UG B.lit. Tamil 107 43 - Nattupuraviyal

mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk;
Njrpaj; ju epHzaf; FOtpd; %d;whk; Rw;Wj; ju kjpg;gPl;by; A+(CGPA: 3.64) jFjpAk;

kdpjts Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; - gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf;FOtpd; Kjy; jug;
gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk; jd;dhl;rpj; jFjpAk; ngw;wJ)
fhiuf;Fb - 630003
njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffk;
,sq;fiy ,yf;fpak; - (gpypl;.>)

,uz;lhkhz;L
jhs;: 10743
ehd;fhk; gUtk;
ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;
Dr.M.K. KOVAIMANI, Associate Professor & Head, Department of Palm – leaf Manuscripts, Tamil University, Thanjavur – 613010
Reviewer : Dr. V. THIRUVENI, Assistant Professor of Tamil, Directorate of Distance Education, Alagappa University, Karaikudi.630003.
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vz;. ghlj;jpl;lk; - nghUslf;fk;
gpupT 1. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak;

$W 1. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; - tpsf;fk;
$W 2. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; tuyhW – njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy;

ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaf; $Wfs;
$W 3. ,e;jpa ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; - jkpof ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;
$W 4. Vl;byf;fpaq;fSs; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;

jhf;fk; - rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ehl;Lg;Gw
,yf;fpaf; $Wfs;
gpupT 2. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfs;
$W 5. jhyhl;L - xg;ghup – tpLfij - gonkhop
$W 6. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs; - ey;yjq;fhs; fij>

Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fij> Njrpq;Fuh[d; fij
$W 7. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfs; - Fk;kp – Nfhyhl;lk;
$W 8. fufhl;lk;-kapyhl;lk;-xapyhl;lk;-ngha;f;fhy;
Fjpiu
gpupT 3. ehl;Lg;Gw ek;gpf;iffs;

$W 9. nghk;kyhl;lk; - Njhw;ghit
$W 10. ehl;Lg;Gw ek;gpf;iffs; - tpohf;fs; -

rlq;Ffs;
$W 11. tpisahl;Lf;fs; - tl;lhur; nrhw;fs;
gpupT 4. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;-r%ftpay;-nkhopapay;
$W 12. ehl;Lg;GwtpaYk; r%ftpaYk;
$W 13. ehl;Lg;GwtpaYk; nkhopapaYk; - ehl;Lg;Gw

,yf;fpaf; $Wfs;
$W 14. vJif - Nkhid - ,iaG - fw;gid –
mzpfs; - czu;r;rp – fUj;jikg;G
$W 1. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; - tpsf;fk;
1.1. Kd;Diu
1.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
1.3. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak;
1.3.1. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Njhw;Wtha;
1.3.2. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tiffs;
1.3.2.1. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;
1.3.2.2. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs;
1.3.2.3. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijg;ghly;fs;
1.3.2.4. ehl;Lg;Gwg; gonkhopfs;
1.3.2.5. ehl;Lg;Gw tpLfijfs;
1.3.2.6. ehl;Lg;Gwg; Guhzq;fs;
1.4. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; - tpsf;fk;
1.5. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk;
1.6. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;
1.7. ghlk; gapd;wgpd; nra;Ak; gapw;rpfs;
1.8. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;fs;
$W 2. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; tuyhW - njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaf;

$Wfs;
2.1. Kd;Diu
2.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
2.3. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; tuyhW
2.4. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaf; $Wfs;
2.4.1. gz;zj;jp
2.4.2. gonkhop
2.4.3. tpLfij
$W 3. ,e;jpa ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; - jkpof ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;

3.1. Kd;Diu
3.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
3.3. cyf ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;
3.4. ,e;jpa ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;
3.4.1. fh\;kPu;
3.4.2. ,khryg;gpuNjrk;
3.4.3. gQ;rhg;
3.4.4. cj;jug;gpuNjrk;
3.4.5. gPfhH
3.4.6. Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
3.4.7. mrhk;
3.4.8. xuprh
3.4.9. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
3.4.10. ,uh[];jhd;
3.4.11. F[uhj;
3.4.12. k`huh\;buk;
3.4.13. Me;jpugpuNjrk;
3.4.14. fHehlfk;
3.4.15. Nfusk;
3.5. jkpof ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;
3.5.1. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;
3.5.2. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs;
3.5.3. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijg;ghly;fs;
3.5.4. ehl;Lg;Gwg; gonkhopfs;
3.5.5. ehl;Lg;Gw tpLfijfs;
$W 4. Vl;byf;fpaq;fSs; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj; jhf;fk; - rq;f

,yf;fpaq;fspy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaf; $Wfs;
4.1. Kd;Diu
4.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
4.3. Vl;byf;fpaq;fSs; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj; jhf;fk;
4.3.1. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F
4.3.2. fhg;gpaq;fs;
4.3.3.1. rpyg;gjpfhuk;
4.3.3. gf;jp ,yf;fpak;
4.3.4. rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;
4.3.5. ,f;fhy ,yf;fpak;
4.4. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaf; $Wfs;
4.4.1. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;
4.4.1.1. FwpQ;rp epyg; ghly;fs;
4.4.1.2. Ky;iy epyg; ghly;fs;
4.4.1.3. kUj epyg; ghly;fs;
4.4.1.4. nea;jy; epyg; ghly;fs;
4.4.1.5. ghiy epyg; ghly;fs;
4.4.1.6. ehl;Lg;Gwr; rhay;
4.4.2. xg;ghupg; ghly;fs;
4.4.3. fhjy; ghly;fs;
4.4.3.1. mk;gYk; myUk;
4.4.3.2. cld;Nghf;F
4.4.3.3. Cly;
4.4.3.4. gpupTj; Jd;gk;
$W 5. jhyhl;L - xg;ghup - tpLfij – gonkhop
5.1. Kd;Diu
5.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
5.3. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;
5.3.1. jhyhl;L
5.3.1.1. jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs;
5.3.2. xg;ghup
5.3.2.1. xg;ghupg; ghly;fs;
5.3.3. tpLfij
5.3.3.1. tpLfijapd; tbtq;fs;
5.3.3.2. tpLfijapd; mikg;Gfs;
5.3.3.3. tpLfijapd; jd;ikfs;
5.3.4. gonkhop
5.3.4.1. gonkhopapd; mikg;G
5.3.4.2. gonkhopapd; tiffs;
$W 6. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs;
ey;yjq;fhs; fij - Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fij - Njrpq;Fuh[d; fij
6.1. Kd;Diu
6.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
6.3. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs;
6.3.1. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfspd; jd;ikfs;
6.3.2. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfspd; tiffs;
6.4. ey;yjq;fhs; fij
6.4.1. ey;yjq;fhs; fij - fijr;RUf;fk;
6.4.2. ey;yjq;fhs; Nfhapy;
6.5. Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fij
6.5.1. Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fij - fijr;RUf;fk;
6.5.2. Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fijapd; cz;ikj; jd;ik
6.5.3. Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fij epfo;e;j ,lKk; fhyKk;
6.6. Njrpq;Fuh[d; fij
6.6.1. Njrpq;Fuh[d; fij - fijr;RUf;fk;
6.6.2.; Njrpq;Fuh[d; fijg;ghlYk; tuyhWk;
6.6.3. Njrpq;fpd; fhyk;
$W 7. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfs; - Fk;kp - Nfhyhl;lk;

7.1. Kd;Diu
7.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
7.3. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfs;
7.3.1. fiyfs; mwpKfk;
7.3.2. fiyfspd; tiffs;
7.3.2.1. nghUl; fiyfs;
7.3.2.2. epfo;j;J fiyfs;
7.4. Fk;kp
7.4.1. Fk;kpapd; mikg;G
7.4.2. Fk;kpapd; tiffs;
7.4.2.1. Nfhapy; tpohf;fspy; Fk;kp
7.4.2.2. g+g;Gr; rlq;fpy; Fk;kp
7.4.2.3. ,wg;Gr; rlq;fpy; Fk;kp
7.4.2.4. jpUeq;ifaH Fk;kp
7.5. Nfhyhl;lk;
7.5.1. Nfhyhl;lj;jpd; mikg;G
7.5.2. Nfhy; mikg;G
7.5.3. Nfhyhl;l Kiwfs;
7.5.3.1. gpd;dy; Nfhyhl;l Kiw
$W 8. fufhl;lk; - kapyhl;lk; - xapyhl;lk; - ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiu

8.1. Kd;Diu
8.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
8.3. fufhl;lk;
8.3.1. fufhl;l tiffs;
8.3.1.1. rf;jp fufk; my;yJ mk;kd; fufk;
8.3.1.1.1. Kisg;ghupAk; fufKk;
8.3.1.2. Ml;lf; fufk;
8.3.1.2.1. xg;gid
8.3.2. fufhl;lk; MLk; Kiw
8.4. kapyhl;lk;
8.4.1. kapy;$L
8.4.2. kapyhl;lf;fhuH
8.4.3. kapyhl;l Kiw
8.4.4. kapyhl;lj;jpd; fhyk;
8.5. xapyhl;lk;
8.5.1. xapyhl;lf;fhuH myq;fhuk;
8.5.2. xapyhl;l mikg;G
8.5.3. xapyhl;l Ml;l mirTfs;
8.6. ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiu
8.6.1. Fjpiuf;$L
8.6.2. ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuf;fhuH xg;gid
8.6.3. ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; MLk; Kiw
9.1. Kd;Diu
9.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
9.3. nghk;kyhl;lk;
9.3.1. nghk;kyhl;lj;jpd; fhyk;
9.3.2. nghk;kyhl;lj;jpd; ghLnghUs;
9.3.3. nghk;kyhl;l nghk;ik tiffs;
9.3.4. nghk;kyhl;l nghk;ik nra;Kiw
9.3.4.1. epoy;nghk;ik
9.3.4.2. Njhy;nghk;ik
9.3.4.3. ifAiw nghk;ik
9.3.5. nghk;kyhl;l Nkil
9.3.6. nghk;kyhl;l nghk;ikfspd; ,af;fk;
9.4. Njhw;ghit
9.4.1. Njhw;ghitf; $j;J elj;JgtHfs;
9.4.2. Njhw;ghit nra;Kiw
9.4.3. Njhw;ghitf; $j;juq;F
9.4.4. Njhw;ghitg; ghly;fs;
9.4.5. Njhw;ghitf; $j;jikg;G
9.4.6. jpUthrfj;jpy; Njhw;ghit
$W 10. ehl;Lg;Gw ek;gpf;iffs; - tpohf;fs; - rlq;Ffs;

10.1. Kd;Diu
10.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
10.3. ehl;Lg;Gw ek;gpf;iffs;
10.3.1. ek;gpf;ifapd; $Wfs;
10.3.2.; ek;gpf;ifapd; jd;ikfs;
10.3.3.; ek;gpf;iffspd; tiffs;
10.3.3.1. kdpjH rhHe;j ek;gpf;iffs;
10.3.3.1.1. Foe;ij gpwg;G
10.3.3.1.2. ngz;fs; gUtkiljy;
10.3.3.1.3. jpUkzk;
10.3.3.1.4. tisfhg;G
10.3.3.1.5. ,wg;G
10.3.3.2. tpyq;F njhlHghd ek;gpf;iffs;
10.3.3.3. gwitfs; rhHe;j ek;gpf;iffs;
10.3.3.4. rFdk; njhlHghd ek;gpf;iffs;
10.3.3.5. fdT njhlHghd ek;gpf;iffs;
10.3.3.6. Vida ek;gpf;iffs;
10.4. ehl;Lg;Gw tpohf;fs;
10.4.1. FLk;g tpohf;fs;
10.4.2. rKjha tpohf;fs;
10.4.2.1. kJntLg;G tpoh
10.4.2.2. NghyhH mk;kd; jpUtpoh
10.4.2.3. fk;gk; jpUtpoh
10.4.2.4. kahdf; nfhs;is
10.4.3. khj tpohf;fs;
10.4.3.1. rpj;jpiuj; jpUtpoh
10.4.3.2. itfhrp tprhfk;
10.4.3.3. Mb gjpndl;L
10.4.3.4. fhHj;jpif jPgk;
10.4.3.5. ijg;g+rk;
10.4.3.6. khrp kfk;
10.4.3.7. kfh rptuhj;jpup
10.4.3.8. gq;Fdp cj;jpuk;
10.5. ehl;Lg;Gwr; rlq;Ffs;
10.5.1. gpwg;Gr; rlq;Ffs;
10.5.2. fhjzp tpohr; rlq;Ffs;
10.5.3. g+g;Gdpj ePuhl;Lr; rlq;Ffs;
10.5.4. jpUkzr; rlq;Ffs;
10.5.5. tisfhg;Gr; rlq;Ffs;
10.5.6. ,wg;Gr; rlq;Ffs;
10.8. ghlk; gapd;wgpd; nra;Ak; nra;Ak; gapw;rpfs;
$W 11. tpisahl;Lf;fs; - tl;lhur; nrhw;fs;

11.1. Kd;Diu
11.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
11.3. ehl;Lg;Gw tpisahl;Lf;fs;
11.3.1. rpWtH-rpWkpaH tpisahl;Lf;fs;
11.3.1.1. fpl;bg;Gs;S (fpy;yp)
11.3.1.2. nehz;b tpisahl;L
11.3.1.3. gk;gu tpisahl;L
11.3.1.4. cg;Gf;NfhL
11.3.1.5. nky;y te;J fps;spg;Ngh
11.3.1.6. fs;sd; thuhd; fsthzp thuhd;
11.3.1.7. g+g;gwpf;f tUfpNwhk;
11.3.1.8. foq;F
11.3.1.9. fz;fl;b tpisahl;L
11.3.1.10. fhj;jhb tpLjy;
11.3.2. ngupatH tpisahl;Lf;fs;
11.3.2.1. rpyk;gk;
11.3.2.2. rLFL
11.3.3. r%f tpisahl;Lf;fs;
11.3.3.1. khLGbr; rz;il
11.3.3.2. kQ;R tpul;L
11.3.3.3. ry;ypf;fl;L
11.3.3.4. cwpabj;jy;
11.3.4. nghOJNghf;F tpisahl;Lf;fs;
11.3.4.1. MLGyp Ml;lk;
11.3.4.2. jhak;
11.3.4.3. fy; tpisahl;L
11.4. ehl;Lg;Gw tl;lhur; nrhw;fs;
11.4.1. tl;lhu tof;Fr;nrhy; mfuhjpfs;
11.4.2. tl;lhur; nrhw;fs;

12.1. Kd;Diu
12.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
12.3. ehl;Lg;GwtpaYk; r%ftpaYk;
12.3.1. rhjpg;gpupTk; kf;fSk;
12.3.2. rhjpg;gpupTk; kd;dUk;
12.3.3. rhjpAk; gz;Gk;
12.3.4. guj;ijaH cwT
12.3.5. nrhj;Jupik
12.3.6. tPu topghL
12.3.7. nja;t ek;gpf;if
12.7. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;fs
;
$W 13. ehl;Lg;GwtpaYk; nkhopapaYk; - ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaf; $Wfs;
13.1. Kd;Diu
13.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
13.3. ehl;Lg;GwtpaYk; nkhopapaYk;
13.3.1. nkhopapaYk; mwpjpw mwptpaYk;
13.3.2. xg;gPl;L nkhopapay;
13.3.3. xypadpay;
13.3.4. xypapay; (nkhopapay;)
13.3.5. r%f nkhopapay;
13.3.6. gad;ghl;L nkhopapay;
13.3.7. khdpltpay;rhH nkhopapay;
13.3.8. nkhopapay;
13.3.9. ehl;Lg;GwtpaYk; nkhopapay; mwpQUk;
13.3.10. tha;nkhopg; ghlYk; gad;ghLk;
13.4. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaf; $Wfs;
13.4.1.2. fhjy; ghly;fs;
13.4.1.3. njhopy; ghly;fs;
13.4.1.4. nfhz;lhl;lg; ghly;fs;
13.4.1.4.1. mfg;ghly;
13.4.1.4.2. Gwg;ghly;
13.4.1.5. gf;jpg; ghly;fs;
13.4.1.7. gd;kyHg; ghly;fs;
13.4.2.1. fijfspd; tiffs;
13.4.2.2. fijfspd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs;
13.4.3.1. fijg;ghlypd; jd;ik
13.4.3.2. fijg;ghlypd; mikg;G
13.4.4. ehl;Lg;Gwg; gonkhopfs
13.4.4.1. gonkhopapd; ,ay;Gfs;
13.4.4.2. gonkhop tifg;ghL
13.4.5. tpLfijfs;
13.4.5.1. tpLfijapd; tiffs;
13.4.6. Guhzq;fs;
13.4.6.1. Guhzq;fspd; tiffs;
$W 14. vJif – Nkhid - ,iaG – fw;gid – mzpfs; - czu;r;rp –

fUj;jikg;G
14.1. Kd;Diu
14.2 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
14.3. vJif
14.4. Nkhid
14.5. ,iaG
14.6. fw;gid
14.7. mzpfs;
14.8. czu;r;rp
14.9. fUj;jikg;G
14.13 NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;fs;
,sq;fiy ,yf;fpak; - (gpypl;.>)
jhs;: 10743 - ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;;
$W 1.
ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; - tpsf;fk;
1.1. Kd;Diu
ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gilg;gtH ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fNs

ahtH. vdNt ,k;kf;fs; ahtH? mtHfsJ gilg;Gfs; vj;jF
#oypy;> vj;jF mikg;gpy; cUthfpd;wd vd;gdtw;iw
,g;gFjpapd; %yk; njupe;J nfhs;syhk;.
1.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
 ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.

 ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tpsf;fk; vd;d vd;gJ gw;wpj;
njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
 ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tiffs; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
1.3. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak;
ehfupfk; nrd;wilahj fpuhkg;Gwg; gFjpfisNa ehl;Lg;Gwk;

vd miof;fpd;Nwhk;. ehl;Lg;Gwk; vd;w nrhy; rpw;W}H> rpw;W}iur;
#o;e;j ,lj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;yhff; nfhs;syhk;. vOjg;ngw;w
,yf;fpak; fhyk; fhl;Lk; fz;zhb vd;why; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak;
rKjhaj;ijf; fhl;Lk; fz;zhb vdyhk;. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak;
fpuhkg;Gw kf;fspd; mDgtq;fis kl;Lkd;wp mtHfsJ
czHTfisAk; gpujpgypj;J epw;fpd;wJ vdr; rq;fHnrd; Fg;jh
$WfpwhH. ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fshy; gof;fj;jpy; gapd;W tof;fj;jpy;
epiyngw;w ghly;fs;> fijfs;> fijg;ghly;fs;> gonkhopfs;>
tpLfijfs;> Guhzq;fs; vd;gd ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fshFk;.
mjhtJ fpuhkg; gFjpapy; thOk; gbg;gwptpy;yhj ghku kf;fsplk;
epytp tUfpd;w ghly;fSk; fijfSk; GjpHfSk; Kjyhd
1
ahtw;iwAk; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; vd;W $wyhk;. ,itahTk;
vOj;J tbtkw;wit. tha;nkhopahfg; ghlg;gLgit
tha;nkhopahfNt gutp tUgit. vdNtjhd; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak;
vd;gij tha;nkhop ,yf;fpak; vd;Wk; $WtH.
kdpj ,d tuyhw;wpy; nkhopapd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp mWjpapl;Lf;

$w KbahjJ Nghd;W> kf;fspd; ,yf;fpakhd ehl;Lg;Gw
,yf;fpaj;jpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpAk; mWjpapl;Lf; $w ,ayhJ.
nkhopapd; Njhw;wk; cUthd NghNj kdpj ,dKk; jd; rpe;jidj;
jpwid tsHf;f Kw;gl;lNghNj tha;nkhop ,yf;fpa tif
fUf;nfhz;lJ vdyhk;. cyfpy; nkhopAk; mLj;J tha;nkhop
,yf;fpaq;fSk; mjidj; njhlHe;J vOjg;gl;l ,yf;fpaq;fSk;
Kfpo;e;jd vdf; $wyhk;.
kdpj ,d tuyhw;wpy; Kjypy; Kisj;J ,d;wsTk;

tho;e;J tUtJjhd; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak;. ,e;ehl;Lg;Gw
,yf;fpaj;jpd; jd;ikfs; gw;wpf; $w Ntz;Lkhdhy; ehSk;
ciof;Fk; eype;j kf;fspd; eilKiw tho;f;ifapy; xd;whf
tpsq;FtjhfNt ,it mikfpd;wd. ,yf;fpa cyFf;Fj;
jhaha; tpsq;Fk; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; kf;fspd; mDgtr;
rpjwy;fshfTk; gl;lwpTg; gbtq;fshfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; Kiwrhuhf; fy;tpapd; Kd;NdhbahFk;.

VL J}f;fpf; nfhz;L vLgpbNghy; gs;spapy; nrd;W ghlj;jpl;l
Kiwg;gbg; gbf;fhky; thdNk gs;spaha;> itafNk Mrhdha;>
Nkhdj; jtkpUf;Fk; Kf;flNy Qhdf; fy;tpaha; ghlk; gapd;W
tUk; ehl;Lg;Gwj;jhd; fy;tpjhd; Kjy; Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp. ,e;j
Kiwrhuhf; fy;tpia Kiwg;gb fw;w Kjy; kfd;jhd;
ehl;Lg;Gwj;jhd; vd;W ghuhl;lg;gLk; ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; fsthl
Kbahj fUj;Jr; nry;tkhf tpsq;FtNj ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak;.
kuG topapy; tho;f;ifia mikj;Jf; nfhz;L gz;ghl;bd;

vjpnuhypfshf tho;e;JtUk; ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; ehtpy; espdkhfj;
jto;e;J efHg;Gwj;jhiuAk; jd;ghy; <Hf;Fk; fhe;jkhf tpsq;FtNj
ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak;. ,ay;ghfNt ,ir eaKk; fw;gid tsKk;>
2
fUj;Jr; nrwpTk; mikag;ngw;W tpsq;Fgit@ ,it mtHfspd;
md;whl tho;tpd; rNfhjudhf tpsq;Fgit@ Vl;byf;fpaj;jpd;
jhahf tpsq;FtJ ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; vdyhk;.
1.3.1. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Njhw;Wtha;
ehfupfk; milahj kdpjd; ehit mirj;Jg; Ngrj;

njhlq;fpa fhyj;jpNyNa Njhd;wpaJ ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; vdyhk;.
~fy; Njhd;wp kz; Njhd;whf; fhyj;Nj Kd;Njhd;wpa %j;jFb|
vd;W Kd;Ndhuhy; Nghw;wg;gLk; jkpo; nkhopapd; Njhw;wk; Nghd;Nw>
,ts; vd;W gpwe;jds; vd;W mwpag;glhj ,ay;ig cilaJ
ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak;. mit ghl;lhf ,Ue;jhYk;> fijahf
,Ue;jhYk;> NtW ve;j tbtkhf ,Ue;jhYk; mtw;iwj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jtH ahH? mit vd;W Njhd;wpaJ vd;W $w Kbahj
goikia cilaJ ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak;.
mjhtJ> xU ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghliyg; gilj;jtH ,tHjhd;

vd;W ahiuAk; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;y KbahJ. Vndd;why; mJ
kdj;jpd; mDgt ntspg;ghlhff; fpuhkj;Jr; #oypy; cUthtJ
MFk;. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;> tha;nkhopahfg; guTk; jd;ikaJ>
kuG topg;gl;lJ> Fwpg;gpl;L ,tHjhd; gilg;ghsH vd;W ,y;yhjJ>
gy;NtW tbtq;fshfj; jpupgilAk; gz;gpdJ> xUtpj
tha;ghl;Lf;Fs; mlq;FtJ Mfpa gy jdpj;jd;ikfs;
ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd vdyhk;.
fpuhkj;J kf;fspy; Fuy; ,dpikAk;> ghly;fisg; ghLk;

gof;fKk; cilatHfNs ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fisj; jq;fsJ
cs;sj;jpy; gjpT nra;J nfhs;thHfs;. kuG top vd;gjhy;>
Kd;NdhH ghbaijg; gpd;gw;wp mf;FLj;gj;jpNyh cwtpNyh>
cs;stH ahNuDk; ghly;fisg; ghbg; ghb kddk; nra;J
nfhs;tH. mg;ghly;fs; kiwtjpy;iy. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;
tha;nkhopg; ghly;fs; vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
Xiyr;RtbAk;> mr;Rf;fiyAk; ,y;yhj fhyj;jpy; fhw;wpy; te;j
ftpijfshf ,g;ghly;fs; tpsq;fpd. ,g;ghly;fspy;> ngUk;ghYk;
kddk; nra;tjw;F Vw;w tifapy; vJif> Nkhid> xNu nrhy;Ny
3
jpUk;gj; jpUk;g tUjy;> xU njhlupy; te;j ,Wjpr; nrhy; mLj;j
tupapy; Kjypy; tUjy; vd;Dk; me;jhjp mikg;gpy; tUjy; Mfpa
$WfNs ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk; xUtH ghbaijg; Nghd;Nw mLj;jtH
ghbdhYk;> xt;nthUtUk; mtutH fw;gidj; jpwDf;Fk;
eaj;jpw;Fk; Vw;gg; ghly;fisg; ghbg; gug;G jy; cz;L vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,t;thW ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fNs ehl;Lg;Gw
,yf;fpaj;jpd; gilg;ghsHfs; vd;W $w Ntz;Lk;. ,g;ghly;fs;
$l;L Kaw;rpapy; cUthdit. NkYk; kuG topahfg; guTk;
ghuk;gupar; rpwg;gpid> Nghf;fpidf; nfhz;lit. ,g;ghly;fis
,d;dhHjhd; ghlNtz;Lk;> ,g;gbj;jhd; ghlNtz;Lk; vd;w
fl;Lg;ghL vd;gnjy;yhk; fpilahJ.
1.3.2. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tiffs;
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;> ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs;> ehl;Lg;Gwf;

fijg;ghly;fs;> ehl;Lg;Gwg; gonkhopfs;> ehl;Lg;Gw tpLfijfs;>
ehl;Lg;Gwg; Guhzq;fs;> ehl;Lg;Gw ek;gpf;iffs; vd ehl;Lg;Gw
,yf;fpa tiffisg; ghFgLj;jyhk;.
1.3.2.1. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fis ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Ma;thsHfs;

jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs;> Foe;ijg; ghly;fs;> fhjy; ghly;fs;> njhopy;
ghly;fs;> nfhz;lhl;lg; ghly;fs;> gf;jpg; ghly;fs;> xg;ghupg;
ghly;fs;> gdpkyHg; ghly;fs; vd vl;lhfg; ghFgLj;jyhk;.
1.3.2.2. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs;;
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fSf;F Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp Nghd;W

mwf;Nfhl;ghl;il typAWj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fj;NjhL fijfs;
nrhy;yg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,t;thW nrhy;yg;gLk; fijfis>
kdpjd; fijfs;> tpyq;Ff; fijfs;> ke;jpu-je;jpuf; fijfs;>
nja;tf; fijfs;> ,jpfhr-Guhzf; fijfs;> gy;nghUs; gw;wpa
fijfs; vdg; ghFgLj;jyhk;.
4
1.3.2.3. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijg;ghly;fs;
ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijg;ghly; vd;gJ Xuplj;jpy; toq;fg;ngWk;

Gfo;kpf;f fijapidg; ghlyhfg; ghLtjhFk;. ,t;thW fijiag;
ghlyhff; $WtJ my;yJ ghlypy; fij nghjpe;J tUtJ
fijg;ghly; vdg;gLk;. fijg;ghlypy;> fhg;G my;yJ topghL> FU
tzf;fk;> tuyhW> thop Mfpa ehd;F gFjpfs; fl;lhak;
,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk;. NkYk; ,f;fijg; ghly;fspy; ek;gpf;iffs;>
gof;f tof;fq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fSk; ,lk;ngWjy; cz;L.
1.3.2.4. ehl;Lg;Gwg; gonkhopfs;
goikahd nkhopfNs GJnkhopfs; MFk;. mwpthYk;>

mDgtj;jhYk; gOj;Jg;Nghd nkhopfs; ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fshy;
eak;glf; $wg;gLk; nghOJ mJ gonkhop vd;whfpwJ. ,ij
KJnkhop> goQ;nrhy;> KJnrhy; vd;Wk; $WtH. gonkhopfis>
mstbg;gil> nghUsbg;gil> mfu tupir mbg;gil> mikg;gpay;
mbg;gil> gad; mbg;gil vd;w gpupTfshy; ghFgLj;jyhk;.
1.3.2.5. ehl;Lg;Gw tpLfijfs;
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; jq;fspd; mwpTj; jpwj;ijf;

fhl;Ltjw;fhfg; GjpHg; gz;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L xU
fUj;ijf; $Wtu;. mjpy; VjhtJ xU fUj;J kiwe;J ,Uf;Fk;.
mijf; fz;Lgpbj;J tpil $wNtz;Lk;. ,t;tpLfijfs;
ehl;Lg;Gw tpLfijfs;> ,yf;fpa tpLfijfs; vd;w ,U
epiyfspy; mlf;fyhk;.
1.3.2.6. ehl;Lg;Gwg; Guhzq;fs;
~Guhjdk;| vd;Dk; tlnrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J cUthdNj

~Guhzk;|. ~Guhzk;| vd;gJ toptopahf te;j ,iwtd;> ,iwtp
gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; mlq;fpa fijfs; vdyhk;. Ntjq;fSf;F
mLj;j gbahfg; Guhzq;fs; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wd. irtk;> itztr;
rkaq;fSf;Fg; Guhzq;fs; gy cs;sd. ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd;
flTs; topghl;by; ,lk;ngWk; rptd;> KUfd;> jpUkhy; Nghd;w
5
flTsHf;Fg; Guhzq;fs; cs;sd. Guhzq;fis kfhGuhzq;fs;>
,jpfhr mikg;gpyhdit> rhjpg; ngUik tpsf;Ftd> CHr;
rpwg;igf; $Wtd (jy Guhzk;) vd;W ghFgLj;jyhk;.
1.4. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; - tpsf;fk;
ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ fpuhkg;Gw kf;fspd; kz;zpd;

kzj;NjhL> cs;sj;jpy; cs;sij cs;sgbNa vLj;Jf;$wy; vd;w
mikg;gpy;> ,ir eaj;NjhL> ,yf;fzf; fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ ,y;yhJ
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghlyhfNth> ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfshfNth> ehl;Lg;Gwf;
fijg;ghly;fshfNth> ehl;Lg;Gwg; gonkhopfshfNth> ehl;Lg;Gw
tpLfijfshfNth> ehl;Lg;Gwg; Guhzq;fshfNth gilf;fg;gLtJ
MFk;. gilg;ghsd; ,td; jhd; vd;W mWjpapl;Lf; $w
Kbahjgb vy;NyhUk; jhk;jhd; vd;W $Wk; tifapy;
gilf;fg;gLtJ ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpakhFk;.
Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs;
1. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; vd;why; vd;d?

2. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tiffs; ahit?
3. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspd; tiffs; ahit?
4. gonkhopapd; NtW ngaHfs; ahit?
 ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.

 ehl;Lg;Gw tiffshd ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;> ehl;Lg;Gwf;
fijfs;> ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijg;ghly;fs;> gonkhopfs;>
tpLfijfs;> Guhzq;fs; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
 ehl;Lg;Gwtpaypd; tpsf;fk; Fwpj;Jk; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
1.6. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd

tpilfs;;
1. 1.3. 2. 1.3.2.
3. 1.3.2.1. 4. 1.3.2.4.
6
1. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tiffs; gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.

2. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj; Njhw;Wtha; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liu tiuf.
1.8. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;fs;;
1. R. rz;KfRe;juk;> ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tuyhW> kzpthrfH

gjpg;gfk;> rpjk;guk;> 1988.
$W 2. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; tuyhW –
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gw
,yf;fpaf;$Wfs;
2.1. Kd;Diu
kbapy; fz; tpopj;J kuzj;jpy; fz; %Lk; tiu ,ir

VNjhnthU tpjj;jpy; kdpjNdhL fye;Js;sJ. me;j ,aw;ifahd
,irNahL ,iae;j tho;f;ifiaf; fpuhk kf;fsplk; kl;LNk
fhzKbAk;. kz;zpNy Njhd;wp kz;zpNy tho;e;J kz;zpNy
kiwtJjhd; khdpl tho;f;if vd;whYk;> me;j tho;f;ifapy;jhd;
vj;jid khw;wq;fs;. me;j khw;wq;fs; ahTk; kdepiyapYk;
mwpT epiyapYk; tho;f;if KiwapYk; ,d;Dk; vj;jidNah
tiffspy; gbg;gbahff; fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; khwp tUfpwJ. me;j
tifapy; fpuhk kf;fspd; tho;f;ifia Nehf;fpdhy; mtHfspilNa
khw;wq;fs; ,Ue;jhYk; kuGfisg; Nghw;Wk; khwhj gz;gpidf;
fhzyhk;. ,d;wsTk; mtHfshy; Nghw;wg;gl;L> ghJfhf;fg;gl;L
gad;ghl;by; itj;jpUf;Fk; kuGfisg; gw;wp mwptNj
ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; vd;Dk; JiwahFk;. ,j;Jiwapd; ,r;nrhy;
Njhd;wpajd; tuyhW gw;wpAk;> njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gw
,yf;fpaj;jpd; $Wfs; vt;tifapy; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;gijg; gw;wpAk;
vLj;Jiug;gjhf ,g;ghlg; gFjp mikfpwJ.
7
2.1. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
 Folk, Lore vd;w ,U nrhw;fspd; NrHf;if vt;thW

mike;Js;sJ vd;gJ gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
 Folklore gw;wp may;ehl;lhupd; $w;Wfs; gw;wpj; njupe;J
nfhs;tPHfs;.
 Folklore gw;wpj; jkpof Ma;thsHfspd; $w;Wfs; gw;wpj;
 njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaf; $Wfs;
vt;thnwy;yhk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wpj; njupe;J
nfhs;tPHfs;.
2.3. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; tuyhW
Folk, Lore vd;Dk; ,U nrhw;fspd; $l;Lr; nrhy;yhf

“Folklore" vd;Dk; nrhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. “Folk" vd;gjw;F
yp/g;Nfh mfuhjp> nghJ [dk;> kf;fs;> rhjp> tkprk; vd;W nghUs;
$WfpwJ. kf;fs;> xU ,dj;ijr; rhHe;j kf;fs; vd;Wk;> kf;fs;>
ehL> ,dk; vd;Wk; ntt;NtW mfuhjpfs; tpsf;fk; jUfpd;wd.
Nkw;$wg;gl;ltw;wpypUe;J “Folk" vd;w nrhy;Yf;F

mfuhjpfs; kf;fs;> ehL> ,dk; vd;w nghUs;fisNa jUfpd;wd.
vdNt ,r;nrhy;iyg; gd;ikapy; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ> xU Fwpg;gpl;l
FO my;yJ xU gpupitr; NrHe;j kf;fs; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
NkYk;> “Folk" vd;w nrhy; gilg;gtHfisf; Fwpf;fpwJ vd;fpwhH
MW. ,uhkehjd;. fpuhkg;Gwg; gbg;gwptpy;yhj kf;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;
vd;fpd;whH R. rf;jpNty;. “Folk" vd;Dk; nrhy; tof;fhWfis
cUthf;FNthiuAk; kWTUthf;fk; nra;NthiuAk; Fwpf;Fk;
vd;fpd;whH Nj. Y}HJ.
nghJthf> gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L Ma;thsHfshy;

fhl;Lkpuhz;b epiyapYs;s ehfupf KjpHr;rpaw;w kf;fSf;Fk;
ehfupfkile;Js;s kf;fSf;Fk; my;yJ fy;tpawpT ngw;w
kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;ltHfshf “Folk" vd;NghH
8
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdH. ,f;fUj;jpYs;s gpiofisf; fise;J
“Folk" vd;gjw;Fj; njspthd tiuaiwia lz;b $Wfpd;whH.
Folk vd;w nrhy; VNjDk; xU nghJg;gz;ig

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ve;jnthU FOitAk; Fwpf;fyhk;.
FOit ,izf;Fk; nghJg;gz;G> fhuzf; $W vJ vd;gJ
mtrpakpy;iy. mJ xU nghJthd njhopyhfNth>
nkhopahfNth> rkakhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; ,it VNjDk;
XH mbg;gilapy; xd;wpg;NghFk; xU FO> jkf;Fr; nrhe;jk; vd;W
nrhy;yf; $ba rpy kuGfisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;b aJ
mtrpakhfpwJ. FO vd;gJ Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,UtH nfhz;l
njhFjpiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. xU FOtpd; cWg;gpdH Vida
cWg;gpdHfis mwpe;J itj;jpUj;jy; vd;gJ ,ayhj xd;W.
Mdhy; mf;FOtpd; kuGfis ed;F mwpe;jpUg;ghd; vd;W lz;b
$Wfpd;whH.
Lore vd;w nrhy;Yf;F Qhdk;> mwpT> Qhdpfs;>

mwpthspfs;> Fwpg;gpl;l mwpTg; gFjpiag; gw;wpa cz;ikfs;>
guk;giu guk;giuahf te;j mwpTj; njhFjp> kuGr; nra;jpj;
njhFjp> Gyik> fy;tpawpT Nfhl;ghl;Lj; njhFjp> fw;wy;>
rpwg;ghfg; goq;fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J toptopahf toq;fp tUtJ
my;yJ xU gpupT kf;fspd; cilik vd;W gy;NtW tpjkhd
mfuhjpfs; tpsf;fk; $Wfpd;wd. ,f;fUj;Jfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L R. rf;jpNty; lore vd;gjw;F “kuGr; nra;jpj; njhFjp"
vd;Wk;> “tof;fhW" vd;Wk; nghUs; nfhs;fpwhH.
Folk vd;gJ gilg;gtHfisf; Fwpj;jhy; Lore vd;w nrhy;

gilf;fg;gLtdtw;iwf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ghl;ld; ghl;baplkpUe;Njh
my;yJ jiyKiw jiyKiwahfNth xUtH ghliyg; ghLfpwhH
my;yJ gonkhop> tpLfij> fij> ek;gpf;if Kjypatw;iwf;
$WfpwhH vd;W nfhz;NlhNk ahdhy; mJNt lore vdg;gLk;.
jkpopy; ,J tof;fhW vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tof;fhW
vd;w nrhy;ypy; tha;nkhop tof;fpYs;s ghly;fs;> fijfs;>
gonkhopfs;> tpLfijfs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; tof;fj;jpYs;s
9
ek;gpf;iffs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs;> rlq;Ffs;> tpisahl;Lfs;
Nghd;w tha;nkhop rhuhjtw;iwAk; mlf;fyhk; vd;gH.
ehl;Lg;Gwtpaiy ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; kuG topg;gl;l

gilg;Gfs;> mDgtq;fs;> elj;ijfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; njhFjp
vdTk;> mtw;iw MuhAk; mwptpay; Jiw vdTk; $WtH. NkYk;
,J> ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; kuG topg;gl;l gilg;Gfs; (Traditional
Creations)> nghJkf;fisr; rhHe;j kuG Kiwfs; (Popular
antiquities)> kf;fs; ,yf;fpak; (Popular Literature)> ehl;Lg;Gwg;
gz;ghL (Folk Culture) Nghd;w ngaHfspYk; toq;fp te;jJ.
,jd; gpd;dH gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;ilr; NrHe;j Mq;fpNya
mwpQuhd tpy;ypak; [hd; jhk]; (W.J. Thomas) vd;gtH 1846Mk;
Mz;L “Popular antiquities" vd;w ,yj;jPd; nrhy;Yf;F khw;whf
“folklore" vd;w Mq;fpyj; njhliu cUthf;fpdhH. tptrha
kf;fspd; kuGfspYk; goq;fhy kf;fspd; gz;ghLfspYk; vQ;rpAk;
,d;Wtiu epiyj;Jj; epw;fpd;w mwpthHe;j vr;rq;fisf; Fwpf;f
mj;njhliuf; ifahz;lhH. tpy;ypak; [hd; jhk]; kf;fspd;
gof;f tof;fq;fs;> gz;ghL> rlq;Ffs;> fiyfs;> gonkhopfs;>
tpLfijfs;> fijfs;> fijg;ghly;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs;>
%lek;gpf;iffs; Nghd;w gy;NtW tof;fhWfisAk; “Folklore"
vd;w gjk; Fwpg;gjhff; fUjpdhH. vdNt> tptrhak; nra;Ak;
goq;fhy kf;fspd; gz;ghl;L vr;rq;fNs Folklore vd;W
ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; mwpQH Y}HJ $Wfpd;whH.
“Folklore" vd;gjw;F epfuhfj; jkpopy; epiyahd

fiyr;nrhy; cUthFk;tiu> gy nrhw;fs; tof;fpy; ,Ue;jikia
mwpQH gyH vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wdH. jkpopy; ehl;Lg; gz;ghl;bay;>
ehl;lhH tof;fhw;wpay;> ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Nghd;w nrhw;fs;
toq;FtjhfTk; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; vd;w nrhy;Ny epiyj;J
epw;gjhfTk; R. rf;jpNty; $WthH.
Nj. Y}HJ> ghukuH ghly;fs;> fhw;wpNy kpje;j ftpij>

Vl;by; vOjhf; ftpij> ehNlhbg; ghly;fs;> tha;nkhopg; ghly;fs;>
tha;nkhop ,yf;fpak;> fpuhkpag; ghly;fs;> fpuhkpa ,yf;fpak;>
10
Cufg; ghly;fs;> ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;> ehNlhb ,yf;fpak;>
ehNlhbf;fiy> ehl;Lg;Gwg; gz;ghl;bay;> ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;> ehl;lhH
tof;fhw;wpay;> ehl;lhH tof;fpay;> ehl;lhupay;> ehl;lhH tho;tpay;
vd;W gy njhlHfs; ,f;fy;tpg; Gyj;jpy; toq;fp tUtjhff;
$WtH.
ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfs;> ehl;Lg; gz;ghl;bay;> ehl;Lg; gilay;>

ehl;lhH tof;fhw;wpay;> ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Mfpa nrhw;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUtjhf MW. ,uhkehjd; $WthH.
tha;nkhop ,yf;fpak;> Vl;by; vOjh ,yf;fpak;> ehNlhb

,yf;fpak;> fpuhkg;Gw ,yf;fpak;> ehl;lhH tof;fhw;wpay;>
Cuftpay;> fpuhkg;Gw ,yf;fpak;> ghkuH ,yf;fpak; Nghd;w
nrhw;nwhlHfs; tof;fj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhf m. gpr;ir $Wfpd;whH.
ehl;Lg; gz;ghl;bay;> ehl;lhH tof;fhw;wpay; vd;w

njhlHfis eh. thdkhkiy gad;gLj;Jfpd;whH. ehl;lhH vd;w
nrhy;iy ,yq;ifj; jkpo; mwpQHfs; ngUk;ghYk;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;ltw;Ws; ngUk;ghyhd mwpQHfs;
gad;gLj;Jk; xNu nrhy; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; vd;gjhFk;.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthnwy;yhk; jkpofj;jpy; Folklore vd;w

nrhy;Yf;F ,izahfg; gy njhlHfs; tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J
te;jhYk; ,tw;wpy; epiwtilahj jkpo;ehl;L mwpQHfs;
Folkloref;F ,izahd jkpo;f; fiyr;nrhy;iy cUthf;Ftjw;Fj;
jk; rpe;jidiar; nrYj;jpdH. Folkloref;F ,izahd jkpo;r;
nrhy;yhf “ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;" vd;w fiyr;nrhy;iy Kjd;Kjypy;
gad;gLj;jpatH R. rz;KfRe;juk; MthH. ,tH 1975Mk; Mz;L
“ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; XH mwpKfk;" vd;w E}y; %ykhf ,r;nrhy;iy
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhH.
,r;nrhy;ypw;Fg; ngUk;ghd;ikahd ehl;Lg;G wtpayhsHfs;

MjuT njuptpj;jdH. Mdhy; m.K. gukrpthde;jk; Folk vd;w
nrhy;Yf;F tha;nkhop vd;W tpsf;fk; nrhd;dhH. eh.
thdkhkiyNah> ehl;L> ghguH> ehl;lhH vd;W jk; xt;nthU
11
E}ypYk; xt;nthU nrhy;iy folk vd;gjw;F ,izahfg;
gad;gLj;jpdhH. nr. md;dfhK> K. mUzhryk;> fp.th.
[fe;ehjd;> jkpoz;zy; Nghd;NwhH ghly;fspy; jk; Ma;tpid
Nkw;nfhz;lhYk; folklore gw;wpa ve;jf; fUj;ijAk; $wtpy;iy.
,t;thW gpw mwpQHfs; R. rz;KfRe;juj;jpd; ~ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;|
vd;w fiyr;nrhy;Yf;F mtiur; rhHe;Njh my;yJ mtUld;
,ize;Njh my;yJ gpwthWk; fUj;J njuptpf;ifapy; Nj. Y}HJ
kl;Lk; ,jid kWf;fpwhH.
1976Mk; Mz;L Nj. Y}HJ mtHfs;> Folklore vd;w

nrhy;Yf;F epfuhd jkpo;r; nrhy;yhf ~ehl;lhH tof;fhw;wpay;|
vd;gjidf; $wpdhH. Folkloref;F ,izahfj; jkpopy; ,Jtiu
toq;fp te;j midj;Jr; nrhw;fisAk; kWf;fpwhH. NkYk;
Folklore vd;gjw;Fr; R. rz;KfRe;juj;jpd; ~ehl;Lg;Gwk;| vd;w
ngaHg;G rupapy;iy vd;fpwhH. Folk vd;gjw;F ~ehl;lhH| vd;w
nrhy;Ny kpfr; rupahdJ. ~ehl;lhH $l;lk;| vd;Dk; nrhy; fpof;F
,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lg; gFjpapy; xU gFjpapdH vd;w nghUspy;
Msg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. mQ;RNfhl;il ehl;lhH> ];yhNka ehl;lhH>
FwpQ;rp ehl;lhH> fg;gY}u; ehl;lhH vd;nwy;yhk; mt;t g;
gFjpapdiuf; Fwpf;f ehl;lhH vd;w nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
tl;lhuj;jpw;Fupa tof;fhW> rhjpapdHf;Fupa tof;fhW> xU
ghypdHf;Fupa tof;fhW> xU tajpdHf;Fupa tof;fhW vd;nwy;yhk;
gytif tof;fhWfs; cs;sd. vdNt ehl;lhH vd;w nrhy; xU
gFjpapdH vd;w nghUspNy Msg;gLfpwJ. vdNt ~ehl;lhH|
vd;gjidj; JiwrhHe;j fiyr;nrhy;yhf Y}HJ cUthf;Ffpd;whH.
ehl;lhH vd;gJ xU FOtpdiu milahsk; fhl;Lk;

nrhy;yhfp tpLtjhy;> ~ehl;lhH| vd;W ,f;fy;tpg; Gyj;jpw;Fs;
toq;Fk;NghJ fy;tpg; Gyj;jpd; Ma;Tf;Fl;gl;l FOf;fisNa
Fwpf;fpd;wJ. Lore vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ,izahd jkpo;r;nrhy;
~tof;fhW| vd;gjhFk;. tof;fhW vd;w nrhy;ypy; tha;nkhop
tbtpy; cs;s ghly;fs;> fijfs;> gonkhopfs;> tpLfijfs;
Nghd;wtw;iwAk;> tha;nkhop rhuhj Mdhy; kf;fspd; tof;fj;jpy;
12
cs;s ek;gpf;iffs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs;> rlq;Ffs;> tpisahl;Lfs;
Nghd;wtw;iwAk; mlf;fyhk;. ,Wjpahf Folklore vd;w
nrhy;Yf;F ehl;lhH tof;fpay;> ehl;lhH tof;fhw;wpay; Nghd;w
njhlHfNs rkkhdit. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; vd;w njhlH
fpuhkg;Gwq;fisg; gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; vd;W nghUs;gLNk jtpu
Folklore vd;gjw;Fr; rkkhdjd;W vd;fpd;whH Nj. Y}HJ.
ehl;lhH vd;w nrhy; XH ,d kf;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lr;

nrhy;Yk; nrhy;yhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; ~ehl;lhH tof;fhw;wpay;|
vd;w nrhw;nwhlH XH ,d kf;fspd; tof;fhWfisg; gw;wpa Ma;T
vd;W nghUs;gLfpwJ. MW. ,uhkehjd; ~ehl;lhH tof;fhw;wpapy;|
vd;w nrhy;iy kWf;fpwhH. ~ehl;lhH| vd;gJ nrd;idapy;
ehlhHfisAk;> jQ;irapy; ehl;lhH vd;gJ fs;sH rhjpapdiuAk;
Fwpf;Fk; vd;fpwhH e. rQ;rPtp.
Nj. Y}HJ> eh. thdkhkiy Mfpa ,UtUk; Folklore

vd;gjw;F ehl;lhH tof;fhw;wpay; vd;W nkhopngaHj;Jg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. ,e;jr; nrhy;yhl;rpia kJiuf;Fj; njw;Nf
cs;s ney;iy> Fkup khtl;lq;fspy; ehl;Lg;Gwtpaiyf; Fwpf;f
mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. Mdhy; kJiuf;F tlf;Nf
jpUr;rp> Nfhit> jQ;ir> GJit> nrd;id> Nryk;> NtY}H Nghd;w
efuq;fspy; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; vd;w nrhy;Ny MrpupaHfshYk;
Ma;thsHfshYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. MW. mofg;gd;> R.
rf;jpNty;> MW. ,uhkehjd;> ru];tjp NtZNfhghy;> R.
rz;KfRe;juk; Nghd;NwhH ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; vd;W gad;gLj;JtijNa
tof;fg;gLj;jpAs;sdH. ,r;nrhy;iyNa ,d;W ngUk;ghd;ik
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk; tpdhf;fs;
1. Folklore vd;w nrhy;iy cUthf;fpa Mq;fpy mwpQH ahH?

2. Folklore Fwpj;J Nj. Y}HJ fUj;J ahJ?
3. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjy; jkpopy;
gad;gLj;jpatH ahH?
13
4. ehl;Lg;GwtpaYf;Fj; jkpofj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpa NtWngaHfs;
ahit?
2.4. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaf; $Wfs;
xt;nthU nkhopapYk; vOj;J Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;G

ghly;fSk;> fijfSk; Njhd;wj; njhlq;fpd. mtw;wpy; rpy fij
tbtj;jpy; ghlg;gl;ld vd;ghH eh. thdkhkiy. njhlf;f fhy
kdpjHfs; VLk; vOj;jhzpAk; nfhz;L ftpijfisAk;>
fhtpaq;fisAk; Gidtjw;F Kd;dNu mtHfs; fw;wJk; fspj;jJk;
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghliyj;jhd; vd;gjw;Fj; njhy;fhg;gpak; $Wk;
,yf;fpaf; $Wfs; ekf;Fj; Jizepw;fpd;wd. ahg;gpd; VO
gFjpfis>
“ghl;Liu E}Ny tha;nkhop gprpNa

mq;fjk; KJnrhy; mt;Nto; epyj;Jk;
tz;Gfo; %tH jz;nghopy; tiug;gpd;
ehw;Ng nuy;iy mfj;jtH toq;Fk;
ahg;gpd; topa njd;kdhH GytH"
vd;fpd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH. ghl;L> ciu> E}y;> tha;nkhop> gprp>

mq;fjk;> KJnrhy; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLtjpy; ehl;Lg;Gw
tifg;ghLfisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. mNjhL mbtiuaiw ,y;yhj
MW tiffisf; $wp>
“mitjhk;
E}ypdhd ciuapdhd
nehbnahL GzHe;j gprpapdhNd
VJ Ejypa Knkhopahd
kiwnkhop fpse;j ke;jpuj;jhd
$w;wpil itj;j Fwpg;gpdhd"
vd;W tpsf;fk; jUfpd;whH. mjhtJ> mbtiuaiw ,y;yhjit

MW vd;W $wg;gl;l mitjhk;> E}ypd; fz;zTk;@ ciuapd;
fz;zTk;@ nehbj;jd; khj;jpiuahfpa gprpapd; fz;zTk;@ xU
14
nkhopf;NfJthfp tUk; KJnkhopf; fz;zTk;@ kiwj;Jr; nrhy;YQ;
nrhy;yhw; fpse;j ke;jpuj;jpd; fz;zTk;@ nrhy;Yfpd;w nghUis
,ilfue;J nrhy;Yk; Fwpg;gpd; fz;zTk; vd MW tifg;gLk;
vd;fpd;whH.
2.4.1. gz;zj;jp
njhy;fhg;gpaH $Wk; gz;zj;jp ,d;iwa ehl;Lg;Gwg;

ghly;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ vdyhk;. ~gz;zj;jp| vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fg;
gz;iz tpUk;GtJ vd;W nghUs;. ,irg;ghl;by; tiuaiwahd
,irg;ghl;bw;Fupa tiuaiwapy;iy. Mjypd; gz;zike;j ghly;
vd;dhky; gz;zj;jp vdyhk;. njhy;fhg;gpaH gz;zj;jpiag;
gw;wpf; $Wk;NghJ>
“ghl;bilf; fye;j nghUs thfpg;

ghl;b dpay gz;zj; jpay;Ng"
vd;w E}w;ghtpy;> ~ghl;bilf; fye;j nghUs Mfp| vd;gJ

ghl;bdpilf; fye;j nghUisAilj;jhfp vd;wthWk;> ~ghl;bd;
,ay gz;zj;jpay;Ng| vd;gJ ghl;Lf;fspd; ,ay;ig cilathk;
gz;izj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; nra;Al;fs; vd;wthWk; nghUs; nfhs;tH.
“mJNt jhDk; gprpnahL khDk;"
vd;w E}w;ghtpy; Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l gz;zj;jp gprpNahL xj;j

mstpw;W vd;wthW. ~gprp| vd;gJ ,uz;lb mstpd;fz;Nz
tUtnjhd;W. Mjyhy; gz;zj;jpNghy; gprpAk; ,uz;lbahd; tUk;
vd;fpd;whH.
“mbepkpH fpstp aPuh whFk;

mbapfe;J tupDq; fbtiu apd;Nw"
vd;w E}w;ghTk; gz;zj;jp ghFgLkhW czHj;Jfpd;wJ.

gz;zj;jp vd;gJ ghtpdk; vdyhk;. Jiw> jhopir> tpUj;jk;
Mfpa %d;W ghtpdq;fspYk; ghly;fs; mikAk;. ,t;thW>
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs; mike;jpUf;Fk; Itifj; jd;ikfisj;
njhy;fhg;gpaH Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.
15
NguhrpupaH jdJ ciuapy; nka; tof;fpy;yhj Gw
tof;FilaJ vd;Wk;> vOJk; gapw;rp ,y;yhj GwTWg;Gg;
nghUl;fis ciuapy;> nka; tof;fpy;yhj Gwtof;FilaJ
vd;Wk;> vOJk; gapw;rp ,y;yhj GwTWg;Gg; nghUl;fis cilaJ
vd;Wk; gz;zj;jpf;F tpsf;fk; nrhy;thH. mjhtJ fw;gid
epiwe;jJ vd;Wk;> tha;nkhopahf tUtJ vd;Wk; nghUs;
nfhs;syhk;.
2.4.2. gonkhop
gonkhopia KJnrhy;> KJnkhop vd;fpd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH.
“Ez;ikAk; RUf;fKk; xspAk; cilikAk;

nkd;ikAk; vd;wpit tpsq;fj; Njhd;wpf;
Fwpj;jg; nghUis Kbj;jw;F t&ck;
VJ Ejypa KJnkhop"
vd;W gonkhopf;F tpsf;fk; jUfpwhH. Ez;ik tpsq;fTk;>

RUf;fk; tpsq;fTk;> xspAilik tpsq;fTk;> nkd;ik tpsq;fTk;
vd;W ,j;jifad tpsq;FkhW Njhd;wpf;> fUjpd nghUis
Kbj;jw;F tUk; VJitf; Fwpj;jd> ~KJnkhop| vd;W $WtH
GytH. mjhtJ> Ez;ik> RUf;fk;> xsp> cilik> nkd;ik
Mfpa Ie;J gz;Gfisg; gonkhop nfhz;L tpsq;FfpwJ.
“cOj cOj;jQ;nra; CHf;fd;W Nkaf;

fOij nrtpaupe; jw;why;"
vd;w ghliy NguhrpupaH gonkhopf;Fr; rhd;whfj; jUfpd;whH.

ciu> E}y;> gprp Mrpa %d;iwAk; rpwg;gpj;J KJnkhop tUk;
vd;gijAk; NguhrpupaH ciuahy; mwpayhk;.
2.4.3. tpLfij
tpLfijiaj; njhy;fhg;gpaH ~gprp| vd;fpd;whH. mij

,uz;L tifahf tpsf;FfpwhH.
“xg;nghL GzHe;j ctkj; jhDk;"

Njhd;WtJ fpse;j Jzptp dhDk;
16
vd;wpU tifj;Nj gprpepiy tifNa."
vd;W $Wfpd;whH. mjhtJ> gprpiaj; njhy;fhg;gpaH ,uz;L

tifahff; $WfpwhH. xd;W> xg;nghL GzHe;j ctkk; MFk;.
,J ctikahy; $wpa nghUis tpLtpf;Fk;. ,jidf; ~fpz;zk;
NghNy g+ g+f;Fk; fplhuk; NghNy fha; fha;f;Fk;| vd;gjhYk;>
kw;nwhd;W> ~Njhd;WtJ fpse;j Jzptpdhd;| tUtJ. ,jid
~ePuhlhd; ghHg;ghd; epwQ;nra;ahd; ePuhbd; CuhL fhf;if|
vd;gjhYk; KiwNa guq;fpf;nfhb> neUg;G vd;W czHe;Jk; vd;gH.
gprp vd;gJ> mupa nghUisj; jhq;fp epw;wyhy; mUk;nghUs;

eilnad;Wk;> ,jDs; mike;j nrhy;yhy; ,jidf; Nfl;NlhH
tpLtpf;FkhW mike;jpUj;jyhy; tpLfij> tpLftp vd;Wk;> rpW
JZf;Fg; NghypUj;jyhy; gpjpH vd;Wk;> Nfl;gtHf;Fg; GJikia
tpisj;jyhy; GjpH vd;Wk; ,t;thW gy ngaUilajhf
toq;FfpwJ. tpLtpj;jy; vd;Dk; nghUSila tpLfijia cyf
kf;fs; ntb vd;Wk; $wp tUfpd;wdH. gpd;dH> gz;zj;jpapy;
xUgFjp rpwpa cUtj;jpy; tUkhjypd; mg;gz;zj;jp gprp Nghy;
rpwpjhf tUk; vd;w fUj;jhy; “mJNt jhDk; gprpnahL khDk;"
vd;gH. ,g;gprp> ciueilahfTk; ,Uf;Fk;@ ghl;bidg; NghyTk;
,Uf;Fk;. Mjyhy;> ,jw;F tpLfij> tpLftp vd;Wk; ngaUz;L.
5. njhy;fhg;gpak; Rl;Lk; ehl;Lg;Gw tiffs; ahit?

