,j;JiwahFk;.
Ky;iyf;Fj; NjU kapYf;Fg; NghHitAk;

vy;iyePH Qhyj; jpirtpsq;fj; - njhy;iy
,uthk yPe;j tpiwtHNgh dPAk;
futhk yPif fld;.
vkf;F ,j;jifa nghUspid toq;Fthahf! vd tpdthjtplj;Jk;

Ky;iyf;Fj; NjupidAk; kapYf;Fg; NghHitapidAk;
toq;fpdHKd;NdhH. mjd;top jk; Gfopid ,t; cyfpd;fz;
epWj;jpdH> mk;kd;dHfisg;Nghy; ePAk; vjidAk; kiwf;fhky;
vkf;F toq;FjNy ck;Kila flikahFk; vdf; Fwpg;gJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
9.1.7 ,JTkJ:
kay;mW rPHj;jp khd;NjH kd;dtd;
,ay;Ng nkhopapDk; mj;Jiw ahFk;.
kaf;fkw;w kpf;f Gfopid cilatd; murd;.mj;jifatd;

Fjpiufs; G+l;lg;ngw;w Njupid cilatd; vd murdpd;
,ay;gpid vLj;Jiug;gJk; ,j;JiwahFk;.
xs;th skU SapNuhk;ghd; whdPaf;
nfhs;thH eLtl; nfhilNahk;ghd; - nts;ths;
fopahNk kd;dH fjq;fhw;Wk; Ntyhd;
xopahNk Nahk;G KyF.
Xs;spa thspidj; jd; ,ilapy; nfhz;l vk; murd;

NghHf;fsj;jpy; jd; thspid ciwapy; ,Ue;j vLf;fhkNy
giftiug; gzpa itf;Fk; Mw;wy; ngw;wtd;.,j;jifa rpwg;gpid
cila vk; murd; thl;Nghupy; jd; capupidg; ngupnjd
vz;zhjtd;.mwnewp tOthky; ehl;bidg; ghJfhj;J tUgtd;
vd ciuj;jy; ,j;JiwahFk;.
9.1.8 fz;gilepiy:
neLe;NjHj; jhid ePWgl elf;Fk;
fLe;NjH kd;dtd; fz;gil kype;jd;W.
caupa Njupid cila murd; giftHfs; J}shfpr; rpjWk;gb

nra;J Xlr; nra;jtd;.mjdhy; gifapd;wp ,dpNj cwq;fpdhd;
vd ciug;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
Nkyh upiwakUz; kpd;dhH rpdQ;nrhupAk;
Ntyhd; tpwd;Kid ntd; wlf;fpf; - Nfhyhw;
nfhba Tyfpw; FWfhik naq;Nfhd;
fbaj; JapNyw;w fz;.
rpdj;jPiag; nghopAk; Ntw;gilapidf; nfhz;l murd; mjd;

typikahy; giftiu ntw;wp nfhz;lhd;. jdJ nrq;Nfhypidf;
nfhz;L nfhba nray;fs; ,t; cyfpy; epfohtz;zk;
fhj;jhd;.Mjdhy; mtDila fz;fs; ,dpnjd cwf;fj;jpid
Nkw;nfhz;ld vd ciug;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
9.1.9 Japnyilepiy:
mLjpwd; kd;diu mUspa vOnfdj;
njhLfoy; kd;didj; Japy;vLg; gpd;W.
nfhy;Yk; typapidAila gif Nte;jHf;F mUsy; Ntz;Lk; vd

kwtH tPuf;foy; mzpe;j kd;did JapypypUe;J vOg;Gjy;
,j;JiwahFk;.
mse;j jpiwah ufyplj;J kd;dH
tse;jUk; NtNyha; tzq;ff; - fse;jaq;fg;
g+kyHNkw; Gs;nshypf;Fk; ngha;if#o; jhikiuj;
J}kyHf;f Nzw;f Japy;.
Ntw;gilapid cila Nte;jNd! gifaurH gyUk;

jpiwg;nghUspidf; nfhz;L te;J epd;idf; fz;L tzq;f
epd;Ws;sdH. vdNt ngha;ifapy; kyUk; jhkiu kyupid xj;j
epd; fz;dfs; cwf;fj;jpdpd;W vOtdthf! vd vOg;Gjy;
,j;JiwahFk;.
9.1.10 kq;fyepiy:
fq;Fy; fidJapy; vOe;Njhd; Kd;dH
kq;fyk; $wpa kypTciuj; jd;W.
,uTg; nghOjpy; cwf;fj;jpy; Mo;e;j murd; tpbfhiyg;nghOjpy;

tpopj;njOe;jhd;. mt;turdpd; Kd; epd;NwhH NkYk; Mf;fk;
cz;lhfl;Lk; vd tho;j;jp epw;gH. ,jid vLj;Jiug;gJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
tpz;Ntz;bd; Ntwhjd; kq;fyk; Nte;jHf;F
kz;Ntz;bd; if$g;gd; kq;fyk; - ngz;Ntz;bd;
Jd;dd; klthHf;F kq;fyk; Njhyhg;NghH
kd;dd; tiuGiuA khHG.
,t; cyfpd;fz; thOk; murHfs; tpz;Zyfj;jpid tpUk;GtH.

vk;Kila muridg; gifj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; tpz;Zyfjjpid
milayhk.; ,kkz;Zyfpid Ms tpUk;gpdhy; vk; muridj;
njhOJ mk;kq;fyj;jpidg; ngwyhk;.klg;gj;jpid cila
ngz;fs; ngz;ikg;Ngw;iw tpUk;GtH> mj;jifatHfs;
Njhy;tpawpahj vk; kd;dpd; kiy xj;j khHgpidj; jOtpdhy;
mk;kq;fyj;ij milayhk; vd;gjhk;.
9.1.11 ,JTkJ:
kd;dpa rpwg;gpd; kq;fy kugpy;
Jd;dpdd; vd;wYk; mj;Jiw ahFk;.
epiyngw;w rpwg;gpid cila murhl;rpapid xUtd; kuGupikahy;

kl;LNk milaKbAk; vd ciug;gJk; ,j;JiwahFk;.
jPz;bAq; fz;Lk; gapw;wpAe; jd;nrtpahy;
Ntz;bAq; fq;Fy; tpbaYk; - <z;ba
kq;fy kha EfHe;jhd; kwkd;dH
giftiu NghHf;fsj;jpy; ntd;w murd; ,uT KOikAk; jd;

fhjypNahL ,Ue;jhd;. jPz;b ,d;gk; milAk; jd;ikadtw;iwj;
jPz;b ,d;gk; mile;jhd;.fz;L ,d;gk; mila Ntz;batw;iwf;
fz;L ,d;gk; mile;jhd;.nrhy;Yjw;F cupadtw;iwr; nrhy;yp
,d;gk; mile;jhd;.Nfl;L ,d;gk; ngWtdtw;iwf; Nfl;L ,d;gk;
mile;jhd;.,t;thwhf Ik;nghwpfSf;Fk; cupa ,d;gj;jpid
mile;jhd; vdf; Fwpg;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
9.1.12 tpsf;F epiy:

msg;gUq; fly;jhidahd;
tpsf;Fepiy tpupj;Jciuj;jd;W.
msj;jw;fupa fly;Nghd;w ngupa gilapid cila murdpd; xsp
nghUe;jpa tpsf;fpd; rpwg;gpid vLj;Jiug;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
tspJue;j fz;Zk; tye;jpupahg; nghq;fp
xsprpwe; Njhq;fp tuyhy; - msprpwe;J
ed;ndwpNa fhl;L eye;njup Nfhyhw;F
ntd;ndwpNa fhl;Lk; tpsf;F.
jd; Filapd;fPo; thOk; kf;fSf;Ff; nfhLj;jy; njhopypy; FiwT

glhjtd; murd;. mtd; jd; nrq;Nfhy; jpwj;jhy; ed;ndwpapd;top
Ml;rp elj;Jgtd;. mj;jifa rpwg;gpid cila murDila
jpUtpsf;F kpFjpahd fhw;W vOe;j NghJk; tyJGwkhfr; rod;W
xsp kpFe;J vOk;.mj;jifa jd;ikahy; murDf;F ntw;wp
tpistjidNa vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk;.
9.1.13 ,JTkJ:
mlmtpH igk;g+z; Nte;jd; jd;idr;
RlNuhL nghUtpDk; mj;Jiw ahFk;.
nghd; jfl;lhy; rpwe;J tpsq;Fk; vk; murd; fjputDf;F

xg;ghdtd; vd murid nghUNshL xg;gpl;L ciug;gJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
nta;Nahd; fjpHtpupa tpz;Nk nyhspnay;yhk;
ikahe; njhLq;fp kiwe;jhq;F - itafj;Jf;
$j;jit Naj;Jq; nfhbj;Njuhd; $bagpd;
Ntj;jitAz; ikahf;Fk; Nte;J.
$j;jHfshy; Gfog;gLk; Nte;jd; ngupa Njupid

cilatd;.mj;jifa rpwg;gpid cila murd; mitf;fsj;Nj
te;jilthd;.mjdhy; mitapd;fz; tPww ; pUe;j Vida murHfs;
jk; xspia ,og;gH. ,J QhapwhdJ thdpy; jd; xspiag; gug;g
Vida Nfhs;fs; xspapoj;jiy xj;jjha; mike;jJ.
9.1.14 fgpiyfz;zpa Gz;zpaepiy

mz;zy; ehd;kiw me;jzh sHf;Ff;
fz;zpa fgpiy epiyciuj; jd;W.

jiyikahy; rpwe;j ehd;F Ntjj;jpidAKila me;jzHf;Ff;
nfhLf;ff; fUjpa gRtpdJ rpwg;gpidr; nrhy;ypaJ.
gUf;fhKQ;nrk;nghd;Dk; ghHg;ghH Kfg;gf;
FUf;fl; fgpiy nfhLj;jhd; - nrUf;Nfh
bbKurj; jhid apfypupa ntq;Nfhd;
fbKurq; fhiy nra.
,bNghy; Koq;Fk; Kurpid cila gifaurupd; kfpo;r;rp

khWghL milAk; tz;zk; ek; murdpd; Kurk; Koq;fpaJ>
,t;thW KuR Koq;Fk; mjpfhiyapy; gUj;j kzpfisAk; rpte;j
nghd;idAk; me;jzHfs; jhkhf Kfe;J nfhz;ldH.rpwe;j Kfk;
cila gRf;fis vk; Nte;jd; me;jzHfSf;Fj; jhdkhf
toq;fpdhd;.
9.1.15 Nts;tpepiy:
me;jkpy; Gfohd; mkuUk; kfpor;
nre;jP Ntl;l rpwg;Gciuj; jd;W.
Kbtpy;yhj Gfopid cila murd; NjtHfSk; kdkfpOk;

tz;zk; nra;j Nts;tpapd; rpwg;gpidr; nrhy;ypaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
Nfs;tp kiwNahH fpiskfpo;j nyd;tpag;ghk;
Nts;tp tpwy;Nte;jd; whd;Ntl;g - ePs;tpRk;gpd;
<He;jh upikNahU nka;jp aoy;thahy;
MHe;jhH Kiwah ytp.
giftiu ntd;w ntw;wpr; rpwg;gpid cila ek; Nte;jd; jPia

vOg;gp Nts;tpiar; nra;jhd;. mjidf; fhz thDyfj;jpy;
thOk; <u khiyapid mzpe;j NjtHfSk; te;jpUe;jdH.mtHfs;
jkf;Fupa Kiwahy; jPahfpa thapdhy; mtpg;gypia cz;ldH.
mj;jifa rpwg;G kpf;f Nts;tpiaf; fz;l Nts;tpapy; rpwg;Gkpf;f
me;jzf; FLk;gj;jpdH kfpo;jy; tpag;ghNkh!
9.1.16 nts;spepiy:
JaHjPug; Gay;jUnkd
caHnts;sp epiyciuj; jd;W.

cyf khe;jH Jd;gk; ePq;Fk;gb kioiaj; jUtJ Nkfk;. me;j
kioapd; epiyapid nts;spiaf; nfhz;L mwpayhk;. mj;jifa
rpwg;Gila nts;spf; Nfhspd; rpwg;gpid vLj;Jiug;gJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
#o;fjpH thd;tpsq;Fk; nts;sp RlHtpupaj;
jho;Gay; nts;se; jUkNuh - #o;Gutpj;
NjHtpw;whH jhq;fpj; jpfo;e;jpyq;F NtNyha;epd;
khHtpw;whH Nfhyp kio .
kpfr; rpwg;G kpf;f Fjpiufs; G+l;ba NjupidAk; typa

tpy;ypidAk; cilatd; gifaurd;. mj;jifa murd;
Njhy;tpAWk;gbahf ntw;wpiag;ngw;w Nte;jNd! QhapW Kjypa
Nfhs;fs; tykhf ,aq;FtJ thdk;. mj;jifa rpwg;Gila
thdj;jpid jd; xspahy; ,aq;fr; nra;tJ nts;sp vDk;
Nfhs;.mjDila xspahdJ thdpy; gutpaJ> mjdhy; fupa
NkfkhdJ epyj;jpid Nehf;fpj; jho;e;jJ.mk;Nkfk; epd; khHgplj;Nj
fhzg;gLk; khiyapidg; Nghy; ePHg;nghoptpidj; je;jJ. mjdhy;
epyTyfk; KOtJk; nts;sk; ngUfpaJ.
9.1.17 ehL tho;j;J:

jhs;jho; jlf;ifahd;
ehl;lJ tsk;ciuj;jd;W.
jd; Koq;jhSf;F fPo; ePz;L njhq;Fk; iffis cilatd;

murd;. mtDila ehL tsk; kpf;fJ. mj;jifa ehl;bd;
tsj;jpid kpFtpj;Jr; nrhy;tJ ehL tho;j;J vdg;gLk;.
vz;zp dplnul;L kpd;wp taw;nre;new;
fz;zpd; kyuf; fUePyk; - tpz;zpd;
tifj;jha; tsndhL itfpd;W ntd;Nty;
ntw;wpahy; rpwe;j NtypidAk; khiyfisAk; mzpe;j murdpd;

ehL kpfg;ngWk; rpwg;Gfis cilaJ MFk;. mJ vl;Ltifahd
Jd;gq;fSk; ,y;yhky; jpfo;tJ MFk;.taypy; nre;ney;NyhL
ngz;fspd; fz;fs; Nghd;w fUq;Ftis kyHfSk; kyHe;J
fhzg;gLk;.NkYk; ,d;gepiyapy; thDyfj;jpid xj;Jf;
fhzg;gLtNjhL epiyahd nry;tj;jpidAk; cilajha;
mike;jJ MFk;.
9.1.18 fpiz epiy:
jpUf;fpsUk; mfd;Nfhapy;
mupf;fpiztd; tsk;ciuj;jd;W.
ehs;NjhWk; nry;tk; ngUFk; murdpd; muz;kidapy; ,Ue;J

ngUk;nghUisg; ngw;whd; fpiztd;. mtdJ rpwg;gpidr;
nts;sp Kisj;j tpbay; tay;ahik
ms;sfl;l ld;d tupf;fpiz - ts;spNahd;
Kd;fil jl;bg; gfLtho; nfd;dhKd;
vd;fil ePq;fpw; wplH.
nts;sp vd;Dk; NfhshdJ thdj;jpy; Njhd;Wk;

itfiwg;nghOjpy; nfhilj;jd;ikapy; rpwe;j murdpd; khspif
thrypy; te;J epd;Nwd;.taypy; thOk; Mikapd; fz;fis xj;Jf;
fhzg;gLk; jljupg; giwapidf; nfhl;bNdd;.murdpd; gl;lj;J
aid tho;tjhf vdg; ghlf; fUjpNdd;. Mdhy; mjw;F
Kd;ghfNt vd;Dila tWikj; Jd;gk; vy;yhk; vd;id tpl;L
ePq;fpaJ.
9.1.19 fstop tho;j;J:

nrq;fsj;Jr; nrOQ;nry;tk;
ntz;Liwaho;g; ghzHtpsk;gpd;W.
murd; NghHf;fsj;jpy; khw;whiu ntd;W ngUk; nry;tj;jpidf;

ifg;gw;wpdhd;. mjid ntz;Liwg; ghliyg; ghLk; aho;g;ghzH
tpje;J ghbdH vd;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
<z;b naUit apwFsUk; ntq;fsj;J
Ntz;bahq; nfhz;l tpwy;Ntok; - Ntz;lhs;
tisfs; tapupak;Gk; thl;lhid Nte;Nj
tpisfl; gfHths; tpiy.
ntw;wpr;rq;FfSk; nfhk;GfSk; Koq;Ffpd;w thl;gilapid

cilatd; Nte;jd;.gUe;Jfs; $l;lkhff; $b jk; rpwFfisf;
Nfhjpf; nfhz;bUg;gJ ntt;tpa NghHf;fsk;.mj;jifa
NghHf;fsj;jpy; ghzHfshfpa ehq;fs; cd;dplk; ntw;wp cila
ahidfisg; guprhfg; ngw tpUk;gp ngw;Nwhk;.mt;thW ngwg;gl;l
ahidfis fs;spid tpw;gtsplk; tpiyahff; nfhLj;Njhk;Mdhy;
fs;spid tpw;Fk; ngz;fs; mjid tpUk;gp Vw;ftpy;iy.
9.1.20 tPw;wpdpjpUe;j ngUkq;fyk;:

$w;W,Ue;j nfhiyNtyhd;
tPww
; pUe;j tpwy;kpFj;jd;W.
nfhiyj;njhopypy; rpwe;j Ntypidj; jhq;fpatd; murd;.mtd;

,Wkhg;Gld; ,Ue;j ntw;wpr; rpwg;gpid kpFtpj;Jf; nrhy;tJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
moytpH igq;f zupkh dksp
epoytpHg+z; kd;dHepd; Nwj;jf; - foy;Gide;J
tPkypjhH kd;dtdha; tPww

; pUe;jhd; tPq;nfhypePHg;
g+kyp ehtw; nghopw;F.
flyhy; #og;ngw;wJ ,t; cyfk;.mjpy; kzk;kpf;f kyHfisAk;

tPuf;foypidAk; cilatdhfpa murd; xUNruj; Filapd;fz;
tPww
; pUe;jhd;Mjyhy; murHfs; gyUk; mtid
tho;j;jpdH.mr;nrayhy; neUg;Gg;xsptPRk; grpa fz;fis cila
rpq;fq;fs; jhq;fpa ,Uf;ifapd; kPJ vq;fs; Nte;jd; ,Wkhg;Gld;
tPww
; pUe;jhd; vd;gjhFk;.
9.1.21 FLkp fise;j Gfo;rhw;Wepiy:

neLkjpy; vwpe;J epiujhH kd;dd;
FLkp fise;j kypTciuj; jd;W.
gifauriu ntd;W mtHjk; FLkpia ntw;wp ngw;w murd;

fise;jijf; $wpaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
g+e;jh kiuapw; nghbj;Jg; Gfy;tpRk;gpd;
Nte;jid ntd;whd; tpwd;KUfd; - Ve;Jk;
neLkjpy; nfhz;L epykpirNah Nuj;jf;
FLkp fise;jhndq; Nfh.
ntw;wpia cila KUfg;ngUkhd; rutzg; ngha;ifapy;

Njhd;wpdhd;.mtd; ,e;jpuid ntd;whd;.mtdpd; gif muzpidf;
ifg;gw;wpdhd;.mjd; gp;ddH cyfpy; cs;NshH midtUk; kfpOk;
tz;zk; mtdpd; FLkpiaf; fise;jhd;.
9.1.22 kzkq;fyk;:
,fy;mLNjhs; vwpNty; kd;dd;
kfspnuhL kze;j kq;fyk; $wpd;W.
gifiaf; nfhy;Yk; Gaj;jpidAk; vwpAk; NtypidAKila

Nte;jd; mupitaNuhL GzHe;j ed;ikiar; nrhy;ypaJ.
mzf;fUe; jhidah dy;ypae;jhH Njha;e;Njhs;
kzf;Nfhy kq;fyk;ahk; ghl - tzf;fUQ;rPH
Mnuapd; kd;dd; klkf sk;gizj;Njhl;
$nuapw;Wr; nrt;tha;f; nfhb.
giftupd; muzpidf; ifg;gw;wpdhd; Nte;jd;. mtdJ klkfNsh

%q;fpy; Nghd;w xsptPRk; Njhspidg; ngw;wts;.Jwf;f cyfj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; fhkty;yp vd;Dk; nfhbapid xj;jts;.mj;jifats;
giftuhy; tUe;Jjw;F mupa gilapid cila vk; kd;ddpd;
my;yp khiyapid kze;jhd;.mg;ngz;zpd; jpUkzf;Nfhyj;jpid
ahk; Gfo;e;J ghbf;nfhz;Ls;Nshk;.
9.1.23 nghypTkq;fyk;:
Nty;Nte;jd; cs;kfpog;
ghyd; gpwg;gg; gyHGfo;e; jd;W.
ntw;wp jUk; Ntypid Ve;jpa kd;dDf;Fg; Gjy;td; gpwe;jhd;.

mjidg; gyUk; Vw;wpg; ghLtJ nghypT kq;fyk; vdg;gLk;.
fUq;foy; ntz;Filf; fhtyw;Fr; nrt;tha;g;
ngUq;fl; Gjy;td; gpwg;gg; - ngUk;ngaH
tpz;zhH kfpo;e;jhH tpayple;jh Nuj;jpdhH
vz;zh utpe;jh upfy;.
tPuf;foypidAk; ntz;ikahd epwj;jpidAk; cila Nte;jw;Fr;

rpte;j thapidAk; ngupa fz;zpidAKila ike;jd; gpwe;jhd;.
mjdhy; tpz;Zyfj; NjtHfs; kfpo;e;jdH>epy cyfpy; cs;s
kf;fs; tho;j;jpdH.giftH vy;yhk; jk; gifia tpl;L el;Gg;
ghuhl;bdH.
9.1.24 ehz;kq;fyk;:
mwe;jU nrq;Nfhy; mUs;nta;Nahd;
gpwe;jehs; rpwg;Giuj; jd;W.
nrq;NfhypidAk; mUspidAk; tpUk;gpa kd;dd; gpwe;jehs;

ed;ik gag;gjhFk;.me;ehisr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $WtJ ehz;kq;fyk;
vdg;gLk;.
fUk;gfLQ; nrk;nghd;Dk; nts;szpehl; ngw;whH
tpUk;gp kfpo;jy; tpag;Ngh - RUk;gpkpHjhH.
ntk;Kuz; Nte;jUk; nts;tisahH Njhs;tpioe;J
jk;kjp whe;jpwg;gH jhs;.
murd;jd; gpwe;jehspy; ahidfisAk; nghd;idAk; guprhff;

nfhLj;jhd;.mjidg; ngw;wtHfs; ngupJk; tpUg;gKw;wdH.
me;ed;dhspy; khWghl;bid cila kd;dHfs; jk; mr;rj;jpid
tpl;ldH>tisay; mzpe;j cupik kfspH Njhisj;
jOttpUk;gpdH.vdNt jhk; milj;J itj;jpUe;j muz;fspd;
fjTfSf;Fupa jho;g;ghis ePf;fpdH.
9.1.25 guprpdpiy:
Gutyd; kfpo;J}q;f
,utyd; filf;$bd;W.
,utyDf;Fg; guprpy; ngfhLj;j murd; ,d;gj;jpy;

jpisj;jpUe;jhd;. vdNt ,utyd; jd; CUf;Fg; guprpYld;
nry;yj; njhlq;fpajidf; Fwpg;gJ ,j;jpizahFk;.
nty;Gutp g+z;l tpsq;F kzpj;jpz;NlH
ey;fpa gpd;D edpePlg; - gy;NghH
tpyq;Fq; flw;whid Ntw;whH KidNghw;
fyq;F kspj;njd; fLk;G.
murd; jd;id ehb te;j ,utyDf;Ff; Fjpiufs; G+l;ba

Njupidg; guprhf toq;fpdhd; vdpDk; nrd;W th vd;W mtdplk;
$whky; fhyk; jho;j;jpdhd;. mjidf; fz;l ,utydpd; Rw;wk;
fyf;fKw;wJ. mf; fyf;fkhdJ fly; NghYk; ngUk;gilapid
cila gif kd;dHfspd; fyf;fj;jpid xj;jpUe;jJ vd;gJ ,jd;
nghUshk;.
9.1.26 guprpy;tpil
Nte;jd;cs; kfpo nty;Gfo; miwe;NjhHf;F
<e;J guprpy; ,d;Gw tpLj;jd;W.
ntw;wpr; rpwg;gpid cila Nte;jd; jd;idg; Gfo;e;J ghba

,utyHf;Fg; guprpiy toq;fpdhd;. gpd; mtHfs; ,d;GWk;gbahf
nrd;W tUf vd tpil nfhLj;J mDg;gpdhd; vd;gJ ,j;
JiwahFk;.
giletpd;w gy;fspWk; gz;zike;j NjUk;
eiletpd;w gha;khT ey;fpf; - filapwe;J
Kd;te;j kd;dH Kbtzq;FQ; Nrtbahw;
gpd;te;jhd; NguUsp dhd
mUspid cila murd; gif kd;dHfspd; Kbfs; gl;likahy;
rpte;j ghjj;jpid cilatd; Mdhd;.,j;jifa rpwg;Gila
murd; ,utyHf;Ff; fspw;W ahid> NjH> Fjpiu Nghd;wtw;iwg;
guprhf toq;fpdhd;.gpd; jd; mbahNy vd; gpd;Ndele;J
thapy;tiu te;J tpil nfhLj;jhd;.
9.1.27 Ms;tpid Nts;tp

tpidKw;wpa fidfoNyhd;
kidNts;tp kypTciuj;jd;W
khw;whH Nky; gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W ntw;wp ngw;w Nte;jd; jd;

fhypy; tPuf;foypid mzpe;jtd;.mj;jifa rpwg;gpid cilatd;
,y;yw tho;f;ifapYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhd; vd;W nrhy;tJ
Ms;tpid Nts;tp vd;gJ MFk;.
epd;w GfnohL ePLtho; fpt;Tyfpy;

xd;w TapHfspg;g Nthk;gyhy;- ntd;wkUs;
ths;tpid ePff
; p tUf tpUe;njd;Dk;
Ms;tpid Nts;tp atd;.
NghHf;fsj;jpy; giftiu ntd;W ntw;wp ngw;w Nte;jd; jd;
Kaw;rpahy;,y;ywj;jpid kpfr; rpwg;ghf elj;jpdhd;.jd;
,y;yj;jpw;F tpUe;jpdHfis tUkhW mioj;jhd;.NkYk; ,t;
cyfj;J capHfs; ,d;GWk; tifapYk; Ms;fpd;whd;. vdNt
mtd; epiyngw;w GfOld; ePz;l fhyk; tho;thdhf!
9.1.28 ghzhw;Wg;gil
NrNzhq;fpa tiumjupy;
ghzid Mw;Wg;gLj;jd;W
xU ghzd; kw;nwhU ghzid Mw;Wg;gLj;jtJ ghzhw;Wg;gil

vd;gjhFk;.murdplk; guprpy; ngw;w ghzd; xUtd; kiy topahfj;
jpUk;gpdhd;. mt;thW tUk; topaplj;Jg; GjpanjhU ghzidf;
fz;lhd;. mtidAk; murdplj;J Mw;Wg;gLj;jpdhd;. ,jidf;
Fwpg;gJ ghzhw;Wg;gil vdg;gLk;.
,d;nwhil ey;ypir aho;g;ghz ntk;ikg;Nghw;

fd;Wil Ntoj;j fhd;fle;J- nrd;wilapw;
fhkU rhayhs; Nfs;td; fakyuhj;
jhkiu nrd;dp jUk;.
,dpa NfhitapidAila ey;ypirahy; rpwe;j ahopid cila
ghzNd.vk;ikg;Nghy ePAk; fd;WfSld; $ba ahidfs; ,aq;Fk;
fhl;bidf; fle;J nry;thahahf! mt;thW nrd;why; moF
epiwe;j nkd;ikapid cila nky;ypayhspd; fztidf;
fhzyhk;.mtd; Fsj;jpy; G+thj nghd;dhy; Mfpa jhkiuia
cdf;Fg; guprhfj; jUthd;.
9.1.29 $j;juhw;Wg;gil
Vj;jpr;nrd;w ,utyd;
$j;jiu Mw;Wg;gLj;jd;W.
guprpy; ngw;Wr; nry;Yk; $j;jd; kw;nwhU $j;jid Mw;Wg;

gLj;JtJ $j;juhw;Wg;gil vdg;gLk;
nfhiytpw; GUtj;Jf; nfhk;gd;dhH $j;jpd;
jiyt jtpuhJ Nrwp-rpiyFyhk;.
fhupid ntd;w ftpifahd; iftsk;
thupid nfhz;L tuw;F.
nfhiyj;njhopypy; rpwe;J tpsq;Fk; tpy;ypidg; Nghd;w

GUtj;jpid cila tpwyp MLk; ghl;bd; jiytNd! vdf;Fg;
guprpy; mspj;jtd; Nkfj;jpidj; Njhw;fbf;Fk; ts;sy;jd;ik
nfhz;ltd;.mtd; ifapdhy; toq;Fk; gupRg;nghUl;fisg; ngw;W
tu ,g;nghONj nry;thahf!
9.1.30 nghUehw;Wg;gil
ngUey;yhd; cioaPH Mfvdg;
nghUeid Mw;Wg;gLj;jd;W.
guprpy; ngw;Wr; nry;Yk; nghUed; kw;nwhU nghUeid

Mw;Wg;gLj;jtJ nghUeuhw;Wg;gil vdg;gLk;.
njUtp yykUe; njz;fl; 1llhupg;

nghUtpy; nghUeeP nry;ypw;- nrUtpy;
mLe;jlf;if Nehd;wh skHnta;Nah dPAk;
neLe;jlf;if ahid epiu.
jlhupg;giwapidf; ifapy; Ve;jp njUntq;Fk; Rw;wpj; jpupAk;
nghUeNd! vkf;Fg; guprpy; mspj;jtd; NghHf;fsj;jpy; giftiuf;
nfhy;Yk; ngupa jhspidAk; ifapidAk; nfhz;ltd;.mtd;ghy; eP
nry;thahfpy; ngupa ahidf; $l;lj;jpid cdf;Fg; guprhf
toq;Fthd;.
9.1.31 tpwypahw;Wg;gil
jpwy;Nte;jd; Gfo;ghLk;
tpwypia Mw;Wg;gLj;jd;W.
guprpy; ngw tpUk;Gk; tpwypia ts;syplk; Mw;Wg;gLj;JtJ

tpwypahw;Wg;gil vdg;gLk;.
rpy;tisf;ifr; nrt;tha; tpwyp nrUg;gilahd;

gy;Gfo; ghbg; glHjpNay;- ey;yitNahH
Vj;j tpioazpe; jpd;Nd tUjpahw;
g+j;j nfhbNghw; nghype;J.
rpy tisay;fis ifapy; mzpe;Js;s tpwypNa! vdf;Fg; guprpy;
mspj;j ts;sy; Nghupy; kpFe;j gilapidAk; GfopidAk;
cilatd;.ePP mtidg; ghbr; nry;tha; Mfpy; mtd; mitapy;
cs;NshH cd;idg; Gfo;e;Jiug;gH. NkYk; murdhy; toq;fg;gLk;
mzpfisAk; eP ngWtha;! mtw;iw mzpe;J nfhz;L kyHe;j
G+q;nfhb NghYk; nghypT ngw;W eP jpUk;GtJ cWjpahFk;.
9.1.32 thAiw tho;j;J
gpd;gaf;Fk; vk;nrhy;nyd
Kd;glHe;j nkhopkpFj;jd;W.
gpd;dhy; ed;ik gaf;Fk; vq;fs; thHj;ijiag; gpd;gw;wp epw;f

Ntz;Lnkd rhd;NwhH ciug;gH. ,j;jifa Nkk;ghl;bid
vLj;Jiug;gJ thAiw tho;j;J vd;gjhFk;.
vQ;nrh nyjpHnfhz; bfohd; topepw;gpw;
FQ;ru nty;gilahd; nfhs;shNdh-vQ;Rk;
,fypl dpd;wp nawpKe;jPH #o;e;j
mfypl kq;if afj;J.
nty;Yk; jd;ik nfhz;l ahidg;gilapidf; nfhz;l murNd!

ehd; $Wfpd;w nkhopfis ,fohky; Nfl;ghahf! mr;nrhw;fis
Vw;W ed;ndwpapd;fz; epw;ghahf! epw;ghahfpy; cd;Dld;
Kuz;gl;NlhUf;F epyk; ,y;yhky; NghFk;. flyhy; #og;gl;l ,t;
cyfk; KOtJk; cd;DilajhfptpLk;.
9.1.33 nrtpawpTW}c
kwk;jpupT ,y;yh kd;ngUk; #o;r;rp
mwk;njup Nfhyhw;F mwpa ciuj;jd;W.
mwj;jpid Jizahff; nfhz;L Ml;rpGupAk; murDf;F rhd;NwhH

kwKk; gpwo;r;rpAk; ,y;yhj ey;Yiufisf; $WtJ nrtpawpTW}c
vdg;gLk;.
me;jzH rhd;Nwh uUe;jtj;jhH jk;Kd;NdhH
je;ijjh nad;wptHf;Fj; jhHNte;Nj - Ke;ij
topepd;W gpd;id taq;FePH Ntyp
nkhopepd;W Nfl;ld; Kiw.
kyHkhiy mzpe;j kd;dNd! flyhy; #og;gl;l ,t; cyfpy;

me;jzH> rhd;NwhH> mupa jtj;jpid Nkw;nfhz;NlhH> jk;Kila
Kd;NdhH> je;ij> jha;> vd;W Kw;$wg;gl;l Kd;NdhH nrd;w
newpiag; gpd;gw;wp epw;ghahf! gpd;dH ,t;Tyfj;J Kd;NdhH
nkhopfisf; Nfl;L elj;jiy tof;fkhff; nfhs;thahf!
9.1.34 Filkq;fyk;
ehw;wpirAk; Gfo;ngUf
tPww
; pUe;jhd; FilGfo;e;jd;W.
ehd;F jpf;Fk; jk;Kila Gfiog; gutr; nra;jtd;

kd;dd;.mj;jifa rpwg;Gila murd; ntz;nfhw;wf;Fil nfhz;l
Mrdj;jpd;kJP mkHe;jpUe;jhd;.mf;FilapdJ rpwg;gpid vLj;Jf;
$WtJ Filkq;fyk; vdg;gLk;.
jd;dpoNyh nuy;NyhUe; jz;fjpuhe; jw;Nruh
nte;jpoNyh nuy;yhHf;Fk; ntq;fjpuhk;-,d;dpoy;Nty;
%th tpOg;Gfo; Ky;iyj;jhHr; nrk;gpad;
Nfhth AaHj;j Fil.
ntw;wp khiyapid mzpe;j Nrho kd;dd; Ntypidj; jd; ifapy;

Ve;jpatd;.mr;Nrhod; muRupik ngw;wtdha; jd;Filia
caHj;jpdhd;.mf;FilahdJ jd; epoypd; fPo; tho;gtHfSf;F
jpq;fs; xspaha; FspHr;rp jUk;.jd;idg; gzpahj khw;whUf;F
Qhapwha; nfhLik je;J epw;Fk; jd;ik cilajhFk;.
9.1.35 thz;kq;fyk;
faf;fUq; fly;jhid
taf;fspw;whd; ths;Gfo;e;jd;W.
giftuhw; fyf;Fjw;Fupa fly;NghYk; gilapidAk; typa

ahidapidAk; cila kd;ddpd; thisg; Gfo;e;jJ.
nfhq;ftp iok;ghd; klthH tpad;Nfhapy;
kq;fyq; $w kwq;fdYk;- nrq;Nfhy;
epye;jupa nry;Y epiujz;lhHr; Nrud;
tye;jupa Nte;jpa ths;.
FspHe;j khiyapid mzpe;jtd; Nrho kd;dd;. mtdpd;

muz;kid mfd;w jd;ik cilajha; mikAk;.mt;
muz;kidapy; cs;s ngz;fs; Njd; kyUk; kyHfis mzpe;J
Ie;jhfg; gFf;fg;gl;l $e;jypid cilatHfs; MtH.mtHfs;
Nrudpd; nrq;Nfhypidg; Gfo;e;jdH.mjidf; Nfl;L ntw;wpiaj;
jUk; mtd; ifapy; ,Ue;j ths; rpdj;jPia ckpo;e;jJ.
9.1.36 kz;Zkq;fyk;
vz;zUQ; rPHj;jp ,iwtd; va;jp
kz;Z kq;fy kypGciuj; jd;W.
kd;dd; kq;fy ePuhLjypd; khz;gpid nrhy;tJ kz;Zkq;fyk;

vd;W miof;fg;gLk;.
nfhq;fyH Nfhijf; Fkup kley;yhs;
kq;fyq; $w kypnga;jpf; - fq;ifahs;
g+k;Gd yhfq; nfoP,apdhd; NghuLNjhs;
Ntk;ghH njupanyk; Nte;J.
Nghupy; nty;Yk; Mw;wiyf; nfhz;l kd;dd; Ntk;gk;G+

khiyapidr;#bdhd;.mg;ghz;ba kd;dDf;F kfue;jq;fs;
nghUe;jpa khiyiaAk; klg;gj;ijAk; cila ngz; kq;fy
tho;j;Jg; ghbdhs;.mjd; fhuzkhf cs;sk; FspHe;j kd;dd;
fq;if vd;Dk; ngz;zpd; nghypT ngw;w ePuhfpa khHgpidj;
jOtpdhd;.
9.1.37 Xk;gil
,d;dJ nra;jy; ,ay;ngd ,iwtd;
Kd;epd;W mwptd; nkhopnjhlHe; jd;W.
murdpd; Kd; epd;W ,j;jifa nraiyr; nra;jNy caHthdJ

vd;Wk; kd;dUf;Fj; jFjpahdJ vd;Wk; rhd;NwhH ciug;gJ
Xk;gil vdg;gLk;.
xd;wp ypuz;lha;e;J %d;wlf;fp ehd;fpdhy;
ntd;W fsq;nfhz;l Nty;Nte;Nj- nrd;Wyhk;
Mo;fly;#o; itafj;J ise;Jntd;-3whwfw;wp
Vo;fbe; jpd;Gw; wpU.
xd;whfpa Nguwptpid cilatNd! ed;ik> jPik vd;Dk;

,uz;bidAk; Muha;e;J mwpAk; Mw;wy; cilatNd! gif> el;G>
nehJky; vd;Dk; %d;wpidAk; kdj;Js; nfhz;ltNd!ahid> NjH>
Fjpiu> fhyhs; vd;Dk; ehl;gilapidf; nfhz;ltNd! Ntypidf;
ifapy; Ve;jpatNd! nka;> tha;> fz;> %f;F> nrtp vd;Dk; Ie;J
nghwpfSk; cd; nrhy;ypidf; Nfl;L elf;Fk;gb mtw;iw ntw;wp
nfhs;f! gil> Fb> $o;> mikr;R> el;G>muz; vd;Dk; MwpidAk;
ngUf;Fthahf! Ntl;ilahLjy;> fLQ;nrhy;> kpFjz;lk;> #J>
nghUs; <l;lk;> fhkk;> fs; vd;Dk; VO Fw;wq;fisAk; ePf;fp
,dpikAld; tho;thahf!
9.1.38 Gwepiy tho;jJ

;
topgL nja;t epw;Gwq; fhg;g
toptop rpwf;fvd tha;nkhope; jd;W.
eP tzq;Fe; nja;tk; epd;idf; fhg;g epd; toptop

kpFtjhfntdr; nrhy;yp cz;ikiar; nrhy;ypaJ.
nfhbgL Kj;jiyNtw; $w;wf; fzpr;rpf;
fbgL nfhd;iwahd; fhg;g - nebJyfpw;
g+kyp ehtw; nghopyfj;Jg; Ngha;epd;w
khkiyNghd; kd;Df eP.
nfhd;iw khiyapid mzpe;j rptngUkhd; %d;W ,iyfis

cila #yj;jpid Ve;jpatd;.$w;Wtid cijj;J
kOg;gilapid ve;jpatd;.mj;jifa ,iwtd; cd;idf;
fhf;fpd;whd;.,e;ehtye; jPtpid ClWj;Jr; nry;Yk;
NkUkiyapidg; Nghd;W rptdpd; mUshy; ,t; cyfpy; epiyj;J
epw;ghahf!
9.1.39 nfhbepiy
%tHnfhb As;Sk; xd;nwhL nghuP,
NktU kd;dtd; nfhbGfo;e; jd;W.
mup> mad; mundd;Dk; %tH nfhbAs;Sk; xUtH nfhbNahL

ctkpj;Jg;; Nte;jDila nfhbiag; Gfo;e;Jiug;gJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
g+q;f nzLKbg; g+itg;g+ Nkdpahd;
ghk;Gz; gwitf; nfhbNghy -Xq;Ff
gy;ahid kd;dH gzpag; gdpkyHj;jhHf;

nfhy;ahid kd;dd; nfhb.
nghypfpd;w fz;zpidAk; neba jpUKbapidAk; fhahtpd; kyH

Nghd;w jpUNkdpapidAk; cila khatdpd; ghk;ig mUe;Jk;
fUlf;nfhbia xj;J caHf@ gy ahidfis cila Nte;jH
tzq;ff; FspHe;j g+thw;nra;j khiyapidAk; nfhy;Yq;
fspw;wpidAKila Nte;jdpd; tPuf;nfhb vd;gjhk;.
9.1.40 fe;jop
#oNekpahd; Nrhvwpe;j
tPohr;rPH tpwy;kpFj;jd;W.
tise;j Mopg;gilapid cila jpUkhy; Nrhntd;Dk;

muzpid mopj;j nflhj jd;ikapidAila ntw;wpiar;
rpwg;gpj;jJ.
khatd; kha kJthd; kzpepiuAs;
Madh ntz;z ytdUshd; -fhaf;
foytpof; fz;fdyf; iftisahH Nrhur;
RoyoYs; itfpd;W Nrh.
jpUkhy; fUizia cFj;J ntFz;nlOe;jhd;. me;jg; nghONj

tisay; mzpe;j iffis cila muf;f kfspH mQ;rpdH.tPuNrh
vd;Dk; muzhdJ neUg;gpDs; %o;fpw;W. mj;jifa Mw;wy;
nghUe;jpa khatid gRf;$l;lq;fis Nka;f;Fk; ,ilad; vdf;
fUJjy; nghUe;jhJ vd;gjhk;.
9.1.41 ts;sp
g+z;KiyahH kdKUf
Nty;KUfw;F ntwpahbd;W.
Mguzj;jpdhw; rpwe;j KiyapidAila ngz;fs; neQ;R nefpo

NtypidAila KUfDf;F ntwpnad;Dq; $j;ij MbaJ.
Ntz;Ljpah dPAk; tpioNth tpOkpNj
<z;bak; tpk;k tpdtisahH-g+z;laq;fr;
#ynkh lhLQ; RlHr;rilNahd; fhjyw;F

xspkpFe;j rilapid cilatd; KUfg;ngUkhd;.mtd;
jpup#yj;jpid Ve;jpf; $j;jhLgtd;. mtdpd; jpUf;Fkud; KUfd;.
mtDf;F tisay; mzpe;j kfspH ,irf;fUtpfs; Koq;f
NtyNdhL NrHe;J ntwpf;$j;jpid MLtH. mjid ePAk;
tpUk;Gthahf! mj;jifa tpUg;gk; kpfr; rpwe;j xd;whFk;.
9.1.42 GytH Mw;Wg;gil:

,Uq;fz; thdj;J ,ikNahH ciog;
ngUk;Gytid Mw;Wg;gLj;jd;W
tpz;Zyfj;jpy; tho;gtHfs; NjtH MtH. mtHfsplj;Jr;;

nry;YkhW XH mwpthspia xU Nguwpthsd;
Mw;Wg;gLj;Jthd;.,J Gytuhw;Wg;gil vdg;gLk;.
ntwpnfhs; miwmUtp Ntq;flj;Jr; nry;ypd;
newpnfhs; gbtj;Njha; ePak; - nghwpfl;F
,Us;<Ak; Qhyj;J ,lHvy;yhk; ePq;f
mUs;<Ak; Mop mtd;
jtNtlj;jid cila GytNd! epyTyfk; Ik;nghwpfSf;Fk;

kaf;fj;ijj; jUtJ.Jd;gk; epiwe;jJ.mtw;iw ePf;Fgtd;
Ntq;flg;ngUkhd;.mtd; ciwAk; Ntq;flkiy mUtpfis
cilaJ. mq;F nrd;why; Jd;gk; vy;yhk; cd;idtpl;l
ePq;Fk;gbahf vdf;F mUspaijg;Nghy; cdf;Fk; mUs; nra;thd;.
9.1.43 Gfo;e;jdH guty;

,d;dJxd;W va;Jk; ,Uepyj;J ahk;vdj;
Jd;dUk; flTs; njhLfoy; njhOjd;W.
,d;dnjhU gjj;jpid milNthkhf! g+kpaplj;J ehq;fnsdr;

nrhy;ypf; fpl;Ljw;fupa nja;tj;jpd; fl;Lk; tPuf;foiyAila
ghjq;fisg; gzpe;J vd;gjhk;.
#ba thd;gpiwNaha; #o;fliy ePw;wuq;fj;
jhb airah tbapuz;Lk;-ghb
cuTePH Qhyj; Jag;Nghf ntd;W
guTJk; gy;fhw; gzpe;J.

rilapNy ,skjpiaAilNaha;!RLfhlhd muq;fj;jpNy eldkhb
tUe;jhj rPHghjk; ,uz;ilAk; Jjpj;J> fly;#o;e;j g+kpapdpd;Wk;
gpioj;J ed;ndwpf;fz;Nz NghNthnkd;W nrhy;ypg; gyfhYk;
tzq;fpg; Nghw;WJk; vd;gjhk;.
9.1.44 gopr;rpdH gzpjy;

taq;fpaGfo; thdtidg;
gad;fUjpg; gopr;rpdHg; gzpe;jd;W.
rpwg;Gkpf;f Gfopid cila ,iwtidg; ngWk; Ngw;iw

epide;J tho;j;jp tzq;Fjy; ,j;JiwahFk;.
Ml ykHe;jh dbaile;jh nud;ngwhH
Xlup Az;f ZiknahUghw;-$ba
rPHrh yfyj;ijr; nrq;f zodhfk;
jhuha;j; jOtg; ngWk;.
jpUf; $j;jhLjiy tpUk;gpatd; ghjq;fisr; NrHe;jhH vd;ngwhH ?

ghHtjp xU gf;fj;Nj nghUe;jpa tpOg;gk; mike;j
jpUkhHgj;ijr; rpte;j fz;zpidAilj;jha; moYk; ghk;G
khiyaha;g; nghUe;jg;ngWk; vd;gjhk;.
9.1.45 iff;fpis
jz;lhf; fhjy; jsupa jiytd;
tz;lhH tpUk;gpa tifAiuj; jd;W
khwhj md;gpidAk; Elq;Fe;jd;ikapidAk; cilats;>

jiytDila khiyia tpUk;gpa jd;ikiar; nrhy;ypaJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
kq;Fd; kdq;ftu khd;khiy epd;Nww;Fg;
nghq;F kUtpg; Gddhld; - fq;Fy;
tUthd;nfhy; te;njd; tdKiyNky; itfpj;
jUthd;nfhd; khHgzpe;j jhH.
rpWJtiy nga;Ak; fhH fhyj;Nj vd; neQ;ir kaf;fr;

nra;Ak; khiyg;nghOjpNy jdpNa epd;Nwd;. tUj;jkpFjpahy;
epd;NwDf;F ePuhy; rpwe;j ehldhfpa Nrhod; ,uTg;nghOjplj;J
tUthd;nfhy; ? te;J vd;Dila mofpa nfhq;if NkNy jq;fpj;
jUthd;nfhy;> khHgpdzpe;j khiyia? vd tUe;jp ciuj;jjhk;.
9.1.46 ngUe;jpiz
nga;fow; ngUe;jif Ngzh Kaf;F,tHe;J
ky;F,Us; nry;Nths; tifciuj;jd;W
jd;id tpUk;ghj jiytid xUj;jp jOt tpUk;GtJ

ngUe;jpiz vdg;gLk;.
taq;Fiskhd; nwd;dd; tiuafye; Njha
,aq;fh tpUspilr; nry;Ntd; -kaq;fhik
Xlupf; fz;zh Aiwfopthz; kpd;dpw;why;
khl kWfpd; kio.
nrt;tup fUtup gue;j fz;zpidAila NjhopNa!jiyahl;lj;jhy;

moFngw;w FjpiuapidAilatd; ghz;bad;. mtdJ
tiuNghd;w khHigj; jOt xUtUk; elf;fhj ,Us; epiwe;j
ghijapy; NghNtd;. mg;NghJ ciwapypUe;J ePq;fpa ths;Nghy
kpd;dp Nkfk; vdf;F topfhl;bw;W.
9.1.47 GytpnghUshfj;Njhd;wpa ghlhz;ghl;L

tpy;NyH Ejyp tpwNyhd; khHgk;
Gy;Nyk; ahk;vdg; Gye;Jiuj; jd;W.
tpy;;Nghd;w new;wpapidAilahs; tPud; jd; mfyj;

jplj;ijj;jONtk; ahk; vd;W Cbr; nrhy;ypaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
kiygL rhe;j kyHkhHg ahepd;
gyHgb nry;tk; gbNak; - GyHtpbay;
tz;bdq;$l; Lz;Zk; tay;#o; jpUefupw;
fz;ldq; fhz;lw; fpdpJ.
Kiyafj;J re;jdj;ijAila mfd;w khHgNd> ehq;fs;

cd;Dila guj;ijaH gyUk; NjhAk; nry;tj;ijj; NjhNak;@
nghOJGyUk; tpbaw;fhyj;Nj RUk;gpdq;fs; GzHe;J EfUk;
godQ; #o;e;j nry;tg;gjpapNyfz;Nlhk;@ fhZjw;F
,dpjhapUe;jJ vd;gjhk;.
9.1.48 flTz; khl;Lf; flTl;ngz;bH eae;jgf;fk;

,ikah ehl;lj;J ,yq;fpio kfspH
mikahf; fhjy; mkuiu kfpo;e;jd;W.
,ikf;fhj fz;zpidAk; xsptpLk; Mguzj;jpidA cila

nja;tkfspH Muhj md;Gila flTsiu tpUk;gpaJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
ey;nfdp dhkpirah Nzhnkd;DQ; NrtbNky;
xy;nfdp Dr;rpah Nzhnkd;Dk;-ky;fpUs;
Ml ykHe;jhw; fupjh Yikahis
Cl YzHj;JtNjh uhW.
ehtpdhy; mUs;nra;f vdr; nrhd;dhy; ck;Kila

ehtpd;NkypUf;Fk; ehkfs; Jd;GWths; vd;W nrhy;Yk;@ ghjj;jpNy
tzq;FNtndd;W nrhy;ypd;> Ek;Kila jpUKbNkypUf;Fk;
fq;fhNjtp Jd;GWths; vd;W nrhy;Yk;@ kpf;f ,Usplj;Jf;
jpUf;$j;ij tpUk;gpa ,iwtDf;F mUikAilj;jhapUe;jJ>
ckhNjtpia tof;fhl;bidj; jPHg;gnjhU newp vd;gjhk;.
9.1.49 flTz;khl;L khdplg;ngz;bH eae;jgf;fk;

Kf;fzhd; Kaf;fk;Ntl;l
kf;fs;ngz;bH kypTciuj;jd;W.
%d;W jpUf;fz;fis cilahDld; Gy;Yjiy tpUk;gpa

khdplkfspH epiyapidr; nrhy;ypaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
mupnfhz;l fz;rptg;g ty;ypndd; dhfk;
Gupnfhz;l E}y;tLthg; Gy;yp - tuptz;L
gz;zyq;$l;Lz;Zk; gdpkyHg; gh#nud;
cz;zyq; $l;Lz;lh D}H.
cwq;Ffpd;w es;sputpy; fdtpy; te;jhd; jiytd;.vd;Dila

khHgpy; KWf;fpa G+Z}ypd; jOk;GgLk; gbahfj; jOtpdhd;.
vd;Dila fz;fs; NkYk; rptf;Fk; tz;zk; neQ;rj;J moif
cz;L kfpo;ej
; hd;.mtd; XH ,iwtd;.mtDila CuhdJ
tz;Lfs; gz;zpidg; ghbf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; FspHe;j G+tpid EfUk;
jpUg;gh#H vd;gjhFk;.
9.1.50 Fotpf;fz; Njhd;wpa fhkg;gFjp

,sike;jH eyk;Ntl;l
tskq;ifaH tifAiuj;jd;W
rpWtdhfpa Mz;kfid tpUk;gpd fhkg;gFjp epiwe;j

kq;ifauJ jd;ikar; nrhy;ypaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
tupg;ge;J nfhz;nlhspj;jha; ths;Nte;jd; ike;jh
mupf;fz;zp aQ;rp ayw -vupf;fjpHNtw;
nrq;Nfhy Dq;Nfhr; rpdf;fspw;wpd; Nky;tupDk;
vq;Nfhye; jPz;l ypdp.
ths; Nte;jd; ike;jNd>,ts; Mba ge;jpid vLj;Jf;nfhz;L Xb

kiwe;jha;. Mjyhy; ,ts; mQ;rp mOjhs;.mg;ge;jpidj; jpUk;gj;
jUtjw;fhf neUg;Gg; Nghd;W xspUk; NtypidAk;
nrq;NfhypidAk; Ve;jpa murdhfpa cd; je;ijAk; cld; te;jhH.
mt; murd; kpFe;j ntFspia cila ahidNky; te;J
Njhd;wpbDk; mjdhy; vkf;Ff; ftiy ,y;iy. ,dp vk;Kila
mzpfyd; mzpe;j Nkdpiaj; jPz;lhNj!
9.1.51 Cupd;fz; Njhd;wpa fhkg;gFjp

ePq;fhf; fhjd; ike;jUk; kfspUk;
ghq;Fwf; $Lk; gjpAiuj; jd;W.
xopahj md;gpidAila MltUk; kfspUk; moF nghUe;jf; $Lk;

Ciur; rpwg;gpj;Jr; nrhy;ypaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
Cba t+l yfy Tsnefpo;e;J
thba nkd;Nwhs; tisnahypg;gf; -$bagpd;
ahkeP lhnfd;d aho;nkhopahH ifnjh*ck;
Vk;ePHf; fr;rpnak; %H.
aho; NghYk; ,dpa nkhopapid cilatHfs; kfspH> mtHfs;

jk; fztNuhL nfhz;l Clypid mtHfspd; gzpe;j nkhopahy;
mfw;wpdH. gpd; gpupTj; Jd;gj;jhy; nkype;j jk; Njhs;fs;; kfpOk;
tz;zk; $bdH.mjdhy; ,uTg;nghOJ kpfTk; ePs Ntz;Lk; vd;W
if$g;gpj; njhOjdH. mj;jifa rpwg;Gg; nghUe;jpaJ fhQ;rp
khefuk;.mJ fhty; cilajhAk; ePHtsj;jhy; rpwe;jjhAk;
mike;jJ.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.Japnyilepiy tpsf;Ff.
mLjpwd; kd;diu mUspa vOnfdj;
njhLfoy; kd;didj; Japy;vLg; gpd;W.
nfhy;Yk; typapidAila gif Nte;jHf;F mUsy; Ntz;Lk; vd

kwtH tPuf;foy; mzpe;j kd;did JapypypUe;J vOg;Gjy;
,j;JiwahFk;.
mse;j jpiwah ufyplj;J kd;dH
tse;jUk; NtNyha; tzq;ff; - fse;jaq;fg;
g+kyHNkw; Gs;nshypf;Fk; ngha;if#o; jhikiuj;
J}kyHf;f Nzw;f Japy;.
Ntw;gilapid cila Nte;jNd! gifaurH gyUk;

jpiwg;nghUspidf; nfhz;L te;J epd;idf; fz;L tzq;f
epd;Ws;sdH. vdNt ngha;ifapy; kyUk; jhkiu kyupid xj;j
epd; fz;dfs; cwf;fj;jpdpd;W vOtdthf! vd vOg;Gjy;
,j;JiwahFk;.
2.ehz;kq;fyk; vd;gjid tptup
mwe;jU nrq;Nfhy; mUs;nta;Nahd;
gpwe;jehs; rpwg;Giuj; jd;W.
nrq;NfhypidAk; mUspidAk; tpUk;gpa kd;dd; gpwe;jehs;

ed;ik gag;gjhFk;.me;ehisr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $WtJ ehz;kq;fyk;
vdg;gLk;.
fUk;gfLQ; nrk;nghd;Dk; nts;szpehl; ngw;whH
tpUk;gp kfpo;jy; tpag;Ngh - RUk;gpkpHjhH.
ntk;Kuz; Nte;jUk; nts;tisahH Njhs;tpioe;J
jk;kjp whe;jpwg;gH jhs;.
murd;jd; gpwe;jehspy; ahidfisAk; nghd;idAk; guprhff;
nfhLj;jhd;.mjidg; ngw;wtHfs; ngupJk; tpUg;gKw;wdH.
me;ed;dhspy; khWghl;bid cila kd;dHfs; jk; mr;rj;jpid
tpl;ldH>tisay; mzpe;j cupik kfspH Njhisj;
jOttpUk;gpdH.vdNt jhk; milj;J itj;jpUe;j muz;fspd;
fjTfSf;Fupa jho;g;ghis ePf;fpdH.
3. thAiw tho;j;J> nrtpawpTW}c Fwpj;J tptup
thAiw tho;jJ
; :
gpd;gaf;Fk; vk;nrhy;nyd
Kd;glHe;j nkhopkpFj;jd;W.
gpd;dhy; ed;ik gaf;Fk; vq;fs; thHj;ijiag; gpd;gw;wp epw;f

Ntz;Lnkd rhd;NwhH ciug;gH. ,j;jifa Nkk;ghl;bid
vLj;Jiug;gJ thAiw tho;j;J vd;gjhFk;.
vQ;nrh nyjpHnfhz; bfohd; topepw;gpw;
FQ;ru nty;gilahd; nfhs;shNdh-vQ;Rk;
,fypl dpd;wp nawpKe;jPH #o;e;j
mfypl kq;if afj;J.
nty;Yk; jd;ik nfhz;l ahidg;gilapidf; nfhz;l murNd!

ehd; $Wfpd;w nkhopfis ,fohky; Nfl;ghahf! mr;nrhw;fis
Vw;W ed;ndwpapd;fz; epw;ghahf! epw;ghahfpy; cd;Dld;
Kuz;gl;NlhUf;F epyk; ,y;yhky; NghFk;. flyhy; #og;gl;l ,t;
cyfk; KOtJk; cd;DilajhfptpLk;.
nrtpawpTW}c:
kwk;jpupT ,y;yh kd;ngUk; #o;r;rp
mwk;njup Nfhyhw;F mwpa ciuj;jd;W.
mwj;jpid Jizahff; nfhz;L Ml;rpGupAk; murDf;F rhd;NwhH

kwKk; gpwo;r;rpAk; ,y;yhj ey;Yiufisf; $WtJ nrtpawpTW}c
vdg;gLk;.
me;jzH rhd;Nwh uUe;jtj;jhH jk;Kd;NdhH
je;ijjh nad;wptHf;Fj; jhHNte;Nj - Ke;ij

topepd;W gpd;id taq;FePH Ntyp
nkhopepd;W Nfl;ld; Kiw.
kyHkhiy mzpe;j kd;dNd! flyhy; #og;gl;l ,t; cyfpy;

me;jzH> rhd;NwhH> mupa jtj;jpid Nkw;nfhz;NlhH> jk;Kila
Kd;NdhH> je;ij> jha;> vd;W Kw;$wg;gl;l Kd;NdhH nrd;w
newpiag; gpd;gw;wp epw;ghahf! gpd;dH ,t;Tyfj;J Kd;NdhH
nkhopfisf; Nfl;L elj;jiy tof;fkhff; nfhs;thahf!
4.fe;jop - tpsf;Ff.
#oNekpahd; Nrhvwpe;j
tPohr;rPH tpwy;kpFj;jd;W.
tise;j Mopg;gilapid cila jpUkhy; Nrhntd;Dk;

muzpid mopj;j nflhj jd;ikapidAila ntw;wpiar;
rpwg;gpj;jJ.
khatd; kha kJthd; kzpepiuAs;
Madh ntz;z ytdUshd; -fhaf;
foytpof; fz;fdyf; iftisahH Nrhur;
RoyoYs; itfpd;W Nrh.
jpUkhy; fUizia cFj;J ntFz;nlOe;jhd;. me;jg; nghONj

tisay; mzpe;j iffis cila muf;f kfspH mQ;rpdH.tPuNrh
vd;Dk; muzhdJ neUg;gpDs; %o;fpw;W. mj;jifa Mw;wy;
nghUe;jpa khatid gRf;$l;lq;fis Nka;f;Fk; ,ilad; vdf;
fUJjy; nghUe;jhJ vd;gjhk;.
5. ghlhz;glyj;jpd; Jiwfisf; fl;Liuf;f.
ghlhz;glyk; vd;Dk; ghlg;gFjpapy; mike;Js;s nra;jpfisj;

njhFj;J fl;Liu tbtpy; vOjy; Ntz;Lk;.
$W: 10 - nghJtpaw; glyk;:

Nehf;fk;: nghJtpay;jpizapd; ,yf;fzk;> mtw;wpd;
ntl;rp glyk; Kjyhfg; ghlhz; glyk; <whf mike;j
glyq;fSs; nghJthf mike;j Jiwfis tpsf;Ftjhy; ,J
nghJtpay; vd;Dk; ngaH ngwyhapw;W.mfj;jpw;Fk; Gwj;jpw;Fk;
nghJtha; mike;jikahy; ,jidg; nghJtpay; vdf; Fwpg;ghUk;
cz;L. ,t; ,aiy IadhupjdhH ehd;fhfg; gFj;Jf; nfhz;L
tpsf;FthH.mit KiwNa nghJtpaw;ghy> rpwg;gpy;
nghJtpaw;ghy> fhQ;rpg; nghJtpaw;ghy> Ky;iyg; nghJtpaw;ghy
vd;gjhFk;.
nghJtpay; jpizapd; Jiwfs;:
10.1 nghJtpaw;ghy:
rPHrhy; Nghe;ij Ntk;NghL> MNu
cd;d epiyNa Vof epiyNa
foy;epiy Vidf; fw;fhz; ly;Ny
fy;Nfhy; epiyNa fy;ePHg; gLj;jy;
fy;eL jy;Ny fd;Kiw gopr;ry;
,w;nfhz;L GFjy; vdg;gd; dpuz;Lk;
nghJtpaw; ghy vd;kdhH GytH
Nghe;ijKjy; ,w;nfhz;L GFjy; ,Wjpahfpa gd;dpuz;Lk;

nghJtpay; jpiz vdg;gLk;.
10.1.1Nghe;ij:
fyth kd;dH fz;ZW Qhl;gpd;
GyNty; thdtd; g+g;Gfoe; jd;W.
gifNte;jH Nte;jH NghH nra;Ak; NghHf;fsj;jpy; Gyhy; ehWk;

NtypidAila Nrud; #Lk; Nghe;ijg;g+itg; Gfo;e;jJ.
FilayH fhe;jl;ld; nfhy;ypr; Ridtha;j;
njhilatpo; jz;Ftis #lhd; - GiljpfOk;
Njujpug; nghq;Fe; jpUe;JNty; thdtd;
Nghnujpw; Nghe;ijahk; g+.
giftH gil mQ;Rk;gbahd Ntypid Ve;jpatd; Nru kd;dd;.

mtDf;F Fil Nghy; kyUk; nrq;fhe;js; G+f;fis cila
nfhy;ypkiy cupajhFk;.mjd; Ridapy; FspHe;j FtiskyHfs;
fhzg;gLk;. Nrud; mjid tpUk;ghJ jd;id vjpHj;Jg; NghH
nra;af; fUjpa murUld; NghH nra;tjw;fhfg; gdk;G+tpidr;
#bdhd;.
10.1.2 Ntk;G
tpUk;ghH mkupil nty;NghH tOjp
RUk;ghH Kbkpirg; g+g;Gfo;e; jd;W.
giftH NghHf;fsj;jpy; nty;Yk; NghiuAila ghz;bad;

kFlj;jpd;kPJ GidAk; tz;Lepiwe;j Ntg;gk; G+tpidg; Gfo;e;jJ.
njhbazpNjh shltH Jk;ig Gidaf;
nfhbazpNjH $l;lzq;Fk; Ngho;jpd; - KbazpAk;
fhj;jy;rhy; nrq;Nfhw; fLkh ndLtOjp
Vj;jy;rhy; Ntk;gp dpzH.
fhty; njhopypy; rpwg;G ngw;w nrq;NfhypidAk; tpiue;J nry;Yk;

FjpiuapidAk; ePz;l GfopidAk; cilatd; ghz;ba
kd;dd;.mtd; jdJ NjHg;gilapd; %yk; giftiu tUe;jr;
nra;thd;.mj;jifa Nghupy; mtDila gil tPuHfs; Jk;igg;
G+tpidr; #bdH.Mdhy; ghz;ba kd;dNdh Nghw;WjYf;Fupa
Ntg;gk;G+tpidr; #bdhd; vd;gjha; ghz;badpd;
milahsg;G+thfpa Ntg;gk;G+tpidg; Gfo;e;jJ.
10.1.3 MH
tpww;gil kwtH ntQ;rkk; fhzpd;
kwg;NghHr; nrk;gpad; kiyg;g+ ciuj;jd;W.
giftH giliaf; fhzpd; vjpHj;Jg; NghH nra;tjpy; ty;ytd;

Nrhod;. mtd; mzpe;jpUf;Fk; mj;jpg;G+tpd; rpwg;Gfisr; nrhy;tJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
nfhy;fsp W}HtH nfhypkiy thz;kwtH
nty;foy; tPfF
; tH NtypisaH- ky;Fk;
fyq;f nthypGd;w; fhtpup ehld;
myq;f ykuOtj; jhH.

nfhiyj;njhopypd; kpf;f ths;tPuH nfhy;Yk; ahidiar;
nrYj;JtH. nty;Yk; tPuf;foypidf; fl;ba NtypidAilatuha;
kwtH epw;gH.mj;jifa NghHf;fsj;jpy; fhtpupapd; jiytdhfpa
Nrho kd;dd; mj;jp khiyiar; #batdha; epw;ghd;.
10.1.4 cd;depiy
Jd;dUk; rpwg;gpy; njhLfod; kd;did
cd;dk; NrHj;jp cWGfo; kype;jd;W.
fpl;Ljw;fupa ed;ikapidAk; fl;Lq;foypidAKila Nte;jid

epkpj;jk; ghHf;Fk; kuj;njhL $l;b kpFGfior; nrhy;ypaJ.
Jd;dUe; jhidj; njhLfoyhd; Wg;ngjpHe;J
Kd;dH tzq;fhH Kuz;KUq;f-kd;dUk;
<nlyhe; jhq;fp apfytpe;jhH ePAepd;
Nfhnlyh Kd;dq; Fio.
cd;d kuNk! fpilj;jw;fupa mUk;ngUk; gilapidAk; fhypy;

tPuf;foypidAk; mzpe;jtH ek; kd;dH. mtuplk; vjpHj;J epd;w
giftH midtUk; mope;jdH> vdNt vd;Dila fpisfs;
vy;yhk; moF kpf;fjha; jspHf;fr; nra;thahf!
10.1.5 Vofepiy
Vofk; CupDk; ,d;dd; vd;wtd;
jho;tpy; Cf;fnkhL jifGfo;e; jd;W.
murd; xUtd; Ml;Lf;fplhapd; NkNywp tpisahLk; jd;ik

nfhz;ltdha; ,Ug;gpDk; murhl;rpapay; Nkk;gl;L tpsq;Fk;
kdntOr;rp cilatdfha; ,Ug;gjidg; Gfo;e;J ghLtJ
Vofepiy vdg;gLk;.
vk;kid ahkfpo Ntof Nkw;nfhspDk;
jk;kjp who;tPo;j; jpUf;FNk - njk;KidAs;
khndhL Njhd;wp kwYq;fh Nyofj;
jhndhL Neuh kuR .
vk; murd; vk; ,y;yj;jpd;Kd; epw;Fk; Ml;Lf;flhapd; NkNywp

tpisahLk; gUtj;jpid xj;jtd; Mthd;. vdpDk; giftUf;F
mQ;rp jd; kjpypd; thapiyj; jhopl;Lf; nfhz;L
,Uf;fkhl;lhd;.giftHfs; NghH nra;ak; ,lj;jpy; FjpiuNky;
te;J NghH nra;tH> mj;jifa ,lj;jpYk; jd; Ml;:Lf;flhapd;
Nky; nrd;W NghH nra;thd; vk; kd;dd; vd;gjhk;.
10.1.6 ,JTkJ
Ve;JGfo; cyfpd; ,sik Nehf;fhd;
Nte;J epw;wYk; Vof epiyNa
GfOila ,t; cyfj;jpd;fz; ,sikj;jdik cilatdha;

,Uf;Fk; XH murd; jd; ehl;bidf; fhty; nra;tjpy; rpwe;J
epd;whd; vd;W Fwpg;gpLtJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
Ntz;lhH ngupaH tpwy;NtNyhd; whdpisad;
g+z;lhd; nghopy;fht nyd;Wiuahk; - <z;L
kUsd;kpd; Nfhs;fUJ khy;tiu ahspf;
FUisAq; nfhy;fspw;wpd; NfhL .
Ek;Kila murid vjpHj;J epw;Fk; giftHfNsh tajpy;

ngupatHfs;. ek;Kila murNdh rpwpatd;. mjdhy; ahUk;
Fiwj;J kjpg;gplNtz;lhk;.ngupa kiyaplj;J tho;tJ
ahsp.mjdJ Fl;bahdJ nfhiyj;njhopypy; ty;yik cila
ahidaJ Nfhl;ilf; ftu epidf;Fk; mjdhy; tajpy;
,isatdpd; Ml;rp vd;W ahUk; kaf;fk; nfhs;sNtz;lhk;.
10.1.7 fodpiy
mLKuz; mfw;Wk; Ms;cFk; Qhl;gpy;
fLKuz; tatd; foy;Gide; jd;W.
NghH kwtUf;F tPu kuzj;ijj;jUk; NghHf;fsj;jpy; khWgl;L

epd;w tPud; xUtd; fhypy; mzpe;jpUf;Fk; foypd; ngUikiar;
nrhy;tJ foy;epiy vdg;gL:k;.
thskupd; Kd;tpyf;fp thd;glHthH ahHnfhNyh
NfsyhH ePf;fpa fpz;fpzpf;fhw; - fhis
fyq;foy; thapw; fLj;jw

P ;wp aw;why;
nghyq;foy; fhd;Nkw; GidT .

fpz;fpzpiaj; jd; fhypy; mzpe;jtd; ek; murd;.mtd; jd;Dld;
khWgl;L epd;w giftiug; NghHf;fsj;jpy; Nghf;fpatd;.
mj;jifatd; jd; fhypy; mzpe;jpUe;j fpz;fpzpiaf; fol;b
tpl;L nghd;dhy; Mfpa tPuf;foypidf; fl;bdhd;.,j;jifa
nrayhdJ fyf;fj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhfpa neUg;gpd; thapy; eQ;irj;
jltpaJ Nghy ,Ue;jJ. vdNt mtDila thl;Nghupidj; jLj;J
thdfk; nry;yg;NghtJ ahH?
10.1.8 fw;fhz;ly;
Mdh ntd;wp mkupy;tPo;e; Njhw;Ff;
fhd ePspilf; fw;fz; ld;W .
NghHf;fsj;jpy; tpOg;Gz; gl;L ,we;j kwtd; xUtDf;F eLfy;

ehl;ly; nghUl;L fhl;bd; ,ilNa ey;y fy;ypid Muha;e;J
vLg;gJ fw;fhz;ly; vdg;gLk;.
kpifazq;F nka;e;epwP, kPsp kwtH
Gifazq;fg; g+khup rpe;jpg; - gifazq;Fk;
tPisf; fLq;fizahy; Ntwhfp tpz;glHe;j
fhisf;Ff; fz;likj;jhH fy;.
NghHf;fsj;jpy; mk;Ggl;L tPud; xUtd; thDyfk; nrd;whd;. vdNt

jiyikj;jd;ik nfhz;l kwtH nja;tj;ij mtd; clk;gpy;
epWj;jpdH.ewpa Gifapid vor;nra;jdH>kyHfis kioNghyg;
nga;J tPukuzk; mile;j kwtid epWj;Jjw;F cupa ey;yfy;
,Jntd;W xU fy;iyj; NjHe;njLj;jdH.
10.1.9 fw;Nfhzpiy
kz;kUsj; Jbfwq;f
tpz;Nkahw;Ff; fy;nfhz;ld;W.
NghHf;fsj;jpy; tpOg;Gz; gl;L ,we;j kwtd; xUtDf;F eLfy;

ehl;ly; nghUl;L fhl;bd; ,ilNa ey;y fy;ypid Muha;e;J
vLj;Jf; nfhz;L tUtJ fw;Nfhs;epiy vdg;gLk;.
g+nthL ePHJ}tpg; nghq;f 2tpiuGifj;J
ehTil ed;kzp ed;fpak;g - NkthH
mod;kwq; fhw;wp atpe;jhw;nfd; Nwj;jpf;

fod;kwtH iff;nfhz;lhH fy; .
NghHf;fsj;jpy; giftUld; Nghupl;L tPo;e;jhd; kwtd;. mjidf;

fz;l kwtHfs; mtDf;fhd fy; xd;wpidj; NjHe;njLj;jdH>
mf;fy;ypid kyupl;L ePiur;NrHj;J tzq;fpdH>mfpy; Nghd;w
eWkzg;Gifapid vOg;gpdH.ehtpdhy; ey;y kzpapid
vOg;gpdH.mf;fy;ypid tho;j;jpg; gpd; vLj;J te;jdH.
10.1.10 fy; ePHg;gLj;jy;

tz;L#o; jhkk; GilNa myk;tuf;
fz;L nfhz;l fy;ePHg; gLj;jd;W.
NghHf;fsj;jpy; ,we;j kwtDf;fha; vLj;J te;j fy;ypid ePupDs;

fplj;jy; fy; ePHg;gLj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
fhL fdyf; fdNyhd; rpdQ;nrhupaf;
$ba ntk;ik FspHnfhs;sg; - ghb
eaj;jf kz;zp eWtpiunfhz; lhl;bf;
faj;jfj; Ja;j;jpl;lhH fy; .
tPuDf;fha; vLf;fg;ngw;w fy; fhl;bDs; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.

vdNt mf;fy; ntg;gk;gl;L ntk;ik cilajha;
mike;jpUe;jJ.vdNt mjd; Nky; cs;s ntg;gj;jpid ePf;Fk;
nghUl;L ePuhy; ePuhl;b J}a;ik nra;jgpd; mjidf; Fsj;jpy; ,l;L
itj;jdH>
10.1.11 ,JTkJ
Xq;fpafy; ca;jJ
; xOf;fy;
Mq;F vz;zpDk; mj;JiwahFk;.
,JTk; Nkw;fz;l Jiwf;Fwpg;gpidr; rhHe;jNj MFk;.
fzdhHe; Jtg;gf; fLq;fz; kwtH
gpzdhHe;J Nga;toq;F Qhl;gpd; - epzdhH
tpOf;fpdhy; Nta;e;j tpwy;NtNyhH fy;iy
xOf;fpdh nuhd;nwhUtH Kd; .

Nga;fs; gpzj;jpidj; jpd;W jpuptjw;F ,lkha; miktJ
NghHf;fsk; MFk;. mjpy; kwtH gyH giftupd; nfhOg;G vd;Dk;
epzj;jpdhy; #og;ngw;w khHGld; fple;jdH>ntw;wpia Ve;jpa
mk;kwtHfspd; ngaHfs; fy;ypy; vOjg;ngw;wd.kwtH $l;lk;
mjidg; ghHj;J kfpo;ej ; J.mf;fw;fis eLtpj;jiyr; nra;Ak;
jiytH Kd;ghf xt;nthd;whf el;ldH.
10.1.12 fy; eLjy;:

mtd;ngaHf;fy;; kpirg;nghwpj;Jf;
ftpd;ngwf; fy;ehl;bd;W.
NghHf;fsj;jpy; tPukuzk; mile;j kwtdpd; ngaupidf; fy;ypy;

vOjp eLjy; fy; eLjy; vdg;gLk;.
khiy Jay kzpnawpe;J kl;LFj;Jg;
gPyp azpe;J ngaHnghwpj;J - NtykUs;
Mz;lf epd;w tkHnta;Nahw; fhnfd;W
fhz;lf ehl;bdhH fy; .
NghHf;fsj;jpy; tPukuzk; mile;jhd; kwtd; xUtd;. mtDf;Ff;

fy; vLg;gpf;f epidj;jdH>fy;ypid el;L ,J mtd; cUtk;
MFf! vd tho;j;jpdH>mf;fy;ypw;F khiy mzptpj;jdH.kzpia
xypf;fr; nra;jdH>fs;spidj; njspj;j kapw;Njhifapidr;
#l;bdH>mk;kwtdpd; ngaupidAk; GfopidAk; fy;ypy; vOjp
gyUk; fhZk;gb itj;jdH.
10.1.13 fy;Kiw gopr;ry;

epoy; mtpH vopy;kzpg;g+z;
foy;nta;Nahd; fy;tho;jj
; pd;W.
NghHf;fsk; nrd;W Nghupy; tPukuzk; mile;j tPuDf;F eLfy;

vLj;J tho;j;jy; fy;Kiwg;gopr;ry; vdg;gLk;.
mLk;Gfo; ghb aOjOJ Nehdh
jpLk;igAs; itfp apUe;j - fLk;nghL
iftz; FUrpy; fw; ifnjh*cr; nry;ghz
nja;tkha; epd;whd; wpirf;F

ghzNd! thuptoq;Fk; ts;sy; jd;ikapy; rpwe;J epd;w ek;
jiytd; ,d;W midtUf;Fk; nja;tkhfp epw;fpwhd;.ePAk;
mtDila ngaUk; GfOk; vOjpa fy;ypd; Kd; epd;W ifFtpj;J
tzq;fp mtDila Gfopidg; ghLthahf!
10.1.14 ,w;nfhz;L GFjy;

Ntj;J mkUs; tpspe;Njhd; fy;vd
Vj;jpdH Jtd;wp ,w;nfhz;L Gf;fd;W.
Nte;jH Nghuplj;Jg; gl;ltDila fy;nyd;W nrhy;yp tho;j;jp

NfhapYf;F vLj;Jr; nry;yy; ,j;JiwahFk;.
thl;Gfh t+l;b tbkzp epd;wpak;gf;
Nfhl;Gyp ad;d FUrpy;fy; - Ml;fbe;J
tpw;nfhz;l ntd;wp tpwd;kwt nuy;NyhUk;
,jw;nfhz;L Gf;fh upiae;J.
nfhy;Yk; Gypia xj;j kwtd; NghHf;fsj;jpy; ,we;J gl;lhd;.

kwtHfs; mtDf;Ff; fy; vLj;jdH. fy;yhfpa kwtdpd; ntw;wp
thspw;F czT+l;bdH>kzp xypf;f tPuk; kpf;f kwtHfs;; xd;W
$bf; fy;ypid vLj;Jf; nfhz;L NfhapYf;Fs; GFe;J tho;j;jpdH.
10.2 rpwg;gpw; nghJtpaw;ghy;:

KJgh iyNa Rueil Naidj;
jGjhu epiyNa jhgj epiyNa
jiyg;ngay; epiyNa g+ry; kaf;Nf
khiy epiyNa %jh de;jk;
Mde; jk;Nk Mde;jg; igAs;
ifaW epiy csg; glg;gjp ndhd;Wk;
ikaW rpwg;gpw; nghJtpaw; ghy.
,JTk; nghJtpaw;ghythkhW czHj;Jjy; Ejypw;W. KJghiy

Kjyhff; ifaWepiy <whfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l gjpndhd;Wk;
nghJtpaw;ghythk;.
10.2.1 KJghiy
fhk;GaH flj;jpilf; fztid ,oe;j
g+q;nfhb kle;ij Gyk;Giuj; jd;W.
%q;fpy; Xq;fpd fhdfj;Jj; jd; fztid ,oe;j nfhb Nghd;w

kle;ijaJ jdpikiar; nrhy;ypaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
ePHkyp fz;nzhL epd;Nw dpiyapuq;fha;
jhHkyp khHgd; wifafyk; - #HkfNs
nts;spy; tpisTjpUk; NtNahq;Fk; ntQ;Ruj;Jf;
nfhs;sdP Nfhly; nfhbJ .
tUj;Jk; njhopypdha Nga;kfNs! tpstpdJ gok; cjpH;e;J

fplf;Fk; jd;ikaJ fhL.mf;fhl;Ls; ePHtopAk; fz;NzhL jdpj;Jj;
JaHgLfpd;w vd;epiyf;F fUiz fhl;lkhl;lhah!kyHkhiy
mzpe;jtdha; ,we;J fplf;Fk; vd; jiytdpd; khHgpid vLj;Jf;
nfhs;tJ nfhLikahdJ. vdNt mr;nraypid xopg;ghahaf!
vd;fpwhs;.
10.2.2 Rueil
%jupy; epte;j KJfio Mupilf;
fhjyp ,oe;j fztd;epiy ciuj;jd;W.
%q;fpy; Xq;fpd fhdfj;Jj; jiytpia ,oe;j jiytd;

Kiwiar; nrhy;ypaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
cuntup Nta;e;j TUg;gtpH fhDs;
tuntjpupd; itNty;tha; tPot

; ha; - futpdhy;
Ngijiag; ngz;zpaiyg; nga;tisia nad;khHgpw;
Nfhijiaf; nfhz;nlhspj;j $w;W.
$w;wNk! vd; jiytp Ngjikj;jd;ik cilats;> tisay;fis

mzpe;jts;> vd; kHHgpid moF nra;fpd;w khiy Nghd;wts>;
mtis neUg;Gg; Nghd;w ,f;fhl;by; gw;wpg; gbj;J kiwj;Jf;
nfhz;lha;! mg;gbr; nra;j eP vd;Kd; tUit Mapd; vdJ $upa
Ntyhy; Fj;Jg;gl;L ,wg;gha;!
10.2.3 jGjhuepiy
Gidapio ,oe;jgpd; Gyk;nghL itfp
kidafj;J ciwAk; ike;jd;epiy ciuj;jd;W.
Mguzj;jpidAila kidtpia ,oe;jgpd; jdpikAlNd jq;fp

,y;yj;jpy; ,Ue;j Mz;kfd; Kiwikiar; nrhy;ypaJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
ige;njhb NkYyf nka;jg; glUoe;j
ike;jd; FUrpd; kiots;sy;-ve;ij
jTjhuj; jho;e;j jdpepiyik Nfshr;
nrtplh nahopnfd; nrtp.
grpa epwj;jhy; mike;j tisaiy mzpe;j kidtpapd; tUj;jk;

jhohJ jiytd; ngupJk; tUe;jpdhd;.mj;jifa jiytd; vdf;Fj;
je;ij Nghd;wtd;.mj;jifatd; kidtpia ,oe;J
jdpikj;Jaupy; tUe;Jk; nra;jpiaf; NfshJ vd; fhJfs;
nrtplhfl;Lk;.
10.2.4 jhgjepiy
FUe;jyH fz;zpf; nfhOed; kha;e;njdf;
fUe;jlk; fz;zp ifk;ik$ wpd;W.
FUe;jg;g+ kyUk; khiyapidAila fztd; ,we;jikahy; fupa

ngupa fz;zpid cila kidtp ifk;ik Nehd;gpid
Nkw;nfhz;lhs; vd;W nrhy;YtJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
fye;jtidf; $w;wq; fug;gf; fopah
jye;jpidA kt;tisj; Njhsp-cye;jtd;
jhnuhL nghq;fp epydpir,j; jhd;kpirAk;
fhulfpd; Nky;itj;jhs; if.
jd;Dil fztid $w;Wtd; nfhz;lhd;. mjidf; fz;l kidtp

tUe;jpdhs;. ifk;ik Nehd;gpid Nkw;nfhz;lhs;.jd; fztdpd;
khiyNahL rpde;jhs;.ntWk; epyj;jpy; gLj;J
cwq;fpdhs;.jdf;nfd mikj;Jf; nfhz;l fupa cztpid
cz;lhs;.
10.2.5 jiyg;ngadpiy
,d;fjpH KWty;ghyfd; vd;Dk;
jd;fld; epWj;jjha; jGepiy ciuj;jd;W
,dpa xspeifapidAila gps;isapidg; ngw;w jha; jd;

filikia Kbj;J> Kd;G ,we;j fztNdhL ,we;J $bdhs;
vd ciug;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
,lk;gL Qhyj; jpay;Ngh nfhbNj

jlk;ngUq;fl; ghyfndd;Dk;-fld;fopj;J
Ks;nsapw;Wg; Ngijahs; Gf;fhs; Kuztpah
ts;nsapw;Wf; $w;wj;jpd; tha;.
Ks; NghYk; $upa gy;ypidf; nfhz;lts; ngz;. mts;
jha;ikf;Fupa fldhfpa Gjy;tidg; ngw;nwLj;jhs;.gpd; $w;Wtd;
thapy; nrd;W GFe;jhs;.mjdhy; mfd;w ,t; cyfjjpd; ,ay;G
nfhLikahdjhFk; vdf; Fwpg;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
10.2.6 g+rd;kaf;F
gy;ypjo; kiof;fzp ghyfd; kha;e;njdg;
Gy;ypa ngUq;fpisg; g+ry;$ wpd;W
g+itnahj;J kioNghyf; FspHe;j fz;zpidAila gps;is

,we;jjhy; nghUe;jpa ngupa Rw;wj;jpdJ mOifiar; nrhy;ypaJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
myHKiy aQ;nrh 1ytnzhopa tt;tpw;

FyKjiyf; nfhz;nlhspj;j yd;wp- epyKwg;
Gy;ypa gy;fpisg; g+ry; gupANkh
nfhy;ypa te;njhopahf; $w;W.
$w;Wtd; ngUj;jkhHgpidAk; mofpa nrhy;ypidAk; cila
jhapd; capiuf; iff;nfhs;shky; Foe;ijapd; capiuf;
nfhz;lhd;.$w;Wtd; mj;jifa nraiyr; nra;ahky; Rw;wj;jpdupd;
mOiff;F ,uq;fpf; fUizGupthNdh?
10.2.7 ,JTkJ
Nte;jd; kha;e;njd tpay;,lk; Gyk;gpDk;
Ma;e;j GytH mJntd nkhopg.

murd; ,we;jjhy; mfd;w g+kpapDs;shH ,uq;fp mOjiy
Muha;e;j mwptpidAilNahH Kd;G nrhy;yg;ngWk; JiwAk;
G+rd;kaf;F vdg;gLk;.
vz;zp dpfy;Gupe;Njh nua;jhj jpy;NghYk;
fz;zpndhspH Ntyhd; fue;jgpd; -mz;zy;
GfnohL g+rd; kaq;fpw;whw; nghq;Fk;
mfo;fly; Ntyp afj;J.
flypid Ntypahf cila epyTyif Mz;l murd; ,we;jhd;.

mjidf; fz;l ,t; cyfpd; Muhthuk; vy;yhk; ,we;j murdpd;
GfNohL NrHe;J xypf;fpd;wJ.,jid Muha;e;J ghHj;jhy; Nghupid
tpUk;Gk; murH ngwhj Gfo; vd;W xd;W ,y;iy NghYk;.
10.2.8 khiyepiy
fjpHNty; fztndhL fidvup KOf
kjpNaH Ejyp khiyepd; wd;W.
Ntyhw;wypy; rpwe;j jiytd; ,we;jhd;.mjidf; fz;l kidtpAk;

,wf;ff; fUjpds;.gpiwapidg; Nghd;w new;wpia cila
mj;jiytp khiyg;nghOjpy; neUg;gpDs; Gf epd;whs; vd;W
nrhy;tJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
Nrhiy kapyd;dh ld;fztd; nrhy;ypanrhy;
khiy epidah kdq;fil,f; - fhiyg;
Gifaoy; NtNyhd; GzHg;ghfp epd;whs;
mifao yPkj; jfj;J.
kapypidg; Nghd;w jiytp jd; jiytd; $wpa thHj;ijfis

vy;yhk; khiyg;nghOjpy; epidj;Jg; ghHj;jhs;.mjdhy; jd;
kdj;jpid ,wg;gjw;Fj; tpiuT gLj;jpdhs;. vupfpd;w neUg;gpDs;
GFe;j jd; fztDf;Fj; Jizahdhs;.
10.2.9 %jhde;jk;
faNyH fz;zp fztndhL Kba
tpay;newpr; nry;NthH tpae;Jciuj; jd;W.

faiynahj;j tpopapidAila jiytp jd; fztd; ,we;Jglj;
jhDk; capH tpl;lhs;. mjidf; fz;l mfd;w topaplj;Jg;
NghthH fz;L mjprapj;Jr; nrhy;ypaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
XUap uhf TzHf Tld;fye;jhHf;
fPUap nud;g upilnjupahH-Nghupy;
tplNde;Jk; NtNyhw;Fk; nts;tisap dhl;Fk;
clNd Aye;j JapH.
eQ;R Njha;e;j Ntypid Ve;jpg; NghH nra;Ak;jiytd;

NghHf;fsj;jpy; ,we;jhd;. mtd; kidtpapd; capUk; cld;
Nghapw;W.vdNt ,UtUf;Fk; <Uly; XH capH vd;W mwpf. mjid
Vw;fhJ ,uz;L NgUf;Fk; ,uz;L capH vd;W $WgtHfs;
eLTepiyia Muha;e;J mwpAk; jd;ik mw;wtHfs; MtH.
10.2.10 ,JTkJ
nfhbahd; $Hq;fiz Fspg;gj; jd;njhopy;
Kbahd; mtpjYk; %jh de;jk;
NghUf;Fr; nrd;w tPudpd; khHgpy; giftupd; mk;G gha;e;jJ.vdpDk;

mt;tPud; jhd; nra;af; fUjpa tpidapid Kbj;Nj ,we;jhd;
vd;W nrhy;tJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
Ke;jj;jhd; khnthL Gf;f KidakUl;
rpe;jj;jhd; te;jhH nrUtpyf;fpf;-Fe;jj;jhw;
nry;fiz khw;wpf; FUrpy; rpiwepd;whd;
nfhy;fiztha; tPoj
; y; nfhbJ.
Ek; jiytd; FjpiuNky; nrd;W giftupd; giltPuHfis ntl;b

tPo;j;jpdhd;.jd; Fe;jhypg;gilahy; jd;Nky; gha;e;j mk;gpid
vw;wpdhd;.giftupd; gilahfpa nts;sj;jpidf; fiuj;jtd;
giftupd; mk;G gl;l ,we;jJ nfhLikahdJ.
10.2.11 Mde;jk;
Mlikj; Njhsp tpupr;rpAk;; nrhfpdKk;
NtWgl tQ;rp tpJg;Gw;W md;W.

mirAk; %q;fpy; Nghd;w NjhspidAilts; ew; nrhy;Yk;
epkpj;jKk;khWgl;Lj; Njhd;wpaij vz;zpg; gag;gl;L eLf;fKw;wJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
Nte;jhHg;g ntQ;rkj;J NtyOte; jhq;fpdhd;
rhe;jh ufyj;Jj; jho;tLg;Gz;-jhe;jzpah
kd;dh nrhfpd kaq;fpd tha;g;GSk;
vd;dhq;nfhy; Ngij apdp.
NghHf;fsj;jpy; giftupd; Ntw;$l;lj;jidj; Jilj;j

gilj;jiytdpd; khHgplj;Nj cs;s tpOg;Gz;fs; ,d;Dk; Mwhj
jd;ikia cilajha; cs;sJ>,g;NghJ Vw;gLk; epkpj;jKk;
nghUe;jtpy;iy. ew;nrhy;Yk; kaf;fk; jUtjha; mike;Js;sJ.
,dpj; jiytpapd; epiy vd;dhFNkh?
10.2.12 ,JTkJ
jtg;ngupa ntQ;rkq;FWFk;
mtw;fF ,uq;fpDk; mj;JiwahFk;.
NghHj;njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;l jiytd; ,we;JgLthNdh vdf;

fhjyp tUe;JtJk; ,j;JiwahFk;.
,d;dh nrhfpd kpirah tpupr;rpAk;
md;dh tyk;tUnkd; dhUapUk;-vd;dhq;nfhy;
njhf;fhH kwkd;dH Njhyhj; Jbfwq;fg;
Gf;fhd; tpliyAk; NghHf;F.
jhNa!khWghL nfhz;l giftHfs; NghH nfhz;L te;jdH>ek;

jiytDk; Jb Koq;f NghUf;Fr; nrd;whd;.epkpj;jk;ed;ik
jUtjhf mikatpy;iy.ew;nrhy;Yk; Vw;wjha; mikatpy;iy.vd;
capUk; Roy;fpd;wJ.vjpHfhyk;jhd; vd;dhFnkh!
10.2.13 Mde;jg;igAs;
tpOkk; $u Nta;jN
; jhs; mupit
nfhOed; tPaf; Fioe;Jcaq; fpd;W.

Jd;gk; kpf %q;fpy;Nghd;w NjhspidAil kidtp fztd; ,wg;g
nkype;J tUe;jpaJ.
Gfnohopa itafj;Jg; g+q;fow; fhis
jpfnohspa khtpRk;G Nru - ,fo;thHKd;
fz;Nl fopfhj ypy;iyahw; ifNrhHe;Jk;
cz;Nl aspj;nj DapH.
tPuk; nrwpe;j jiytdpd; capuhdJ jd; Gfo; epWtp thDyfk;

nrd;wJ. mtDld; capH Jwf;fhj vd;idg; gpwH
,fo;fpd;wdH.mjidf; fz;l mtd; gpupthNy JaUw;W
epw;fpd;Nwd;.fztd; ,we;jNghNj ,we;Jglhj md;G vd;dplk;
,y;iy.Mjyhy; vd; clypy; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; capH kpfTk;
tUe;jw;Fupajhk;.
10.2.14 ifaWepiy
nra;foy; kd;dd; kha;e;njdr; NrHe;NjhH
ifaw ciuj;Jf; ifNrhHe; jd;W.
Nghupidg; ngupJk; tpUk;Gk; jiytd; NghHf;fsj;jpy;

capHnfhLj;Jg; Gfo; nfhz;lhd;. mtdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l
cyfj;J capHfs; vy;yhk; mtd; Gfior; nrhy;yp ve;ehSk;
Rod;W nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;.
jhad;dhd; whHtpyq;fp tPoj; jsHnthL
ePnad;dha; epd;whnad; ndQ;rspia-<nad;whHf;
fpy;nyd;w Nww;wh tpfy;nta;Nahd; tpz;glug;
Gy;nyd;w ehg;GytH Nghd;W.
vy;yhTapHf;Fk; jha; Nghd;wtd>; khw;whH nfhbg;giliaj; jLj;Jg;

NghHf;fsj;jpy; ,we;jhd;.mjdhy; nkypTlNd capHg;nghUsha;
epd;whNah? capupy; nghUsha; epd;whNah? eP vd;dhfp epd;wha; ?
vd;Dila kdNk> eP mspapidAilia@ vdf;F ,J jUfntd;W
Ntz;bNdhHf;F ,y;iynad;Dk; thHj;ijia mwpahj
NghHtpUk;GNthd; tpz;zpNy nry;y nre;ehg;GytH
tUe;jj;jf;ftuhthH.
10.2.15 ,JTkJ
fope;Njhd; jd;Gfo; fhjypj;J ciug;gpDk;
nkhope;jdH GytH mj;Jiw vd;d.
Nghupy; ,we;Njhd; ngaiu md;Gw;Wr; nrhy;ypDk; Kd;Gnrhd;d
Jiwnad;W nrhy;YtH mwpTilNahH.
epd;W epykpirNah Nuj;j neLtpRk;gpy;
nrd;W fope;jhd; nrUnta;Nahd; - vd;Wk;
moYq; fjpHNt ytd;Gfo; ghb
coY Kyfj; JapH.
Nghupidg; ngupJk; tpUk;Gk; jiytd; NghHf;fsj;jpy;
capHnfhLj;Jg; Gfo; nfhz;lhd;. mtdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l
cyfj;J capHfs; vy;yhk; mtd; Gfior; nrhy;yp ve;ehSk;
Rod;W nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;.
10.3 fhQ;rpg; nghJ ,ay; :

%Jiu nghUe;jpa KJnkhopf; fhQ;rp
ngUq;fhQ; rpa;Na nghUz;nkhopf; fhQ;rp
GytH Vj;Jk; Gj;Njs; ehl;nlhL
KJfhQ; rpa;nahL fhLtho;j;J csg;gl
ikaW rPHj;jp tUk; ,U %d;Wk;
ngha;jPH fhQ;rpg; nghJtpaw; ghy.
vd;-dpd;> ,JTk; nghJtpaw;ghythkhW czHj;Jjy; Ejypw;W.
KJnkhopf; fhQ;rp Kjyhff; fhLtho;j;J <whfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l

MWk; nghJtpaw;ghythk;.
10.3.1 KJnkhopf; fhQ;rp

gyHGfo; GytH gd;dpdH njupAk;
cyfpay; nghUz;Kb czuf; $wpd;W.
vy;NyhUk; nfhz;lhLk; mwpTilNahH Fw;wk; ePf;fp MuhAk;

cyfj;jpaYs; Kbe;j nghUshfpa mwk>; nghUs;> ,d;gj;ij
mwpar; nrhy;ypaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
Mw;wp Dzup dUswkh khw;whHf;Fg;

Nghw;whH toq;fpw; nghUs;nghUshk;-khw;wpg;
Gfyh njhOFk; GuptisahH nkd;Nwhs;
Muhmfyh jspj;njhOf yd;G.
goikahd E}y;fspd; top Muhapd; gpw capHfsplj;J

mUSilikNa mwk; vdyhFk;.jdf;nfdf; nfhs;shky;
twpatUf;F <ag;gLk; nghUNs cWjp gaf;Fk; nghUs;
vdg;gLk;.gpwiu tpUk;ghky; nfhz;lts; kdk; kfpOk;gb mtsJ
Njhis ePq;fhky; mtUf;F mUs; nra;tNj ,d;gk; vdg;gLk;.
10.3.2 ngUq;fhQ;rp
kiyXq;fpa khepyj;J
epiyahik newpAiuj;jd;W.
kiyahy; #og;ngw;w ,t; cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; nghUs;fs; vy;yhk;

epiyapy;yhky; mope;JgLk; vd;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
Mah jwptaHe; jy;yhe; jfyplj;J
khah epjpa kidr;nrwP,-<ah
jpWfg; nghjpad;kp dpd;nwhL ehisf;
FWf tUkNuh $w;W.
cyfj;JthOk; khe;jNu! ck; capiuf; nfhz;L Nghtjw;F

,d;Nwh ehisNah $w;Wtd; tUthd;.vdNt mjd; jd;ik
mwpahJ ngUk;nghUis ,y;yjjpy; NrHj;J itf;fpd;wHP . mjidg;
gpwUf;F toq;fhky; ,Wfg; gw;wpf; nfhz;Ls;sPH.mr;nraiy
xopg;guP hf!
10.3.3 nghUz;nkhopf; fhQ;rp

vupe;J,yq;F rilKb KdptH
Gupe;J fz;l nghUz;nkhope; jd;W.
xspAld; tp-sq;Ffpd;w rilKbapid cilatHfs;

KdptHfs;.mtHfs; njspe;J czHe;j ew;nghUisf; $WtJ
nghUz;nkhopf;fhQ;rp MFk;.
Ma ngUik atpHrilNah uha;e;JzHe;j

gha newpNkw; glHe;njhLq;fpj; - jPa
,GnshL itfh jplk;gL Qhyj;
jUnshL itfp afy;.
jPa topapy; nry;tjid neQ;rNk jtpHg;ghahaf! jtj;jpy; rpwe;j

KdptH Muha;e;J $wpa nka;g;nghUis czHe;J Gydlf;fk;
nfhs;f! ,e;epyTyfpy; thOk; ehs;tiu jpUtUisg; ngw;W
tho;tPuhf!mtw;why; gpwtp vd;Dk; gpzpapy; ,Ue;J ePq;FtPuhf!
10.3.4 GytH Vj;Jk; Gj;Njs; ehL:

EioGyk; glHe;j NehaW fhl;rp
tpioGyk; fle;NjhH tPLciuj; jd;W.
Ik;Gyd;fis ntd;w rhd;NwhHfs; jkJ mwptpid cyfpay;

khl;L nry;ytplhH.gpwtpg;gpzp ePq;Ftjw;fupa ,iwj;jpUtUis
vz;zp epw;gH.mj;jifaNj tPlhFk;. mj;jifa tPl;bidg; gw;wp
vLj;Jiug;gJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
ngha;apy; GytH Gupe;JiwA NkYyfk;
Iankhd; wpd;wp awpe;Jiug;gpd; - nta;a
gfypd; wputpd;W gw;wpd;W Jw;wpd;
wpfypd; wpsptuT kpd;W.
nka;Q;Qhdpfs; tpUk;gp ciwAk; tpz;Zyfj;ij Iag;ghL

xd;Wkpd;wpNa czHe;J nrhy;Nthkhfpy; mq;F ntt;tpjhd
gfw;nghOJkpy;iy@ ,uTg; nghOJkpy;iy@ ghrKkpy;iy@
czTkpy;iy@ khWghLkpy;iy@ jho;Tkpy;iy vd;gjhk;.
10.3.5 KJfhQ;rp
jiytUk; nghUisj; jf;fhq; FzHj;jp
epiyepiy ahik newpg;gl ciuj;jd;W.
nka;g;nghUs; xd;Nw mopahky; epw;gJ> kw;witnay;yhk; mopAk;

jd;ik nfhz;lit vd;gjid vLj;Jiug;gNj KJfhQ;rp vd;Dk;
,j;JiwahFk;.
,sik epiyjsu %g;Ngh biwQ;rp

csik Azuh njhLq;fp - tsik
tpag;Nght ypy;yh tpayplj;J nt/fh
Jag;Nghf nyz;zp DWk;.
,sikg;gUtk; epiyapy;yhjJ. Ma;e;J ghHf;fpd; KJikg;gUtk;

te;jikAk;.Mjyhy; jho;e;J cz;ikia mwpahNjxd;iwAk;
tpUk;ghj epiy Vw;gl;lJ.,g;gw;W ePq;fpa epiy kPz;Lk; gpwe;J
tho;fpd;w epiyapdpd;W ePq;Fjw;F cjTk;.
10.3.6 fhL tho;j;J

gy;ytHf;F ,uq;Fk; ghbkpo; nea;jy;
fy;nyd xypf;Fk; fhLtho;j; jpd;W.
rhg;giw ngUk; Kof;fj;jpidr; nra;Ak; ,lk;

RLfhlhFk;.mr;RLfhl;bid tho;j;jpaJ fhL tho;jJ
; vd;gjhFk;.
jd;Gwq; fz;lwpthH jhkpy;iy - md;gpd;
mOjhHf zPHtpLj;j thwhbf; $if
fOjhHe; jputoq;Fq; fhL.
,t; cyfpy; ,we;Jgl;ltupd; md;gpdhH fz;zPH Mwhfg; ngUfpa

,lk; RLfhlhFk;.mj;jifa fhl;by;$ifAk; NgAk;
Fspj;jd.mg;gwitfs; kpFjpahf ,aq;Fjw;F mbg;gilaha;
mike;jJRLfhL. mjd; cz;ikepiyiaf; fz;lwpe;jhH xUtUk;
,y;iy.
10.4 Ky;iyg; nghJ ,ay; :

rPHrhd; Ky;iynahL fhHKy;iy vd;wh
NjHKy; iynahL ehz;Ky;iy vd;wh
,y;yhz; Ky;iynahL gfl;LKy;iy vd;wh
ghd;Ky; iynahL fw;GKy;iy vd;whq;F
,Uehy; Ky;iyAk; nghJtpaw; ghy.
Ky;iy Kjyhff; fw;GKy;iy <whfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l vl;Lk;

nghJtpaw;ghythk;.
10.4.1 Ky;iy
jltiu khHgd; wd;dkH fhjy;
kltuy; GzHe;j kfpo;r;rpepiy ciuj;jd;W.
ngupa kiyNghd;w khHgpid cila jiytd; jd;idg;

nghUe;jpa md;gpidAk; klg;gj;jpidAk; cila jiytpNahL
$bf;fspj;jijr; nrhy;ypaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
Cij Asu nthrpe;J kzq;fkOk;
NfhijNghd; Ky;iyf; nfhbkUq;Fw;- Ngij
Fit, apize;j FtpKiy ahfk;
fit,f; ftiy apyk;.
fhw;wpd; fhuzkhf kzk; tPRtJ Ky;iy; mj;jifa

Ky;iyapidg; Nghd;wts; jiytp.klg;gk; nghUe;jpats;.mtspd;
khHG jpuz;L fhzg;gl;lJ>,k;khHgpidj; jOtpf; nfhz;L Jauk;
,y;yhj epiyapid ahk; mile;Njhk;.
10.4.2 fhHKy;iy
mUe;jpwy; fl;^H mtH thuhKd;
fUq;fly; Kfe;J fhHte; jd;W.
jiytd; giftiu nty;Yk; nghUl;L ghriwf;fz;

tPww
; pUe;jhd;.mj;jiytd; jd; CUf;Fj; jpUk;gp tUtjw;F Kd;
Nkfk; fly;ePiu Kfe;J nfhz;L te;jJ vd;W Fwpg;gJ
,j;JiwahFk;.
GidAk; nghyk;gilg; nghq;Fiskhd; wpz;NlH
JidAe; Jidgilj; Jd;dhH-KidAs;
mld;Kfe;j jhid atHthuh Kd;dk;
fld;Kfe;J te;jd;W fhH.
NjuhdJ mofpa Fjpiufshy; G+l;lg;ngw;wJ>mj;jifa Njupd;Nky;

giftiu tPo;j;Jjw;fhfj; jiytd; tpiue;J nrd;whd;. vdpDk;
nrd;w tpid Kbahikahy; ghriwf;fz; jq;fpdhd;.mtd;
kPs;tjw;F Kd;ghf NkfkhdJ fly;ePiu Kfe;J nfhz;L te;jJ.
10.4.3 NjHKy;iy
cUj;njOk; kd;dH xd;dhH je;epiy
jpUj;jpa fhjyH NjHtuT ciuj;jd;W.
rpde;njOk; muruhfpa giftH jk;Kila epiyikia

cwthf;fp kPz;l md;gHjk; NjH te;j epiyar; nrhy;ypaJ
jPHe;J tzq;fpj; jpiwasg;gj; njk;KidAs;
CHe;Jeq; Nfs;t Uiote;jhH - rhHe;J
gupNfhl;l kpd;wpg; gjthHe; JfSk;
jpupNfhl;l khtpupaj; NjH.
NghHf;fsj;jpy; Njupidr; nrYj;jp ek; jiytH gifia ntd;whH.

mjdhy; giftHfs; gifikia kwe;J ez;gHfs;
MapdH.jpiwg;nghUisf; nfhz;L te;J nfhLj;jdH. gpd; jiytH
fhl;L topapilj; Njupidr; nrYj;jpdhH. mjdhy; mUfk;Gy;ypid
Nka;e;J nfhz;bUe;j khdpdk; Njupd; tUif Nfl;Lg; gha;e;J
XbaJ.
10.4.4 ehz;Ky;iy
nrWeH ehzr; Nrapio mupit
tWkid itfpj; jw;fhj; jd;W.
giftH ehzr; rpte;j Mguzj;jpidAila kle;ij fztd;

gpupe;j ,y;ypNy jq;fpj; jd;idg; fhj;Jf;nfhz;l jd;ikiar;
nrhy;ypaJ ,j;jpizahFk;.
nfha;jhu khHgpw; nfhOed; wze;jgpd;
nra;tis ahl;Fg; gpwpjpy;iy- nta;a
tspkiwA kpd;wp tof;nfhopah thapy;
espkidf;F ew;Wiz ehz;.
khiyazpe;j khHgpid cila jiytd; jd; kidtpiag;

gpupe;jhd;. tisay;fs; mzpe;j ifapid cila mtdpd;
kidtpNah NtW fhty; VJk; ,y;yhj ntk;ikf;fhw;wpidj;
jLf;Fk; fjTk; ,y;yhj ,y;yj;jpy; ehzk; xd;wpidNa
Jizahff; nfhz;L jd;idf; fhj;Jf; nfhz;lhs;.
10.4.5 ,y;yhz; Ky;iy
fOkpa fhjw; fztidg; gopr;rp
,Onkd; rPHj;jp ,y;kypG ciuj;jd;W
md;gpNdhL fztidj; njhOJ vOk; kidtp ,dpa nrhw;fshy;

ghuhl;lg;gLk; rpwg;gpid cilats;.mj;jiytpapd; ,ay;gpidr;
rpwg;gpj;Jf; $WtJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
fy;nydPH Ntypf; fztd; foy;tho;j;jp
xy;Yk; tifahy; tpUe;Njhk;gpr;-nry;Ye;jk;
,w;nry;t kd;wp apue;jtHf; fPfy;yhg;
Gw;nry;tk; g+th Gfo;.
flyhy; #og;ngw;w ,t; cyfpy; thOk; ngz; jd; fztidj;

njhoNtz;Lk;. fztdpd; tUkhdj;jpw;F Vw;g tpUe;jpdiug; Ngz
Ntz;Lk;.mt;thwhd ,y;ywr; nry;tk; Gfopidg; G+f;Fk;.
,ue;jtHf;Ff; nfhLf;fhj nry;tk; Gfiog; G+g;gjpy;iy.
10.4.6 gfl;L Ky;iy

tad;kpF rpwg;gpd; tUj;jKk; Nehd;ikAk;
tpad;kidf; fpotidg; gfl;nlhL nghuP,ad;W.
taYf;F cupa NtshsDf;F cjtpaha; miktJ vUJ. mJ

Kaw;rpahy; tUk; tUj;jj;ijAk; RikiaAk; nghWf;Fk; jd;ik
cilaJ. mj;jifa vUNjhL Ntshsid xg;gpl;Lf; $WtJ
gfl;LKy;iy vdg;gLk;.
ca;j;jy; nghWj;j nyhoptpd; nwhyptaYs;
va;j;j ywpah jpilapd;wp-itj;j
gLEfk; g+z;l gfl;nlhL khDk;
neLnkhop naq;fzt NdH.
taypy; vg;nghOJk; fOj;jpd;Nky; Efj;jb G+z;L ciog;gJ

vUJ.mjidg;Nghy FLk;gj;ijr; nrYj;JjiyAk; gyUf;Fk;
jhq;FjiyAk; njhopyha;f; nfhz;Ls;shd; jiytd;.mtd; ePz;l
Gfopid cilatd; Mthd;.
10.4.7 ghd;Ky;iy
mupgha; cz;f Mapiog; GzHe;Njhd;
guptfy; cs;snkhL ghy;tho;j; jpd;W.
nrt;tup> fUtup gue;j ikAz;l tpopapidAk; njupe;j

Mguzj;jpidAk; cilahis kze;jtd; jiytd;. mtd;
mj;jiytpAld; $b tUj;jk; ePq;fpdhd;.mtd; nja;tj;jpid
tho;j;jpAiuj;jJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
jpq;fs; tpsq;Fe; jpfo;e;jpyq;F Ngnuhsp
mq;fz; tpRk;gp dfj;Jiwf-nrq;fl;
Fapyida Njnkhopf; $nuapw;Wr; nrt;tha;g;
gapy;tisia ey;fpa ghy;.
ed;F rpte;j fz; Fapy;NghYk; Fuy;> $Hikahd gy rpte;j tha;

nrwpe;j tisay; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;lts; jiytp.mj;jifa
jiytpia vdf;Fj; je;jUspaJ Cohfpa
nja;tk;MFk;.mj;nja;tk; jpq;fs; xsp nghUe;jp thDyfj;jpy;
vd;Wk; nghUe;jp tho;tjhFf!
10.4.8 fw;G Ky;iy

nghd;wpfo; Rzq;fpd; g+q;fz; mupit
ed;mwp nfhOeid eykpFj; jd;W.
nghd;Nghy; ,yq;Fk; Rzq;fpidAk; nghype;j fz;zpidAk;

cila ngz; ed;ikia czUk; jd;ikAila fztdpd;
ed;ikiag; ngUfr; nrhy;ypaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
nea;nfh zpze;J} epiwa tikj;jpl;l
Fa;nfh sbrpy; gpwHEfHf-itfYk;
mq;Fiof; fPiu alF kpirapDk;
vq;fzt dy;f ypdpJ.
nea;Ak; nfhOg;Gk; NrHj;Jr; nra;ag;gLtJ Gyhy; czT>

fwpapid cilajha; tpsq;FtJ fwpr; NrhwhFk;. mjid
midtUk; cz;L kfpo;f! ahk; ehs;NjhWk; fPiu czitNa
cz;Nghk;.mt; czTk; vk;Kila fztd; mspf;f mJNt vkf;F
,dpik gag;gjhFk;.
10.4.9 ,JTkJ
NktUk; fztd; jzg;gj; jd;tapd;
fhty; $wpDk; mj;Jiw ahFk;.
NrHe;jpUe;j fztd; gpupe;jpUe;jhd;.me;epiyapy; ,Ue;j ngz;

jd;Dila fw;igf; fhj;Jf; nfhz;lhs;.mjidr; nrhy;YtJk;
Kd;dhy; $wg;gl;l fw;G Ky;iy vd;gjhFk;.
nksty; tpupA kzq;fko; khd;khiyj;
njstd; KJFuk;igj; jhd;wkpas;-nrt;td;
,iwfhf;F kpt;Tyfp dpw;gpwe;j ey;yhs;
epiwfhg;g itF epiw.
Kd;dhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; epyTyfpy; ey;yFbapy; gpwe;jts;

jiytp.mts; Ky;iy kyUk; khiyg;nghOjpdpy; jd; tPl;by;
jdpj;J ,Ue;jhs;.mt;tPL goq;$iuia cilajha;
,Ue;jJ.mj;jifa tPl;by; gpwH fhty; ,d;wpAk; fhg;gdtw;iwf;
fhj;J ePf;fpdtw;iw ePf;fp xOFk; xOf;fkhfpa epiwTilikiaf;
fhj;jhs; jiytp.mjdhy; mtSila fw;Gk; epiyngw;wJ.
10.4.10 ,JTkJ
jpUtsH ed;dfH mile;j nfhOed;
ngUtsk; Vj;jpDk; mj;Jiw ahFk;.
nry;tk; ngUFk; mofpa khspifapNy NrHe;j fztd;jd; ngupa

nry;tj;ij tho;j;jpDk; Kw;gl;l JiwNaahk;
CopNjh W}op njhog;gl; Liytpd;wp
Mop#o; itaj; jfkypa-thop
fUtiu khHgpndq; fhjy dy;f
tUtUe; Njhk;Gk; tsk;.
kiyNghYk; khHgpid cilatd; jiytd;.mtdhy; Njbtug;gl;L

tpUe;jpdiu ehs;NjhWk; Nghw;Wjw;Ff; fhuzkha; mike;jJ
nry;tk;. mJ ePz;l fhykhf CopNjhWk; mwpQHfshy;
tzq;fg;ngWk;rpwg;gpid milal;Lk;. NkYk; nfLjy; ,y;yhky;
flyhy; #og;gl;l me;epyTyfpy; ngUfp tho;tjhFf!
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.cd;depiy vd;gjid tpsf;fpAiu
Jd;dUk; rpwg;gpy; njhLfod; kd;did
cd;dk; NrHj;jp cWGfo; kype;jd;W.
fpl;Ljw;fupa ed;ikapidAk; fl;Lq;foypidAKila Nte;jid

epkpj;jk; ghHf;Fk; kuj;njhL $l;b kpFGfior; nrhy;ypaJ.
Jd;dUe; jhidj; njhLfoyhd; Wg;ngjpHe;J
Kd;dH tzq;fhH Kuz;KUq;f-kd;dUk;
<nlyhe; jhq;fp apfytpe;jhH ePAepd;
Nfhnlyh Kd;dq; Fio.
cd;d kuNk! fpilj;jw;fupa mUk;ngUk; gilapidAk; fhypy;

tPuf;foypidAk; mzpe;jtH ek; kd;dH. mtuplk; vjpHj;J epd;w
giftH midtUk; mope;jdH> vdNt vd;Dila fpisfs;
vy;yhk; moF kpf;fjha; jspHf;fr; nra;thahf!
2.fy; eLjy; - Rl;bAiuf;f.
mtd;ngaHf;fy;; kpirg;nghwpj;Jf;
ftpd;ngwf; fy;ehl;bd;W.
NghHf;fsj;jpy; tPukuzk; mile;j kwtdpd; ngaupidf; fy;ypy;

vOjp eLjy; fy; eLjy; vdg;gLk;.
khiy Jay kzpnawpe;J kl;LFj;Jg;
gPyp azpe;J ngaHnghwpj;J - NtykUs;
Mz;lf epd;w tkHnta;Nahw; fhnfd;W
fhz;lf ehl;bdhH fy; .
NghHf;fsj;jpy; tPukuzk; mile;jhd; kwtd; xUtd;. mtDf;Ff;

fy; vLg;gpf;f epidj;jdH>fy;ypid el;L ,J mtd; cUtk;
MFf! vd tho;j;jpdH>mf;fy;ypw;F khiy mzptpj;jdH.kzpia
xypf;fr; nra;jdH>fs;spidj; njspj;j kapw;Njhifapidr;
#l;bdH>mk;kwtdpd; ngaupidAk; GfopidAk; fy;ypy; vOjp
gyUk; fhZk;gb itj;jdH.
3.KJnkhopf; fhQ;rp – tpsf;Ff.
gyHGfo; GytH gd;dpdH njupAk;
cyfpay; nghUz;Kb czuf; $wpd;W.
vy;NyhUk; nfhz;lhLk; mwpTilNahH Fw;wk; ePf;fp MuhAk;

cyfj;jpaYs; Kbe;j nghUshfpa mwk>; nghUs;> ,d;gj;ij
mwpar; nrhy;ypaJ ,j;JiwahFk;.
Mw;wp Dzup dUswkh khw;whHf;Fg;
Nghw;whH toq;fpw; nghUs;nghUshk;-khw;wpg;
Gfyh njhOFk; GuptisahH nkd;Nwhs;
Muhmfyh jspj;njhOf yd;G.
goikahd E}y;fspd; top Muhapd; gpw capHfsplj;J

mUSilikNa mwk; vdyhFk;.jdf;nfdf; nfhs;shky;
twpatUf;F <ag;gLk; nghUNs cWjp gaf;Fk; nghUs;
vdg;gLk;.gpwiu tpUk;ghky; nfhz;lts; kdk; kfpOk;gb mtsJ
Njhis ePq;fhky; mtUf;F mUs; nra;tNj ,d;gk; vdg;gLk;.
4. nghJtpay; jpizapd; nra;jpfis tpupj;njOJf.
nghJtpay; jpiz vd;Dk; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; nra;jpfisj;

njhFj;Jf; fl;Liu tbtpy; vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;.
$W: 11 – ctik> cUtfk;> jPtfk;

Nehf;fk;: ctik> cUtfk;> jPtfk; Mfpa mzpfspd;
,yf;fzj;ijAk; mtw;wpd; tiffisAk; fw;W mwpjy;
jz;bayq;fhuk;:
jkpo; ,yf;fzk; vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> ahg;G> mzp
vd;Dk; Ie;J gpupTfisj; jd;Ds; nfhz;L mike;jjhFk;.,t;
Ie;J ,yf;fzq;fisAk; xUq;F $Wk; Ie;jpyf;fz E}y;fSk;
xt;nthU ,yf;fzj;ijAk; jdpj;Jf; $Wk; E}y;fSk; jkpo;
nkhopaplj;Nj cz;L. mtw;Ws; jz;bayq;fhuk; vd;Dk; ,e;E}y;
jkpopy; mzp ,yf;fzj;ij tpupj;Jf; $Wk; E}y; MFk;.,e;E}y;
tlnkhopapy; mike;j fht;ajHrk; vd;Dk; E}ypid mbnahw;wpj;
jkpopy; Njhd;wpaJ vdf; $WthUk; cz;L. mjid tlnkhopapy;
vOjpatH jz;b vd;gtH MthH. jkpopy; mzp ,yf;fzj;ijf;
$Wk; ,e;E}Yk; jz;bayq;fhuk; vd;Nw
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.,e;E}ypidj; jkpopy; ahj;jspj;j Gytupd; ngaH
mwpaf; fpilf;ftpy;iy.vdpDk; ,tH mdghar;Nrhoidg; gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gpLtjhy; ,tH mtd; kPJ kpFe;j <LghL nfhz;bUe;jtH
vd;gJ ntspg;gLfpwJ.,tH ,r;Nrhodpd; fhykhfpa gd;dpuz;lhk;
E}w;whz;bidr; NrHe;jtH vd;gJk; njupatUfpwJ.jz;bayq;fhuk;
vd;Dk; ,e;E}y; %d;W ,ay;fisf; nfhz;L mike;Js;sJ.Kjy;
,ay; nghJtzpapay; vd;gjhFk;. ,jpy; ,Ugj;ije;J E}w;ghf;fs;
mike;Js;sd. ,t;tpay; mzpngWk; nra;As; gw;wpAk; xUrhH
mzpf;Fupa ,yf;fzk; gw;wpAk; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.,uz;lhtJ
,ay; nghUszpapay; vd;gjhFk;.nghUspdhy; MFk; mzpfspd;
jd;ikiaf; $Wtjhy; ,g;ngaH ngw;wJ. ,t;tpaypy; nrhy;ypdhy;
Mfpa mzpfs; rpy $wg;gl;bUg;gpDk; nghUspdhy; MFk;
mzpfNs kpFjpAk; $wg;gl;bUg;gjhy; kpFjp fUjpg; nghUszpapy;
vd;gJ ngauhapw;W.,jDs; mWgj;Jehd;F E}w;ghf;fs;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.,jpy; Kg;gj;ije;J mzpfSk; mtw;wpd;
tiffSk; tpupj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd.%d;whtJ ,ay;
nrhy;yzpapay; vd;gjhFk;. ,jDs; nrhy;ypdhy; Mfpa mzpfs;
tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.NkYk; tOf;fs;> tOtikjpfs; Nghd;wdTk;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;tpaypy; mike;Js;s E}w;ghf;fspd;
vz;zpf;if Kg;gj;J Ie;J MFk;.
11. nghUszpapay;
11.1 fhg;G
vd;id Ailahs; fiykle;ij nat;TapHf;Fk;
md;id Aila tbj;jspHfs; - ,d;dsp#o;
nkd;kyHf;Nf fd;W nkdTiug;gH nka;apyh
td;kdj;Nj jq;FNkh te;J .
kpfTk; ,opthd vd;id mbikahfTilahs; fiykle;ij>
vy;yhTapHf;Fe; jhahAs;stsJ jspuhfpa mbapizfshdit.
,dpjhfpa gz; KuYk; tz;Lfs; #o;fpd;w kpUJthfpa kyupd;
kPJ kpjpg;gpDk; fd;Wk; vd;W nrhy;yp epw;gH. ,j;jd;ikahfpa
jspubfs;> cz;ikaw;w fbdkhfpa vd; kdj;jpd;fz; te;J
epiyahf epw;Fk; vd;gjhk;.
11.2 nghUszpfs;:
jd;ik ctik cUtfk; jPtfk;
gpd;tU epiyNa Kd;d tpyf;Nf
Ntw;Wg; nghUs;itg;Ng Ntw;Wik tpghtid
xl;Nl mjprak; jw;Fwpg; Ngw;wk;
VJ El;gk; ,Nyrk; epudpiw
MHt nkhopRit jd;Nkk; ghl;Liu
gupah ak;Nk rkhapjk; cjhj;jk;
mupJzH mtEjp rpNyil tpNrlk;
xg;Gikf; $l;lk; nka;g;gL tpNuhjk;
khWgL Gfo;epiy Gfohg; Gfo;r;rp
epjuprdk; GzHepiy guptUj; jidNa
tho;j;njhL rq;fP uzk;gh tpfk;,it
Vw;w nra;Al;F mzpVo; Ie;Nj.
nghUshy; Mfpa mzpfsJ ,ay;G czHj;jpdikahy;>,J
nghUszpapay; vd;Dk; ngaupid cilaJ Mapw;W.nrhy;yhy;
czHj;jg;gLk; mzp <z;L czHj;jpyNuh vdpd;> kpFjp
nghUs;NkyJ Mjypd; kpFjp Nehf;fp ,g;ngaH
nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.,jDs; mike;j ,r;#j;jpuk; vd;Djypw;Nwh
vdpd;>myq;fhuq;fspd; ngaUk;> KiwAk;> njhifAk; czHj;Jjy;
Ejypw;W MFk;.
jd;ik> ctik> cUtfk;> jPtfk;> gpd;tUepiy> Kd;d tpyf;F>

Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;G> Ntw;Wik> tpghtid> xl;L>
mjprak;>jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;>VJ> El;gk;> ,Nyrk;> epudpiw> MHt
nkhop> Ritazp>jd;Nkk;ghl;Liu> gupahak;> rkhapjk;>
cjhj;jk;;>mtEjp> rpNyil> tpNrlk;> xg;Gikf; $l;lk;> tpNuhjk;>
khWgL Gfo;epiy> Gfohg; Gfo;r;rp> epjuprdk;> GzHepiy>
guptUj;jid> tho;j;J> rq;fPuzk;> ghtpfk; vd ,it
Kg;gj;ije;Jk; Nkw;$wpa nra;Al;F myq;fhunkd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;.
11.2.1 jd;ikazp
vt;tifg; nghUSk; nka;tif tpsf;Fk;
nrhd;Kiw njhLg;gJ jd;ik ahFk; .
vt;tifg;gl;l nghUSk; nka;ki

; kf; $Wghl;lhy; tpsf;Fk;
nrhy;Kiwahy; ghlg;gLtJ jd;ik vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.
11.2.1.1 jd;ikazpapd; tif
mJNt>
nghUs; FzQ; rhjp njhopnyhL Gydhk; .
mj;jd;ik mzp nghUs>; Fzk;> rhjp> njhopy; vd;gdtw;iw

mbg;gilahf itj;Jj; Njhd;Wk;.
11.2.1.1.1 nghUl;ld;ik
'ePy kzpkplw;w dPz;l rilKbad;
E}yzpe;j khHgd; Ejy;tpopad; - NjhYilad;
ifk;khd; kwpad; fdd;kOtd; fr;rhiy
vk;khd; ,ikNahHf; fpiw”
tpsf;fk;: vk;ik Mz;L nfhz;l ngupNahd; ,ikatHf;Fj;

jiytdhfpa rptngUkhd; fUq;Ftis Nghd;w mofpa
kplw;wpidAk;> ePz;l rilapidAk;> khHgpy; Kg;Gup E}ypidAk;>
new;wpapy; tpopapidAk; cilatd;. NkYk; cilahfj;
NjhypidAk;> fuj;jpy; khdpidAk;> kOtpidAk;> jpUf;fr;rhiy
vd;Dk; jpUg;gjpapidAk; cilatdha; tpsq;Fgtd;.
nghUj;jk;: rptngUkhdplj;J cs;s gytpjkhd jd;ikfs;

,g;ghlypy; $wg;gLtjhy; ,J nghUs; jd;ikahapw;W.
11.2.1.1.2 Fzj; jd;ik
“cs;sq; Fspu TNuhkQ; rpypHj;JiuAk;
js;stpop ePuUk;gj; jd;kwe;jhs; - Gs;siyf;Fk;
Nje;jh kiutay;#o; jpy;iyj; jpUelQ;nra;
g+e;jh kiunjhOj nghd;”
tpsf;fk;: neQ;rk; Fspu nka; kapH mUk;gp fz;zpNy ePH

Njhd;wj; jd;DUtj;ijAk; kwe;jhs.;kJ epiwe;j jhkiuiaAila
tay;fs; #o;e;j jpy;iyg; nghJtpd;fz;Nz moFilj;jhfpa
$j;ijahLfpd;w ,iwtdpd; jpUtbj; jhkiuia tzq;fpd
nghd;id xg;ghs; vd;wthwhk;.
nghUj;jk;: : ,J jpy;iy eluhrg; ngUkhidj; njhOjyhy;

milAk; ,d;gj;jpd; jd;ikiaf; $Wjypd; Fzj;jd;ikahapw;W
.
11.2.1.1.3 rhjpj; jd;ik
'gj;jpj; jfl;l fiwkplw;w igtpupAk;
Jj;jpf; fitehj; Jisnaapw;w - nka;j;jtj;NjhH
Mfj;jhd; mk;gyj;jhd; Muh tKjzq;fpd;
ghfj;jhd; rhj;Jk; gzp'
tpsf;fk;: cz;ikahfpa jtj;jpidAilNahH mfj;jpy;

cs;shd;>mk;gyj;jpNy eldkpLthd; gUfhj mKjkd;d
ckhNjtpapd; ghfj;ij cilahd.;tiufs; nghUe;jpa tapw;wpid
ciladtha; fUikahfpa kplw;wpid ciladtha;g;
glj;jpd;fz; tpupe;j nghwp epwj;ijAk;> ,uz;L gpupthd ehitAk;>
GiuiaAila gy;ypidAk; ciladthapUf;Fk;.
tpsf;fk;: ,J ghk;Gr; rhjpapd; gytpjkhd jd;ikfisf; $Wjypd;

rhjpj;jd;ikahapw;W.
11.2.1.1.4 njhopw;wd;ik
'#o;e;J Kud;wztp thre; Jije;jhbj;
jho;e;J kJEfHe;J jhjUe;Jk; - tPo;e;jngUk;
ghrj;jhH ePqf
; hg; guQ;Rlupd; igq;nfhd;iw
thrj;jhH ePq;fhj tz;L '
tpsf;fk;: ghr ePq;fpa Kj;jHfis tpl;L ePq;fhj guQ;Nrhjpapd;

thridiaAila nfhd;iw khiyiag; gpupahj tz;L> #o;e;J
gz;iz Kud;W Nrur; nrd;W kzj;ijr; nrwpe;J kPNj gwe;J
tpUk;gp kJitAz;L jhijf; Nfhjh epw;Fk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghly; tz;L jhJ mUe;Jjyhfpa njhopw;fz;

cs;s gytpjkhd jd;ikfisf; $Wjyhy; njhopy;
jd;ikahapw;W.
11.2..2 ctikazp – ctikazpapd; tif:

gz;Gk; njhopYk; gaDnkd;(W) ,tw;wpd;
xd;Wk; gyTk; nghUnshL nghUs; GzHj;(J)
xg;Gik Njhd;wr; nrg;Gt(J) ctik .