6. njhy;fhg;gpaH Rl;Lk; ~gz;zj;jp| vjidf; Fwpf;Fk;?
7. gonkhopiaj; njhy;fhg;gpaH vt;thW Rl;LfpwhH?
8. ~gprp| - rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
 Folklore vd;w nrhy; vt;thnwy;yhk; ehl;by; toq;fpw;W vd;gJ

gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;Nlhk;.
 ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; vd;w nrhy; Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpatH ahH
vd;gJ gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;Nlhk;.
17
 ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; vd;w nrhy;iy jkpofj;jpy; vt;thnwy;yhk;
gad;gLj;jpdH vd;gd gw;wpnay;yhk; njupe;J nfhz;Nlhk;.
 njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ehl;Lg;Gwf; $Wfs; gw;wpj;
njupe;J nfhz;Nlhk;.

tpilfs;
1. 2.3. 2. 2.3.
3. 2.3. 4. 2.3.
5. 2.4. 6. 2.4.1.
7. 2.4.2. 8. 2.4.3.
1. Folklore Fwpj;J may;ehl;lhupd; fUj;J Fwpj;J fl;Liu

tiuf.
2. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Fwpj;J jkpowpQHfspd; fUj;J Fwpj;J
fl;Liu tiuf.
3. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaf; $Wfs; gw;wp
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tpsf;Ff.
1. njhy;fhg;gpak; - nghUsjpfhuk; - nra;Aspay;> ,sk;g+uzk;>

mbfshrpupaH (gjp.)> jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofk;> jQ;rht+H> 1985.
18
$W 3. ,e;jpa ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; -
jkpof ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;
3.1. Kd;Diu
cyf mstpay; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; JiwahdJ vOj;JUtk;

ngw;wJ fp.gp.16Mk; E}w;whz;Ljhd;. vd;whYk; kf;fspd; kj;jpapy;
kf;fs; thoj; njhlq;fpa fhye;njhl;Nl ehl;Lg;Gwf; $Wfs;
mtHfsplk; ,Ue;J te;Js;sd. ,Ug;gpDk; vOj;JU ngwg;gl;l
fhyj;jpypUe;J ,e;jpa ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; gw;wpAk;> jkpof
ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; gw;wpAk; vLj;Jiug;gNj ,g;ghlg; gFjp.
3.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
 cyf ehl;Lg;Gwtpaypd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.

 ,e;jpa ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
 jkpof ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
3.3. cyf ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;
gjpdhW> gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gw

,ay; nra;jpfs; njhFf;fg;gl;ld. 19Mk; E}w;whz;by;
,t;tha;tpy; mf;fiw kpfj; njhlq;fpaJ. n[Hkdpapy; N[f;fg;>
tpy;nfk; fpupk; MfpNahH ,e;E}w;whz;by; ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfspy;
Ma;tpidj; njhlq;fp itj;jdH. jhk]; nfa;l;byp Guhzf;
fijfspy; Ma;T nra;jhH. gpd;yz;by; 1831,y; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;
fofk; Mk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1872,y; g;Nshupd]; gonkhopfisj;
njhFj;J ntspapl;lh ,q;fpyhe;jpy; 1878Yk; mnkupf;fhtpy;
1888Yk; ehl;Lg;Gw ,ay; fofk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. Mq;fpyf;
fijg;ghly;fs; 1826,y; ntspahdJ. nla;yH> Rkpj; MfpNahH
gpupl;b\; ehl;L Ma;thsuhtH. g;Nurupd; ~Nfhy;ld; ngs|Tk;> kupah
yr;rpd; mfuhjpAk; rpwe;j ehl;Lg;Gw ,ay; topfhl;bfs; MFk;.
19
Urpa ehl;by; thy;bkhH guhg; ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfspy; mikg;gpay;
Ma;tpidr; nra;jhH. nrf;fhyhTk; Urpa ehl;Lg;Gw mwpQuhtH.
3.4. ,e;jpa ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;
may;ehl;lhupd; Kaw;rpNa ,e;jpa ehl;Lg;Gw ,aypd;

njhlf;fkhdJ. may;ehl;lhH gazpfshfTk;> mjpfhupfshfTk;>
FUkhHfshfTk; ,e;jpahtpy; tpsq;fpdH. 19Mk; E}w;whz;by;
,k;Kaw;rp njhlq;fg;gl;lij tq;fhsk;> gk;gha;> gpupl;ld;> IHyz;L
Mfpa ehLfspd; uhay; Mrpahl;bf; nrhirl;bapy; ntspahd
,jo;fshy; mwpe;J nfhs;sKbfpwJ.
ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Jiw ,e;jpahtpy; Vwj;jho ,uz;L

E}w;whz;Lfshf tsu;e;J tUfpwJ. mwptpay; Jiwrhu;e;j tsu;r;rp
Rkhu; mWgJ Mz;Lfshfj;jhd; eilngw;W tUfpwJ.
,e;jpa Guhzq;fSk; gQ;rje;jpuf; fijfSk; khf;];

Ky;yH> ngd;Ng Kjypa Nkiy ehl;L mwpQHfspd; Ma;TfSf;Fg;
gad;gl;ld. ,e;jpa kf;fspd; tha;nkhop tuyhWfs;> fijfs;>
fijg;ghly;fs;> gonkhopfs;> tpLfijfs;> topghLfs; Kjypa
tof;fhWfs; gythW Nrfupf;fg;gl;L Ma;T nra;ag;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
Mq;fpNyaH Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; caH muRg; gzpapypUe;jtHfSk;
rkag; gzpahw;w ,e;jpah te;jtHfSk; jhq;fs; tho;e;j gFjpfspy;
toq;fpa tha;nkhopg; ghly;fs;> fijfs;> gonkhopfs;
Kjypatw;iwr; Nrfupj;Js;sdH. ,e;jpahtpYk; gy;NtW
nkhopfspy; Mq;fpNyaiug; gpd;gw;wp Ma;thsHfSk;
MHtKilNahUk; ehl;lhH tof;fhw;Wr; Nrfupg;Gg; gzpiaj;
njhlHe;jdH. gy;fiyf; fofq;fspYk; fy;tpj;Jiw rhuhj
murpay; r%f ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; ehl;Lg;Gw tof;fhWfisr;
Nrfupg;gJld; Ma;TfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg; gl;ld. me;j Ma;Tfs;
gue;Jgl;litahf mike;jd. Nfhl;ghL mbg;gil Ma;Tfs;
njhlf;fj;jpy; mjpfkhfr; nra;ag;gltpy;iy. Ma;Tfs;
ngUk;ghYk; tpsf;f KiwapNyNa mike;jpUe;jd.
20
,e;jpahtpy; ,d;W khdpltpay; (anthropology)> r%ftpay;
(Socialogy)> cstpay; (Psychology)> nkhopapay; (Lingustics)>
jfty; njhlHgpay; (Communication)> mikg;gpay;
(Structuration)> Fwpapay; (Semiotics)> FwpaPl;bay; (Symbolis)
Kjypa gy;Jiwfspd; ,iz gbg;ghf ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Jiw
tsHe;Js;sJ. jkpofj;ijg; Nghd;W Nfusk;> fHehlfk;> Me;jpuk;>
m];]hk;> kzpg;g+H> Nkw;F tq;fhsk; Kjypa khepyq;fspd;
ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; tsHr;rp ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
,e;jpahtpy; jkpofj;ijj; jtpu Vida gFjpfspy;

ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; tsHe;jijr; RUf;fkhff; fhz;Nghk;.
3.4.1. fh\;kPu;
G.H. Leitner Kjy; Kjypy; 1872,y; Dardu Legends

Proverbs, Fables and Riddles vd;w fl;Liuia Indian
Antiquary,y; vOjpdhH. F.A.Steel, J. Knowles, Somnath Dhar,
Nandalal Chatta Nghd;NwhH fh\;kPH ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfisj;
njhFj;jtHfSs; Kf;fpakhdtHfs; MtH.
3.4.2. ,khryg;gpuNjrk;
A.E. Dracha> 1960,y; Simla Villae Folktales from the

Himalayas vd;w E}iy ntspapl;lhH. O.S. Oakleyk, T.D.
GariolaTk; NrHe;J Himalayan Folklore vd;w E}iy 1935,y;
ntspapl;ldH.
3.4.3. gQ;rhg;
1884,y; C. Swinerton vd;gtH The Adventure of the

Punjab Hero Raja Rasalu and other Folktales of Punjab vd;w
E}iy vOjpdhH. ,tH gQ;rhgpf; fijfisf; fpNuf;ff;
fijfSld; xg;gha;Tk; nra;jhH. Macnair kw;Wk; T. Baslow
MfpNahH NrHe;J The Oral tradition from the Indus vd;w E}iy
21
1908,y; cUthf;fpdH. Devendhra Sathyarthi ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;
njhFjpia Kjypy; ntspapl;lhH. 1946,y; Meet my people vd;w
E}iyAk;> 1952,y; Bajat Are Dhol vd;w E}iyAk; vOjpdhH.
gQ;rhgpy; ,tH Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftH. mupahdh ehl;Lg;Gw
,yf;fpaj;ijj; njhFj;J M.S. RamdhawalaTk;> D.S. PravakrTk;
ntspapl;ldH. S.L. Yadav mtHfSk; Hariyana Pradesh Ka lok
Sahitya vd;w E}iy 1960,y; ntspapl;Ls;shH.
3.4.4. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
S.S. Chaturvedi,d; ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs; gw;wpa %d;W

E}y;fSk;> Hamari Lok Kathym vd;w E}Yk; rpwg;ghdit. K.P.
Bahadur-k; fijfspy; ftdk; itj;jhH. 1972,y; ,tuJ
Folktales of Uttar Pradesh ntspahapw;W. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy;
A.G. Sheriff, Devendra Sathyarthi, S. Mishra Nghd;wtHfs; MHtk;
nfhz;L njhFj;J ntspapl;ldH. kp];uh> ghly;fisr; r%fg;
nghUshjhu murpay; gz;ghl;Lf; Nfhzq;fspy; Muha;e;Js;shH.
,e;jpu Njth ghly;fisr; r%ftpay; ghHitapy; mZfpAs;shH.
ghz;Nl> rj;jpNae;jpuh> rj;jpag; gpufh\; MHah Nghd;wtHfSk;
ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; MHtyHfs; MtH.
3.4.5. gPfhu;
Sampat Aryan kuhfp kf;fs; ,yf;fpak; gw;wp Muha;e;jhH.

C.P. VidyarthiAk; Ganesh Chanbeyk; Bihar in Folklore Study
vd;w E}iy 1972,y; vOjpAs;sdH. ,q;F ntspahd E}y;fspd;
miltpid H.C. Prasadk; Gita Sen GuptaAk; 1971,y;
cUthf;fpdH. Jphn Christian vd;gtH 1891,y; Bihari Proverbs
vd;W gonkhopj; njhFg;gpy; <Lgl;lhH. F.T. Cole, Campell
MfpNahH re;jhy; ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfisj; njhFj;jdH. C.H.
Bompass, P.O. Bodding, sarat Chandra Mitra, Sarath Chandra
Ray Nghd;wtHfs; tpupthd Ma;Tfisr; nra;Js;sdH.
22
3.4.6. Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
Grierson ehl;Lg;Gw ,aiy mwptpay; mbg;gilapy;

Muha;e;jhH. G.H. Darnant, Bengali Folklore gw;wp 1872> 1880
thf;fpy; fl;Liufs; vOjpdhH. fijg;ghly;fspy; ftdk;
itj;jtH kzpr;re;jpuh mtHfs;. 1883,y; Lal Bihari Dey,
Folktales of Bengal vd;w E}iyAk;> 1874,y; Pengal Peasant
Life vd;w E}iyAk; vOjpAs;shH. Dinesh Chandra Sen, East
Bengal Ballads vd;w E}iy ntspapl;lhH. G.S. Datta, 1960,y;
Folk dances of Bengal vd;w E}iy vOjpdhH.
3.4.7. mrhk;
P.d. Goswami 1960,y; Ballads and tales of Assam vd;w

Ma;tpidr; nra;jhH. B.K. Baruatpd; mrhkpa ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa
E}Yf;F mfhlkp gupR fpilj;jJ. NfhRthkpapd; Ma;Tfs; mrhk;
khepyj;jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Ma;TfshFk;.
3.4.8. xuprh
Gopal Chandra Praharaj ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa

Ma;thsHfspd; Kd;Ndhb MthH. Utkal Kahani vd;gJ ,tuJ
E}y;. Pitambari Debi xupa gonkhopfis ,U njhFjpfshf
ntspapl;lhH. Kapileswara Vidya Bhusan 1876,y; Oriya
Proverbs E}iy ntspapl;lhH. mNjhL> Kd;\pN\f;
mg;Jy;k[pj;Jk;> re;jpuNrfH g`pdpgjpAk; gonkhopfisj;
njhFj;jdH. Upendra Narayana Dutta Gupta fijfis
Mq;fpyj;jpy; ntspapl;lhH.
3.4.9. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
Siva Sabai Chaturvethi> gz;ly;fz;l; ehl;Lg;Gwf;

fijfisj; njhFj;jhH. T.H. Twente, Hiralal, Russel Nghd;NwhH
fijfisj; njhFj;J ntspapLtjpy; tpUg;gk; nfhz;ldH. S.C.
23
Dube, L.P. Singh Nghd;NwhH ghly;fspd; kPJ gpupak; itj;jdH.
1947> 1953 thf;fpy; mit E}yhapd. Shyam Parmar ,d;
Folklore of Madhya Pradesh vd;w E}y; rpwg;ghdJ.
3.4.10. ,uh[];jhd;
Devilal Sarmar,d; ,uz;L E}y;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.

Sahalk; RjptPHrpq;Fk; gonkhopfisj; njhFj;jdH. Sutyakaran
Pareeksk;> Dask; ghly;fisAk;> Devilal Sarma ehlfq;fisAk;
njhFj;J Ma;e;jdH. 1959,y; mfHthy; ghly;fisj; jkJ
lhf;lH gl;lj;Jf;F Muha;e;jhH. Bhagawati Prasad Darulca, Om
Prakash Cupta Nghd;wtHfs; 1961,y; khHthbg; ghly;fis
ntspapl;ldH.
3.4.11. F[uhj;
Kincaid vd;gtH fijfspYk;> Jhaver Chand Meghani

ghly;fspYk; ftdk; nrYj;jpdH. A.K. Forbes ehl;Lg;Gw
,yf;fpaq;fspy; Ma;T nra;jhH. Sudhaben Desai
ehlfq;fisAk;> Jeyma Parmar gz;ghl;bidAk;> Narmada
Shankar Metha kjj;njhlHghfTk; Ma;T nra;jdH.
3.4.12. k`huh\;buk;
mDRah g`hgk;> fkyhgha; Nj\;ghz;Nl> fhfh fhNty;fH>

khyjp jz;NlfH> JHf;fh gftj;> tpehafuht; N[h\p Nghd;NwhH
k`huh\;bu ehl;Lg;Gwtpaypy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftHfs; MtH.
rNuh[pdp ghgH 1962,y; Marathi Folk Literature vd;w E}iy
vOjpAs;shH. D.G. Borse, W.E. Dexter, M. Krishnaswamy Rao
Nghd;NwhH ghly;fisAk;> Durga Bagavat tpLfijfisAk;
Muha;e;jdH.
24
3.4.13. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpNyNa njYq;F

fijg;ghly;fs;> ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs; Kjypad njhFf;fg;gl;L
ntspaplg;gl;ld. MapDk; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHT
mq;F mz;ikapy;jhd; Vw;gl;lJ. fHdy; fhypd; kf;fd;rp>
gpnusd;> mghapy;> Nfg;ld; fhH MfpNahH gj;njhd;gjhk;
E}w;whz;by; ehl;lhH tof;fhWfisj; njhFf;Fk; gzpapy;
<Lgl;ldH.
gp. Mjpehuhaz rh];jpup> V. ckhfhe;j tpj;ahNrfuh> tp.

gpughfu rh];jpup> vk;. NrhkNrfu rHkh> v];. gpujhg nul;b>
ee;jpuh[; rygjp uht;> vk;.vd;. ntq;flrhkp> vd;. Ntq;flkza;ah>
b. mr;Rju[;> fp. ehuhazuht;> gp. ,uhkuh[{ KjypNahH
,j;Jiwapy; kpf;f MHtj;Jld; gzpahw;wpdH.
tp.vd;. a+Yz;> vd;. NfhghyfpU\;zh> xa;. =uhk%Hj;jp>

rpe;jh jPl;rpjY> V. ,uhkuht;> b. rptrq;fuRthkp> tp. Nrhkah[{Y>
b. fhNk];tuuht;> v];. Nfhghy fpU\;z%Hj;jp> vd;. fq;fhjud;>
[p. gh];fuuht;> vk;. ,uhjh fpU\;z%Hj;jp> Nf.rgh.vr;. Mjp
Nr\{Y KjypNahH gy E}y;fisAk; fl;LiufisAk;
vOjpAs;sdH.
1905,y; G.R. Pandulu, Folklore of Telugus vd;nwhU E}y;

vOjpAs;shH. fq;fhjud; Nghd;NwhH Mapuf;fzf;fhd ghly;fisj;
njhFj;jdH. vk;.vd;. ntq;flrhkp fpufzk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
fijfisj; njhFj;Js;shH. P.C. Reddy, M.V. Ramarau, M.N.
Srinivas, N.G. Ranga Nghd;wtHfs; ghly;fis Muha;e;jdH.
Me;jpuh gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; gyH ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Jiw

Ma;Tfspy; <Lgl;L KidtH gl;lq;fs; ngw;W tUfpd;wdH.
al;rfhdj;jpd; tuyhW> njYq;F ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;> njYq;F
fijg;ghly;fs;> njYFNyh fjNfaY Mfpa Ma;NtLfs;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. MH.tp.v];. Re;juk; ntspapl;Ls;s [dgj
rhfpj;a ];t&gk;> njYq;F fd;dl [dgjp NfhaY> [dgj
25
rhfpj;a %y jj;tfS> Me;j;Uy [dgj tp[dk; Mfpa E}y;fs;
Me;jpu ehl;Lg;Gwtpaiy mwpaj; Jiznra;git.
3.4.14. fu;ehlfk;
fHehlfj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; fy;tpj;Jiw rhHe;jjhfg; gy

fhykhfr; nray;gl;L tUfpwJ. fpwpj;jtg; ghjpupkhHfSk;
Mq;fpNya mjpfhupfSk; gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,j;Jiwapd;
Kd;Ndhbfshf tpsq;fpdH. Nkup gNuNu 1868,y; 25 ehl;Lg;Gwf;
fijfis ntspapl;lhH. fpl;lH 1894,y; ntspapl;l fd;d l
Mq;fpy mfuhjpapy; 4000 fd;dlg; gonkhopfis ,izj;Js;shH.
V.R. gHdy; JStHfspd; g+j topghl;L kuGfisAk; nfhk;Nk $Hf;
kf;fspd; tPug;ghly;fisAk; njhFj;Js;sdH.
mde;jfpU\;z IaH Kjypy; The Mysore Tribes and

Castes vd;w E}iy vOjpdhH. 1921,y; White head jdJ
Village gods of Southern India vd;w E}ypy; fpuhkj;
nja;tq;fisg; gw;wp tpsf;fpAs;shH. A.C. Bnruel 1894,y; Devie
Worship of Teluvas vd;w fl;Liuapy; Nga; topghl;il
tpsf;fpAs;shH. H.M. Nayak ku topghl;bd; Njhw;wk; tsHr;rp
gw;wp Muha;e;Js;shH. M.N. Srinivas FlF kf;fspd; gof;f
tof;fq;fisAk; ek;gpf;iffisAk; Muha;e;jhH. Shivaama
Karantha fHehlf ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Jiw Kd;NdhbfSs; xUtH.
rpd;dg;gh> =fz;ilah> nge;jNu> kJuhr;rd;dh> k];jp

ntq;fNlr Iaq;fhH> gp. uq;frhkp> NjTL eurpk;k rh];jpup
MfpNahH fd;dl ehl;Lg;GwtpaYf;Fg; ngUq;fhw;wpdH. NjTL
eurpk;k rh];jpupapd; fHehlf rk];fpUjp (1936) vd;w E}ypy;jhd;
Folklore vd;Dk; nrhy; Kjd; Kjypy; ,lk;ngw;wJ. 1950f;Fg;
gpd; gp.v];. fl;rpkj; fHehlfh KOtjpYk; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;
$Wfisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfisj; njhFj;jhH. mJ vjpHfhy
Ma;TfSf;Fg; ngUk; J}z;LNfhyhf mike;jJ.
1960f;Fg; gpd;G fHehlf ehl;Lg;Gwtpaypy; mwptpay;

g+Htkhd Ma;Tfs; ntsptuj; njhlq;fpd. ik#H
26
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; fd;dlj; JiwapdH ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;
Ma;Tfis Kidg;Gld; epfo;j;jpdH. ik#Hg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;
Kjd; Kjypy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,aypy; KJfiyg;gl;l tFg;G
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;
mUq;fhl;rpafKk; cs;sJ.
3.4.15. Nfusk;
ehl;Lg;Gw tof;fhWfs; Nfusj;jpy; kpfTk; nry;thf;Fg;

ngw;Ws;sd. Mdhy; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Ma;Tfs; kpff; FiwthfNt
eilngw;Ws;sd. Kjd; Kjypy; ghypk]; ghjpupahH> ngHup kf;yd;
MfpNahH fijg;ghly;fisAk; Fz;nlHl; vd;gtH gonkhopfisAk;
njhFj;J ntspapl;ldH.
Nfusj;jpd; jiyrpwe;j vOj;jhsHfSk; ehl;Lg;Gw

tof;fhWfisj; njhFj;Jg; gjpg;gpj;J mUe;njhz;lhw;wpdH.
Rz;ly; vd;gtH Nfus ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak;> fpwpj;Jt
ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Kjypa 18 E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shH. ghHftd;
gps;is gz;ghLfs; vd;Dk; E}iyAk; [p. rq;fug;gps;is Njhw;wk;
ghl;Lf;fs; vd;w E}iyAk; ntspapl;Ls;sdH.
fspahl;lk;> Nfhyk; Js;sy;> Xl;lk; Js;sy;> KbNaw;W>

Nfhy;fsp> jpUthjpiuf;fsp Kjypa Ml;lf;fiyfs; Nfusj;jpy;
kpfTk; Gfo;tha;e;jit. Nfusj;jpYs;s tlf;fd; ghl;LfSk;
njf;fd; ghl;LfSk; njhFf;fg;ngw;W ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd.
Nfusf; fijg;ghly;fisg; Guhzf; fijg;ghly;fs;>

tuyhw;Wf; fijg;ghly;fs;> rkaf; fijg;ghly;fs; vd
%tifg;gLj;jyhk;. kdtujk; ghl;L vd;Dk; gioa fijg;ghly;>
Nfhtpe;jd; gps;isahy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;L nr. mr;Rj Nkddhy;
NkYk; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;lJ. mtuJ gzp Nfushtpd; ehl;Lg;Gwg;
gz;ghl;L Ma;tpy; xU Gj;njhspahff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
ghyd; ek;gpahH> tlNfusj;jpy; gutyhf epfo;j;jg;gLk;

Kf;fpa fiy tbtkhd nja;ahl;lj;ij tpupthf Ma;T
27
nra;Js;shH. njd;dpe;jpa fhsp jpUeldq;fspy; nja;ahl;lk;
kpfTk; Kf;fpakhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
fspahl;lk;> nja;ahl;L> fzpahd; fsp> gftjpg;ghl;L

Mfpait rkar; rlq;FfSld; njhlHGila ehl;Lg;Gwf;
fiyfshFk;. rhf;fpaH $j;J> fpU\;zdhl;lk;> ,uhkhaz
epoyhl;lk; Mfpait rkaj;NjhL njhlHGilad. MapDk; mit
rlq;Ffspy; epfo;j;jg;gLtjpy;iy. ifnfhl;b fsp> Fwj;jpahl;lk;>
Nkhfpdpahl;lk; Kjypa epfo;j;Jf;fs; gutyhf epfo;j;jg;gLk;
fiyfshFk;.
Nfhopf;NfhL gy;fiyff;fofj;jpy; mz;ikapy;

njhlq;fg;gl;l ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Jiw Nfhl;Lghl;L Ma;Tfspy;
rpwg;ghd ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. Nfus ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; E}iy
kiyahsj;jpy; vOjpa ,uhftd; neha;lh jiyikapy; mj;Jiw
ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Ma;Tfs; epfo;j;jpd. Nf.Nf.vd;. FWg;G
mg;gy;fiyf;fofj; JizNte;juhf ,Ue;J ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;
Jiwf;F NkYk; Cf;fk; nfhLj;J tsHj;jhH.
mde;jfpU\;z ma;aupd; Castes and tribes of Cochin

vd;w E}ypy; Kjd; Kjyhf Nfushtpy; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; gw;wpr;
nrhy;yg;gl;lJ. Nf.gp. gj;kehg Nkdd; Nfus tuyhw;W E}ypy;
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwia tpsq;FfpwhH. mr;Rj
NkdDk;> v];.Nf. ehaUk; Ballads of North Malabar vd;w E}iyg;
gjpg;gpj;jdH. gp.Nf. ehuhaz gps;is> #uehl;Lf; FQ;rd; gps;is>
Nf. ,uhftd; gps;is Nghd;NwhH rkar; rlq;F rk;ge;jg;gl;l
ghly;fisr; Nrfupj;jdH.
vk;.b. uhftd; 1947,y; Folk plays and dances of Kerala

vd;w E}iy vOjpdhH. v];.Nf. ehaH ghly;fs; gw;wpAk;> gp.b.
ehaH gonkhopfs; gw;wpAk;> ghyuj;dk; ghk;G tzf;fk; gw;wpAk;
Muha;e;Js;sdH. gj;kehgd; jk;gp 1960,y; fhluJ kjk; gw;wpAk;>
1960,y; Js;sy; Ml;lk; gw;wpAk; vOjpAs;shH. tp\;thk;gud;>
mg;ghj;Jiu ma;aH> uht;> rptrq;fud;> rq;Fz;zp> ek;g+j;up>
28
cs;shdH guNk];tu ma;aH> Nf.Nf.vd;. F&g; Nghd;Nwhupd;
E}y;fSk; Nfusj;jpy; vz;zj;jf;fitahFk;.
1. gQ;rhg; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; - Fwpg;G tiuf.

2. Folk Dances of Bangal vd;w E}ypd; MrpupaH ahH?
3. fpufzk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l fijfisj; njhFj;jtH ahH?
4. KJfiy ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; ve;jg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;
Kjd;Kjy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ?
3.5. jkpof ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;
gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; ,Ue;Jjhd;

jkpofj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; gw;wpa ftdk; kf;fspd; kj;jpapy;
jpUk;gpaJ vdyhk;. jkpof ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;>
ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs;> ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijg;ghly;fs;> ehl;Lg;Gwg;
gonkhopfs;> ehl;Lg;Gw tpLfijfs; Nghd;wtw;wpidj; njhlHe;J
,itfs; njhlHghd Ma;TfSk; jkpof ehl;Lg;Gwtpaypy;
,lk;gpbj;jpUf;fpd;wd.
njhd;Wnjhl;L ,Ue;JtUk; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fis kf;fs;

kj;jpapy; Kjd; Kjypy; mr;rpl;L ntspf;nfhzHe;j ngUik K.
mUzhryj;ijNa rhUk;. 1943Mk; Mz;L ~fhw;wpNy kpje;j
ftpij| vd;Dk; E}ypid ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspd; njhFg;ghf
ntspapl;lhH. ,JNt ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspd; Kjy; njhFg;G
E}yhff; fUjg;ngWfpwJ. ,e;E}y; ntsptUtjw;F Kd;dNu
1871Mk; Mz;L Mq;fpyj;jpy; NfhtH vd;ghH jkpo;g; ghly;fisj;
njhFj;Js;shH.
,tiuj; njhlHe;J fp.th. [fe;ehjd; ehNlhb ,yf;fpak;>

kr;RtPL> Foe;ij cyfk;> fQ;rpapYk; ,d;gk; Mfpa E}y;fis
ntspapl;Ls;shH. MW. mofg;gd;> jkpoz;zy; MfpNahH
29
jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fisj; njhFj;J ntspapl;ldH. NguhrpupaH e.
thdkhkiy> K.it. mutpe;jd;> u. ma;ahrhkp MfpNahH
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fisj; njhFj;J ntspapl;ldH. xg;ghupg;
ghly;fis kl;Lk; njhFj;J kJiu KjypahH ntspapl;lhH.
,yq;if ehl;Lg; ghly;fisj; njhFj;J t.K. ,uhkypq;fKk;>
~Vl;by; vOjhf; ftpijfs;| vd;w jiyg;gpy; nr. md;dfhKTk;
ntspapl;Ls;sdH. nr.g. fzgjp ~fz;zPHg; g+f;fs;| vd;w
jiyg;gpYk;> R. rz;KfRe;juk; ~jkpof ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;| vd;w
jiyg;gpYk;> fpU\;zrhkp ~nfhq;F ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;| vd;w
jiyg;gpYk;> R. rz;KfRe;juk; ~jpUney;Ntyp ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;|
vd;w jiyg;gpYk;> MW. ,uhkehjd; ~tl Mw;fhL khtl;lg;
ghly;fs;| vd;w jiyg;gpYk;> ruRtjp NtZNfhghy; ~kJiu
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;| vd;w jiyg;gpYk;> ,. ghyRe;juk; ~<oj;J
ehl;lhH ghly;fs;| vd;w jiyg;gpYk;> KUfhde;jk; ~ehl;Lg;Gwg;
ghly;fs;| vd;w jiyg;gpYk; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fisr; Nrfupj;J
ntspapl;Ls;sdH.
,it jtpu V.vd;. ngUkhspd; Fk;kpg; ghly;fSk;>

Uf;kzpapd; NgNahl;Lk; cLf;fbg; ghly;fSk;> eh.
thdkhkiyapd; jkpof ehl;Lg; ghly;fSk;> jkpo; ehl;Lg; ghkuH
ghly;fSk;> lhf;lH nk. Re;juj;jpd; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fSk;> lhf;lH
jkpoz;zypd; ,uhtz;zg; ghly;> jhyhl;L E}y;fSk;
rpwg;Gf;Fupad. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fisg; nghWj;jtiu ,it
Nghd;w ,d;Dk; rpy ntspaPLfSk; jkpopy; ntspte;Js;sd.
r. KUfhde;jk;> kzpNkfiyg; gpuRu MrpupaH FO> vd;.

re;jpud;> Nf. ,sq;Nfh> t. ngUkhs;> K. Kfk;kjyp [pd;dh> kh.
tujuh[d; Nghd;NwhH ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs; gw;wpa E}y;fis
vOjpAs;sdH. R. rz;KfRe;juj;jpd; jkpopy; ehl;Lg;Gwg;
ghly;fSk;> MW. mofg;gdpd; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs; jpwdha;Tk;
rpwe;j tpsf;f E}y;fshf mike;jpUf;fpd;wd.
30
ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfspy; VLfs; vd;W Nehf;fpdhy; 19Mk;

E}w;whz;bypUe;Nj E}y; tbtpy; te;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. 1867Mk;
Mz;by; tPuhrhkp ehaf;fH kapy; uhtzd; fijia ntspapl;lhH.
1871,y; tpf;fpukhjpj;jd; fijfSk;> 1873,y; fjh rpe;jhkzpAk;>
1876,y; tpNehj urkQ;rupAk; ntspahapd. 1886,y; gz;bj eNlr
rh];jpup ~jpuhtpl kj;jpa fhyf; fijfs;| kw;Wk; ~jf;fhz g+Ht
fijfs;| vd;w njhFg;Gfis ntspapl;lhH. 1897,y; g+Nyhf
tpNehjf; fijffis ,uhN[e;jpuk; gps;is ntspapl;lhH. 1951,y;
fjhkQ;rup ntspte;jJ. 1952,y; <rhg; fijfs; xU FOTk; cyf
ehNlhbf; fijfisj; jpUthzDk; ntspapl;ldH.
fh. mg;ghj;Jiu ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs;> ehNlhbf; fijfs;

vd;w njhFg;igAk;> tp. Nfhtpe;jd; goq;fhyf; fijfs; vd;w
njhFg;igAk;> fp. uh[;ehuhazd; jkpo; ehl;L fpuhkpaf; fijfs;
vd;w njhFg;igAk;> ,uh. ,sq;Fkud; jkpo; ehl;Lg; goq;fijfs;
vd;w njhFg;igAk;> MW. ,uhkehjd; ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijf;fsQ;rpak;
vd;w gjpide;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l njhFg;GfisAk; ntspapl;Ls;sdH.
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fsplk; toq;fg;gLk; fijg;ghly;fSk; Vl;by;

ntspte;Js;sd. fijg;ghly;fs; mr;rpy; ntspte;jJk;
gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapNyNa vd;W $wyhk;.
1868,y; nfhe;jyfhd; vd;gtH rpj;jpuGj;jpu eapdhH fijg;ghliy
ntspapl;lhH. ,Nj Mz;L mkuhtjp fijAk; ntspte;Js;sJ.
,jidj; njhlHe;J fUzhde;j Rthkpfs; ey;yjq;fhs;
fijg;ghliy ntspapl;lhH. 1869,y; kJiutPud; fijg;ghliy
fUzhde;j Rthkpfs; ntspapl;lhH. ,jidaLj;J Njrpq;Fuh[d;
fijia guRuhk KjypahUk;> my;yp murhzp khiyiaAk;>
Gye;jpud; J}JitAk;> ,wTfy;$y; gilg;NghiuAk;> ey;yjq;fhs;
fijiaAk;> gtsf;nfhb khiyiaAk;> gQ;rghz;ltH
tdthrj;ijAk; fUzhde;j Rthkpfs;; ntspapl;lhH.
31
1870,y; fhd;rhAL rz;il> =uhkH rPjhNjtp Nghd;w
E}y;fisAk;> Nfrt KjypahH JNuhgij Fwj;ijAk;
ntspapl;ldH. MWKf Rthkpfs; 1873,y; fhj;jtuhad;
fijiaAk;> guRuhk KjypahH Nfhtyd; fijiaAk;
ntspapl;ldH. 1874,y; kpd;ndhspahs; Fwk;> tpj;thd; Fwk;>
rpWj;njhz;l gf;jd; fij> nghd;DUtp krf;if> fHz kfhuh[d;
rz;il> Gye;jpud; fsT khiy Nghd;wit mr;rhapd. 1877,y;
VzpNaw;wKk;> 1885,y; Muty;yp #uty;yp fijAk;> 1878,y;
my;yp kfhuh[d; fijAk;> jHkH mRtNkj mk;khidAk;> 1893,y;
tpuhlgHt mk;khidAk;> 1895,y; mgpkd;dd; rz;ilAk;
ntspte;jd.
1934,y; fl;lnghk;KJiu fijAk;> 1934,y; ePypf; fijAk;

mr;Nrwpd. eh. thdkhkiy 1967,y; tPzhjp tPzd; fijiaAk;>
1971,y; Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fij> fhd;rhfpG rz;il> fhj;jtuhad;
fij> tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;K fijg;ghly; Mfpatw;iwAk;>
1972,y; fl;lnghk;K $j;ijAk;> 1974,y; ItH uh[hf;fs;
fijiaAk; gjpg;gpj;jhH. MWKfg; ngUkhs; ehlhH 1967 thf;fpy;
Vwf;Fiwa gjpide;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fijg;ghly;fisg;
gjpg;gpj;jhH. mtw;Ws; Njhl;Lf;fhup mk;kd; fij> Rliykhld;
fij Nghd;wit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
rf;jpf;fdy; 1971,y; mz;zd;khH Rthkpiag; gjpg;gpj;jhH.

lhf;lH jp. eluh[d; 1976,y; FUrhkp fij> 1977,y; td;dpab
kwtd; fij> jk;gpkhH fij Nghd;wtw;iwg; gjpg;gpj;jhH. lhf;lH
R. rz;KfRe;juH 1974,y; <dKj;Jg; ghz;bad; fijiaAk;>
1976,y; nkr;Rk;ngUkhs; ghz;bad; fijiaAk;> 1984,y;
ePypf;fij> Njrpq;Fuh[d; fij> kJiutPud; fij Mfpatw;iwAk;
gjpg;gpj;jhH. 1977,y; yhud;]; ehafk; td;dpuhrd; fijiaAk;>
1983,y; V.vd;. ngUkhs; nts;isf;fhud; fijiaAk; gjpg;gpj;jdH.
mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; Xiyr;Rtbfspy; ,Ue;J gyg;gy
fijg;ghly;fis M. jrujd;> Nkh.Nfh. Nfhitkzp kw;Wk; R.
jhkiughz;bad; MfpNahH gjpg;gpj;J tUfpd;wdH.
32
,t;thW fijg;ghlypd; gjpg;Gfs; fzf;fw;w Kiwapy;
mike;Js;sd. ehl;Lg;GwtpaypNyNa fijg;ghly; Jiw kpfTk;
MNuhf;fpakhf cs;sJ. jkpopy; K. mUzhryk; ~Ballads| vd;w
E}ypy; 1976,y; fijg; ghly;fisg; gw;wpa Ma;tpid itj;jhH.
R. rz;KfRe;juk; 1980,y; fijg;ghlypd; tuyhw;iw Muha;e;jhH.
Nfh. Nfrtd; 1985,y; fijg;ghlYk; r%fKk; vd;w E}ypYk;
1987,y; Guhzr; rhHGf; fijg;ghly;fspy; Mz;ngz; cwTepiy
vd;w E}ypy; fijg;ghly; gw;wpa Mokhd Ma;Tfisr;
nra;Js;shH. 1987,y; V.vd;. ngUkhs; fijg;ghly;fs; gw;wpa xU
Ma;T E}y; ntspapl;Ls;shH. 2016,y; Nkh.Nfh. Nfhitkzpapd;
jkpopy; fijg;ghly; Rtbfs; vd;Dk; E}ypy; cjaj;J}H
Giykhlj;jp tuj;J> rpWj;njhz;ld; fij - tpy;Yg;ghl;L>
rpd;dj;jk;gp fij> Njtkhjh mk;khid> Kj;Jehr;rp rz;il>
ty;yhd; fhtpak; Nghd;wtw;iw Ma;T nra;Js;shu;.
ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;Js; ghly;fSk;> fijfSk;>

fijg;ghly;fSk; ntspte;jijg; Nghd;Nw gonkhop njhFg;GfSk;
jkpopy; mr;rhfpAs;sd. Vl;byf;fpakhd njhy;fhg;gpak;> rq;f
fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs;> rq;fk; kUtpa fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs;
Mfpatw;wpy; gonkhopfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;Js;sd vd;gij
me;E}y;fs; top mwpayhk;. ,it jtpu jkpo; Xiyr;Rtbfspy;
cs;s gonkhopfSk; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;iwj; njhlHe;J
~jkpofg; gonkhopfs;| vDk; E}iy ng. nguprpty; ghjpupahH
1842,y; ntspapl;lhH. 1861,y; Nf.vd;. nyl;Rkzd;
fhiuf;FbapypUe;J ~jkpofg; gonkhopfs;| vd;Dk; E}iy
ntspapl;Ls;shH. lGs;A. yhup ~gonkhopfs;| vd;Dk; E}iy
1870Yk;> v];. NtZNfhghy; ehAL gonkhopg; Gj;jfk; vd;Dk;
E}iy 1877Yk;> f. fUg;gz;z gps;is gonkhopj; jpul;L vd;Dk;
E}iyAk;> jp. nry;tNfrtuha KjypahH ,izg; gonkhopfs;
vd;w E}iy 1899Yk;> NrhkNy ~Nfhak;Gj;J}H khtl;lk;| vd;w
33
E}Ys; Nfhit khtl;lj;Jg; gonkhopfs; gw;wpAk; tpsf;fpAs;shH.
g. ,uhk];thkp cyfg; gonkhopfs; vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpAs;shH.
1902,y; G.V. ghHj;jrhujpg; gps;is gonkhopfisj;

jpul;bdhH. 1923,y; mdtujehafk; gonkhop mfuhjp
cUthf;fpdhH. 1946,y; f];J}up jpyfk; 1001 mg+Ht
gonkhopfisj; njhFj;jhH. 1952,y; irt rpj;jhe;j
E}w;gjpg;Gf;fofk; gonkhopfis mfu tupir nra;jJ. 1955,y;
gz;bjHRg;gpukzpa ehtyH gonkhopfisj; jpul;bdhH. 1957,y;
tp.ee;jNfhghyd; gonkhopfisf; nfhj;jhf;fpdhH. 1960,y;
v];.Nf. rhkp jkpo;ehl;Lg; gonkhopfisj; njhFj;jhH. 1961,y;
Nf.v];. nyl;RkzDk; mt;thNw nra;jhH. 1964,y; ,tH capH
,dq;fs; gw;wpa gonkhopfisj; njhFj;jhH. 1965,y; GytH
nre;Jiw Kj;J gonkhopfisg; gz;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapYk;> g+it
v];. MWKfk; 1966,y; gFj;jwpT mbg;gilapYk;> Nf.v];.
nyl;Rkzd; 1967,y; tho;tpay; mbg;gilapYk; njhFj;jdH. V.
Riykhd; Mapuk; gonkhopfisj; njhFj;J ntspapl;lhH. g.
uhk];thkp FLk;gg; gonkhopfis 1969Yk;> jkpo;thzd; 1976,y;
xU Fj;J kjpg;ghfTk; njhFj;jdH. Ntshz;ikg; gonkhopfis
,y.nr. fe;jrhkp 1976,y; njhFj;jhH. 1980,y; ,ijNa lhf;lH
e.tP. n[auhkDk; nra;jhH. 2002,y; Kj;Jf;Fkud; gonkhopfs;
5000 vDk; E}iy ntspapl;Ls;shH. lhf;lH rhiy ,se;jpiuad;
rKjha Nehf;fpy; gonkhopfis 1975,y; Ma;e;J ntspapl> t.
ngUkhSk; 1987,y; gy Nehf;fpy; gonkhopfis Muha;e;J
ntspapl;lhH. 1988,y; v];. nrse;jughz;badpd; ~jkpopy;
gonkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;| Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Ma;T E}yhFk;.
,tw;iwg;Nghy; gy gonkhop E}y;fs; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd.

,it jtpu> ,jo;fspYk;> gj;jpupf;iffspYk; gonkhop gw;wpa
fl;LiufSk; nra;jpfSk; ntspahfpAs;sd.
3.5.5. ehl;Lg;Gw tpLfijfs;
gonkhopfisg; Nghd;Nw tpLfijfs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;

Vl;byf;fpaj;jpy; ntspahfp ,Ue;jhYk;> tpLfijfs; gw;wpa
34
nra;jpfshf ,jo;fspYk;> gj;jpupf;iffspYk; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd.
gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;L tiu GytHfs; nra;Aspy; tpLfijiaf;
$wp te;jdH. ghkuHfs; ciueil fye;j ghly;fspy;
tpLfijiaf; $wp te;jdH. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by;
INuhg;gpaH njhlHghy; jkpo;ehl;bYk; ghkuHfspd; tpLfijfisj;
njhFf;Fk; vz;zKk; ,yf;fpaKk; Njhd;wpd. ,Ugjhk;
E}w;whz;by;jhd; tpLfijfs; MHtj;JlDk; mf;fiwAlDk;
jkpofj;jpy; njhFf;fg;gl;ld.
1877,y; mUzhry KjypahH tpLfijfis ~,Unrhy;

myq;fhuk;| vd;w ngaupy; njhFj;jhH. 1877,y; ngUkhs; ehlhH
~,Unrhy; myq;fhuKk; Kr;nrhy; myq;fhuKk;| vd;w E}iy
ntspapl;lhH. 1892,y; KDrhkp KjypahH tpNdhj
tpLfijfisj; njhFj;jhH. 1897,y; tptpypa tpLfijfSk;
ntspahapw;W.
1933,y; Fg;Grhkp ehAL tpNtf tpsf;f tpNehj tpLftp

nghf;fp\k; vd;w E}iyAk;> 1940,y; irt rpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;Gf;
fofj;jhH rpWtHf;fhd tpLfijg; ghl;LfisAk; ntspapl;ldH.
tpNtf rpe;jhkzp> [d tpNehjpdp> gQ;rhkpHjk;>

fyhepiyak;> nre;jkpo;r; nry;tk;> jkpouR> jhkiu> Ky;iyr;ruk;
Nghd;w ,jo;fs; tpLfijfis ntspapl;ld. ,tw;iwj; njhlHe;J
uhzp> Gyik> GJnts;sk; Nghd;w ,jo;fSk; tpLfijfis
ntspapl;ld. ,tw;wpw;F mLj;J nt. Re;juk; gps;is ,Unrhy;
myq;fhuk;> Kr;nrhy; myq;fhuk; vd;w E}iy ntspapl;lhH.
,tiuj; njhlHe;J m. rptrpjk;guk; gps;is ~tprpj;jpu tpdhtpil|
vd;w E}iyAk;> tpl;yhGuk; ntq;fl;uha nul;bahH tpLftpj; jpul;L
vd;w E}iyAk;> m.m. Rg;guhag; gps;is ~klthH Njhop| vd;w
E}iyAk;> ,uhkrhkp nul;bahH tpLftp kQ;rupAk;> tpNehj
tpLfijfSk; vd;w E}iyAk; ntspapl;Ls;sdH. ,tw;wpw;Fg;gpd;
g+Hzpkh rNfhjupfs; ~jkpo;ehl;L tpLfijfs;| vd;w E}iyAk;>
gp.[p.v];. kzpad; tpNehjg; GjpHfs; vd;w E}iyAk; ntspapl;ldH.
,tw;wpw;Fg; gpd; r.Nt. Rg;gpukzpad; ~jkpopy; tpLfijfs;| vd;w
35
E}ypid ntspapl;lhH. 1982,y; ~fhjyH tpLfijfs;| vd;w
E}ypid MW. ,uhkehjd; ntspapl;lhH. ,tNu 1978,y; jkpopy;
GjpHfs; XH Ma;T vd;w Ma;T E}iyAk; ntspapl;lhH. ,tw;iwg;
Nghd;W fhye;NjhWk; ,d;Wtiu gy tpLfijj; njhFg;Gfs;
ntspte;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd.
5. Kjd; Kjypy; jkpof ehl;Lg;ghly;fisj; njhFj;j

Mq;fpNyaH ahH?
6. nfhe;jyfhd; ntspapl;l fijg;ghly; vJ?
7. ngHrpty; ghjpupahH ntspapl;l E}y; ngaH ahJ?
8. tpLfijfis ntspapl;l jkpof ,jo;fs; ehd;fpidf;
Fwpg;gpLf?
 cyfstpy; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Njhd;wpaJ gw;wpj; njupe;J

nfhz;BHfs;.
 ,e;jpa mstpy; fh\;kPH> ,khryg;gpuNjrk;> gQ;rhg;>
cj;jug;gpuNjrk;> gPfhH> Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> mrhk;> xuprh>
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> ,uh[];jhd;> F[uhj;> k`huh\;buk;>
Me;jpugpuNjrk;> fHehlfk;> Nfusk; Mfpa gFjpfspy;
ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
 jkpofj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
 ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; tiffspd; mr;Rj; Njhw;w epiyfs; gw;wpj;
njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.

tpilfs;
1. 3.3.3. 2. 3.3.6.
3. 3.3.13. 4. 3.3.14.
5. 3.4.1. 6. 3.4.3.
7. 3.4.4. 8. 3.4.5.
36
1. ,e;jpa ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.

2. jkpof ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.
3. jkpof ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; tiffspy; VNjDk; ,uz;bid
tptupf;fTk;.
1. R. rz;KfRe;juk;> ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;> fht;ah gjpg;gfk;>

nrd;id> %d;whk; gjpg;G 2003.
2. rw;Fztjp> jkpof ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;> kzpthrfH gjpg;gfk;>

nrd;id> 2004.
$W 4.
Vl;byf;fpaq;fSs; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj; jhf;fk; -
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaf;
$Wfs;
4.1. Kd;Diu
fhyq;fhykhf ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; kf;fs; kj;jpapy;

nry;thf;Fg; ngw;W tsHe;J te;jhYk;> mitfs;
Vl;byf;fpaq;fspy; mikAk; NghJjhd; mjw;fhd rpwg;gpid
vf;fhyj;jtUk; mwpa KbfpwJ. ,e;epiyapy; rq;f fhyk;
njhlq;fp ,f;fhyk; tiu tsHe;j Vl;byf;fpaq;fspy; ehl;Lg;Gw
,yf;fpaj;jpd; nry;thf;F vt;thnwy;yhk; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpwJ
vd;gJ gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;s ,g;gFjp cjTfpwJ.
37
4.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
 Vl;byf;fpaq;fspy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fspd; jhf;fq;fs; gw;wpj;

 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gwf; $Wfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sijg;
gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
4.3. Vl;byf;fpaq;fSs; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj; jhf;fk;
jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Vl;byf;fpak; vd;W

nfhz;Nlhkhdhy; rq;f ,yf;fpak;> gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F>
fhg;gpaq;fs;> gf;jp ,yf;fpak;> rpw;wpyf;fpak;> ,f;fhy ,yf;fpak;
vd;W gFj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. ,tw;wpy; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fj;
jdpj; jiyg;gpy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gltpUg;gjhy; Vidatw;iw kl;Lk;
,q;Ff; fhzyhk;.
4.3.1. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F
gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fspy; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspd;

nry;thf;F ,y;iy. fhuzk;> mit mjpf mstpy; ePjp
,yf;fpakhf mike;jJjhd;. vdNt> ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;jpy; xU
tifahd gonkhopapd; nry;thf;F gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F
E}y;fspy; mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. gonkhop ehD}w;wpYk;>
jpUf;FwspYk; gonkhopfspd; nry;thf;fpid mwpayhk;.
“mLj;jJ fhl;Lk; gspq;FNghy; neQ;rk;
fLj;jJ fhl;Lk; Kfk;"
vd;w jpUf;FwspYk;>
“eha;ngw;w njq;fy; gok;"
“epiwFlk; ePHj;jSk;gy; ,y;"
Mfpad gonkhop ehD}w;wpYk; fhzyhk;. jpUf;Fwspd;
jhf;fj;ij ehk; gonkhopapy; fhz;fpNwhk;. ehybahupd; njhlHfs;
gy ehl;by; toq;fpa gonkhopfshfNt Njhd;Wfpd;wd. mit>
gonkhop ehD}w;wpy; gonkhopfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
38
kw;Wk; ,d;dh ehw;gJ> ,dpait ehw;gJ> jpupfLfk; Nghd;w
E}y;fspYk; gonkhopfs; rpy ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
4.3.2. fhg;gpaq;fs;
,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; fhg;gpaf; fhyk; vd;gJ xU ePz;l

neba fhyk;. ftpijfspd; nry;thf;Ff; Fiwe;J fijfspd;
nry;thf;F kpFe;j fhyk;. jd;DzHr;rpiaj; js;sptpl;Lr; rKjha
czHr;rpf;Fj; jhtpa fhyNk fhtpa fhyk;. ,f;fhg;gpaq;fspYk;>
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspd; nry;thf;Ffs; epiwe;Js;sd.
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; xU gFg;Gf;Fs; mlq;f kWj;J> ,uhkhazk;>
kfhghujk;> Guhzk;> ntz;gh vd;W gy;fj; njhlq;fpd.
midj;Jf; fhg;gpaq;fspYk; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspd;
nry;thf;fpidf; fhzyhk;.
4.3.3.1. rpyg;gjpfhuk;
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;jhd; ehl;Lg;ghly; ,yf;fpa epiy

mile;jJ vdyhk;. rpyk;G jUk; tupg;ghly;fs; ehl;Lg;ghlNy
ahFk;. Fuitg; ghly;fSk; ,e;epiyapy; mike;jitNa. fhdy;
tupahdJ> ~jpq;fs; khiy ntz;Filahd;| vd;Wk;> Ntl;Lt
tupahdJ> ~nfhw;wit nfhz;l mzpnfhz;L| vd;Wk;> CH#o;
tupahdJ> ~gl;Nld; glhj Jauk;| vd;Wk;> mk;khid tupahdJ>
~tPq;F ePHNtyp cf;fhz;L| vd;Wk;> fe;Jf tupahdJ> ~gpd;Dk;
Kd;Dk; vq;fZk;| vd;Wk;> Cry; tupahdJ> ~xiutiuk; gjpd;kH
cld; nwOe;J| vd;Wk; njhlq;Ffpd;wd.
,tw;wpy; CH#o; tupahdJ xg;ghupiaAk;> mk;khid

tupahdJ Row;rpg; ghliyAk;> fe;Jf tupahdJ ge;jhl;lg;
ghliyAk;> Cry; tupahdJ CQ;ry; ghliyAk;
epidt+l;Lfpd;wd.
Nfhtyd;> fz;zfpiaf; fhjy; kPJ}wg; Gfo;e;J ghLk;

~kioapilg; gpwth kzpNa vd;Nfh| vd;w ghly; njk;khq;Fr;
RitAld; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. rpyk;gpy; ts;spf;$j;J>
Jzq;iff;$j;J Nghd;w ehNlhb eldq;fSk;> rpy ehNlhbf;
39
fijfSk;> rpy ek;gpf;iffSk;> gof;f tof;fq;fSk; ehl;Lg;Gwr;
nry;thf;Fld; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
4.3.3. gf;jp ,yf;fpak;
gf;jp vd;gJ jd;id kwe;j yak;> jd;dpy; kwe;j yak;

jiytidj; NjLk; yak;> jiytdpd; NjLk; yak;. Njthu
jpUthrfq;fSk;> ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jq;fSk;
,t;tifapNyNa mike;Js;sd. ,g;gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ghku
,yf;fpaj;jpd; nry;thf;F kpfNt cz;L. ,iwtdpd; md;gpy;
cUfpg; ghba ehad;khHfSk;> Mo;thHfSk; ehl;Lg;ghly;
cj;jpiaf; ifahz;L cs;sdH. jpUg;ghitAk;>
jpUntk;ghitAk; ehl;Lg;ghlypd; jpUe;jpa tbtq;fs;. ngupaho;thH
ghba mr;Nrhgj;Jk; ehl;Lg;ghly; rhaiyf; nfhz;lJ.
FyNrfuho;thupd; jhyhl;L ehl;Lg; ghlypd; tsHr;rpf;F xU
vLj;Jf;fhl;L. jd;idj; jhahf;fp ,uhftidj; jhyhl;Lfpd;whH.
khzpf;fthrfH midtUs;Sk; Kd;Ndhbaha; epw;fpd;whH.
czHr;rpapdhy; ce;jg;gl;Lg; ghba jhyhl;Lk; rgjKk; gpw

ghly;fSk; Njthuk;> gpuge;jk; Nghd;w ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;W
cs;sijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. Njthug; ghly;fs; vy;yhk; $l;Lg;
ghly;fNs. ehad;khHfs; gf;jp ,af;fj;ijg; gug;Gk; NghJ
jq;fNshL njhz;lHfisAk; mioj;Jr; nry;tH. mg;NghJ
mtHfs; ghLk; ghly;fs; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspd; gz;Gfshd
vspik> ,dpik> jpUk;gtuy; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L tpsq;fpd.
Re;juH> ~ge;Jk; fpspAk; gapYk; ghit| vd;W ge;J

tpisahLjiyAk;> ~tupGup ghl| vd;W tupg;ghliyAk;> ~mUq;if
ney;ypapd; gok;> gQ;rpyplg; gl;by; rPWNkh| vd;w gonkhopfisAk;
jk;Kila ghly;fspy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpar; nry;thf;iff;
fhl;bAs;shH.
mg;gH> ~gonkhop| vd;w xU gjpfj;jpy; gj;Jg; ghly;fspy;

gonkhopia ,Wjpapy; nga;J ghbAs;shH. Fwpg;ghf>
“fdpapUf;ff; fha;ftHe;j fs;tNdd;
40
Kay;tpl;Lf; fhf;ifg;gpd; Nghd thNu"
vd;gJ Nghd;w gonkhopfs; epiwe;Js;sd.
khzpf;fthrfH> ftpij mstpy; nghJkf;fisj;

njhLtjw;fhfj; njk;khq;Fg; ghly;fis Kd; khjpupahff;
nfhz;Ls;shu;. ,tupd; ghly;fspy; kfspH tpisahl;il
czu;Jk; gy nra;Al;fs; mike;Js;sd.
“nrq;fz; neLkhYk; nrd;wple;Jq; fhz;gupa

nghq; kyHg;ghjk; g+jyj;Nj Nghe;jUsp
vq;fs; gpwg;gWj;jpl; nle;jpuKk; Ml;nfhz;L
njhq;F jpus;Nrhiyj; njd;dd; ngUe;Jiuahd;
mq;fzd; me;jzdha; miw$tp tPlUSk;
mq;fUiz thHfoNy ghLJq;fhz; mk;khdha;"
vd;W jpUtk;khidapy; khzpf;fthrfH ghLfpwhH. rpyk;gpy;

mk;khid tup vd;gJ ,q;Fj; jpUtk;khid vd;W MfpAs;sJ.
muirg; ghba epiy khwp Mz;ltidg; ghLk; epiy te;jNghJ>
,k;kfspH ghl;L kpfr; nry;thf;Fw;wJ vdyhk;.
“$Tkpd; njhz;lHGwk; epyhNk

Fdpkpd; njhOkpd; vk;Nfhd; vk;$j;jd;
NjtpAk; jhDk; te;J vk;ikahar;
nrk;nghd; nra;Rz;zk; ,bj;J ehNk"
vd;W jpUg;nghw; Rz;zj;jpy; ghLfpwhH. ,J ts;isg; ghl;bd;

gpwpnjhU cUtk;. ,ij cuw;ghl;L> cyf;ifg;ghl;L vdTk;
miog;gJz;L. fhjypy; ,Ue;J gf;jpf;F khwpaij mwpfpNwhk;.
,J Mz;ltDf;F thridg;nghb ,bf;Fq;fhy; ghLk; jpUg;ghl;lhf
mike;Js;sJ. jpUj;njs;Nszk;> jpUr;rhoy; Nghd;witAk;
ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpar; rhaiyf; fhzyhk;.
Mo;thHfspy; ngupaho;thH> FyNrfu Mo;thH> ek;kho;thH>

Mz;lhs; MfpNahupd; ghly;fspy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpar;
nry;thf;Ffs; mjpfKz;L.
41
jhk; jhahapUe;J KOKjw; nghUshd ,iwtidNa
Foe;ijahf Ve;jpnaLj;Jj; jhyhl;Lg; ghb> mjd;Nky; mbatH
cs;snky;yhk; md;G nts;sk; fiu fle;NjhbAk; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
gy JiwapYk; tpupe;J tsuTk;> GJtop tFj;jtH ngupaho;thu;
MthH.
“khzpf;fk; fl;b tapuk; ,ilfl;b

Mzpg;nghd;dhy; nra;j tz;zr; rpWnjhl;by;
Ngzp cdf;Fg; gpukd; tPLje;jhd;
khzpf; FwsNd jhNyNyh
ita kse;jhNd jhNyNyh"
vd;W ngupaho;thH fz;zidf; Foe;ijahf ghtpj;Jg; ghLfpd;whH.

ngupaho;thupd; tsHg;G kfshd Mz;lhSk; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghlyhd
ghitg; ghliyg; ghLfpd;whH.
“vy;Ny ,sq;fpspNa
,d;Dk; cwq;FjpNah
khHfopj; jpq;fs; kjpepiwe;j ed;dhspy;
ePuhlg; NghJtPH NghJkpNdh NeupioaPH
rPHky;Fk; Ma;ghbr; nry;tr; rpWkPH"
vd;w ghitg; ghly; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspd; rpwg;Gg; ghjpg;GfshFk;.
4.3.4. rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;
ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nry;thf;fhdJ

rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fspYk; rpwg;ghf ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. gs;S> FwtQ;rp
vd;w ,U ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaNk vd;W nrhy;Yk;
tifapy; nry;thf;Fw;W> ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;ijNa %ykhff;
nfhz;L Kistpl;lit. Vidatw;wpy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;jpd;
$WfisAk;> Fwpg;GfisAk; fhzyhk;. ,yf;ifa tifahd
mk;khid> J}J> khiy> nehz;b ehlfk;> gs;S> FwtQ;rp
KjypaitAk; ehNlhbg; ghly;fisNa Mjhukhff; nfhz;L
jpUj;jp mikf;fg;gl;litNa ahFk;.
42
4.3.5. ,f;fhy ,yf;fpak;
vkf;Fj; njhopy; ftpij vd;W ,wf;Fk; tiu ftpij

vOjpf; Ftpj;jtH ghujpahH. ,tH ghl;L> cyf;ifg; ghl;L>
rhe;jpbf;Fk; ghl;L> ngz;fs; ghl;L> Fk;kpg; ghl;L Nghd;w
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly; tbtq;fspy; Vuhskhd ghly;fis vOjpf;
Ftpj;jtH. ghujpjhrd; ghujpahiur; ~rpe;Jf;Fr; rpfuk;| vdg;
Nghw;Wfpd;whH.
“neQ;R nghWf;F jpy;iyNa - ,e;j

epiynfl;l kdpjiu epidj;Jtpl;lhy;
mQ;rp aQ;rpr; rhthH - ,tH
mQ;rhjg; nghUspy;iy mtdpapNy"
vd;W nehz;br; rpe;J ghLfpd;whH. gs;sHfs;> taypy; jq;fs;

fisg;ig kwf;fg; ghb tUk; gs;spiriag; ghujpahH> tpLjiy
Nts;tpf;F neUg;ghf;FfpwhH.
“MLNthNk gs;S ghLNthNk

Mde;j Rje;jpuk; mile;J tpl;Nlhnkd;W"
vd;W ghLk; NghJ> Mlhj fhy;fspy;iy> mirahj kdq;fspy;iy.