,J ctik vd;Dk; mzpapd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; czHj;Jjy;
Ejypw;W .
gz;G> njhopy;> gad; vd;gd fhuzkhf xd;whfpAk;> gythfpAk;

tUk; nghUNshL nghUs; ,iaa itj;J xg;Gik Gyg;glg;
ghLtJ ctik vd;Dk; mzp MFk;.
xd;Wk; gyTk; nghUnshL nghUs; GzHj;jy;: - xU nghUNshL

xU nghUSk;> xU nghUNshL gy nghUSk;> gy nghUNshL gy
nghUSk;> gy nghUNshL xU nghUSk; ,iaa mikj;Jg;
ghlg;ghLtJ MFk;.
gz;Gtik
'gtsj; jd;d Nkdp” 'Nta;Giu gizj;Njhs;”
njhopYtik
'mupkh td;d tzq;Filj; Jg;gpw;> wpUkh tstd;”
gaDtik
'khup ad;d tz;ikj;> NjHNt shiaf; fhzpa nrd;Nk”
'nrWeHj; Nja;j;j nry;Ywo; jlf;if”
xU nghUNshL xU nghUs; :
nrt;thd; md;d Nkdp
xU nghUNshL gy nghUs;: :
'mt;thd; > ,yq;F gpiw ad;d tpsq;Fthy; itnaapw;W”
gy nghUNshL gy nghUs; : 'fspNw...Rwtpdj; jd;d thNshH

nkha;g;g> kuP,Nah uwpahJ ike;Jgl; ld;Nw '(Gwk; - 13)
gy nghUNshL xU nghUs; @
ngUk;ngaHf; fupfhyd; Kd;dpiyr; nry;yhH....gPbd; kd;dH Nghy >

XLit kd;dhy; thileP nakf;Nf”
ctikapd; tif:
mJNt
tpupNa njhifNa ,ju tpjuk;

ciungW rKr;rak; cz;ik kWnghUs;
Gfo;jy; epe;ij epakk; mepakk;
Iak; njupjU Njw;wk; ,d;nrhy;
va;jpa tpguPjk; ,ak;Gjy; Ntl;if
gynghUs; tpfhuk; Nkhfk; mg+jk;
gytapw; Nghyp xUtapw; Nghyp
$lh Ttik nghJePq; Ftik
khiy vd;Dk; ghy jhFk;.
tpupAtik>njhifAtik>,jutpjuTtik>rKr;raTtik>cz;ikAt
ik>kWnghUStik>GfOtik>epe;ijctik>epakctik>mepakT
tik>IaTtik>njupjUNjw;wTtik>,d;nrhYtik>tpguPjTtik>,
ak;Gjy; Ntl;ifAtik> gy nghUStik> tpfhuTtik>
NkhfTtik>mg+jTtik> gytapw;NghypAtik>
xUtapw;NghypAtik> $lhTtik> nghJePq;Ftik> khiy Atik>
vd;Dk; ,Ugj;J ehd;F tifapid cilaJ vd;gd ctik
mzpapd; tiffs; MFk;.
11.2..2.1 tpupAtik
gz;Gk; njhopYk; gaDk; Mfpad nghUSf;Fk; ctikf;Fk;

nghJj;jd;ikahfTs;s ,it tpupe;J epw;gJ tpupAtikahk; .
“ghy;NghY kpd;nrhw; gtsk;Nghw; nre;JtHtha;
Nry;Nghw; gpwOe; jpUneLq;fz; - Nkyhk;
Gay;Nghw; nfhilf;ifg; Gddhld; nfhy;yp
may;NghYk; tho;t jtH”
tpsf;fk;:.ghiy NghYk; ,dpa nrhy;ypidAk;> gtsk; NghYk;

rpte;J thapidAk;> Nriy xj;Jg; gpwo;jyhy; tpsq;fpa
mofpid cilj;jhfpa neba fz;zpidAKila mtH
thOkplk;> kpd;Dk; Kof;fKk;> fhytiuTkpd;wpr; rhd;NwhuhNy
Gfog;gl;L kio Nghd;W nfhLj;jyhy; rpwe;j ifiaAiladhfpa
NrhoDila nfhy;ypkiyg; gf;fk; NghYk; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: 'ghy; NghYk; ,d;nrhy;”> 'gtsk;Nghy; nre;JtHtha;”

vd;w njhlHfspy; ,dpikAk; nrk;ikAkhfpa gz;Gk;> 'Nry;Nghy;
gpwOe; jpUneLq;fz;' vd;w njhlupy; gpwo;jyhfpa
njhopYk;>Gay;Nghy; nfhilf;if” vd;w njhlupy; nfhilahfpa
gaDk; tpupe;J epd;wikahy; ,J tpupAtik Mapw;W.
11.2..2.2 njhifAtik
gz;Gk; njhopYk; gaDk; Mfpad nghUSf;Fk; ctikf;Fk;

nghJj;jd;ikahfTs;s ,it njhf;fp epw;gJ njhif ctkk;
MFk;.
jhkiu thz;Kfj;Jj; jz;lusk; Nghd;KWty;
fhkU Nta;GiuNjhl; fhupifaPH ! - NjkUTk;
g+q;Foypd; thrg; nghiwRke;J nehe;jNjh
ghq;FoYe; njd;ww; gupR '
tpsf;fk;: jhkiu Nghd;w xspiaAila Kfj;jpidAk;> FspHe;j

Kj;Jg; Nghd;w eifapidAk;> moF kUtpa %q;fpy; Nghd;w
NjhspidAk; cila khjuPH ! ck;Kila gf;fj;jpy; cyhTfpd;w
njd;wypd; jd;ik> ck;Kila Njd; nghUe;jpa
g+tpidAilj;jhfpa Foypd;fz; cz;lhfpa eWehw;wg; ghuj;ijj;
jhq;fpf;nfhz;L tUfpd;w tUj;je; jhNdh nky;ypa
cUTilj;jhdJ ? nrhy;YtPuhf.
nghUj;jk;: Kfj;jpw;Fj; jhkiuiaAk;> KWtYf;F

Kj;ijAk;>Njhspw;F %q;fpiyAk; ctikahff; $wg;gl;bUe;jhYk;>
,d;d jd;ikahy; ctik $wg;gl;lJ vd;Dk; nghJj;jd;ikia
kiwj;Jf; $wpAs;sikahy; ,J njhifAtikahapw;W.
11.2..2.3 ,jutpju ctik
nghUs; xUfhy; ctikahAk;> ctik xUfhy; nghUshfTk;

xUnjhlHr;rpf;fz;Nz tUtJ ,jutpuj ctik vdg;gLk;.
'fspf;Fq; fay;NghY Eq;fZq; fz;Nghy;
fspf;Fq; faYq; fdptha;j; - jspHf;nfhbaPH!
jhkiuNghy; kyU Ek;Kfk; Ek;Kfk;Nghy;
jhkiuAQ; nrt;tp jUk;”
tpsf;fk;: nfht;itg; gok; Nghd;w thapidAilj;jha;j; jspNuhL

$ba nfhbNghd;w ngz;BH! nrUf;fpid cilj;jhfpa fay;Nghd;w
jd;ikia cilj;jhapUe;jd Ek;Kila ehl;lq;fshdit@
,j;jd;ikj;jhfpa cq;fSila ehl;lq;fspw;F ctikahfpd;wd
kPd; $l;lq;fs;. NkYk; ck;Kila KfkhdJ jhkiuNghy;
kyHe;J epd;wJ@ mj;jd;ikj;jhfpa jhkiu ck;Kila
Kfkz;lyk; Nghyr; nrt;tpapid Ailj;jhfpd;wJ vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;:fz;zpw;Ff; faiy ctik $wpg; gpd; mf;faYf;Nf

fz;iz ctik $Wfpd;wikahYk; Kfj;jpw;Fj; jhkiuia
ctik $wpg; gpd; mj;jhkiuf;Nf Kfj;ij ctik
$Wfpd;wikahYk; ,J ,jutpjuk; MFk;.
11.2..2.4 rKr;ra ctik
,jid xg;gJ ,jdhNdad;wp ,jdhDk; xf;Fk; vd; ciug;gJ

rKr;ra ctik vdg;gLk;.
'msNt tbnthg;g jd;wpNa gr;ir
,sNta; epwj;jhD Nka;f;Fk; - JsNta;
fiyf;Fkup NghHJsf;Fq; fhuTzH tPuk;
njhiyf;Fkup NaWifg;ghs; Njhs;”
tpsf;fk;: Joha; khiyiar; #ba fiykle;ijahfpa fd;dp>

Nghuplj;Jg; giftiu eLf;fk; nra;gtuhf mRuUila
Mz;ikiaf; nfLf;Fk; rpq;fj;ij thfdkhf cilahsJ
Njhs;fisg; grpa ,sNtahdJ mstpdhDk; tbtpdhDk;
xg;gjd;wpg; gRik epwj;jhDk; xf;Fk; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ntw;wpj; jpUtpd; Njhs;fis %q;fpyhdJ mstpdhYk;

tbtpdhYNk md;wp epwj;jpdhYk; xf;Fk; vd;gjhy; ,J rKr;ra
ctikahapw;W. rKr;rak; vd;gJ ,uz;L %d;W Kjypaitfspd;
$l;lk; MFk;.
11.2..2.5 cz;ik ctik
ctikiaf; $wp kWj;Jg; gpd; nghUspidNa $wp Kbg;gJ

cz;ik ctik vdg;gLk;.
jhkiu ad;W KfNkaP jPq;fpitAk;
fhkUtz; ly;y fUneLq;fz; - NjkUT
ty;ypap dy;ys; ,tnsd; kdq;ftUk;
my;yp kyHf;Nfhij ahs; '
tpsf;fk;: ,J jhkiu kyud;W KfNk@ ,itAk; tz;ly;y> fWj;J

ePz;l fz;fNs@ Njd; kUtg;gl;l nfhbay;ys; ,ts; kle;ijNa.
,j;jd;ikj;jhfpa mtatq;fSila ,ts; vd;Ds;sk; ftUk;
mftpjo;fisAila g+thw; nra;ag;gl;l khiyapidAilats;
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: Kfk;> fz;> ngz;> Mfpa %d;W nghUs;fSf;Fk;

KiwNa jhkiu> tz;L> ty;yp Mfpa %d;W ctikfisf; $wpg;
gpd;G kWj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;likahy; ,J cz;ik ctikahapw;W.
11.2..2.6 kWnghUs; ctik:
Kd;dH itj;jnghUl;F epfuhtnjhU nghUisg; gpd;dH itg;gJ

,t; ctik MFk;.
md;idNghy; vt;TapUe; jhq;Fk; mdghah !
epd;idahH xg;ghH epyNte;jH - md;dNj
thup Gil#o;e;j itafj;jpw; fpy;iyahy;
#upaNd NghYQ; RlH”
Tpsf;fk;: jhapw;F xg;ghf vt;tifg;gl;l capHfisAk; jhq;Fk;

mdghaNd ! epyj;jpYz;lhfpa Nte;jupy; cd;id xg;ghH
ahUkpy;iy@ mJNghyf; fly; #o;e;j itafj;jpw;Fr; #upaid
xf;FQ; RlUk; ,y;iy vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; Kd;dH itj;j nghUs; mdghad;. gpd;dH

itj;j nghUs; #upad; . cyfpw;F mdghaidg;Nghy; jhq;FeH
vtUk; ,y;iyahjy;Nghy> ,Uis ePf;Fjw;Fk; #upaidnahj;j
RlH ,y;iy vdf; $Wjypd; ,J kWnghUStikahapw;W.
11.2..2.7 GfOtik
ctikiag; Gfo;e;J ctkpg;gJ .
,ywNahd; rilKbNky; ve;ehSe; jq;Fk;
gpiwNaH jpUEjYk; ngw;w - jiwfly;#o;
g+tyae; jhq;Fk; mutpd; glk;GiuAk;
ghitepd; dy;Fw; ghg;G”
tpsf;fk;: xypf;fpd;w flyhw; #og;gl;l epyg;gug;igj; jhq;Ffpd;w

NrlDila glg;gug;ig xj;jpUf;fpd;wJ cdJ my;Fy;@
mJNtad;wp> Kf;fl; flTs; Kbapidg; gpupahJ ve;ehSk; jq;Fk;
gpiwapDila mofpid epd;Dila EjYk; ngw;wJ@ Mjyhy;
ngz;Nz! epd;DUtj; jd;ikapUe;jgbnad; ?
nghUj;jk;: EjYf;Ff; ctikahd gpiwAk;> my;FYf;F
ctikahd mutpd; glKk; KiwNa ',iwNahd; rilKbNky;
ve;ehSk; jq;Fk;”vd;Wk;> 'miwfly;#o; g+tyae; jhq;Fk;” vd;Wk;
Gfo;e;J ctkpf;fg; gl;bUj;jypd; ,J GfOtik Mapw;W.
11.2..2.8 epe;ijAtik
ctikiag; gopj;J ctkpg;gJ epe;ij ctik vdg;gLk;.
'kWg;gapd;w thz;kjpA kk;kjpf;Fj; Njhw;Fk;
epwj;jyU Nenuhf;F NkDk; - rpwg;Gilj;Jj;
jpy;iyg; ngUkh dUs;Nghy; jpUNkdp
Ky;iyg; g+q;Nfhij Kfk;'
tpsf;fk:; jpy;iyapy; $j;jhLfpd;w rptngUkhd; mUisnahj;j

mofpa NkdpapidAila> Ky;iyg; g+thw; nra;ag;gl;l
khiyapid cilatsJ KfkhdJ kWg;gpupahj
xspapidAiljhfpa re;jpuDk;> mk;kjpaj;jpw;Ff; fUFfpd;w
jhkiu kyUk; ctkpf;fg; nghUe;JnkdpDk; rpwg;GilaJ MFk;.
nghUj;jk;: Kfj;jpw;F ctikahfpa kjpiaAk;> jhkiuiaAk;

KiwNa fsq;fk; cilaJ vd;Wk;> re;jpuDf;Fj; Njhw;Fk; vd;Wk;
gopj;Jg; gpd; 'Nenuhf;FNkDk;” vd;W ctkpj;Jf; $wpaikahy;
,J epe;ij ctikahapw;W vd;gjhapw;W.
11.2..2.9 epak Ttik
,d;djw;F ,d;dNj ctikahk; vdj; Njw;Nwfhuk; je;J Jzpe;J

nrhy;YtJ epak ctik vdg;gLk;.
jhnjhd;W jhkiuNa epd;Kfk; xg;gJkw;
wpahnjhd;W nkht;th jpsq;nfhbNa! - kPJaHe;j
NrNy gzpag; GypAaHj;j nrk;gpaHNfhd;
NtNy tpopf;F epfH'
tpsf;fk;: ,sq;nfhbia xj;jtNs! vy;yhUila nfhbf;F

Nkyhfpa caHe;j ghz;baDila kPd;nfhb jhoj;> jdJ
Gypf;nfhbia caHj;jpatd; Nrhod;. mtDila NtNy tpopf;F
epfuhFk;. kfue;jq;fs; nghUe;jpapUf;fg;gl;l jhkiu kyNu
epd;Kfj;ij xg;gJ@ ,itay;yJ cd; tpopapid
cyfj;Jz;lhfpa nghUs;fs; ahTk; xt;thJ.
nghUj;jk;: Kfj;jpw;Fk; tpopf;Fk; ctik $Wk;nghOJ
jhkiuNa epd;Kfk; xg;gJ vd;Wk;> NtNy tpopf;F epfH vd;Wk;
Njw;Nwfhuk; je;J Jzpe;J nrhy;ypapUg;gjhy; ,J epak
ctikahapw;W. epakk; vd;gJ tiuaiwg;gLj;jp ciug;gJ vdg;
nghUs;gLk;.
11.2..2.10 mepak ctik
epakpj;j ctikia tpyf;fpg; gpwpJk; ,j;jd;ikj;jhk;; vd

tiuaWj;J ciug;gJ mepak ctik vdg;gLk;.
nfsit tpupjpiuePHf; fhtpup#o; ed;dhl;L
nksty; fkOq; Fod;kltha;! - nrt;tp
kJthH ftpNuepd; tha;Nghy;t jd;wp
mJNghy;t Jz;nldpD khk;”
tpsf;fk;: gue;j miyfis cila ePiuAila fhtpup #o;e;j

ed;dhl;bd; nkstw; g+thw; nra;j khiyahdJ #l;lg;ngw;w
$e;jypid cila ngz;Nz! nrt;tpAk; NjDk; epiwe;j KUf;F
,jNo epd;thia xg;gJ@ mJtd;wp> mg;g+g; Nghd;wd cyfj;J
cz;lhapDk; epd;thia xf;Fk; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: tha;f;F KUf;fpjNo ctik $wj;jFk; vd Kd;dH

epakpj;Jg;> gpd;G mk;KUf;fpjo; Nghd;w gpw nghUs;fSz;nldpDk;
mjw;FtikahFk; vdf; $wpajdhy; ,J mepak ctikahapw;W.
mepakk; vd;gJ tiuaiwapd;wp ciug;gJ vd;gjhFk;.
11.2..2.11 IaTtik
ctikiaAk; nghUisAk; IAw;W ciug;gJ IaTtik

vdg;gLk;.
jhjstp tz;L jLkhWe; jhkiunfhy; !
khjH tpopAyT thz;Kfq;nfhy; ! - ahnjd;
wpUghw; ftHTw; wpila+r yhb
xUghw; glhnjd; Dsk;”
tpsf;fk;: jhijf; fye;J tz;Lfshy; #og;gl;l jhkiu kyNuh!

fhjiyr; nra;fpd;w tpop cyTfpd;w xspapidAila
Kfkz;lyNkh ! vd;ndd;W vd; kdkhdJ Criyg; Nghy; Mb
,Ujiyg;gl;L xd;wpd; ghy; vd; kdk; Jzpfpd;wjpy;iy.
nghUj;jk;: jhkiuahfpa ctikiaAk;> Kfkhfpa nghUisAk;
cWjpahfj; njupahJ ,JNth> ,JNth vd IAw;W ciuj;jypd;
,J IaTtikahapw;W.
11.2..2.12 njupjUNjw;w ctik
IAw;wjidj; njupe;J Jzpe;J ciug;gJ njupjUNjw;w ctik

vdg;gLk;.
jhkiu ehz;kyUe; jz;kjpahy; tPwopAk;
fhkH kjpAq; fiwtpuTk; - Mkpjdhy;
nghd;id kaf;Fk; GidRzq;fp dhHKfNk
vd;id kaf;F kpJ”
tpsf;fk;: ehspd; fhiyapy; kyUe; jhkiuAk; FspHe;j kjpapdhNy

moF nfLk;@ mofpa kjpAk; fsq;fj;NjhL $bapUf;Fk;@ Mjyhy;>
vd;id kaf;fQ; nra;j ,J> nghd;id xg;ghf myq;fupf;fg;gl;l
Rzq;fpidAilahSila KfNk MFk;.
nghUj;jk;: Kfj;ijf; fz;L ,J jhkiuNah> kjpNah vd Kd;dH

IAw;Wg; gpd;dH> mJ jhkiuahdhy; kjpaj;ijf;fz;L FtpAk;@
kjpahdhy; fsq;fk; cilj;jhapUf;Fk;@ ,t;tpuz;Lk; ,d;wp
vQ;Qhd;Wk; kyHr;rpAk;> fsq;fkpd;wpAk; ,Uj;jyhy; KfNk vdj;
njspe;J ciuf;fg;gl;Ls;sikapd; ,J njupjUNjw;w
ctikahapw;W.
11.2..2.13 ,d;nrhYtik:
nghUspDk; ctikf;nfhU kpFjp Njhd;wf; $wp ctkpj;J> ,d;d

kpFjpiaAilajhapDk; xg;gjd;wpr; rpwe;jjd;W vd ciug;gJ.
khd;tpop jhq;F klf;nfhbNa ! epd;tjdk;
khd;KOJe; jhq;fp tUkjpak; - MdhYk;
Kw;wpio ey;yha; ! Kfnkhg;g jd;wpNa
kw;WaHr;rp Az;Nlh kjpf;F”
tpsf;fk;: klf;nfhbNa ! cd;Dila KfkhdJ khdpd;tpop

xd;widNa jhq;fp epd;wJ@ Mfhaj;jpy; tUfpd;w kjpahdJ
khdpd; mtatk; KOJk; jhq;fp epd;wJ@ ,g;gb kjpahdJ
KOtJe; jhq;fp epd;wpbDk; cd; Kfj;ij xg;gjd;wpNa
tpNrlKilj;jhftw;Nw mk;kjpak; ?
nghUj;jk;: ,jpy; Kd;dH $wg;gl;l nghUs; Kfk;. ctkg; nghUs;
kjpak;. Kfk; khdpd; tpopia kl;LNk nfhz;Ls;sJ. kjpNah khd;
tbtk; KOtijAk; jhq;fp epw;fpd;wJ. ,t;thW Kfj;jpDk; kjp
caHe;jpUg;gpDk;> mk;kjpAk; Kfj;jpw;F ctikahjy; md;wp NtW
caHT $wg;gLjw;Fz;Nlh ? vdf;$Wjypd; ,J ,d;nrhy;
ctikahapw;W.
11.2..2.14 tpguPjTtik
ctikaha; tUtjidg; nghUshf;fpg;> nghUsha; tUtjid

ctikahf;fpAiug;gJ.
jpUKfk; Nghy;kyUQ; nra;a fkyk;
fUneLq;fz; NghYq; fay;fs; - mupit
,ay;NghY kQ;iQ apilNghYk; nfhk;gH
kay;NghYk; ahk;Nghk; top”
tpsf;fk;: ngz;zpd; jpUKfj;ij xj;J kyUk; rpte;j jhkiu@

fWj;j nebjhfpa fz;fs; NghYk; fay;fs;@ rhay;NghYk; kapy;@
kUq;Fy; NghYk; nfhk;G@ Mjyhy; ,t;topapy; ehk; Nghfpd;w
Nghf;F kay; NghYk;.
'xtj; jd;d Tz;Liw kUq;fpw;
Nfhtj; jd;d nfhq;FNrH Giwj;jypd;
tUKiy ad;d tz;Kif Aile;J
jpUKf ktpo;e;j nja;tj; jhkiu” -rpWghz;: 70 – 73 )
nghUj;jk;: :goq;fhyk; njhl;Lg; ngz;fspd; Kfj;jpw;Fj;

jhkiuiaAk;> fz;fSf;Ff; faiyAk;> rhaYf;F kapiyAk;>
,ilf;Ff; nfhk;igAk; ctik $wy; ,ay;ghFk;. mt;tpay;ig
khw;wpj; jhkiu> fay;> kapy;> nfhk;G Mfpa
ctikg;nghUs;fisg; nghUshf;fpAk; Kfk;> fz;> rhay;> ,il
Mfpa nghUs;fis ctikahf;fpAk; $wg;gl;bUj;jypd; ,J
tpguPj ctikahapw;W.
11.2..2.15 ,ak;Gjy; Ntl;if ctik
nghUis ,d;dJ NghYnkd;W nrhy;y tpUk;Gfpd;wJ vd;

cs;sk; vd ciug;gJ.
ed;WjP njd;Wzuh njd;Dila ed;ndQ;rk;

nghd;Wije;j nghw;Rzq;fpw; g+q;nfhbNa ! - kd;wy;
kLj;jije;j jhkiuepd; thz;Kfj;jpw; nfhg;ngd;
nwLj;jpak;g Ntz;Lfpd;w jpd;W”
tpsf;fk;: nghd; NrHe;jJ Nghd;w mofpa Rzq;fpidAk;

nghyptpidAk; ngw;W nfhbia xj;jtNs! ed;W> jPJ vd;gjid
xd;Wk; njwpahJ eWehw;wj;ij cilajha; kLtplj;J epd;W
epd;w jhkiuia> cd; xspapidAila Kfj;jpw;F xg;ghk; vd;W
vLj;Jiuf;f Ntz;Lfpd;wJ ,d;W vd; neQ;rk; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,jDs; vLj;Jf; $wg;gLk; nghUs; Kfk;> ed;nwd;Nwh

jPnjd;Nwh czuhky; ,k;Kfj;jpw;Fj; jhkiuia xg;ghfr;nrhy;y
Ntz;Lfpd;wJ vd; cs;sk; vd;W $wg;gl;bUg;gjhy; ,J
,ak;Gjy; Ntl;if ctikahapw;W.
11.2..2.16 gynghUStik
xUnghUl;Fg; gynghUl;fis ctikaha;f; fhl;LtJ

gynghUs; ctik MFk;.
'NtYq; fUtpisA nkd;khDq; fhtpAk;
NrYk; tLtfpUQ; nrQ;ruKk; - NghYkhy;
NjkUtp Az;L rpiwtz; liw$e;jw;
fhkUT g+q;Nfhij fz;”
tpsf;fk;: kJit tpUk;gpAz;l tz;L xypf;fpd;w $e;jiyAk;>

mofpa khiyiaAk; cilatSila fz;fs; NtiyAk;>
fUtpiskyiuAk; kpUJthfpa Nehf;fj;ijAila khidAk;> fhtp
kyiuAk;> NriyAk;> khtLitAk;>nrt;tpa ruj;jpidAk; NghYk;
cs;sd vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,jDs; fz;zhfpa xU nghUSf;F Nty;>fUtpis

kyH> khd;> ePyk;> kPd;> khtL> mk;G Mfpa gy nghUs;fisAk;
ctik $wg;gl;bUj;jyhy;; ,J gy nghUStikahapw;W.
11.2..2.17 tpfhu ctik
XH ctikia tpfhug;gLj;jp ctkpg;gJ.
rPj kjpap ndhspQ; nrOq;fkyg;
Nghjpd; GJkyHr;rp Aq;nfhz;L-Ntjhjd;

ifk;kyuh yd;wpf; fUj;jhy; tFj;jikj;jhd;
nkha;k;kyHg;g+q; Nfhij Kfk;>”
tpsf;fk;: kyHfshw; nghypT ngw;w $e;jypidAilats;

Kfj;jpidg; gpukd;> kjpapy; cz;lhfpa xspapidAk;> nropj;j
jhkiug;Nghjpy; cz;lhfpa Gjpa kyHr;rpiaAq; nfhz;L> jd;
ifj;jhkiuapdhyd;wpj; jd;Ds;sf; fUj;jhy; tFj;J mikj;jhd;
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: Kfj;jpw;F ctikahff; $wg;gLk; kjp> kyH Mfpa

,uz;ilAk; KOikahf ctkkhf;fpf; $whJ mtw;wpd;
xsp>kyHr;rp Mfpa ,uz;il kl;LNk gpupj;J ctikahff;
$wg;gl;bUj;jypd; ,J tpfhuTtik ahapw;W.
11.2..2.18 Nkhf ctik
xU nghUs;Nky; vOe;j tpUg;gj;jhy; te;j cs;s kaq;fk;

Njhd;w ciug;gJ.
fay;NghY nkd;Wepd; fz;gopg;gy; fz;zpd;
nray;Nghw; gpwOe; jpwj;jhw; - fay;Gfo;ty;
Muj;jh NdhkUq;F ye;jus thz;KWty;
<uj;jh Ys;ntJk;Gk; ahd;”
Tpsf;fk;: Kj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gl;l mzpahy; tUe;Jfpd;w

,ilapidAk; Kj;jpd; xspNghd;w Gd;difiaAKilaha;!
cd;Dila Fwpg;gpdhy; kdk; mopAk; ehd;> fay;NghYk; vd;W
cd; fz;zpidg; gopg;Ngd;. epd; fz;Nghy; gpwOk; jd;ikahy;
faiyg; Gfo;Ntd; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;:: ,J fz;zhfpa xU nghUis mjw;F ctikahd

faYld; kaf;fe; Njhd;w ctkpj;Jf; $wypdhy; kaf;fTtik
Mapw;W. fz;> fay;NghYs;sd vdg; gopj;Jg; gpd; mf;fay;
fz;Nghy; cs;sJ vdg; Gfo;jy;> fz;zhfpa mg;nghUs;Nky;
vOe;j cs;s kaf;fj;jhy; MFk;.
11.2..2.19 mg+jTtik
Kd;G ,y;yhj xd;wpid ctikahf;fp ciug;gJ.
“vy;yhf; fkyj; njopYe; jpuz;nlhd;wpd;
tpy;NyH GUtj;J NtndLq;fz; --ey;yPH!

Kfk;NghY nkd;d KWtypj;jhH thOk;
mfk;NghYnkq;f sfk;”
tpsf;fk;: tpy;ypid xj;j GUtj;jpidAk;> Nty; Nghd;w neba

fz;zpidAk; cila ey;yPH! ck;Kila Kfj;jpid xf;Fk;
vq;FKs;s jhkiug;g+f;fspd; nrt;tpAk; nrwpe;njhd;Wkhapd; vd>
KWtiyr; nra;jhH kUtp thOk; ,lk; Nghd;wJ vq;fs; cs;sk;
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: mg+jk; vd;why; ,y;yhjJ vd;W nghUs; MFk;.

jhkiuAk; mjd; vopYk; cyfpy; cs;s nghUNs vdpDk;>
vy;yhj; jhkiufspd; moFk; NrHe;J xd;Wjy; ,y;nghUs; MFk;.
mt;toF midj;Jk; NrHe;J xd;wpd; Kfj;ij xf;Fk; vdNt ,J
mg+jTtikahapw;W. ,jid> ',y;nghUStik”vd;Wk; toq;FtH.
11.2..2.19 gytapw;Nghyp Atik
xU njhlHnkhopf;fz; gy ctik te;jhy;> te;j ctikNjhWk;

ctikr; nrhy; Njhd;wg; GzHg;gJ gytapw; Nghyp ctik MFk;.
“kyHthtp Nghy;tuhd; khjH fky
kyHNghY khjH tjdk;-kyH#o;
mspf;Fyq;fs; NghY ksf kjDl;
fspf;Fq; fay;NghYq; fz;”
tpsf;fk;: jhkiu kyHe;j Fsk; Nghy;thH khjH@ jhukiu kyH

NghYk; khjH tjdk;@ kyH #o;e;j tz;bd; Fyk; NghYk; msfk;@
mjDs; fspf;Fk; fay;NghYk; fz;fs;.
nghUj;jk;:gytapd; gytplj;Jk;. ,jd;fz; mbnjhWk;

ctkpf;fg;gl;L>mq;qdk; ctkpf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fspnyy;yhk; Nghy
vd;Dk; cUk cUG te;jikahy; ,J gytapw;Nghyp
ctikahapw;W.
11.2..2.20 xUtapw;Nghyp Atik
xU njhlH nkhopf;fz; gy ctik te;jhy;> mt;thW te;j

ctikNjhWk; ctikr;nrhw; tuhJ XH ctikr; nrhw;
GzHg;gJ nrhy;tJ xUtapw; Nghyp ctik MFk;.
“epow; Nfhg ky;f epiwkyHg;g+q; fhah
Row;fyt Nky;tpupj;j Njhif - jow;FyT

jPk;Gif a+l;LQ; nrwpFoyhH NghYq;fhH
ahk;gpupe;NjhHf; nfd;dh kpdp”
tpsf;fk;: fhahkyupd; epoypd;fz; ,e;jpu NfhgQ; nrwpa>

mg;nghyptpid cila fhahtpd; epiwe;j kyupd; #oypNy jd;
Njhifia tpupj;j kapyhdJ joypd;fz; Njhd;wpa
eWk;Gifapida+l;Lk; nrwpe;j FoypidAila klthiug; NghYq;
fhHfhyk;@ ehd; gpupe;J Nghfg;gl;lhUf;F vd;dhk; ,dp?
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; fhHfhyk; gw;wpa epfo;r;rp $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

mf;fhHfhyj;ijf; fz;L kfpOk; kapYf;Fj; jow;Gif a+l;Lk;
ngz;fis ctikahff; $Wfpd;w nghOJ> kapy; ngz;fis
xf;Fk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; 'NghYk;” vd;w cUig tpupj;J>
Vida ,lq;fspy; vy;yhk; mt;TUig tpupj;Jf; $whikapd; ,J
xUtapw;NghypAtik Mapw;W.
11.2..2.21 $lhTtik
xU nghUl;Ff; $lhjtjidf; $Ltjhff;nfhz;L mjid xd;ww;F

ctik ahf;fp ciug;gJ.
re;jdj;jpw; nre;joYe; jz;kjpapy; ntt;tplKk;
te;jdNt NghYkhy; Ek;khw;wk;- ige;njhbaPH!
thtpf; fky kjpKfq;fz; Nlf;fWthH
Mtpf; fpitNah tuz;”
tpsf;fk;: ige;njhbaPH! re;jdj;jpd;fz; nre;joYk;> FspHe;j

kjpapdplj;J ntt;tpa tplKk; gpwe;jhw;NghYk;> Ek;Kila
thHj;ijfs;@ Mdhy;> FspHe;j thtpaplj;Jf; fkykyUk; kjpaKk;
NghYk; Ek;Kfq;fz;L Vf;fWthH Mtpf;F ,itNah fhty;
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: re;jdj;jpy; neUg;Gk;> kjpapy; tplKk; Njhd;wf;

$lhjd. ,tw;iwj; NjhopaplkpUe;J te;j nrhy;ypw;F ctik
$wpdikapd; $lhTtik ahapw;W.
11.2..2.22 nghJ ePq;Ftik
ctikiaf; $wp kWj;Jg; nghUs;jd;idNa ctikahf

ciug;gJ nghJ ePq;Ftik vdg;gLk;.
jpUkUT jz;kjpf;FQ; nre;jh kiuapd;

tpiukyHf;F Nkyhe; jifahy;-fUneLq;fz;
khNd! apUssfQ; #o;e;jepd; thz;Kfk;
jhNd Atik jdf;F”
tpsf;fk;: fupa neba fz;fisAila khNd ! FspHe;j kjpf;Fk;>

rpte;j jhkiuapdJ eW ehw;wj;ijAila kyUf;Fk; Nkyhfpa
jd;ikia cilajhjyhd;> ,Ushfpa $e;jy; #o;e;j cd;
xspapidAila Kfk; jhNd jdf;F ctikahk;. NtW ctik
,y;iy vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs; MFk;.
nghUj;jk;: Kfj;jpw;F ctikahf kjp> jhkiu Mfpa

,uz;ilAk; Kd;dHf; $wp kWj;Jg;> gpd;G mk;Kfj;jpw;F mJNt
ctikahFNkad;wp gpwpjpy;iy vd;gjhy; ,J nghJ
ePq;Ftikahapw;W.
11.2..2.23 khiyAtik
xU nghUl;Fg; gy ctik te;jhy;. mit xd;Nwhnlhd;W

,iltplhJ njhlHr;rp cilathfg; GzHj;jpf; ,Wjpapy;
nghUs;$l;b Kbg;gJ.
kyaj;J khjtNd Nghd;Wk; mtd;ghy;

miyflNy Nghd;Wk; mjDl; - FyTk;
epytya NkNghd;Wk; Neupad;gh dpw;Fk;
rpiynfONjhs; Nte;jH jpU”
tpsf;fk;: nghjpa kiy mfj;jpaidg; Nghd;Wk;> mfj;jpadhy;
cz;zg;gl;l miyiaAila fly;Nghd;Wk;> mjDs; cz;lhfpa
epyhtl;lk; Nghd;Wk;> NrhoDila ,lj;Nj NguhNj epw;Fk;>
tpy;;gapd;w Njhs;fisAila Nte;jHfspd; nry;tk; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,jDs; Nrhoidtpl;L ePqf ; hj nry;tj;jpw;F %d;W

ctikfs; jug;gl;L> mk;%d;Wk; xd;wpNdhL xd;W
njhlHr;rpAilathfg; GzHf;fg;gl;Ls;sikahDk;> ,Wjpapy;
mg;nghUisf; $wp Kbj;jpUg;gjhDk; ,J khiyAtik
vd;gjhapw;W.
ctik gpw mzpfSld; $btuy;:
mw;Gjk; rpNyil mjprak; tpNuhjk;
xg;Gikf; $l;lk;; jw;Fwpg; Ngw;wk;
tpyf;Nf VJntd Ntz;lTk; gLNk .

mw;GjKk;> rpNyilAk;> mjpraKk;> tpNuhjKk; xg;Gikf; $l;lKk;>
jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wKk;> tpyf;Fk;> VJTk; vdr; nrhy;yg;gl;l vl;L
mzpfNshL $bAk; tUk; mt; ctik vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.
mit KiwNa mw;GjTtik> rpNyilAtik> mjpraTtik>

tpNuhjTtik>xg;Gikf;$l;lTtik> jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wTtik>
tpyf;Ftik> VJTtik vdg;ngaH ngWk;.
11.2..2.24 mw;GjTtik
FioaUF jhof; FdpGUte; jhq;fp
cioa UapHgUfp ePz;l - tpopAilj;jha;
tz;Nl wpUssfQ; #o tUkjpnahd;
Wz;Nly; ,ts;Kfj;jpw; nfhg;G '
tpsf;fk;: Fio jho;e;j Kfj;jpid Ailajha;> tise;j

GUtj;jpid Ailajha;>fz;lhUila capiu cz;L tsHe;j
fz;fisAilajha;> RUk;GfshNy Nktg;gl;bUf;Fq; Foiyr;
#of;nfhz;L tUtnjhU kjpak; cz;lhapd; mJ xd;Nw
,tSila Kfj;jpw;F xg;ghFk; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: nghUspd; Fzq;fis ctikapy; Vw;wp mw;Gje;

Njhd;wr; nrhy;tJ mw;GjTtikahk; vdg;gLk;. Nkw;fz;l ghlypy;
$wg;gl;l nghUs; Kfk; MFk; ctik kjp vd;gjhFk;. fhjpy;
Fio jho;jy;> GUtk; jhq;fy;> fz;lhH capUz;Zk;
Njhw;wKila fz;izAilj;jhjy;> ,Uz;l $e;jy; cilj;jhjy;
Mfpad nghUspd; Fzq;fshFk;. ,tw;iw ctikahfpa
kjpf;Fk; Vw;wp> ,j;jifa kjpAz;Nly; ,ts; Kfj;jpw;F xg;ghFk;
vdf;$wypd; ,J mw;Gj ctikahapw;W.
11.2..2.25 rpNyilAtik:
,J ,Utifg;gLk;@ mit KiwNa nrk;nkhopr;

rpNyilAtikAk;> gpupnkhopr; rpNyilAtikAk; vd;gjhFk;.
11.2..2.25.1 nrk;nkhopr; rpNyilAtik: .
nre;jpUTe; jpq;fSk; g+Te; jiyrpwg;gr;
re;jj; njhilNah lzpjOtpr; - nre;jkpo;E}y;
fw;whH GidAq; ftpNghy; kdq;ftUk;
Kw;wh Kiyahs; Kfk; '

tpsf;fk;: jpUntd;Wk;> jpq;fnsd;Wk;> g+ntd;Wk;
nrhy;yg;gl;ltw;wpd; ngaiu Kjypy; cilajha; XirNahL
NrHe;J> nrhw;NfhitNahL moF GzHe;J> gapd;whH
csq;ftUe;jd;ikaila> nre;jkpo; E}y; fw;whuhNy nrhy;yg;gl;l
ftpiag;Nghy> jpUtpd; cUtj;ijAk; jpq;fspd; cUtj;ijAk;
g+itAk; cr;rpkPjpy; cilajha;> g+khiyNahLk; moF jOtpg;
gapd;whH cs;sq;fisf; ftUk; Kfk; vd;gjhy; ,J nrk;nkhopr;
rpNyil ctik Mapw;W.
nghUj;jk;: nrhw;fs; xU nghUsd;wpg; gynghUl;gl tUkhdhy;

mit rpNyilahk; . mq;qdk; xU nrhy; xd;wpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
nghUisj;jUk; nghOJ> xNu jd;ikj;jha; epd;W nghUs;gLNky;
nrk;nkhopr; rpNyilahFk;.,g;ghlypYs;s nrhw;fs; ftpf;Fk;>
Kfj;jpw;Fk;> xNu jd;ikj;jha; epd;W nghUs;gLtjhy; nrk;nkhopr;
rpNyilahapw;W. $wg;gl;l ,UnghUspy; ftpia Kfj;jpw;F
ctik $Wjypd; ctikAkhapw;W . vdNt ,J nrk;nkhopr;
rpNyilAtikahk; vd;gjhapw;W.
11.2..2.25.2 gpupnkhopr; rpNyilAtik
espjlj;j ty;ypapd; fz;nzfpo Qhyj;
jstp dpiwflhQ; rpe;jpf; - fspwpfYk;
fe;j kiyah epyTq; ftlira
te;j kiyah epyk; '
tpsf;fk;: nrwptpidAk; ngUikapidAKila fhypNy> ,Uf;fpd;w

tpyq;fpd; fz; Nja jiukPJ epiwe;j flhk; nghopaj; jwpiar;
rPwpf; fapW miratUk; ahidapidg; Nghd;W> njd;wy; ngupa
ngha;ifapd; g+tpy; Njd;Nrhu cyfj;jhH epiwfis mopj;J
tpiufko neUq;fpa gizfis mirj;J tUfpd;wJ.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypYs;s nrhw;fs; ahidf;Fk; njd;wy;

fhw;wpw;Fk; nghJikahf epw;wyhDk; > mtw;Ws; ngUk;ghyhd
nrhw;fs; xt;nthU nghUl;Fk; xt;nthU tpjkhfg; gpupe;J
nghUs;gLjyhDk; gpupnkhopr; rpNyilahapw;W. ahidiaj;
njd;wy; fhw;wpw;F ctik $wypd; ctikahapw;W. vdNt ,J
gpupnkhopr; rpNyilAtikahapw;W.
11.2..2.26 mjpraTtik
epd;DioNa epd;Kfq; fhz;Lk; neLe;jlk;
jd;DioNa jd;idAq; fhz;Ftk; - vd;Dk;

,Jnthd;W Nkad;wp Ntw;Wik Az;Nlh
kJnthd;W nre;jh kiuf;F '
tpsf;fk;: ey;yha; ! cd;dplj;jpNy epd; Kfj;jpidf; fz;L

epd;Nwhk;@ ngupjhfpa ngha;ifapNy jhkiuiaAk; fz;L epd;Nwhk;
vd;fpw ,j;jd;ikia md;wp gpwpJ NtWghL VJk;
kJtpidAilj;jhfpa jhkiuf;Fk; epd; Kfj;jpw;Fk; fz;bNyhk;.>
nghUj;jk;: Kfj;jpd; moif cte;J> mjw;Fk; ctikahfpa

jhkiuf;Fk;> mit rhHe;jpUf;Fk; ,lq;fshyd;wp
Ntw;Wikapy;iynad mjprapf;FkhW $wg;gl;bUj;jypd;
mjpraTtikahapw;W .
11.2..2.27 tpNuhj ctik
nrk;ik kiukyUe; jpq;fSk; Ek;KfKk;
jk;kpw; giftpisf;Fe; jd;ikaNt - vk;Kila
itg;ghFQ; nrd;dp tsk;GfhH NghypdpaPH !
xg;ghFk; vd;gh UsH”
tpsf;fk;: vkJ nry;tkhfpa NrhodJ GfhHNghd;w

,dpikiaAilaPH ! rpte;j jhkiukyUk;> kjpaKk;> ckJ
KfKk; jkf;Fs;Ns gif ngUf;Fk; jd;ik cilajha; ,Uf;f>
,tw;iw ctikf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; vd;ghUk; csH@ ,jw;Ff;
fhuzQ; nrhy;YtPH vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: jhkiu kyUk; nghOJ re;jpud; xsp nfLjYk;>

re;jpud; xspjUq;fhy; jhkiu FtpjYk;> Kfk; kyHe;J xsp
jUk;nghOJ ,t;tpuz;Lk; xUq;F xspnfLjYk; tpNuhjkhk;.
vdpDk; Kfj;jpw;Fj; jhkiu kjpak; Mfpa ,uz;ilANk xg;ghff;
$WtH vd;gjhy; ctikAkhapw;W.
11.2..2.28 xg;Gikf; $l;lTtik
'tpz;zpd;Nkw; fhty; Gupe;Jwq;fhd; tpz;ztHNfhd;
kz;zpd;Nk yd;id taNte;Nj ! - jz;zspapy;
Nruh tTzH Fyq;fisAe; NjtHNfhd;
NeuhHNky; mj;jifia eP “
tpsf;fk;: tpz; cyfj;ijf; fhf;Fe;njhopypd; kpf;F

cwq;fhjtdhapdhd;>,e;jpud;@ mNjNghy; kz;zpd; Nky;
cz;lhfpa capHfisf; fhf;fNtz;b> typikAila Nte;jNd!
ePAk; cwq;fhjtdhapdha;! cs;sq; FspHe;J gpwiuf; fhf;Fe;
jd;ikapw; Nruhj mRuH Fyq;fisf; fisahepw;Fk; ,e;jpud;@
giftuplj;jpNy ePAk; mj;jd;ikiaAilatd; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; fhj;jy; njhopw;F xg;GikAilatuhff;

$l;br; nrhy;yg;gl;ltHfs; ,e;jpuDk; NrhoDk; MtH. ,tHfs;
,UtUk; fhj;jypYk;> gifj;jpwq; fisjypYk; xj;J tpsq;fpaik
$wg;gLjypd; xg;Gikf; $l;lkhapw;W. NrhoDf;F ,e;jpuid
ctik $Wjypd; ctikAkhapw;W
11.2..2.29 jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w ctik
,ay;ghf tpisAk; jd;ikapy; ftpQd; jhd; Fwpj;j fUj;ij

Vw;wpr; nrhy;Yjy; jw;Fwpg; Ngw;wkhk;
'cz;zPHik jhq;fp AaHe;j newpnahOfp
ntz;zPHik ePq;fp tpsq;Fkhy; - jz;zPHj;
juk;NghY nkd;dj; jUflk;ig khwd;
fuk;Nghw; nfhilnghopthd; fhH”
tpsf;fk;: KJNtdpy; fhyj;jpy; jlj;jpy; cz;lhfpa FspHe;j

ePHNghyr; NrHe;NjhH ahtHf;Fk; tUj;jk; ePq;ff; nfhLf;f ty;y
flk;ignad;Dk; gjpapy; cz;lhfpa khwd; vd;Dk; ,aw;ngaiu
cilatdJ fuk;Nghyf; nfhLf;f epidj;J NkfKk; cs;Ns
ePiuAilj;jha; caHe;j thd; topNa ele;J ntSj;j jd;ikia
ePq;fp tpsq;fpepd;wJ.
nghUj;jk;: Nkfk; kio nghopAk; nghOJ jd;Ds;Ns

ePiuAilj;jhapUj;jy; vd;gJk;> thdj;jpy; ,Uj;jYk; ntz;zpwk;
ePq;fp tpsq;FjYk; ,ay;ghdjhFk;. ,q;qdk; ,ay;ghf ,Ug;gij
khwd; ifNghy ,Ue;J nfhLf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfj;jhd;
mk;Kj;jpwq;fisAk; ngw;wpUe;jJ vdf;$wy; jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wkhk;.
Nkfj;jpw;Ff; ifia ctik $wpdikapd; ctikAkhapw;W .
vdNt ,J jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w ctikahapw;W. .
11.2..2.30 tpyf;Ftik
xU nghUNshL xU nghUis ctkpj;J mtw;wpw;Fs;s

xg;Gikia Kd;dHf;$wpg; gpd;G > ahjhDnkhU nraw;wpwdhy;
mg;nghUnshL ctik xt;thJ vd tpyf;fpf; $wpd; mJ
tpyf;Ftikahk;.
“FionghUJ ePz;L Fkpo;Nkd; Kwpah
cionghUnjd; Ys;sq; ftuh - kioNghy;
jUneLq;ifr; nrd;dp jkpo;eh lidahH
fUneLq;fz; NghYq; fay;”
tpsf;fk;: kioiag; Nghyf; nfhLf;fty;y ngupa ifapidAila
nrd;dpAila jkpo;ehl;ilnahg;ghUila fupa neba fz;NghYk;
faYk;> rq;nfhL nghUJ tsHe;J ePHf;Fkpop NkNy kwpe;J
jd;dplj;jpNy nghUJk;> vd;Ds;sj;ijf; ftukhl;lh vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; faiyf; fz;zpw;F ctkpj;J

mtw;wpw;Fs;s xg;Gikia Kd;dHf;$wpg; gpd;G> cs;sq; ftuhj
jd;ikahy; fz;zpidf; fay; xt;thJ vd tpyf;fpdikapd;
tpyf;Ftik ahapw;W.
11.2..2.31 VJTtik
“thsutpd; nrk;kzpAk; td;dpapsk; ghrpiyAk;
ehspisa jpq;fs; eifepyTk; - ePnshspahy;
NjDyT g+q;nfhd;iwj; NjtHNfhd; nrQ;rilNky;
thDyT tpw;Nghy; tUk;”
tpsf;fk;: mutpd; #l;bYz;lhfpa kzpahdJ rpte;j xspia

kpFj;jyhDk;> td;dpahfpa kuj;jpd; ,isa ,iy jd;Dila
gRikia kpFj;jyhDk;> Fotpj; jpq;fshdJ jd;Dila
ntz;ikia kpFj;jyhDk;> NjDytg;gl;l nghypitAila
nfhd;iwapdJ g+ jd;fz; cz;lhfpa Gw;nfd;w epwj;ij
kpFj;jyhDk;> NjtHfl;Fj; jiytdhfpa Kf;fl; flTSila
rpte;j rilahdJ thd;kPJ cz;lhfpa tpy;Yg;Nghyj;
Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.
nghUj;jk;: ,d;d VJthy; ,jid ,J xf;Fk; vd VJNthL $l;b

ctkpf;fg;gLtJ VJTtikahk;. rptngUkhDila ril
thdtpy;iy nahf;Fk; vd;gjhy; ctikAk;> mq;qdk;
thdtpy;iyr; rptngUkhDila ril xg;gjw;Ff; fhuzk;
thdtpy;ypy; ,Uf;Fk; nrk;ik> gRik ntz;ik Mfpa
epwq;fSf;F Vw;gr; rptngUkhDila rilapYk; nrk;kzp> td;dp>
jpq;fs; Mfpa Kg;nghUSk; ,Ug;gjhyhk; vd;gjhy; VJTk;
$wg;gl;likahy; ,J VJTtik Mapw;W.
11.2..2.32 ctikf;F va;jpaNjhH NtWghL
kpFjYk; FiwjYk; jho;jYk; caHjYk;
ghd;khW gLjYk; ghFgh Lila .
ctNka milf;F ctkhd mil kpfg; GzHjYk;> ctNka

milf;F ctkhd mil Fiwag; GzHjYk;> ,ope;j ctikNahL
caHe;j nghUs; ctikahfYk;> caHe;j ctikNahL ,ope;j
nghUs; ctikahfYk;> Mz;ghw;Fg; ngz;ghy; ctikahfYk;
ngz;ghw;F Mz;ghy; ctikahfYk;> xUikg;ghw;Fg; gd;ikg;ghy;
ctikahfYk;> gd;ikg;ghw;F xUikg;ghy; ctikahfY khfpa
NtWghLilad.
mtw;Wl; rpy tUkhW : -
11.2..2.32.1 kpFjy;
'ePyg; GUtq; Fdpa tpopkjHg;g
khiyf; Foy;#o;e;j epd;tjdk; - NghYk;
fay;gha thrq; ftUq; fsptz;
lay;gha tk;Ngh Ufk; '
tpsf;fk;: fupa epwg; GUtk; tisaTk; fz;fs; fspg;gilaTk;

G+khiy mzpe;j $e;jyhy; #og;gl;lJ cdJ Kfk;.mjidg;
Nghy kyHe;j jhkiuahdJ fay; kPd;fs; gpwo;tJ NghyTk;
kJtpid cz;l tz;Lfs; ghbr; Rw;WtJ NghyTk;
fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd.
nghUj;jk;:: jd;fz; Kfk; ctikahfTk; > jhkiu nghUshfTk;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ . ctikahfpa Kfj;jpw;Fg; GUtk; Fdpjy;> tpop
kjHj;jy;> Foy; #o;jy; Mfpa %d;W milnkhopfSk;>
nghUshfpa jhkiuf;Ff; fay; gha;jy;> tz;L may; gha;jy;
Mfpa ,U milnkhopfSk; $wg;gl;bUj;jypd; kpFjw;F vLj;Jf;
fhl;lhapw;W.
11.2..2.32.2 Fiwjy;:
“ehl;le; jLkhwr; nrt;tha; eye;jpfo
jPl;lupa ghit jpUKfk; --fhl;Lkhy;
nfz;ilkP jhl eWQ;Nr apjo;fpsu

tz;L#o; nre;jh kiu”
tpsf;fk;: jPl;lw;fupajhfpa nfhy;ypg; ghitapidg; Nghy moF

tha;e;jts; ngz;.mts; fz;lhuhy; tpUk;gg;gLk; jd;ik
nfhz;lts;.mtspd; Kfj;jpy; fz;fs; jLkhwp cytpd. Rpte;j
tha; moFld; jpfo;e;jJ.mtspd; Kfk;Ngy; fhzg;gl;lJ jhkiu
kyH. mjd; gf;fq;fspy; nfz;il kPd;fs; cytpd;.,jo;fs;
xsptPrpd. mr;nre;jhkiuia tz;Lfs; #o;e;jpUe;jd
nghUj;jk;: ,jd;fz; Kfk; ctikahfTk;> jhkiu nghUshfTk;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ctikahfpa Kfj;jpw;F ehl;le; jLkhwy;>
nrt;tha; eye;jpfoy; Mfpa ,UmilnkhopfSk;> nghUshfpa
jhkiuf;Ff; nfz;il kPjhly;> eWQ;Nra; ,jo; fpsuy;> tz;L
#o;jy; Mfpa %d;W milnkhopfSk; $wg;gl;bUj;jypd;
Fiwjw;F vLj;Jf; fhl;lhapw;W.
11.2..2.33 jho;jYk; caHjYk; ghy;khWgLjYk;
kd;dtHf;F eha;Nghy; tdg;GilaH ths;tatH
kpd;kpdpAk; ntQ;RlNuhd; Nghy;tpsq;Fk; --md;dg;
ngilNghYQ; re;jpud; ige;jlq;fs; NghYk;
kpilkhnrhd; wpy;yh tpRk;G'
Nte;jupil ehaplj;J cz;lhfpa ew;nra;jpiar; nra;jyhy;>

thspidAila typNahH ehia xg;gH@ kpd;kpdpAk;> nta;a
RlNuhidg; Nghy; tpsq;Fk;@ md;dg; ngilia xf;Fk;> kjpak;@
grpa jlhfq;fs; NghYk;> nrwpe;jpUf;fg;gl;l khrpy;yhj Mfhak;
vd;gjhk;.
'kd;dtHf;F eha;Nghy; tdg;GilaH ths; tatH' - ,wg;g ,opj;J

,d;dhjhfg; GzHf;fg;gl;lJ ctik.
'kpd;kpdpAk; ntQ;RlNuhd;Nghy; tpsq;Fk;' - kpd;kpdpf;F

epfuhf;fyhfhj ntQ;RlNuhid ctkpf;f ctik tOthapw;W.
md;dg;ngil NghYQ; re;jpud; - Mz;ghw;Fg; ngz;ghy;

ctikaha;f; Fw;wkhapw;W.
ige;jlq;fs; NghYk; kpilkhnrhd;wpy;yh tpRk;G - xUikg;

ghYf;Fg; gd;ikg; ghiy ctik fhl;l tOthapw;W. gpwTkd;d>
tp-iu:tPuHfSf;F ehia ctik $wpaJ jho;jy; gw;wpa

ctikahk;. caHjy;--nghUSf;Ff; $wg;gl;l ctik kpfTk;
jho;e;jjh apUj;jy;.
11.2..2.34 ctkTUGfs;
Nghy khdg; Giuag; nghUt