“ghujpiag; ghujf; ftpQd; vd;gijtpl ghkuH ftpQd; vd;Wk;
ehl;Lg; Gytd; vd;gijtpl ehl;Lg;Gwg; Gytd; vd;gJjhd; kpfg;
nghUe;Jk;" vd;fpwhH lhf;lH R. rz;KfRe;juk;.
ghujpf;Fg; gpwF ghujpjhrd; ghly;fspy; rpe;Jg;ghly;fs;

gytw;iwg; ghbr; nrd;Ws;shH.
“md;dNthH NkilapNy - jpiu

Mo;e;j kiwtpdpNy
kpd;ndhsp Nfl;bUg;ghs; - ftp
Nte;jd; ciuj;jpLthd;"
vd;W rpe;jpj;Jf; fz;zpfisg; ghLfpd;whH. ghujpf;Fg; gpd;te;j

ghujpjhrd; ghujpiag; Nghd;W ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghlyhy; ftug;gl;L>
43
mjd; nry;thf;fhy; mtiug; Nghd;Nw vy;yh tifg; ghliyAk;
ghLfpwhH. ,tuJ Vw;wg; ghly;fs; Vw;wkpf;fd vdyhk;.
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,izaw;w ftpQHfspy; xUtuhf

xsptpLgtH ftpauR fz;zjhrd;. ,tH ghlhj nghUspy;iy.
gilf;fhj ,yf;fpa tiffspy;iy. ,tuJ ghly;fisj;
jpiug;glg; ghly;fs; vd;Wk;> Kiwg;ghly;fs; vd;Wk;
,Utifahfg; gFg;gpDk; ,U gFg;gpdpYk; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpar;
nry;thf;fpid mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
“Vd; gpwe;jha; kfNd

Vd; gpwe;jhNah
,y;iynahU gps;isnad;W
Vq;FNthH gyH ,Uf;f
,q;Fte;J Vd; gpwe;jha;"
vd;W jhyhl;Lg; ghLfpwhH fz;zjhrd;.
“kyb kybnad;W itafj;jhH Ngrhky;

gps;isf;fyp jPHf;fte;j> ngUkhNd fz;Zwq;F"
vd;w ehl;Lg;Gwj; jhyhl;bidf; ftpQH mg;gbNa ghlyhf

tbj;Js;shH.
“rhiyapNy nuz;L kuk; rhkpJiu tr;rkuk;

vy;NyhHf;Fk; Vj;jkuk;> cdf;Fj;jhz;lh J}f;Fkuk;"
vd;w njk;khq;Fg; ghliyf; ftpQH rpwpJ khw;wj;Jld;

jpiug;ghlyhf cUthf;fpAs;shH.
“cwitr; nrhyp mOtjdhNy

capiu kPz;Lk; jUthdh"
vd;W ftpauR fz;zjhrd; ghbAs;shH.
1. gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fspy; ,lk;ngw;w ehl;Lg;Gw

,yf;fpa tif vJ?
44
2. mg;gH ghba ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; tbtk; ahJ?
3. ehNlhbg; ghly;fis mbnahw;wp vOe;j rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;
ahit?
4. ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly; rhay; mike;j fz;zjhrd; ghly;
xd;iwr; Rl;Lf.
4.4. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaf; $Wfs;
rq;f ,yf;fpakhd gj;Jg; ghl;Lk; vl;Lj;njhifAk;

ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfisAk;> nry;thf;FfisAk;
njuptpf;fpd;wd. njhy;fhg;gpak; $Wk; gz;zj;jpAk; GyDk; rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gltpy;iy vd;whYk;> mjDila $Wfs;
gy cs;sd.
,e;jr; rq;fg; ghly;fSf;fpilapNy ,ilapilNa

vj;jidNah ehNlhbg; ghly;fs; ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gij
mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ~MbAk; ghbAk; mUtpapy; jpisj;Jk;
mfq;Fioe;Jk; mtHfs; fopj;j ehl;fs; mstpyh. mtHjk;
MlNyhlha ghly;fs; ,ize;J nry;Yk; tifapy; $l;lhd
ehl;Lg; ghlyhfNt ngUk;ghYk; ,Ue;jd vdf; fhzKbd;wjd;Nwh|
vd;fpd;whH m.K. gukrpthde;jk;. ~rq;f fhyk; ghly;fSf;Ff; if
nfhLf;ff; $ba> fpuhkpak;> jd;Diog;G> ftiyapd;ik
Kjypait epiwe;j fhykhFk;. vdNt> ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fis
rhfhj;jd;ik ngw;wpUf;fr; rq;f fhy tho;f;if epiy ed;F
mike;jJ| vd;fpd;whH MW. mofg;gd;.
4.4.1. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; FwpQ;rp> ghiy> Ky;iy> kUjk;>

nea;jy; vd;Dk; Itif epyq;fspYk; thOk; kf;fs; me;je;j
epyq;fSf;F Vw;w tifapy; ghbAk; MbAk; ,d;GWq; fhl;rpfisf;
fhz;fpNwhk;. ghzDk; ghbdpAk;> $j;jUk; tpwypAk; Mbg;ghb
kfpo;e;jijAk; kfpo;tpj;jijAk; mwpfpNwhk;. mtH Mba NghJ
ghba ghl;Lf;fs; fpilf;fg;ngw;wd. mtHjk; MlNyhL ghly;fs;
45
,ize;J nry;Yk; tifapy; $l;lhd ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghlyhfNt
,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd vdyhk;.
4.4.1.1. FwpQ;rp epyg; ghly;fs;
“ts;capHj; njs;tpsp ,ilapilg; gapw;wp

fps;is xg;gpAk;" (Fwp.99-100)
“fpspfb kfspH tpspgL g+ry;" (kiy.329)
vd;git fpspfb kfspH ghly;fisr; Rl;Lk;.
“,d;Dk; ghLf ghl;Nl mtH

ey;neLq; Fd;wk; ghba ghl;Nl" (FWe;.22-23)
vd;W FWe;njhif %yk; Fd;iwg; ghLk; ghliy mwpayhk;.
4.4.1.2. Ky;iy epyg; ghly;fs;
“Fuit juP,ahk; kuGspg; ghbj;

Njah tpOg;Gfo;j; nja;tk; guTJk;" (fyp.103:75-76)
vd;w Fuitg; ghliyAk;>
“ghLfk;> tk;kpd; nghJtd; nfhiyNaw;Wf;

NfhL Fwpnra;j khHG" (fyp.104:64-64)
vd;W ngz;bupd; ghliyAk; Ky;iy epyj;jpy; ghlf; Nfl;fpNwhk;.
4.4.1.3. kUj epyg; ghly;fs;
“jkH ghLk; Jzq;ifAs;

mutk; te;njLg;GNf" (fyp.70:5-6)
vd;W Jzq;ifg; ghliyAk;>
“ms;sy; jq;fpa gf^cW tpOkk;

fs;MH fskH ngaHf;Fk; MHg;Ng" (kJ.256-257)
vd;W coTg; ghliyAk; kUjepyj;jpy; Nfl;fpNwhk;.
“xs;sp,io kfspH caHgpiw@ njh*ck;
46
Gy;nyd; khiy" (mfk;.239)
“njhOJfhz; gpiwapd; Njhd;wp ahk;Ekf;F

mupak; Mfpa fhiyg;" (FWe;.178)
vd;W gpiwnjhOk; tof;fkhdJ ,d;iwa ~uhtz;il| ghliyf;

Fwpf;Fk;. ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;Lfl;F Nkyhf ,Ue;J tUk;
ehfupfj;jpd; rpd;dkhf uhtz;ilg; ghl;L vd;w ehl;Lg; ghly;
,yf;fpak; kfspilNa ,d;Wk; toq;fp tUfpd;wJ vd;fpd;whH
jkpoz;zy;.
4.4.1.4. nea;jy; epyg; ghly;fs;
“ePHj;njt;Tk; epiuj;njhOtH
ghL rpyk;Gk; ,ir Vw;wj;" (kJiu.89-90)
vd;W ePH ,iwg;NghH ghliyAk;>
“gujtH kfspH Fuitnah Lxypg;g" (kJiu.94)
vd;w Fuitg; ghliyAk;>
“nra;caH Cry; rPHePxd;W ghbj;ij" (fyp.131:21)
vd;w Crw; ghliyAk;>
“kly; CHe;J xUj;jp
mzpeyk; ghb tuw;F" (fyp.141:5-6)
vd;w kly; ghliyAk nea;jy; epyj;jpy; Nfl;fpd;Nwhk;.
4.4.1.5. ghiy epyg; ghly;fs;
“MWmiy fs;tH giltpil mUspd;

khWjiy ngaHf;Fk; kUT,d; ghiy" (nghU.21-22)
vd;w ghliyg; ghiy epyj;jpy; ghlf; Nfl;fpNwhk;.
4.4.1.6. ehl;Lg;Gwr; rhay;
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; uhrhj;jp> jq;fuj;jpdNk vd;w

nrhw;fs; mbf;fb kPz;Lk; tUtJ Nghd;W Iq;FWE}w;Wg;
ghly;fspy; Ntok;> vUik> fs;td; Nghd;w nrhw;fs; kPz;Lk;
kPz;Lk; tUfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf Ntok; vd;w nrhy; Iq;FWE}w;Wg;
47
gjpd;%d;whk; ghly; njhlq;fp ,UgjhtJ ghly; Kba xt;nthU
ghlypYk; Ntok; vd;w nrhy; ntt;NtW epiyfspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sijf; fhzyhk;.
“milfiu Ntok; ntz;g+g; gfUk;" (Gwk;.13)

“nfhbg;g+ NtJk; jPz;b" (Gwk;.14)
“Ntok; %J}H Cud;" (Gwk;.15)
“Xq;Fg+ Ntoj;Jj; J}k;Gilj; jpus;fhy;" (Gwk;.16)
“Gjy;kpir Elq;Fk; Nto ntz;g+" (Gwk;.17)
“,UQ;rha; md;d nrUe;jpnahL Ntok;" (Gwk;.18)
“Nto ntz;g+ nts;cis rPf;Fk;" (Gwk;.19)
“fhk;Gfz; ld;d J}k;Gil> Ntoj;Jj;" (Gwk;.20)
vd;wthnwy;yhk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. NkYk;> ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy;
%d;wLf;fp tUk; nrhy;epiyiaf; fhzyhk;.
“gwj;njU tPjpapNy - fz;Nz mq;Nf

gwr;rp $b epw;ifapNy
,ilj;njU tPjpapNy - fz;Nz mq;Nf
,ilr;rp $b epw;ifapNy
tiyj;njU tPjpapNy - fz;Nz mq;Nf
tiyr;rp $b epw;ifapNy"
vd;W %d;wLf;fp tUtJ Nghd;W fypj;njhifapYk; tUtijf;
fhzyhk;.
“gyTW eWQ;rhe;Jk; gLg;gtHf; fy;yij

kiyANs gpwg;gpDk; kiyf;fitjh nkd;nra;Ak;
epidAq;fhy; Ek;kfs; Ekf;Fkhq; fidaNs@
rPHnfO ntz;Kj;j kzpgtHf; fy;yij
ePUNs gpwg;gpDk; ePHf;fitjh nkd;nra;Ak;
NjUq;fhy; Ek;kfs; Ekf;Fkhq; fidaNs@
Vo;Gz upd;dpir Kuy;gtHf; fy;yij
ahONs gpwg;gpDk; aho;f;fitjh nkd;nra;Ak;
#Oq;fhy; Ek;kfs; Ekf;Fkhq; fidaNs" (fyp.9)
48
vd;W Kk;Kiw jpUk;gj; jpUk;g te;jpUf;fpwJ.
4.4.2. xg;ghupg; ghly;fs;
%Nte;jUk; Kw;Wif ,l;bUe;j me;j epyhf; fhyj;jpd;

ntz;ikahd epyh xspapy; vq;fs; je;ijia ehq;fs;
ngw;wpUe;Njhk;. vq;fSila kiyiaAk; gpwH nfhs;stpy;iy@
vq;fsplNk ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j epyhf; fhyj;jpd; ntz;ikahd epyh
xspapy; ntd;W xypf;Fk; Kurpidf; nfhz;l Nte;jHfs;
vk;Kila kiyiaf; nfhz;lhH. ehq;fs; vq;fs; je;ijiaAk;
,oe;Njhk; vd;W ghupapDila kfspH je;ijiaAk; ehl;ilAk;
,oe;J ghba ifaWepiyg; ghlyhf>
“mw;iwj; jpq;fs; mt;ntz; epytpd;

ve;ijAk; cilNak;@ vk;Fd;Wk; gpwHnfhshH@
,w;iwj; jpq;fs; ,t;ntz; epytpd;>
ntd;Wvwp Kurpd; Nte;jHvk;
Fd;Wk; nfhz;lhH@ahk; ve;ijAk; ,yNk!" (Gwk;.112)
vd;w ghly; GwehD}w;wpy; mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
xy;iya+H fpohd; kfd; ngUQ;rhj;jd; ,we;jijf; fz;l

GytH Flthapy; fPuj;jdhH kpfTk; tUe;jpdhH. jk; tUj;jj;ij
ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;> xU Ky;iyf; nfhbiag; ghHj;J>
“xy;iya+H fpohd; kfd; ngUQ;rhj;jd; ,we;jjhy;> midtUk;
ngUe;Jauj;jpy; cs;sdH. ,e;Neuj;jpy; eP g+j;jpUf;fpwhNa? ahH
cd; g+f;fisr; #lg; NghfpwhHfs;?" vd;W xg;ghupg; ghzpapy;
$Wfpd;whH. mg;ghly;>
“,isNahH #lhH@ tisNahH nfha;ahH@

ey;aho; kUg;gpd; nky;y thq;fpg;
ghzd; #lhd;@ ghbdp mzpahs;@
Mz;ik Njhd;w MltHf; fle;j
ty;Ntw; rhj;jd; kha;e;j gpd;iw
Ky;iyAk; g+j;jpNah> xy;iya+H ehl;Nl?" (Gwk;.242)
vd;wikAk;.
49
4.4.3. fhjy; ghly;fs;
,yf;fpaf; fhjyHfs; NrhiyapYk; jpidg;Gdj;jpYk;

re;jpj;J kfpo;tJNghy;> ehl;Lg;Gwf; fhjyHfs; Mw;Nwhuk;>
Fsf;fiu> taw;Gwk;> njd;de;Njhg;G Kjypa ,lq;fspy; re;jpj;J
kfpo;fpd;wdH. rq;f ,yf;fpa mfj;jpizg; ghly;fspy; ,lk;ngWk;
gy;NtW Jiwfis xj;j nra;jpfs; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspYk;
,lk;ngWtijf; fhzyhk;. Njhop $w;W> ghq;fd; $w;W Kjypa
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; ngUk;ghYk; ,lk;ngWtjpy;iy.
jiytDk; jiytpAk; NeuhfNt Ngrpf;nfhz;L jq;fs; fhjiy
tsHj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. ey;yijAk;> nfl;lijAk; NeUf;FNeH
vLj;Jr; nrhy;ypj; jq;fs; tpUg;G ntWg;Gfis xUtUf;nfhUtH
ntspapl;Lf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Nguplk; ngw;w
Njhopia ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; fhzKbahJ.
fhjYf;F mbg;gilahf miktdtw;Ws; cly; moFk;

xd;whFk;. clyhy; ftug;gl;L cs;sj;jhy; xd;Wgl;l jiytd;
jiytpau; xUtUf;nfhUtH Gfo;e;J NgRtij ,t;tpU
,yf;fpaq;fspYk; fhzyhk;. ngz;zpd; moFf;F moF jUtJ
mtsJ ePz;L tsHe;j $e;jy;. $e;jypd; ePsj;jpw;Fk; nrwptpw;Fk;
kapy; Njhif ctikahff; $wg;gLtijf;>
“fypkapy; fyhtj; jd;d ,ts;

xypnkd; $e;jy; ek;tap dhNd" (ew;.265)
vd;w ghly; tupfshy; mwpayhk;. ePz;L tsHe;j $e;jiy mofpa
Kiwapy; J}f;fp Kbe;J nfhz;il Nghl;l nra;jpiaAk;
,yf;fpaj;jpy; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. ,jid>
“... thiog;> g+ntdg; nghype;j xjp"
vd;W rpWghzhw;Wg;gil Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
50
4.4.3.1. mk;gYk; myUk;
jiytDk; jiytpAk; fsT tho;f;ifapy; <LgLtijf;

fz;Zw;w CH kf;fs; jkf;Fs; Ngrpf; nfhs;tNj mk;gYk;
myUkhFk;. fsT tho;f;ifapy; <Lgl;l jiytpia
CHj;njUtpy; ngz;bH rpyUk; gyUkhff; $b epd;W
filf;fz;zhy; Rl;b Nehf;fp %f;fpd; cr;rpapy; Rl;Ltpuy; NrHj;J
myH J}w;wpdH vd;gjid ew;wpizapy; tUk; Njhop $w;W>
“rpyUk; gyUk; filf;fz; Nehf;fp

%f;fpd; cr;rpr; Rl;Ltpuy; NrHj;jp
kWfpw; ngz;BH mk;gy; J}w;wp" (ew;.149)
vd czHj;JfpwJ. ,Nj fUj;Jilajhf>
“flNyhl fy;Yur
flYj; jz;zp kPndhur
cd;Ndhl ehDur
cyfk; nghWf;fiyNa"
vd;w ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly; jiytp Gyk;Gtij vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
4.4.3.2. cld;Nghf;F
fsT tho;f;if ntspg;gl;L Cuhuhy; myH J}w;wg;gl;L

jhahy; fz;bf;fg;gl;l jiytp jd;Dila tPl;il tpl;L
ntspNawf; fUJfpwhs;. mjdhy; jd; tPl;iltpl;L cld;Nghf;F
Nkw;nfhs;s Kw;gLfpwhs;.
“rhiy fle;J thb

re;ijg; Ngl;il fle;J thb
Xil fle;J thb - ehk;
Xbg; NghNthk; nuq;$Df;F"
vd;w ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly; top mwpayhk;. ,jidf; fz;NlhH
$w;whf>
“tpy;Nyhd; fhyd foNy@ njhbNahs;

nky;yb NkyTk; rpyk;Ng@ ey;NyhH
51
ahHnfhy; mspaH jhNk MupaH" (FWe;.7)
vd;w FWe;njhif ghly; top mwpayhk;. mjhtJ> %q;fpy;

mlHe;j fhl;L topahf Kd;dpr; nry;Nthu; ,Utupy; tpy;iyAila
,isatd; fhypy; foy;fs; cs;sd. tisayzpe;j nky;ypa
mbfisAilahs; ghjq;fspy; rpyk;Gfs; cs;sd. vdNt
jpUkzkhfhj ,tHfs; ,g;gb mr;rkpd;wpf; fhl;Ltop Njbr;
nry;fpd;wdNu me;Njh ey;ytHfshfj; Njhd;Wk; ,tHfs; ahNuh
vd;W $Wfpd;wdH fz;NlhH.
4.4.3.3. Cly;
Cly; vd;gJ fhjyd; fhjypaupilNa epfOk; md;Gr;

rz;il> jiytp jdf;Nf cupatshf mika Ntz;Lk; vd;W
jiytDk;> mtd; jdf;F kl;LNk cupatdhf tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W jiytpAk; tpUk;GtH. xUtH md;G ,d;ndhUtuplk;
nry;tjhf epidj;jhy; $l cupikg; g+ry; Kiwj;JtpLk;.
,j;jifa md;Gr; rz;il fhjy; tho;Tf;Fr; Rita+l;Lk;.
,t;thW cupikg;NghH njhLg;gtH ngUk;ghYk; jiytpNa Mths;.
“mk;gzj; jd;d ahik Vwpr;

nrk;gpd; md;d ghHg;Gg; gyJQ;Rk;
ahzH Cu epd;dpDk;
ghzd; ngha;ad; gy #spdNd" (Iq;.43)
vd;w kUjj;jpiz> jiytp $w;why; jiytd; guj;ijaH tPl;bw;Fr;
nrd;W jpUk;g tUfpwhd;. jiytpaplk; jd; epiyikia
tpsf;fpa nghOJ jiytp kWj;Jf; $Wtjhf ,g;ghly;
mikfpd;wJ. ,g;ghly; fUj;jpid>
“fUg;G fUg;Gz;L
fhuq; Fj;jpg; Ngrhjpq;f
fUg;G ,dpg;ghFNk"
vd;w ehl;Lg;ghly; top mwpfpd;Nwhk;.
52
4.4.3.4. gpupTj; Jd;gk;
fhjyH tho;tpy; jhq;Ftjw;F Mw;w ,ayhj Jd;gk;

xUtiu xUtH gpupe;jpUf;Fk; NghJ Vw;gLtNj gpupTj;Jd;gk; MFk;.
“re;jdf; Fk;ghtpNy
rhjk; Nghl;L cd;ifapNy
cq;fs epidf;ifapNy nry;iyah
ehd; cd;fpuJ rhjkpy;iy"
vd;W Gyk;Gfpwhs; ehl;Lg;Gwj; jiytp. ,NjNghd;W
Ky;iyg;ghl;by; jiytd; NghUf;fhfr; nrd;wpUf;Fk; nghOJ
jiytp jiytid epidj;J mOJ Gyk;Gfpwhs;.
“fhl;lTq; fhl;lTq; fhzhs; fYo;rpwe;J

g+g;Ngh Yz;fz; Gyk;G Kj;Jiwg;gf;" (Ky;.22-23)
“. . . . . . . . . . JaUoe;J
neQ;rhw;Wg; gLj;j epiwjb Gyk;nghL
ePL epide;J Njw;wpAk; XLtis jpUj;jpAk;" (Ky;.81-82)
vd;nwy;yhk; Gyk;Gtijf; fhzyhk;.
4.4.4. ek;gpf;iffSk; rFdq;fSk;
gz;ilf; fhyk; Kjy; kdpjd; ,aw;ifNahL ,ize;J

tho;e;J tUfpwhd;. ,aw;if khWjYf;F Vw;g kdpj kdKk;
khWgLfpd;wJ. ,aw;ifNahL ,iae;j kdpj tho;f;ifapy;
ek;gpf;iffs; Njhd;wyhapd. ~$if mywpdhy; rhT tUk;| vd;w
ek;gpf;if gz;ilj; jkpoupilNaAk; ,d;Wk; epytp tUtij
mwpayhk;. ,jid>
“mQ;RtU Fuhmy; FuYe; J}w;Wk;"
vd;W GwehD}w;W tup $Wfpd;wJ. ~fhfk; fj;jpdhy; tpUe;jpdH

tUtH| vd;gJ mf;fhyk; njhl;L ,Ue;J tUk; ek;gpf;if.
,jid>
“kWtpy; J}tpr; rpWfUq; fhf;if

md;Gil kugpdpd; fpisNah lhu"
53
vd;fpwJ FWe;njhifg; ghly; tupfs;. VNjDk; ey;y
fhupaj;jpw;Fg; Gwg;gLk; nghOJ fhfk; ,lg;gf;fj;jpypUe;J
tyg;gf;fk; nry;Yjy; ey;yJ vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdH. gz;ilf;
fhyj;jpy; fhl;bilNa kf;fs; nry;Yk;NghJ Mwiyf; fs;tH
kpFe;j njhy;iy nfhLj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Ug;gH. Mwiyf; fs;tH
elkhl;lj;ijf; ~fze;Js;| vd;w gwit rj;jk; vOg;gp kw;wtHff;F
vr;rupf;if tpLj;j nra;jpia>
“Mw;wa ypUe;j ,Ue;Njhl; lQ;rpiw

neLq;fhw; fze;Js; Mswp TwP,
MWnry; tk;gyH giljiy ngaHf;Fk;"
vd;fpwJ FWe;njhifg; ghly; tupfs;. fdT fhzy;> gs;sp
nry;Yjy;> fz; Jbj;jy; gw;wpa ek;gpf;iffSk; kf;fspilNa
fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. ,lJ fz; Jbg;gJ ngz;fSf;F ey;yJ vd;Wk;>
jiytid vjpHNehf;Fk; jiytpf;Ff; fz; Jbj;jhy; jiytd;
tpiutpy; tUthd; vd;Wk; ek;Gfpd;wdH. ,r;nra;jpfis>
“ey;nyop Yz;fZ khLkh yplNd"
vd;W fypj;njhif tupAk;>
“Ez;NzH GUtj;j fz;Z khLk;"
vd;W Iq;FWE}w;W tupAk; Fwpg;gpLk;. mbahHf;F ey;yhH

~fdhE}y;| gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. ,utpy; fhZk; fdTfSf;Fg;
gyd; $Wtij ,d;Wk; kf;fspilNa gof;fj;jpy; cs;sJ.
tpbaw; fhiyapy; fhZk; fdT clNd gypf;Fk; vd;W
ek;Gfpd;wdH. jd;id xUtH epidj;jhy; Jk;ky; tUk; vd;w
ek;gpf;if rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhz;fpNwhk;.
“nrd;wtH cs;spa jk;ikaH NghY kLj;jLj;J

xs;spa Jk;ky; tUk;"
vd;w Ie;jpiz vOgjhy; czuyhk;. Jk;ky; tUk; NghJ tyJ

%f;F typj;jhy; ahNuh VRfpwhHfs; vd;Wk;> ,lJ %f;F typj;jhy;
ahNuh epidf;fpwhHfs; vd;Wk; ek;Gfpd;wdH.
54
ahNuDk; xU fhupaj;jpw;Fg; NghFk;NghJ jiytpup
Nfhykhf xU ngz;izf; fz;lhy; nfl;l rFdkhff;
fUJfpd;wdH. ,jid>
“neLefH tiug;gpd; tpsf;Fk; epy;yh"
vd;w GwehD}w;W tup czHj;Jk;. ~gy;yp nrhy;Yjy;| jkpoHfs;

tho;tpy; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jid>
“gFtha;g; gy;yp gLnjhWk; gutp

ey;y $nwd eLq;fpg;
Gy;nyd; khiynahL nghUq;nfh whNd"
vd;W mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; tupfSk;>
“neLQ;RtHg; gy;ypAk; ghq;fpw; Nww;wk;"
vd;W ew;wpiz tupAk; gy;yp nrhy;Yjy; gw;wp vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
5. ~fpspfb kfspH tpspgL g+ry;| vjid czHj;JfpwJ?