Neuf; fLg;g epfu epfHg;g
Vu Va kiya ,iaa
xg;g vs;s cwo Vw;g
md;d mida mku Mq;f
vd;d ,fy ,ioa vjpuj;
JizJ}f;(F) Mz;(L) Mq;F kpFjif tPo
,izrptz; Nfo;>mw;Wr; nrj;njhL gpwTk;
eitjPH ghd;ik ctikr; nrhy;Ny.
Nghy Kjy; nrj;J <whfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l Kg;gj;ije;Jk;> ,it
Nghy;td gpwTk; Fw;wkw;w ghFghLila ctikr; nrhy;yhFk;.
'gpwTk;”vd;wjdhy;> ehl> ef> eLq;f> ee;j> fs;s> fUj> fhl;l>

kpspu> Va;g;g> kUs vdgd KjypAdTq; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
11.2.3 cUtftzp - cUtf mzpapd; tif:

ctikAk; nghUSk; Ntw;Wik xoptpj;(J)
xd;nwd khl;bd;m/ J cUtfkhFk;.
cUtfk; vd;Dk; myq;fhuj;jpd; nghJ tpyf;fzk; czHj;Jjy;

Ejypw;W
ctikahk; nghUisAk;>ctkpf;fg;gLk; nghUisAk; NtWghL

xoptpj;J xd;nwd;gNjhH cs;SzHT Njhd;w xw;Wik Njhd;wr;
nrhy;ypd; m/J cUtfk; vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.
cUtf mzpapd; tif:
njhifNa tpupNa njhiftpup nadhm

,iaNg ,iagpyp tpaepiy nadh mr;
rpwg;Ng tpUgfQ; rkhjhd nkdh m
cUtfk; Vfk; mNefhq;f nkdh m
Kw;Nw mtatk; mtatp nadh mr;
nrhw;wIk; %d;Wk; kw;wjd; tpupNa.
njhifAUtfKk;>tpupAUtfKk;>njhiftpupAUtfKk;,iaGUtfKk;
>,iagpypAUtfKk;>tpaepiyAUtfKk;>rpwg;GUtfKk;>tpUgfTUtf
Kk;>rkhjhdTUtfKk;>cUtfTUtfKk;>Vfhq;fTUtfKk;>
mNefhq;fTUtfKk;>
Kw;WUtfKk;>mtatTUtfKk;>mtatpTUtfKk; vdr;
nrhy;ygl;l gjpide;Jk; Nkw;$wpa cUtfj;J tpupahFk;.
11.2.3.1 njhifAtUtfk;
njhifAUtfk; vd;gJ Mfpa vd;Dk; khl;Nlw;Wr; nrhy;

njhFj;Jf; $WtJ.
“mq;if kyUk; mbj;jspUq; fz;tz;Lk;
nfhq;if KfpOq; Fow;fhUk; - jq;fpaNjhH
khjHf; nfhbAsjh dz;gh ! mjw;nfOe;j
fhjw; FsNjh fiu”
mofpa ifahfpa kyupidAk;> mbahfpajspupidAk;> fz;zhfpa

tz;bidAk;> nfhq;ifahfpa mUk;gpidAk;>Foyhfpa
Nkfj;jpidAk; cilj;jha;g; gpwHf;Ff; fhjy; nra;atw;wha;
,Ug;gnjhUnfhbAsJ> ehd; neUew; fz;lJ@ ez;gNd! mf;
nfhbNky; vOe;j fhjYf;F vy;iy cyfj;Jz;Nlh ntdpy;>
,y;iyahapUe;jJ.
mq;if kyH> mbj;jspH> fz;tz;L> nfhq;if Kfpo;>Foy;fhH

khjHf; nfhb vd;w ,lq;fspy; Mfpa vd;Dk; cUG njhf;F
tUjypd; ,J njhifAUtfk; Mapw;W.
Mfpa vd;w cUG Mf> M vdf; Fiwe;J epw;wYk; cz;L. mit

njhf;Fepw;gpDk; njhifAUtfNkahk;.
11.2.3.2 tpupAUtfk;
tpupAUtfk; vd;gJ mr;nrhy; tpupe;J epw;gJ.
“nfhq;if Kifahf nkd;kUq;Fy; nfhk;ghf
mq;if kyuh mbjspuhj; - jpq;fs;
mspepd;w %u yzq;fhk; vdf;F
ntspepd;w Ntdpw; wpU”.
tpsf;fk;:: vdf;F ,sNtdpw; fhyj;ijf; nfhz;L ntspg;gl;l

jpUit xj;jts;nfhq;if mUk;ghf> Ez;zpil tQ;rpf; nfhk;ghf>
mofpa ifNa kyuhf> mb jspuhf> epyT Nghy nts;spa
xspapid Ailj;jha;> neUey; Njhd;wpa mzq;F Nghd;W
,Ue;jhs;>
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; Kifahf nfhk;ghf vd;w ,lq;fspy; 'Mf”

vd;w cUG tpupe;Jk;> kyuh> jspuh vd;w ,lq;fspy; 'M” vd;gJ
tpupe;Jk; epw;wypd; tpupAUtf khapw;W.
11.2.3.3 njhiftpupAUtfk;
njhiftpupAUtfk; vd;gJ mr;nrhy; njhf;Fk; tpupe;Jk; epw;gJ.
itae; jfspah thHflNy nea;ahf
nta;a fjpNuhd; tpsf;fhfr; - nra;a
Rluhop ahdbf;Nf #l;bNdd; nrhd;khiy
,luhop ePq;FfNt nad;W” .
tpsf;fk;: vdJ nrhy;ypdhy; njhLj;j khiyia> Jf;fkhfpa fly;

twg;gjhf cyfNk jfspahfTk;> neba flNy nea;ahfTk;>
ntk;ikia Aila gfytNd tpsf;fhfTk;> rpte;j epwj;ij
Ailj;jhfpa rf;fuj;ij Ailahd; mbf;Nf NrHj;jpNdd;.
nghUj;jk;: jfspah> nea;ahf> tpsf;fhf vd;w ,lq;fspy;

mt;TUG tpupe;Jk;> ,lHMop vd;wtplj;J mt;TUG
njhf;Fk;epw;wypd;> ,J njhiftpup cUtfkhapw;W .
11.2.3.4 ,iaGUtfk;
,iaGUtfk; vd;gJ gy nghUis cUtfQ; nra;Aq;fhy; jk;Ks;

,iaGilathf itj;J cUtfQ; nra;tJ.
nrt;tha;j; jspUk; eifKfpOq; fz;kyUk;
ikth usf kJfuKk; - nrt;tp
cilj;jhe; jpUKfnkd; Ds;sj;J itj;jhH
Jilj;jhNu ad;Nwh JaH”
tpsf;fk;: rpte;j thahfpa jspupidAk;> eifahfpa Ky;iy

mUk;gpidAk;> fz;zhfpa kyupidAk;> fupa ePz;l $e;jyhfpa
tz;bidAk;> nrt;tpapidAk; cila fz;lhuhy; tpUk;Ge;
jd;ikAilj;jhfpa Kfj;ij vd;Ds;sj;jpNy itj;jhH@ ,jdhNy
vd;Dila cs;sj;jpYz;lhfpa Jauj;ij ePf;Fthud;Nwh ?
nrhy;YtPuhf.
nghUj;jk;: tha;> eif> fz;> $e;jy; Mfpad xd;wpndhnlhd;W
,iaGila nghUs;fs;. ,tw;iw KiwNa jspH> mUk;G> kyH>
tz;LfshfTk;> mit jkf;Fs; ,iaGiladthfTk; cUtfpf;fg;
gl;Ls;sikapd; ,J ,iaGUtfk; Mapw;W.
11.2.3.5 ,iagpYUtfk;
,iagpYUtfk; vd;gJ gy nghUSe; jk;Ks; ,iaahik itj;J

cUtfQ; nra;tJ.
Njdf; fyHnfhd;iw nghd;dhfr; nrQ;rilNa
$dw; gtsf; nfhbahfj; - jhd
kioahff; NfhL kjpahfj; Njhd;Wk;
GioahH jlf;ifg; nghUg;G”
tpsf;fk;: Jisia cilj;jhfpa ngupa ifiaAila

ahidahfpa kiy kJitf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; nfhd;iwkyH
nghd;dhfTk;> rpte;j ril tise;J ed;ikAilj;jhfpa gtsf;
nfhbahfTk;> kjk; kioahfTk;> kUg;G kjpahfTk;
Njhd;whepd;wJ.
nghUj;jk;:tpehafg; ngUkhd; mzpe;jpUf;Fk; nfhd;iw kyH>

mtHjk; ril> kjk;> kUg;G Mfpa nghUs;fis KiwNa> jk;kpy;
,iagw;w nghUs;fshd nghd;> gtsf;nfhb> kio> kjpahf
cUtfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sikapd; ,J ,iagpy; cUtfkhapw;W.
11.2.3.6 tpaepiyAUtfk;
tpaepiyAUtfk; vd;gJ xd;wd; mq;fk; gytw;wpDs; rpytw;iw

cUtfQ; nra;Jk; > rpytw;iw cUtfQ; nra;ahJk; ciuj;J >
mq;fpia cUtfQ; nra;J ciug;gJ .
nrt;tha; eifaUk;gr; nrq;ifj; jspHtpsq;f
ikths; neLq;fz; kjHj;Jytr; - nrt;tp
ewtyUQ; Nrhiytha; epd;wNj ez;gh !
FwtH klkfshq; nfhk;G”
tpsf;fk;: ez;gNd ! FwtHf;F klg;gj;JlNd $ba kfshk;

jd;ikAilj;jha; ,Ug;gnjhU tQ;rpf;nfhk;G>rpte;jtha; vapw;iw
mUk;gr;> nrq;fuq;fs; jspiu tpsf;f> tUj;jk;; nra;Ak; thshfpa
fz;fs; rpte;j mupNahL cyhtg;> Gjpjhfpa Njid Ailajha;
kyUk; Nrhiyapd;fz;Nz Njhd;wpw;W @
nghUj;jk;; ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l nghUs; FwtH klkfs;.

,g;ngz;zpd; cWg;Gf;fspy; ,q;Ff; $wg;gLtd tha;> if> fz;
Mfpa %d;Wkhk;. ,tw;Ws; ifia kl;Lk; jspuhf cUtfQ;
nra;J>Vida cWg;Gf;fis cUtfpf;fhJk;> cWg;gpidAila
ngz;iz kl;Lk; nfhk;ghf cUtfpj;Jk; ,Uj;jypd; ,J tpaepiy
AUtfkhapw;W.
11.2.3.7 rpwg;GUtfk;
rpwg;GUtfk; vd;gJ xU nghUis vLj;J mjw;Fr; rpwe;j

milfis cUtfQ; nra;J mtw;whNd cUtfkhf;fp ciug;gJ
MFk;.
tpupfly;#o; Nkjpdp ehd;Kfd;kP fhdhr;
Ruejpgh Ar;rp njhLj;j - mupjpUj;jhs;
$k;ghf vg;nghUSq; nfhz;lngU ehtha;
Mk;nghyptpw; whapdjhy; ,d;W
tpsf;fk;: fly;#o;e;j cyfkhdJ> ehd;Kfj;Njhd; kPfhkdhfTk;>

fq;if ghahfTk;> mg;ghia cr;rpapNy cilj;jhfpa jpUkhy;
NkNdhf;fp vLj;j rPHghjk; $k;ghfTk;> gy tifg;gl;l
nghUs;fisAk; cilj;jha;g; ngupjhfpa moNfhL $ba ehtha;
MdJ.
nghUj;jk;;: ,jDs; ehd;Kfd; kPfhkdhfTk;> Ruejp ghahfTk;>

mupjpUj;jhs; $k;ghfTk; cUtfQ; nra;ag; Gtp ehtha;
Mapdikapd; rpwg;GUtfk; Mapw;W.
11.2.3.8 tp&gfTUtfk;
tp&gfTUtfk; vd;gJ xU nghUl;Ff; $lhj jd;ik gyTq;$l;b

cUtfQ; nra;tJ MFk;.
jz;kjpf;Fj; NjhyhJ jho;jlj;J itfhJ
Kz;kUTe; jhz;Nkd; KfpohJ - ez;zp
,UnghOJQ; nrt;tp ,ay;gha; kyUk;
tpsf;fk;: vd; fhjypapd; Kfkhfpa jhkiujl;gj;jpidAila

kjpapd; njhopw;Ff; nflhJ> Mo;e;j faj;jpy; jq;fhJ> Ks;is
cilajhfpa jhspd;kPJ KfpohJ> fhiyAk; khiyAQ; NrHe;J
nrt;tpia cilajha; kyHe;J epw;Fk;.
nghUj;jk;: kjpf;Fj; Njhyhik> jlj;Js; itfhik> Ks;jhspd;

kPJ Kfpohik> ,UnghOJk; kyHjy; Mfpa ,it
jhkiuf;Ff;$lhj jd;ikfshk . ,j;jd;ikfis mjw;F Vw;wp>
mj;jifa jhkiuahf Kfj;ij cUtfk; nra;jikapd;> ,J
tp&gfTUtf khapw;W.
11.2.3.9 rkhjhdTUtfk;
rkhjhdTUtfk; vd;gJ xUnghUis ed;whf cUtfk; nra;J >

mjidNa jPq;F jUtjhff; $wp> mj;jq P ;Fk; mjdhNd tUfpd;wJ
md;W vdf;$wp mjw;Fg; gpwpNjhH fhuzq; $WtJ MFk;.
“iffhe;js; tha;FKjq; fz;nea;jy; fhupifaPH !
nka;thH jspHnfhq;if nkd;Nfhq;fk; -

,t;tidj;Jk;
td;ikNrHe; jhtp tUj;JtJ khjtnkhd;(W)
,d;ikNa ad;Nwh vkf;F”
tpsf;fk;: fz;nea;jy; fhupifaPH!! ck;Kila fhe;js; kyuhfpa

ifAk;> FKjkhfpa thAk;> nea;jy; kyuhfpa fz;Zk;> ePz;l
jspuhfpa nka;Ak;> nkd;ikAila Nfhq;fUk;ghfpa nfhq;ifAk;
vd;W nrhy;yg;gl;ld midj;Jk; ck;Kila mtatkhfpYk;>
mit midj;Jk; jd;ik jpupe;J td;fz;ikiar; NrHe;J
vk;Kila capiu tUj;jk; nra;Ak;@ ,J > Kw; fhyj;jpy;
ehd;nra;j jPtpidg;gad; ,f;fhyj;J vkf;Fg; gaj;jyhyd;Nwh ?
ck;Nky; jtWz;Nlh ? vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;l nghUs; xU ngz; Mts;

. mg;ngz;zpd; cWg;Gf;fshd if> tha;> fz;> nka;>nfhq;if
Mfpatw;iw KiwNa fhe;js;> FKjk;> nea;jy>; jspH >
Nfhq;fUk;G vd ed;whf cUtfk; nra;J> ,j;jifa cWg;G
eyKila ngz;Nz jd; capiu tUj;Jtjhf mt;toF
eyj;jpw;Fj; jPq;F $wp> mj;jPq;Fk; jd;Dila jPtpidg;
gadhNyNa te;jjhFk; vd mjw;Fg; gpwpnjhU fhuzKk;
$wpapUj;jypd; ,J rkhjhd cUtfkhapw;W.
Kjw;fz; ngz;zhy; jPq;F te;jjhff; $wpg;> gpwF mJTk; jd;

jPtpidapdhNyNa te;jJ vdr; rkhjhdk; nra;J
nfhs;fpd;wikapd;> ,J rkhjhd cUtfk; vdg; ngaH ngw;wJ .
11.2.3.10 cUtfTUtfk;
cUtfTUtfk; vd;gJ xd;wid cUtfQ; nra;J > mjidNa

ngaHj;Jk; gpwpnjhd;whf cUtfQ; nra;tJ .
fd;dpjd; nfhq;iff; Ftlhq; flhf;fspw;iwg;
nghd;ndLe;Njhl; Fd;Nw Gidfe;jh - kd;dtepd;
Mfj; jlQ;Nr tfkhf ahd;mizg;gy;
Nrhfpj; jUNsy; Jtz;L '
tpsf;fk;: jiytNd ! eP fhjypj;j fd;dpAila Kiynad;Dk;

kiyahfpa kjf;fspw;iw> cd; ngupa Njhshfpa Fd;wNk jpusr;
nra;ag;gl;l fe;jhfTk;> khHghfpa gue;j ,lNk $lkhfTk;
nfhz;L ehd; NrHj;J itg;Ngd;. eP tUe;jk; jtpHf;f vd;gjhk.;
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; nfhq;ifiaf; Ftlhf cUtfQ; nra;J>

mjidNa kPz;Lk; fspwhfTk;> Njhisf; Fd;whf cUtfQ;
nra;J> mjidNa kPz;Lk; fe;jhf (fl;Lj;jwpahf)Tk; cUtfk;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sikapd;> ,J cUtf cUtfkhapw;W.
11.2.3.11 Vfhq;fTUtfk;
Vfhq;fTUtfk;vd;gJ xU nghUspdJ mq;fk; gytw;Ws;Sk;

xd;wpid kl;Lk; cUtfk; nra;J gpw mq;fq;fis cUtfk;
nra;ahJ $WtJ.
fhjyidj; jhntd; WyTq; fUneLq;fz;
Vjpydhy; ahnjd;Dk; ,d;nkhopj;Njd; - khjH
kUz;l kdkfpo;r;rp thz;Kfj;J te;j
,uz;bDf;Fk; vd;nra;Nfh ahd; '
tpsf;fk;: neQ;rNk ! vkf;nfhU fztidj; jUthahf vd;gJ

Nghd;wpUe;jJ> fhjsTk; cyTfpd;w fupa neba fz;fs;@
mayhdhy; gadpy;iy vd;gJ Nghd;wpUe;jJ> Njdhfpa nkhop
fz;ltUf;F kaf;fj;NjhL $ba cs;sf; kfpo;itf; nfhLf;fpd;w
xspiaAila Kfj;jpNy Njhw;wpa ,t;tpuz;bDf;Fk; ahd; vd;d
nra;af; flNtd;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l nghUs; xU ngz; Mts;.

mg;ngz;zpd; cWg;Gf;fSs; nkhopia kl;Lk; Njdhf cUtfpj;J>
Vida fz;> Kfk; ,uz;ilAk; cUtfQ; nra;ahJ
$wpdikapd;> ,J Vfhq;f cUtfkhapw;W .
11.2.3.12 mNefhq;fTUtfk;
mNefhq;fTUtfk; vd;gJ xd;wd; mq;fk; gytw;iwAk; cUtfQ;

nra;J ciug;gJ .
ifj;jspuhw; nfhq;if Kfpo;jhq;fpf; fz;nzd;Dk;
ikj;jlQ;Nry; ike;jH kdq;fyq;f - itj;jNjhH
kpd;Dsjhy; Nkf kpirAsjhy; kw;wJTk;
vd;Dsjhk; ez;gh ! ,dp
tpsf;fk;: if Mfpa jspupdhNy Kiyahfpa mUk;gpidj;

jhq;Ffpd;w jd;ikiaAilj;jhfTk;> fz;nzdg;gl;l fupa FspHe;j
kPd;fshNy MltH cs;sq;fis mopf;Fe; jd;ikiaAilj;jhfTk;
>fWj;j Nkfj;ijr; Rke;Jnfhz;L epw;gjhfTk;> xU kpd; Njhd;wpg;
g+kpf; fz;Nz epd;wNjy;> mJ ez;gNd ! vd;
cs;sj;jJNtahk;ez;gNd ! vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; xU ngz;zpd; if> nfhq;if> fz;> $e;jy;>

tbtk; Mfpa gyTWg;Gf;fSk; KiwNa jspH> Nfhq;fUk;G> fay;>
Nkfk;> kpd;dy; Mf cUtfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sikapd; ,J mNefhq;f
cUtfkhapw;W .
11.2.3.13 Kw;WUtfk;
Kw;WUtfk; vd;gJ mtat mtatpfis Vw;w ,lj;NjhLk; >

gpwtw;NwhLk; Kw;w cUtfQ; nra;J ciug;gJ .
tpopNa fsptz;L nkd;difNa jhJ
nkhopNa KUFyhe; Njwy; - nghopfpd;w
NjkUT Nfhijj; njupit jpUKfNk
jhkiunad; Ds;sj; jlj;J
tpsf;fk;: vd; cs;skhfpa jlhfj;jpy; Njd; kUtpa

$e;jiyAila ngz;zpd; jpUKfNk jhkiu> tpopfNs
fspf;fpd;w tz;L> nky;ypathfpa eifNa jhJ> thHj;ijNa
eWehw;wk; nfhz;l kJ MFk;vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; xU ngz;zpd; tpop> eif nkhop> Kfk;

Mfpa cWg;Gf;fis KiwNa tz;L> jhJ> Njd;> jhkiu Mf
cUtfpj;J> mJ jd; cs;sj;jpy; ,Ug;gjw;F Vw;g cs;sj;ijf;
FskhfTk; cUtfpj;Js;sikahy; ,J Kw;WUtfk; Mapw;W .
11.2.3.14 mtatTUtfk;
mtatTUtfk;vd;gJ mtatj;ij cUtfQ; nra;J > mtatpia

thshNt $WtJ .
GUtr; rpiyFspj;Jf; fz;zk;ng Ds;sj;
JUtj; Jue;jhH xUtH - mUtp
nghUq;fw; rpyk;gpw; Giday;Fy; NjHNky;
kUq;Fw; nfhbElq;f te;J
tpsf;fk;: my;Fyhfpa Njupd;Nky; Vwp> ,ilahfpa nfhbahdJ

mira te;J> mUtp epiwe;j kiyr; rpyk;gpdplj;jpy; Njhd;wpj;
jk;Kila GUtkhfpa tpy;iy tisj;Jf;> fz;zhfpa mk;gpdhNy
vd; cs;sj;jpNy cUtpg; Nghf xUtH va;jhH@ ,jw;Fr;
nra;af;fltJ vd;nfhy; ? nrhy;Ythahf vd;gjhk;..
nghUj;jk;; ,g;ghlypy; xU ngz;zpd; GUtk;> fz;> my;Fy;>

kUq;Fy; Mfpa cWg;Gf;fis kl;Lk; cUtfpj;J>
,t;TWg;Gf;fisAila ngz;iz kl;Lk; 'xUtH” vd thshNt
$wpAs;sikapd;> mJ mtat cUtfk; Mapw;W
11.2.3.15 mtatpAUtfk;
mtatpAUtfk;vd;gJ mtatpia cUtfQ; nra;J >

mtatq;fis thshNt $WtJ MFk;.
thHGUtq; $j;jhl tha;koiy NrhHe;jira
NtuUk;gr; Nre;J tpopkjHg;g - %uy;
mspf;Fe; njupit tjdhk; Gaj;jhy;
fspf;Fe; jtKilNad; fz;
tpsf;fk;: Kw;fhyj;jpy; ahd; nra;j ey;tpidg; gadhy; vdJ

fz; ey;yhUila GUtk; mira> thapy; thHj;ijahdJ
cUj;njupahJ mope;J jsuf;> FWtpaHg;ig Ailj;jh> tpopahdJ
rpte;J kjHg;g> KWtypg;gnjhU Kfkhfpa jhkiuapdhNy
fspf;Fe; jd;ikiag; ngw;wJ
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gLk; ngz;zpd; Kfk; mtatpahFk;.

mjid kl;Lk; jhkiunad cUtfpj;J> mjdplj;J cs;s
cWg;Gf;fshd GUtk;> koiy> tpop> KWty; Mfpatw;iw
cUtfpf;fhJ $wpAs;sikapd;> ,J mtatp cUtfkhapw;W.
11.2.3.16 cUtfk; gpw mzpfSld; $btUk; vdy;
ctik VJ Ntw;Wik tpyf;Nf
mtEjp rpNyilnad;(W) mtw;nwhLk; tUNk .
ctikAk;> VJTk;> Ntw;WikAk;> tpyf;Fk;> mtEjpAk;>

rpNyilAk; vd;Dk; MW myq;fhuq;fNshL $bAk; tUk;
mt;TUtf mzp vd;gjhFk;.
11.2.3.16.1 ctikAUtfk;
kJkfpo;e;j khjH tjd kjpak;
cja kjpaNk nahf;Fk; - kjpjsHNtd;
ntk;ik jzpa kjuhf NkkpFf;Fk;
nrk;ik nahspahy; jpfo;e;J
tpsf;fk;;: mwpT mopAk; jd;ikNaDila jd;ikiaia

cilatDila Mw;wy; mopaf; fspg;NghL $ba fhjiyg;
ngupJk; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;w kJTz;L fspj;j klthUila Kfkhfpa
epyT cjaQ; nra;j epiw kjpak; Nghd;wJ MFk;.
nghUj;jk;: ctikazpNahL $btUk; cUtfk; ctikAUtfk;

MFk; > Kfj;ij kjpakhf cUtfpj;Jg; gpd;G mJ cja
kjpaj;ij xf;Fk; vd ctikNahL$l;bf; $Wjypd; ,J
ctikAUtf khapw;W .
11.2.3.16.2 VJTUtfk;
khw;wj;jhy; fps;is eilahy; kltd;dk;
Njhw;wj;jhy; jz;nzd; RlHtpsf;fk; - Nghw;Wk;
,ayhy; kapy;vk;ik ape;ePHik ahf;Fk;
kayhH kjHneLq;fz; khd;
tpsf;fk;: ez;gNd ! vk;ik ,t;thW jho;T gz;Zfpd;w

fhjiyf; nfhLf;fpd;w fz;fis Ailats; Mjyhy; khd;
Nghd;whs; Mapds;. nkhopapdhy; fpspahapdhs;. eilapdhy;
md;dkhapdhs;@ Nkdpahy; FspHe;j cUtj;ijAila tpsf;fpd;
epwkhapdhs; @ ahtUk; gutg;gLk; rhayhy; kapyhapdhs;..
nghUj;jk;: VJ mzpNahL $btUk; cUtfk; VJ TUtfk; MFk;
. ,g;ghlypy; xU ngz;izf; fpspahfTk;> md;dkhfTk;>
tpsf;fhfTk;> kapyhfTk; cUtfk; nra;jNjhL> mt;tg;nghUshf
cUtfk; nra;jjw;Fupa fhuzq;fisAk; cld; $wpAs;sikapd;
,J VJTUtfkhapw;W .
11.2.3.16.3 Ntw;WikAUtfk;
itak; Guf;Fkhy; kd;dtepd; iff;fhUk;
ngha;apd;wp thdpw; nghopfhUk; - ifahk;
,UfhHf;F kpy;iyg; gUtk; ,bf;Fk;
xUfhH gUtk; cilj;J
tpsf;fk;: murNd ! cd;Dila ifahfpa NkfKk;> fhyk;

jtwhJ cupa fhyj;J Mfhaj;jpy; epd;W nghopfpd;w NkfKk;>
cyfj;ijg; fhf;Fk; jd;ikapy; xf;FkhapDk;>if vd;Dk;
,uz;L Nkfq;fSf;Fk; gUtkpy;iy@ Mdhy; ,biaAila xU
Nkfj;Jf;Fg; gUtKz;L.
nghUj;jk;: Ntw;Wik mzpNahL $btUk; cUtfk; Ntw;Wik

cUtfk; MFk;. murdpd; ifia Nkfkhf cUtfpj;Jg;> gpd;G
mk;Nkfj;jpw;Fk; iff;Fk; Ntw;Wik fhl;bAs;sikapd;> ,J
Ntw;Wik cUtfkhapw;W .
11.2.3.16.4 tpyf;FUtfk;
ty;yp tjd kjpf;F kjpj;jd;ik
,y;iy AsNjy; ,utd;wp - vy;iy
tpsf;F nkhsptsHj;J ntk;ikahy; vk;ikj;
Jsf;Fk; ,ay;GsNjh nrhy;
tpsf;fk;: ty;ypahdts; Kfkhfpa kjpaj;jpw;F> kjpapDila

jd;ikapy;iy NghYk;@ cz;lhapd;> gfw;nghOJ jd;dplj;jpNy
xspia kpFj;J ek;ik tUj;jp mwpitaopf;Fk; ,ay;Gilj;jhNkh
? ez;gNd ! nrhy;Ythahf vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: tpyf;F mzpNahL $btUk; cUtfk;

tpyf;FUtfkhFk;> ,g;ghlypy; xU ngz;zpd; Kfj;ij kjpakhf
cUtfpj;Jg; gpd;G mk;Kfj;jpw;Fs;s jd;ik kjpaj;jpw;F ,y;iy
vd tpyf;fypd; tpyf;FUtfk; Mapw;W .
11.2.3.16.5 mtEjpAUtfk;
nghq;fsf ky;y GaNy apJ,itAk;
nfhq;if apizay;y Nfhq;fUk;Ng - kq;ifepd;
ikaupf;fz; my;y kjHtz; bit,itAk;
ifay;y fhe;js; kyH
tpsf;fk;: kq;ifg; gUtj;ijAilatNs ! cd;DilaJ kpf;f

fUikiaAila $e;jyd;W> ,J Nkfg;gug;Ng MFk;. ,uz;lhfpa
jdq;fs; my;y> ,it Nfhq;fUk;GfNs@ ikazpe;j nrt;tup gue;j
fz;fs; my;y> ,it nrUf;fpidAila tz;LfNs@ ifay;y>
fhe;js; kyHfNs MFk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; xU ngz;zpd; cWg;Gf;fisr; rpwg;gpf;Fk;

Kfkhf mtSila $e;jy;> nfhq;if> fz;> if Mfpa
cWg;Gf;fis mt;tt; TWg;Gf;fs; my;y vd kWj;Jg;> gpd;G
mtw;iw KiwNa Gay;> Nfhq; fUk;G> tz;L> fhe;js; vd
cUtfpj;Js;sikapd; ,J mtEjp AUtfkhapw;W.
11.2.3.16.6 rpNyilAUtfk;
'cz;nzfpo;e;j nrt;tpj;jha; nghw;Nwhl; nlhsptsuj;
jz;zsp#o;e; jpd;ge; jukyHe;J - fz;nzfpo;e;J
fhjy; fiuapwg;g thtp flthJ
khjH tjdhk; Gak;.”
tpsf;fk;: cs;Sk; kyHe;jpUf;Fk; nghyptpid cilaJ. mofpa

,jo;fspd; xsp kpFe;jJ. tz;Lfshy; #og;gLtJ. fz;lhHf;F
,dpik Njhd;w ,jo; tpupe;J kJ epiwe;J fz;lhHf;F Mir
kpFg;gg; ngha;if aplj;J ePq;fhJ Njhd;wpaJ jhkiu. cs;s
cUf;fj;jhy; kyHe;j GJikAilaJ> nghd;dhy; Mfpa
NjhLfspd; jioj;Jxsp tPRtJ. FspHe;j tpUg;gj;ijf; nfhz;L
fz;lhHf;F tpUg;gj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpg;gJ. Fhjy; vy;iy fle;jhYk;
cs;sk; fl;Lg;gl;L epw;gJ vd;Dk; Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lJ
jhkiu.
nghUj;jk;: rpNyil mzpNahL $btUk; cUtfk; rpNyilAUtf

khFk;. ,g; ghlypy; xU ngz;zpd; Kfj;jpw;Fk;> jhkiuf;Fk;
nghUe;Jtjhd nrhw;nwhlHfis Kd;Nd mikj;Jf; $wpg; gpd;G
mk;Kfj;ij jhkiuahf cUtfpj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sikapd; ,J
rpNyil cUtfkhapw;W.
11.2.3.17 ctik cUtfq;fl;Fg; Gwdil
cUtfk; ctik vd,U jpwj;jTk;
epuk;g czHj;Jk; tuk;Gjkf;F ,d;ikapw;
$wpa newpapd; NtWgl tUgit
NjwpdH Nfhly; njs;spNahH flNd.
cUtfKk; ctikAk; vd;Dk; ,uz;L tifahd mzpfSk;>

xoptpd;wp czHj;Jk; tiuaiw cilaty;y thfyhy;>
nrhy;yg;gl;l newpapd; NtWgl tUgit awpe;J mtw;wpd;ghy;
rhHj;jpf;Nfhly; mwpTilNahH fld; vd;gjhk;.
11.2.3.17.1 VJTUtfk;
'tpy;NyH cotH gifnfhspDk; nfhs;sw;f
nrhy;NyH cotH gif.”
tpsf;fk;: tpy;iy VuhfTila tPuHfNshL gifik nfhs;spDk;>

ePjp E}y;fis VuhfTila mwpQHfNshL gif nfhs;sw;f
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; tPuH> mwpQH Mfpa ,UtHfisAk;

cotuhf cUtfpj;jJld;> mjw;Fupa fhuzq;fisAk; cld;
je;Js;sikapd;> ,J VJ cUtfkhapw;W.
11.2.3.17.2 ,iaGUtfk;
'Vup apuz;Lk; rpwfh vapy;tapwhf;
fhUila gPyp fbfhth - ePHtz;zd;
mj;jpa+H thah mzpkapNy Nghd;wNj
nghw;Nwuhd; fr;rpg; nghypT.”
tpsf;fk;: ,U> gf;fj;jpYKs;s Vupfs; rpwFfshfTk;>

,ilapYs;s kjpy; tapwhfTk;> Rw;wpYKs;s eWkzk; tPRk;
Nrhiyfs; fUik epwk; nghUe;jpa NjhiffshfTk;>jpUkhypdJ
jpUtj;jpa+H thahfTk; nfhz;byq;Fk; rpwg;ghy;> mofpa
Njhs;fisAila NrhoDila fhQ;rPGukhdJ mofpa kapiy
nahj;J tpsq;Ffpd;wJ vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,jd;fz; fhQ;rpapYs;s Vup> kjpy;> Nrhiy> mj;jpa+H

Mfpaitfis KiwNa rpwF> tapW> Njhif> tha; MfTk;>
fhQ;rpia kapyhfTk; jk;Ks; ,iaGiladthf cUtfk;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sikapd; ,J ,iaGUtfkhapw;W.
11.2.3.17.3 tpyf;FUtfk;
tpyf;F mzpAld; cUtfk; nra;ag;gLtJ tpyf;F cUtfkhk;.
'kiyapw; gapyh klkQ;iQ thup
miyapw; gpwth tKjk; - tpiyapl;(L)
msthj epj;jpyk; Muhj Njwy;
tsthz; kjH neLq;fz; khd;.”
tsg;gk; nghUe;jpa ths;Nghd;w kjHj;j fz;fisAila khd;

Nghd;w ngz;> kiyapy; thohj ,skapYk;>flypdJ miyapNy
gpwthj mKjKk;> tpiyapl;Lf; $w Kbahj Kj;Jk;> cz;z
KbahjNjhH NjDkhts; vd;gjhk;. ,g;ghlypy; xU ngz;iz
kapy;> mKjk;> epj;jpyk;> Njd; vd cUtfpf;Fq;fhy;> mt;tg;
nghUs;fspd; jd;ikapdpd;Wk; tpyf;fp cUtfk;
nra;ag;gl;bUj;jyhy; ,J tpyf;FUtfkhapw;W.
11.2.3.17.4rpwg;GUtfk;
xd;wid cUtfpf;Fq;fhy;> mt;TUtfg; nghUSf;F ,y;yhj

rpwg;gpidNaw;wp cUtfpg;gJ rpwg;GUtfkhFk;.
'koiytha; et;tp kjHneLq;fz; kQ;iQ
Foypd; nghiwnkype;j nfhk;gH - Roy;fyte;
jhq;fpa md;de; jlq;nfhq;if MuKjk;
Njq;nfhs; fkyj; jpU.”
Njidj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;l nre;jhkiu kyupy; tPww ; pUf;Fk;

jpUkfshfpa ngz;. koiyr; nrhw;fisg; NgRk; thiaAila
khDk;> tsg;gk; nghUe;jpa ePz;l fz;fis Aila kapYk;>
$e;jypd; Rikiaj; jhq;Fjyhy; nkypTw;w nfhk;Gk;> jpuz;l
Njhifia Aila md;dKk; ngUj;j nfhq;iffisAila
mKjKk; Mts; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; xU ngz;iz khd;> kapy;> nfhk;G>

md;dk;> mKjk; Mf cUtfpf;Fq;fhy; mt;tg;nghUs;fsplj;Jk;
,y;yhj;jhd koiytha;>kjHneLq;fz;> Foypd; nghiw nkypjy;>
fytk; jhq;fy;> jlq;nfhq;if Ailj;jhjy; Mfpa rpwg;Gf;fis
Vw;wp cUtfpj;Js;sikapd; ,J rpwg;GUtf khapw;W.
11.2.3.17.5 mw;GjTUtfk;
xd;wid cUtfpf;Fq;fhy; mw;Gjk; (tpag;G) Njhd;w cUtfpg;gJ

mw;Gj cUtfkhFk;.
'kd;ww; FoyhH capHNky; kjd;flTk;
njd;ww; fupjLf;Fe; jpz;fizAk;-1 kd;wyiuf;
fq;Fw; flypy; fiuNaw;W ePs;Gizahk;
nghq;FePH ehld; Gak;”
tpsf;fk;: nghyptpidAila ePH#o;e;j fhtpup ehlDila

NjhshdJ> eWehw;wj;ijAila FoypdhH capiu mopf;f
kd;kjd; tutpLj;j njd;wyhfpa kjf;fspW tuhjgb jLj;jw;F
Vw;w typa fizaKk;> mtufisf; fq;Fyhfpa flypd; fiuapNy
NrHf;Fk; ngupa kpjitAkhk; cd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; Nrhodpd; Njhs;fisf; fizakhfTk;>

GizakhfTk; cUtfpf;Fq;fhy; mw;Gjk; Njhd;w
cUtfpj;Js;sikapd; ,J mw;GjTUtfkhapw;W.
11.2.3.17.6 njupjUNjw;w ctik
'ey;yhHfz; gl;l tWikapd; ,d;dhNj
fy;yhHfz; gl;l jpU”
tpsf;fk;: ,d;djw;F ,d;dJ ctikahFk;> ,d;dJ

ctikahfhJ vdj; njupe;J $WtJ njupjUNjw;w TtikahFk;.
fy;yhjtH khl;Lsjha nry;tk;> fw;whH khl;Lsjha tWikapDk;
nfhbJ vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,jd;fz; fy;yhjtH khl;Lsjha nry;tj;jpw;Ff;

fw;whuplj; Jsjha tWik ctik $Wj;jf;fjd;W vdj; njupe;J
$wpapUj;jypd;> ,J njupjUNjw;w ctik ahapw;W.
11.2.3.17.7 gynghUStik
xU nghUSf;Fg; gynghUis ctik $wpd; mJ

gynghUStikahk
'mbNehf;fpd;. Mo;fly; tz;zd; mtd;jd;

gbNehf;fpw; igq;nfhd;iwj; jhuhd; - KbNehf;fpj;
NjHtst dhfj; njspe;njd;jd;> nrd;dpNky;
Muyq;fy; Njhd;wpaJ fz;L”
tpsf;fk;: mtdJ mbfis Nehf;fpd; MoKila flypd;

epwj;ijAila jpUkhyhfj; Njhd;Wfpd;whd;@ kw;Wk; mtDila
tbtj;ij Nehf;fpd; grpa nfhd;iw azpe;j rptngUkhd; Nghyj;
Njhd;Wfpd;whd;@ ,q;qdk; xt;nthU tifapy; xt;nthU
nghUshfj; Njhd;Wfpd;w mtDila Kbia ,Wjpapy; Nehf;f
mt;tplj;J Mj;jpkhiyapUf;ff;fz;L mtidj; NjupidAila
Nrhodhfj; njspe;Njd; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypd;fz; Nrhodhfpa xUtDf;Fj; jpUkhy;>

rptngUkhd; Mfpa ,UtiuAk; ctik $wpapUj;jypd; ,J
gynghUStikahapw;W.
11.2.3.17.8 gz;Gtik
xU nghUnshL nghUisg; gz;Ggw;wp ctik $Wjy;

gz;Gtikahk;.
'fUq;fhy; Ntq;if tPAW JWfy;
,Uk;Gypf; FUisapy; Njhd;Wq; fhl;bil
vy;yp tUeH fstpw;F
ey;iy ay;iy neLntz; zpyNt”
tpsf;fk;: gue;j ntz;zpyNt! fupa mbg;gFjpiaAila Ntq;if

kuj;jpd; kyHfs; gutg;ngw;w typa fy;yhdJ> ngupa GypapdJ
Fl;biag; Nghyj; Njhd;Wk; fhl;blj;Nj> ,utpy; fstplj;Jj;
jdpj;JtUk; vk; jiytUf;F eP ed;ik nra;akhl;lha; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: Ntq;ifkyH gutg;ngw;w fy;> tz;zj;jhYk;>

tbtj;jhYk; NfhLfisAila Gypf; Fl;biag; Nghy; Njhd;Wk;
vd;gjhy;> ,J gz;Gtikahapw;W.
11.2.3.17.9 xg;Gtik
ctik nfhLj;Jf; $wg;gl;l nghUisg; gpd;Dk; gpwpnjhd;ww;F

ctikahf;fp Aiug;gJ xg;Gtik Mapw;W.
'Kj;Jf;Nfhj; jd;d KWty; KWtNy

xj;jUk;G Ky;iyf; nfhbkUq;Fy;-kw;wjd;Nky;
kpd;dspf;Fk; fhHNghy; tpiuf;$e;jy; nky;ypayhs;
jz;zspf;Fk; cz;Nlh juk;"
tpsf;fk;: Kj;ijf;Nfhj;jJ Nghd;wJ ,tsJ vapW@ mt;ntapw;iw

nahj;j mUk;Gila Ky;iyf;nfhb Nghd;wJ kUq;Fy;@
mk;kUq;Fyhfpa nfhbkPNj kpd;dj;Njhw;wpa fhH Nghd;wJ
eWehw;wj;ij Aila $e;jy;@ ,j;jd;ikj;jhfpa nky;ypa
rhayhsplj;J cz;lhfpa md;gpw;Fj; juKz;Nlh?
nghUj;jk;: Kj;Jf; Nfhj;jd;d KWty; vd ctik nfhLj;Jf;

$wg;gl;l nghUisg; gpd;G> mk;KWtiy xj;j mUk;G vd
ctikahf;fpf; $wpAs;sikapd; ,J xg;Gtik ahapw;W.
11.2.3.17.10 re;jhdTtik
xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlHGila gy nghUs;fis xt;nthU

nghUSf;Fk; ctikahf;fp Aiug;gJ re;jhd Ttikahk;.
,q;qdk; tUk; ctikAk; nghUs;fSk; xd;ww;nfhd;W njhlHGil
adthf khiyNghy; epw;wypd;> ,jid khiyAtik nad;Wk;
$WtH.
<He;J epye;NjhA kpUk;gpbj; jlf;ifapw;

NrHe;Jld; nrwpe;j Fwq;F Fwq;nfd
khy;tiu nahOfpa thio thiog;
g+ntdg; nghype;j Nthjp Nahjpapd;
espr;rpid Ntq;if ehz;kyH ehz;kyHf;
fspr;RUk; guw;WQ; Rzq;F Rzq;FgpjpHe;
jpahzHf; Nfhq;fpd; mtpHKif Kifnadg;
g+zfj; njhLq;fpa ntk;Kiy Kiynad
tz;Nlhl;Lg; ngz;iz tsHj;j Eq;fpd;
,d;nrwp ePHjU nkapw;wpd;' ( rpWghz; @ 19-28 )
tpsf;fk;: ,Of;fg;gl;L epyj;jpNy nghUe;jg; ngw;w ngupa ngz;
ahidapdJ ePz;l Jjpf;ifNghyj; jpuz;L cUz;L
xd;nwhnlhd;W neUq;fpAs;s njhilfisAk;>me;jj; njhilfisg;
Nghyg; ngupa kiyaplj;J tupirahfg; nghUe;jpa thio kuq;fs;>
mtw;wpd; g+itg; Nghy moFw tike;j jiyKbapidAk;>
mk;kapH Kbiag;Nghyf; fupa epwk; cilajha;j; jz;zpjhfr;
nrwpe;j fpisfisAila Ntq;if kuj;jpd; Gjpa kyH> mk;kyH
vd;W fUjp kfpo;e;j tz;Lfs; nkha;f;fpd;w NjkiyAk;@ mj;Njky;
nghwpahf gue;jhw;Nghyg; Gjpjhfg; g+j;jiy Aila Nfhq;fkuj;jpd;
mofpa mUk;Gfs;> mt;tUk;Gfisg; Nghd;w mzpazpe;j
KiyfisAk;> ngupa kly;fisAila gidkuk; me;j
KiyNghy tsHj;j Eq;FNghy ,dpik nghUe;jpa ePiuj;jUk;
gw;fisAk; (cila kfspH) vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,jd; fz; ahidapd; Jjpf;ifia KjYk;> vapw;iw

apWjpahfTk; itj;J xd;nwhnlhd;W njhlHGiladthf ctik
nra;jpUj;jypd; ,J re;jhdTtik ahapw;W.
11.2.3.17.11 tpyf;Ftik
Kd;dHg; nghUisf; $wpg; gpd;G ctikiaf; $Wq;fhy;> Fwpg;ghf

Kd;dHf; $wpa nghUSf;Fg; gpd;dHf; $wpa ctikia
ctikahff; $Wjy; jf;fjd;W vd ,opT Njhd;WkhW nra;J
tpyf;FtJ tpyf;Ftikahk
'ghup ghup nad;Wgy Ntj;jp
xUtw; Gfo;tH nre;ehg; GytH
ghup nahUtDk; my;yd;
khupAk; cz;Bz; LyF Gug;gJNt”
tpsf;fk;: ghup ghup vd;W gyfhYk; mtDila Gfo;fisg; ghuhl;b

mt;nthUtDila nfhilj; jd;ikiaNa gy GytHfSk;
ghuhl;LthHfs;@ Mdhy; mq;qdk; ,t;Tyfpidf; fhj;jw;Fg; ghup
xUtd; kl;Lky;yd;> kioAk; cz;L vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l nghUs; ghup. mtDf;F Nkfk;

ctik ahfhJ vd Neupjhf $wp tpyf;fhky;> khupAk; cz;L
vd;Dk; ,opTrpwg;ghf te;j Fwpg;gpdhy; mtDf;F mJ
ctikahjy; jf;fjd;W vd tpyf;fg;gl;likapd; ,J tpyf;Ftik
ahapw;W.
11.2.4. jPtftzp
Fze;njhopy; rhjp nghUs;Fwpj;J xUnrhy;
xUtapd; epd;Wk; gytapd; nghUs;jupd;
jPtfk; nra;As; %tplj; jpaYk;.
epWj;j KiwahNd jPtfnkd;Dk; mzp czHj;jpw;W.

tpsf;fk;: Fzj;jhDk;> njhopyhDk;> rhjpahDk; nghUshDk;
Fwpj;J xUnrhy; Xuplj;J epd;W> nra;Aspw; gytplj;J epd;w
nrhw;fNshL nghUe;jpg; nghUs; tpisg;gJ jPtfk; vd;Dk;
mzpahFk;.. mJ nra;Aspy; Kjy;>,il>fil vd %d;wplj;Jk;
tUk;. vdNt> mJ Kjdpiyj; jPtfk;> ,ilepiyj;
jPtfk;>filepiyj; jPtfk; vd %d;W tifg;gLk;. %d;iwAk;
Fzk;> njhopy;>rhjp> nghUs; vd;gdtw;NwhL $l;b cwog;
gd;dpuz;lhFk;.
11.2.4.1 Kjdpiyf; Fzj;jPtfk;
'Nre;jd Nte;jd; jpUneLq;fz; njt;Nte;jH
Ve;J jle;Njhs; ,opFUjp --gha;e;J
jpiraidj;Jk; tPur; rpiynghope;j> tk;Gk;
kpiraidj;Jk; Gl;FyKk; tPo;e;J.”
tpsf;fk;: murDila ePz;l fz;fs; rpdj;jhy; rpte;jd@ mq;qdk;

mit rpte;j nghOjpNY giftHfSila caHe;j ngupa
Njhs;fs;> mk;Gfs; ijf;fg;gl;Lr; rpte;jd@ mj;Njhs;fspd;Wk;
ngUFfpd;wd FUjp vq;Fk; guj;jyhy; jpf;Ffs; vy;yhk; rpte;jd@
mf;FUjp Njha;jyhy; tpy;ypdpd;Wk; ntsp te;j mk;Gfs; rpte;jd@
mf;FUjp Nky;gLjyhy; gwit ,dq;fs; midj;Jk; rpte;jd
vd;gjhk;
nghUj;jk;: 'rptj;jy;” vd;gJ epwk; gw;wpa gz;Gr; nrhy;> Kjypy;

,Uf;Fk; mr;nrhy; fz;> Njhs;> jpir> mk;G>Gl;Fyk; Mfpa
nrhw;fNshLk; ,iae;J nghUs; jUjypd; ,J Kjdpiyf;
Fzj;jt P fk; Mapw;W.
11.2.4.2 Kjdpiyj; njhopy;jPtfk;
rupAk; Gidrq;Fe; jz;lspHNghy; Nkdp
tupAk; jdjlQ;#o; tk;Gk; --- jpUkhd
Muk; jOTe; jle;Njhs; mfsq;fd;
Nfhue; njhOj nfhbf;F”
tpsf;fk;: jpUkfs; jq;Fjw;fhd ngUQ; rpwg;GilaJk;> Kj;J

khiy mzpe;jJkhd Njhs;fisAila Fw;wkpy;yhj NrhoDila
Fjpiuia tzq;fpa g+q;nfhb Nghd;w ngz;Zf;F> mts; ifapy;
mzpe;j tisay;fSk; rupe;jd@ FspHe;j jspH Nghd;w Nkdpapy;
moFk; rupe;jJ@ ngUj;j nfhq;iffspd; kPJs;s fr;Rk; rupe;jJ
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: 'rupjy;” vd;gJ njhopy;gw;wpa nrhy;. Kjw;fz;

,Uf;Fk; mr;nrhy; tisay;> NkdpaoF> fr;R Mfpa nrhw;fSld;
,iae;J nghUs; gLjypd; ,J Kjdpiyj; njhopy; jPtfk;
Mapw;W.
11.2.4.3 Kjdpiyr; rhjpj;jPtfk;
'njd;wy; mdq;fd; JizahQ; rpynfhk;gH
kd;wy; jiykfdhk; thd;nghUs;Nkw; - nrd;wtHf;Fr;
rhw;wtpLe; J}jhFk; jq;Fk; ngUk;Gytp
khw;w tUtpUe;J khk;”
tpsf;fk;: njd;ww; fhw;whdJ fhkTzHr;rpiaj; J}z;Ljyhy;

kd;kjDf;Fj; JizahFk;@ mJ tur; rpy g+q;nfhk;Gfs;
jspHj;jyhy; mf;nfhk;Gfshfpa ngz;fSf;Ff; fztdhFk;@ rpwe;j
nghUs;Nky; nrd;whiu epidj;J tUe;Jk; jiytpaHf;F
,d;gTzHr;rpia Cl;Ljyhy; mtHfs; jk; tpUg;g kpFjpiaj; jk;
fztHghy; nrhy;Yjw;fhf mDg;gg;gLk; J}jhFk;@fztdplj;J
Cba ngz;bHf;F ,d;gTzHr;rpiaj; J}z;Ljyhy; jhk;
nfhz;bUe;j Cliy ePf;Fjw;F te;j Gjpa thapyhFk; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: njd;ww; fhw;W' vd;gJ fhw;wpy; xH ,dj;ijf;

Fwpj;jypd; ,J rhjpgw;wpa nrhy;yhk;> Kjw;fz; ,Uf;Fk;
mr;nrhy; Jiz> jiykfd;> J}J> thapy; Mfpa ehd;fplj;Jk;
nrd;wpiae;J nghUs; gLjypd; ,J Kjspiyr; rhjpj; jPtfk;
Mapw;W
11.2.4.4 Kjdpiyg; nghUs;jPtfk;
'KUfNts; #Hkh Kjy;jbe;jhd; ts;sp
GupFoy;Nky; khiy Gide;jhd; - ruzspj;J
Nkyha thNdhH tpad;Nrid jhq;fpdhd;
Ntyhd; ,ilfpopj;jhd; ntw;G”
tpsf;fk;: KUfNts; #ugJkdhfpa khkuj;ij mbNahLk;

rha;j;jhd;@ ts;spak;ikapd; mofpa $e;jypy; khiyiag;
Gide;jhd;@ Nkd;ik nghUe;jpa NjtHfl;F milf;fyk; je;J
mtHfspd; Nridfidf; fhj;jUspdhd;@ jd;Dila NtypdhNy
fpnusQ;rfpupiag; gpse;jhd; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,jd;fz; cs;s ' KUfNts;' vd;Dk; Kjw;nrhy;

nghUs;Fwpj;j nrhy;yhFk;. mr;nrhy; jbe;jhd;> Gide;jhd;>
jhq;fpdhd;> fpopj;jhd; vd;Dk; nrhw;fNshL ,iae;J
nghUs;gLjypd; ,J Kjdpiyg; nghUs; jPtfk; Mapw;W.
11.2.4.5 ,ilepiyf; Fzj;jPtfk;
“vLj;j epiunfhzh ntd;wYNk ntd;wp
tbj;jpyq;F itthis thq;fj; - Jbj;jdNt
jz;zhu khHGe; jle;NjhSk; Nty;tpopAk;
vz;zhj kd;dHf fplk;.”
tpsf;fk;; jhk; ftu Ntz;Lnkd epidj;j Mepiufisf; nfhz;L

tUf vd murd; $wpdhd; mt;tstpNy> mtdJ tPud; ntw;wp
nghUe;jpa $upa this tyf;ifapy; Ve;jpdhdhfg;>
giftHfSf;Ff; FspHr;rp nghUe;jpa Kj;Jkhiy azpe;j khHGk;>
ePz;l fz;Zk;> ,lJ gf;fk; Jbg;gdthapd vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypd; ,ilapypUf;Fk; 'Jbj;jy;' vd;Dk;

gz;GFwpj;j nrhy; khHG> fz; Mfpa nrhw;fNshL ,iae;J
nghUs;gLjypd;> ,J ,ilepiyf; Fzj;jPtfk; Mapw;W.
11.2.4.6 ,ilepiyj; njhopy;jPtfk;
'vLf;FQ; rpiyepd; nwjpHe;jtUq; NfSk;
tLf;nfhz; Lue;Jzpa thsp - njhLf;Fk;
nfhilAk; jpUtUSq; Nfhlhj nrq;Nfhy;
eilAk; ngUk;GytH eh”
tpsf;fk;: xU Nguurd; jdf;Fg; gif MapdhUk;> mtHfSf;Fj;

Jiz MapDUk; tLg;gl;L mtHfs; khHG gpsf;FkhW jd;
ifapNye;jpa tpy;ypy; mk;Gfisj; njhLj;jhd;. mt;tstpNyNa
ngUk; GytHfspd; ehthdJ mg;Nguurdpd; nfhiliaAk;> Nkyhd
mUisAk;> tisahj nrq;Nfhypd; jpwidAk; ghf;fspy;
njhLj;Jg; Gfo;tJ Mapd vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypd; ,ilapypUf;Fk; “njhLj;jy;” vd;Dk;

njhopy; Fwpj;jnrhy;>nfhil>mUs;> eil Mfpa ,lq;fNshLk;
nrd;wpiae;J nghUs;gLjypd;>,J ,ilepiyj; njhopy; jPtfk;
Mapw;W.
11.2.4.7 ,ilepiyr; rhjpj;jPtfk;
“fukUT nghw;nwhbahq; fhypw; foyhk;
nghUtpy; Gatya khFk; -mu(T) miuNky;
ehzhk; muw;F eifkzpNrH jho;Fioahk;
g+zhk; Gidkhiy ahk;”
tpsf;fk;: ehfkhdJ rptngUkhDf;Ff; ifapy; nghUe;jpa

mofpa tisahFk;@ fhypy; mzpAk; tPuf;foyhFk;@ xg;gpy;yhj
Njhs; tisakhFk;@ miuapy; mzpAk;
miuQhzhFk;@xspapidAila kzp fs; gjpj;j njhq;Ffpd;w
FioahFk;@ kw;Wk; gy Mguzq;fshFk;@ mofpa khiyahFk;
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; ,ilapypUf;Fk; 'muT” vd;Dk; rhjp

Fwpj;j xU nrhy; njhb> foy;> Gatyak;> ehz;> Fio> g+z;>
khiy Mfpa nrhw;fNshLk; nrd;wpiae;J nghUs;gLjypd;. ,J
,ilepiyr; rhjpj;jt
P fk; Mapw;W.
11.2.4.8 ,ilepiyg; nghUs;jPtfk;
khdkUq; fz;zhs; kzptapw;wpy; te;J jpj;jhd;
jhdtiu nad;We; jiyaopj;jhd; - ahidKfd;
xl;bdhd; ntq;fypia As;sj; jpdpjkHe;J
tPl;bdhd; ek;Nky; tpid.
tpsf;fk;: tpehafg; ngUkhd; khdpd; ghHitia xj;j fz;zpid

cila cikak;ikahupd; mofpa jpUtapw;wpy; te;J gpwe;jhd;@
vQ;Qhd;Wk; mRuHfis mopj;jhd;@ nfhba tWikiag;
Nghf;fpdhd;@ ek;Kila cs;sj;Nj tPww ; pUe;J ek;kPJs;s tpidf;
gifia mopj;jhd; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypd; ,ilapy; ,Uf;Fk; 'ahidKfd;' vd;Dk;

nghUs; Fwpj;j xUnrhy;. cjpj;jhd;> mopj;jhd;> xl;bdhd;>
tPl;bdhd; vd;Dk; nrhw;fNshL ,iae;J nghUs;gLjypd;> ,J
,ilepiyg; nghUs; jPtfk; Mapw;W.
11.2.4.9 filepiyj; njhopy;jPtfk;
JwTsthr; rhd;NwhH ,sptuTe; J}a
gpwTsth t+d;Jwth t+Zk; -- giwfwq;ff;
nfhz;lh dpUg;gf; nfhLq;Fioahs; nja;tKnkhd;
Wz;lhf itf;fw;ghw; wd;W.
tpsf;fk;: QhdpaHfSf;Fj; JwT newpNa csjhf kw;iwf; $lh

nthOf;fk; csjhjYk;> J}a;ikahd gpwczTfs; ,Uf;f
CDz;ly; csjhjYk;> xU ngz;zpw;F kznthyp xypf;f
kze;Jnfhz;l fztd; ,Uf;fg; gpwpnjhU nja;tk; csjhf
tzq;FjYk; xU nghUshf kjpf;fj;jf;fjd;whk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypd; ,Wjpapy; ,Uf;Fk; ' itf;fw;ghw;wd;W'

vd;Dk; njhopy;Fwpj;j xUnrhy; ,sptuT> Cz;> nja;tk; vd;w
nrhw;fSld; ,iae;J nghUs;gLjypd;> ,J filepiyj; njhopy;
jPtfk; Mapw;W.
11.2.4.10 filepiyg; nghUs;jPtfk;
'Gwj;jd t+ud ePud khtpd;
jpwj;jd nfhw;Nr upaNt - mwj;jpd;
kfid Kiwnra;jhd; khtQ;rp ahl;b
Kfid Kiwnra;j fz;”
tpsf;fk;: mwnewp jtwhJ jd;kfidNa NjHf;fhtpy; ,lwr;

nra;J KiwNahk;gpa kDePjpr; Nrhodpd; efukhd tQ;rpapy;
,Uf;Fk; xU ngz;zpd; Kfj;jpw;F moF jUk;gbahd fz;fs;
fhl;bYs;s khdpd; fz;fisg; Nghd;wd@ ehl;bYs;s mk;Gfisg;
Nghd;wd@ ePupYs;s jhkiu kyHfisg; Nghd;wd khtLf;fisg;
Nghd;wd@ nfhy;yHfspd; NrupapNy nra;Ak;gbahd ths;fisg;
Nghd;wd vd;gjhk; .
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; ,Wjpapy; ,Uf;Fk; 'fz;” vd;Dk; nghUs;

Fwpj;j xU nrhy;> Gwk;> CH> ePH khtL> nfhw;Nrup Mfpa
nrhw;fNshL ,iae;J nghUs;gLjypd; ,J filepiyg; nghUs;
jPtfk; Mapw;W
11.2.4.11 jPtfk; gpw mzpfSld; $btuy;:
mJNt>
khiy tpUj;jk; xUnghUs; rpNyilnad
ehy;tif ahDk; eilngWk; vd;g .
jPtfk; khyhjPtfk;> tpUj;j jPtfk;> xUnghUs; jPtfk;> rpNylh

jPtfk; vd ehd;F myq;fhuq;fNshL $bAk; tUk;.
11.2.4.11.1 khyhjPtfk;
kidf;F tpsf;fk; klthH klthH
jkf;Fj; jifrhy; Gjy;tH - kdf;fpdpa
fhjw; Gjy;tHf;Fk; fy;tpNa fy;tpf;Fk;
Xjpw; Gfo;rhy; czHT
tpsf;fk;: ,y;ywj;jpw;F tpsf;fk;>klg;gj;jpidAila ngz;bH

cz;lhjy;@ mg;ngz;bHf;F tpsf;fk;> moF rhd;w Gjy;tiug;
ngWjy;@ mg;Gjy;tHf;F tpsf;fk;> ,dpikahd fy;tp @
mf;fy;tpf;F tpsf;fk;> kwthik vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: khiy vd;Dk; mzpAld; jPtf mzp NrHe;Jtupd; mJ

khyh jPtfkhk;.,jpy; kidtpf;F klthUk;> klthUf;Fg;
Gjy;tUk;> Gjy;tHf;Ff; fy;tpAk;> fy;tpf;F czHr;rpAkhf
xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlHGila nghUs;fs; te;J khiyNghy
tUjypd; khiyazp ahapw;W . 'tpsf;fk;' vd;Dk; nrhy; kid>
klthH> Gjy;tH> fy;tp Mfpa nghUs;fNshLk; nrd;wpiae;J
nghUs;gLjypd; jPtfKk; Mapw;W.
11.2.4.11.2 tpUj;j jPtfk;
tpUj;jk; vd;Dk; mzpAld; jPtf mzp NrHe;Jtupd; mJ tpUj;j

jPtfkhk;
tuptz;L ehzh kJkyH mk;ghg;
nghUntQ; rpiyf;Fg; nghypTk; - gpuptpd;
tpsHf;F epwKilahH jk;Nky; nkypTk;
tsHf;F kyah epyk; '

tpsf;fk;: nghwptz;L ehzhf> kJ kyNu fizahff; fhkd; jdp
,Ue;jhiug; nghUfpd;w tpUg;gj;ijAila rpiyf;Fg;
nghyptpidAk> gpuptpw; griyAw;whH jk;Nky; nkyptpidAk;
nghUj;jk;: ,jd;fz; khWghLiladthfpa nghypTk;> nkypTk;