6. xg;ghupg;ghliyr; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; vt;thW Fwpg;gpLtH?
7. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mk;gYk; myUf;Fk; Fwpj;J Fwpg;G
tiuf?
8. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; Cly;
ngw;w rpwg;gpid tptup.
 Vl;byf;fpaq;fspy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; gw;wpj; njupe;J

nfhz;BHfs;.
 fhg;gpaq;fspy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nry;thf;F gw;wpj;
njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
 gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fspYk; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;
tiffs; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
 ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nry;thf;F
gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
55
 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gwf; $Wfs; ,lk;ngw;w jd;ik
Fwpj;Jj; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.

tpilfs;
1. 4.3.1. 2. 4.3.3.
3. 4.3.4. 4. 4.3.5.
5. 4.4.1.1. 6. 4.4.2.
7. 4.4.3.1. 8. 4.4.3.3.
1. fhg;gpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tiffs;

gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.
2. gf;jp ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; $Wfs; gw;wpf; fl;Liu
tiuf.
3. ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tiffs;
,lk;ngw;w epiyapid tpsf;Ff.
4. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tifikfs;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sik gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.
1. r.Nt. Rg;gpukzpad; (njhFg;G.)> rq;f ,yf;fpak;>

kzpthrfH gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id.
2. k.nt. gRgkjp> nrk;nkhopj;jkpo;> jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
jQ;rht+H> 2010.
56
gpupT 2. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfs;
$W 5. jhyhl;L-xg;ghup-tpLfij-gonkhop
5.1. Kd;Diu
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fshy; fhye;NjhWk; jd;Dila vz;zq;fis

tha;nkhopahf toq;fp te;jitNa ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;.
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; top topahf> tha;nkhop %yk; fw;Wf; nfhz;L
tha;nkhopahfNt ghlg;gl;lit ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;. ,g;ghly;fs;
koiyg; ghly;fshfTk;> ,sikg; ghly;fshfTk;> KJikg;
ghly;fshfTk;> gf;jpg; ghly;fshfTk;> fhjy; ghly;fshfTk;>
kq;fy tho;j;Jg; ghly;fshfTk;> jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fshfTk;> njhopw;
ghly;fshfTk;> rKjhag; ghly;fshfTk;> xg;ghupg; ghly;fshfTk;>
tpisahl;Lg; ghly;fshfTk;> jpUkzg; ghly;fshfTk;> fijg;
ghly;fshfTk;> Fk;kpg; ghly;fshfTk; vdg; gy;NtW
gupkhzq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;Fj; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fSk;>
xg;ghupg; ghly;fSk;> tpLfij kw;Wk; gonkhopfSk; ghlg;
gFjpahf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
5.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
 ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspd; nghJj;jd;ikfs; gw;wpj; njupe;J

nfhs;tPHfs;.
 ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; jhyhl;L kw;Wk; xg;ghup gw;wpj; njupe;J
nfhs;tPHfs;.
 tpLfijfs; kw;Wk; gonkhopfs; gw;wpj; njupe; J nfhs;tPHfs;.
5.3. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;
fpuhkq;fspy; thOk; kf;fshy; ghlg;gLk; ghly;fNs

ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;. vOj;jwptpy;yhj fpuhkpa kf;fs;
toptopahf> tha;nkhop %yk; fw;Wf; nfhz;L tha;nkhop
57
topahfNt ghlg;gLk; ghly;fNs ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs; MFk;.
,g;ghly;fspy; nrhy; eaKk;> ,dpa Xir eaKk;> ajhHj;jkhd
fUj;J eaq;fSk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; tho;tpNy
gpwe;J mtHfs; tho;tpNy tsHe;J mtHfs; tho;NthL
gpd;dpg;gpize;jpUg;git ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;. kbapy; fz;
tpopj;J kuzj;jpy; fz;%Lk; tiu kdpjNdhL> ehl;Lg;Gw
kf;fNshL ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs; fye;Js;sd.
gpwe;j Foe;ijiaj; jhyhl;bj; J}q;f itf;Fk; jhyhl;Lg;

ghly;fs;> if jl;b kfpo;r;rpiaf; nfhz;lhLk; Fk;kpg; ghly;fs;>
Nfhy; jl;bg; ghLk; Nfhyhl;lg; ghly;fs;> Ntiy fisg;G
,y;yhky; ,Uf;fg; ghlg;gLk; njhopw;ghly;fs;> jq;fs;
vz;zq;fisg; gupkhwpf;nfhs;Sk; fhjy; ghly;fs;> flTis
topgLk; gf;jpg; ghly;fs;> tho;tpd; epfo;r;rpapd; NghJ ghlg;gLk;
rlq;Fg; ghly;fs;> tho;e;J Kbe;j kdpjid topaDg;Gk;
fz;zPHj;Jsp epiwe;j xg;ghupg; ghly;fs;> tpLtpf;f Ntz;ba
xd;wpid kiwj;J ntspg;gLj;Jk; tpLfij> cyfj;jpw;F
czHj;Jk; cz;ikia xU rpwpa thf;fpaj;jpd; %yk; RUf;fpf;
$Wk; gonkhop Nghd;wd ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; rpwg;gplk;
ngwj;jf;fitahFk;.
5.3.1. jhyhl;L
kbapy; fz;tpopj;J Foe;ijiaj; njhl;bypy; ,l;L Ml;b>

jd; ehtpid Ml;bg; ghl;birj;J J}q;f itf;Fk; xU jhapd;
ghl;Nl jhyhl;L. jha;ik czHtpd; ntspg;ghlhfNt ,j;jhyhl;Lg;
ghly;fs; ghlg;gLfpd;wd. cyif ,d;dnjd;W mwpe;jpuhj
g+e;jspH Nkdp nfhz;l Foe;ijapd; gpQ;R cs;sq;fs;
mikjpahd> nkd;ikahd> ,dpikahd cwf;fj;ijj; jOtpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;w cd;dj vz;zj;jpy; xU jha;
jd;Dila Foe;ijiaj; J}spapy; (njhl;bypy;) ,l;Nlh> jd;
Njhspy; ,l;Nlh nkd;ikahd mirNthL ghLk; ghl;Ljhd;
jhyhl;Lg; ghly;. jhyhl;Ljhd; kdpjd; Nfl;Fk; Kjy; ghl;L.
njhl;by;jhd; kdpjdpd; Muk;gg; gs;sp. mtd; jha; jhd;
58
mtDf;F MrpupaH. Gupahj thHj;ijfshf ,Ue;jhYk;
,irahdJ Foe;ijiaj; J}q;f itf;fpd;wJ. Foe;ij
J}f;fkiltjw;F vt;tsT Neuk; gpbf;fpwNjh mt;tsT Neuk;
jhapd; ghlYk; ePbf;fpwJ. ,g;ghly;fisj; jha;jhd; ghlNtz;Lk;
vd;wpy;iy. jha;f;Fg; gjpyhf Foe;ijapd; rpj;jp> mj;ij>
mf;fhs; vd;W ahH Ntz;LkhdhYk; ghlyhk;.
Moq;fhz Kbahj md;Gf; flyhd> xg;gpl;Lf; $w ,ayhj>

caHe;j fUizahd jhapd; ntspg;ghNl jhyhl;L vdyhk;.
jhyhl;bf; Foe;ijia cwq;f itf;Fk; ,g;ghly;fs; jhapd;
md;ig ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf mike;Js;sd.
Foe;ij vg;gbnay;yhk; tsHe;J thoNtz;Lk; vd;w

vjpHghHg;ig> je;ijapd; tPuj;ij> ghl;ldpd; guk;giur; rpwg;ig>
khkdpd; rPHtupiria> jha;tPl;Lr; rPjdg; gl;baiy> flTs;
Foe;ijiaf; fhz Ntz;Lk; vd;w Ntz;Ljiy> Foe;ijapd;
rpwg;ig> Foe;ijf;Fupa fUtpfspd; rpwg;ig vLj;Jiug;gJ
jhyhl;L.
,it Nghd;w jhapd; gy;NtW vz;zq;fspd; ntspg;ghlhfj;

jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs; ghlg;gLfpd;wd. ,itahitAk; jha; nra;tJ
NghyTk;> Nra; Nfl;gJ NghyTk; ghlg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;NwhL
Foe;ijaplk; tpdh vOg;gp mjw;Ff; Foe;ij gjpy; mspg;gjhfTk;>
jhNd jha; fw;gpjk; nra;Jnfhz;Lk; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs;
ghlg;gLfpd;wd.
,j;jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fspy; MuhNuh - MuPuNuh vd;Nwh@ J}wp

J}wp vd;Nwh@ uhupuhNuh uhuhNuh vd;Nwh uhfkpl;Lg; ghLtJz;L.
“MuhNuh. . . MuPuNuh
vd; fz;Nz MuhNuh. . . MuPuNuh!
J}q;fhj fz;Zf;F vd; fz;Nz
JUk;G nfhz;L iknaOjp
cwq;fhj fz;Zf;F vd; fz;Nz
59
Xiy nfhz;L iknaOjp
J}spf;fh mOj fz;Nz
J}f;fKs;s njhl;bypNy
ghY}f;fh mOj fz;Nz
ghyfNd kbNkNy
ahubr;R eP mOj vd; fz;Nz
mbr;rtpa nrhy;yp mO
Mf;fpidfs; nra;jplyhk;"
vd;W jha; Foe;ijapd; mOiff;Ff; fhuzk; Nfl;Lg; ghLtjhf
,g;ghly; mike;Js;sJ. NkYk;> Foe;ij mOJ fisj;Jtpl;lJ>
J}q;fpdhy; mjd; clk;Gf;F ey;yJ vd;gij mwpe;j jha;>
“fz;Nz fz;Zwq;F - vd;
fz;kzpNa ePAwq;F"
vd;W jhyhl;Lfpd;whs;. mf;Foe;ij mOJ mlk; gpbf;Fkhdhy;>
“Mubj;jhH ePaOjha;
mbj;jhiur; nrhy;ypaO"
vd;W jha; Nfl;fpd;whs;. mf;Foe;ij Mzhf ,Ue;jhy;>
“Kg;ghl;ldhH Mz;l - vd; fz;Nz

KOJk; fpuhkKk;
jhdhs Ntz;Lnkd;W - vd; fz;Nz eP
jtk; nra;J te;jtNdh"
vd;W jha; vz;zp kfpo;fpd;whs;. mf;Foe;ij ngz;zhf

,Ue;jhy;>
“itifahk; ngha;if - eP gpwe;j

kJiuahk; thndwpahk;
thndwpAk; Njb
topNjb epw;ifapNy
jhdwpa ehZnkd;W
jtk; ngw;W te;jhNsh"
60
vd;W jha; nrhy;yp kfpo;fpwhs;. jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs; jha;ikapd;
Moj;ijAk;> jhAk; NrAk; vd;w cwTg; gpizg;gpd; typikiaAk;>
mtw;wpd; czHr;rp tbtkhf mike;Js;sJ vdyhk;.
5.3.2. xg;ghup
kbapy; fz; tpopf;Fk; kdpjd; kuzj;jpy; fz;%Lk; NghJk;

ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; ghly;fs; ghb topaDg;Gfpd;wdH. mjhtJ
jq;fsJ Mjq;fq;fis ntspg;gLj;JtjhfTk;> jhq;fs;
tho;f;ifiaj; jpUk;gpg; ghHg;gjhfTk; xg;ghupg; ghly;fs;
mikfpd;wd.
jha;ikapd; Kjy; ,yf;fpa ntspaPL jhyhl;nld;why;> mNj

jha;ikapd; ,Wjp ,yf;fpa ntspg;ghL xg;ghup. ,jid>
~Muk;gkhtJ kz;Zf;Fs;Ns> mtd; Mb mlq;FtJk;
kz;Zf;Fs;Ns| vd;ghHfs;. ,t;nthg;ghup ngz;ikf;Fupa
Nrhfj;jpd; gpujpgypg;ghf> Nrhf czHr;rpfspd; njhFg;ghf
vOfpwJ.
fztd; ,we;jNghJ kidtpAk;> jha; je;ijaH ,wg;gpd;

NghJ kfSk;> kfs; kw;Wk; kfd; ,wg;gpd;NghJ jhAk;>
cld;gpwe;NjhH ,we;j NghJ rNfhjupAk; xg;ghupg; ghly;fspy;
Nrhfj;ijf; fiuf;f Kay;tijf; fhzyhk;. jq;fs; cs;sj;jpy;
kiwe;J fplf;Fk; nrhy;y Kbahj Nrhfj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk;
tha;f;fhyhf xg;ghupg; ghly;fs; mikfpd;wd.
xg;ghupg; ghly;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; nrhw;fs; vy;yhk; Nrhfr;

RikAld; tpsq;Ftd. ,we;jtHfSf;fhf xg;ghup> khub> fopyb>
fUkhjp Nghd;w ghly;fisg; ghb tUfpd;wdH.
“jhypapz;zhj; jhyp - ehd;

jq;fj;jhy; nghd;jhyp -
jhyp fow;wpl ve;jd;
jUkUf;Nf rk;kjNkh"
61
vd;W ngz;fs; fztUf;fhf xg;ghup ghLtH. Ngug;ngz;bH jk;
ghl;ld; ghl;bf;F>
“ghY nfhz;L te;jpaNsh

ghjutk; jPj;jpaNsh
NkhU nfhz;L te;jpaNsh
Nkhl;rfjp ngj;jpaNsh"
vdg; ghLtH. fUkhjpr; rlq;fd;W>
“nrj;jtq;fNshl nrj;jtq;fsh
khz;ltq;fNshl khz;ltq;fsh
ePq;fg; Ngha;r; NrHe;J
vq;ff; iffhYf;Fr; Rfj;ijf; nfhLq;f"
vdg; goq;Fbfs; ghLfpd;wdH. fztd; ,we;j gpwF jd;

epiyia epidj;J NtjidNahL xU ngz;>
“jhypf;F mUk;ngLj;j
jl;lhDk; fz; FUNlh!
Nriyf;F E}nyLj;j
NrzpaDk; fz; FUNlh!
gQ;rhq;fk; ghf;f te;j
ghHg;ghDk; fz; FUNlh!
vOjpdtd; jhd; FUNlh!
vOj;jhzp $H ,y;iyNah"
“J}uj;J mz;zd;khNu
vd; NjhS epiwQ;r khiy
J}f;fp vwpag; NghNwd;
J}ug; Ngha; epd;DLq;f"
vd;W ghLfpd;whs;. ,t;thW ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; cs;sj;Js;

Mog; gjpe;Js;s Nrhf czHr;rpfspd; ntspg;ghlhf xg;ghupg;
ghly;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
62
1. jhyhl;L vd;why; vd;d?

2. jhyhl;L ahH ahnuy;yhk; ghLtH?
3. xg;ghup itg;gtHfs; ahHahH?
4. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; Nrhfg; ghly; vJ?
5.3.3. tpLfij
tpLfij vd;w nrhy; tpidj;njhifapy; mike;J tpl;l

fij> tpLfpd;w fij> tpLk; fij vd;W Kf;fhyg; nghUisAk;
jUfpd;wJ vdyhk;. tpLfij vd;w nrhy;ypNyNa xU GjpUf;fhd
nghUs; mlq;fpf; fplf;fpwJ. GjpH nfhz;l $w;Nw tpLfijahFk;.
,jDila gz;gpid itj;J GjpH> nehb> ntb> fzf;F vd;W
NtW ngaHfshy; Fwpf;fpd;wdH.
,uz;L NgH NrHe;J NgRk;NghJ %d;whktUf;Fj; njupahky;

NgRtJ GjpHg;Ngr;R vdyhk;. fpuhkg;Gw kf;fs; Ntbf;iff;fhfTk;>
nghOJ Nghf;fpw;fhfTk; GjpHikj; jd;ikNahL jq;fSf;Fs;
ciueilahfNth> fijahfNth> fzf;fhfNth Ngrpf; nfhs;Sk;
njhlHfs;> fijfs;> ghly;fs; ahTk; ehl;Lg;Gwg; GjpHfs;
vdg;gLk;. ,g;GjpHfNs tpLfijfs; vdg;gLk;.
5.3.3.1. tpLfijapd; tbtq;fs;
tpLfijapd; tbtq;fisr; r.Nt. Rg;gpukzpak; GjpH> nrhy;

tpisahl;L> khw;nwOj;Jg; GjpH> tpNehj thHj;ij> vOj;Jf;$l;L>
tpflg;gh> Xtpa tbtg;GjpH> nrhw;GjpH> nehbtpdh vd xd;gJ
tiffshfg; ghLgLj;jp ,Uf;fpd;whH. xt;nthU tiff;Fk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; gpd;tUkhW fhzyhk;.
1. GjpH vd;gJ Ke;ija tpLfij tbtk;. Gjpu; vd;why;

kiwnghUs; mikg;gpid cilaJ vdyhk;. ,aw;ifg;
nghUspy; fhzg;gLk; xw;Wikf; $wpid cUtfg;gLj;JtJ.
v.L.
“uhrhkfs; fj;jpf;fpl;Lg; Nghwh
63
$g;gpl ehjpapy;y" (epyT)
2. nrhy; tpisahl;L vd;gJ xU nrhy; my;yJ mjd; gFjp

gw;wpa Fwpg;igf; nfhz;L Cfpj;Jf; fhz KaYk;
tpisahl;lhFk;. xt;nthU nrhy;Yk; xt;nthU nghUisf; Fwpf;f>
,izj;Jg; ghHf;Fk;NghJ KOikahd tpilapid Cfpj;jwpa
KbAk;. v.L.
“KjnyOj;ij ePf;fp tpl;lhy;

kd;dd; ngauhk;
eLntOj;J ePq;fp tpl;lhy;
ey;ynjhU kpUfkhFk;
filnaOj;ij ePf;fptpl;lhy;
cs;shf kaf;fk; jUk;
%d;nwOj;ijf; $l;btpl;lhy;
Gz;zpa efukhFk;" (kJiu)
3. khw;nwOj;Jg; GjpH vd;gJ xU nghUs; juf;$ba nrhy;ypy;

cs;s vOj;Jf;fis khw;wpaikg;gjd; %yk; NtnwhU nghUs;
juf;$ba nrhy;ypidg; ngwitg;gJ. ,jid ,yf;fz E}yhH
,yf;fzg;Nghyp vd;gH. v.L.
“itif - ifit"
4. tpNehj thHj;ij vd;gJ eifg;G tpdhf;fspypUe;J tpNehj

thHj;ijfs; Njhd;Wk;. v.L.
“XLths; rhLths;
xw;iwf; fhypy; epw;ghs;" (fjT)
5. vOj;Jf; $l;L vd;gJ Vwf;Fiwa ,Unrhy; myq;fhuk;

Nghd;wJ. Mdhy;> mJtd;W. vOj;Jf;fisf; $l;bNah
Fiwj;Njh my;yJ khw;wpaikg;gjd; %yNkh jpifg;ig
cz;lhf;Fk; gz;GilaJ. xNu nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jp
,UNtWgl;l jd;ikapid czu itg;gJ. v.L.
“ghHg;ghd; Gj;jp gbg;gnjg;gb?

gzf;fhud; miuapy; cLg;gnjd;dJ-" (gl;Lg;gl;L)
64
6. tpflg;gh vd;gJ xU fUj;ijg; Gj;jp $HikahfTk;
Ntbf;ifahfTk; FWfpa nra;As; tbtk; nfhz;L czu
itg;gJ. v.L.
“xd;gJ fhy;
vLj;J te;jhd;" (,uz;Nlfhy; vd;Dk;
vz;zpf;if)
7. Xtpa tbtg;GjpH vd;gJ vOj;Jfisah my;yJ

nrhw;fisNah Xtpa tbtj;jpy; mikg;gjd; %yk; $w
te;j nghUspidNah fUj;jpidNah czu itg;gJ. v.L.
FkuFUguupd rpy ghly;fs; ,jw;Fr; rhd;W.
8. nrhw;GjpH vd;gJ tpag;igAk; jpifg;igAk; cz;lhf;Fk;.

jLkhWk; nghUisj; jUtJ. v.L.
“C vg;NghJ nrtplhFk;" (fhJNghdhy;)
9. nehbtpdh vd;gJ nehbf;Fs; tpil nrhy;yj;jf;f

tpdhf;fNs nehb tpdh. v.L.
“kJiu eLtpy; vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ" (J)
5.3.3.2. tpLfijapd; mikg;Gfs;
Nfs;tp tpLg;gtd; tpilia kdj;jpy; itj;Jf; nfhz;L

tpil nfhLg;gtidj; jpz;lhlr; nra;J mtDila
jpz;lhl;lj;ijf; fz;L kfpo;r;rp cWjNy tpLfijapDila
Nehf;fk;. ehl;Lg;Gwq;fspy;> rpWtHfs;-fpotHfs;-fw;NwhH-fy;yhH
vdg; Ngjk; ,d;wp tpLfij NghLtH. ehl;Lg;Gw tpLfijfs;
,d;dpd;d ,lq;fspy;jhd; Nghlg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;fpw fl;lhak;
,y;iy.
 Ntiy nra;fpwNghJ Ntisg;gS njupahky; ,Ug;gjw;fhf

ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; tpLfijfs; NghLfpwhHfs;. mjhtJ mWtil
nra;Ak;NghJk; ,d;dgpw njhopy;fs; nra;Ak; NghJk;
tpLfijfs; NghLtJz;L.
65
 tPl;by; rlq;Ffs; nra;Ak;NghJ ,uT Neuq;fspy; fz; tpopf;f
NeupLk;NghJ tpLfijfs; NghLtJz;L.
 ,UtH re;jpj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ Kfkd; $Wk; Kiwapy;
GjpHfs; NghLtJz;L.
 nghOJ Nghf;fpw;fhfg; GjpHfs; NghLtJz;L.
 rpWtHfSf;Fg; ngaupatHfs; mwpTj; jpwid tsHg;gjw;fhfg;
GjpH NghLtJz;L.
 Ntbf;ifahfg; NgRk;NghJ GjpHfs; NghLtJz;L.
 ghypay; J}z;LjYf;fhf ,UtH Ngrpf; nfhs;Sk; NghJk;
tpLfijfisg; ghypayhff; $wp tpiliar; rhjhuzkhff;
$WtJz;L.
5.3.3.3. tpLfijapd; jd;ikfs;
 ehl;Lg;Gw tpLfijfs; vspa eilapdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

 Mtiyj; J}z;Lk; gbahfTk; mwpTj; jpwidr; Nrhjpg;gjhfTk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 epidthw;wy;> jd;dk;gpf;ifia tsHg;gjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Ntiyr; Rikiar; Fiwg;gjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5.3.3. gonkhop
ehk; tho;e;jtw;iw> tho;tpd; tpkuprdj;ijr; nrhy;td

gonkhopfs;. top topahf te;J ehj;jOk;Ngw;wp eak; ngw;w nkhop
tifNa gonkhop. ,jidg; ghHf;Fk;NghJ> gonkhopfs; gioa
nkhopfs; vd;w KbTf;F te;J tplf;$lhJ. Vndd;why;> ey;y
nghUl; nrwpTk; Mo;e;j fUj;JKila nrhw;nwhlHfs; ehspJtiu
njhlHe;J epd;W> gonkhopfs; vd;Dk; FwpAld; toq;fp tUfpd;wd.
,jidj; njhy;fhg;gpaH> ~gprp| vd;fpd;whH. ,jid KJnrhy;>
gioa nkhop> nrhytil vd;W toq;FtH. ,it njhd;ik
tha;e;jit vspa jd;ik cilait. mjhtJ kf;fsJ
vz;zq;fs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs;> Kjyhd gz;ghl;bid czHj;Jk;
jd;ikaJ gonkhop. cs; mHj;jk; epuk;gpajhfg; gonkhopfs;
mike;jpUf;Fk;.
66
5.3.4.1. gonkhopapd; mikg;G
Gjpajhfj; Njhd;wpa GJnkhopfs; - nghd;nkhopfs;>

gonkhopfshtJk; cz;L. md;dpaH njhlHGk;> GJik tuTk;>
mwptpay; tpisTk; GJg;gonkhopfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.
~kpd;Dtnjy;yhk; nghd;dy;y| vd;w gonkhop Mq;fpNyaH
njhlHghy; te;jJ@ ~vyf;bupia ek;gp viy NghlhNj| vd;gJ
mwptpayhy; te;j gonkhop.
rpy gonkhopfs; rpy kjq;fisNa fpz;ly; nra;fpd;wd.

~Fy;yh NghLfpwhd;| vd;gJ ,RyhkpaHfisAk;> ~ehkk; Nghl;L
tpl;lhd;| vd;gJ itztHfisAk;> ~nkhl;ilabj;Jtpl;lhd;| vd;gJ
irtHfisAk; Fwpf;fpd;wd. tpLfij> ,ul;Lw nkhopjy;>
eifnkhop> nrhy;yyq;fhuk;> Foe;ijg; ghly;> nrhy; tpisahl;L>
fpz;ly; nkhop> ctikj; njhlH ,itfspy; ,Ue;J
gonkhopfisg; gpupf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gH. Mdhy;> mt;thW nra;tJ
kpff; fbdk;. Vnddpy;> ,it midj;Jk; gonkhopfspy;
mlq;fpAs;sd> gonkhopfs; ,tw;wpy; mlq;fpAs;sd vd;gH.
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; Mo;e;j mwpitAk; mDgtj;ijAk;

gonkhopfs; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. ,j;jd;ikfs; tha;e;j gonkhopfs;
vg;nghOJ Njhd;wpaJ vd;W $w ,ayhJ. kdpjFyk; vj;jid
njhd;ikahdNjh me;j msTf;Fj; njhd;ikahdJ gonkhop.
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fsplk; ,aw;ifahfj; Njhd;Wgit@ nrhy;fpw
fUj;ij nkd;ikahf> kpUJthff; $wf; $bait@ xU ngupa
fUj;ijr; RUf;fkhff; $wf;$bait@ vy;NyhUf;Fk; njupe;j@
ftdpj;j czHe;j cz;ikfisNa rpWthf;fpaj;jpy;
ntspg;gLj;Jgit vd;nwy;yhk; gonkhopapd; epiyapid
vLj;Jiuf;fyhk;.
5.3.4.2. gonkhopapd; tiffs;
gonkhopfis ,uz;L tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. xd;W>

vOj;J Kiwg; gonkhop@ kw;nwhd;W> Ngr;R Kiwg; gonkhop.
vOj;JKiwg; gonkhop vd;gJ> jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
67
ifahsg;gl;bUf;Fk; gonkhopiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. Ngr;R Kiwg;
gonkhop vd;gJ ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fsplk; tha;nkhopahf toq;fg;gLk;
ehl;Lg;Gwg; gonkhopfs; MFk;. ,tw;wpw;F MrpupaH ,y;iy.
vOj;J tbtkpy;iy. kf;fs; tho;f;ifapy; fz;l cz;ikfis
tha;nkhopahff; $Wfpd;wdH.
,e;jr; #oypy; jhd; gonkhopfs; nrhy;yg;gLk;@ nrhy;y

Ntz;Lk; vd;fpw tiuaiw ,y;iy. ehl;Lg;Gwg; gonkhopfs;
,t;thWjhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;@ ,g;nghOJjhd; $wNtz;Lk;@
,g;gbj;jhd; cr;rupf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Nghd;w tiuaiwfs;
vJTk; $wtpayhJ. ,j;jid tifahff; $w Ntz;Lk;@ ,j;jid
tiffs; cs;sd vd;W ahUk; $w ,ayhJ. ,Ug;gpDk;>
,Jtiu fpilf;fg;ngw;w gonkhopfisf; nfhz;L Kg;gJ
tiffshfg; ghFghL nra;jpUf;fpd;wdH. mit vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld;
gpd;tUkhW fhzyhk;.
1. thf;fpa mikg;Gila gonkhop

“muz;lt fz;Zf;F ,uz;l njy;yhk; Nga;"
2. Nkw;Nfhs; gonkhop
“rl;bapy; ,Ue;jh jhNd mfg;igapy; tUk;"
3. xypaikg;Gg; gonkhop
“fs;sid ek;gpdhYk; Fs;sid ek;ghNj"
4. Nfs;tpg; gonkhop
“vUJ NehT fhf;fhf;Fj; njupAkh?"
5. tptrhag; gonkhop
“Mbg;gl;lk; Njb tpij"
6. kpUfq;fs; njhlHghd gonkhop
“vUik khl;L Nky kio ngQ;rhg; Nghy"
,JNghy; gwitfs; njhlHghd gonkhop> Ntbf;ifg; gonkhop>
jPiag; gw;wpa gonkhop> thdtpay; gw;wpa gonkhop> mwpTiug;
gonkhop> Fzk; njhlHghd gonkhop> ek;gpf;if gonkhop> tpyq;F
gonkhop> Fwpg;ghy; czHj;jg;gLk; gonkhop> jpUkzk; gw;wpa
gonkhop> kpul;ly; gonkhop> jj;Jtg; gonkhop> vjpuhd
68
fUj;Jila gonkhop> ,uz;L mHj;jKs;s gonkhop> xNu
mHj;jKs;s gonkhop> jpupG gonkhop> xUnrhy; gonkhop>
,ul;ilg; gFg;Gg; gonkhop> %d;W gFg;Gg; gonkhop> ehd;F
gFg;Gg; gonkhop> mwpTiug; gonkhop> tho;f;if ,ay;G gonkhop>
ek;gpf;ifAk; eilKiw njhlHghd gonkhop> eifr;Ritg;
gonkhop vd mit mikAk;.
,g;gonkhopfs; nghUSilajhfTk;> rpwpa mstpdjhfTk;>

XirAilajhfTk;> vspjpy; epidtpy; epw;ff; $bajhfTk;>
thHj;ijfspy; $Hik cilajhfTk;> nghJthd cz;ikapd;
mbg;gilia vLj;Jiug;gjhfTk;> ftHr;rpahd tof;fpy;
fhzg;gLtjhfTk;> kf;fspilNa tof;fpy; fhzg;gLtjhfTk;>
vy;yhr; #oy;fspYk; nrhy;yg;gLtjhfTk;> jdpj; jd;ik
tha;e;jjhfTk;> gz;ghl;il tpsf;FtjhfTk;> ,aw;ifj;
jd;ikAilajhfTk;> ehl;Lg;Gwtpaypd; capuhfTk;>
tha;nkhopahfTk;> kf;fSf;fhf kf;fshy; nrhy;yg;gLtjhfTk;>
RUq;fr; nrhy;yp tpsq;f itf;ff; $bajhfTk;> Mo;e;j
nghUSilajhfTk; mika Ntz;Lk;.
5. tpLfij vd;why; vd;d?