Mfpa ,U nrhw;fs; tUjypd; tpUj;jkhapw;W . mt;tpU
nrhw;fSld; 'kyah epyk;' vd;w nrhy; nrd;wpiae;J
nghUs;gLjypd; jPtfKk; Mapw;W .
11.2.4.11.3 xUnghUs; jPtfk;
xNu nghUisf; Fwpf;Fk; gy nrhw;fSld; xU nrhy;

nrd;wpiae;J nghUs; gLkhapd; mJ xU nghUs; jPtfkhk;
tpad;QhyQ; #o;jpirfs; vy;yhk; tpOq;Fk;
mayhe; JizePj; jfd;whH - capHgUFk;
tpz;ftUk; Ntupg; nghopy;Gijf;F nkd;kapy;fs;
fz;ftUk; kPnjOe;j fhH '
tpsf;fk;:: cyfj;ijr; #o;e;j jpf;Ffs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; jd;dplj;J

mlf;Fk;@ Jiziag; gpupe;J maytH Nghyg; NghapdhH capiu
cz;Zk;@ Mfhaj;ij kiwf;Fk;@ eW ehw;wj;ijAila nghopiy
%Lk;@ nkd;ikiaAila kapy;fspd; fz;fis tt;tpf;nfhs;Sk;
cauntOe;j Nkfk; vd;gjhk;. .
nghUj;jk;: ,jpy; tpOq;Fk;> gUFk;> ftUk;> Gijf;Fk; vd;gd

Nkfj;jpd; kpFjpahfpa xU nghUisNa Fwpj;jypd; xU nghUs;
Mapw;W . mt;tr; nrhw;fSlDk; 'fhH' vd;Dk; nrhy;
nrd;wpiae;J nghUs; jUjypd; jPtfKk; Mapw;W .
11.2.4.11.4 rpNylh jPtfk;
rpNyil mzpAld;> jPtf mzp $btupd; mJ rpNylh jPtfkhk; .
khd;kUtp thsupfs; NrHe;J kUz;Ls;sk;
jhd;kWf ePz;l jifikathk; - fhd
topAk; xUjdpehk; itj;jfYk; khjH
tpopAe; jUkhy; nkypT”
tpsf;fk;: khd;fs; kUtp xspiaAila rpq;fq;fs; NrHe;J kaq;fpf;

fz;lhH cs;sk; mQ;Rk; gbahd fhl;L newpAk;> mupfs; gue;J
fz;lhH cs;skhdJ kaq;fpj; jLkhWk;gb ngupjha ehd;
jdpapUj;jpg; Nghe;j jiytpAila fz;Zk;> ekf;F tUj;jj;ijj;
je;Jepd;wd
nghUj;jk;: :,jpy; mike;Js;s nrhw;nwhlHfs; tpopf;Fk; topf;Fk;

,iaa ,Uj;jypd; rpNyil Mapw;W . mt;tpU nrhw;fSlDk;
'nkypT ' vd;Dk; nrhy; nrd;wpiae;J nghUs; gLjypd; jPtfKk;
Mapw;W .
11.2.4.11.5 ctkh jPtfk;
ctik mzpAld; jPtf mzp $btupd; mJ ctkh jPtfkhk; .
“Kd;dq; FilNghy; Kbeh afkzpNghy;
kd;De; jpyfk;Nghy; thsputp - nghd;dfyk;
jq;F fTj;Jtk;Nghy; ce;jpj; jlkyHNghy;
mq;fz; cyfse;jhw; fhk;”
tpsf;fk;;: cyif mse;j jpUkhYf;F Mjpj;jd; Kjypy; Fil

NghYk;> gpd;G Kbapy; #ba ehafkzp NghYk;> mjd;fPo;
cz;lha new;wpj;jpyfk; NghYk;> khHgpYs;s nfsj;Jtkhfpa
kzpNghYk;> nfhg;g+opy; cz;lha ngupa jhkiu NghYk; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: jpUkhy; NgUU vLj;j fhyj;Jr; #upad; mtDf;Ff;

FilNghd;Wk;> ehafkzp Nghd;Wk;> jpyfk; Nghd;Wk;> nfsj;Jtk;
Nghd;Wk;> ce;jpkyH Nghd;Wk; ,Ue;jJ vd;gjhy; ,J ctikazp
Mapw;W. ',utp' vd;Dk; nrhy; Nkw;$wg;gl;l nrhw;fNshLk;
nrd;wpiae;J> nghUs;gLjypd; jPtfKk; Mapw;W.
11.2.4.11.6 cUtf jPtfk;
cUtf mzpAld; jPtf mzp $btupd; mJ cUtf jPtfkhk; .
“fhdw; fayhk; taypw; fkykhk;
Vdw; fUtpisahk; ,d;Gwtpy; - khdhk;
flj;JNky; NtlH fLQ;rukh ePq;fpf;
flj;JNky; nky;ypayhs; fz;”
tpsf;fk;: neQ;rNk ! ,tisj; jdpNa ,Uj;jptpl;Lg; gpupe;J

NghNthkhapd;> ,tSila fz;fshdit> nea;jy;
epyj;jpy;nry;Ntkhapd; kPdhfj; Njhd;wpAk>; kUjepyj;jpw;
nry;Ntkhapd; jhkiu kyuha;j; Njhd;wpAk;> FwpQ;rp epyj;jpw;
nry;Ntkhapd; fUtpis kyuha;j; Njhd;wpAk;> Ky;iy epyj;jpw;
nry;Ntkhapd; khdha;j; Njhd;wpAk;> ghiy epyj;jpw; nry;Ntkhapd;
NtLtuJ ifapYs;s fba rukha;j; Njhd;wpAk;> ,g;gbr; nra;J
ek; Nghf;if tpyf;Fk; Mfyhd;>ekf;Fg; gpupjw;F mupJ fhz;
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: xU ngz;zpd; fz;izf; fayhfTk;> fkykhfTk;>

fUtpisahfTk;> khdhfTk;> rukhfTk; cUtfpf;fg;gl;bUj;jypd;
cUtfk; Mapw;W . 'fz;' vd;Dk; nrhy; Nkw;$wpa cUtfr;
nrhw;fSld; nrd;wpiae;J nghUs;gLjypd; jPtfKk; Mapw;W .
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.jd;ikazp vd;gjid tpsf;Ff
vt;tifg; nghUSk; nka;tif tpsf;Fk;
nrhd;Kiw njhLg;gJ jd;ik ahFk; .
vt;tifg;gl;l nghUSk; nka;ki

; kf; $Wghl;lhy; tpsf;Fk;
nrhy;Kiwahy; ghlg;gLtJ jd;ik vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.
2.jPtftzp – tpsf;fp vOJf.
Fze;njhopy; rhjp nghUs;Fwpj;J xUnrhy;
xUtapd; epd;Wk; gytapd; nghUs;jupd;
jPtfk; nra;As; %tplj; jpaYk;.
epWj;j KiwahNd jPtfnkd;Dk; mzp czHj;jpw;W.
tpsf;fk;: Fzj;jhDk;> njhopyhDk;> rhjpahDk; nghUshDk;

Fwpj;J xUnrhy; Xuplj;J epd;W> nra;Aspw; gytplj;J epd;w
nrhw;fNshL nghUe;jpg; nghUs; tpisg;gJ jPtfk; vd;Dk;
mzpahFk;.. mJ nra;Aspy; Kjy;>,il>fil vd %d;wplj;Jk;
tUk;. vdNt> mJ Kjdpiyj; jPtfk;> ,ilepiyj;
jPtfk;>filepiyj; jPtfk; vd %d;W tifg;gLk;. %d;iwAk;
Fzk;> njhopy;>rhjp> nghUs; vd;gdtw;NwhL $l;b cwog;
gd;dpuz;lhFk;.
3.Kw;WUtfk; - tpsf;Ff
Kw;WUtfk; vd;gJ mtat mtatpfis Vw;w ,lj;NjhLk; >

gpwtw;NwhLk; Kw;w cUtfQ; nra;J ciug;gJ .
tpopNa fsptz;L nkd;difNa jhJ

nkhopNa KUFyhe; Njwy; - nghopfpd;w
NjkUT Nfhijj; njupit jpUKfNk
jhkiunad; Ds;sj; jlj;J
tpsf;fk;: vd; cs;skhfpa jlhfj;jpy; Njd; kUtpa

$e;jiyAila ngz;zpd; jpUKfNk jhkiu> tpopfNs
fspf;fpd;w tz;L> nky;ypathfpa eifNa jhJ> thHj;ijNa
eWehw;wk; nfhz;l kJ MFk;vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; xU ngz;zpd; tpop> eif nkhop> Kfk;

Mfpa cWg;Gf;fis KiwNa tz;L> jhJ> Njd;> jhkiu Mf
cUtfpj;J> mJ jd; cs;sj;jpy; ,Ug;gjw;F Vw;g cs;sj;ijf;
FskhfTk; cUtfpj;Js;sikahy; ,J Kw;WUtfk; Mapw;W.
4.ctikmzpapd; tiffis tpsf;fp tiuf.
ghlg;gFjpapy; mike;Js;s ctikmzp Fwpj;j nra;jpfisj;

njhFj;J vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;
5. cUtfmzpapd; tiffis tptup
ghlg;gFjpapy; mike;Js;s cUtfmzp Fwpj;j nra;jpfisj;

njhFj;J vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;
gpupT - 4
$W: 12
gpd;tUepiyazp Kjy; mjpratzp tiu
Nehf;fk;: gpd;tUepiyazp Kjy; mjpratzp
tiuapyhd mzpfspd; ,yf;fzj;ijAk; mtw;wpd;
tiffisAk; fw;W mwpjy;
12.1 gpd;tUepiyazp
Kd;tUk; nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; gytapw;
gpd;tUk; vd;dpy; gpd;tU epiyNa .
xU nra;ASs; Kd;dH te;j nrhy;Ny gpd;dHg; gytplj;Jk;

tupDk;> Kd;dH te;j nghUNs gpd;dHg; gytplj;Jk; tupDk; mJ
gpdtU epiynad;Dk; mzpahFk;.
12.1.1 nrhw;gpd;tUepiy
'khy;fup fhj;jspj;j khYila khiy#o;
khy;tiuj;Njhs; Mjupj;j khiyahH-khypUs;#o;
khiyapd; khy;fly; MHg kjd;njhLf;Fk;
khiyapd; thsp kyH”
tpsf;fk;: kjj;jhy; kaq;fpa ahidapd; Jd;gj;ijj; jPHj;jspj;j
jpUkhypd; khiy $ba j Njhs;fis tpUk;gpa ,ay;GilahHNky;@
me;jpg;nghOjpy; fUq;fly; MHg;gf; fhkd; ,ilawhJ kyuhfpa
fizfisj; njhLg;ghd; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk; ,gghlYs; ; Kd;te;j 'khy;” vd;Dk; nrhy;Ny gpd;Dk;

gytplj;J te;jikapd; nrhw;gpd;tUepiy Mapw;W.
12.1.2 nghUl;gpd;tUepiy
mtpo;ej
; d Njhd;wp ayHe;jd fhah
nefpo;e;jd NeHKif Ky;iy-kfpo;e;jpjo;
tpz;ld nfhd;iw tpupe;j fUtpis
nfhz;ld fhj;jhs; Fiy”
tpsf;fk;: Njhd;wp kyHfs; kyHe;jd> fhak; g+f;fs; kyHe;jd>
mofpa mUk;Gila Ky;iyfs; kyHe;jd@ nfhd;iw kuq;fs;
nropj;J ,jo;fs; kyHe;jd@ fUtpis kyHfs; kyHe;jd@ fhe;js;
kyHfs; g+q;nfhj;Jf;fshfg; g+j;J tpsq;fpd vd;gjhk;
nghUj;jk;: ,jDs; mtpo;jYk;> myHjYk;> nefpo;jYk;>

tps;sYk;> tpupjYk;> Fiy nfhs;SjYk; 'kyHjy;' vd;Dk; XU
nghUs;Nky; epd;wdthjypd; mg;ngaHj;jhapw;W. 'tUtJ” vd;dhJ
'tUnkdpd;” vd;wjdhd; Kd;dH te;j nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; gpd;dHg;
gytplq;fspYk; tUjy; nrhw;nghUl;gpd;tUepiy vdTk; gLk;.
12.1.3 nrhw;nghUl; gpd;tUepiy
“itfYk; itfy; tuf;fz;Lk; m/JzuhH

itfYk; itfiy itFnkd; wpd;GWtH
itfYk; itfy;jk; tho;ehs;Nky; itFjy;
itfiy itj;Jzuh jhH”
tpsf;fk;: ehnlhWk; ehs; fopjiy mwpe;jpUe;Jk;> mq;qdk;
fopjiyj; jk; tho;ehs;kPJ itj;J mJ jhd; ,q;qdk; fopfpd;wJ
vd;gij mwpahjtH> ehnlhWk; ehs; fopjiyf; fz;L Jd;Gwhky;>
,d;GW ehshf vz;zp kfpo;tH vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,jd;fz; 'itfYk; ' vd;Dk; nrhy; gpd;dHg;

gytplj;Jk; te;Jk; xU nghUisNa je;J epw;wypd;> ,J
nrhw;nghUl;gpd;tUepiy Mapw;W.
12.1.4 ctiknghUl;gpd;tUepiy
ctik mzpAld; nghUl;gpd;tUepiy mzp $btupd; mJ
ctikg;nghUl;gpd;tUepiyahk;.
'nrq;fky ehl;lQ; nrOe;jh kiutjdk;

gq;faQ; nrt;tha; gJkk; Nghy;-nrq;fuq;fs;
mk;NghUfhe;jhs; mutpe;j khudhH
jk;Ngh Ufe;jhs; jdk;”
tpsf;fk; :kd;kjdJ fhkg;Nghiu tpUk;gpatSila fz;fs;
nre;jhkiu kyH Nghd;wd@ Kfk; nre;jhkiu Nghd;wJ@ tha;
nre;jhkiu Nghd;wJ@ iffs; nre;jhkiu Nghd;wd@ fhy;fs;
nre;jhkiu Nghd;wd@ nfhq;iffs; jhkiu aUk;G Nghd;wd
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ngz;zpd; fz;> Kfk;> tha;> if> fhy; >nfhq;if

Mfpa tw;wpw;Fj; jhkiuia ctik fhl;bdikapd;
ctikahapw;W.jhkiu vd;w nghUisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs; kPz;Lk;
kPz;Lk; te;Js;sikapd; nghUl;gpd;tUepiy Mapw;W.
12.2 Kd;dtpyf;fzp
Kd;dj;jpd; kWg;gpd;mJ Kd;d tpyf;Nf
%tiff; fhyKk; Nktpa jhFk;.
xU nghUisf; Fwpg;gpdhy; tpyf;fpd; mJ Kd;d tpyf;F vd;Dk;

mzpahFk;. m/J ,wg;G> vjpHT> epfo;T vd;Dk; %tifg;gl;l
fhyq;fNshLk; $bajhk;.
12.2.1 ,we;jtpid tpyf;F
“ghyd; jdJUtha; VOyFz; lhypiyapd;
Nkyd;W fz;Japd;wha; nka;nad;gH-Myd;W
NtiyePH cs;sNjh tpz;zNjh kz;zNjh
Nrhiy#o; Fd;nwLj;jha; nrhy;”
tpsf;fk;: Fd;wnkLj;j khatNd! cyfk; VioAk; cz;L

ghyd; cUtj;ijf; nfhz;L MypiyapNy cwq;fh epd;wha;
vd;gJ cyfj;Js;NshH nka;nad;W nrhy;YtH@ eP cyfj;ij
cz;L cwq;fpa MyhdJ> md;W flYs;Ns epd;wNjh? Mfhaj;Nj
epd;wNjh? kz;zpNy epd;wNjh? nrhy;Ythahf vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; gz;nlhUehs; fz;zd; cyfidj;Jk;

cz;l gpd;G Mypiyapy; fz; Japd;whd; vd;w epfo;r;rp
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. cyfidj;Jk; cz;l gpd;G Mypiy xd;W
jdpNa ,Ug;gJ nghUe;jhikia> mt;thypiy jhd; mg;nghOJ
flyNjh? tpz;zNjh? kz;zNjh? vd tpdhTKfkhf
me;epfo;r;rpiaf; Fwpg;ghf tpyf;fpdikapd;> ,J ,we;jtpid
tpyf;fhapw;W.
12.2.2 vjpHtpid tpyf;F

'Ky;iyf; nfhbeLq;f nkha;fhe;js; ifFiyg;g
vy;iy apdtz; nlOe;jpuq;f - nky;ypay;Nky;
jPtha; neLthil te;jhy; nraywpNad;
Nghtha; xoptha; nghUl;F”

tpsf;fk;: jiytNd! Ky;iyf; nfhbahdJ eLq;f> neUq;fpa
fhe;js; kyuhdJ tpupa> tz;bd; $l;lq;fs; vOe;njhypf;fj;>
jPiaAila neba thilahdJ nky;ypa eiliaAila
,ts;Nky; te;jhy; gpd; tpisAQ; nra;jp mwpakhl;Nld;! Mjypd;
nghUsPl;Ljw;Fg; Nghtij xoptha;!
nghUj;jk;:'jPtha; neLthil te;jhy;' vd vjpHfhy epfo;r;rp $wp>

mg;nghOJ 'nraywpNad;' vd;gjhy; mr;nryT tpyf;Ftpj;jypd;>
,J .vjpHtpid tpyf;fhapw;W.
12.2.3 epfo;tpid tpyf;F

epfo;fhyj;jpy; eilngWk; epfo;r;rpia tpyf;FtJ epfo;tpid
tpyf;fhk;
'khjH EiokUq;Fy; Neht kzpf;FioNrH
fhjpd; kpifePyq; ifGidtPH-kPJyT
ePzPy thl;fz; neLq;filNa nra;ahNth
ehzPyQ; nra;Ak; eyk;”
tpsf;fk;: Ez;zpil tUe;j>FioiaAila ckJ fhjpd;kPNj

kpifahf ePyg;g+itr; rhj;Jfpd;wtNu! mf;fhjpd; kPNj cyhTfpd;w
ePz;l ePykhfpa epwj;ijAila fz;fspd; neba filNa
nra;ahNth> ePtPH ed;whfr; #ba ePyg;g+r; nra;Ak; eyj;ij
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ePyepwk; nghUe;jpa mofpa filf;fz;

Nehf;fpidAila jiytpnahUj;jp > fhjpy; ePNyhw;gy kyiuAk;
mzpe;jds; . ,J epfo;tpidahk; . mjidf; fz;l jiytd;
xUtd; > ePNyhw;gy kyH nra;Ak; moiff; filf;fz;Nz
nra;tjhapUf;f > mk;kyuzpjy; kpifad;Nwh vdf; $WKfkhf
mk;kyuzpjiy tpyf;Ftjhy;> epfo;tpid tpyf;fhapw;W .
12.2.4 mjd; tif

mJNt
nghUs;Fzk;; fhuzk; fhupak; GzUk;.
tpyf;fzp nghUs; tpyf;Fk;> Fz tpyf;Fk;> fhuztpyf;Fk;>

fhupa tpyf;Fk; vd ehd;F tifahy; tUk;.
12.2.4.1 nghUs; tpyf;F
fz;Zk; kdKq; ftHe;jts; Mblnkd;
wz;zy; mUSk; milahse; - jz;zpoypd;
Rw;nwy;iy nfhz;LyTQ; Nrhjpj; jpusy;yhy;
kw;wpy;iy fhZk; tbT
tpsf;fk;: jiytDila fz;fisAk;> kdj;ijAk;

ftHe;Jnfhz;l ngz; tpisahLkplk; Mfpa Nrhiyapd;fz;
FspHe;j epoiyr; NrHe;j #oyplj;ijf; nfhz;L cyhtpj;
jpuptnjhU NrhjpAUtk; my;yJ> mr;NrhjpAUtpd; mtatq;fisf;
fhz;lw;F mupjha; ,Ue;J@ ,/J xH cUtj;jd;ik ,Ue;jgb
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; gz;ghfpa Nrhjpiaf; fz;ljy;yJ>

gz;gpahf mt;tbtj;ijf; fhztpy;iy vd tpyf;fp ,Ug;gjhy;>
,J nghUs; tpyf;fhapw;W.
12.2.4.2 Fz tpyf;F
'khjH Jtupjo;tha; te;njd; DapHftUk;.
rPj KWty; mwptopf;Fk; - kPJytp
ePz;l kjHtpopnad; ndQ;rq; fpopj;JyTk;
ahz;ilaNjh nkd;ik aptHf;F”
tpsf;fk;: ,tUila mofpa gtsk; Nghd;w thahdJ> vd;Dila

capiu te;J ftHe;J epd;wJ@ FspHe;j eifahdJ> mwpit
mopj;J epd;wJ@ tpopahdJ> vd;Dila neQ;rj;ijf; fpopj;J
cyth epd;wJ@ Mjyhy;> ,tHf;F nkd;ik vq;Fs;sNjh
nrhy;Ythahf vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; jiytpahfpa gz;gpia tpyf;fhJ>

mtSf;F csjhfpa gz;ghfpa nkd;ikj; jd;ikia tpyf;fp
apUg;ghjy;> ,J Fz tpyf;fhapw;W.
12.2.4.3 fhuz tpyf;F
kjuupf; fz;rptg;g thHGUtq; Nfhl
mjue; Jbg;g tzpNrH - Ejy;tpaHg;g
epd;ghy; epfo;tdfz; lQ;rhjhy; vd;neQ;rk;

vd;ghy; jtwpd;ik ahy;.
Tpsf;fk;: kltha;! nrt;tup gue;J kjHj;j fz; rptg;g> ePz;l

GUtk; tisa> ,jo; Jbf;f> moF NrHe;j new;wpahdJ tpaHg;g>
cd;dplj;jpy; epfo;titw;iwf; fz;L vd;dplj;jpy; Fw;wk;
,y;yhikahy;vd;Dila neQ;rk; gag;gl khl;lhJ
nghUs; ,g;ghlypy; mr;rj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhd Fw;wj;ijj; jd;ghy;

,y;iynad tpyf;fpapUj;jypd;> ,J fhuz tpyf;fhapw;W.
12.2.4.4 fhupa tpyf;F
'kd;dtH NraH kapyftp ahlYk;
nghd;dyUq; nfhd;iwAk; g+e;jstpd;- nkd;kyUk;
kpd;Dapuh ePz;KfpYk; nka;nad;W nfhs;tNjy;
vd;DapNuh ,d;D KsJ.
tpsf;fk;: fhjyH tpid fUjpr; Nra;ikapy; cs;s ehl;bduhf

cs;shH. kapypdq;fs; $tp ahLjYk;> nfhd;iwfs; nghd;Nghy
kyHjYk;> mofpa Ky;iyapd; kpUJthfpa kyUk;> kpd;idiyf;
nfhLf;fpd;w neba NkfKkhfpa ,it nka;nad;W
nfhs;Nthkhapd;> vd; capNuh ,d;Dk; clNyhL nghUe;jp epd;wJ
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; jiykfidg; gpupe;J tUe;Jk;

jiytpf;Ff;fhHfhy tuthfpa fhuzk; epfo;e;Jk;> capH
Nghjyhfpa fhupak; epfotpy;iy vdf; $wpapUj;jypd;> ,J fhupa
tpyf;fhapw;W.
12.2.5 tpyf;fzpapd; tif:

td;nrhy; tho;j;Jj; jiyik ,fo;r;rp
Jiznray; Kaw;wp gutrk; cghak;
ifawy; cld;gly; ntFsp ,uq;fy;
Iak; vd;whq;(F) mwpe;jdH nfhsNy.
tpsf;fk;: td;nrhy; tpyf;Fk;> tho;jJ; tpyf;Fk;> jiyik

tpyf;Fk;. ,fo;r;rp tpyf;Fk;> Jiznray; tpyf;Fk;> Kaw;rp
tpyf;Fk;> gutr tpyf;Fk;>cgha tpyf;Fk;>ifawy; tpyf;Fk;>
cld;gly; tpyf;Fk;> ntFsp tpyf;Fk;> ,uq;fy; tpyf;Fk;> Ia
tpyf;Fk; vd;W nrhy;ypa gjpd;%d;W ghFghl;il cilaJ
,t;tzpapd; tif MFk;.
12.2.5.1 td;nrhy; tpyf;F
td;nrhy; nrhy;yp tpyf;FtJ.

nka;Na nghUs;Nkw; gpupjpNay; NtnwhU
ijaiy ehlj; jFk;epdf;F - nea;apiyNty;
ts;sy; gpuptw;wk; ghHj;njq;fs; tho;ehisf;
nfhs;s coYkhk; $w;W
tpsf;fk;. xUjiyaha;g; nghUs;Nky; Mirahy; gpupjpNay;.
,g;NghONj cdf;nfhU kidahisj; Njlj;jFtjhapUe;jJ@
NtiyAila ts;sNy ! eP gpupe;j fzk; ghHj;J> mg;nghONj
vq;fs; tho;ehisf; nfhs;tjhf epidj;Jj;jpupahepd;wJ $w;wk;.
12.2.5.2 tho;j;J tpyf;F
tho;j;jp itj;J tpyf;FyJ.

'nry;Y newpaidj;JQ; Nrk newpahf
ky;f epjpak; tsQ;rp wf;f - nty;Yk;
mlw;NwH tpliy afd;Wiwt jpahq;ft;
tplj;Nj gpwf;f tpahk;.
tpsf;fk;: tPuNd ! eP vk;ikg; gpupe;J Nghff;fUjpg; NghFk;
topaidj;Jk; cdf;Ff; fhtyhfpg; cjtp nra;tjhf! epdf;Fg;
nghUs; tUthAk; ngUFtjhf! eP ,g;gbg; gpupe;J epiyahf epw;gJ
vt;tplk;? mt;tplj;ij vq;fl;Fr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;@ ehq;fs;
mt;tplj;Nj mwpe;J gpwg;Nghkhf
nghUj;jk:; ghJfhg;G newpahf> nghUs; ky;f> tsQ; rpwf;f

vdj;Njhop Kd;djhf tho;j;jpg;> gpd;dH eP gpupapd; ehq;fs;
,wg;Nghk;. Mjypd;> eP gpupe;J nry;Ykplj;J ehq;fs; gpwg;Nghkhf
vdf;$Wtjd; %yk; jiytDila nryit tpyf;Fjypd;> ,J
tho;j;J tpyf;fhapw;W.
12.2.5.3 jiyik tpyf;F
jd;ghy; jiyik Njhd;wf; $wp tpyf;FtJ.

'ngha;ki
; k newpjPH nghUSk; kpfg;gaf;Fk;
vk;KapHf;Fk; VJk; ,lupy;iy - ntk;ikjPHe;
Njf tpdpa newpazpa ntd;whYk;
Nghf nyhoptha; nghUl;F'
tpsf;fk;: ngha;ahfpa topapidj; jg;Gtpf;fpd;w nghUSk; ngupJ
cz;lhFk;@ vq;fs; capHf;Fk; xH ,lH cz;lhf khl;lhJ@ mt;top
eilAk; tUj;jkpd;wp ,d;gk; cz;lhf;Fk;@ mt;topjhDk; rpWfpj;
Njhd;Wk; vd;W nrhd;NdNk MapDk;> nghUs; fUjpg;Nghfpd;w
Nghf;if eP xopthahf
nghUj;jk;: :jiytid Njhop tpyf;Fk; epiyapdshapDk;> eP

gpupapd; 'vk; capHf;F VJk; ,lupy;iy' vdj; jk; jiyik $wp
mjd; %ykhf tpyf;fypd;> ,J. jiyik tpyf;fhapw;W.
12.2.5.4 ,fo;r;rp tpyf;F
tpyf;Fjw;F VJit ,fo;e;J tpyf;FtJ.
Mir ngupJilNak; MUapHNky; mg;nghUs;Nky;
Mir rpwpJk; miltpykhy; - NjR
tOth newpapd; tUnghUs;Nky; mz;zy;
vOtha; xoptha; ,dp'
tpsf;fk;: jiyik nflhjtz;zk; ey;top mikfpd;w nghUs;

fUjpg; gpupfpd;w ngupNahNd ahk; vq;fs; mupjhfpa capupd; Nky;
kpf Mir AilNak;@ eP epidj;Jg; gpupfpd;w nghUs;Nky;
MirAz;lhjw;Ff; fhuzk; rpwpJkpNyk;@ Mjyhy;> eP nghUs;Nky;
VFtha;> md;wp mjidj; jtpHtha;@ vq;fs; jd;ik ,JthFk;
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk; Njhop jiytid tpyf;Fk; fhyj;J jiytd;

gpupjw;Ff;fhuzkhd nghUis mg;nghUs; Nky; Mir rpwpJk;
mile;Njhk; ,y;iy vdf; $Wkhw;whd; ,fo;e;J mtDila
nryit tpyf;fypd;> ,J ,fo;r;rp tpyf;fhapw;W.
12.2.5.5 Jiznray; tpyf;F
Jiznra;thiug;Nghyf; $wp tpyf;FtJ Jiznray; tif

tpyf;F vdg;gLk;.
:'tpisnghUs;Nky; mz;zy; tpUk;gpidNay;

<z;nlk;
fpisaOif Nfl;gjw;F Kd;Nd - tpisNjd;.
Gila+W g+e;jhH Gidfoyha; Nghf;fpw;(F)
,ila+W thuhky; VF”

tpsf;fk;: khiyapidAk;> myq;fupf;fg;gl;l foypidAk; cila
jiytNd! ed;ik gaf;Fk; nghUs;NkNy Kd;Nd ,g;NghONj
cd;Dila Nghf;fpw;F tpyf;F thuhtz;zk; Nghtha;!
nghUj;jk;: nghUs;Nky; tpUk;gpidNay; <z;L vk; fpisaOif

Nfl;lyhfpa ,ila+W tUtjw;F Kd;Nd nry;thahf vdj; Njhop
jiytDila nrytpw;Fj; Jiznra;tJ Nghyf; $wpDk;>
mjdhy; jhk; ,we;JgLNthk; vd;gij czHj;JKfkhf
mtDila nryit tpyf;fypd;> ,J Jiznray; tpyf;fhapw;W.
12.2.5.6 Kaw;rp tpyf;F
Kaw;rpNjhd;wf; $wp tpyf;FtJ Kaw;rp tpyf;F

vdg;gLk;.
ky;yzpe;j Njhsha; ! ,njd;nfhNyh thd;nghUs;Nkw;
nry;f tpiue;njd; Wse;njspe;J - nrhy;Yjw;Nf
vd;W Kay;typahd; Vfy;eP nad;wpilNa
Njhd;Wfpd;w njd;thapw; nrhy;
tpsf;fk;: Njhspid cilaha; ! eP ed;ikg; nghUspd; jpwj;Nj

tpiue;J Nghthahf vd;W vd;Ds;skhdJ fyf;fkwr;
nrhy;Ytjhf epidj;Jj; njhopw;glhepd;wJ @ mjw;Fs;Ns xU
nrhy; Nghfhnjhopthahf vd;W nrhy;Ytjhfj; Njhd;wh epd;wJ @
,/J vd;dhFNkh ? nrhy;Ythahf vd;gjhk;
nghUj;jk:;; nghUs;tapw; gpupjw;Fr; nry;f vd;W $Wjw;F

cs;sj;jhy; ehd; KaypDk;> thapy; tUk; nrhy; 'Vfy;eP” vd;Nw
tUfpd;wJ vdj; Njhop> jd; Kaw;rp Njhd;wf; $wpj;
jiytDila nryit tpyf;fypd;> ,J Kaw;rp tpyf;fhapw;W .
12.2.5.7 gutr tpyf;F
jd;trky;yhik Njhd;wf; $wp tpyf;FtJ gutr tpyf;F

vdg;gLk;.
'nry;if jpUTsNky; ahdwpNad; Njf;fko;jhH
ky;yfye; jq;F kjHtpopapd; - nky;ypikfs;
Nehf;F tpyf;FNky; Nehths; ,ts;fhjy;
Nghf;fp afy;tha; nghUl;F

tpsf;fk;: ,tisg; gpuptNj fhupakhfj; jpUTs;sj;jilj;Jg;
nghUl;Fg; gpupthahdhy;> mjd; Nky; mLf;Fq; fhupak; vd;dhy;
mwpag;glhjhfyhd;>epd;Dila khHgpy; gpupahJ jq;fg;gl;l
tpopapdplj;J ,ikfs; vk;Kila jiytd; khHgpidg; ghHf;fpd;w
ghHitapid tpyf;fh epd;wd vd;W mjw;F tUe;Je;
jd;ikiaAila ,ts;> epd;Nky; itj;j Mirapidg; Nghf;fpg;
Nghthahf vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: 'nry;if jpUTsNky; ahdwpNad;” vd;gjhy; Njhop

jd;takpd;ik $wp> ,ts; fhjiyg; Nghf;fpNa eP nghUl;F mfy
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhy; jiytDila nryit tpyf;Fjypd; ,J
gutr tpyf;fhapw;W .
12.2.5.8 cgha tpyf;F
tpyf;Ftjid XH cghak; fhuzkhff; $wp tpyf;FtJ .
',d;DapH fhj;jspg;gha; ePNa ,sNtdpy;
kd;dtDq; $w;WtDk; te;jize;jhy; - md;NdhH
jikf;nfk;ikj; Njhd;whj; jifikaNjhH tpQ;ir
vkf;fpd; wUs;Gupe;Nj NaF”
tpsf;fk;: vq;fsJ capiuf; fhf;Fe; jd;ikia ciliaahfpa

ePNa gpupaf; fUjpidahapd;> vq;fsplj;J ,sNtdpw; fhyj;Jj;
jiytdhfpa fhkDk;> $w;WtDk; te;J NrHe;jhy; mtH
fz;Zf;F ehq;fs; Njhd;whNj ,Ug;gnjhU tpj;ijia
vq;fSf;Fj; je;J Nghthahf vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: eP gpupapd; kd;kjDf;Fk; vkDf;Fk; fz;zpy; glhjthW

,Uf;Fk; XH cghaj;ij mUspr;nry;f vdj; jiytDf;F XH
cghak; $WtJNghy $wp> mJ mtDf;F ,ayhjjhy;>
nry;YjYk; ,ayhJ vd;gJ Njhd;w tpyf;fpdikapd; ,J cgha
tpyf;fhapw;W .
12.2.5.9 ifawy; tpyf;F
jj;jkf;F Ntz;ba nghUs; Nky; KaYk; xOf;fkpd;ik Njhd;wf;

$WtJ .
'tha;j;j nghUs;tpisj;j njhd;wpy;iy khjtNk
MHj;j mwptpy;iy mk;gyj;Jf; - $j;Jilahd;
rPyQ; rpwpNjAQ; rpe;jpNad; nrd;nwhope;Njd;

fhyk; twpNj fopj;J
tpsf;fk;: ew;nghUis tpisj;jw;Ff; fhuzkhfpa ahnjhU

Kaw;rpAk; nra;atpy;iy@ ngupa jtj;ijj; Njbf;nfhs;sj; jf;f
mwpTkpy;iy@ rpjhfhrj;jpy; Mde;jj; jhz;ltQ; nra;fpd;w
eNlrDila khd;kpaj;ijr; rpwpNjDk; epidf;ftpy;iy@ Mjyhy;>
vd; tho;ehis tPz; ehshf;fptpl;Nld; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,J fhyj;ij tPNz fopj;jhd; xUtdpd; $w;whFk;.

ew;nghUisj; NjlTkpy;iy> ew;wtj;ijr; nra;aTkpy;iy>
mk;gyj;jhidr; rpe;jpf;fTkpy;iy vdj; jj;jk; nghUs;Nky;
KaYk; xOf;fk; ,d;ik $wp> ,Jtiu ,it nra;ahikapd;>
,dpAk; mit nra;a ,ayh vdf; Fwpg;ghd; tpyf;fypd;> ,J
ifawy; tpyf;fhapw;W .
12.2.5.10 cld;gly; tpyf;F
cld;gl;lhH Nghy tpyf;FtJ cld;gly; tpyf;F vdg;gLk;.
'mg;Ngh jLg;g jwpNad; mUs;nra;j
,g;Ngh jptSk; ,irfpd;whs; - jg;gpy;
nghUNsh GfNoh jug;NghtPH khiy
,UNsh epyNth ntOk;”
tpsf;fk:;;nghUnsd;d Gfnod;d ,tw;iw cz;lhf;Fjw;Fg; gpupe;J

NghtPH ! ePH gpupe;j mg;nghONj ,tSf;F mLg;gnjhd;Wk; vd;dhy;
mwpag;glhJ@ ePH mUspr; nra;j gpupTf;F ,g;NghJ ,tSk;
cld;glh epd;whs;@ khiyf;fhyk; te;j nghONj mjNdhL ,UNsh
kjpaNkh tUjy; nra;Ak;> ,jid ePH mwptPH vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;:: ,g;NghJ ,tSk; ,irfpd;whs; vd;gjhy; cld;ghL

Njhd;wf; $wpDk; khiy ,UNsh epyNth vOk;> mg;NghJ mLg;g
jwpNad; vd;gjhy; gpupapd; ,wg;gs; vdf; $wpj; jiytDila
nryit tpyf;fypd;> ,J cld;gly; tpyf;fhapw;W .
12.2.5.11 ntFsp tpyf;F
ntFspNjhd;wf; $wp tpyf;FtJ .
'tz;zq; fUf tisrupa tha;Gyu
vz;ze; 1jsHNt nkjpHepd;W - fz;zpd;wpg;
Nghjy; Gupe;J nghUl;fhjy; nra;tPuhy;

ahJk; gakpNyk; ahk”;
tpsf;fk:; ,tSila epwk; NtWglTk;> tisahdJ rpe;jTk;>

thahdJ ePuw;W cyuTk;> ed;ik va;Jtjhf ehq;fs; vz;zpa
vz;znky;yhk; gOjhfTk; vq;fs; vjpNu epd;W fz;Nzhl;lkpd;wpg;
gpupjy; tpUk;gp vq;fis ntWj;Jg; nghUis Mirg; gLtPuhdhy;>
,dp vq;fSf;F xU gaDkpy;iy.
nghUj;jk;: Ek;Kila gpupthy; tz;zKk;> tisAk;> vz;zKk;

jsUk; vk;ikf; fz;Lk; nghUs;tapw; gpupa Ntz;Lk; vd;gPuhapd;
vkf;F ahJk; gakpy;iy vd ntFsp Njhd;wf; $wp> gpupjiy
epidaNt ,q;qdk; jsUk; ahk;> gpupe;jhy; ,we;Nj gLNthk;
vd;gijf; Fwpg;ghy; mwpTWj;J tpyf;fypd;> ,J ntFsp
tpyf;fhapw;W .
12.2.5.12 ,uq;fy; tpyf;F
,uf;fe;Njhd;wf; $wp tpyf;FtJ .
'Cry; njhopypof;Fk; xg;G kapypof;Fk;
thrQ; Ridapof;Fk; ts;sNy ! - NjR
nghopypof;Fk; ehisnak; g+q;Foyp ePq;f
vopypof;Fk; me;Njh ,tz;”
tpsf;fk;: vk;Kila g+tpdhy; myq;fupf;fg;gl;l Foypid Aila

,ts; capH ,og;gNj ad;wp MLfpd;w Cry;fSk; tpisahly;
njhopiy apof;Fk;@ kapYk; ctikia apof;Fk;@ RidfSk; eW
ehw;wj;ij apof;Fk; @ nghopYk; xspia apof;Fk; @ ,t;tplKk;
moif apof;Fk;@ jiytNd ! ,dp mLj;jthW nra;
nghUj;jk;:eP gpupapd; CrYk;> kapYk;> RidAk;> nghopYk;

,t;tplKk; jj;jk; jd;ikia ,oe;JtpLk; vd ,uq;fy; Njhd;wf;
$wp> ,jdhy; eP gpupahikNa ,it jj;jk; jd;ikAld;
,Ug;gjw;F VJthk; vdj; jiytDila nryit tpyf;fypd; ,J
,uq;fy; tpyf;fhapw;W .
12.2.5.13 Ia tpyf;F
IAw;wjid tpyf;FtJ .
'kpd;Ndh nghopypd; tpisahLk; ,t;TUtk;
nghd;Ndh ntDQ;Rzq;fpw; g+q;nfhbNah - vd;Ndh

jpirAyTq; fz;Ze; jpus;KiyAe; NjhSk;
kpirapUSe; jhq;FNkh kpd;”
tpsf;fk;: ,g;nghopypd;fz;Nz tpisahLfpd;w ,t;TUtk;>

kpd;dpdJ cUtNkh ? nghd;Ndhntd;W IAW epwj;ijAila
Rzq;fpidAilj;jha; ,Ug;gNjhH cUtj;ij Ailj;jhfpa
nfhbNah ? ahNjh ? vd;W IAWfpd;w neQ;rNk ! jpf;fidj;Jk;
gue;J cyhtpj; jpupfpd;w fz;zpidAk; > jpuz;l KiyapidAk; >
,uz;L NjhspidAk;> jd;kPNj ,UspidAe; jhq;fp apUg;gnjhU
kpd;Dk; cz;Nlh ? nrhy;Ythahf
nghUj;jk;: jiytpia Kjw;fz; kpd;Ndh> g+q;nfhbNah vd

IAw;wtd; gpd;dH> mk;kpd;dy;jhd; fz;Zk;> KiyAk;> NjhSk;>
,USk; jhq;FNkh vd;gjhy; mjid tpyf;fpg; ngz; vd
czUjypd;> ,J Ia tpyf;fhapw;W.
12.2.6 Kd;dtpyf;Fg; gpw mzpfSld; $btuy;:

Ntw;Wg;nghUs; rpNyil VJntd;W ,d;dit
Nkw;$W ,aw;ifapd; tpsq;fpj; Njhd;Wk;
tpsf;fk;: Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;Gk;> rpNyilAk;> VJTk; vd;W

nrhy;yg;gl;litfNshL ,t;tpyf;F vd;Dk; mzpAld; $b Nkw;
nrhy;yg;gl;l mzpfs; Nghy tUk;.
12.2.6.1 Ntw;Wg;nghUs;itg;G tpyf;F
Ntw;Wg; nghUs; itg;gzpNahL tpyf;F mzp $btupd; > mJ

Ntw;Wg;nghUs;itg;G tpyf;fhk;.
'jz;ftpif ahYyfe; jhq;Fk; mdghad;
ntz;ftpiff; Fs;slq;fh Nte;jpy;iy - vq;Fk;
kjpaj; Jldputp te;JyTk; thdpw;
nghjpag; glhj nghUs;”
tpsf;fk;: csk; FspHe;J nfhLf;Fk; nfhiliaAila mdghar;

NrhoDila ntz;nfhw;wf; Filf;fPo; mlq;fhj kd;dH ,k;
kz;Zyfpy; vq;Fk; ,y;iy@ kjpAk; ,utpAk; jtOfpd;w
Mfhaj;jpy; mlq;fhj nghUSk; vq;Fk; ,y;iy vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: mdghad; Filf;fPo; mlq;fhj kd;dupy;iy vd

tpyf;fypd; tpyf;fzp ahapw;W.gpd;dpuz;L mbfspy; cyfwp
nghUshd Ntw;Wg; nghUspy; itj;J tpsf;fp ,Uj;jypy; Ntw;Wg;
nghUs; itg;Gkhapw;W.
12.2.6.2 rpNyil tpyf;F:
rpNyil azpNahL tpyf;F mzp $btupd;> mJ rpNyil

tpyf;fhk;.
“mk;Ngh UfQ;nrw; wKj kakhfp
tk;ghH KWty; xsptsHf;f - ,k;gH
KifkJthH Nfhij KfKz; Lyfpd;
kpifkjpAk; Ntz;LNkh NtW”
tpsf;fk;: jhkiuapdJ mofpid mopj;J> mKjj; jd;ikajha;

GJikNahL $b tpupahepd;w xspiaAilajhjw;F Ky;iy
nkhl;LfisAila ngz;zpd; Kfky;yJ> jhkiuiaf;
fUFtpj;J mkpUj fiyfshy; ,ad;w tbTilj;jha;r; nrt;tp
jhuhepd;w xspepyh tpupkjp cyfj;jpw;F kpif vd;gjhFk;
nghUj;jk;: ,jpy; KfkpUf;f kjpaKk; Ntz;LNkh ? vd kjpaj;ij

tpyf;fypd;> ,J tpyf;fzp Mapw;W. Kd;dpuz;L mbfs;
Kfj;jpw;Fk; kjpaj;jpw;Fk; xg;gg; nghUs;gLjypd; rpNyilAk;
khapw;W.
12.2.6.3 VJ tpyf;F
VJtzpNahL tpyf;fzp $btupd; mJ VJ tpyf;fhk;.
“g+jyj;Js; vy;yhg; nghUSk; twpauha;f;
fhjypj;jhH jhNk ftHjyhy; -ePjp
mLj;JaHe;j rPHj;jp mdghah ! ahHf;Fk;
nfhLj;jpnadf; nfhs;fpd; wpNyk;”
tpsf;fk;: g+kpapy; twpatuha; Mirg;gl;lhH vtUk;> jhk;

Mirg;gl;l nghUs;fisj; jilapd;wpj; jhNk vLj;Jf;
nfhs;Sfpd;whH Mjypd;> eP cyfj;J twpNahHf;Ff;
nfhLf;fpd;whahf epidf;fpd;wpNyhk;@ ePjpiar; nra;jyhNy caHe;j
GfioAila mdghar; NrhoNd vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: g+kpapy; vy;yhg; nghUisAk; twpauhAs;shH
midtUk; jhNk ftHjy; vd;Dk; fhuzj;jhy; ahHf;Fk;
nfhLj;jy; vd;gJ tpyf;fg; gl;bUj;jypd;> ,J VJ tpyf;fhapw;W.
12.3 Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;gzp - tif

Kd;ndhd;W njhlq;fp kw;wJ Kbj;jw;Fg;
gpd;ndhU nghUis cyfwp ngw;wp
Vw;wpitj;J ciug;gJ Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;Ng.
Gytd; jhd; nrhy;yf; fUjpa nghUis Kbj;jw;F cyfwpe;j

nghUsha NtnwhU nghUis itg;gJ Ntw;Wg; nghUs;
itg;ghFkftpQd; jhd; nrhy;yf; fUjpa nghUisr;
rpwg;Gg;nghUs; vd;Wk;mjid Kbj;jw;Ff; $wg;gLk;
Ntw;Wg;nghUisg; nghJg;nghUs; vd;Wk; $wg;gLk;.
Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;gzp tif:
KOtJk; Nrwy; xUtopr; Nrwy;
Kuzpj; Njhd;wy; rpNyilapd; Kbj;jy;
$lh ,aw;if $Lk; ,aw;if
,Uik ,aw;if tpguPjg; gLj;jy; vd;(W)
,d;dit vl;Lk; mjd(J) ,ay;Ng.
KOtJQ; NrWYk;> xUtopr; NrwYk;> Kuzpj; Njhd;wYk;>

rpNyilapd; Kbj;jYk;> $lhtpaw;ifAk;> $Lkpaw;ifAk;>
,Uikapaw;ifAk;> tpguPjg;gLj;jYk; vd vl;L tifahy;
tUtJ ,jd; ,ay;G MFk;.
12.3.1 KOtJQ;Nrwy;
xUjpwk; ciuj;jhy; mj;jpwk; vy;yhtw;wpd; NkYk; Kw;wr; nry;y
ciug;gJ ,JthFk;.
Gwe;je; jpUspupag; nghd;Ndkp Aa;j;Jr;
rpwe;j nthsptsHf;Fe; NjNuhd;-kiwe;jhd;
Gwthop #o;e;j Gtdj;Nj Njhd;wp
,wthJ tho;fpd;whH ahH ?

tpsf;fk;: cyiff; fhj;Jr; rf;fuj;ij elj;jp ,Us;nfl> xspia
tsHf;Fe; NjiuAila Mjpj;jd; kiwe;jhd;@ fly; #o;e;j cyfpw;
gpwe;jhH ,wthNj tho;fpd;whH ahtH? vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk; ,jpy; ',Uis ePf;fp xsp tsHe;j fjputd; kiwe;jhd;

' vd;gJ Gytd; nrhy;yf; fUjpa nghUshFk;. ,jid
Kbj;jw;F 'cyfpy; Njhd;wpatHfspy; ahHjhk; ,wthjtH ' vd;w
cyfwpe;j nghUis Vw;wpAiuj;jypd;> ,J Ntw;Wg; nghUs;
itg;ghapw;W .Njhd;wpa nghUs; ahTk; kiwAk; vd;gJ cyfg;
nghUs;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jjypd;> ,J KOtJk; Nrwy;
vd;Dk; tifahapw;W .
12.3.2 xUtopr;Nrwy;
xUjpwk; ciuj;jy; mj;jpwk; vy;yhtw;wpd; NkYk; Kw;wr;
nry;yhJ> rpytw;wpd; NkNy nrd;nwhoptJ.
'vz;Zk; gad;J}f;fh jpahHf;Fk; tiuahJ

kz;Zyfpy; thk dUs;tsHf;Fk; - jz;zWe;Njd;
g+j;jspf;Fk; jhuha; ! GfohsHf; nft;TapUk;
fhj;jspf;if ad;Nwh fld;
tpsf;fk; jpUkhy; jdf;nfd ahJk; gad; fUjhJ cyfpy;
ahtHf;Fk; ,y;iynad;dhJ fUiziar; nra;J mUSfpd;whd; @
FspHe;j ey;y Njid kyHe;J nfhLf;Fk;gbahd khiyia
AilatNd ! GfOilahHf;F vt;TapHfisAk; fhj;jspj;jyd;Nwh
flikahFk; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,jd;fz; 'jpUkhy; ahtHf;Fk; ifk;khW fUjhJ mUs;

Ruf;fpd;whd; ' vd;gJ ftpQd; nrhy;yf; fUjpa nghUshFk; .
,jid Kbj;jw;Fg; ' Gfo; nghUe;jpahHf;F vt;TapUk;
fhj;jspj;jNy fld; ' vd;w cyfwp nghUis Vw;wpAiuj;jypd;
Ntw;Wg; nghUs; itg;ghapw;W . vt;TapiuAk; fhj;jspj;jy;
cyfpdH midtHf;Fk; nghUe;jhJ > mtHfSs; xU rhuhH Mfpa
GfohsHf;Nf mikjypd;> ,J xUtopr;Nrwyhapw;W.
12.3.3 Kuzpj;Njhd;wy;
jk;Ks; khWgl;bUf;Fk; ,ay;Gilj;jha nghUs; itg;gJ.
“nta;a Fuy;Njhd;wp ntQ;rpdNt Wl;nfhspDk;

nga;A Kfpy;jd;idg; NgZtuhy; -itaj;
jpUs;nghopAq; Fw;wk; gytupDk; ahHf;Fk;
nghUs;nghopthH Nkw;Nw Gfo;”
tpsf;fk;;:nfhba ,biaj; jd;dplj;Nj cilj;jhapDk; kio
nghopAk; Nkfj;ij midtUk; ghuhl;LtH. cyfpy; ,Us; jd;ik
tha;e;j kpff; nfhba Fw;wq;fisr; nra;apDk;> mtHfs;
ahtHf;Fk; tiuahJ toq;Fk; ts;sd;ikahuhapd; mtHfisNa
ghuhl;LtH vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,jpy; “fba FuiyAk;> nfhLikiaAk; cila

,biaj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;bUg;gpDk; kio jUjypd; Nkfj;ij
ahtUk; Gfo;tH” vd;gJ ftpQd; nrhy;yf; fUjpa nghUshFk;.
,jid Kbj;jw;Ff; 'Fw;wkpUg;gpDk; nfhilahsiu ahtUk;
Gfo;tH” vd;w cyfwp nghUis Vw;wpapUj;jypd;
Ntw;Wg;nghUs;itg;ghapw;W. Fw;wk;cilahH Gfog;glhjpUj;jNy
,ay;G . mq;qdkpd;wpg; Gfog;gLtH vd;wy; Kuzpj; Njhd;wyhk; .
12.3.4 rpNyilapd; Kbj;jy;

Kd;dH itj;j nghUisAk;> gpd;dH itj;j nghUisAk; xU
nrhw;nwhlHghy; nrhy;YtJ.
vw;Nw nfhbKy;iy jd;id tsHj;njLj;j

Kw;wpioahs; thl KWtypf;Fk; - Kw;W
Kbahg; guit Koq;Fyfj; njd;Wk;
nfhbahHf;Fk; cz;Nlh Fzk; !
tpsf;fk; Ky;iyf; nfhbahdJ> Kd;G jd;id tsHj;Jf; fhj;j
,ts; tUe;j KWty; nra;J epd;wJ@ ,/J vd;Nd !
Kof;fj;jpid Aila KbT njupahj fly; #og;gl;l cyfj;Jf;
nfhbahHf;Fk; Fzk; cz;lhNkh ? ,y;iy vd;gjhk;..
nghUj;jk;: ,jpy; 'jd;id tsHj;njLj;j jiytp jiytDila

gpupthy; tUe;JkhW Ky;iyf;nfhb KWtypf;Fk; vd;gJ ftpQd;
nrhy;yf; fUjpa nghUshFk; . ,jid Kbj;jw;F cyfj;jpy;
nfhbahuplj;Jk; Fzk; cz;lhFNkh ? vd;w cyfwp nghUis
Vw;wp itj;jpUj;jypd; Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;ghapw;W.
12.3.5 $lhtpaw;if
$lhjjidf; $Ltjhf;fpf; nfhs;tJ.
Mu tlKk; mjprPj re;jdKk;

<u epyTk; vuptpupAk; - ghupy;
Jjptifahd; Nkk;gl;l Jg;GuTe; jj;jk;
tpjptifahd; NtW gLk;
tpsf;fk;:jz;zpa Kj;J khiyAk; kpfTk; FspHe;j re;jdKk;>
FspHe;j epyTk; gpupthw;whJ tUe;JgtHf;F neUg;gpd;
ntk;ikiaj; jUtdthFk;. cyfpy; Gfo;jw;Fupa nghUs;fSk;
mtutH tpjp tiff;Nfw;gj; jj;jk; epiyikapdpd;Wk; NtWgLk;
vd;gjhFk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,jpy; Mutlk;> re;jdk;> epyT Mfpad gpupthw;whj

ngz;bHf;F neUg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;' vd;gJ ftpQd; nrhy;yf; fUjpa
nghUshFk;. ,j;jd;ik mtw;wpw;Ff; $lhj;jd;ikahFk;. ,q;qdk;
$lhj jd;ikiaf; $Ltjhf;fp Aiuj;jw;F>'EfHjw;Fupa
nghUs;fnsy;yhk; mtutH tpjptifahd; NtWgLk;' vd;w cyfwp
nghUis Vw;wpitj;jpUj;jypd;> ,J Ntw;Wg; nghUs; itg;ghapw;W.
Kd;dpuz;L mbfspy;. $lhj jd;ikiaf; $l;b Aiuf;fg;
gl;bUj;jypd; $lh ,aw;if Mapw;W.
12.3.6 $Lkpaw;if
$Ltjhff; $WtJ.
'ngha;Aiuah ez;gH GidNjH newpNehf;fpf;
iftisNrhHe; jhtp fiue;JFthH - nka;ntJk;gg;
g+j;jifAQ; nrq;fhe;js; nghq;nfhypePH Qhyj;Jj;
jPj;jifahHf; fPNj nray;”
tpsf;fk;: vf;fhyj;Jk; ngha;awpahj jiytUila

myq;fupf;fg;gl;l NjH tUk; topghHj;Jf; iftis tPo capH
iee;J tpjdg; gLfpd;w klthUila Nkdp moyg; g+j;J
tpsq;fptUj;Jfpd;wJ rpte;j epwj;ijAila fhe;js;@ fly; #o;e;j
Qhyj;Jj; jPf;Fzj; jhHf;F <jd;Nwh nray;
nghUj;jk;: ,jpy; 'jiytdpd; NjH tUk; topiag; ghHj;J kdk;

ntJk;GthHjk; cly; tUe;JkhW nrq;fhe;js; g+j;Jfplf;fpd;wJ
vd;gJ ftpQd; nrhy;yf; fUjpa nghUshFk;. ,jid Kbj;jw;F
cyfpy; nfhba jd;ikAilahHf;Fg;> gpwH ntJk;GkhW nra;jNy
,ay;ghk; vd;w cyfwp nghUis Vw;wp
itj;jpUj;jypd;>Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;ghapw;W. jPajd;ik tha;e;jhH>
gpwHf;F jPa jd;ikia tpistpj;jy; nghUe;jpa ,ay;ghjypd;>
,J $Lk; ,aw;if Mapw;W.
12.3.7 ,Uikapaw;if
$lhjjidAk; $LtjidAk; xUq;F $WtJ.
'NfhtyHtha; Nta;q;FoNy ad;wpf; FiulfYk;
$tpj; jkpNahiuf; nfhy;Ykhy; - ghtha;!
ngupNahUk; NgzhJ 1nra;tNu NghYk;
rpwpNahH gpwHf;fpaw;We; jPq;F”
tpsf;fk;: Nta;q;Foy; ,irNa ad;wp> flYk; gpupe;jpUe;jhiuf;

nfhy;Yk;@ ghtha;! ngUe;jifik cilahUk; tprhupahJ nra;tH
Nghd;wJfhz;> vg;nghOJQ; rpwpNahH maytHf;Fr; nra;Ae; jPikf;
fhupaj;ij vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;:: ,jd;fz; 'gpupthy; tUe;jpapUg;gtHfis mtHfs;

tUj;jk; kpFkhW Nfhtyupd; Nta;q;FoNy ad;wpf; flYk;
mj;jd;ikiar; nra;fpwJ'> vd;gJ ftpQd; nrhy;yf; fUjpa
nghUshFk;. ,jid Kbj;jw;Fr; ' rpwpNahH nra;Ak; jPq;fpidg;
ngupNahHfSk; nra;tH NghYk;'> vd;w cyfwp nghUis Vw;wp
itj;jpUj;jypd;> ,J Ntw;Wg; nghUs; itg;ghapw;W. rpwpNahH
gpwHf;Fj; jPqf
; paw;wy; $Lk;jd;ik. ngupNahH mq;qdk; nra;jy;
$lhj; jd;ik. rpWikajhfpa Foy; nra;Ak; jPqf
; pidg;>
ngupjhfpa flYk; nra;fpwJ vdNt> mt;tpUik $Lkpaw;if> $lh
,aw;if ,aw;ifAk; xUq;F $wpajhapw;W.
12.3.8 tpguPjk;
tpguPjg;glr; nrhy;YtJ.
'jiyapoe;jhd; vt;TapUe; je;jhd; gpjhitf;
nfhiyGupe;jhd; Fw;wq; fbe;jhd; - cyfpy;
jdpKjd;ik g+z;LaHe;NjhH Ntz;LtNuy; jg;ghk;
tpidAk; tpguPj khk;.
tpsf;fk;: KOJyFk; gilj;j gpukd; jiy ,oe;jhd;@

gpjhitf;nfhd;w rz;Brd; Fw;wk; jPHe;jhd;@ xUtHf;Fkpy;yhj
ngUikAilauha; caHe;NjhH epidg;gpd; jg;ghj tpidfSk;
cyfj;J kWjiyg;gLk;.
nghUj;jk;: :,jd;fz; jiyapoe;j gpukd; vt;TapiuAk; je;jhd;
vdgJk;> gpjhitf; nfhiyGupe;j rz;Briuf; Fw;wkw;wtuhf
,iwtd; Ml;nfhz;lhd; vd;gJk; ftpQd; $wf;fUjpatpguPjg;
nghUshFk;. ,jid Kbj;jw;F 'cyfpy; jdpj;jiyik
g+z;ltHfs; jtWfs; nra;apDk; jtwhfh' vd;w cyfwp nghUis
Vw;wp itj;jpUj;jypd; ,J Ntw;Wg; nghUs; itg;ghapw;W.
12.4 Ntw;Wikazp
$w;wpDk; Fwpg;gpDk; xg;Gil ,UnghUs;
Ntw;Wikg; gltupd; Ntw;Wik mJNt.
$w;wpdhdhy;> Fwpg;gpdhdhy; xg;Gila ,U nghUs;fis xU

nghUshf itj;J mtw;iwj; jk;Ks; Ntw;Wikg;glr; nrhy;YtJ
Ntw;Wik vd;Dk; mzpahFk;. Ntw;Wik vd;dhJ mJNt vdf;
Fwpj;jikahy; mit xU nghUshd; Ntw;Wik nra;jYk;>
,g;nghUshd; Ntw;Wik nra;jYk; cilad. MFk;.NkYk;
mt;tpNyrhNd Ntw;Wikg;glf; $WjNyad;wp xd;wpd; xd;W
kpFjpg;glf; $wTk; gLk;.
12.4.1 xUnghUs; Ntw;Wikr;rkk;