6. tpLfijapd; NtW ngaHfs; ahit?
7. gonkhop vd;why; vd;d?
8. gonkhopfis vj;jid tiffshfg;
ghFgLj;jpapUf;fpd;wdH?
 ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.

 jhyhl;L gw;wpAk;> jhyhl;bd; tiffs; gw;wpAk; mit ghlg;gLk;
Kiwfs; gw;wpAk; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
 xg;ghup gw;wpAk;> xg;ghupapd; tiffs; gw;wpAk; mit ghlg;gLk;
epiyfs; gw;wpAk; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
69
 tpLfij gw;wpAk;> tpLfijapd; tiffs; gw;wpAk;> mit
nrhy;yg;gLk; Kiwfs; gw;wpAk;> jd;ikfs; gw;wpAk; njupe;J
nfhz;BHfs;.
 gonkhop gw;wpAk;> mtw;wpd; tiffs; gw;wpAk;> gonkhopapy;
nrhy;yg;gLk; nra;jpfs; gw;wpAk; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.

tpilfs;
1. 5.3.1. 2. 5.3.1.
3. 5.3.2. 4. 5.3.2.
5. 5.3.3. 6. 5.3.3.
7. 5.3.4. 8. 5.3.4.2.
1. jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs; gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.

2. xg;ghupg; ghly;fspd; jd;ikfs; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liu tiuf.
3. tpLfijfs; tifg;ghLfis vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tpsf;Ff.
4. gonkhopfs; czHj;Jtd gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.
1. Kj;Jf;Fkud;> gonkhopfs; 5000> FwpQ;rp gjpg;gfk;>

nrd;id> 2002.
nrd;id> 2004.
70
$W 6. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs; - ey;yjq;fhs; fij
– Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fij – Njrpq;Fuh[d; fij
6.1. Kd;Diu
ehl;Lg;Gwj;jpy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w fijfNs ehl;Lg;Gwf;

fijfs;. ,e;ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs; Kd;NdhHfspd; tuyhWfis
vLj;Jiug;gjhfTk; nfhQ;rk; fw;gid fye;jjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
ngUk;ghyhd ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs; tho;f;ifapy; VjhtJ xU
rpwg;gpidg; ngw;w xUtiug; gw;wpNa mike;jpUf;Fk;.
,e;epiyapy; ,q;Fg; ghlg; gFjpahf ey;yjq;fhs; fij>
Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fij> Njrpq;Fuh[d; fij Mfpa %d;W
fijg;ghly;fs; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd.
6.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
 nghJthd ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.

 ey;yjq;fhs; fij gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
 Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fij gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
 Njrpq;Fuh[d; fij gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
6.3. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs;
kz;zpNy Njhd;wp kz;zpNyNa kiwAk; kdpjHfspd; fij

kfj;jhdJ. fij nrhy;YtJk; Nfl;gJk; khe;jH ,ay;G. kdpj
tho;tpd; xt;nthU epfo;r;rpAk; fijahfpwJ. kdpjdpd; Mirfs;>
mtyq;fs;> Njitfs;> tpUg;G ntWg;Gfs;> fdTfs;> fw;gidfs;
midj;Jk; fijfshfpd;wd. ele;j epfo;r;rpfis tpupthf;fp
fw;gidia ,izj;J fijfs; gilf;fg;gl;lhYk;> mit ek;
kdpj tho;tpd; kfj;Jtj;ijNa NgRfpd;wd. ,j;jifa fijfs;
ngUk;ghYk; ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fsplk; tof;fj;jpYs;sJ.
tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gl;l ghjpg;G> ele;j epfo;r;rpfs;> caHT> jho;T
kdg;ghd;ik> mwk; ciuj;jy;> kfpo;t+l;ly;> Ntbf;if> ePjpfis
71
vLj;Jiuj;jy;> tho;tpy; elf;Fk; jtWfisr; Rl;Lf;fhl;Ljy;> jtW
nra;jtiuj; jpUj;Jjy; Nghd;w gy fUj;Jf;fis
cs;slf;fpajhf ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ngupNahHfs; rpwpatHfSf;Ff; fij nrhy;tjhfNt

ngUk;ghd;ikahd fijfs; mikfpd;wd. ,tw;iwAk; ,d;dhH
,aw;wpdhH vd;W $wtpayhJ. kuG topahf xUtUf;nfhUtH>
Nfl;L mtw;iwj; jq;fs; re;jjpapdUf;Fr; nrhy;thHfs;. mjidf;
Nfl;ltHfs; jq;fs; gps;isfSf;Fr; nrhy;thHfs;. ,t;thNw
ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs; gutp tUfpd;wd. ciuahff; fijfisr;
nrhy;yp tUthHfs;. mt;thW nrhy;yg;gLk; fijfNs ehl;Lg;Gwf;
fijfs; MFk;.
,e;ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs; Fwpg;gpl;l xUtuhy; vOjg;

ngw;wjpy;iy. Vl;by; ,lk;ngwhky; tha;nkhopahfNt njhd;W
njhl;L tsHe;Jk; Nja;e;Jk; cUkhwpAk; toq;fp tUgit.
6.3.1. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfspd; jd;ikfs;
kz;Zf;Nfw;w cz;ikfNshL fw;gid fye;J

gilf;fg;gLtNj ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs;. Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpypUe;Nj
fijfs; Nfl;fg;gLtjhy; Foe;ijapd; cstpay;
tsHr;rpf;Nfw;gTk; fijfs; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
 ,f;fijfspy; kfpo;r;rp> fz;Lgpbg;G> gilg;ghw;wy;> jd;ikapd;

ntw;wp> NeHik> tpisahl;L> Ntbf;if Nghd;wit
epiwe;jpUf;Fk;.
 ke;jpuk;> mjPj epfo;r;rpfs;> mjhtJ gwf;Fk; fk;gsk;>
NjdhWfs;> jiyiaj; jhz;Ljy;> fliyf; flj;jy;> ,we;jhiu
vOg;Gjy; Nghd;w mw;Gjq;fs; fijfspy; ,Uf;Fk;. ePjpf;
fUj;Jf;fs;> jPikia mopj;jy;> fUiz> cjtp nra;jy;>
jtwhd elj;ijfs;> Mirfs;> Nfhgk;> nghwhik Nghd;w
gz;Gfis ntspg;gLj;JtjhfTk; ,f;fijfs; mike;jpUk;.
72
 fijg; ghj;jpuq;fspy; rhjhuz kdpjHfs; Kjy; Jwtpfs;>
fpotpfs;> fs;sHfs;> ke;jpu thjpfs;> Ntrpfs;> nja;tq;fs;
Nghd;wtHfs; ,Ug;ghHfs;.
 ,tHfNshL gwitfs;> tpyq;Ffs;> capuw;w nghUl;fs;
Kjyhdit NgRtJ NghyTk; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
 ,itNa fijapd; Kf;fpag; ghj;jpuq;fshfTk; miktJz;L.
,it Nghd;w jd;ikfis cila ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfis

mtw;wpd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g ngaupl;L miof;fyhk;.
6.3.2. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfspd; tiffs;
ehl;Lg;Gwq;fspy; Gof;fj;jpy; ,Uf;ff; $ba fijfisg; gy

tiffspy; gFf;fyhk;. mit> kdpjf; fijfs;> kpUff; fijfs;>
ke;jpu je;jpuf; fijfs;> nja;tf; fijfs;> ,jpfhr Guhzf;
fijfs;> eifr;Ritf; fijfs;> Vidait vd;W ghFgLj;jyhk;.
kdpjHfs; fijg; ghj;jpuq;fshf ,lk;ngWtJ fijfs;

MFk;. mjhtJ kdpjHfspd; xOf;fk;> NeHik> Nguhir>
nghwhik Nghd;w gz;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf tUk; fijfs;
kdpjf; fijfshFk;. ,tw;wpy; fhjy;> FLk;gk;> ehL> fdT>
mjpH\;lk;> tprpj;jpuk; Nghd;w gy $Wfs; ,lk;ngWgit kdpjf;
fijfs; vd;Wk;> kpUfq;fSf;Fs; elf;Fk; epfo;r;rpfis
ntspg;Lj;JtJ> kpUf tho;tpd; rk;gtq;fs; %ykhf
kdpjHfSf;Fr; rpy fUj;Jf;fisr; nrhy;tjhf mikgit kpUff;
fijfs; vd;Wk;> kdpjHfs; gwe;J nry;tJ NghyTk;>
ke;jputhjpapd; Jizahy; ,we;jtiu vOg;GtJ NghyTk;
mikAk; fijfs; ke;jpu-je;jpuf; fijfs; vd;Wk;> nja;tq;fs;
kdpjHfNshL NghtJ Nghd;Wk;> cjtp nra;tJ Nghd;Wk; mikAk;
fijfs; nja;tf; fijfs; vd;Wk;> kfhghujk;> fk;guhkhazk;
Nghd;w Guhz ,jpfhr fijfisAk; ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs;
nrhy;tJz;L. ,f;fijfspy; KOg; gFjpiaNah my;yJ rpW
rpW gFjpiaNah nfhz;likAk; fijfs; ,jpfhr Guhzf;
fijfs; vd;Wk;> ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; jq;fs; tho;f;ifapy;
ele;jjhfr; rpy epfo;r;rpfis Ntbf;ifahff; fij nrhy;Yk;
73
fijfis eifr;Ritf; fijfs; vd;Wk;> Nkw;$wpa gpupTfSf;Fs;
mlq;fhj gwitfs;> vWk;G> rl;bg;ghid> kuk;> nrb> nfhbfs;>
kiy> MW Nghd;wit NgRtJ Nghd;W mikAk; fijfis
Vidait vd;Wk; mlf;fyhk;.
6.4. ey;yjq;fhs; fij
jkpofj;jpd; tpUJefH khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s tj;jpuhapUg;G

vd;w CUf;F mUfpy; cs;s mHr;RdhGuj;jpy; ey;yjq;fhs;
Nfhtpy; cs;sJ. ,f;Nfhapypd; %ytuhf ey;yjq;fhs;
tpsq;Ffpd;whs;. ,j;jyk; Foe;ijg;NgW nfhLf;Fk; jyq;fspy;
xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,f;Nfhapy; kpfTk; goik tha;e;j
Nfhapyhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,f;Nfhapy; mike;Js;s gFjp
thiokuk;> ghf;Fkuk;> Njf;Fkuk; Vuhsk; nfhz;L thdk;
ngha;f;fhj tskhd g+kpahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,t;t+upy;jhd;
ey;yjq;fs; gpwe;jhs;. mtspd; tho;f;iff; fijNa ey;yjq;fhs;
fij.
6.4.1. ey;yjq;fhs; fij – fijr;RUf;fk;
tpUJefH khtl;lk; tj;jpuhapUg;Gf;F mUfpy; cs;s

mHr;Rdh Guj;jpy; ,uhkypq;fk;-,e;jpuhzp jk;gjpaHf;F ey;yjq;fhs;
gpwe;jhs;. ,tSf;F ey;yjk;gp vd;w xU mz;zd; cz;L.
ey;yjq;fhs; rpd;dg; ngz;zhf ,Ue;jNghJ jhAk; je;ijAk;
,we;JtpLfpd;wdH. ey;yjk;gpjhd; jq;fr;rpiar; nry;ykhf
tsHf;fpd;whd;. khdhkJiu uh[h fhrpuh[Df;F ey;yjq;fhisf;
fl;bf; nfhLf;fpwhd;. fy;ahzk; MFk;NghJ ey;yjq;fhSf;F VO
taJ. fhrpuh[d; ey;yjq;fhSf;F epiwa gupRg; gzk;
nfhLj;jhH. rpj;jpiu khjk; fy;ahzk; ele;jJ. nry;tf;
fy;ahzk;.
gidkuk; gpse;J ge;jf;fhy; el;lhHfs;.

njd;idkuk; gpse;J njUnty;yhk; ge;jy; ,l;lhHfs;
ey;yjk;gp jq;fr;rpf;F epiwa rPjdq;fs; nfhLj;jhd;.
Ntyp epiwa nts;shLfs; gl;b epiwa ghy;khLfs;
74
NkhH fila Kf;fhyp
msf;Fw ehop nghd;dhy;
kuf;fhy; nghd;dhy;
,d;dKk; rPjdq;fs; epiwa cz;L. nrhy;ypf;nfhz;Nl Nghfyhk;.
fy;ahzk; Kbe;jJ. tpUe;Jr; rhg;ghL Kbe;jJ. ey;yjq;fhSk;
fhrpuh[Dk; khdhkJiuf;Fg; Gwg;gl;lhHfs;. ey;yjq;fhSf;F
mz;zidg; gpupa kdk; ,y;iy.
mOJ Guz;L mOjhs; Mguzk; mw;W tpo>

Kl;b mOjhs; Kj;Jkzp mw;W tpo.
ey;yjk;gp jq;fr;rpf;F MWjy; nrhd;dhd;. xU topahf

ey;yjq;fhs; khdhkJiuf;Fg; Gwg;gl;Lg; Nghdhs;. ey;yjk;gpf;F
xU kidtp cz;L. mts; ngaH %spayq;fhup. mts;
nfhLikf;fhup. ey;yjq;fhs; Nghd gpwF ey;yjq;fhisg; ghHf;f
ey;yjk;gp xU jlit$l khdhkJiu Nghftpy;iy. mjw;F
%spayq;fhupjhd; fhuzkhk;. ey;yjq;fhSf;F VO Foe;ijfs;
gpwe;jd. gps;is Fl;bfSld; mts; re;Njh\khf tho;e;jhs;.
,njy;yhk; nfhQ;r fhyk;jhd;. khdhkJiuapy; kio ,y;iy.
gd;dpuz;L tUlkhf kio ,y;iy. tay;fspy; tpisr;ry;
,y;iy. kf;fs; grpahy; thbdhu;fs;. gl;bdpahy; jtpj;jhHfs;.
gQ;rNkh gQ;rk;
kuf;fhy; cUz;l gQ;rk;
kd;dtiuj; Njhw;w gQ;rk;
ehop cUz;l gQ;rk;
ehafiuj; Njhw;w gQ;rk;
jhyp gwpnfhLj;J
fztiug; gwpnfhLj;J
iff;Foe;ij tpw;w gQ;rk;
,g;gb kf;fs; gQ;rj;jpy; nrj;jhHfs;. ey;yjq;fhs; tPl;ilAk;
gQ;rk; tpltpy;iy. jhyp jtpu kw;wJ vy;yhk; ey;yjq;fhs;
tpw;whs;. Fj;Jk; cyf;if> $il> Kwk;$l tpw;Wtpl;lhs;.
vy;yhk; tpw;Wk; gQ;rk; jPutpy;iy. Foe;ijfs; grpahy; Jbj;jd.
75
ey;yjq;fhs; Nahrpj;Jg; ghHj;jhs;. ,d;Dk; nfhQ;r ehs;
ePbj;jhy; gps;isfs; grpahy; nrj;Jg;NghFk; epiy cUthfyhk;
vd;W gae;jhs;. xU KbT vLj;jhs;. mz;zd; tPl;Lf;Fg;
gps;isfSld; nfhQ;r ehs; Ngha; ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W KbT
vLj;jhs;. fhrpuh[dplk; jd; Kbitr; nrhd;dhs;. fhrpuh[d;
ey;yjq;fhs; nrhd;d Kbit xg;Gf; nfhs;stpy;iy.
mb ngz;Nz! tho;e;J nfl;Lg;Nghdhy;

xU tifapYk; NrHf;f khl;lhHfs;.
nfl;L nehe;J Nghdhy;
fpisapYk; NrHf;f khl;lhHfs;.
if nfhl;br; rpupg;ghHfs;.
eP Nghf Ntz;lhk;.
f\;lk; tUtJ rf[k;.
ehk; gpbj;J epw;f Ntz;Lk;.
rhzp vLj;jhtJ jg;gpg; gpiog;Nghkb!
Ntyp tpwnfhbj;J tpw;Wg; gpiog;Nghkb!
vd;W fhrpuh[d; jd; kidtp ey;yjq;fhsplk; gythW

nrhy;fpd;whd;. fhrpuh[d; nrhd;dij ey;yjq;fhs; Nfl;ftpy;iy.
,dpAk; jhf;Fg;gpbf;f KbahJ vd;W epidj;jhs;.
re;jdk; njhl;l ifahy; - ehd;

rhzp njhl fhyNkh!
Fq;Fkk; vLf;Fk; ifahy; - ehd;
$yp Ntiy nra;a fhyNkh!
vd;W nrhy;yp ey;yjq;fhs; mOjhs;.
,jw;FNky; ey;yjq;fhisr; rkhjhdg;gLj;j KbahJ vd;W

fhrpuh[d; njupe;Jnfhz;lhd;.
rup Ngha; th.

gps;isfisg; gj;jpukhfg; ghHj;Jf;nfhs;
vd;W nrhy;yp topaDg;gp itf;fpd;whd;. ey;yjq;fhs;

gps;isfisg; ghrj;NjhL mioj;jhs;.
76
thUq;fs; gps;isfsh!
cq;fs; khkk; tPl;Lf;Fg; NghNthk;.
mq;Nf jpd;gjw;F Njq;fha; fpilf;Fk;
khq;fha; fpilf;Fk;
Xb tpisahl khd; fpilf;Fk;
vd;W nrhy;yp mioj;jhs;. gps;isfs; Mir Mirahfg;

Gwg;gl;ld. ey;yjq;fhSk; gps;isfSk; khdhkJiuapy; ,Ue;J
mHr;RdhGuj;Jf;Fg; Gwg;gl;L te;jhHfs;. fhL kiynay;yhk;
jhz;b te;jhHfs;. tdhe;jpuq;fisf; fle;J te;jhHfs;.
mHr;RdhGuk; gf;fk; te;Jtpl;lhHfs;. Mdhy; gps;isfSf;F
elf;f Kbatpy;iy. grp grp vd;W fj;jpdhHfs;. mOjhHfs;.
me;j Neuk; ghHj;J ey;yjk;gp me;jg; gf;fk; te;jhd;. gil
gupthuq;fNshL te;jhd;. Ntl;ilahl te;jhd;. te;j ,lj;jpy;
ey;yjq;fhisAk; gps;isfisAk; ghHj;jhd;. me;jf; Nfhyj;jpy;
mtHfisg; ghHj;jJk; fz;zPH Kl;bf; nfhz;L te;jJ.
Fjpiu mupjhr;Nrh Fb ,Ue;j rPikapNy!

gy;yf;Fjhd; gQ;rNkh gj;jpdpNa cdf;F!
fhy;eilaha; tu fhuzk; Vd; jq;fr;rp?
vd;W mOJ Gyk;gpdhd;. ey;yjq;fhs; jd; tPl;L epiyikfisr;

nrhd;dhd;. ey;yjk;gp mtisj; Njw;wpdhd;.
rup jq;fr;rp ek; tPl;Lf;Fg;Ngh

njw;F %iyapy; Njq;fha; Ftpe;jpUf;Fk;
tlf;F %iyapy; khq;fha; Ftpe;jpUf;Fk;
fhl;L ahid thrypy; fl;b ,Uf;Fk;
fhuhk; gRTk; cz;L
Ngh jq;fr;rp Ngh!
Ngha;g; gps;isfSld; grpahwp ,U
vd;W ey;yjk;gp nrhd;dhd;. ey;yjq;fhs; mz;zd; ,y;yhj

tPl;Lf;Fg; Nghf jaq;fpdhs;. mz;zh! ePAk; $lth! vd;W
mz;zidf; $g;gpl;lhs;. mk;kh ey;yjq;fhs; eP Kjypy; Ngh.
cd; mz;zp %spayq;fhup cd;idAk; gps;isfisAk; ed;whf
77
ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;ths;. ehd; gpd;dhy; tUfpNwd;. rPf;fpuk;
te;JtpLNtd;. cd; gps;isfSf;F tpisahl Gs;spkhd; nfhz;L
tUNtd; vd;W nrhy;yp rkhjhdg;gLj;jp mDg;Gfpd;whd;.
ey;yjq;fhs; mz;zd; tPl;Lf;F miu kdJld; Gwg;gl;lhs;.
mg;NghJ %spayq;fhup tPl;L khbapy; ,Ue;jhs;. ey;yjq;fhSk;
gps;isfSk; grpNahL jd; tPL tUtijg; ghHj;Jtpl;lhs;. Ntf
Ntfkhf ,wq;fp te;jhs;. fjTfis milf;fr; nrhd;dhs;.
,Wf;fpf; fjit milj;jhs;. <u kz; Nghl;L milj;jhs;.
Nrhw;Wg; ghidia xspj;J itj;jhs;. goe;Jzp xd;iw cLj;jpf;
nfhz;lhs;. Kfj;jpy; gj;Jg; Nghl;L %iyapy; gLj;Jf;
nfhz;lhs;. ey;yjq;fhs; te;jhs;. mz;zp mz;zp vd;W
Mirahff; $g;gpl;L fjitj; jl;bdhs;. fjT jpwf;ftpy;iy.
fhy; fLf;FJ mz;zp fjitj; jpw. jz;zPH jz;zPH vd;W
jtpf;Fwhu; ghyfH. md;dk; md;dk; vd;W nrhy;yp miyAwhH
ghyfH. Gj;jpuH grpahw fjitj; jpwthNah? vd;W mOJ
$g;gpl;lhs;. mjw;Fk; fjT jpwf;ftpy;iy. ey;yjq;fhSf;Ff;
Nfhgk; te;jJ.
ehd; gj;jpdp ahdhy; fjT gBHvd;W jpwf;fl;Lk;
vd;W fl;lisapl;lhs;. fjTfs; jpwe;jd. gps;isfs; cs;Ns

XbdhHfs;. Rw;wpr; Rw;wp te;jhHfs;. xU gz;lKk; ,y;iy.
%sp myq;fhup gLj;jpUe;j ,lj;jpy; Njq;fhAk; khq;fhAk; Ftpe;J
fple;jd. Xbr; nrd;W xU gps;is Njq;fhia vLj;jJ. jhtpr;
nrd;W xU gps;is khq;fhiaf; fbj;jJ. %sp myq;fhup
tpUl;nld;W vOe;jhs;. khq;fhiag; gwpj;Jg; Nghl;lhs;. Mapuk;
mOfy; khq;fhapy; xd;W vLj;Jf; nfhLj;jhs;. Njq;fhiag;
gwpj;Jg; Nghl;lhs;. Mapuk; Njq;fhapy; mOfy; Njq;fha; xd;W
vLj;Jf; nfhLj;jhs;.
ghHj;jhs; ey;yjq;fhs;. kdk; gjwpdhs;. mz;zp vd;

kf;fspd; grpia Mj;Jq;f vd;W nfQ;rpdhs;. %sp myq;fhup VO
tUrk; kf;fpg;Nghd Nfg;igiaf; nfhLj;jhs;. jpupg;gjw;F
cile;j jpUifiaf; nfhLj;jhs;. ciy itf;f Xl;ilg;
78
ghidiaf; nfhLj;jhs;. ey;yjq;fhs; nghWikahff;
Nfg;igiaj; jpUifapy; Nghl;L miuj;jhs;. vg;gbNah
f\;lg;gl;L fQ;rp fha;r;rpdhs;. <u kl;ilfis itj;J vupj;jhs;.
$Ok; nfhjpf;fZk;> Foe;ij grpahwZk; vd;W nja;tq;fis
Ntz;bf; nfhz;lhs;. xU topahff; fQ;rp nfhjpj;jJ. Mdhy;
gps;isfs; fQ;rpiaf; Fbf;fg; NghFk; Neuj;jpy; %sp myq;fhup
te;jhs;. ghidiaj; jl;btpl;lhs;. ghid cile;jJ. $o; tope;J
XbaJ. gps;isfs; mij topj;Jf; Fbj;jhHfs;.
ey;yjq;fhSf;F ,e;jf; fhl;rpiag; ghHf;fr; rfpf;ftpy;iy.
,dpAk; mtkhdg;gl Ntz;lhk;. nrj;Jtplyhk; vd;W KbT
vLj;jhs;. gps;isfisf; $g;gpl;L njUtpy; ,wq;fpdhs;. tPjpapy;
ele;jhs;. mtisg; ghHj;jtHfs; gupjhgg;gl;lhHfs;.
rhg;gpLtjw;Fj; jq;fs; tPl;Lf;F mioj;jhHfs;.
gr;ruprp Fj;jpj; jhNuhk;

ghYk; fye;J jhNuhk;!
ghyUk; ePAk; grpahwpg; Nghq;f!
vd;W $g;gpl;lhHfs;. ey;yjq;fhs; kWj;Jtpl;lhs;.
mur tk;rk; ehq;fs;

mz;il tPl;by;
jz;zPH Fbf;f khl;Nlhk;
vd;W nrhy;yptpl;lhs;. fhl;L topNa gps;isfisf; $l;bg;

Nghdhs;. ghOk; fpzW Njbg; Nghdhs;. mz;zd; te;jhy;
milahsk; njupal;Lk; vd;W Mthuk; nrbfis xbj;Jg; Nghl;Lf;
nfhz;Nl Nghdhs;.
ey;yjq;fhSk; gps;isfSk; neLe;J}uk; te;J tpl;lhHfs;.

xU fpzWk; fhNzhk;. mg;NghJ rpWtHfs; ML Nka;j;Jf;
nfhz;L ,Ue;jhHfs;. mtHfisg; ghHj;J ey;yjq;fhs; Nfl;lhs;.
jz;zPH jhfkg;gh. jz;zPH Fbf;fZk;. ghOk; fpzW ,Ue;jhy;
ghHj;Jr; nrhy;Ykg;gh! vd;W Nfl;lhs;. xU rpWtd; Xbr;nrd;W
MoKs;s ghOk; fpzw;iwf; fhl;bdhd;. ey;yjq;fhs;
gps;isfNshL mq;Fg; Nghdhs;. fztd; fz;zpy; gLkhW
79
jhypiaf; fow;wp fpzw;Wg; gbapy; itj;jhs;. mz;zd; fz;zpy;
gLkhW ghY}l;Lk; rq;if fpzw;W Nkl;by; itj;jhs;. mz;zp
nfhLj;j mOfy; Njq;fhia XH Xuj;jpy; itj;jhs;. xt;nthU
gps;isahf fpzw;wpy; J}f;fpg; Nghl;lhs;. xt;nthU gps;isAk;
gae;J gae;J mk;khtpd; fhiyf; fl;bf; nfhz;ld. fhiyf;
fl;ba gps;isiag; gpbj;J ,Oj;J fpzw;wpy; Nghl;lhs;. ,g;gb
MW gps;isfisg; Nghl;Ltpl;lhs;. %j;j gps;is
ey;yjq;fhSf;Fg; gpbglhky; Xbdhd;. vd;id kl;Lk; nfhy;yhNj
vd;id ngw;w khjhNt! vd;W nfQ;rpdhd;.
jg;gpg; gpioj;J mk;kh - ehd;

jfg;gd; NgH nrhy;YNtd;
Xbg; gpioj;J mk;kh - ehd;
cdJ NgH nrhy;YNtd;
vd;W nrhy;yp jg;gpj;J Xbdhd;. Xba gps;isia ey;yq;fhs;

Ml;L ,ilaHfis itj;Jg; gpbf;fr; nrhd;dhs;. ,ilaHfSf;F
tprak; njupahJ. jha;f;F mlq;fhj jWjiyg; gps;is vd;W
epidj;J mtidg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L te;J ey;yjq;fhsplk;
tpl;Ltpl;Lg; NghdhHfs;. ey;yjq;fhs; fjwp mOj %j;j
kfidAk; gpbj;J fpzw;Wf;Fs; Nghl;lhs;. gpwF jhDk; Fjpj;jhs;.
ey;yjq;fhSk;> VO gps;isfSk; ,we;J kpje;jhHfs;.
ey;yjq;fhSf;F 16 mbf; $e;jy;. mts; $e;jy; fpzW

g+uhTk; gpupe;J gue;J fple;jJ. gps;isfSk; njupatpy;iy.
fpzw;Wj; jz;zPUk; njupatpy;iy. ey;yjq;fhspd; $e;jy;
kl;LNk fpzW g+uhTk; njupe;jJ.
ey;yjq;fhs; FLk;gk; ,g;gb gl;bdpahy; nrj;J Kbe;jJ.
ey;yjq;fhs; Gwg;gl;L te;j rpy ehl;fspNyNa

khdhkJiuapy; ey;y kio nga;jJ. gapHfs; jpfpLKflhf
tpise;jd. ehL nropg;G mile;jJ. fhrpuh[d; jd; kidtp
ey;yjq;fhisAk; jd; gps;isfisAk; miog;gjw;Fg; Gwg;gl;L
te;jhd;. ey;yjk;gp Ntl;il Kbj;J tPl;Lf;F te;jhd;.
jq;fr;rpiaf; fhztpy;iy. jq;fr;rp gps;isfisAk; fhztpy;iy.
80
gjwpg; Nghdhd;. %sp myq;fhupiag; ghHj;J vd; jq;fr;rpiaAk;>
jq;fr;rp gps;isfisAk; vq;Nf vd;W Nfl;lhd;. %sp myq;fhup
$rhky; ngha; nrhd;dhs;.
rPufr; rk;gh NrhW Mf;fpg; Nghl;Nld;

gj;J tiff; fha;fwp itj;Njd;.
rhg;gpl;Lg; Nghdhq;f
vd;W ngha; nrhd;dhs;.
ey;yjk;gp ,ij ek;gtpy;iy. gf;fj;J tPLfspy; Ngha;f;

Nfl;lhd;. mtHfs; ele;jJ ele;jgb nrhd;dhHfs;.
gps;isfisg; gl;bdp Nghl;lijr; nrhd;dhHfs;. mt;tsTjhd;
ey;yjk;gpf;F kPir Jbj;jJ. fz; rpte;jJ. gf;fr; rij vy;yhk;
gk;guk; Nghy; MbaJ. jq;ifiaj; Njb fhl;L topNa Nghdhd;.
gjwpg; Nghdhd;. ey;yjq;fhs; xbj;Jg; Nghl;l MthuQ; nrbfs;
topfhl;bd. ey;yjk;gp ghOk; fpzw;wpd; gf;fk; te;jhd;. cs;Ns
vl;bg; ghHj;jhd;. ma;Nah jq;ifAk; gps;isfSk; nrj;J
kpje;jhHfs;. ey;yjk;gp Xq;fhukpl;L mOjhd;.
jq;fr;rp jq;fr;rp vd;W jiuapy; Guz;L mOjhd;. mk;kh

mk;kh vd;W mbj;Jg; Guz;L mOjhd;. ,g;gb mtd; mOJ
Guz;L nfhz;L ,Ue;jNghJ fhrpuh[Dk; mq;Nf te;J tpl;lhd;.
gps;isfisAk; kidtpiaAk; gpzkhfg; ghHj;jhd;. kidtpiaf;
fl;bf; nfhz;L fjwp mOjhd;. ey;yjq;fhisAk; gps;isfisAk;
ntspNa vLj;J jfdk; nra;jhHfs;. ey;yjk;gp jd; Kidtp %sp
myq;fhupiag; gopthq;f epidj;jhd;. mtis kl;Lky;y. mts;
Fyj;ijg; gopthq;f Vw;ghL nra;jhd;. jd; kfDf;F cldbahf
jpUkzk; Vw;ghL nra;jhd;. %sp myq;fhupapd; cwtpdHfs;
cl;fhUk; ,lj;jpy; ,bg;ge;jy; Nghl;lhd;. ,bg;ge;jiyj;
jl;btpl;L vy;NyhiuAk; nfhd;whd;. %sp myq;fhupiaAk;
mupthshy; ntl;bf; nfhd;whd;.
81
,j;Jld; ,f;fij Kbatpy;iy. ey;yjk;gp <l;bapy;
gha;e;J jd; capiu tpl;lhd;. mNjNghy; fhrpuh[Dk; <l;bapy;
gha;e;J jd; capiu tpl;lhd;.
,t;thW ,uz;L FLk;gq;fSk; g+z;NlhL mope;jd. ,jw;F

mbg;gilahd fhuzk; vd;d? tWik xU gf;fk;. %sp
myq;fhupapd; nfhLik kWgf;fk;. tWik nfhbaJ. grp
nfhbaJ. gl;bdp nfhbaJ. mijtplf; nfhbaJ kdpjj;
jd;ikaw;w nray; vd;gij ,f;fij czHj;JfpwJ.
6.4.2. ey;yjq;fhs; Nfhapy;
mz;zd;-jq;if ghrj;jpw;F ey;yjq;fhs; fijiag; ghHj;J

nkr;rpa rptDk;> ghHtjpAk; mq;Nf Njhd;wp> jw;nfhiy nra;j
ey;yjq;fhs; kw;Wk; mtsJ VO gps;isfis capHngwr;
nra;NjhL> ey;yjk;gpiaAk; fhrpuh[idAk; capHg;gpf;fpd;wdH.
mg;NghJ ey;yjq;fhSk;> ey;yjk;gpAk;> ~ehq;fs; ,we;jJ>
,we;jjhfNt ,Uf;fl;Lk;. kdpjg; gpwtp vLj;J khz;ltHfs;
kPz;Lk; capH ngw;whHfs; vd;w tuyhW Vw;gl Ntz;lhk;. vdNt
ehq;fs; ,we;jjhff; fUjp mUs; Gupa Ntz;Lk;| vdf; $wpdhHfs;.
rptDk; mt;thNw mtHfspd; Ntz;LNfhis Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhH.
,e;j xNu fhuzj;Jf;fhf ey;yjq;fhs; nja;tkhfptpl;lhs;.
ey;yjq;fhs; tho;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLk; tj;jpuhapUg;Gf;Fg;

gf;fj;jpy; cs;s cs;sJ mHr;RdhGuk;. me;j mu;r;RdhGuj;jpy;
gr;ir Mil NghHj;jpa tay;ntspfSf;F kj;jpapy; Foe;ijg;NgW
,y;yhjtHfSf;F mUs; ghypg;gtshf Nfhapy; nfhz;Ls;shs;
ey;yjq;fhs;.
1. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfspd; jd;ikfs; ahit?