Gytd; jhd; $Wk; ,UnghUs;fSs; xd;ww;F kl;LNk Ntw;Wik
$wp> mt;Ntw;Wik apUg;gpDk; mt;tpuz;L nghUs;fSk;
rkNkvd;W $WtJ xU nghUs; Ntw;Wikr; rkkhk;.
midj;JyFQ; #o;Ngha; mUk;nghUs; iff;nfhz;(L)
,idj;jsitj; njd;ww; fupjhk; - gdpf;fly;
kd;dtepd; NridNghy; kw;wJ ePHtbtpw;(W)
vd;Dk; ,Jnthd;Nw NtW.
tpsf;fk;: cyfk; KOtJk; #o;e;J gpwHf;F mupa

nghUs;fisAk; cilj;jha; ,d;d mstpidAilj;J vd;ww;F
mupjhFk; FspHe;j flYk;> cyfpy; cs;s vy;yhehl;ilAk;
iff;nfhz;L me;j ehl;lurHfspd; mupa nry;tnky;yhk; iff;
nfhz;l cdJ gilAk; muNr! xf;FkhapDk;>flyhdJ ePuhfpa
tbit cilaJ vd;Dk; xU FzNk NtWgl;bUf;Fk;
jd;ikAilajhFk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gLk; nghUs;fs; gil> fly; vd;gd

MFk;. Kd;dpuz;lbfspy; ,t;tpuz;bw;FKs;s xg;Gikiaf; $wp>
%d;whkbapy; 'ePH tbtpw;W vd;Dk; ,Jnthd;Nw NtW vdf;
flYf;F kl;Lk; Ntw;Wik $wp> mt;Ntw;Wik apUg;gpDk;
mt;tpuz;Lk; rk;Nk vdj; Njhd;WkhW ciuj;jyhy; ,J xU
nghUs; Ntw;Wikr; rkkhapw;W.
12.4.2 ,UnghUs; Ntw;Wikr;rkk;

Gytdhy; $wg;gLk; ,UnghUs;fSs; xd;ww;F kl;LNk Ntw;Wik
$wp> mt;Ntw;Wik apUg;gpDk; mt;tpuz;L nghUs;fSk;
rkNkvd;W $WtJ xU nghUs; Ntw;Wikr; rkkhk;
nrd;W nrtpasf;FQ; nrk;ikatha;r; rpe;ijAs;Ns
epd;wstpy; ,d;gk; epiwg;gtw;Ws; - xd;W
kyuptUq; $e;jyhH khjHNehf;(F) xd;W
kyuptUq; $j;jd;jd; thf;F'
tpsf;fk;: nrtpia msf;Fk; nrk;ikia cilj;jhAk; kdq;fspy;

epd;w khj;jpuj;jpNy ctifia jUk; jd;ikia cilajhAk;
mike;jJ fhjiyr; nra;Ak;fz; vd;Wk;@ cyfj;jhH nrtpahy;
mse;jwpAk; jd;ikia cilj;jha;f;> Nfl;NghH. kdq;fspy;
epd;W mstpy;yh ,d;gj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpg;gJ kyup vdg;gl;l Cupy;
cz;lhfpa $j;jd; vd;Dk; ,aw; ngaiuAk;> rf;futHj;jp vd;Dk;
rpwg;Gg; ngaiuAk; cilahdJ ftpij vd;Wk; mike;jjhFk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; ciuf;fg;gLk; nghUs;fs; ngz;fspd;

Nehf;Fk;> xl;lf; $j;jupd;ftpAk; MFk; . Kd;dpuz;lbfspy;
,t;tpuz;lw;Fk; cs;s xg;Gikiaf; $wpg; gpd;G> gpd;dpuz;lbfspy;
xd;W ngz;fSf;F Nehf;F vd;Wk;> ,d;ndhd;W xl;lf;$j;jupd;
thaplj;Js;s thf;F vd;Wk; mt;tg;nghUs;fSf;Fk; ,Uf;Fk;
,lj;jhy; Ntw;Wik $wp> mt;Ntw;WikapUg;gpDk; mt;tpU
nghUs;fSk; rkNk vdj; Njhd;WkhW $wpapUj;jypd;> ,J
,UnghUs; Ntw;Wikr; rkkhapw;W .
12.4.3 caHr;rp Ntw;Wik

kypNjuhd; fr;rpAk; khflYe; jk;Ks;
xypAk; ngUikAk; xf;Fk; - kypNjuhd;
fr;rp gLt fly;glh fr;rp
fly;gLt nty;yhk; gLk;
tpsf;fk;: NjHfs; epiwe;J tpsq;Fk; fhQ;rPGuKk;> ngUik

nghUe;jpa flYk; jk;Ks; xypahYk;> ngUikahYk; xj;J
tpsq;Fk;. MapDk; NjHfs; epiwe;j fhQ;rPGuj;jpy; cs;s
nghUs;fs; flypd;fz; ,uhJ. @ Mdhy; flypy; cs;s nghUs;fs;
vy;yhk; fhQ;rG
P uj;jpy; ,Ug;gdthk; vd;gjhk; .
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l nghUs;fs; fr;rpAk;> flYk;

Mfpa ,uz;lhFk; . Kd;dpuz;lbfspy; ,t;tpuz;lw;Fk; cs;s
xg;Gikiaf; $wpg;> gpd;dpuz;lbfspy; flypDk; fr;rpNa caHe;jJ
vd mt;TaHr;rpf;fhd fhuzj;Jld; Ntw;WikiaAk;
$wpapUj;jypd;> ,J caHr;rp Ntw;Wik Mapw;W.
12.4.4 ,UnghUs; Ntw;Wikr; rkk;

fhHf;FyKk; gha;jpiuAq; fhl;Lk; fly;gilAk;
NghHf;fspWk; gha;khTk; nghq;Fkhy; - 1Vw;Wk;
fyKilj;J Ke;ePH fjpuhopj; jpz;NlH
gyTilj;J Nte;jd; gil
tpsf;fk;: fupa Nkfj;ijAk; gue;j miyfisAk; cilaJ

flyhdJ@ NrhodJ gilAk; NghHj;njhopy; kpf;f fspWk;>ghAq;
FjpiuAk; kpf;Fj; Njhd;Wk;@ me;jf; flyhdJ> gynghUSk; Vw;Wk;
kuf;fyk; cilj;J@ NrhodJ gilAk;> gyfjpuhopj; jpz;Nlupid
cilaJ vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk:; ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l nghUs;fs; flYk;> gilAk;

Mfpa ,uz;Lkhk; . Kd;dpuz;lbfspy; ,t;tpuz;lw;Fk; cupa
xg;Gikiaf; $wpg; gpd;dpuz;lbfspy; fly; fyk; cilj;J@
gilNjH cilj;J vd Ntw;Wik $wp> mt;Ntw;Wik ,Ug;gpDk;
mt;tpuz;Lk; rkNk vdf; fUJkhW $wpapUj;jyhy;> ,J
,UnghUs; Ntw;Wikr; rkkhapw;W .
12.4.5 caHr;rp Ntw;Wik

gJkq; fspf;Fk; mspAilj;Jg; ghit
tjdk; kjHNehf; Filj;Jg; - GijapUs;#o;
mg;Ngh(J) ,ay;gopAk; mk;Ngh Uftjdk;
vg;NghJ ePq;fh jpay;G
tpsf;fk;: jhkiu jd;dplj;J tz;Lfis cilaJ> ,g;ngz;zpd;

KfKk; jd;dplj;J fz;fis cilaJ@ Mapdk; cyif
,Uspy; kiwf;Fk; ,uT Neuj;jpy; jhkiu jd; ,ay;G nfLk; >
Mdhy; ,g;ngz;zpd; KfNkh vg;NghJk; jd; ,ay;G nflhJ
vd;gjhk; .
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; ciuf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs; jhkiu>

ngz;zpd; Kfk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; MFk;. Kd;dpuz;lbfspy;
,t;tpuz;lw;Fk; cs;s xg;Gikiaf; Fwpg;ghy; $wpg; >
gpd;dpuz;lbfspy; jhkiuapYk; Kfk; caHe;jjw;fhd
Ntw;Wikiaf; $wpapUj;jypd;> ,J Fwpg;ghd; te;j caHr;rp
Ntw;Wik Mapw;W .
12.4.6 tiffs;:
mJNt
Fzk;nghUs; rhjp njhopnyhLk; GzUk; .
,t;Ntw;Wik vd;Dk; mzp Fzj;NjhLk;> nghUNshLk;>

rhjpNahLk;> njhopNyhLk; $bAk; tUk;.
12.4.6.1 Fz Ntw;Wik
Rw;Wtpw; fhkDQ; NrhoH ngUkhdhk;
nfhw;wg;NghHf; fps;spAq; Nfo;xt;thH - nghw;nwhbaha;
Mop Ailahd; kfd;khad; nra;aNd
Nfhop Ailahd; kfd; '
tpsf;fk; fhkDk;> NrhoDk; jk;kpy; epwk; xt;thH. ! rf;fuj;ij

ciladhfpa khaDila kfdhfpa fhkd; fWj;jpUg;ghd;@ Nfhop
vd;Dk; Ciu Ailatdhfpa NrhoDila kfd; rpte;jpUg;ghd;
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: : ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l nghUs;fs; fhkDk; NrhoDk;

MtH. ,t;tpUtUf;Fk; fWg;Gk; rptg;Gkhfpa Ntw;Wik
$wg;gl;bUj;jypd;> ,J Fz Ntw;Wik Mapw;W .
12.4.6.2 nghUs; Ntw;Wik
xq;fy; ,ilte; JaHe;NjhH njhotpsq;fp

Vq;nfhypePH Qhyj; jpUsfw;Wk; - Mq;ftw;Ws;
kpd;NdH jdpahop ntq;fjpnuhd;(W) VidaJ
jd;NdH ,yhj jkpo;
tpsf;fk:;:kiyapy; Njhd;wp> Nkd;kf;fs; njhONjj;j tpsq;fp>fly;
#o;e;j cyfj;J ,Us; mfw;WtjhAk;@ nghjpa kiyapy; Njhd;wp>
mwpTilNahH njhONjj;j tpsq;fp>fly;#o; cyfj;jpy; kf;fs;
cs;sj;J cs;s kaf;fe; jPHg;gjhAk; ,Uf;fpd;wtw;Ws;> xd;W
xspAk; moFk; jdpf;fhy; NjUk; tpUk;Gk; ntapYk; cila
Mjtd; gpwpnjhd;W jdf;nfhg;gw;w jkpo; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l nghUs;fs; jkpo; > Mjtd;

Mfpa ,uz;lhFk;. ,t;tpU nghUs;fSk; Xq;fypil tUjy;
Kjypa njhopy;fshy; xg;GikAilaNtDk;> nghUshy; ,uz;Lk;
ntt;NtW vd Ntw;Wik $wpapUj;jypd; > ,J nghUs; Ntw;Wik
Mapw;W .
12.4.6.3 rhjp Ntw;Wik
ntq;fjpHf;Fk; nre;jP tpupRlHf;Fk; ePqf

; h(J)
nghq;F kjpnahspf;Fk; NghfhJ - jq;Fk;
tsikahd; te;j kjpkUl;rp khe;jHf;(F)
,sikahd; te;j ,Us; '
tpsf;fk;: #upaDf;Fk;> tpsf;Ff;Fk; ePq;fhJ@ kjpnahspf;Fk;

NghfhNj epw;Fk;@ ,sikg; gUtj;jpy; nry;tf; fspg;ghd; te;j
mwpahikahfpa ,Us; vd;gjhFk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l nghUs;fs; kUl;rpAk;> ,USk;

MFk;. ,tw;Ws; Kd;idaJ mf ,Us; : VidaJ Gw ,Us;@
Mjypd; ,t;tpuz;Lk; ,Us; vd;Dk; rhjp gw;wpajhFk;
,t;tpuz;lw;Fk; Ntw;Wik $wg;gLjypd; > ,J rhjp Ntw;Wik
Mapw;W.
12.4.6.4 njhopy; Ntw;Wik
GddhlH NfhkhDk; g+e;Joha; khYk;
tpidtifahd; NtW gLtH - Gddhld;
Vw;nwwpe;J khw;wyHghy; va;jpaghH khatd;
Vw;wpue;J nfhz;likap dhy;
tpsf;fk;: NrhoDk;> nghyptpid Aila Jsrp khiyia mzpe;j

khaDk; njhopyhd; NtWgl;bUg;gH@ Nrhod;> giftH vwpe;j
Ntiyj; jd;kPJ Vw;Wk;> jdJ Ntiyg; giftHNky; vwpe;Jk;
iff;nfhz;l cyif> khaj;ijAila jpUkhy; ePNuw;Wk; ,ue;Jk;
nfhz;likapdhy; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;ltHfs; NrhoDk;> jpUkhYk; MtH.
,UtUk; fhj;jy; njhopyhy; xg;Gik AilahuhapDk;> cyifg;
ngWjyhfpa njhopypy; Ntw;Wik $wg;gl;bUj;jypd;> ,J njhopy;
Ntw;Wik Mapw;W .
,t;Ntw;Wikazp tpyf;F > rpNyil vd;w mzpfSlDk; $btUk;

vd;gjw;fhk;.
12.4.6.5 tpyf;fpay; Ntw;Wik
Ntw;Wikazp tpyf;fzpNahL $btupd; mJ tpyf;fpay;

Ntw;Wikahk;.
jk;khy; gad;W}f;fh jpahtiuAe; jhq;fpDk;
ifk;khWq; fhyk; cilj;jd;Nw - vk;khtp
md;dtid ahop adgh aid 1ayuhs;
kd;dtid khDNkh thd;
tpsf;fk;: cyfj;jhuhy; gaid tpUk;ghJ ahtiuAk; jhq;fpDk;

Nkfk; ifk;khWq; fhy tiuTilj;J@ Mjyhy;> ifk;khWq;
fhytiuapd;wpf; nfhLf;fpd;w vk;Kila capiu xj;jtid
mdghaidj; jpUkfSf;F ehafid Nkfk; xf;FNkh ? xt;thJ
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gLk; nghUs; NrhoDk; NkfKk;

MFk;. Kjybapy; ,t;tpuz;lw;Fk; cs;s xg;Gikiaf; $wp>
,uz;lhkbapy; Nkfk; fhy tiuaiw AilaJ vd;gjhy;> Nrhod;
fhy tiuaiw apd;wp toq;Fgtd; vd Ntw;Wik $wp apUj;jypd;
> ,J Ntw;Wik ahapw;W. gpd;dpuz;lbfspy; ,t;thw;whd;
NrhoDf;F Nkfk; xg;ghfhJ vd tpyf;fg;gl;bUj;jypd;
tpyf;fzpAk; Mapw;W.
12.4.6.6 rpNyil Ntw;Wik
Ntw;Wikazp rpNyil mzpNahL $btupd; mJ rpNyil

Ntw;Wikahk;.
VwlHj;J tpy;KUf;fp vt;TyFq; iff;nfhz;L
khwlHj;j thop tytidf; - fhy;njhOjw;(F)
vQ;rpdh upy;nydpD kha dpfndLkhy;
tQ;rpah dPHehl;lhH kd;

tpsf;fk;: tpiljOt > tpy;ypWj;J> %d;WyFk; mse;J
iff;nfhz;L> gifQiuj; njhiyj;j rf;fuj;ij Aila khiy>
cyfj;Js;shH ahtUk; tzq;FthH vdpDk; khad; vd;W
nrhy;yg;gLthd;. ghz;baDila RwNtw;Wf; nfhbia mopj;Jr;
NruDila tpw;nfhbiar; rpijj;J vy;yh ehl;ilAk; iff;nfhz;L
jd;NdhL xg;ghH cyfj;jpy; ,y;iynadr; rf;fuk; nrYj;jpa
Nrhoidj; njhOjw;F xope;jhH ,y;iynad khaNdhL xg;gpj;Jr;
nrhy;ypDk;> Nrhod; tQ;rpahd; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gLk; nghUs; NrhoDk; jpUkhYk;

MtH. Kd;dpuz;lbfspy; ,UtHf;Fk; cs;s xw;Wikiaf; $wpg;
gpd;dpuz;lbfspy; jpUkhy; khad; vd;Wk;> Ntw;Wik $wg;
gl;bUj;jypd;> ,J Ntw;Wikazp Mapw;W. khad; vd;Dk; nrhy;
fupad;>tQ;ridAilatd; vd;w ,UnghUSf;Fk;> tQ;rpahd;
vd;Dk; nrhy; tQ;ridapy;yhjtd;> tQ;rp vd;Dk; Ciu
cilatd; vd;w ,U nghUSf;Fk; Vw;g ,Uj;jypd;> ,J
rpNyilazpAk; Mapw;W.
12.5 tpghtidazp
cyfwp fhuzk; Xopj;njhd; Wiug;Gop
NtnwhU fhuz kpay;G Fwpg;gpd;
ntspg;gl Tiug;gJ tpghtid ahFk;.
xd;wd; tpid ciuf;Fq;fhy; mt;tpidf;Fg; gyUk; mwpa tUq;

fhuzk; xopj;Jg;> gpwpnjhU fhuzkhf ,ay;ghff;> Fwpg;ghy;
ntspg;gl ciug;gJ tpghtid vd;Dk; mzp vd;gJ MFk;..
12.5.1 maw;fhuz tpghtid

jPapd;wp Nte;jkpNahH rpe;ij nrOe;Njwy;
thapd;wp kQ;iQ kfpo;J}q;Fk; - thapyhH
,d;wpr; rpyHCly; jPHe;jhH ,fypd;wpf;
fd;wpr; rpiytisf;F fhH
tpsf;fk;: Jizapd;wpj; jdpj;jpUg;NghUila kdk;

neUg;gpy;yhkNy NtFk;@ nropg;ghd fs;is cz;zhkNyNa
kapy;fs; kfpo;r;rpNahbUf;Fk;@ Cly; jPHg;gjw;Fupa thapy;fs;
,y;yhkNyNa rpy ngz;fs; Cly; jPHe;jdH@ Nkfk; ahnuhLk;
khWghL nfhs;shkNyNa Nfhgpj;J,e;jputpy;iy tisf;Fk;
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: Ntjw;Fj; jPAk;. kfpo;jw;Fj; NjwYk;> Cly; jPHjw;F

thapYk;> tpy; tisj;jw;F khWghLk; ,d;wpaikahj fhuzq;fs;
MFk;. ,it cyfwpe;j fhuzq;fs;. vdpDk;> ,itapd;wpNa
mt;tr; nray;fs; epfo;e;jd vd;gjhy; tpghtid Mapw;W.
,q;qdk; $wNt ,tw;wpw;Ff; fhuzk; „fhH fhyk;‟ vd;gJ
ca;jJ
; zHe;J nfhs;sg;gLjypd; ,J maw;fhuzkhapw;W
12.5.2 ,ay;G tpghtid:

'filahNk $Hj;j fUneLq;fz; Njbg;
gilahNk Va;e;jjdk; ghtha;! - filnQkpuf;
Nfhl;lhNk NfhLk; GUtq; Fypfr;Nr(W)
Ml;lhNk Nre;j tb
tpsf;fk;: ngz;Nz! epd;Dila fz;fs; ahUk; filjy;

,d;wpNa $Hikaha; cs;sd> jdq;fs; Njbg; gilf;fhkNyNa
nghUe;j mike;Js;sd> mbfs; rhjpypq;ff; Fok;G
g+rg;glhkNyNa rpte;Js;sd vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: $Hikahjw;Ff; filjYk;> jdk; ngUf mikjw;Fj;

Njbg; gilj;jYk;> tisjw;Fg; gpwuhy; tisf;fg;gLjYk;>
rptj;jw;f;Ff; Fypf NrW Ml;LjYk; cyfwpe;j
fhuzq;fs;MFk;><z;L mitapd;wpNa mt;tr; nray;fs; ,ay;ghf
tpise;jd vdf; Fwpg;ghf mwpag;gLjypd; ,J ,ay;G tpghtid
Mapw;W.‟tpghtid vd;dhJ‟ MFk; vd;wjdhy;> tpidnajpH
kWj;J nghUs; Gyg;gLg;gpDk;> nghJtifahw; fhuzk; tpyf;fpf;
fhupak; Gyg;gLg;gpDk; mt; mzp vd;gjhFk;.
12.5.3 tpidnajpH kWj;Jg; nghUs;Gyg;gLg;gJ:

'g+l;lhj tpw;Fdpj;Jg; nghq;F Kfpnyq;Fk;
jPl;lhj mk;G rpjWkhy; - <l;lkha;f;
fhzhj fz;gug;Ge; Njhif fLk;gopf;F
ehzh(J) maHj;jhH ekH”
tpsf;fk;: Nkfq;fs; ehzhy; g+l;lg;glhj tpy;iy tisj;J

,e;jputpy;iyj; kioj; Jspfisr; nrhupfpd;wd@ kapy;fs;
$l;lkhff; fhzhj fz;fishfpa gPypf; fz;fisg;) gutr;
nra;fpd;wd> ,j;jifa fhHfhyj;jpy; gpupthy; ahk;
,we;JgLjyhfpa nfhLk;gopf;F ehzhJ ek;ikj; jiytH kwe;jhH
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk; tpy;ypw;Fg; g+l;LjYk;> mk;gpw;Fj; jPl;LjYk;> fz;zpw;Ff;

fhZjYk; mt;ttw;wpw;Fupa tpidfshk;. <z;L mt;tpidfis
kWj;jyhy; KiwNa ,e;jputpy;> kioj;Jsp> gPypf;fz; vd;w
nghUs;fs; Gyg;gLjypd;> ,J tpidnajpH kWj;Jg; nghUs;
Gyg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ Mapw;W.
12.5.4 nghJtifahw; fhuzk; tpyf;fpf; fhupak;

Gyg;gLg;gJ:
fhuz kpd;wp kyah epyq;fdYk;
<u kjpntJk;gw; nfd;dpkpj;jk; - fhupifahHf;
fpahNk jsu tpay;ghf ePz;ldfz;
jhNk jpuz;l jdk;
tpsf;fk; nghjpa kiyapypUe;J tUk; njd;ww; fhw;W

fhuzkpd;wpNa ntk;ik cilajhfpwJ.@ FspHr;rpiaAila epyT
,g;nghOJ ntg;gk; jUjw;Ff; fhuzk; ahJ? ahk; jsUkhW
,t;tofpa kfspHf;Ff; fz;fs; ,ay;ghfNt ePz;Ls;sd>
nfhq;iffSk; fhuzkpd;wp ,ay;ghfNt jpuz;Ls;sd vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk; fdYjw;Fk;> ntJk;Gjw;Fk;> jsHjw;Fk;> jpul;rp

ngWjw;Fk; csthfpa cyfwp fhuzq;fisg; nghJtifahy;
„fhuzkpd;wp‟ vdTk;> vd;dpkpj;jk; vdTk;> ,ay;ghf vdTk; jhNk'
vdTk; tpyf;fp> mtw;wpd; fhupakha fdYjy; Kjypatw;iwf;
$wpapUj;jypd;> ,J nghJtifahw; fhuzk; tpyf;fpf; fhupak;
Gyg;gLg;gJ vd;gJ Mapw;W.
12.5.5 Fwpg;G tpghtid:

ghahj Ntq;if kyug; gLkjkh
g+thj Gz;lupfk; vd;wQ;rp - NkTk;
gpbjOtp khwjpUq; fhdpw; gpioahy;
tbjOTk; NtNyha; tuT.'
tpsf;fk;: $HikAila Ntypid cilaha; ! ghahj

Ntq;ifahfpa kuk; kyu> mjid kyuhj Gz;lupfk; Mfpa
Gyp vd epidj;J mQ;rpj; jk;kplj;Nj NrUk; ngz; ahidfisj;
jOtp mg;Gypf;F vjpuhfg; Ngnuhyp nra;Ak; Mz; ahidfs;
cs;s fhl;by;> eP ,utpy; tUjy; jtwhFk; vd;gjhFk;.
nghUj;jk;: ngz; ahidfs;>Ntq;if kyu mjidg; Gypnad;W

mQ;rpd vd;gJ Kd;dpuz;lbfspd; fUj;jhFk; . ghahj Ntq;if
vd;gjhy; Ntq;if kuj;ijAk;> g+thj Gz;lupfk; vd;gjhy;
GypiaAk; Fwpg;ghfg; ngWjyhy;> ,J Fwpg;G tpghtid Mapw;W.
12.6 xl;lzp - tif

fUjpa nghUs;njhFj;(J) mJGyg; gLj;jw;(F)
xj;jnjhd;W ciug;gpd;m/(J) xl;nld nkhopg.
Gytd; jd;dhy; fUjg;gl;l nghUis kiwj;J> mjid

ntspg;gLj;jw;Fj; jf;f gpwpnjhd;widr; nrhy;YtJ xl;L vd;Dk;
mzpahFk;. ,jidg; gpwpJ nkhopjy; mzp> Etyh Etw;rpmzp
vdTk; Fwpg;gH.
xl;lzp tif:
milAk; nghUSk; may;gl nkhopjYk;
milnghJ thf;fp Mq;qd nkhopjYk;
tputj; njhLj;jYk; tpguPjg; gLj;jYk;
vdehy; tifapDk; ,aYk; vd;g.
,t;tzp $Wfpd;w nghUSk; jdJ milAk; NtWgl nkhopjy;>

milnghJthf;fpg; nghUs; NtWgl nkhopjy;> miltputpg; nghUs;
NtWgl nkhopjy;> milia tpguPjg; gLj;Jg; nghUs; NtWgl
nkhopjy; vd ehd;F tifapid cilajha; tUk;.
12.6.1 milAk; nghUSk; may;gl nkhopjy;:

rpwg;gpf;f te;j milnkhopfisAk; mtw;why; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLk;
nghUisAk; Ntwhff; $wp > mtw;why; jk; cs;sj;Js;s fUj;ij
ntspg;gLj;JtJ ,jd; ,yf;fzkhFk
'ntwpnfhs; ,dr;RUk;G Nka;e;jNjhH fhtpf;
FiwgLNjd; Ntl;Lq; FWFk; - epiwkJr;NrHe;(J)
cz;lhLe; jd;Kfj;Nj nrt;tp AilaNjhH

tz;lh kiugpupe;j tz;L”
tpsf;fk;:nrt;tpiaAk; tsj;jpidAk; cila jhkiuapd;

Njidr; NrHe;J cz;L fspj;J tpisahLfpd;w tz;L.
gytz;Lfs; NrHe;J cz;L ntWj;J tpl;l FiwgL fhtpapd;
kJit Mirg;gl;Lr; NrUk; MdJ vd ciuj;jyhFk;. ,jDs;
jhkiu vd;gJ jiytpiaAk;. fhtp vd;wJ guj;ijiaAk;
tz;L vd;gJ jiytidAk; Fwpj;J epd;wJ.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; Gytd; $w te;j nghUs;> jiytd;

jiytpiag; gpupe;J guj;ijaplj;J ,d;gk; Ja;j;jhd; vd;gjhFk;.
Mdhy; mjid kiwj;J mjw;F xj;j nghUshff; $wg;gl;lJ :
xU tz;lhdJ jdf;Nf cupa jhkiuapYs;s Njid cz;zhJ>
gpw tz;LfshYk; Efug;gl;l ePykyuplj;Js;s Njid cz;lJ
vd;gjhFk;. ,t;thW $wpdikahy; ,J xl;lzp Mapw;W.
,q;qdk; jhd; nrhy;yf; fUjpa nghUs; xd;whf> mjw;F Ntwhd
tz;ilAk; mjw;F Vw;w milnkhopfisAk; $wpAs;sikahy;>
,J milAk; nghUSk; may;gl nkhopjy; vd;gJ Mapw;W.
12.6.2 milnghJthf;fpg; nghUs; NtWgl nkhopjy:;

Gytd; nrhy;yf; fUjpa nghUSf;Fk;> mjid kiwj;J mjw;F
xj;jjhff; $wg;gl;l nghUSf;Fk; milnkhopfisg; nghJthff;
$wp> jhk; fUjpajw;F xj;jjhff; $wg;gl;l nghUis Ntwhf
nkhopjy; vd;gJ ,jd; ,yf;fzkhFk;.
cz;zpyT ePHikj;jh Nahthg; gad;Rue;J
jz;zsp jhq;F kyHKfj;Jf; - fz;nzfpo;e;J
ePq;f yupa epoYilj;jha; epd;nwkf;Nf
Xq;fpaNjhH Nrhiy AsJ
tpsf;fk:; kdj;Js;Ns cz;lhfpa FzKilj;jha;g; gyHf;Fk; Vw;w

fUizAila Kfj;ij cilajha;> fz;Nzhl;lj;ijAk;
cilj;jha;> gpupjw;F mupjha; rhaNyhL $b epw;gJ MfpanjhU
ts;sy.; eLTz;lhfpa ePiu Ailj;jha;> Xth gy tsq;fisf;
nfhLj;Jj; jl;gKila tz;Lfisj; jhq;fpa kyHfis
Njhw;wj;jpNy cilj;jha;> kJr;NrhHe;J tpl;LNghjw;F mupa
epoYilj;jha;> Xq;fpepw;gJ vd;W Nrhiy vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; Gytd; nrhy;yf; fUjpa nghUs; xU

ts;syhFk; . mjidg; Gyg;gLj;j mjw;F xj;jjhff; $wg;gl;l
nghUs; xU NrhiyahFk;. Kjy; %d;wbfspy; ,t;tpuz;lw;Fk;
nghUe;JkhW mil nkhopfisf; $wpj;> jhd; fUjpa nghUshfpa
ts;sw;F Ntwhfr; Nrhiyiaf; $wpapUj;jypd;> ,J
milnghJthf;fpg; nghUs; NtWgl nkhopjy; Mapw;W.
12.6.3 miltputpg; nghUs; NtWgl nkhopjy;:

Gytd; jhd; nrhy;yf; fUjpa nghUs;> mjid kiwj;J mjw;F
xj;jjhff; $Wk; nghUs; Mfpa ,uz;lw;Fk; rpy
milnkhopfisg; nghJthff; $wpAk;>rpy milnkhopfis
xd;ww;Nf rpwg;ghff; $wpAk;. jhd; fUjpa nghUs;fSf;F Ntwhd
nghUisf; $Wjy; ,jd; ,yf;fzkhFk;.
jz;zspNrHe; jpd;nrhy; kUTe; jifikj;jha;
vz;zpa vg;nghUSk; ve;ehSk; - kz;Zyfpy;
te;J ekf;fspj;J thOk; Kfpnyhd;W
je;jjhy; Kd;idj; jtk; '
tpsf;fk;: FspHe;j fUiziaAk; ,d;nrhy;iyAk; cilj;jha>

vy;yhUk; Mirg;gl;l vy;yhg; nghUisAk; fhyk; tiuahJ
kz;ZyfpNy gpwe;J vk; Nghy;thHf;F mspj;J thOk; vd;W xU
ts;sy.; NkYk; cyfj;jhHf;Ff; FspHr;rpNahL $lf; nfhLf;fpd;w
nfhilNrHe;J ed;whfpa Gfo; kUtp> vz;zg;gl;l vy;yhg;
nghUisAk; vf;fhyKk; cyfpw;Fr; NrHe;J nfhLj;J thOk; vd
Nkfj;jpd; NkYk; NrHj;Jr; nrhy;Yf vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; Gytd; nrhy;yf; fUjpa nghUs; xU

ts;sy; MFk;@ mjidg; Gyg;gLj;j mjw;F xj;jjhff; $wg;gl;l
nghUs; Nkfk; MFk;. jz;zsp NrHjYk;> ,d;nrhy; kUTjYk;
ts;sYf;Fk; KfpYf;Fk; nghJthd milnkhopfshFk;> vz;zpa
vg;nghUSk; ve;ehSk; kz;Zyfpy; ekf;F mspf;Fk;' vd;Dk;
milnkhop ts;sYf;Nf cupa rpwg;G milnkhopahFk;. ,q;qdk;
,t;tpU milnkhopfSk; tputp ts;sYf;F khwhf Kfpyhfpa
nghUisr; nrhy;ypapUg;gjhy;> ,J mil tputpg; nghUs; NtWgl
nkhopjy; Mapw;W.
12.6.4. milia tpguPjg;gLj;Jg; nghUs; NtWgl

nkhopjy;:
Gytd; jhd; nrhy;yf;fUjpa nghUis kiwj;J> mjw;F
xj;jjhff; $wg;gLk; nghUspy; mjw;F xt;thj tpguPjkhd
milnkhopfisg; GzHj;Jf; $Wjy; ,jd; ,yf;fzkhFk;.
filnfhy; cyfpaw;if! fhyj;jpd; jPq;fhy;
mila twpjhapw; wd;Nw - milNthHf;(F)
mUik Ailj;jd;wp ae;Njd; Ritj;jha;f;
fUik tputhf; fly;.
tpsf;fk;: kpfTj; jho;Tilj;jJ Nghy caHe;NjhH nra;jp! fhy
,aw;ifahNy kpbaha; nrd;W ,ug;gTk; tWikAw;wJ@ NrHNthHf;F
mUikapd;wpj; Njd;NghYq; nrhy;iyAk; cilj;jha; ntFsp
,y;yhj fly; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; Gytd; nrhy;yf; fUjpa nghUs;

ts;syhFk;. mjw;F xj;jjhff; $wg;gl;l nghUs; flyhFk;.
milNthHf;F mUikapd;wp apUj;jy;> mk;Njd; Ritj;jhjy;>
fUik tputhjpUj;jy; Mfpa milnkhopfisf; flYf;F
khWghlhff; $wpapUj;jyhy; ,J milia tpguPjg;gLj;Jg; nghUs;
NtWgl nkhopjy; Mapw;W.
12.7 mjpratzp tif:

kdg;gLk; xUnghUs; tdg;Gte;J ciug;Gop
cyFtuk;(G) ,wth epiyikj; jhfp
Md;NwhH tpag;gj; Njhd;Wt(J) mjprak;.
tpsf;fk; Gytd; jhd; $wf; fUjpa nghUspdJ tdg;ig
cte;J nrhy;Yk; nghOJ cyfeilapidf; fle;J
jd;ikj;jhfp caHe;NjhH tpag;Gwr; nrhy;YtJ mjprak; vd;Dk;
mzpahFk;.
mjpratzpapd; tif:
mJjhd;
nghUs;Fzk; njhopy;Iak; JzpNt jpupngdj;
njUSwj; Njhd;Wk; epiyika njd;g.
tpsf;fk;:: mjpratzp nghUsjprak;> Fztjprak;>njhopyjprak;>
Iatjprak;> Jzptjprak;> jpupgjprak; vd MW tifapid
cilj;jha; tUk;.
12.7.1 nghUsjprak;:
gz;L Gunkupj;j jPNkw; glHe;jpd;Wk;
mz;l KfL neUg;gwh(J) - xz;lspHf;if
ty;yp jOtf; Fioe;j ylNkU
tpy;yp Ejy;Nky; top. '
tpsf;fk;: nfhb NghYk; kiykfs; jOtf; Fioe;j
jpUNkdpiaAk;> tlNkUthfpa tpy;ypidAk;> new;wpf;fz;zpidAk;
cila rptd;ngUkhd; Kw;fhyj;Jj; jpupGuj;ij rpupj;J vupj;j
jPahdJ ,Uj;jyhy; ,f;fhyj;J thdpd; cr;rpapy; neUg;G
mwhJ vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gLtJ jpupGuj;ij vupj;j jPahFk;.

mj;jP glHe;jjhy;jhd; thd; ,d;Dk; neUg;Gld; ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd
mjid cyf eil fle;J mjprapj;J ciuj;jpUj;jypd;,J
nghUs; mjprakhapw;W.
12.7.2 Fztjprak;:
“khiy epynthspg;g khjH ,ioGide;j

ePy kzpfs; epoYkpo - nky;tpUk;gpr;
nry;Yk; ,ts;Fwpj;j nry;td;ghw; NrHjw;F
ty;ypUsh fpd;w kWF”
tpsf;fk;: khiyf; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa epythdJ xspapoe;J epw;f>
Mirapdhy; ,ts; Gide;j mzpfspYs;s ePykzpfs; xspia
ckpo> ,ts; fhjNyhL tpUk;gpr; nry;tjw;F VJtha; njUf;fs;
nrwpe;j ,Ushapd.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gLk; nghUs; ePykzpfspd;

xspahFk;. Mk; mk;kzpfspd; xspNa jiytp; nry;Yk; tPjpapy;
,Uisr; nra;fpd;wJ vd cyfeil fle;J mjprapj;J
ciuj;jpUg;gjhy; ,J Fz mjprakhapw;W
12.7.3 njhopyjprak;:
“MSk; gupAk; fupAk; nrhupFUjp

NjhSe; jiyAQ; Ropj;njwpe;J - ePs;FilAk;
ts;thH KuRk; kwpjpiuNkw; nfhz;nlhOf
nts;ths; ciwfopj;jhd; Nte;J”
tpsf;fk;: ks;sHfs;> Fjpiufs;> ahidfs; ,tw;wpd; kPjpUe;J
tope;j FUjp nts;skhdJ> Njhs;fisAk; jiyfisAk; Ropj;J
tPrp>FilfisAk; NgupiffisAk; flypd;Nky; mbj;Jf;nfhz;L
XLk;gb murd; ntz;ikahfpa this ciwapdpd;W ePf;fpdhd;
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gLk; njhopy; ciwapdpd;Wk; this
cUtpajhFk;.. mjid cUtpaTld; giftH gilapdpd;W
xOfpa FUjpapy; Njhs;> jiy Kjypad kpje;jd vd
mj;njhopiy cyfeil fle;J mjprapj;J ciuj;jpUg;gjhy; ,J
njhopy; mjprakhapw;W.
12.7.4 Iatjprak;:
“cs;sk; GFe;Nj AyhTk; xUfhy;vd;
cs;sk; KOJk; cld;gUFk; - xs;spioepd;
fs;sk; ngUFk; tpopngupa Nth ! fty;Ntd;
cs;sk; ngupNjh ciu”
tpsf;fk;: xsp kpFe;j Mguzj;ij cilaha; ! cdJ fs;sk;

kpf;f fz;fs; vdJ cs;sj;Jg; GFe;J cyhTjyhy; rpwpjha;j;
Njhd;wpd@ mit GFe;J vdJ cs;sk; KOJk; jkJs;Ns
mlf;fpdikapd; mt;Ts;sk; rpwpjha;j; Njhd;wpw;W. ,tw;Ws; tpop
ngupaNjh ? cs;sk; ngupaNjh nrhy;Ythahf!.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; Rl;lg;gLk; nghUs; tpop MFk;. mJ

cs;sk; GFe;J cyhTjypd; cs;sk; ngupNjh ? my;yJ mJ
cs;sk; KOikAk; cld; gUFtjhy; mt;tpop ngupaNjh ? vd
IAw;Wf; $Wk; tifapy; mt;tpopia cyfeil fle;J
mjprapj;J ciuj;jypd;> ,J Ia mjprakhapw;W.
12.7.5 Jzptjprak;
“nghq;fpr; nrwpe;J Giljpuz;L kPjpuz;L
nrq;fyrf; nfhq;if jpfOkhy; - 1 vq;Nfhd;jd;
jpy;iyNa ad;dhH ,tuy;Fy; Njupd;Nky;
,y;iyNah cz;Nlh ,il”
tpsf;fk; tsHe;J neUq;fp mbgue;J cUz;L fyrk; Nghd;w

nfhq;if tpsq;fpd. vdNt gukrptDila jpy;iyg;gjpia xj;j
,tUila my;Fyhfpa Njupd; Nky;> ,il ,y;iyNah ? cz;L
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gLk; nghUs; ,il vd;gJ MFk; .

mJ ,y;iyNah ! cz;Nlh ! vd Kd;dH IAw;Wg;> gpd;G kPjpuz;L
nrq;fyrf; nfhq;if jpfo;tjhy; cz;L vdj; Jzpe;J $Wk;
tifahd; ,ilia cyfeil fle;J mjprapj;J
ciuj;jpUg;gjhy; ,J JzpT mjprakhapw;W.
12.7.6 jpupgjprak;:
jpq;fs; nrhupepyT NrHnts;sp ts;sj;Jg;
igq;fps;is ghnyd;W tha;kLf;Fk; - mq;faNy
fhe;jH Kaf;nfhope;jhH iftwpNj ePl;Ltuhy;
Ve;epioahH g+e;Jfpyh nkd;W”
tpsf;fk;: epyh Kw;wj;jpy; ,Ue;j nts;spf; fpz;zj;jpy; cs;s

epyitg; fpspfs;> ghnyd;W fUjp tha; jpwf;Fk;.NkYk; mq;F
xU Gwj;jpy; jd; fztidg; GzHe;J ePq;fpduhfpa kfspH
jhk; ePf;fpa milnadf; fUjp me;epytpNy ifia ePl;LthH.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gLk; nghUs; epyh Kw;wj;jpy; cs;s

nts;spf; fpz;zj;jpy;gLk; epytpd; xspahFk;. mjidf;fz;L fpsp
ghy; vd;Wk; ngz;fs; jk; Jfpy; vd;Wk; xd;iwnahd;whfj; jpupj;J
kaq;Ffpd;whH vd mjid cyfeil fle;J mjprapj;J
ciuj;jypd; ,J jpupG mjprakhapw;W.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.nrhw;gpd;tUepiy - ,yf;fzk; jUf.
'khy;fup fhj;jspj;j khYila khiy#o;

khy;tiuj;Njhs; Mjupj;j khiyahH-khypUs;#o;
khiyapd; khy;fly; MHg kjd;njhLf;Fk;
khiyapd; thsp kyH”
tpsf;fk;: kjj;jhy; kaq;fpa ahidapd; Jd;gj;ijj; jPHj;jspj;j
jpUkhypd; khiy $ba j Njhs;fis tpUk;gpa ,ay;GilahHNky;@
me;jpg;nghOjpy; fUq;fly; MHg;gf; fhkd; ,ilawhJ kyuhfpa
fizfisj; njhLg;ghd; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk; ,gghlYs; ; Kd;te;j 'khy;” vd;Dk; nrhy;Ny gpd;Dk;

gytplj;J te;jikapd; nrhw;gpd;tUepiy Mapw;W.
2.tpyf;fzpapd; tiffs; ahit?
td;nrhy; tho;j;Jj; jiyik ,fo;r;rp

Jiznray; Kaw;wp gutrk; cghak;
ifawy; cld;gly; ntFsp ,uq;fy;
Iak; vd;whq;(F) mwpe;jdH nfhsNy.
tpsf;fk;: td;nrhy; tpyf;Fk;> tho;jJ
; tpyf;Fk;> jiyik
tpyf;Fk;. ,fo;r;rp tpyf;Fk;> Jiznray; tpyf;Fk;> Kaw;rp
tpyf;Fk;> gutr tpyf;Fk;>cgha tpyf;Fk;>ifawy; tpyf;Fk;>
cld;gly; tpyf;Fk;> ntFsp tpyf;Fk;> ,uq;fy; tpyf;Fk;> Ia
tpyf;Fk; vd;W nrhy;ypa gjpd;%d;W ghFghl;il cilaJ
,t;tzpapd; tif MFk;.
3.Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;gzp Fwpj;J vOJf.
Kd;ndhd;W njhlq;fp kw;wJ Kbj;jw;Fg;
gpd;ndhU nghUis cyfwp ngw;wp
Vw;wpitj;J ciug;gJ Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;Ng.
Gytd; jhd; nrhy;yf; fUjpa nghUis Kbj;jw;F cyfwpe;j

nghUsha NtnwhU nghUis itg;gJ Ntw;Wg; nghUs;
itg;ghFkftpQd; jhd; nrhy;yf; fUjpa nghUisr;
rpwg;Gg;nghUs; vd;Wk;mjid Kbj;jw;Ff; $wg;gLk;
Ntw;Wg;nghUisg; nghJg;nghUs; vd;Wk; $wg;gLk;.
Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;gzp tif:
KOtJk; Nrwy; xUtopr; Nrwy;
Kuzpj; Njhd;wy; rpNyilapd; Kbj;jy;
$lh ,aw;if $Lk; ,aw;if
,Uik ,aw;if tpguPjg; gLj;jy; vd;(W)
,d;dit vl;Lk; mjd(J) ,ay;Ng.
KOtJQ; NrWYk;> xUtopr; NrwYk;> Kuzpj; Njhd;wYk;>

rpNyilapd; Kbj;jYk;> $lhtpaw;ifAk;> $Lkpaw;ifAk;>
,Uikapaw;ifAk;> tpguPjg;gLj;jYk; vd vl;L tifahy;
tUtJ ,jd; ,ay;G MFk;.
4.xl;lzp Fwpj;J tptup
fUjpa nghUs;njhFj;(J) mJGyg; gLj;jw;(F)
xj;jnjhd;W ciug;gpd;m/(J) xl;nld nkhopg.
Gytd; jd;dhy; fUjg;gl;l nghUis kiwj;J> mjid

ntspg;gLj;jw;Fj; jf;f gpwpnjhd;widr; nrhy;YtJ xl;L vd;Dk;
mzpahFk;. ,jidg; gpwpJ nkhopjy; mzp> Etyh Etw;rpmzp
vdTk; Fwpg;gH.
xl;lzpapd; tif:
milAk; nghUSk; may;gl nkhopjYk;
milnghJ thf;fp Mq;qd nkhopjYk;
tputj; njhLj;jYk; tpguPjg; gLj;jYk;
vdehy; tifapDk; ,aYk; vd;g.
,t;tzp $Wfpd;w nghUSk; jdJ milAk; NtWgl nkhopjy;>

milnghJthf;fpg; nghUs; NtWgl nkhopjy;> miltputpg; nghUs;
NtWgl nkhopjy;> milia tpguPjg; gLj;Jg; nghUs; NtWgl
nkhopjy; vd ehd;F tifapid cilajha; tUk;.
5. mjpratzp Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liuf;f.
ghlg;gFjpapy; mike;Js;s mjpratzp Fwpj;j fUj;Jfisj;

njhFj;J vOJJy; Ntz;Lk;.
$W: 13 – jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk; Kjy; Ritazp tiu

Nehf;fk;: jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk; Kjy; Ritazp tiuapyhd mzpfspd;
,yf;fzj;ijAk; mtw;wpd; tiffisAk; fw;W mwpjy;
13.1 jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wtzp
ngaHnghUs; my;nghUs; vd,U nghUspDk;
,ay;gpd; tpisjpwd; md;wp may; xd;W
jhd;Fwpj;(J) Vw;Wjy; jw;Fwpg; Ngw;wk;.
tpsf;fk; ngaUk; nghUs;> ngauhj nghUs; vd;Dk; ,U nghUl;

fz;Zk; ,ay;ghf epfOk; jd;ik xopaf;> Gytd; jhd; fUjpa
Ntnwhd;wpid mtw;wpd;fd; Vw;wpr; nrhy;tJ jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;
vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.
13.1.1 ngaHnghUs; jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;
kz;gLNjhl; fps;sp kjahid khw;wurH
ntz;Filiaj; Nja;jj
; ntFspahy; - tpz;glHe;J
ghAq;nfhy; vd;W gdpkjpak; Nghy;tJ}ck;
NjAe; njsptpRk;gp dpd;W”
tpsf;fk;: ,e;j epyTyfj;ijj; jhq;fpa Njhs; typikia cila

NrhoDila kjahidahdJ khWgl;l murHfSila
ntz;nfhw;wf; Filiar; rPwpr; rpijj;j Nfhgj;jhNy ek;NkYk;
te;J ghANkh? vd;W FspHe;j Mfhaj;jpNy epiwkjpak;
vdg;gLtJ}ck; Njah epw;Fk;>.
nghUj;jk; ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l ngaHnghUs; kjp MFk;. mjd;

,ay;G tsHjYk; Nja;jYk; MFk;. ,q;qdk; ,ay;ghf cs;s
jd;ikf;Fr; > ' Nrhodpd; ahid giftupd; ntz;nfhw;wf;
Filfisj; Nja;jj ; ntFspahy; > mf;FilNghd;w jd;idAk;
ghANkh ! vd;Dk; mr;rj;jhNyahk; ' vdf; Gytd; jhd; xU
fhuzj;ij Vw;wpf; $Wjypd;> ,J ngaHnghUs; jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;
Mapw;W.
13.1.2 ngauhjnghUs; jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;

Ntdpy; ntapw;FyHe;j nka;tWik fz;buq;fp
thdpd; tsQ;Rue;j tz;Gaw;Fj; - jhDila
jhJNk jf;f kJTe; jlQ;rpidahw;
NghJkP Nje;Jk; nghopy;
tpsf;fk; KJNtdpy; fhyj;J Mjpj;jd; ntapy; ntk;ikf;F

Mw;whJ cyHe;j jkJ nka;tWik fz;L ,uq;fp> thdpd;fz;
epd;W kiotsj;ijg; nghope;J jkJ thl;lk; ePf;fpd KfpYf;F>
nghopy;fs; jq;fsplk; cz;lhfpa jhNjhL $ba kyHfisAk;>
jq;fs; kJtpidAk;> jkJ ngupa fpisfshfpa iffshNy
NkNdhf;fpj; jhq;fp epw;Fk;.
nghUj;jk:; ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l nghUs; nghopy; MFk;. ,J

ngauhj nghUs;. mjd; ,ay;G mt;tt;tplq;fspYs;s nrb
nfhbfs;> fpisAk; jspUk; kyUk; NjDk; cilj;jha;
,Ug;gjhFk;. ,t;tpay;ghd jd;ikf;F> 'Ntdpy; fhyj;Jj; jdf;F
ntg;gk; jPu cjtpa Nkfj;jpw;F ed;wpawpjyhf mg;nghopy; jd;ghy;
cs;s nghUs;fisj; jUjNyahFk; ' vdf; ftpQd; jhd; xU
fhuzj;ij Vw;wpf; $Wjypd;> ,J ngauhjnghUs; jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;
Mapw;W
13.1.3 jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk; ctk cUGfNshLk; tUjy;:;

md;d Nghy; vDk; mitKj yhfpa
nrhy;epiy tpsq;Fk; Njhw;wKk; cilj;Nj.
tpsf;fk;: md;d> Nghy vd;git Kjyhfpa ctikr; nrhy; rpy

GzHe;J tpsq;Fk; jd;ikAk; cilj;jhk;@ mj; jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;
vd;Dk; mzp MFk;.
fhkUNjH nta;atd; vq;Fk; fuk;gug;gpj;
NjkUT Nrhiy kyHjpwf;Fk; - jhkiuapd;
njhf;f ,jo;tpupj;Jg; ghHf;Fe;njhiye; jpUs;Ngha;g;
Gf;f !Giufpisg;ghd; Nghy;”
tpsf;fk;: moF nghUe;jpa NjupidAila #upad;> jdf;Fj;

Njhw;W ,Us; nrd;W xspe;j ,lj;ij Muha;e;J ghHg;gtd; Nghy>
vt;tplj;Jk; jd; xspf;fjpHfshfpa iffis tpupj;J ePl;bj;Njd;
nghUe;jpa NrhiyapYs;s kyHfisj; jpwe;J ghHg;ghd; @
%bapUf;Fk; jhkiu kyupd; ,jo;fisAk; tpupj;Jg; ghHg;ghd;
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,jd;fz; $wg;gl;l nghUs; fjputd; jd;

xspf;fjpHfisr; Nrhiyapy; ahz;Lk; gug;Gjy; MFk;.
,t;tpay;ghd epfo;r;rpf;Ff; 'fjputd; jd; gifahfpa ,Us; nrd;W
xspe;j ,lj;ijj; NjLjw;fhfj;jhd; mq;qdk; nra;fpwhd; 'vdf;
ftpQd; jhd; Fwpj;jnjhU fhuzj;ij Vw;wpr; nrhy;Yjypd;> ,J
jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk; Mapw;W. <w;wbapy; ' Nghy; ' vd;Dk; ctkTUG
,Uj;jypd;> ,e;E}w;ghtpd; ,yf;fzj;jpw;F Vw;Gilajhapw;W.
13.2 VJtzp
ahnjd; jpwj;jpDk; ,jdpd; ,J tpise;jnjd;W
VJtpje;(J) ciug;g(J) VJ@ mJjhd;
fhuf Qhgfk; vd,U jpwg;gLk;.

VNjDk; xU nghUsplj;J ,jdhy;; ,J epfo;e;jnjd;W fhuzk;
tpje;J nrhy;YtJ> VJ vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.mJ fhufNtJ
vd;Wk;>QhgfNtJ vd;Wk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
13.2.1 fhufNtJ
Kjy;tDk; nghUSk; fUkKk; fUtpAk;
Vw;gJ ePf;fKk; vd,it fhufk;.
fUj;jh> nghUs;> fUkk;> fUtp>Vw;gJ> ePf;fk; tiur; nrhy;yg;gl;l

,it MWk; fhuzkhfj; Njhd;WtJ fhuf VJthFk;.
13.2.2 fUj;jh fhufNtJ

xU tpidKjyhfpa fUj;jhNt njhopNy ,aw;Wtpg;gjhfpa
fhufkhAk; gpw Njhd;ww;F VJthAk; epw;gpd;> mJ fUj;jhfhuf VJ
vdg;gLk;.
vy;iyePH itafj;(J) vz;zpwe;j vt;TapHf;Fk;
nrhy;yupa Ngupd;ge; Njhw;wpajhy; - Ky;iyNrH
jhjiyj;J td;nfhd;iwj; jhuiyj;J tz;lhHf;fg;
g+jyj;J te;j Gay;
tpsf;fk:; Ky;iyapd; kfue;jq;fis fPNo cjpHj;J> nfhd;iw
kyHfisAk; cjpur; nra;J> mtw;wpy; cs;s tz;Lfs; xypf;f>
,e;epy cyfj;J te;j fhw;whdJ> fly; #o;e;j epyTyfj;jpYs;s
vy;yh capHfSf;Fk; nrhy;Yjw;fupa Ngupd;gj;ijj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jJ vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;> ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l fUj;jh fhw;W MFk;. mJNt

capHfSf;F ,d;gj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ vdf; fhufkhfTk;>
jhjiyj;jy;> jhuiyj;jy; Mfpa nray;fs; epfo;jw;F VJthfTk;
epw;wypd;> ,J fUj;jh fhuf VJ Mapw;W.
13.2.3 nghUl; fhufNtJ

xU nrag;gL nghUNs fhufkhAk;> mJNt VJthAk; epw;gpd;> mJ
nghUl;fhuf VJthk;.
fdpnfhs; nghopyUtp iffye;J re;jpd;

gdptputpg; ghw;fjpHfs; Njha;e;J - jdpapUe;NjhH
rpe;ij AlNd capUzf;Fe; njd;kyak;
je;j jkpo;kh Ujk;
tpsf;fk;: nghjpa kiyapy;; gpwe;J jkpNohL gofpa njd;wy;
fhw;whdJ kiy kPJ cs;s nghopy;fs; cFj;j fdpNahL fye;J>
mUtpapDl; Gf;Ff; fye;Jk;> mjdpDz;lha re;jdj;jpd;
jl;gj;Jld; kUtp> ghy; Nghd;w re;jpu fpuzq;fspy; %o;fp;> jdJ
jd;ik xope;J nfhOeiug; gpupe;jpUe;NjhH kdj;NjhL capiuAk;
czf;fh epd;wJ.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; Rl;lg;gl;l nrag;gL nghUs; khUjkhFk;.

mJNt gpupe;jpUe;Njhupd; kdj;NjhL capiuAk; thl;Lfpd;wJ vdf;
fhufkhAk;@ iffyj;jy;> kUty;> Njha;jy; Mfpa fhuzq;fshNy
capiu thl;bw;W vdf; $Wjypd; VJthAk; epw;wypd;> ,J
nghUl;fhuf VJthapw;W.
13.2.4 fUk fhufNtJ

xU fUkNk fhufkhfTk;> mJNt VJthAk; epw;gpd; mJ fUkfhuf
VJthFk;.
kiyapd; miyflypd; thsutpd; nta;a

jiyapw; gapd;w jtj;jhy; - jiyikNrH
mk;khjH Gy;Yk; mgad; Gak;Gzu
vk;kh jtk;Gupe;Njhk; ahk;
tpsf;fk;: kiyapy; jtk; Gupe;Njhs; ntw;wp kle;ij. miy flypy;
jtk; Gupe;Njhs; - miykfs;. thsutpd; nta;a jiyapy; epd;W
jtk; Gupe;Njhs; - epykfs;. ,g;gbg; ngupa jtk; GupjyhNy
mtHfshy; jOtg;gl;l mgaDila Gaj;ij ahk; jOTjw;F
vj;jtk; Gupe;Njhk;? Vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk:; ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l fUkk; jtkhFk;. mJNt mgad;

Gaj;ijg; GzHtpj;jJ vdf; fhufkhAk;> mq;qdk; GzHjw;F
VJthjy;gw;wp VJthAk; epd;wypd;> ,J fUkfhuf VJthapw;W.
13.2.5 fUtp fhufNtJ

xU fUtpNa fhufkhAk;> mJNt VJthAk; epw;gpd; mJ fUtpfhuf
VJthFk
'fulj;jhd; khupAk; fz;zhy; ntapYk;

epiutapuf; Nfhl;lhy; epyTk; - nrhupAkhy;
ePshHj; njhilaJy NduhH fypq;fj;J
thshw; ftHe;j tsk;”
tpsf;fk;: neba MHj; jhiuAila xg;gpy;yhjhdhfpa Nrhod;
gif nfhz;l fypq;fUila Njaj;Jr; nrd;W thshNy ftHe;J
nfhz;l tsk;kjj;jhy; kioiaAk;> fz;zpd; fLikahy;
ntapiyAk;> Nfhl;bd; ntz;ikahy; epyitAk; nfhlh epd;wJ.
nghUj;jk:; ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l fUtpfs; fulk;> fz;> NfhL

vd;gdthk;. ,it KiwNa khup> ntapy;> epyT Mfpatw;iwj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jJ vd;gjhy; fhufkhAk;> ,tw;iw mf;fUtpfs;
Njhw;Wtpj;jd vd;gjhy; mitNa VJthAk; epw;wypd;> ,it
fUtpfhuf VJthapd.
13.2.6 QhgfNtJ
mitay gpwtpd; mwptJ Qhgfk;.
tpsf;fk; mr;nrhy;yg;gl;l fhuzkd;wpg; gpw fhuzj;jpdhy;

ca;j;Jzuj; Njhd;WtJ Qhgf VJthFk;.
'fhjyd;Nky; Cly; fiuapwj;jy; fhl;Lkhy;
khjH Ejy;tpaHg;g tha;Jbg;g - kPJ
kUq;Ftis tpd;Kupa thspLf ePz;l
fUq;Ftis Nre;j fUj;J”
tpsf;fk; kfspupd; new;wp tpaHf;fTk;> tha;Jbf;fTk;> gf;fk;

tise;j GUtq;fshfpa tpw;fs; Nkw;nrd;W tisaTk;>
thl;gilAk; Njhw;Fk;gbahd fupa> ePz;l> ePykyH Nghd;w fz;fs;
rptf;fTk; cs;sjd; fUj;J> mtH jk;Kila fztd; kPJs;s
Cly; kpFjpiaf; fhl;LtjhFk; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: new;wp tpaHj;jy;> tha; Jbj;jy;> GUtk; tisjy;>

fz; rptj;jy; Mfpa fhuzq;fs;> mg; ngz;fSf;F cs;s Cly;
kpFjpia mwptpg;gjhy; Qhgf VJthapw;W.
13.2.7 mghtNtJ - tif

mghtk; jhDk; mjd;ghy; gLNk.
mghtkhtJ xd;wdJ ,d;ik@ mJTk; mt;NtJtpd; ghw;gLk;.
mghtNtJtpd; tif
vd;Wk; mghtKk; ,d;ikaJ mghtKk;
xd;wpndhd;W mghtKk; cs;sjd; mghtKk;

mopTghl;L mghtKk; vdIe;J mghtk;.
tpsf;fk;: vd;Wk; mghtk;>,d;ika jghtk;>xd;wpndhd;W mghtk>;

cs;sjd; mghtk;> mopTghl;L mghtk; vdr; nrhy;yg;gl;l Ie;J
gFjpia cilajhk; mt;tghtk;. vdNt ,t;ite;J mghtKk;
VJthfj; Njhd;WtJ mght VJthk; vd;wthW.
13.2.7.1 vd;Wk; mghtk;
vd;Wk; mghtk; vd;gJ vf;fhyj;Jk; ,y;yhik.
ahz;L nkhopjpwk;ghH rhd;wtH vk;kUq;Fk;
<z;L kapy;fs; ,dkpdkha; - Kz;nlOe;j
fhiyNa fhHKoq;Fk; vd;waNuy; fhjyHNjH
khiyNa ek;ghy; tUk;”
tpsf;fk;: ,d;W fhiyapy;; ,t;tplj;J kapy;fs; $l;lq; $l;lkha;r;

NrHe;njOe;J mfth epd;wd@ mJgw;wpf; fhH Koq;fh epw;Fnkd;W
tUe;jh njhopf@ mwpthy; epiwe;NjhH vf;fhyj;Jk; nrhd;dnrhw;
gpwohH> Mjyhy; md;duhfpa ek;Kila fhjyH NjuhdJ
khiyapNy ek;kplj;jpy; tUk; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;:rhd;wtH ahz;Lk; nkhop jpwk;Gjy; vd;gJ vf;fhyj;Jk;

,y;yhjnjhd;whFk;. ,t;NtJthy; fhjyH NjH khiyNa tUk;
vd;W $wg;gLjypd; ,J vd;Wk; mghtkhapw;W.
13.2.7.2 ,d;ikaJ mghtk;
,d;ikaJ mghtk; vd;gJ ,y;yhikapdJ ,y;yhik.
'fhuhH nfhbKy;iy epd;Fod;Nkw; ifGida
thuhik apy;iy taNte;jH - NghHfle;j
thisNaa; fz;zp! Ejy;Nky; tUk;griy
ehisNa ePq;Fk; ekf;F”
tpsf;fk; fhH fhyj;J Xq;fpa nfhbiaAila Ky;iyapdJ

g+tpid epd;Dila $e;jypd;fz; myq;fupj;Jr; #l;l tUfpd;whH>
ntw;wpiaAila murH@ Mifahy; NghHj; njhopy; Kbj;j ths;
Nghd;w fz;fisAilaha;! cd;Dila Ejypd;Nky; cz;lhfpa
griy tpbaw;fhyj;Nj ePq;Fk;> Mjyhy; ekf;F ahJ Fiw?
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; 'thuhik apy;iy” vd;gJ ,d;ikaJ
mght khFk;. thuhik apy;iy vdNt tUjy; cz;nld;gJ
ngw;whk;. ,jdhy; griy ePq;Fk; vd;wypd;> ,d;ikaJ mght
VJthapw;W.
13.2.7.3 xd;wpndhd;W mghtk;
xd;wpndhd;W mghtk; vd;gJ xd;wpd;fz; xd;wpdJ ,y;yhik.
'ngha;ki
; k Ald;GzuhH NkyhNdhH ngha;k;ikAk;
nka;k;ik#o; Nkyhiu Nktuthk; - ,k;Kiwahw;
g+tyHe;j jhuhH gpupe;jhw; nghyq;FioahH
fhtyHnrhw; Nghw;wy; fld;”
tpsf;fk;: cyfj;J Nkyhd mwpitAilahH ngha;NahL

$Lthuy;yhH> mg;ngha;Ak; nka;jOtpa Nkyhd mwpTilahiug;
nghUe;jhthFk;@ ,j;jd;ikahy; nghypT tpsq;fpa khiyiaAila
jiytH gpupe;j fhyj;Jg; nghw;FioiaAila kidawf;
fpoj;jpaHf;Ff; fhtw;fld; g+z;l jiytH Fwpj;Jiuj;j gUtj;ij
Nehf;Fjy; fldd;Nwh vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; ngha;ik vd;w xd;wd;fz; NkyhNdH

GzuhH vd;gJk;> NkyhH vdg;gLthuplj;Jg; ngha;ik NkthJ
vd;gJk; xd;wpd; xd;W mghtkhFk;. ,jid VJthff;nfhz;L>
NjhopjiytH gpupe;jpUg;gpd; mtH $wpathW te;JtpLthH vd;Dk;
nrhy;iy ghJfhj;Jf;nfhz;L ,Uj;jNy jf;fJ vd typAWj;jypd;
,J xd;wpndhd;wghtkhapw;W.
13.2.7.4 cs;sjd; mghtk;
cs;sjd; mghtk; vd;gJ Xuplj;Jk; xUfhyj;Jk; cs;s

nghUs;>gpwpNjhuplj;Jk; gpwpnjhU fhyj;Jk; ,y;yhik>
“funthL epd;whH fbkidapw; ifNaw;(W)
,unthL epw;gpj;j njk;ik - munthL
Nkhl;lhik g+z;l Kjy;tid Kd;tzq;f
khl;lhik g+z;l kdk;”
tpsf;fk;: ,ug;NghHf;Fg; gae;J fhty; nfhz;bUg;gtUila

tPl;bw;Ngha; vq;fisf; ifNaw;W ,ue;J epw;Fk; gb nra;jJ
ghk;igAk; ngupa MikNahl;ilAk; mzpahff; nfhz;l
gukrptid Kw;gpwg;gpy; tzq;fkhl;lhikiaf; nfhz;l kdk;
nghUj;jk:; ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l nghUs; kdk; MFk;.

,g;gpwtpapy;> futpidAila nghUshsuplj;Jr; nrd;W tzq;Fk;
tzf;fk; cs;sJ' vd;gjhFk;. ,tHfsplj;J tzq;Fk; cs;sk;
Kw;gpwtpapy; ,iwtdplj;Jr;nrd;W tzq;fhjjhapw;W vd;gJ mjd;
mghtkhFk;. ,q;qdk; ,g;nghOJ ,uf;f NeHe;jikf;Ff;fhuzk;
,iwtid Kd;G tzq;fhikNa vd;gjhy; VJthapw;W.
13.2.7.5 mopTg;ghl;L mghtk;
mopTg;ghl;L mghtk; vd;gd Kd;G cs;sJ mopTgl;L ,yjhjy;.
“fope;j(J) ,sik fspkaf;fe; jPHe;j(J)
xope;jJ fhjy;Nky; Cf;fk; - Rope;J
fUnewpAq; $e;jyhH fhjy;Neha; jPHe;j(J)
xUnewpNa NrHe;j(J) csk;”
tpsf;fk;: KJikg; gUtk; te;jJ@ nry;tj;jpdhy; tUk;

kdf;fspg;ghfpa mwpahikAk; ePq;fpw;W@ fhjypf;fg;gl;l
nghUs;fisj; jiyg;glNtz;b vohepd;w Cf;fKk; xope;jJ@
RUz;L newpg;igAila fupa $e;jyhH Nky; itj;j Mirahfpa
NehAk; jPHe;jJ@ xU jd;ikj;jha rpj;jpiar; NrHe;jJ vd; cs;sk;
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk:; ,g;ghlypy; ,sik> kaf;fk;> Cf;fk;> fhjy; vd;gJ

Kd;G ,Ue;J mope;jd vd;gjhy; mopTghl;lght khapw;W. ,tw;iw
kdk; xU newpg;gl;lJ vd;gjhy; mit VJthapw;W.
13.2.7.6 rpj;jpuNtJ
rpj;jpu VJ - Mr;rupaj;ijj; juj;jf;f VJthFk;.
J}u fhupaKk; xUq;Fld; Njhw;wKk;
fhuz Ke;JW}cq; fhupa epiyAk;
Aj;jKk; mAj;jKk; Kj;ijNahL ,aYk;.
tpsf;fk; J}ufhupak; Kjy; mAj;jk; <whfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l

,t;ite;Jk; Kd;ida VJ myq;fhuj;NjhL elf;Fk;.
13.2.7.7 J}ufhupaNtJ
J}ufhupaNtJ vd;gJ xUtopf;fhuzk; epfog;> gpwpnjhUtopf;

fhupak; epfo;tJ.
'NtnwhU khjHNky; Nte;jd; efEjpahy;
CWju ,k;kh(J) capHthLk; - NtNw
,UtNu nka;tbtpy; Ve;jpio ey;yhH
xUtNu jk;kpy; capH.
tpsf;fk; jiykfshapdhs; jd;id nahopj;J xU fhjyp

khHgfj;Nj Nte;jd; efj;jpd; Edpapdhw; Fwpapl> mJfz;L mOJ
tUe;Jths;@ Mjyhy;. ,t;Nte;jpio ey;yhH cUtj;jhy; ,UtH
vdpDk;> capuhdJ ,tHfl;F xd;Nw NghYk;.
nghUj;jk;: guj;ijapd; khHigj; jd; efj;jpd; Edpahy; jiytd;

tUl> mjdhy; jiytp tUe;jpds; vd;gJ ,q;Ff; $wg;gLk;
nghUshFk;. efj;jhy; CWgl;lts; guj;ij@ vdNt mtNs mjw;F
(mr;rpWGz;zpw;F) tUe;j Ntz;Lk;. mq;qdkhfj; jiytp
tUe;jpdhs; vd;wypd;> ,J J}ufhupa epfo;r;rpahapw;W. jiytd;
if efk; guj;ijapd; khl;Lg; gl;ljhy; jiytp tUe;jpds;
vd;gjhy; ,J VJthapw;W.
13.2.7.8 xUq;Fld; Njhw;wNtJ
xUq;Fld; Njhw;wNtJ vd;gJ fhuzKk; fhupaKk; xf;f epfo;tJ.
tpupe;j kjpepytpd; Nkk;ghLk; Ntl;if
Gupe;j rpiykjNts; NghUk; - gpupe;NjhH
epiwjsHTk; xf;f epfo;e;jdthy; Mtp
nghiwjsUk; Gd;khiyg; Ngho;J
tpsf;fk; KOkjpapdJ epytpd; Nkk;ghLk; Ntl;if kpFe;j

rpiyiaAilatdhfpa kjNts; NghUk;> gpupe;NjhH epiwjsHTk;
xUq;F epfo;e;jd@ Mjyhy; jdpj;NjhH capuhfpa ghuj;ijj; jhq;f
khl;lhj jd;ikiaAk;> Gd;fz;ikiaAk; cilj;J ,k;khiyg;
nghOJ v-W.
nghUj;jk;;:,g;ghlw;fz; gpupe;NjhH epiw jsHjw;Ff;

fhuzkhff;$wg;gl;ld ,uz;L. (1)epyT. (2)kd;kjd;. ,t;tpU
fhuzq;fNshL gpupe;NjhHf;F epiw jsHTk; xUq;F Vw;gl;lJ
vd;wjhy; ,J xUq;Fld; Njhw;wkhapw;W. epythYk;> kd;kjdhYk;
epiw jsHT Vw;gl;lJ vd;gjhy; VJthapw;W.
13.2.7.9 fhuzKe;JW}ck; fhupaepiy VJ
fhuzKe;JW}cq; fhupaepiy VJ vd;gJ fhuzj;jpw;F Kd;dHf;

fhupak; epfo;tJ.
jk;GuT g+z;NlhH gpupaj; jdpapUe;j
tk;GyT NfhijaHf;F khuNts; - mk;G
nghUnkd;W nky;yhfk; Gz;$He;j khiy
tUnkd;(W) ,Uz;l kdk;.
tpsf;fk; jk;ik fhf;Fk; njhopiyg; g+z;l jiytH gpupaj;

jdpj;J capHnfhz;bUe;j thrid nghUe;jpa NfhijiaAila
klthUf;F. khud;fiz ijf;Fnkd;W nkd;ikiaAila khHgfk;
Gz;zhfh epd;wJ@ mJNtAkd;wp> khiyg;nghOJ tUnkd;W
mtHfSila kdk; ,Uz;lJ v-W.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; fhuz Ke;JW}cq; fhupakhff; $wg;gLtd

,uz;L (1) Mfk;Gz; $Hjy;. (2)kdk; ,Usy;. mk;Gijj;jyhfpa
fhuzk; epfo;e;j gpd;dNu Mfk; Gz; $Hjy; Ntz;Lk;> khiy
tUjyhfpa fhuzk; epfo;e;j gpd;dNu kdk; Mfk; Gz; $Hjy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F mq;qdkpd;wp mt;tf; fhuzq;fs; epfOk; Kd;dNu
fhupak; epfo;e;jd vd;wypd;> ,t;tpU epfo;r;rpfSk; fhuz
Ke;JW}ck; fhupaepiy ahapd.
13.2.7.10 Aj;jNtJ
Aj;jNtJ vd;gJ fhuzj;jpw;Nfw;w fhupak; epfo;tJ.
'nghd;dp tsehld; ifNty; nghopepythy;
Kd;dH mire;J KFspf;Fk; - jd;NdH.
nghute;j Nte;jH Gidflfr; nrq;if
mutpe;j E}wh apuk;.
nghUj;jk;: Nrhod; Ve;jpa Ntypd;fz; cz;lhfpa ntz;ik

tpsf;fk; gue;j epytpdhy; Kd;Nd eLq;fp nkhl;bahepw;Fk;>
NeHepd;W nghUjw;F vjpHe;j Nte;jUila Gidag;gl;l
flfj;ijAila rpte;j ifahfpa jhkiufs; gyTk; cz;L.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; Nrhodpd; ifNtypypUe;J tUk; xspahfpa
epytpidf; fz;L gifaurHfSila iffshfpa jhkiu FtpAk;
vd;wjhy; Aj;j VJthapw;W. re;jpuidf;fz;L jhkiu Ftpjy;>
,ay;ghjypd;> ,J fhuzj;jpw;Nfw;w fhupakhapw;W.
13.2.7.11 mAj;jNtJ
mAj;jNtJ vd;gJ fhuzj;jpw;F Vyhj fhupak; epfo;tJ.
,fd;kjkhy; ahid mdghad; vq;Nfhd;
Kfkjpapd; %uy; epythy; - efkyHt
nrq;faw;fz; ey;yhH jpUkUT ths;tjd
gq;faq;fs; rhyg; gy.
tpsf;fk;:: ntw;wpiaAk;> kjj;ijAk; cila caHe;j

ahidfisAila mdghadhfpa vk; murDila Kfkhfpa
epiwkjpapd;fz; cz;lhfpa KWtypd; ntz;zpytpdhy;>
nrt;tupia Aila fay; Nghd;w fz;zpidAila ey;yhUila
jpUkUT thz;Kfkhfpa jhkiufs; gy tpsq;f kyHfpd;wd .
nghUj;jk;:Nrhodpd; Kfkhfpa kjpaj;jpd; xspahy;> ngz;fspd;

Kfkhfpa jhkiufs; kyHfpd;wd vd;gjhy; mAj;j VJthapw;W.
epytpidf;fz;L jhkiu Ftpjy; nghUj;jNk ad;wp kyHjy;
nghUj;jkpy;iy. Mjypd; ,J fhuzj;jpw;F Vyhj fhupa khapw;W.
13.2.7.12 IaNtJ
KbAk; ciktha; koiy nkhopahNyh
XJ kiwapd; xypahNyh - ahjhNyh
Nfhyk; ,Ujpwdhf; nfhz;lhd; jpUkplw;wpd;
Myk; mkpHjhd thW.
tpsf;fk;>cikahSila thapYs;s mofpa koiyr; nrhy;yhfpa

mkpHjj;ijr; nrtpahw; gUfpa mjdhNyh> md;wpNa jhNdhjg;gl;l
Ntj ke;jpu xirj; jiog;gpdhNyh> ,t;tpuz;lDs;Sk; vjdhNyh?
,uz;L tbtkhfj; jpUNkdpiaf; nfhz;l gukrptDila rpwe;j
kplw;wpYs;s eQ;rk; mkpUjkhathW@ njupahJ.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlw;fz; ,iwtd; jpUkplw;wpYs;s Myk;

mkpHjkhdjw;Ff; fhuzk;> cikapd; koiy nkhopNah> my;yJ
kiwgpd; xypNah> md;wp ahjhNyh vd IAw;wthWk;> mt;tifahd;
mit VJthapdthWk; fhz;f.
13.3 El;gtzp
njupGNtW fpsthJ Fwpg;gpDk; njhopypDk;
mupJzH tpidj;jpwk; El;g khFk;.
nghUs; njupe;J nfhz;L NtWgl nkhopahJ Fwpg;gpdhdhjy;>

njhopypdhdhjy; mupjhf Nehf;fp czUe; jd;ikia cilaJ
El;gk; vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.
13.3.1 Fwpg;G El;gk;

'fhjyd; nky;YapHf;Ff; fhty; Gupe;jjhy;
NgijaH Mak; gpupahj - khjH
glupUs;fhy; rPf;Fk; gfytid Nehf;fpf;
Fljpiria Nehf;Fq; Fwpg;G”
tpsf;fk;:fhjypf;fg;gl;l jiytDila nky;YapHf;Fg; gupfhuQ;

nra;jJ NghYk;> klg;gj;ijAila Maj;jhHg; gpupahJ
#og;gl;lkhjH> cyfpw;Fg; glH nra;Ak; ,UspdJ mbia
mWf;fpd;w Qhapw;wpidg; ghHj;J Nkw;wpirg; ghHf;Fk;
cs;sf;fUj;J
nghUj;jk;: ,jd;fz; jiytp Fljpiria Nehf;fpa Fwpg;ghdJ

jiytdpd; capHf;Ff; fhtyhapw;W vd;Dk; Fwpg;ghy;> jiytp
,uTf; Fwpf;F cld;gl;lhs; vd;Dk; fUj;J El;gkhfg;
ngwg;gLjypd;> ,J Fwpg;G El;gkhapw;W.
13.3.2 njhopy; El;gk;

'ghly; gapYk; gzpnkhop jd;gizj;Njhs;
$ly; mththw; Fwpg;GzHj;Jk; - Mltw;F
nkd;jPe; njhilahopd; nky;yNt ijte;jhs;
,d;jPq; FwpQ;rp apir.”
tpsf;fk;: ghLe; njhopiyg; gapYk; FspHe;j nkhopahs; jdJ

gizj;Njhspdhy; jiytidj; jOt Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk;
MirapdhNy jiytw;Fj; jd; cs;sf; fUj;ij mwptpahJ
epd;whs;>gpd; nnky;ypa ,dpa euk;igAila ahopNyFwpQ;rpahfpa
gz;iz Kiwahf Mf;fpdhs;
nghUj;jk;:: ,jd;fz; jiytp FwpQ;rpg; gz;izg; ghLjyhfpa

njhopyhy;> jdf;Fs;s GzHjy; tpUg;gj;ij El;gkhfj;
jiytDf;F mwpa itj;jypd;> ,J njhopy; El;gkhapw;W.
13.4 ,Nyrtzp – tif:

Fwpg;G ntspg;gLf;Fk; rj;Jtk; gpwpjpd;
kiwj;J ciuahly; ,Nyr khFk;.
tpsf;fk;: fUjpaJ ntspg;gLf;Fk; rj;Jtkhfpa Fzq;fisg;

gpwpnjhd;why; epfo;e;jdthf kiwj;Jr; nrhy;YtJ> ,Nyrk;
vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.
rj;Jtk; vd;gJ ntz;gspq;fpy; nre;E}y; Nfhj;jhy; mjd;

nrk;ik Gwk;Ng Njhd;WkhW Nghy> cs;sq; fUjpaijg;
Gydhf;Fk; Fzq;fs;@ mit: nrhw;wsHT> nka;tpaHg;G> fz;zPH
epfo;r;rp> nka; tpjpHg;G> nka;ntJk;gy;> nka;k;kapH mUk;gy;
Kjypad MFk;.
'fy;YaHNjhl; fps;sp gupnjhOJ fz;gdpNrhH
nky;ypayhH NjhopaHKd; Ntnwhd;W - nrhy;Ytuhy;
nghq;Fk; gilgug;g kPnjOe;j g+e;Jfs;NrHe;(J)
vq;fz; fYo;e;jdthy; vd;W.
tpsf;fk;: kiy NghYk; ngupa Njhs;fisAila Nrhod; Vwpa

Fjpiuiaj; njhOJ ePHthHe;j fz;izAila nkj;njd;w
eiliaAila kley;yhH> vkf;F fz;zPH tUjw;F fhuzk;>
rpdj;ijAila Nrid gue;J tUjyhy; Mfhaj;jpy; vOe;j
J}rpahdJ fz;zpDs; GFe;J fz;zPH thHe;jJ vd;W
NjhopaHf;F epfo;e;jij kiwj;J NtNwhH cghaj;jhy;
nrhy;ypdhH vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; FjpiukPJ Nrhod; cyh tUjiyf; fz;l

ngz;fs;> mtd; moiff; fz;L fhKw;wjhy; Vw;gl;l fz;zPiu>
mq;nfOe;j GOjpahy; Vw;gl;lJ vdg; gpwpjpd;
kWj;JiuahbapUj;jypd;> ,J ,Nyrtzpahapw;W.
,Nyrtzpapd; tif
Gfo;tJ Nghyg; gopj;jpwk; GidjYk;
gopg;gJ Nghyg; Gfo;Gyg; gLj;jYk;
mitAk; md;dnjd;(W ) miwFeH csNu.
xd;widg; Gfo;e;jhw;Nghyg; gopj;J ciuj;jYk;> gopj;jhw; Nghyg;

Gfo;e;J ciuj;jYk; vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; mt;tpNyrj;jpd; ghw;gLk;
vd;W ciug;ghUk; csH xUrhH njhy;yhrpupaH.
13.4.1 Gfo;tJNghyg; gopj;jy;

'Nka fytp tpisnghOJ ek;nky;nyd;
rhay; jsuhky; jhq;Fkhy; - Nrapoha; !
NghHNtl;l Nkd;ikg; Gfohsd; ahk;tpUk;gpj;
jhHNtl;l Njhs;tpliy jhd;
tpsf;fk;: NjhoP ! Nfl;ghahf ! vk;kpy; nghUe;jpa fytp

epfOk;NghJ mf;fytpapy; ekJ nkd;ik Fd;whjgb ghJfhj;J
xOFthd;. vg;nghOJk; NghHj;njhopiy tpUk;gpa Nkyha
GfioAilatd;> ahk; Kw;fhyj;Jf; fhjypj;J khiyapl;l
NjhisAila jiytd; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; jiytp> GzUq;fhyj;Jj; jd; jiytd;

jd; nkd;ik nflhky; ghJfhf;fpd;whd; vdg; Gfo;tJ Nghyf;$wp>
mf;fhyj;Jj; jd; nkd;ik nflj; jiytd; $lNtz;bapUf;f>
mq;qdk; $Lk; jd;ik mwpahjpUf;fpd;whd; vdg; gopj;Jf;$wypd;>
,J Gfo;tJ Nghyg; gopj;jyhapw;W.
13.4.2 gopg;gJNghyg; Gfo;jy;

Mly; kapypayp md;gd; mzpahfk;
$Lq;fhy; nky;nyd; Fwpg;gwpahd; - Cly;
,spte;j nra;if ,uthsd; ahHf;Fk;
tpspte;j Ntl;if apyd;
tpsf;fk;: kapy;NghYk; rhaypid cilaha; ! ek;kPJ md;G

itj;j jiytDila myq;fupj;j khHgfj;ij ahk; $Lq;fhy;> ek;
nky;nyd;w eyk; ghuhl;l mwpahd; Mthd;.NkYk; Clw;fz;
jdf;Fj; jfhjd nra;J ,uf;Fk; ,uthsd; Mthd;. ahtHf;Fk;
ntWf;fj;jf;f Mirg;ghL cilady;yd; Mthd;. vdNt
,fo;jw;F VJthapdhd; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; jiytp> GzUq;fhyj;Jj; jd; jiytd; jd;

nkd;ik nflf; $Lfpd;whd; vdg; gopg;gJ Nghyf; $wp> mf;
fhyj;J mq;qdk; $LtNj ,ay;ghjy; Njhd;wg; Gfo;e;J $Wypd;
,J gopg;gJ Nghyg; Gfo;jyhapw;W.
13.5 epuy; epiwazp

epuy;epWj;J ,aw;Wjy; epuy;epiw mzpNa.
nrhy;iyAk; nghUisAk; epuNy epWj;jp NeNu nghUs; nfhs;tJ>

epuy;epiw vd;Dk; mzpahFk;
13.5.1 epuNy epWj;jp NeNu nghUs; nfhs;tJ

'fhupif nkd;nkhopahy; Nehf;fhy; fjpHKiyahy;
thHGUtj; jhy;,ilahy; tha;jj
; spuhy; -
NeHnjhiye;j
nfhy;yp tbneLNtw; Nfhq;fUk;G tpw;fUk;G
ty;ypftpHnkd; kyH”
tpsf;fk;: moF epiwe;j ngz;zpd; nkd;ikahd nrhy;yhYk;>
Nehf;fhYk;> xsp nghUe;jpa nfhq;iffshYk;> ePz;l GUtj;jhYk;>
,ilahYk;> jspuida ifahYk;> nfhy;yp vd;Dk; ,dpa
gz;Zk;> $Hik nghUe;jpa ePz;l NtYk;> Nfhq;fpdJ mUk;Gk;>
kd;kjdpd; tpy;yhfpa fUk;Gk;> g+q;nfhbAk;> nkd;ikahd KUf;f
kyUk; moF ,oe;jd vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,jd;fz; nrhy;yhy; gz;Zk;> Nehf;fhy; NtYk;>

nfhq;ifahy; Nfhq;fUk;Gk;> GUtj;jhy; fUk;Gk;> ,ilahy;
ty;ypAk;> thahy; KUf;f kyUk; NeH njhiye;j vd
epuy;epiwahf;fpg; nghUs;Nfhlypd;> ,J epuy;epiwahapw;W.
13.5.2 epuNy epWj;jp nkhopkhw;wpg; nghUs;nfhs;tJ

MltHfs; vt;th(W) mfd;nwhopthH nt/fhTk;
ghlfKk; CufKk; gQ;rukh - ePbakhy;
epd;whd; ,Ue;jhd; fple;jhd; ,Jtd;Nwh
kd;whH kjpw;fr;rp khz;G

tpsf;fk;: ePz;l jpUTUtj;ij cila jpUkhy; nt/fh> ghlfk;>
Cufk; Mfpa ,lq;fisj; jdf;F ,lkhff; nfhz;L> mtw;wpy;
KiwNa fple;jhd;> ,Ue;jhd;> epd;whd; @ kd;Wfs; gy epiwe;jJk;>
kjpy; #o;e;jJk; Md fhQ;rPGuj;jpd; ngUik ,Jtd;Nwh?
,j;jifa rpwg;G kpf;f fhQ;rpg;gjpia kdpjHfs; vq;qdk; tpl;L
ePq;FtH ? vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypd; ,uz;lhk; mbapy; nt/fh> ghlfk;> Cufk;

vd epWj;jpajw;Nfw;g> %d;whk; mbapy; cs;s nrhw;fisf;
fple;jhd;> ,Ue;jhd;> epd;whd; vd khw;wpg; nghUs; Nfhlypd;> ,J
epuNy epWj;jp nkhopkhw;wpg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ Mapw;W.
13.6 MHtnkhopazp:
MHt nkhopkpFg;g(J) MHt nkhopNa.
cs; epfo;e;j MHtk;gw;wp epfOk; nkhop kpfj;Njhd;wr; nrhy;YtJ>

MHtnkhop vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.
'nrhy;y nkhopjsHe;J NrhUe; JizkyHj;Njhs;
Gy;y tpUNjhs; Gilngauh - nky;y
epidNth nkdpy;neQ; rplk;Nghjh njk;ghy;
tidjhuha; te;jjw;F khW
tpsf;fk;: cd; Kd;dpd;W kWnkhopju Kay;Ntkhapd;> vq;fs;

nkhopahdJ jLkhwpr; NrhHTgl epd;wJ@ cd; ,izkyHj;
Njhs;fisj; jOt Kay;Ntkhapd;> vq;fs; ,uz;L Njhs;fSk;
,lKz;lhf tsHtd my;y@ nky;y cd;Gfio epidg;Nghkhapd;>
vq;fs; cs;sk; ,lk; NghjhJ. myq;fupf;fg;gl;l khiyia
AilahNd ! vk;kplj;J eP te;j ,jw;Ff; ifk;khW ahnjd;W
nrhy;yg;gLk; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; jiytp jiytd; kPJs;s MHt

kpFjpahy;> jd; nkhop NrhUk;> Njhs; GilngaUk;> neQ;r ,lk;
NghjhJ vdf; $Wjypd; ,J MHtnkhopahapw;W.
13.7 Ritazp – tif:

cz;zpfo; jd;ik Gwj;Jj; Njhd;w
vz;tif nka;g;ghl;bd; ,ay;tJ RitNa.

cs;; epfOe; jd;ik Gwj;Jg; Gydha; tpsq;f> vl;L tifg;gl;l
nka;g;gl;lhDk; elg;gJ> Rit vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.
Ritazpapd;tif:
mitjhk;>
tPuk; mr;rk; ,opg;nghL tpag;Ng
fhkk; mtyk; cUj;jpuk; eifNa.
Nkw;$wpa vz;tifg;gl;l nka;g;ghlhtd tPuk;> mr;rk;;> ,opg;G>

tpag;G> fhkk;> mtyk;> cUj;jpuk;> eif vd;gjhFk;.
13.7.1 tPuk;
NrHe;j Gwtpd; epiwjd; jpUNkdp
<He;jpl; LaHJiyjhd; Vwpdhd; - NeHe;j
nfhiltPu Nkh ? nka;e; epiwFiwah td;fl;
giltPu Nkh ? nrd;dp gz;G
tpsf;fk; jd;dplk; ruzile;j Gwtpw;fhfj; jdJ jiria

mWj;jpl;Lk;> jir vil Nghjhjw;Fj; jhDk; Jyhf;Nfhypy; Vwpa
nray; nfhilapd; ntw;wpNah ? nka;nahOf;fk; Fd;whj
td;fz;ikAila gilapd; ntw;wpNah ? vd Muha;thHf;F
,itapuz;Lk; md;W @ Nrhod; jdJ jd;ik ,Ue;jgb ,t;thwhk;
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;:: fy;tp> jWfz; > Gfo;> nfhil Mfpa ehd;Fk;gw;wp

tPuk; gpwf;Fk; vd;gH njhy;fhg;gpaH. ,g;ghly; nfhil tPuk;gw;wp
te;jjhFk;.
13.7.2 mr;rk;
'ifneupe;J nta;JapHg;gf; fhy;jsHe;J nka;g;gdpg;g
ikaupf;fz; ePHjJk;g tha;GyHe;jhs; - ijay;
rpdNty; tpliyahw; ifapoe;j nrq;fl;
GdNtok; Nky;te;j NghJ”
tpsf;fk;;: rpdk; nghUe;jpa Ntw;gilia cila tPudhy;

Jjpf;ifia ,oe;j rpte;j fz;fis cila fhl;Lahid jd;
Kd;Nd te;jnghOJ> xU ngz;> jd; iffis neupj;Jf;nfhz;L>
ngUKr;R vwpa> fhy; jsHe;J> cly; eLq;f> ikjPl;ba nrt;tup
gue;j fz;fspy; ePH jJk;g> tha; cyHe;jhs; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: mzq;F> tpyq;F> fs;tH> ,iw Mfpa ehd;fhDk;

mr;rk; gpwf;Fk; vd;gH njhy;fhg;gpaH. ,g;ghlw;fz; ahidahfpa
tpyq;F fhuzkhfg; gpwe;j mr;rj;ijf; $Wjypd;> ,J
mr;rkhapw;W.
13.7.3 ,opg;G
ciljiyAk; %isAk; Cd;jbAk; vd;Gk;
FlUk; nfhOq;FUjp aPHg;g - kpilNga;
ngUelQ;nra; ngw;wpj;Nj nfhw;wg;NghHf; fps;sp
fUeliur; rPWq; fsk;
tpsf;fk:;:ntw;wpiaj; jUk; Nghupidr; nra;Ak; Nrhod; fUehlf

murHfisr; rpde;J jhf;fpa NghHf;fskhdJ> cile;j
jiyfisAk;> %isfisAk;> nfhOg;igAk;> jirj; jpuisAk;>
vYk;igAk;> FliyAk;> nropj;j ,uj;j nts;sk; ,Of;f>
neUq;fpa Nga;fs; ngUq; $j;jhLk; jd;ikia cilaJ vd;gjhk;
nghUj;jk;: ,opg;G vd;gJ mUtUg;G vdg; nghUs;gLk;. ,jid

,sptuy; vd;Wk;> mJ %g;G> gpzp> tUj;jk;> nkd;ik Mfpa
ehd;fpdplkhfg; gpwf;Fk; vd;Wk;> njhy;fhg;gpaH $WtH.
,g;ghlw;fz; NghHf;fsj;jpYs;s ciljiy> Cd;
Kjypaitfisf; $WKfj;jhd; mUtUg;Gr; Rit Njhd;wypd;>
,J ,opg;ghapw;W.
13.7.4 tpag;G
Kj;jUk;gpr; nrk;nghd; Kwpjije;J ige;Jfpupd;
njhj;jyHe;J gy;fyDQ; #o;e;njhspUk; -

nfhj;jpdjhk;
nghd;NdH kzpnfhopf;Fk; g+q;fh tpupehld;
jd;NdH nghopAe; jU '
tpsf;fk;: nghd;idAk;>kzpfisAk; miyj;Jf;nfhz;L tUfpd;w

nghypTila fhtpup ehlDf;F ctikahfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l
fw;gfj;jU> Kj;jkhfpa mUk;ig mUk;gpr; rpte;j nghd; Kwpaha
jspupdhNy nrwpe;j gr;irj; Jfpuhfpa nfhj;Jf;fis cilj;jha;g;
gytifg;gl;l Mguzq;fshy; #og;gl;L tpsq;fpa gizfis
cilj;jha; ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: Kd;dHf; fhzhj fhZk;NghJ Vw;gLk; cs;s

kfpo;r;rpNa tpag;ghFk;. ,J GJik> ngUik> rpWik> Mf;fk;
Mfpa ehd;Fk; gw;wpg; gpwf;Fk; vd;gH njhy;fhg;gpaH.fw;gfj; jUtpy;
Kj;jUk;Gjy;> nrk;nghd; Kwpjijjy;> ige;Jfpupd; njhj;jyHjy;>
gy;fyDk; #o;e;njhspHjy;> Mfpad ,Ug;gjhff; $wypd;> ,J
,Jtiu fhzhj GJikgw;wpg; gpwe;j tpag;ghapw;W.
13.7.5 fhkk;
jpq;fs; Ejy;tpaHf;Fk; tha;Jbf;Fk; fz;rptf;Fk;
mq;ifj; jspHeLq;Fk; nrhy;yirAk; - nfhq;if
nghUfhYk; Cbg; GilngaUq; fhYk;
,UfhYk; xf;Fk; ,tHf;F
tpsf;fk;: nfhq;iffs; vd; kPJ mOe;JkhW vd;idj; jOtpa

nghOJk;> vd;dplj;J Cly; nfhz;L vd;dplj;jpdpd;Wk;
ePf;fpanghOJk; ,tHf;F> vl;lhk; gpiwia Nghd;w new;wp
tpaHf;Fk;> tha; Jbf;Fk;> fz;rptf;Fk;> mofpa iffshfpa
jspHfs; eLq;Fk; nrhy; jLkhWk; vd;gjhk;.
fhkr; Ritiaj; njhy;fhg;gpaH ctif vd;w ngauhy; Fwpg;gH.

,J nry;tk;> mwpT> GzHr;rp > tpisahl;L Mfpa ehd;Fk; gw;wpg;
gpwf;Fk; vd;gH.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghly; jiytd;> jd; jiytpapd; khl;Ls;s fhjy;

kfpo;r;rp Gyg;glf; $wpajhFk;. 'Cly;> czHjy;> GzHjy; ,it
fhkk; $bahHg; ngw;w gad;. Mjypd; ,t;tpU epfo;r;rpAk; fhkk;
gw;wpa jhapw;W.
13.7.6 mtyk:;
'foy;NrHe;j jhs;tpliy fhjypnka; jPz;Lk;
moy;NrHe;J jd;ndQ; raHe;jhd; - Foy;NrHe;j
jhke; jupah(J) mirAe; jspHNkdp
<ke; jupf;FNkh ntd;W
tpsf;fk;: Foyplj;Jg; nghUe;jpd khiyiag; nghwhJ jsUk;

jspH NghYk; NkdpahdJ <kj;J vupiag; nghWf;ftw;Nwh ? vd;W
. tPuf;foiyf; mzpe;j fhypidAila tpliyahdtd;>
jd;Dila kidtpapd; nka;ia vupf;Fk; moiyr; NrHe;J>
jd;Dila neQ;rk; tUe;jpdhd;>
nghUj;jk:; ,jidj; njhy;fhg;gpaH mOif vdf; Fwpg;gpLtH. ,J

,spT> ,oT> mirT> tWik Mfpa ehd;Fk; gw;wpg; gpwf;Fk;
vd;gH. ,g;ghly; jiytpia ,oe;j jiytdpd; mtyj;ijg;
ngupJk; tpsf;Fjypd;> ,J ,oTgw;wpa mtykhapw;W.
13.7.7 cUj;jpuk;
ifgpirah tha;kbah fz;rptth nta;Japuh
nka;Fiyah Ntuh ntFz;nlOe;jhd; - nta;aNghHj;
jhHNta;e;j Njhshd; kfisj; jUnfd;W
NghHNte;jd; J}jpirj;j NghJ”
tpsf;fk;: nfhba Nghupy; thif #ba NjhspidAila kd;dd;

xUtdpd; kfisj; jdf;Fj; jUkhW gif kd;dd; xUtd;J}J
tpLj;jhd;. mtidf; fz;lJk; jd; iffisg; gpire;J> thia
kbj;Jf; fz;rpte;J ntt;tpa ngU%r;nrwpe;J cly; elf;Fw;W
tpaHj;Jr; rpde;J NghHGupaTk; Maj;jkhdhd; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,jidj; njhy;fhg;gpaH ntFsp vd;gH. ,J cWg;giw>

FbNfhs;> miy> nfhiy Mfpa ehd;Fk;gw;wpg; gpwf;Fk; vd;gH.
murd; xUtd; jd; kfisj; jFjpaw;w murd; xUtd; Nfl;f> mJ
nghOJ mtDf;F vOe;j ntFspia ,g;ghly; tptupj;jypd;> ,J
FbNfhs; gw;wpa cUj;jpukhapw;W.
13.7.8 eif
ehz;NghYk; jd;kidf;Fj; jhd;Nrwy; ,e;epd;w
ghz;NghYk; ntt;toypw; gha;tJ}ck; - fhz;Njhop !
ifj;jyq; fz;zhf; fsTfhz; ghd;xUtd;
ngha;j;jiyKd; dPl;baw;Wk; Nghe;J
tpsf;fk;: Njhop ! ,jidf; fhz;ghahf ! jd; ,y;yj;jpw;Fj; jhd;

tUtJk; $l ek; jiytDf;F ehzk; NghYk;. ehk; mtH tuit
kWg;gpd;> mtH jPapy; gha;tH vd ,g;ghzid nrhy;tJk;
,lj;jpw;Nfw;g ,tDiuf;Fk; fw;gid NghYk;. jiykfd; Neupy;
jhd; thuhJ ,g;ghzd; tutpl;lJ> iffisNa fz;zhff;
nfhz;L ,utpy; fsT Gupthd; xUtd;> jhd; Eiotjw;F Kd;Nd
ngha;j;jiyia ePl;LtJ Nghyhk; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,r;Ritiaj; njhy;fhg;gpaH eif vd;W Fwpg;gpLtH.

,J vs;sy;> ,sik> Ngijik> kld; Mfpa ehd;Fk;gw;wpg;
gpwf;Fk; vd;gH. ,J jiykfidAk; mtdhy; mDg;gg;gl;l
ghzidAk; xUq;F vs;sp eifahLjypd;> ,J vs;sy; gw;wp te;j
eifahapw;W.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wtzp vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
ngaHnghUs; my;nghUs; vd,U nghUspDk;

,ay;gpd; tpisjpwd; md;wp may; xd;W
jhd;Fwpj;(J) Vw;Wjy; jw;Fwpg; Ngw;wk;.
tpsf;fk; ngaUk; nghUs;> ngauhj nghUs; vd;Dk; ,U nghUl;
fz;Zk; ,ay;ghf epfOk; jd;ik xopaf;> Gytd; jhd; fUjpa
Ntnwhd;wpid mtw;wpd;fd; Vw;wpr; nrhy;tJ jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;
vd;Dk; mzpahFk;
2.VJtzpapd; tiffs; ahit?
ahnjd; jpwj;jpDk; ,jdpd; ,J tpise;jnjd;W

VJtpje;(J) ciug;g(J) VJ@ mJjhd;
fhuf Qhgfk; vd,U jpwg;gLk;.
VNjDk; xU nghUsplj;J ,jdhy;; ,J epfo;e;jnjd;W fhuzk;
tpje;J nrhy;YtJ> VJ vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.mJ fhufNtJ
vd;Wk;>QhgfNtJ vd;Wk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
3. epuy; epiwazp Fwpj;J tptup
epuy;epWj;J ,aw;Wjy; epuy;epiw mzpNa.
nrhy;iyAk; nghUisAk; epuNy epWj;jp NeNu nghUs; nfhs;tJ>

epuy;epiw vd;Dk; mzpahFk;
epuNy epWj;jp NeNu nghUs; nfhs;tJ
'fhupif nkd;nkhopahy; Nehf;fhy; fjpHKiyahy;
thHGUtj; jhy;,ilahy; tha;jj

; spuhy; -
NeHnjhiye;j
nfhy;yp tbneLNtw; Nfhq;fUk;G tpw;fUk;G
ty;ypftpHnkd; kyH”
tpsf;fk;: moF epiwe;j ngz;zpd; nkd;ikahd nrhy;yhYk;>

Nehf;fhYk;> xsp nghUe;jpa nfhq;iffshYk;> ePz;l GUtj;jhYk;>
,ilahYk;> jspuida ifahYk;> nfhy;yp vd;Dk; ,dpa
gz;Zk;> $Hik nghUe;jpa ePz;l NtYk;> Nfhq;fpdJ mUk;Gk;>
kd;kjdpd; tpy;yhfpa fUk;Gk;> g+q;nfhbAk;> nkd;ikahd KUf;f
kyUk; moF ,oe;jd vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,jd;fz; nrhy;yhy; gz;Zk;> Nehf;fhy; NtYk;>

nfhq;ifahy; Nfhq;fUk;Gk;> GUtj;jhy; fUk;Gk;> ,ilahy;
ty;ypAk;> thahy; KUf;f kyUk; NeH njhiye;j vd
epuy;epiwahf;fpg; nghUs;Nfhlypd;> ,J epuy;epiwahapw;W.
epuNy epWj;jp nkhopkhw;wpg; nghUs;nfhs;tJ
MltHfs; vt;th(W) mfd;nwhopthH nt/fhTk;
ghlfKk; CufKk; gQ;rukh - ePbakhy;
epd;whd; ,Ue;jhd; fple;jhd; ,Jtd;Nwh
kd;whH kjpw;fr;rp khz;G
tpsf;fk;: ePz;l jpUTUtj;ij cila jpUkhy; nt/fh> ghlfk;>

Cufk; Mfpa ,lq;fisj; jdf;F ,lkhff; nfhz;L> mtw;wpy;
KiwNa fple;jhd;> ,Ue;jhd;> epd;whd; @ kd;Wfs; gy epiwe;jJk;>
kjpy; #o;e;jJk; Md fhQ;rPGuj;jpd; ngUik ,Jtd;Nwh?
,j;jifa rpwg;G kpf;f fhQ;rpg;gjpia kdpjHfs; vq;qdk; tpl;L
ePq;FtH ? vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypd; ,uz;lhk; mbapy; nt/fh> ghlfk;> Cufk;

vd epWj;jpajw;Nfw;g> %d;whk; mbapy; cs;s nrhw;fisf;
fple;jhd;> ,Ue;jhd;> epd;whd; vd khw;wpg; nghUs; Nfhlypd;> ,J
epuNy epWj;jp nkhopkhw;wpg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ Mapw;W.
4.Ritazpapd; tiffisf; fl;Liuf;f.
ghlg;gFjpapy; mike;Js;s Ritazp Fwpj;j nra;jpfis vLj;J

vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;.
$W: 14 –
jd; Nkk;ghl;Liuazp Kjy; ghtpf mzp tiu
Nehf;fk;: jd; Nkk;ghl;Liuazp Kjy; ghtpf mzp tiuapyhd
mzpfspd; ,yf;fzj;ijAk; mtw;wpd; tiffisAk; fw;W mwpjy;
14.1 jd; Nkk;ghl;Liuazp:

jhd;jw; Gfo;tJ jd;Nkk; ghl;Liu.
xUtd; jd;idj;jhNd Gfo;tJ> jd; Nkk;ghl;Liu vd;Dk;

mzpahFk;.
'vQ;rpdh upy;iy nadf;nfjpuh ,d;DapHnfhz;(L)
mQ;rpdhH mQ;rhJ Nghafy;f - ntQ;rkj;Jg;
Nguh jtuhfj; jd;wpg; gpwHKJfpw;
rhuhntd; ifapw; ruk;”
tpsf;fk;: nfhba Nghupy; vdf;F vjpuhf te;J Kd;dpd;W NghH

nra;J jkJ ,dpa capiuj; jg;Gtpj;Jf; nfhz;L gpioj;jhH
vtUkpy;iy @ vdf;F mQ;rpatHfs; mQ;rhJ tpyfpr; nry;thuhf
vd;ifahy; va;ag;gLk; mk;Gfs;> Gwq;nfhLj;Jr; nry;yhjtHfspd;
khHgpyd;wp> Gwq; nfhLg;ghuJ KJfpy; Nrukhl;lhJ vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,J xd;dhjhH gilnfOkpj; jd; Mz;ik

vLj;Jiuj;jypd; jd; Nkk;ghl;Liu Mapw;W.
14.2 gupahatzp
fUjpaJ fpsth(J) mg;nghUs; Njhd;wg;
gpwpnjhd;(W) ciug;gJ gupah ak;Nk.
tpsf;fk;: jhd; fUjpajidf; $whJ mg;nghUs; Njhd;wg;

gpwpnjhd;wpidf; $WtJ gupahak; vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.
“kpd;dpfuh khNj ! tpiur;rhe; Jld;GzHe;J
epd;dpfuh khjtpf;fz; epd;wUs;eP - jd;dpfuhk;
nre;jP tukyUQ; nrq;fhe;jl; NghJlNd
,e;jP tuq;nfhzHty; ahd;

tpsf;fk;: kpd;dYf;F ctikahfpa khNj ! re;jd kuj;ijj;
jOtp cdf;F epfuha; ,Uf;fpd;w ,k;khjtpf; fPNo epw;ghahf@
jdf;F epfuha; ,Uf;fpd;w rpte;j jPapdJ xsp Gyg;gl> kyHe;j
rpte;j fhe;jl; g+TlNd ey;y Ftis kyUq; nfhz;L epd; Fow;F
mzpa thuhepd;Nwd; vd;W ,lj;J epwP, ePqf
; pdhs;.
nghUj;jk:; ,g;ghlypy; Njhop fUjpa nghUs; jiykfisf;

Fwpaplj;Ja;jJ
; ePqf; epidg;gjhFk; MapDk; mjidf; $whJ>
fhe;js; kyiuAk; FtiskyiuAk; nfhz;L tUk;tiu eP
,q;fpUg;ghahf vdg; gpwpnjhd;W ciug;gjhy;> ,J gupahakhapw;W.
14.3 rkhapjtzp
Ke;Jjhd; Kay;TW}ck; njhopw;gad; gpwpnjhd;W
je;jjh Kbg;gJ rkhapjk; MFk;.
Kd;G jd;dhy; Kayg;gl;l njhopypdJ gadhdJ mj;njhopyhy;

md;wpg; gpwpnjhd;why; epfo;e;jjhff; $wp Kbg;gJ rkhapjk; vd;Dk;
mzpahFk;.
“mUtpaq; Fd;wk; muf;fd; ngaHg;g
ntUtpa ntw;giuad; ghit - ngUkhd;
mzpahfk; Muj; jOtpdhs; jhd;Kd;
jzpahj t+ly; jzpe;J
tpsf;fk; Kd;G jPuhj Cliy cilasha; ,Uf;fpd;w kiyaurd;

gae;j ghitahfpa cikahdts;> mUtpapid cilj;jha; >
moF nghUe;jpa fapyhakiyia ,uhtzd; miyg;g ntUtp>
rtngUkhdJ mofpa khHgfj;ij Cly; jzpe;J jhNd
jOtpdhs;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; rptngUkhd; Kd;djhf Kad;w njhopy;

cikak;ikapd; Cliyj; jzptpg;gjhFk;. Mdhy; mg;gad; mk;
Kaw;rpahy; fpl;lhJ ,uhtzd; kiyia mirj;jjhy;
fpilj;jjhff; $wg;gl;bUj;jypd;> ,J rkhapj khapw;W.
14.4 cjhj;jtzp
tpaj;jF nry;tKk; Nkk;gLk; cs;sKk;
caHr;rpGide;J ciug;g(J) cjhj;jk; MFk;.

tpaf;fj;jf;f nry;tj;J caHr;rpiaAk;> Nkk;gl;l cs;sj;J
caHr;rpiaAk; kpFj;Jr; nrhy;tJ cjhj;jk; vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.
14.4.1 nry;t kpFjp

'fd;Wk; taNte;jH nry;tk; gyftHe;Jk;
vd;Wk; twpQH ,dq;ftHe;Jk; - xd;Wk;
mwptupjha; epw;Fk; mstpdjhy; mk;k
nrwpfjpHNtw; nrd;dp jpU”
tpsf;fk;: rpde;J tUfpd;w murHfSila nry;tq;fs;

gytw;iwAk; ehSk; ftHe;Jnfhz;L tUjyhDk;> tWikAw;NwhH
jhk; $l;lj;Jld; nrd;W vg;nghOJk; Ntz;bathW vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gLjyhDk;> epiwe;j xspiaAila Ntw;giliaAila
NrhodJ nry;tkhdJ rpwpjsNtDk; mstpl;lwpag; glhjjha;
epw;Fk; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; NrhoDila nry;tj;jpdJ tpaj;jF

epiyik ghuhl;lg;ngw;wpUj;jypd;> ,J nry;t kpFjp gw;wp te;j
cjhj;jkhapw;W.
14.4.2 cs;s kpFjp

'kz;zfd;W jd;fpisapd; ePqf
; p tdk;GFe;J
gz;Ze; jtj;jpire;j ghHj;jd;jhd; - vz;zpwe;j
kPjz;lH Nfhd;FiyAk; nta;NahH Fye;njhiyj;jhd;
Nfhjz;l NkJizahf nfhz;L”
tpsf;fk;: ehl;il tpl;L jd; Rw;wj;ij mfd;W fhl;bw; GFe;J

nra;ag;gl;l jtj;jhy; rpwe;j mUr;Rddhdtd; NjtHfl;Ff;
jiytdhfpa ,e;jpud; eLq;f tUk; cf;fpuj;ijAila mRuH
Fyq;nfl jdJ Nfhjz;lNk Jizahf mWj;jhd;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; mUr;Rdd; jd;Dila xNu tpy;ypd;

Jiz nfhz;L mTzH Fykidj;Jk; mopj;jhd; vd mtDila
cs;s kpFjp $wg;gl;bUj;jypd;> ,J cs;s kpFjp gw;wp te;j
cjhj;jkhapw;W.
14.5 mtEjpazp
rpwg;gpDk; nghUspDk; Fzj;jpDk; cz;ik
kWj;Jg; gpwpJiug;g(J) mtEjp ahFk;.
tpsf;fk;: rpwg;gpdhYk;> nghUspdhYk;> Fzj;jpdhYk; Mfpa

cz;ikia kWj;Jg; gpwpnjhd;whf ciug;gJ> mtEjp vd;Dk;
mzpahFk;.ahjhDk; xU nghUspYs;s cz;ikj; jd;ikia
kWj;Jg; gpwpnjhU jd;ikia mjd;fz; Vw;wp ciug;gJ mtEjp
ahFk; . ,q;qdk; cz;ikia kWj;Jg; gpwpJiuf;Fq;fhy;
mg;nghUSf;Fr; rpwg;Gj; Njhd;WkhW mikAk;.
14.5.1 rpwg;gtEjp
'eiwfko;jhH Ntl;lhH eydzpAk; ehZk;
epiwAk; epiyjsuh ePHik - mwnewp#o;
nrq;Nfhyd; my;yd; nfhLq;Nfhyd; njt;tLNghH
ntq;Nfhg khy;ahid Nte;J”
tpsf;fk;: kzKila khiyia Mirg;gl;l klthUila moFk;>

mzpAk;> ehZk;> epiwAk; epiw jsuhjgb jhq;Fk; mwnewpapid
cilj;jhfpa nrq;Nfhiy cilatdy;yd;@ nfhLq; Nfhd;ik
cilatd; @ NghHf;fsj;Jg; giftiu ntd;w ntt;tpa
Nfhgj;ijAila ngupa ahidiaAila Nte;jd;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlw;fz; murDf;Fr; rpwg;ghdJk;

cz;ikahdJkhd nrq;Nfhd;ikia kWj;Jf; nfhLq;Nfhd;ikia
mtd;kPJ Vw;wpr; nrhy;yg;gl;bUj;jypd;> ,J rpwg;gtEjp Mapw;W.
murdJ khiyia tpUk;GNtUf;Nf mtd; nfhLq;Nfhd;ikad;
Mthd; vdNt> mtDila ,d;gr; rpwg;Gk;> ,jdhy; ,tHfl;fd;wp
VidNahHfSf;nfy;yhk; nrq;NfhyNd Mtd; vd;gJk;
ngwg;gLjypd; mtDila Fzr;rpwg;Gk; xUq;F tpsq;fp epw;wiy
mwpa KbfpwJ.
14.5.2 nghUstEjp
'epydhk; tpRk;ghk; epkpHfhy;ePH jPahk;
myHfjpuhk; thd;kjpahk; md;wp - kyHnfhd;iw
xz;zWe; jhuhd; xUtd; ,a khdDkha;

vz;zpwe;j vg;nghUS khk;”
tpsf;fk;: nfhd;iwg; g+tpdhy; nra;j eWehw;wj;ijAila

khiyia mzpe;jtDk;> VfDk; Mfpa gukrptd;> epyKk;>
MfhaKk;> caHe;j fhw;Wk;> ePUk;> jPAk;> gue;j fjpiuAila
fjputDk; kjpaKk; Mfpa VohjYkd;wp Md;khTkha; vz;zpwe;j
vy;yhg; nghUSkhthd;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l nghUs; rptngUkhd; MtH.

mg;ngUkhDf;F ,ay;ghfTk; cz;ikahfTk; cs;s xUtdhe;
jd;ikia kWj;J> vz;zpwe;j vg;nghUSkhk; vd;Dk; gythe;
jd;ikia Vw;wpAiuf;fg;gLjyhy;> ,J nghUs; mtEjpahapw;W.
14.5.3 FzttEjp
'kDg;GtpNky; tho kiwtsuf;Fk; Mug;
gdpj;njhilay; ghHj;jpgHNfhd; vq;Nfhd; -

jdpf;ftpif
jz;ik epow;wd;W jd;njhOj NgijaHf;F
ntk;ik epow;wha; kpFk;”
tpsf;fk;: kf;fs; epyTyfpy; capHtho Ntjhfk newpia

tsHf;Fk; jz;zpa Mj;jpkhiyiaAila murHf;Ff;
jiytdhfpa vk; ,iwtdhd Nrho murdpd; jdpf;FilahdJ
FspHr;rpahd epoiy Ailajd;W@ mtidf; fz;l klthHf;F
kpf;f nta;a jd;ikiag; gz;zp epw;Fk; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk:; ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;l nghUs; NrhodJ ntz;nfhw;wf;

FilahFk; .mjdplj;J ,ay;ghfTs;s FspHe;j jd;ikia
kWj;J> ntk;ikj; jd;ikia Vw;wp ciuj;jpUj;jypd;> ,J Fz
mtEjp ahapw;W. 'mtEjp ' vd;dhJ 'MFk; ' vd;wjdhy;
,t;tyq;fhuk; gpw myq;fhuq;fNshL $b tUtdTq; nfhs;f.
14.5.4 tpidgw;wpa rpNyil mtEjp

mtEjpazp rpNyilazpNahL $b> mr;rpNyil jhDk;
tpidr;nrhy;ypdplkhftupd; > mJ tpidgw;wpa rpNyil
mtEjpahk;
“ewNte;J Nfhij eyq;ftHe;J ey;fh
kwNte;jd; tQ;rpah dy;yd; - Jiwapd;

tpyq;fhik epd;W tpad;jkpo;eh(L) Ie;jpd;
Fyq;fhty; nfhz;nlhOFq; Nfh”
tpsf;fk;: khiyazpe;j ngz;nzhUj;jpapd; moiff;

ftHe;Jnfhz;L kPz;Lk; mjid mtSf;Ff; nfhLf;fhj
nfhLikia cila murd; > gpwiu tQ;rpahjhdy;yd;
(tQ;rpiaj; jiyefuhf cila Nrudy;yd;)>
FynthOf;fj;jpdpd;Wk; tOthky; epd;W ngupa Itifj; jkpo;
ehl;ilAk; ghJfhj;J xOFk; Nrhod; Mtd; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlw;fz; Nrhod; tQ;rpahjtd; vd;w cz;ikia

kWj;J> tQ;rpg;gtd; vdf; $Wtjhy;> ,J mtEjp ahapw;W .
14.6 rpNyilazp - tif

XUtifr; nrhw;nwhlH gynghUs; ngw;wp
njupTju tUtJ rpNyil ahFk;.
xUtifaha; KiwahNd epd;w njhlHr;nrhy; gynghUs;fsJ

jd;ik njupa tUtJ. rpNyil vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.
nghUj;jk;: 'rpNyil'vd;dhJ 'MFk;” vd;wjdhy; > njhlHr;

nrhy;Nyad;wp xU nrhy;Ny gynghUl;ngw;wp njupTju tUtJk;
mzpahFk;
rpNyilazpapd; tif:
mJNt
nrk;nkhop gpupnkhop nadtpU jpwg;gLk;.
mr;rpNyil nrk;nkhopr; rpNyilAk;> gpupnkhopr; rpNyilAk; vd

,Utifg;gLk;.
14.6.1 nrk;nkhopr;rpNyil
xUtifaha; epd;W gynghUs; gLtJ. mjhtJ nrhw;fs;
xt;nthU nghUs; gLk; nghOJk; gpuptjpy; khWgLjypd;wp> xNu
epiyapy; gpupe;J nghUs; jUtJ.
'nrq;fuq;f shdpuT ePf;Fe; jpwk;Gupe;J

gq;fa khjH eyk;gapyg; - nghq;Fjaj;(J)
Xuhop nta;Nahd; caHe;j newpnahOFk;
ePuhop ePzpyj;J Nky;”
tpsf;fk;: #upad; rpte;j fuq;fshy; ,Us; ePf;fk; jpwk; ngw;wJ.
jhkiu tpUk;gg;gLk; rpwg;g kpf;fJ. Nky; Nehf;fpa Njhw;wj;jpid
cilaJ. xw;iwr; rf;fuj;jhy; Mfpa Njupy; CHe;J
tUtJ.flyhy; #og;gl;l ,t; cyfpy; Nky; mike;j thd
ntspapy; CHe;J tUtJ.
Nrhod; jd; rpte;j fuq;fshy; ,t; cyfpy; cs;Nshupd;

tWikiaj; jPHg;gtd;. jhkiu kyupy; tPww ; pUf;Fk; jpUkfspd;
nry;tj;ijg; ngw;wtd;. Nkk;gl;L epd;w nry;tj;ijg;
ngw;wtd;.jdpj;j Mizr;rf;fuj;ij cilatd;.fly; #o;e;j
cyfpy; caHe;j newpapy; xOfpatd;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypYs;s njhlHfs; #upad;> Nrhod; Mfpa

,UtUf;Fk; nghUe;Jtjh apUg;gjhy; rpNyil ahapw;W.
,j;njhlHfs; #upad; Nrhod; Mfpa ,UtHf;Fk; xNu epiyapy;
nrk;ikahfg;) gpupe;J nghUs;gLjyhy; nrk;nkhopr; rpNyilA
khapw;W.
14.6.2 gpupnkhopr;rpNyil
xUtifaha; epd;w nrhy;iyg; gpupj;Jj; njhif NtWgLj;Jg; gy
nghUshff; nfhs;tJ.
:js;sh tplj;NjH jle;jh kiuaila
vs;sh tupkh dplHkpFg;g - cs;tho;Njk;
rpe;Je; jifikj;Nj vq;Nfhd; jpUTs;sk;
ee;Je; njhopy;Gupe;jhH ehL '
tpsf;fk;: moF nflhj epyq;fspy; cz;lha vUJ ngupa

jhkiuiag; nghUe;jTk;>new;#l;il cotH jpul;lTk;> mj;jhkiu
kyupy; cz;lhfpa Njd;nghopAk; ngUikia cilaJ
NrhoDila jpUTs;sk; rpwf;Fk;tif Vw;Wf; nfhz;NlhH ehL.
mirahj tplj;NjH vd;Dk; kuKilj;jha;> ngupa kiyr;

rpfuq;fisj; jhTk; khd;fis ,fog;glhj rpq;fq;fs;
Jd;gKWj;jTk; gl;L ey;NyhH cs;sq;fspy; thOk; ehLfs;
vy;yhk; mopTgLe; jd;ikia cilajhk; NrhoNdhL
Kuz;gl;NlhH ehL vd;gjhk;.,J NrhoDila kdk; fspf;Fk;gb
ele;NjhUila ehl;bw;Fk;> mtd; kdk; ntWf;Fk;gb
ele;NjhUila ehl;bw;Fk; rpNyil.
nghUj;jk;: :,g;ghlypYs;s njhlHfs; Nrhodpd; el;G ehL> gif

ehL Mfpa ,uz;lw;Fk; nghUe;Jtjhy; rpNyil ahapw;W.
,j;njhlHfs; Nrhodpd; el;G ehl;bw;F Mq;fhy; xUtpjkhfTk;>
gif ehl;bw;F Mq;fhy; NtnwhU tpjkhfTk; gpupe;J nghUs;
gLtjhy;> ,J gpupnkhopr; rpNyil ahapw;W.
14.6.3 rpNyil tpup:

xUtpid gytpid Kuz;tpid epakk;
epak tpyf;F tpNuhjk; mtpNuhjk;
vDk;vO tifapDk; ,aYk; vd;f.
mr;rpNyil> xUtpidr; rpNyil> gytpidr; rpNyil>

Kuz;tpidr; rpNyil> epakr; rpNyil> epak; tpyf;Fr; rpNyil>
tpNuhjr; rpNyil> mtpNuhjr; rpNyil vd;Dk; VO $Wghl;lhd;
elf;Fnkd;W nrhy;YtH E}NyhH vd;gjhk;.
14.6.3.1 xUtpidr;rpNyil
xUtpidr;rpNyil vd;gJ xU tpidahd; tUtJ.
“mk;nghw; gizKfj;Jj; jpz;Nfhl; lzpehfk;
tk;Gw;w Nthil kyHe;jpyq;f - ck;gH
etk;GupAk; thdjpAk; ehz;kjpAk; ez;zj;
jtk; GupthHf;(F) ,d;gk; jUk;”
nghypTila gUj;j Kfj;jpy; jpz;zpa Nfhl;il cilajha;

moF ngw;wpUe;j ahidahdJ fr;NrhL fl;ba gl;lk; tpupe;J
tpsq;fpaJ. KbkPJ xspkpf;Fg; ngupjhfpa fq;ifAk; ,sk;gpiwAk;
nghUe;j te;J mike;jJ. jtk; nra;NthHf;F Ntz;ba ,e;jpu
gjq;fs; Kjyhfpa ,d;gq; nfhLf;Fk; jd;ik tha;e;jJ.
mofpa nghd;NdhL $ba %q;fpy; neUq;fpa gf;fKilj;jha;j;

jpz;zpa rpfuq;fisAk; cilj;jha; tpsq;FtJ ,kakiy. moF
ngw;w kiy thrid fkOk; Xil g+j;J tpsq;fj; jd;kPJ xsp
kpf;Fg; ngupjhfpa fq;ifAk; gpiwAk; kUTk;gb caHe;J jtk;
nra;NthHf;F mtH Ntz;ba nghUs;fs; vy;yhk; nfhLf;Fk;
tha;e;jJTk; mj;jifa kiyNa MFk;.
,J tpehafUf;Fk; kiyf;Fk; rpNyil>
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypYs;s njhlHfs; tpehafH> kiy Mfpa ,U

nghUs;fSf;Fk; nghUe;jp> ,Wjpapy; ',d;gk; jUk;> vd;Dk; xU
tpidahy; Kbe;jpUg;gjhy;> ,J xUtpidr; rpNyilahapw;W.
14.6.3.2 gytpidr;rpNyil:
gytpidr;rpNyil vd;gJ gytpidahy; tUtJ.
'jtpuh kJTz; fspjspHg;g ePz;L
nrtpkUtpr; nre;eHP ik jhq;fpf; - FapypirAk;
kpd;Dapuh Ez;zpikahH nkd;Ndhf;F NktyhH
,d;Dapiu aPHf;fpd; wd”
tpsf;fk;: Fapypd; FuyhdJ ,iltplhky; kJ cz;z te;j

fspg;ghy; ePz;nlhypj;jJ. nrtpapd; cs;Ns GFe;J epiwe;jJ.
Nfhlhj ,ay;gpidg; ngw;wJ. gpupe;NjhH capHfis tUj;Jk;
jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
kpd;diyg; Nghd;w Ez;zpa ,ilapid cilatHfs;

ngz;fs;.mtHfspd; fz;fs; nkd;ikahdit.mit tpLjw;F mupa
fs;is cz;l kaf;fj;jhy; jioj;jit. nrtpasTk; ePz;L
nrd;wit. rpte;j FspHr;rpia cilait. jk;ikg; Gzuhj
jiytdpd; ,dpa capUf;Fj; Jd;gk; jUgit.
,J Fapy;FuYf;Fk; klthH fz;Zf;Fk; rpNyil.
nghUj;jk;:,g;ghlypYs;s njhlHfs; Fapypd; Fuy;> ngz;fspd;

fz;fs; Mfpa ,uz;lw;Fk; nghUe;jp> mitapuz;Lk; ,ilapilNa
ePz;L> kUtp> jhq;fp><Hf;fpd;wd vd;w gy tpidfNshLk; ,iae;J
nghUs;gLtjhy;> ,J gytpidr; rpNyilahapw;W.
14.6.3.3 Kuz;tpidr;rpNyil:
Kuz;tpidr;rpNyil vd;gJ khWgl;l tpidahy; tUtJ.
'khiy kUtp kjpjpupa khkzQ;nra;
fhiyj; JizNkt yhHfba - Ntiykpir
kpf;fhH fypalq;fh jhHf;Fk; tpad;nghopy;fs;
Gf;fhH fypalq;Fk;Gs;.
tpsf;fk;: kaf;fj;ij nghUe;jpajhy; fUj;J NtWgl;ltH fhjyH.

kzq;fkOk; fhyj;J je;Jiztiug; nghUe;jhky; ,Ue;jdH>
mtHfs; mQ;rf; fiukPJ fly; nghq;fp MHg;gupj;jJ.
khiyg;nghOjpidg; nghUe;jp jpq;fs; cytpaJ. kpf;fpUe;j

$l;lj;jpidr; nra;Ak; fhyj;jpy; jk; jiytiug; nghUe;jpNdhuha;
MltUk; ngz;bUk; tpsq;fpdH. mtHfs; kfpOk; gbahf flyhdJ
fiukPJ te;J nghq;fpaJ. Mfd;w nghopfsplj:J gwitfs;
xypalq;fpd.
,J gpupe;jhHf;Fk; GzHe;jhHf;Fk; rpNyil.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypYs;s njhlHfs; Jiztiug; gpupe;jhHf;Fk;>

GzHe;jhHf;Fk; nghUe;jp> MHf;Fk; mlq;Fk; vd;w Kuz;gl;l
tpidfNshL ,iae;J nghUs;gLtjhy;> ,J Kuz;tpidr;
rpNyilahapw;W.
14.6.3.4 epakr;rpNyil:
epakr;rpNyil vd;gJ rpNybj;jtw;iw epakQ; nra;tJ.mjhtJ

gy nghUs;fSf;F ,iaAkhW nrhw;fisAk; nrhw;nwhlHfisAk;
mikj;J> mg;nghUs;fSs; rpNybj;j nghUshfpa xd;ww;Nf
Njw;Nwfhuk; nfhLj;J tiuaiwg; gLj;jp ciug;gJ ,jd;
,yf;fzkhFk;>
'ntz;zPHik jhq;Ftd Kj;Nj ntwpatha;f;
fz;zPHik NrhHt fbnghopNy - gz;zPHik
nkd;Nfhy ahNo apuq;Ftd Nty;Nte;Nj.!
epd;Nfhy; cyhT epyj;J”
tpsf;fk;: Nte;jNd! epd; nrq;Nfhy; cyhTk; cyfj;J ntz;ik

epwj;ij cilj;jha; ,Ug;gd Kj;Jf;fNs. kzk; kpFe;J Njd;
nrhupa epw;gd ngupa nghopy;fNs. FspHe;j xiria
cilj;jha; moNfhL $b nky;ypjha;g; gpwHf;F kdf;
cUf;fj;jpidf; nfhLg;gd ahNo vd;gdTkha; mike;jikahy;
$wg;gl;l ,it ePq;fyhf mwptpd;ik jhq;FtJk;> kpbia
cilikahy; fz;zPH nrhuptJk;> gpwH kdk; jsHtJk; ,y;iy
vd;gJ tpsq;fp epd;wJ.nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; ntz;zPHik>
ntwpatha;> fz;zPHik> ,uq;Ftd vd;w nrhw;fs; gy
nghUs;fspf;fpiaAkhW GzHf;fg;gl;L> mg;nghUs;fSs; rpNybj;j
nghUs;fshfTs;s Kj;J> nghopy;> aho; vd;gdtw;wpw;Nf
Njw;Nwfhuk; nfhLj;J tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sikapd; ,J epakr;
rpNyilahapw;W.
14.6.3.5 epaktpyf;Fr;rpNyil
epaktpyf;Fr;rpNyil vd;gJ rpNybj;j nghUis epakQ;nra;J

me;epakj;ij tpyf;FtJ.
'rpiwgLt Gl;FyNk jPk;GdYk; md;d

,iwteP fhj;jspf;Fk; vy;iy - Kiwapy;
nfhbad Fd;wj;jpd; khspifNa ad;wpf;
fbatpo;g+q; fhT Ks”.
tpsf;fk;: jiytNd! eP fhj;jspf;Fk; cyfpy; rpiw ( rpwffs; )

cilj;jha; ,Ug;gd gwit ,dq;fNs> md;wpj; jPk;GdYk; md;d
vd;wjdhy; jpj;jpj;j Gdy;fSk; rpiwAilad. nfhbia
cilad Fd;wk; Nghd;w khspiffNs@ md;wpf; g+q;fhT Ks'
vd;wjdhy; kzk; gue;j g+itcilj;jhfpa NrhiyfSk;
nfhbia Ailad vd;gJk; ntspg;gl;L epw;Fk;.
,jdhy; rpiwgLjYk; nfhLikAk; kd;dd; fhf;fpd;w epyj;jpd;

fz;,y;iy vdgJ ntspg;gl;L epd;wJ..
nghUj;jk;:,g;ghlw;fz; <uplj;J epak tpyf;Fr; rpNyilAs;sd

mit KiwNa rpiwgLt vd;w njhliur; rpNyilg;
nghUs;gLkhW mikj;Jg; Gl;FyNk vd Kd;dH epakpj;jthWk;
gpd; mjidj;> 'jPk;GdYk; md;d” vd;w njhluhy;
tpyf;fpathWkha; mike;jJ Kjyplk; MFk;. nfhbad' vd;w
nrhy;iyr; rpNyilg; nghUs;gLkhW mikj;Jf; Fd;wj;jpd;
khspifNa vd Kd;dH epakpj;jthWk;> gpd; mjidf; fbatpo;
g+q;fhTKs' vd;w njhluhy; tpyf;fpathW mike;jJ ,uz;lhk;
,lk; MFk;..
14.6.3.6 tpNuhjr;rpNyil
tpNuhjr;rpNyil vd;gJ Kd;dHr; rpNybj;jtw;iwg; gpd;dH

tpNuhjpg;gr; rpNybg;gJ.mjhtJ vLj;Jf; $wg;gLk; ,UnghUs;fspy;
xd;ww;F tpNuhjkhdtw;iw gpd;Nd mikj;Jf; $WtJ tpNuhjr;
rpNyil MFk;.
'tpr;rh juNdD ke;juj;J Nkthdhy;
mr;Rj NdDkk; khadyd;- epr;r
epiwthd; fiyah dfsq;f dPjp
,iwah defndq; Nfh”
tpsf;fk;: tpQ;iraH Mfhaj;jpy; nghUe;JtH vdpDk; Jd;gk;

miltH. Mdhy; Mfhaj;jpy; nghUe;jkhl;lhd;. vdpDk; Nrhod;
Jd;gk; milahd;. jpUkhy; khak; cilahd; Mjyhy; khad;
vdg;glhd;. Mdhy; khak; nra;ahj kd;dDk; khad; vdg;gl;lhd;.
ehNlhWk; epiwe;j ntz;ik milAk; fiyfis ciladhfpa
re;jpud; fsq;fk; cilatd;@ ehNlhWq; fiyE}y;fshy; ngUf;fk;
cilaNdDk; Nrhod; mfsq;fs; vdg;gl;lhd;@ Kf;fl;flTs;
nghUg;G cilad; Mjyhy; efd; vdg;gl;lhd;@ Nrhodhfpa
vq;Nfhd; jPtpid ,d;ikahy; mefd; vdg;gl;lhd;.
nghUj;jk;:,g;ghlw;fz; mbNjhWk; ,t;tzp mike;Js;sJ.

“tpr;rhjud;' vd;Dk; nrhy; tpQ;iraDf;Fk;> NrhoDf;Fk;
nghUe;Jtjhy; rpNyilahk;. mJ tpQ;irad; vd;Dk;
nghUs;gLq;fhy; Mfhaj;jpy; nghUe;jkhl;lhd; vd;gJ tpNuhjkha;
,Uj;jypd; tpNuhjr; rpNyilahk;. tpQ;irad; vd;ghd; tpz;zfj;
jpaq;Fgtd; Mthd;. 'mr;Rjd;' vd;Dk; nrhy; jpUkhYf;Fk;
NrhoDf;Fk; nghUe;Jtjhy; rpNyilahk;. mJ jpUkhYf;fhq;fhy;
khaQ; nra;ahd; vd;Dk; njhlUld; Kbjy; tpNuhjkha;
,Uj;jypd; tpNuhjr;rpNyilahk;.epiw thd; fiyahd; vd;Dk;
njhlH re;jpuDf;Fk; NrhoDf;Fk; nghUe;Jtjhy; rpNyilahk; mJ
NrhoDf;fhq;fhy; fsq;fj;ij Ailatd; vd;Dk; nrhy;NyhL
Kbjy; tpNuhjkha; ,Uj;jypd; tpNuhjr; rpNyilahk;. ePjp
,iwahd;' vd;Dk; njhlH ,iwtDf;Fk; NrhoDf;fhq;fhy;
jPtpid Ailatd; vd;Dk; nrhy;Yld; Kbjy; tpNuhjkha;
,Uj;jypd; tpNuhjr; rpNyil Mapw;W.
14.6.3.7 mtpNuhjr;rpNyil
mtpNuhjr;rpNyil vd;gJ Kd;dHr; rpNybj;j nghUisg; gpd;dH

tpNuhjpahky; rpNybg;gJ.mjhtJ vLj;Jf; $wg;gLk; ,U
nghUs;fspy; xd;ww;F xd;W tpNuhjkpd;wp mt;tg; nghUs;fSf;Fk;
Vw;g gpd;dUs;snjhliu mikj;Jf; $WtJ mtpNuhjr;
rpNyilahk;.
Nrhjp aputp fuj;jhd; ,unthopf;Fk;
khjplj;jhd; kd;kjid khwopf;Fk;-kPjhk;
mdfkjp Njhw;wf; FKjk; mspf;Fk;
jdjd; ,Uepjpf;Nfhd; jhd;'
tpsf;fk;:xspapid cila fjputd; jd; fjpHfshNy ,Uis

ePf;Fthd;@ Gfio ciladha; ,utpFyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ,utp
vd;Dk;. ngaupidAiladha; Nrhod; iffshNy gpwUila
tWikiaj; jPHg;ghd;@ ckhNjtpia ,lg;ghfj;jpYilatd;
fhkidkhwhf;fp mopg;ghd;@ ,td; kpFe;j jpl;gk; ciladhjyhy;
kd;dtH typapid khWnfhz;L nfLg;ghd;@ Mfhaj;jpy; Njhd;wpa
Fw;wkw;w kjp cjak; nra;J FKjq;fis ( my;yp kyHfis )
kyur;nra;Ak;. ,td; Nkyha Fw;wkw;w mwpT Njhd;wpg;
g+jyj;Jf;F Vw;w kfpo;r;rpiaf; nfhLg;ghd;@ FNgud; jdjd;
vd;Dk; ngaiu cilatdha rq;fkepjp> gJkepjp vd;Dk;
,Uepjpf;Fj;jiytdhthd;. kd;dDk; gpwUf;Fg; nghUis
mspj;Jkpf;f nghUSf;FKjy;td; vd;dg;gLthd;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; mbnjhWk; ,t;tzp

mike;Js;sJ.'Nrhjpaputp' vd;Dk; njhlH #upaDf;Fk;>
NrhoDf;Fk; nghUe;Jtjhy; rpNyilahk;. mJ fuj;jhd;
,unthopf;Fk;” vd;Dk; njhlNuhL KbAq;fhy; tpNuhjkpd;wp
,UnghUSf;Fk; xg;g mikjypd; mtpNuhjr; rpNyilahapw;W
'khjplj;jhd;” vd;Dk; njhlH rptngUkhDf;Fk;> NrhoDf;Fk;

nghUe;Jtjhy; rpNyilahk;. mJ kd;kjid khwopf;Fk; vd;Dk;
njhlNuhL KbAq;fhy; tpNuhjkpd;wp ,U nghUSf;Fk; xg;g
mikjypd; mtpNuhjr; rpNyil ahapw;W.
'kjp” vd;Dk; nrhy; re;jpuDf;Fk;> NrhoDila mwpTf;Fk;

nghUe;Jtjhy; rpNyilahk;. mJ “FKjk; mspf;Fk;' vd;Dk;
njhlNuhL KbAq;fhy; tpNuhjkpd;wp ,U nghUSf;Fk; xg;g
mikjypd; mtpNuhjr;rpNyil ahapw;W.
“jdjd;” vd;Dk; nrhy; FNguDf;Fk;> NrhoDf;Fk; nghUe;Jtjhy;

rpNyilahk; mJ. ,Uepjpf;Nfhd;” vd;Dk; njhlNuhL tpNuhjkpd;wp
,UnghUSf;Fk; xg;g Kbjypd; mtpNuhjr; rpNyilahapw;W.
14.7 tpNrltzp:
Fze;njhopy; Kjypa FiwgL jd;ikapd;
Nkk;gl xUnghUs; tpsk;Gjy; tpNrlk;
tpsf;fk;: FzKk;> njhopYk;> rhjpAk;> nghUSk;> cWg;Gk;

Kjyhapd FiwgLjy; fhuzkhf> xU nghUl;F Nkk;ghL Njhd;w
ciug;gJ tpNrlk; vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.
14.7.1 Fzf;Fiw tpNrlk;

'Nfhl;lk; jpUg;GUtq; nfhs;sh mtHnrq;Nfhy;
Nfhl;lk; Gupe;j nfhilr;nrd;dp - ehl;lk;
rpte;jd tpy;iy jpUe;jhH fypq;fk;
rpte;jd nre;jPj; njw
tpsf;fk;:nfhil eyKila NrhoDila mofpa GUtq;fs;

Nfhl;lj;ijf; nfhs;stpy;iy. Mdhy; mjw;Fs; mtDila
giftHfspd; nrq;Nfhy; Nfhl;lj;ij mile;J tpl;ld.
mr;NrhoDila fz;fs; rptf;ftpy;iy@ Mdhy; mjw;Fs;
mtDila giftHfspd; fypq;fehL vupAw;Wr; rpte;J tpl;ld
vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: Nrhod; jd; giftH ehl;il mopf;f Ntz;Lkhfpy;>

Kjypy; mtDf;Fr; rpdk; Vw;gl Ntz;Lk;. mr;rpdk; cz;ikia
mwptpf;Fk; Fzq;fsha NfhLjYk;> rptj;jYk; NrhoDf;F
Vw;gLtjw;F Kd;dNkNa giftHehL mope;J tpl;ld vd;gjhy;
,J Fzf;Fiw tpNrlkhapw;W. Fzj;jhy; Fiw tpUg;gpDk;>
nrayhy; Nkk;gLjypd; ,J Fzf;Fiw tpNrlkhk;.
14.7.2 njhopw;Fiw tpNrlk;

Vq;fh Kfpy;nghopah ehSk; Gdy;Njq;Fk;
g+q;fh tpupehld; NghHkjkh - ePqf

; h
tisgl;l jhszpfs; khnwjpHe;jhHf; fe;ehs;
jisgl;l jhs;jh kiu”
tpsf;fk;: kio nga;ahj ehSk; ePNuhLk; fhtpupahw;iw cila

NRhoDila Nghupy;> ahidfspd; fhy;fnsy;yhk; foyhjgb
tisj;jplg;gl;l tPuf;foy; g+z;ld@ ,it ,t;tz;zk; nra;a>
khWgl;l kd;dtH fhy;fshfpa jhkiufs; vy;yhk; jisahfpa
tpyq;F g+z;ld vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: Nkfk; kioiar; nga;jyhfpa njhopiy nra;jhy;

md;wp Mw;wpy; jz;zPH epiwahJ. mJ Nghy ahid Kjypa
gilfs; tPuf;foy; g+z;L NghupLjyhfpa njhopiy
epfo;j;jpdhyd;wpg; giftiur; rpiwapyilj;jy; vd;gJ ,ayhJ.
vdpDk; ,g;ghlw;fz; mt;tj;njhopy; epfOk; Kd;dNkNa> mt;tr;
nray;fs; epfo;e;Jtpl;ld vdf; $Wtjhy;> ,J njhopw;Fiw
tpNrl khapw;W.
14.7.3 rhjpf;Fiw tpNrlk;
“Nka epiuGue;J ntz;nza; njhLTz;l
MadhH khNww;(W) mkHGupe;jhH - J}a
ngUe;jUTk; gpd;Dq; nfhLj;Jile;jhH tpz;Nkw;
Gue;juDk; thNdhUk; Nghy;”
tpsf;fk;: nghUe;jpa Mdpiufisf; fhj;J ntz;nziaj; Njhz;b

mjid vLj;Jz;l ,ilf;Fyj;jpduha fz;zgpuhd; NjtHfSld;
vjpHj;Jg; NghH nra;jhH. mJ nghOJ tpz;ZyfpYs;s ,e;jpuDk;
Vida NjtHfSk; mg;NghUf;F Mw;whJ J}a ghuprhjk; vd;Dk;
fw;gfj;jUitAk;> jkJ KJifAk; nfhLj;jHfs; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: fz;zgpuhd; ,ilf;Fyj;jpy; Njhd;wpdH vd;gjhy;

rhjpf;FiwT Njhd;wpDk;> NjtFyk; midj;ijAk; ntd;whH
vd;gjhy; Nkk;ghL Njhd;wypd; > ,J rhjpf;Fiw tpNrlkhapw;W
14.7.4 nghUl;Fiw tpNrlk:;

'njhy;iy kiwNjH Jiztd;ghy; Mz;Ltiu
vy;iy apUehop new;nfhz;(L) xH - nky;ypayhs;
xq;Fyfpy; thOk; capuidj;J Cl;Lkhy;
Vq;nfhypePHf; fhQ;rp apil”
tpsf;fk;: ePHtsk; kpf;f fhQ;rPGuj;jpy;> nkd;ikj;jd;ik cila

xg;gw;w ngUikAila cikak;ikahH> goikahd Ntjq;fSk;
mwpjw;fupa jd;Dila jiytdhd rptngUkhdplj;Nj ,Uehop
ney;iyg;ngw;W mJ nfhz;L Xuhz;L msTk; cyFapHfs;
midj;jpw;Fk; czt+l;bg; ghJfhg;gshapds; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; ,Uehop new;nfhz;L vd;gjhy; nghUl;

FiwT Njhd;wpbDk;> capuidj;jpw;Fk; Cl;Lk; vd;gjhy; Nkk;ghL
Njhd;w ciuj;jpUg;gjhy; mJ nghUl;Fiw tpNrlkhapw;W.
14.7.5 cWg;Gf;Fiw tpNrlk;
“ahid ,ujk; gupahs; ,itapy;iy
jhDk; mdq;fd; jDf;fUk;G - NjdhH
kyiue;jp dhy;ntd; wbg;gLj;jhd; khud;
cyfq;fs; %d;Wk; xUq;F”
tpsf;fk;:kd;kjDf;F ahid> NjH> Fjpiu> fhyhs; Mfpa

ehy;tifg; gilfSk; ,y;iy. mtDk; clk;G ,y;yhjtd;.
mtDila tpy;Nyh typikaw;w fUk;G. mq;qdk; ,Ue;Jk; Njd;
epiwe;j Ie;J kyHfspdhNyNa %TyifAk; xUq;Nf ntd;W
mbg;gLj;jpdhd; vd;gjhk;
nghUj;jk;: cyfk; %d;iwAk; xUq;F mbg;gLj;jw;fhd cWg;Gfs;
xd;Wk; ,y;yhj FiwapUg;gpDk;> mtw;iw ntd;W mbg;gLj;jhd;
vd Nkk;ghL $wpdikapd; ,J cWg;Gf;Fiw tpNrlkhapw;W.
14.8 xg;Gikf; $l;ltzp - tpup

fUjpa Fzj;jpd; kpFnghUs; cld;itj;(J)
xUnghUs; ciug;g(J) xg;Gikf; $l;lk;.
GytH xU nghUisr; nrhy;Ykplj;jpy; jhd; fUjpa Fz

Kjyhapdtw;why; kpf;f nghUisf; $litj;Jr; nrhy;YtJ
xg;Gikf; $l;lk; vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.
xg;Gikf; $l;ltzpapd; tpup
GfopDk; gopg;gpDk; Gyg;gLk; mJNt.
,t; mzp xd;widg; Gfo;jw;fz;Zk;> gopj;jw;fz;Zk; Njhd;Wk;.
14.8.1 Gfo; xg;Gikf;$l;lk;

'g+z;jhq;F nfhq;if nghuNt FionghUg;Gk;
J}z;lhj nja;tr; RlHtpsf;Fk; - ehz;jhq;F
tz;ikrhy; rhd;wtUk; fhQ;rp tsk;gjpapd;
cz;ikahy; cz;bt; TyF”
tpsf;fk;: cikak;ikapd; khHGfs; mOe;Jtjhy; Nkdp Fioe;j

jpUNtfhk;gu ehjUk;> J}z;l Ntz;lhj nja;tj;jd;ik nghUe;jpa
jpUee;jh tpsf;Fk;> gpwH ehzj;jf;f nfhilj;jd;ik tha;e;j
rhd;wtUk;> fhQ;rPGuk; vd;Dk; tsk; nghUe;jpa efupy;
cs;sikahy; ,t;Tyfk; epiyngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ.
nghUj;jk;: Gfoj;jf;f ,g;nghUs;fs; %d;Wk; xUq;F njhFj;Jf;

$wg;gl;bUj;jypd; ,J Gfo; xg;Gikf; $l;lkhapw;W .
14.8.2 gopg;G xg;Gikf;$l;lk;

'nfhs;nghUs; nt/fpf; Fbaiyf;Fk; Nte;jDk;
cs;nghUs; nrhy;yhr; rynkhop khe;jUk;

,y;ypUe;(J) vy;iy flg;ghSk; ,k;%tH
ty;Ny kioaUf;Fk; Nfhs;”
tpsf;fk;: nghUSf;F Mirg;gl;Lj; jd;fPo; cs;s Fbia

Jd;gk; nra;Ak; murDk;> cz;ik nrhy;yhJ ryk; gw;wp nty;y
tof;Fr; nrhy;YthUk;> xUtd; ,y;ypUe;J mt;nty;iy
flf;fpd;sw ,y;yhSk; Mfpa ,k;%tuhYk; ,t;Tyfj;Jf;
fhykio mUFk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlw;fz; gopf;fj;jf;f nghUs;fs; %d;Wk; xUq;F

njhFj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sikapd;> ,J gopg;G xg;Gikf;
$l;lkhapw;W.
14.9 tpNuhjtzp:
khWgL nrhw;nghUs; khWghl;(L) ,aw;if
tpisTju ciug;gJ tpNuhj khFk;.
khWgl;l nrhy;yhDk;> nghUshDk; khWghl;Lj; jd;ik tpisT

Njhd;w ciug;gJ tpNuhjk; vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.
14.9.1 nrhy; tpNuhjk;

'fhiyAk; khiyAk; if$g;gpf; fhy;njhOjhy;
Nkiy tpidnay;yhk; fPothk; - Nfhyf;
fUkhd;Njhy; ntz;zPwW
; r; nrk;Nkdpg; ige;jhHg;
ngUkhidr; rpw;wk; gyj;J”
tpsf;fk;: mofpa fUikahd ahidj; NjhiyAk;> ntz;ikahd

jpUePw;iwAk;> rpte;j jpUNkdpiaAk;> gRikahd nfhd;iw
khiyiaAk; cila rptngUkhidr;> rpw;wk;gyj;jpy;
fhiy>khiy Mfpa ,uz;L NtisfspYk; iffisf; $g;gpj;
njhOjhy; Kd;nra;j tpidfs; ahTk; fPo;ikg;gLk;
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlw;fz; fhiy>khiy@ if$g;Gjy;> fhy; njhOjy;@

Nky; fPo@; fUik> ntz;ik@ nrk;ik> gRik vd;w nrhw;fs;
xd;Nwhnlhd;W khWgl;L tpNuhjg;gl ,Uj;jypd;> ,J nrhy;
tpNuhjkhapw;W.
14.9.2 nghUs; tpNuhjk;
'Nrhiy gapYq; Fapy;koiy NrhHe;jlq;f
MYk; kapypdq;fs; MHj;njOe;j - Qhyk;
FspHe;j Kfpy;fWj;j NfhgQ; rpte;j
tpsHe;j Jizgpupe;jhH. nka;”
tpsf;fk;:Nrhiyfspy; Fapy;fspd; mofpa nrhw;fs; NrhHTw;W

mlq;f> kapy; $l;lq;fs; Muhtupj;J vOe;jd@ epyj;jpd;
FspHjw;Ff; fhuzkhd Kfpy;fs; fWj;jd@ ,e;jpu Nfhgk; vd;Dk;
g+r;rpfs; rpte;jd@ jk; Jiztiug; gpupe;j kfspupd; cly;fs;
ntSj;jd vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,J fhHfhy tUzid MFk;. ,g;ghlypy; Kd;

,uz;lbfspy; nghUs; tpNuhjk; mike;Js;sJ. Fapy; nrhy;
NrhHe;jlq;fYk;> kapypdq;fs; Muhtupj;J vOjYk; xd;ww;nfhd;W
khWgl;l nghUs; Mjypd; nghUs; tpNuhjkhk;. gpd; ,uz;lbfspy;
fWg;G> rptg;G> ntSg;G vd;w nrhw;fs; xd;ww;nfhd;W
khWgl;bUj;jypd; nrhy; tpNuhjKk; MFk;.
,dp> ,t; mzp gpw myq;fhuq;fNshL $bAk; tUk;
14.9.3 rpNyil tpNuhjk;

rpNyil mzpAld;> tpNuhjmzp $btupd; mJ rpNyil
tpNuhjkhk;.
',dkhd; ,fy ntspa ntdpDk;

tdNkT Gz;lupfk; thl;Lk;-tdkhH
fupAUtq; nfhz;Lk; muprpjwf; fhAk;
ypupkyHnkd; $e;jy; tpop'
tpsf;fk;: fhl;by; thOk; khd; Gypfis tUj;j ty;ythapd@
fhl;Lahid jd; tbitf; nfhz;Lk; rpq;fk; ,upe;Njhlf;
fhAk;.,dpf; fz;fspd; Nky; nry;Yq;fhy;> ,dkhAs;s khd;tpop
Nghd;W ntz;ikia cilatha; ePUlNd nghUe;jpa jhkiu
kyiu mofopj;J> mofkHe;jik kjHg;Gilatha; muprpjw
ntk;ik nra;a ty;yd>kyiuAila nky;ypa $e;jiyAila
,tSila tpopfs; vd;gjhk;.
,J rpNyil tpNuhjk; MFk;.

,fYjy;-gifj;jYk;> xj;jYk;.
ntspa-vspa> ntspa.
tdk;-fhLk;> ePUk;.
Gz;lupfk;-GypAk;> jhkiuAk;.
tdk;-fhLk;> moFk;.
fup-ahidAk;> ikAk;.
mup-rpq;fKk;> nrt;tupAk;.
rpjwy;- mopj;jYk;> guj;jYk;.
fha;jy;-Nfhgpj;jYk;> tUj;jYk;.
vd;gjha;r; rpNyil tpujk; mike;jJ.
khd; vspaJ vdpDk; Gypia thl;Lk; vd;gJk;> ahid jd;
tbitf; nfhz;Lk; rpq;fk; gae;NjhLkhW fhAk; vd;gJk;
,g;ghlypy; fhzg;gLk; nghUs; tpNuhjk; MFk;. ,g;ghlypy;
mike;j nrhw;fs; gyTk; rpNyilg; nghUs;gl mike;Js;sikapd;
rpNyilAkhapw;W. ,t;thw;whd; ,J rpNyil tpNuhjkhapw;W.
14.10 khWgLGfo; epiyazp:

fUjpa nghUs;njhFj;(J) Mq;fJ gopj;jw;F
Ntnwhd;W Gfo;tJ khWgL Gfo;epiy.
GytH> jhd; fUjpa nghUis kiwj;J mjidg; gopj;jw;F

Ntnwhd;widg; Gfo;tJ khWgL Gfo;epiy vd;Dk; mzpahFk;.
',utwpah ahtiuAk; gpd;nry;yh ey;y
jUepoYk; jz;zPUk; Gy;Yk; - xUtH.
gilj;jdTk; nfhs;shtpg; Gs;spkhd; ghHNky;.
Jilj;jdNt ad;Nwh JaH.
tpsf;fk;:khd;fs; gpwuplk; nrd;W ,uj;jiy mwpakhl;lh>

vtuplj;Jk; FiwAw;Wr; nry;ykhl;lh> xUtuhy; ey;y kuj;jpd;
epoiyAk;> FspHe;j ePiuAk;> Gy;iyANk jq;Fk; ,lKk;>
czTkhfj; jhd; nfhs;Sk;@vdNt ,it ,t;Tyfpy;
Jd;gj;jpdpd;Wk; ePq;fpadtd;Nwh? vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;;: ,g;ghlw;fz; ftpQd; gopf;ff; fUjpa nghUs;

,utyiuahFk;. Mdhy; mjid kiwj;J khidg;
Gfo;e;jpUg;gjhy;> ,J khWgL Gfo;epiy ahapw;W.
14.11 Gfohg;Gfo;r;rpazp:
gopg;gJ NghYk; ghd;ikapd; Nkd;ik
Gyg;gl nkhoptJ Gfohg; Gfo;r;rp.
gopj;jy; NghYk; jd;ikahd;> xd;ww;F Nkk;ghL Njhd;w ciug;gJ

Gfohg; Gfo;r;rp. vd;gjhFk;.
NghHNtypd; ntd;wJ}ck; gy;Gfohy; NghHj;jJ}ck;
jhHNkT jpz;Gaj;jhy; jhq;FtJ}ck; - ePHehld;
Njubf;$H ntk;gilahy; fhg;gJ}ck; nrq;fz;khy;
xubf;fPo; itj;j TyF”
tpsf;fk;: Nrhod; Ntypdhy; ntd;wp nfhz;lJk;> gy;NtW

tifg;gl;l Gfohy; KbaJk;>khiyiaazpe;J Njhspdhy;
jhq;FtJk;> rf;fug;gilahy; fhg;gJk;> rpte;j
jpUf;fz;fisAila jpUkhy; jdJ xU jpUtbapd;fPo; mlf;fpa
epyTyfNk ahFk; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: jpUkhy; jd;Dila Xubahy; mse;j cyifNa

Nrhod; Ntypd; ntd;Wk;> Gfohy; NghHj;Jk;> Gaj;jhy;
jhq;fpAk;fhf;fpd;wdd; vd;gjhy;>mtdhy; fhf;fg;gLk; cyfk;
gopf;fg;gLtJ Nghy; Njhd;wpDk;> mtd; cyf KOtijAk;
fhf;fpd;whd; vd;w Nkd;ik Gyg;gLjypd;> ,J Gfohg;
Gfo;r;rpahapw;W.
14.12 epjuprdtzp:
epjuprdk; vd;gJ ed;F fhz;gJ . epjuprd mzpiaj; jkpo;
E}yhH 'fhl;rpazp” vd;gH.
xUtif epfo;tjw;(F) Xj;jgad; gpwpjpw;Fg;
Gfo;ik jPik nad;wpit Gyg;gl
epfo;t jhapd; epjuprd kJNt.
xUtifahy; epfo;tJ> xd;ww;Fg; nghUe;jpanjhU gaidg;

gpwpnjhd;ww;F ed;ik Gyg;gl epfo;tjhjy;>my;yJ jPik Gyg;gl
epfo;tjhjy;> nra;tnjdr; nrhy;YtJ epjuprdk; vd;Dk;
mzpahFk;..
14.12.1 Gfo;ik
'gpwHnry;tk; fz;lhy; ngupNahH kfpo;Tk;
rpwpNahH nghwhj jpwKk; - mwpTwP,r;
nrq;fky nka;kyHe;j Njq;FKj nka;aaHe;j
nghq;nfhspNahd; tPnwa;Jk; NghJ”
tpsf;fk;:: gpwHjk; nry;tj;ijf; fz;lhy; ngupNahH kfpo;tijAk;>

rpwpNahH mjw;Fg; nghwhik nfhs;tijAk; tpsf;f> fjputd;
Njhd;Wk;nghOJ nre;jhkiu kyHfs; kyHr;rpaile;jd@ Mk;gy;
kyHfs; Ftpe;jd vd;gjidf; fhl;bf; $wy;>,g;ghlw;fz; ,Utif
epjuprdk; cs;sd.
nghUj;jk;: fjputdpd; xspiaf; fz;L jhkiu kyHtjhdJ

gpwHnry;tj;ijf; fz;lhy; ngupNahH kfpo;tH vd;gijf;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,q;qdk; xU epfo;r;rpiaf; nfhz;L mjd; gadhf
ed;ikahd fUj;Jg; ngwg;gl;ljhff; $WtJ. Gfo;ik
epjuprdkhFk;.fjputdpd; xspiaf; fz;L Mk;gy; FtpjyhdJ> gpwH
nry;tj;ijf; fz;lhy;rpwpNahH nghwhH vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ .
,e;epfo;r;rpiaf; nfhz;L ,jd; gadhfj; jPik Gyg;glf;
$Wjypd;> ,J jPik epjuprd khapw;W.
14.12.2 jPik
“ngupNah UioAk; gpiorpwpJz; lhapd;
,Uepyj;Js; ahUk; mwpjy; - njuptpf;Fk;
Njf;Fk; flYyfpy; ahtHf;Fe; njs;sKjk;
thf;F kjpNky; kW”
epytpd; kPJ cz;lhfpa kW> g+kpapy; ngupNahuplj;Jf; Fw;wq;fs;

kiwj;jw;F mupjha; midtUf;Fk; Gyg;gLk; vd;gJ njupar;
nrhy;YtJ Nghy; ,Ue;jJ vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlw;fz; kjpaj;jpy; cs;s kW ahtHf;Fk;

njupAk; vd;w epfo;r;rpiaf; nfhz;L kpfg; ngupNahuplj;Jk; jtW
rpwpJ Vw;gbd; mjid vy;NyhUk; mwptH vd;w jPikg; gaidf;
$wypd;> jPik epjuprdkhapw;W.
14.13 GzHepiyazp:
tpidgz;G vd,it ,UnghUl;(F) xd;Nw
Gzu nkhoptJ GzHepiy ahFk;.
tpidahYk; gz;ghYk; ,uz;L nghUSf;F xd;Nw nghUe;jr;

nrhy;YtJ GzHepiy vd;Dk; mzpahFk;. ,J ,uz;l
tifg;gLk;> mit KiwNa tpidg; GzHepiy> gz;Gg; GzHepiy
vd;gjhFk;.
14.13;.1 tpidg;GzHepiy
'Ntz;LUtq; nfhz;L fUfp ntspgue;J
ePz;l KfpYlNd ePHnghope;j - Mz;lifNahH
Nkty; tpUk;Gk; ngUeirahd; nky;yhtp
fhty; Gupe;jpUe;NjhH fz;”
tpsf;fk;: jhd; Ntz;ba cUtj;ijf; nfhz;L fWj;j

epwj;ijAilajha; Mfhaj;jpNy ngupjha; ,Uf;fg;gl;l kio
KfpYlNd ePH nghopahepd;wd. gpwH tpUk;Gk; jd;ikia
cilj;jhfpa cUtj;ij cilj;jha; myq;fupj;J vOjg;gl;l
ikNahL $ba ntz;ikahd; ePz;bUf;fg;gl;l fz;fs; vd;gjha;
tUk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlw;fz; $wg;gl;l nghUs; ,uz;L. (1) Kfpy;. (2)

fz;. ,itapuz;bw;Fk; 'ePH nghope;j ' vd;Dk; njhopy;gw;wpa xU
nrhy;Ny Kbf;Fk; nrhy;yhf mike;jpUj;jypd; ,J tpidg;
GzHepiy ahapw;W.
14.13;.2 gz;Gg;GzHepiy
“g+q;fhtpw; Gs;nshLq;Fk; Gd;khiyg; Ngho;JlNd
ePq;fhj ntk;ikatha; ePz;ldthy; - jhq;fhjy;
itf;Fe; JiztH tUtkjp ghHj;jhtp
ca;f;Fe; jkpahH capH”
tpsf;fk;: fhjypf;fg;gl;l JiztH tUq;fhyk; ghHj;jpUe;j

ngz;fSila capuhdJ> g+k;nghopypy; gwitfs; xLq;fg;gl;l
khiyg; nghOJlNd> ePq;fhj JauQ; nra;J> jhDk; fopahNj
epd;wJ..
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlw;fz; $wg;gl;l nghUs;fs; ,uz;L. (1)

khiyg;nghOJ. (2) jkpahH capH. ,it apuz;bw;Fk; 'ePz;ld”
vd;Dk; gz;Ggw;wpa xU nrhy;Ny Kbthf mike;jpUj;jypd;> ,J
gz;Gg; GzHepiy ahapw;W.
14.14 guptUj;jidazp:
nghUs;gup khWjy; guptUj; jidNa.
nghUs;fs; xd;ww;F xd;W nfhLj;J> xd;W nfhz;ldthfr;

nrhy;YtJ guptUj;jid vd;Dk; mzp MFk;.
'fhkid ntd;Nwhd; rilkjpAk; fq;ifAk;

jhk eponyhd;W jhq;nfhLj;J - ehkg;
gUth sutpd; gzkzpfs; NjhWk;
cUth apuk;ngw; Ws”
tpsf;fk;: fhkid ntd;w Kf;fl; flTSila rilkPJ ,Uf;Fk;
kjpAk;> fq;ifAk;> tUj;jk; nra;Ak; jd;ik nfhz;ljha;g;
ngupjha; ,Uf;Fk; xspapid cilj;jhd mutpd; glq;fspy;
cz;lhfpa kzpfs; NjhWk; jj;jk; cUtj;ijf; nfhLj;J>
Mapukhapuk; cUtj;ijg; ngw;wd.
nghUj;jk;: rptngUkhd; jiyapYs;s fq;ifAk; kjpAk;> mutpd;

kzpfSf;F Kd;Nd jhe;jhk; nfhLj;j epoy; xt;nthd;Nw MapDk;
mutpd; kzpfs;NjhWk; mt;ntht;nthU cUtKk; Mapuk;
Mapukhff; fhl;rpaspj;jd vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;qdk;
nfhLj;jJ xd;wha;f;> nfhz;lJ Mapukha;g;
gupkwpf;nfhz;bUj;jypd;> ,J guptUj;jidahapw;W.
14.15 tho;j;jzp:
,d;dhHf;(F) ,d;d(J) ,iaf ntd;Wjhk;
Kd;dpaJ fpsj;jy; tho;jn

; jd nkhopg .
,d;d jd;ikia cilahHf;F ,d;dJ epfo;f vd;W ftpfs; jhk;

fUjpajid tpjpg;gJ> tho;j;J vd;Dk; mzp vd;W nrhy;YtH
GytH.
'%thj; jkpo;gae;j Kd;D}y; Kdpthop !

Mthop ! thop mUkiwNahH ! - fhtpupehl;(L)
mz;zy; mzghad; thop ! mtd;Filf;fPo;
kz;Zyfpy; thop kio”
tpsf;fk;: mopahj jkpioj;Njhw;Wtpj;j gioa E}y;fis czHe;j
mfj;jpa Kdptd; tho;f@ Mdpiufs; tho;f@ mupa Ntjq;fis
czHe;j me;jzHfs; tho;f@ fhtpup #o;e;j Nrho ehl;bd;
jiytdhd mdghad; tho;f@ mtDila Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;l
epyTyfpy; kioahdJ vd;Wk; ngha;ahJ tho;f vd;gjha;
mikAk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; mdghaDf;Fk; mtDila ehl;bw;Fk;

,d;wpaikahjdthd nkhop> kio> rhd;NwhHfs; Mfpa midj;Jk;
tho;f vd tho;jj; pAs;sikahy;> ,J tho;j;jzpahapw;W .
14.16 rq;fPuztzp:
nkhopag; gl;l mzpgy jk;Ks;
jOt ciug;gJ rq;fP uzNk .
Nkw; nrhy;yg;gl;l myq;fhuq;fs; gyTk; jk;Ks; nghUe;j
ciug;gJ rq;fPuzk; vd;Dk; myq;fhuk; MFk;. .
'jz;LiwePH epd;w jtj;jhy; mspkUT
Gz;lupfk; epd;tjdk; Nghd;wjhy; - cz;Nlh !
gapd;whH csk;gUFk; ghy;nkhopaha; ! ghHNky;
Kad;why; Kbahg; nghUs;”
tpsf;fk;: FspHe;j JiwePupNy jtk; Gupe;j ,jdhNy tz;L
kUtg;gl;l jhkiu epd; Kfkz;lyj;ij xg;gg;
ngWjyhy;>mize;jhH cs;sj;ijf ftUk; ghy; Nghd;w
nkhopapid cilaha; ! cyfj;jpy; Kaw;rpahy; Kbahj nghUs;
ahJkpy;iy .
,jDs; > 'jz;Liw ePH epd;w jtk;” - jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk; .

'jtj;jhy;” - fhufNtJ .
'mspkUT” - rpNyil .
'Gz;lupfk; epd;tjdk; NghYk;” - ctik .
'cz;Nlh Kad;why; Kbahg; nghUs;” - Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;G .
'csk; gUFk; ghy; nkhopaha;” - Rit .
,g;ghl;bw;F ,t;tz;zNk gy myq;fhuq;fSk; fhz;f .
14.17 ctik cUtfq;fl;Fg; Gwdil:
xg;Gik apy;yJk; IaKk; ctikapy;
nrg;gpa jpwKk; ctk TUtfKk;
cUtfj; jlf;fYk; czHe;jdH nfhsNy.
ctik cUtfq;fisf; Fwpj;J xU Gwdil czHj;Jjy;
Ejypw;W.nghJePq;Ftik> IaTik> ,lj;jpw;Nfw;wJ>
fhyj;jpw;Nfw;wJ> gz;gpw;Nfw;wJ>nghUSf;Nfw;wJ> kugpw;Nfw;wJ
vd;gjha; tUk;.
14.18 ghtpftzp:
ghtpfk; vd;gJ fhg;gpag; gz;Ng.
tpsf;fk;: ghtpfk; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLtJ nghUs; njhlHepiyr;
nra;As; jpwj;Jf; ftpahy; fUjpr; nra;ag;gLtnjhU gz;G MFk;.
,J mj;njhlHepiyr; nra;As; KOJk; Nehf;fpf;
nfhs;sg;gLtjy;yJ> jdpj;J xU ghl;lhy; Nehf;fpf; nfhs;sg;
Gyg;glhjJ MFk;.
gpwdpy; tpioNthH fpisnahLk; nfLg” vd;gJ

,uhkhazj;jpypUe;J nfhs;sg;gLtjhFk;. 'nghiwapw; rpwe;j
ftrk; ,y;iy” vd;gJ kfhghujj;jhy; mwpa tUtjhFk;..
'tha;ikapw; fbaNjhH thspapy;iy” vd;gJ mupr;re;jpu
Guhzj;jhy; njspag;gLtjhFk;.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.nrk;nkhopr;rpNyil – tpsf;Ff
xUtifaha; epd;W gynghUs; gLtJ. mjhtJ nrhw;fs;
xt;nthU nghUs; gLk; nghOJk; gpuptjpy; khWgLjypd;wp> xNu
epiyapy; gpupe;J nghUs; jUtJ.
'nrq;fuq;f shdpuT ePf;Fe; jpwk;Gupe;J
gq;fa khjH eyk;gapyg; - nghq;Fjaj;(J)
Xuhop nta;Nahd; caHe;j newpnahOFk;
ePuhop ePzpyj;J Nky;”
tpsf;fk;: #upad; rpte;j fuq;fshy; ,Us; ePf;fk; jpwk; ngw;wJ.

jhkiu tpUk;gg;gLk; rpwg;g kpf;fJ. Nky; Nehf;fpa Njhw;wj;jpid
cilaJ. xw;iwr; rf;fuj;jhy; Mfpa Njupy; CHe;J
tUtJ.flyhy; #og;gl;l ,t; cyfpy; Nky; mike;j thd
ntspapy; CHe;J tUtJ.
Nrhod; jd; rpte;j fuq;fshy; ,t; cyfpy; cs;Nshupd;

tWikiaj; jPHg;gtd;. jhkiu kyupy; tPww ; pUf;Fk; jpUkfspd;
nry;tj;ijg; ngw;wtd;. Nkk;gl;L epd;w nry;tj;ijg;
ngw;wtd;.jdpj;j Mizr;rf;fuj;ij cilatd;.fly; #o;e;j
cyfpy; caHe;j newpapy; xOfpatd;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypYs;s njhlHfs; #upad;> Nrhod; Mfpa

,UtUf;Fk; nghUe;Jtjh apUg;gjhy; rpNyil ahapw;W.
,j;njhlHfs; #upad; Nrhod; Mfpa ,UtHf;Fk; xNu epiyapy;
nrk;ikahfg;) gpupe;J nghUs;gLjyhy; nrk;nkhopr; rpNyilA
khapw;W.
2.Gfo; xg;Gikf;$l;lk; rhd;Wld; vOJf.
'g+z;jhq;F nfhq;if nghuNt FionghUg;Gk;
J}z;lhj nja;tr; RlHtpsf;Fk; - ehz;jhq;F
tz;ikrhy; rhd;wtUk; fhQ;rp tsk;gjpapd;
cz;ikahy; cz;bt; TyF”
tpsf;fk;: cikak;ikapd; khHGfs; mOe;Jtjhy; Nkdp Fioe;j

jpUNtfhk;gu ehjUk;> J}z;l Ntz;lhj nja;tj;jd;ik nghUe;jpa
jpUee;jh tpsf;Fk;> gpwH ehzj;jf;f nfhilj;jd;ik tha;e;j
rhd;wtUk;> fhQ;rPGuk; vd;Dk; tsk; nghUe;jpa efupy;
cs;sikahy; ,t;Tyfk; epiyngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ.
nghUj;jk;: Gfoj;jf;f ,g;nghUs;fs; %d;Wk; xUq;F njhFj;Jf;

$wg;gl;bUj;jypd; ,J Gfo; xg;Gikf; $l;lkhapw;W .
3.Gfohg;Gfo;r;rpazp – Rl;bAiuf;f.
gopg;gJ NghYk; ghd;ikapd; Nkd;ik
Gyg;gl nkhoptJ Gfohg; Gfo;r;rp.
gopj;jy; NghYk; jd;ikahd;> xd;ww;F Nkk;ghL Njhd;w ciug;gJ

Gfohg; Gfo;r;rp. vd;gjhFk;.
NghHNtypd; ntd;wJ}ck; gy;Gfohy; NghHj;jJ}ck;
jhHNkT jpz;Gaj;jhy; jhq;FtJ}ck; - ePHehld;

Njubf;$H ntk;gilahy; fhg;gJ}ck; nrq;fz;khy;
xubf;fPo; itj;j TyF”
tpsf;fk;: Nrhod; Ntypdhy; ntd;wp nfhz;lJk;> gy;NtW

tifg;gl;l Gfohy; KbaJk;>khiyiaazpe;J Njhspdhy;
jhq;FtJk;> rf;fug;gilahy; fhg;gJk;> rpte;j
jpUf;fz;fisAila jpUkhy; jdJ xU jpUtbapd;fPo; mlf;fpa
epyTyfNk ahFk; vd;gjhk;.
nghUj;jk;: jpUkhy; jd;Dila Xubahy; mse;j cyifNa

Nrhod; Ntypd; ntd;Wk;> Gfohy; NghHj;Jk;> Gaj;jhy;
jhq;fpAk;fhf;fpd;wdd; vd;gjhy;>mtdhy; fhf;fg;gLk; cyfk;
gopf;fg;gLtJ Nghy; Njhd;wpDk;> mtd; cyf KOtijAk;
fhf;fpd;whd; vd;w Nkd;ik Gyg;gLjypd;> ,J Gfohg;
Gfo;r;rpahapw;W.
4. tpNrl mzp Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liuf;f
ghlg;gFjpapy; mike;Js;s tpNrl mzp Fwpj;j nra;jpfisj;

njhFj;j ciuj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
5.tho;j;jzp – tpsf;Ff.
,d;dhHf;(F) ,d;d(J) ,iaf ntd;Wjhk;
Kd;dpaJ fpsj;jy; tho;jn

; jd nkhopg .
,d;d jd;ikia cilahHf;F ,d;dJ epfo;f vd;W ftpfs; jhk;

fUjpajid tpjpg;gJ> tho;j;J vd;Dk; mzp vd;W nrhy;YtH
GytH.
'%thj; jkpo;gae;j Kd;D}y; Kdpthop !
Mthop ! thop mUkiwNahH ! - fhtpupehl;(L)
mz;zy; mzghad; thop ! mtd;Filf;fPo;
kz;Zyfpy; thop kio”
tpsf;fk;: mopahj jkpioj;Njhw;Wtpj;j gioa E}y;fis czHe;j

mfj;jpa Kdptd; tho;f@ Mdpiufs; tho;f@ mupa Ntjq;fis
czHe;j me;jzHfs; tho;f@ fhtpup #o;e;j Nrho ehl;bd;
jiytdhd mdghad; tho;f@ mtDila Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;l
epyTyfpy; kioahdJ vd;Wk; ngha;ahJ tho;f vd;gjha;
mikAk;.
nghUj;jk;: ,g;ghlypy; mdghaDf;Fk; mtDila ehl;bw;Fk;
,d;wpaikahjdthd nkhop> kio> rhd;NwhHfs; Mfpa midj;Jk;
tho;f vd tho;jj; pAs;sikahy;> ,J tho;j;jzpahapw;W .
6. ghtpfk; vd;why; vd;d?
ghtpfk; vd;gJ fhg;gpag; gz;G MFk;.gpwdpy; tpioNthH

fpisnahLk; nfLg” vd;gJ ,uhkhazj;jpypUe;J
nfhs;sg;gLtjhFk;. 'nghiwapw; rpwe;j ftrk; ,y;iy” vd;gJ
kfhghujj;jhy; mwpa tUtjhFk;.. 'tha;ikapw; fbaNjhH
thspapy;iy” vd;gJ mupr;re;jpu Guhzj;jhy; njspag;gLtjhFk;.
khjpuptpdhj;jhs; - I
njhiyJ}uf; fy;tp ,af;ffk;
gp. ypl; - jkpo; ,yf;fpak; -- ,uz;lhkhz;L – ehd;fhk;

gUtk;
jhs; - 10742 - ,yf;fzk; - Gwg;nghUSk; mzpapyf;fzKk;
fhyk; : 3kzp
nkhj;j kjpg;ngz; : 75
gFjp –m
I. midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; XupU tupfspy; tpiljUf: (10

x 2 = 20 )
1.kd;DW njhopy; vd;why; vd;d?
2.neLnkhop$wy; vd;gjidr; Rl;Lf.
3.kfs;kWj;J nkhopjy; - ,yf;fzk; jUf.
4.ghrpepiy – Fwpj;Jiuf;f.
5.ehz;kq;fyk; Fwpj;J vOJf.
6.,iaGUtfk; vd;why; vd;;d?

7. $lhtpaw;if vd;gJ ahJ?
8. fhg;gpag; gz;gha; mikAk; mzpapd; ngaiur; Rl;Lf.
9. jhd;jw; Gfo;tJ vt;tzp?
10. fUjpaJ fpsthJ mg;nghUs; Njhd;w gpwpnjhd;Wiuf;Fk;

mzpiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
gFjp – M
II. midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; xU gf;f mstpy; tpiljUf.

( 5 X 5 = 25).
11) (m) tpupr;rp Fwpj;J vOJf.
( my;yJ )
(M) tQ;rpdf;fhQ;rp vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
12 (m ) fhe;js; - Rl;bAiuf;f
( my;yJ )
( M ) fz;gilepiy vd;gjid rhd;Wld; jUf.
13(m) thAiw tho;j;J – tpupj;njOJf
( my;yJ)
( M ) Gytuhw;Wg;gil - Rl;b vOJf.
14 (m) milAk; nghUSk; may;gl nkhopjy; vd;gJ

Fwpj;njOJf.
( my;yJ)
(M) jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp - Fwpg;gpl;Liuf;f.
15(m) %thj; jkpo; gae;j Kd;D}y; Kdp thop – ghlypy;

,lk;ngw;Ws;s mzpia tpsf;Ff
( my;yJ)
15(M) khWgL Gfo;epiy mzp vd;gjid tiuf.
gFjp - ,
III. vitNaDk; %d;wDf;F fl;Liu tbtpy; tpiljUf.
( 3 X 10 = 30 ).
16.ntl;rpg;glyj;jpd; nra;jpfisj; njhFj;Jiuf;f.
17.thifg;glyj;jpd; nra;jpfisf; fl;Liuf;f.
18.nghJtpaw;ghy vd Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy Fwpf;Fk;

nra;jpfis tpupj;njOJf.
19. ctik mzpapd; tiffs; Fwpj;J fl;Liuf;f.
20.jPtf mzpapd; rpwg;Gfis tptup.
khjpuptpdhj;jhs; - II
njhiyJ}uf; fy;tp ,af;ffk;
gp. ypl; - jkpo; ,yf;fpak; --
,uz;lhkhz;L – ehd;fhk; gUtk;
jhs; - 10742 - ,yf;fzk; - Gwg;nghUSk; mzpapyf;fzKk;
fhyk; : 3kzp nkhj;j kjpg;ngz; : 75
gFjp –m
I. midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; XupU tupfspy; tpiljUf: (10 x 2 = 20 )
1.Nta; vd;why; vd;d?

2.ngUQ;Nrhw;W epiy vd;gjidr; Rl;Lf
3.fe;jop - ,yf;fzk; jUf.
4.mwptd; thif – Fwpj;Jiuf;f
5.Japy;vilepiy Fwpj;J vOJf.
6. gtsj;jd;d Nkdp - ,jpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp ahJ?
7. vz;tif nka;g;ghl;bd;fz; Njhd;Wk; mzp vJ?
8.Fwpg;G ntspg;gLf;FQ; rj;Jtk; gpwpjpd; kiwj;Jiuahly;
vt;tif mzp?
9. rpNyil mzpapd; tiffs; ahit?
10. nghUs; gupkhWjy; vt;tif mzp?
gFjp – M
II. midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; xU gf;f mstpy; tpiljUf.

( 5 X 5 = 25).
11) (m) ghjPL Fwpj;J vOJf.

(my;yJ)
(M) ghzhw;Wg;gil vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
12 (m) iff;fpis - Rl;bAiuf;f
(my;yJ)
(M ) fy;fhz;ly; vd;gjidr; rhd;Wld; jUf.
13 (m) %jpd; Ky;iy – tpupj;njOJf
(my;yJ)
(M) Kd;NjHf;Fuit - Rl;b vOJf.
14 (m) epuy;epiu mzp Fwpj;J vOJf.
(my;yJ)
(M) El;g mzpapd; ,yf;fzj;ijr; rhd;Wld;
Rl;bAiuf;f.
15 (m) GzHepiy mzp - tpsf;fp vOJf
(my;yJ)
(M) MHtnkhopazp - tpsf;fpAiu
gFjp - ,
III. vitNaDk; %d;wDf;F fl;Liu tbtpy; tpiljUf.

( 3 X 10 = 30 ).
16.tQ;rpg;glyj;jpd; nra;jpfisf; fl;Liuf;f.

17.Jk;igg; glyj;jpd; Jiwfisj; njhFj;Jiuf;f.
18.fhQ;rpg;glyj;jpd; fUj;Jfis tpupj;J vOJf.
19.ctik mzpapd; tiffs; Fwpj;J tptup.
20.VJ mzpapid tpsf;fp tiuf.

UG - B.lit. - Tamil - 107 42 - Elakkanam Puraporulum Anielakkanamum

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UG - B.lit. - Tamil - 107 42 - Elakkanam Puraporulum Anielakkanamum

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mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk;

Njrpaj; ju epHzaf; FOtpd; %d;whk; Rw;Wj; ju kjpg;gPl;by; A+(CGPA: 3.64) jFjpAk;

,sq;fiy jkpo; ,yf;fpak; (gp.ypl;;)

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Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy – c. Nt. rhkpehijaH ( g. M )

jkpoupd; Gwg;nghUs; kugpid mwpe;J njspjy;

jkpoupd; Gwj;jpizfisAk; mtw;wpd; ,yf;fz tiuaiwfisAk;

njhy;fhg;gpak; njhlq;fpg; Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy tiuapyhd

jkpoupd; tho;tpay; tpOkpaq;fis mwpe;J mjd;top thoj; jiyg;gly;

jkpoupd; mzpapyf;fz kugpid mwpjy;

mzpfisg; gw;wpAk; mtw;wpd; ,yf;fz tiuaiwfisg; gw;wpAk;

jkpoH tho;tpay; mfk;> Gwk; vd;Dk; ,UngUk; gpupTfisj;

1.1 MidKfd; tho;j;J:

1.2 rptngUkhd; tzf;fk;:

1.3 fiykfs; tzf;fk;:

1.4 rpwg;Gg; ghapuk;:

Mf;fpNahd; ngaH: IadhupjdhH

1.5 ntl;rpg; glyk; - Jiwfs;:

ntl;rp ntl;rp mutk; tpupr;rp nryT

ntl;rpr;jpiz>ntl;rpautk;> tpupr;rp> nryT> Nta;> Gwj;jpiw>

ntl;rpj;jpiz vd;gJ ,Utifj; jd;ikAilajha; tUk;.

ntd;wp Nte;jd; gzpg;gTk; gzpg;gpd;wpAk;

nrd;W ,fy;Kid Mje; jd;W.

ntw;wpapidAila murd; VtjhYk; md;wp mtd; Vtypd;wpAk;

kd;dd; Mizapl kwtH nrd;W giftupd; Mepiufisf; ftHe;J

kz;L nkupAz; kue;jbe; jpl;lw;whf;

nfhz;l nfhLQ;rpiyad; Nfhnwupaf;-fz;Nl

milahH Kidayw itapiyNtw; fhis

vOtzp rPW} upUz;khiy Kd;wpw;

$w;wpdj; jd;dhH nfhLtp yplNde;jpg;

epiyA epiuA epiug;Gwj;J epd;w

ca;e;njhopth uPq;fpy;iy a+opf;fl; BNaNghy;

Ke;jkU Nsw;whH Kuz;KUq;fj; - je;jkupd;

xw;wpdh ndhw;wp AuNthH FWk;gpidr;

Rw;wpdhH Nghfhkw; #o;e;J .

ntl;rp kwtH jk; Rw;wj;juhfpa xw;wuhNy Muha;e;J czHe;J

Fiumoy; elg;gf; FWk;G vwpe; jd;W .

tpy;Nye;jpa ntl;rp kwtH jk; Fjpiuia tpiue;J nrYj;jp

GfNy aupnjd;dhH Gf;Fg; - gfNy

njhiytpyhH tPoj; njhLfo yhHg;gf;

nfhiytpyhH nfhz;lhH FWk;G .

ntl;rp kwtH giftUld; nfhz;l khWghNl Jizahff;

ntl;rp kwtH giftH Kidapidf;fle;J Muthuk; nra;J

nfhLtup $bf; F*cf;nfhz; lidj;jhy;

neLtiu ePs;Nta; euYk; - eLt+Hf;

fzepiu iff;nfhz;L ifafyhH epd;w

epzepiu NtyhH epiy .

caHe;j kiyaplj;J ,Ue;j ePz;l%q;fpy; xypf;Fk; Cupz;fz;

ntl;rp kwtiu vjhpHj;Jg; NghH nra;a te;Njhiu Kw;wpYk;

#o;e;j epiungaur; Rw;wpj; jiyf;nfhz;lhH

mupa topaplj;Jk; gue;j fhl;bYk; MepiufSf;F Jd;gk; Neuh

Gd;Nka;e; jir,g; GzHe;Jld; nry;nfd;Dk;

nkha;az yhdpiu Kd;nry;yg; gpd;nry;Yk;

jz;lh tpUg;gpd ld;id jiykiye;j

xs;ths; kiye;jhHf;Fk; xw;W Muha;e;J

,spnfhz;l jPQ;nrh ypskh ntapw;wpje;Jepiw

mq;fl; fpizad; Wbad; tpwypghz;

1.5.15 Gydwp rpwg;G:

jk;kpDkpfr; rpwg;G <e;jd;W.

fue;ijahupd; Ntw;Wg;Gyj;jpdJ epiyikia mwpe;J te;J

,WKiw naz;zh jpuTk; gfYk;

nrWKidAl; nrd;wwpe;J te;jhH - ngWKiwapd;

ml;Lf; fdY kapy;NtNyh nahd;wpuz;