2. ey;yjq;fhs; gpwe;j CH vJ?
3. ey;yjq;fhspd; mz;zd; kw;Wk; fztd; ngaH vd;d?
4. ey;yjq;fhSf;F vj;jid gps;isfs;?
82
6.5. Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fij
jpUney;Ntyp> fd;dpahFkup khtl;lf; nfhil tpohf;fspy;

epfo;j;jg;gLk; rlq;fpay; epfo;r;rpapy; tpy;ypirg; ghlyhf ,d;Wk;
epfo;j;jg;gl;L tUk; fijg;ghly;fspy; Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fijg;ghlYk;
xd;W. ,f;fij ney;iy khtl;lj;jpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy;
Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. njd;ghz;b kz;ly tpy;ypirg; GytH
midtUk; ,f;fijapidg; ghLfpd;wdH. ney;iy khtl;lj;jpd;
Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; ,d;Wk; Kj;Jg;gl;ld; topghL tof;fpy; cs;sJ.
Kj;Jg;gl;lid Kjd;ikj; nja;tkhff; nfhz;l Nfhtpy;fspYk;
NtW rpy Nfhtpy;fspYk; ,f;fijg;ghly; ghlg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
Fkup khtl;lj;jpd; gpw gFjpfspYk; ,f;fij gutpAs;sJ.
,f;fij fp.gp.1658-1738Mk; fhy fl;lj;jpy; epfo;e;jpUf;fyhk; vd;gH.
6.5.1. Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fij – fijr;RUf;fk;
Mupa ehl;by; me;jzf; FLk;gj;jpy; VO rNfhjuUf;Fg; gpd;

vl;lhtjhfg; gpwe;jtd; Kj;Jg;gl;ld;. FLk;gj;ijg; gpupe;J
nfhl;lhuf; fiuf;Fr; nrd;W ,uhkuh[d; vd;Dk; rpw;wurdplk;
gzpGupfpwhd;. rpy Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd; Kj;Jg;gl;ldpd; rNfhjuH
mtidf; fz;L gpbf;fpwhH. mtdplk;>
“jhAk; jfg;gdhUk; jtpj;jy;yNth NjLfpwhH.

Nra;aH ngz;izay;Nyh rpwg;g+l;lf; Nfl;bUf;F
jputpaq;fs; cz;Lkhdhy; rPikf;Fg; Ngha;tplyhk;"
vdf; Fwpg;gpl> Kj;Jg;gl;lNdh murdplk; tpilngw;Wg; Gwg;gl;lhd;.

mtHfs; Mupaq;fhtpy; Fsj;Jg;Gsp> rgupkiy Kjypa CHfspd;
topahfg; nghjpifkiy te;J nrhupKj;Jg; ghij top jstha;f;
nfhl;lifapy; Rikapwf;fp itj;jdH. ,isg;ghwpg; Gwg;gl;L
murbj;Jiw te;J NrHe;jdH. jhfk; jPHj;J tur;nrd;w gl;ld;
g+irapy; %o;fpapUf;Fk; nghOJ rf;fpypag; ngz;bH ,UtH
ghLtJ Nfl;L kaq;fp Xbdhd;. mtHfisr; Rw;wp kwpj;jhd;.
jd;id kze;J nfhs;SkhW Ntz;bdhd;. mtHfs; rpde;J
jhq;fs; jho;j;jg;gl;l rhjpapdH vd;W $wp Xb kiwe;jdH. gl;ld;
83
ghitaiuj; Njb kaq;fp tPo;fpwhd;. ghitaH ML Nka;j;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;j jk; je;ij thyg;gfilaplk; Kiwapl mtd;
khLfis mWf;Fk; fj;jpia vLj;J tUfpwhd;. gl;l d;
kaq;fpf; fplg;gijf; fz;L kdkpuq;Ffpwhd;. gl;lid vOg;gf;
ifiaj; jl;b Xir vOg;Gfpwhd;. mtd; vOe;jJ fz;L xU
fy;iy vLj;J mtd; Nky;Nghl tpopj;njOfpwhd;. thyg;gfil
jd; kf;fis xU ghHg;ghd; Nkhrd; nra;a vz;zpaij gpd;tUk;
fijg;ghly; gFjp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
“mg;NghJ Kj;Jg;gl;ld; Kiw nrg;Gthd;

jhAld; $lg; gpwe;j mk;khNd
rkHj;jpfSf; fhirg;gl;L Xbte;Njd;
vd;W nrhy;yp
ehY Nguwpa kzQ;#l;b itg;gha; ehis"
vd;W Kj;Jg;gl;ld; $w> rPw;wk; jzpe;j gfil> jpf;fpj; jpzwpg;

gjpypWf;fpwhd;.
“ehay;yNth vq;fs; Fyk; X eapdhNu

ehw;wKs;s tplf; nfhLg;Nghk; X eapdhNu
nrj;j khlWf;f NtZk; X eapdhNu
Nrupf; nfy;yhk; gq;fplNtZk; X eapdhNu
Ml;Lj; NjhYk; khl;Lk; NjhYk; mOf itg;Nghk;
mijaLj;J ckf;F ed;wha; mbaUg;Nghk;
mbaWg;Nghk; RtL ijg;Nghk; thuWg;Nghk;
mijaLj;Jf; filf;Ff; fil nfhz;L tpw;NghNk
rhuhak; fs; Fbg;Nghk; ntwpgpbj;j NgH
rhjpapNy rf;fpypad; ehd; eapdhNu"
vd;Dk; jho;T kdg;ghd;ikapy; NgRfpwhd;. gpd;dH Kj;Jg;gl;ld;

thyg; gfilaplk;>
“rhjp Kiwahfj; jhypfl;b itj;jf;fhy;

jha; jfg;gd; ePuy;yNth ,d;W KjYf;F
rhjp rdk; Nghy;epd;W thNud; FbDf;F"
84
vdg; gl;ld; $Wfpwhd;. gl;lid ek;ghj gfil>
“ehw;gJ ehisf;Fs; Kg;GupE}Yk; FLkpAk;

nka;Ald; mWj;njwpe;J vq;fisg;Nghy;
xg;Gld; ePH nrUg;Gf; fl;b te;jf;fhy;
vg;gbahfpYk; kf;fis ifg;gpbj;Jj; jhNd"
vdr; rpy epge;jidfis tpjpf;fpd;whd;. gl;ld; jikad;khuplk;

$wptpl;L tur;nrd;whd;. mg;nghOJ gl;lidj; jikad;khH xU
fy;yiwapy; milf;fpd;wdH. gl;ld; jg;gpr; nrd;W re;ijapy;
Njhy; thq;fp nrUg;Gj; ijj;Jf; nfhz;L eiltopapy; FLkpiar;
rpiwj;J g+Z}iy mWj;J ehY jpirapYk; vwpe;Jtpl;L
thyg;gfilapd; tPl;Lf;Fr; nry;fpwhd;. mq;F te;j gfil
nrUg;igf; fz;L jpiff;fpwhd;. gpd;dH Kiwg;gb nghk;kf;fh>
jpk;kf;fh fOj;jpy; jhyp fl;Lfpwhd; gl;ld;.
md;wpuT gl;ld; jpk;kf;fh kbapy; fhYk; nghk;kf;fh kbapy;

jiyAk; itj;Jf; fz;zaHfpwhd;. nghy;yhj fdT fhz;fpwhd;.
fjT jl;Lk; rj;jk; Nfl;L vOfpwhd;. rpWtd; xUtd; te;J thyg;
gfilapd; khLfis Cj;Jkiy td;dpaUk; cf;fpuq;
Nfhl;ilahUk; fpilrha;j;Jr; nry;tjhff; $Wfpwhd;. ty;yak;>
jb ,uz;ilAk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L gl;ld; Gwg;gLfpwhd;.
kidtpaH jLf;fpd;wdH. kPwpr; nrd;w gl;ld; gj;J Ngiuf;
nfhy;fpwhd;. xUtd; jg;gpr; nry;fpd;whd;. gl;ld; Mw;wpy;
,uj;jf; fiuiaf; fOTk;nghOJ kiwe;J ,Ue;j xUtd; KJfpy;
Fj;Jfpwhd;. mtidAk; gl;ld; Fj;jpf; nfhy;fpwhd;.
nra;jpawpe;j kidtpaH rpq;fk;gl;b muz;kidf;Fr; nrd;W tuk;
thq;fp> nja;tq;fshf khwp epyTyfpw;F te;J NrHfpd;wdH.
6.5.2. Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fijapd; cz;ikj; jd;ik
Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fijapy; tUk; fjhg;ghj;jpuq;fs; cz;ikapy;

tho;e;jtHfshfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wdH. r%f cz;ik fij KOtJk;
CLUtp epw;fpwJ. jw;fhyj;jpy; nrhup Kj;ijad; Nfhtpypy;
elf;Fk; jPf;Fspg;G epfo;r;rpAk; ,f;fijapd; epfo;r;rpfs;
85
cz;iknad;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,e;j epfo;r;rpapd;NghJ
gl;ltuhad; Nfhtpy; Kd;G tpwif vupg;ghHfs;. nja;t MNtrk;
nfhz;L MLgtHfs; jzypy; ,wq;fp kWGwk; nry;thHfs;.
mtHfs; jzypy; ,wq;Ftjw;F Kd;G rpq;fk;gl;b [kPd;jhuplk;
ghrpf;nfhj;J thq;fp mzpe;J nfhz;L nry;thHfs;. ghrpf;nfhj;J
rf;fpypaHfspd; jhyp. ,ij mzpe;J nfhz;L nry;Yk; mk;kd;
nfhz;bfs; nghk;kf;fh> jpk;kf;fhit cUtfg;gLj;JfpwhHfs;.
jPapypwq;FtJ> cld;fl;il Vwpaijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. rpq;fk;gl;b
[kPd;jhH ghrpf;nfhj;J mspg;gJ mtUila Kd;Ndhd; xUtd;
cld;fl;ilNaw mDkjp mspj;jijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
NkYk; gl;ltuhad; Nfhapypd; Kd;Ds;s ghiwapy;

,f;Nfhapy; Njhd;wpa fhyk; 999= vd;W nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J
nfhy;ykhz;L. 1883,y; ,f;Nfhapy; Njhd;wpaJ vd tpsq;FfpwJ.
kw;nwhU fy;ntl;L ,f;Nfhapy; rpq;fk;gl;bahuhy; fl;lg;gl;lnjd;W
$WfpwJ. ,f;Nfhapy; fl;Lk;Kd; ,f;Nfhapypy; cs;s rpiyfs;>
,f;Nfhapy; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;Fr; RkhH ehd;F iky; fPNoAs;s
RspaKj;J gl;ltuhad; Nfhapypy; ,Ue;jjhfTk;> mJ kpfTk;
goikahd Nfhapy; vdTk;> mJNt Mjp gl;ltuhad; Nfhapy;
vdTk; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tpU Nfhapy;fSf;Fk; NeHj;jpf; fldhfr;
nrUg;Gfisr; nrYj;Jfpd;wdH. ,J gfil ,dj;jtupd;
njhopiy epidt+l;LfpwJ.
6.5.3. Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fij epfo;e;j ,lKk; fhyKk;
Kj;Jg;gl;ld; njd; Mupa ehl;by; gpwe;jtd;. nfhl;lhuf;

fiuapy; ,uhkuh[d; muz;kidapy; gzpGupe;jtd;. mtd; jd;
rNfhjuHfNshL CH jpUk;Gk;NghJ Mupaq;Nfhtpy;> rgupkiy>
nghjpifkiy topahfj; jdtha;f; nfhl;liff;F te;jhd;.
ghgehrj;jpw;F mUfpYs;s murbj;Jiwapy; ePH Fbj;jhd;.
mtdJ kidtpau; rpq;fk;gl;b [kPd;jhuplk; cld;fl;ilNaw
mDkjp Nfl;ldH. ,it ,f;fijr; rk;gtq;fs; epfo;e;j
,lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,r;rk;gtq;fs; epfo;e;j gFjp ,d;W
jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahfTk; Nfus khepyj;jpd; xU
86
gFjpahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nkw;F kiyj;njhlupd;
njd;gFjpapy; cs;s epyg;gFjp ,U gpuptpYk; cs;s rpw;W}Hfs;
midj;Jk; Mupa ehL vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ.
Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpapy; nghjpif kiyf;Fwj;jp jd;

ehl;ilg; gw;wpf; $Wk;NghJ> ~jpUf;Fw;why ehjH njd;Mupa ehL|>
~flTs; Mupa ehnlq;fs; ehNl| vd;nwy;yhk; tUzpf;fpd;whs;.
fHehlf uh[hf;fs; rupj;jpuj;jpYk; ,g;gFjp Mupa ehnld;Nw
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehaf;f kd;dH rhrdj;jpy; njd;fhrp
Ks;spehl;bd; njd;ghy; Mupa ehL vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mapd; ,g;gFjp 350 Mz;Lfshfj; jpUtde;jGuk; murHfs;
Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;J te;jJ. RkhH 300 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH>
kJiuj; jstha; tpRtehj ehaf;fdpd; NridfNshL jkpofk;
te;j rf;fpypaHfs; my;yJ gfilfs;> jq;fis eugypahfg;
gilj;j ehaf;fHfspd; gpbapypUe;J jg;gpj;J ehaf;fH Ml;rp
gykhf Nt&d;whj ,e;jg; gFjpapy; te;J FbNawpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk; Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpapy;>
“nrg;gU kiyNky; nja;tf; fd;dpaHjhd;

Mupaq; fhth> mUl;nrhup Kj;Nj"
vd;w tupfspYk;>
“Jl;liu alf;Ffpd;w nrhupKj;J Iad; thry;

gl;ld; Nky;tuT ghlg; ghy Kf;fzd; fhg;ghNk"
vd;w fhg;Gr; nra;AspYk; nrhupKj;J gw;wpa Fwpg;G fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Mff;> Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp Mupa ehl;ilAk; nrhupKj;J vd;w
nja;tj;ijAk; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,e;E}ypd; fhg;Gr; nra;ASk; nrhup
Kj;ija;ad; thry; gl;ld; vd;W $WfpwJ. FwtQ;rp
ghlg;gLtjw;F Kd;NgNa nrhupKj;ijad; NfhapYk; gl;ltuhad;
fijAk; Gfo;ngw;wpUe;jd vd;gij czu KbfpwJ.
nrhupKj;ijad; Nfhapy; Njhd;wp RkhH 400 Mz;Lfs; ,Uf;fyhk;.
vdNt 260 - 300 Mz;LfSf;fpilg;gl;l fp.gp.1658-1738f;Fk;
87
,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fij epfo;e;jpUf;fyhk; vd;W
Ma;thsHfs; fUJfpd;wdH.
5. Kj;Jg;gl;ldpd; fhyk; vd;d?

6. Kj;Jg;gl;ld; gpwe;j ehL vJ?
7. Kj;Jg;gl;lNdhL gpwe;jtHfs; vj;jid NgH?
8. Kj;Jg;gl;ldpd; kidtpaH ngaH vd;d?
6.6. Njrpq;Fuh[d; fij
nrQ;rpiaj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp Gupe;j Njrpq;fpd;

tPu tuyhw;iw ikakhff; nfhz;lNj Njrpq;Fuh[d; fij.
,JnthU tuyhw;Wf; fijg;ghlyhFk;. nrQ;rpapd; tuyhW
fp.gp.12Mk; E}w;whz;by; njhlq;fpdhYk; fp.gp.18Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;w Njrpq;Fuh[d; epidNt
midtUf;Fk; vOfpd;wJ.
ehaffH Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dH Kfyhag; gilnaLg;G

ele;j fhyj;jpy; Kfyhag; Nguuir vjpHj;J> nrQ;rpapy; rpw;wurd;
Njrpq;F Nghuhbdhd;. mtd; Ml;rp Gupe;jJ gj;Nj khjq;fs;jhd;.
vdpDk; ePz;l ehl;fs; murhz;ltidg; Nghy; NgUk; GfOk;
ngw;wtdhfj; jpfo;fpd;whd;. ,t;thW mtd; Gfo; jkpofk; vq;Fk;
gutf; fhuzkhf mike;jJ Njrpq;Fuh[d; fijg;ghlyhFk;.
,f;fijg;ghliyg; GfNoe;jpg; GytH ,aw;wpAs;shH.
6.6.1. Njrpq;Fuh[d; fij – fijr;RUf;fk;
nrQ;rpf; Nfhl;ilia MSk; Njuzpuh[d;> by;yp

ghJ\htplkpUe;j nja;tNyhfg; Gutpia mlf;Ftjpy; Njhy;tp
fz;L> Kd;Ng xg;Gf;nfhz;l epge;jidapd;gb rpiwapy;
milf;fg;gLfpd;whd;. nrQ;rpapy; gpwe;J tsHe;j Njrpq;F jdJ
Ie;jhtJ tajpy; ez;gd; NkhTj;Jf;fhuDld; by;yp nrd;W>
muq;fdpd; mUshy; Gutpia mlf;fpj; je;ij Njuzp rpq;iff;
88
rpiwkPl;L> ghJ\htplk; FjpiuAk; nghd;Dk; gupRfshfg; ngw;Wj;
jpUk;Gfpd;whd;.
Njrpq;F vl;L taJ rpWtdhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ mtd;

ngw;NwhH ,we;J tpLfpd;wdH. Njuzprpq;fpd; jk;gp juzprpq;
Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhz;L Njrpq;if tsHf;fpwhd;. Njrpq;F
jd; gjpndl;lhtJ tajpy;> nrQ;rpapd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpy;
mkHfpd;whd;.
ika murpypUf;Fk; by;yp ghJ\h tup nrYj;Jk;gb

MHf;fhl;L ethGf;F Miz mDg;Gfpd;whd;. ethG jd;
MSiff;F cl;gl;l Nfhl;ilj; jiytHfSs; nrQ;rpia MSk;
Njrpq;F gd;dpuz;L Mz;Lfs; tupg;gzk; fl;ltpy;iy vd;gij
mwpe;J> gzj;ij clNd fl;Lk;gb Njhw;wky;yd; vd;gtd; %yk;
Miz mDg;Gfpwhd;. Njrpq;F mijf; Nfs;tpAw;W>
“lhW lhwha;f; fpopj;Jg; NghLNtd; rpw;wg;g uhrhNt

MwpYQ; rhT E}wpYQ; rhT rpw;wg;g uhrhNt
gpwe;j md;iwf;Nf rhtpUf;FJ rpw;wg;g uhrhNt
te;jt dhnud;W Nfl;Lg; ghU rpw;wg;g uhrhNt"
vd;W jd; tsHg;Gj; je;ij juzprpq;fplk; $Wfpwhd;. juzprpq;

MisaDg;gpj; Njhw;wky;yid tutiof;fpwhd;. “ethGitg;
NghHf; fsj;jpy; re;jpf;fpNwd;" vd;W Njhw;wky;ydplk; Xiy
nfhLj;J mDg;Gfpwhd; Njrpq;F. Xiyapy;> “Mz; gps;isahdhy;
ethG rhaig ,q;Nf tur; nrhy;Yk; mry; ngz; gps;isahdhy;
ethG rhaig mq;Nf ,Uf;fr; nrhy;Yk;. kPir Kisj;j Mz;
gps;isahdhy; rz;ilf;F tur;nrhy;Yk;" vd;W vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ.
,ijf; fz;L NfhgKw;w ethG jd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l

ghisaf;fhuHfs; midtiuAk; jpul;bf; nfhz;L> nrQ;rpf;F
mUfpypUf;Fk; NjtD}upy; jq;Ffpwhd;. gilfspd; tUifia>
g+ir nra;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; Njrpq;fplk; juzprpq; $w> ~miuf;fhy;
89
ehop nghW> gpd;te;J mtHfisg; gj;jy; gj;jyha;f; fpopf;fpNwd;|
vd;W Nfhgkha;g; gjpyspf;fpwhd;.
Njrpq;fpd; gil tUtjw;F Kd; ~Rgq;fpJiu| vd;gtd;

NjtD}upd; cs;Ns ethgpd; mDkjpAld; GFe;J nfhs;is
abf;fpwhd;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; Njrpq;fplk; KiwapLfpd;whHfs;.
tupg;gzk; nrYj;jp ethGld; rkhjhdk; nra;J nfhs;syhk;

vdf; $wpa juzprpq;fpd; mwpTiuiag; Gwf;fzpj;J> tOjh
CupypUf;Fk; jd; ez;gd; NkhTj;Jf;fhuDf;Fr; nra;jp
mDg;Gfpd;whd; Njrpq;F. jpUkzf; Nfhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j mtd;
jpUkzr; rigapy; cs;stiu tzq;fp> tpil nfhLj;J
mDg;GkhW Nfl;fpwhd;. mtd; jhahH> ~fq;fzk; fl;bagpd;
rz;ilf;Fg; Nghdhy; Fz;L ghAklh kfNd| vd;W $wp mOfpwhs;.
“MwpYQ; rhT E}wpYQ; rhT vd;idg; ngw;w jhNa

,uz fsj;jpy; nrj;Jg; Nghdhy; ey;y gjtpAz;L
fj;jp Kidapy; rhNt dhdhy; fdj;j gjtpAz;L"
vd;W jhaplk; tPuTiu Mw;wptpl;Lg; Gwg;gLfpwhd; NkhTj;Jf;fhud;.
Nfhl;ilf;F cs;spUe;J NghupLkhW Ntz;Lk; ,uhzpapd;

Nahridiaf; Nfshky; mtsplk; tpil ngw;Wf; nfhz;L>
rpWgil gpd; njhlug; NghHf;fsk; nry;fpwhd; Njrpq;F. mtd;
tzq;Fk; muq;fehjNu jLj;Jk; mtd; Kd; itj;j fhiyg; gpd;
itf;ftpy;iy. Njrpq;F gilAld; NghHf;fsk; Nehf;fp tUk;
nra;jpia ethGf;Ff; $Wk; gq;fhU ehaf;fd; xU #o;r;rp nra;J>
Vupfis cilj;Jtpl;Lr; rhuq;fghzp Mw;wpy; nts;sk; Guz;L
tur; nra;fpwhd;. Njrpq;F nts;sj;ijg; nghUl;gLj;jhky;
Mw;iwf; flf;fpwhd;. Kg;gJ NgHfs; kl;LNk mtidg; gpd;njhlu
KbfpwJ. VidNahH jpUk;gp tpLfpd;wdH.
NghH njhlq;FfpwJ. Kjy; Nghupy; NkhTj;Jf;fhud;

tPukuzk; milfpwhd;. mtidAk; mtd; Fjpiu ePyNtzpiaAk;
ey;ylf;fk; nra;j Njrpq;F> rPWk; Gypahfg; NghHf;fsk; GFe;J>
Nrj;Jg;gl;L jht+j;Jf;fhuid ethG vd vz;zpf; nfhy;fpwhd;.
90
jht+j;Jf;fhud; ,we;j nra;jpawpe;J gPjpAw;w ethG
Njhw;wky;yidj; Njrpq;fplk; rkhjhdj; J}jhf mDg;Gfpd;whd;.
Njrpq;F mjid Vw;Wf; nfhs;shky; ethGitj; Njbg;
Gwg;gLfpd;whd;. mg;NghJ muq;fehjf; flTs; Njhd;wpj;
jLf;fpd;whH. Kd;itj;j fhiyg; gpd;itf;f khl;Nld; vd;W
nrhy;ypg; Gwg;gl;l Njrpq;F xt;nthU ghisaf; ;fhuidAk;
nfhy;fpwhd;. Njrpq;fpd; Fjpiu ghuhrhupapd; fhy;fs; ethghy;
ntl;lg;gl Njrpq;F fPNo ,wq;fpg; NghupLfpd;whd;. ethGk; mtd;
gilfSk; Xb xspa> vjpHj;Jg; Nghupl vtUkpy;yhj epiyapy;
Njrpq;F jhd; kl;Lk; jdpadha; ehL jpUk;g tpUk;gtpy;iy.
vjpupapy;yhj Njrpq;F fj;jpia Nknywpe;J mjidj; jd; khHgpy;
jhq;fp tPu kuzk; milfpd;whd;.
xspe;jpUe;j ethGk; kw;wtUk; Xbte;J Njrpq;fpd; tPuj;ijf;

fz;L ~cd;idg; Nghyr; #ud; xUtUkpy;iy| vdg; ghuhl;bf;
fz;zPH tpLfpd;wdH. Njrpq;F ,we;j nra;jp ,uhzpak;khSf;Fj;
njuptpf;fg; gl;lJ. tPukuzk; mile;j Njrpq;fpd; cliy vupf;f
%l;ba jPapNyNa mtSk; tPo;e;J capiu tpLfpd;whs;.
“itFe;j gjtp mile;jhHfsa;ah uh[hTk; uhzpAk;

muq;fHghjk; NrHe;jhidah uh[h Njrpq;F"
vdj; Njrpq;Fuh[d; fij epiwtilfpwJ.
6.6.2. Njrpq;Fuh[d; fijg;ghlYk; tuyhWk;
Njrpq;Fuh[d; fijg;ghlYk; tuyhWk; ngUk;ghYk;

xj;jpUe;jhYk; rpy ,lq;fspy; khWgLfpd;wd. Njrpq;F Nj[;rpq;>
Njuzp uh[d; #Y}grpq;F nrh&g;rpq;> by;yp ghJ\h mTuq;frPg;>
by;yp Jiu /g&f;\paH> juzprpq;F> NkhTj;Jf;fhud; Nkhgj;fhd;>
ethG rjfj;Jy;yhfhd;> jht+j;Jf;fhud; jt;yj;fhd; vd;w
cz;ikg; ngaHfs; RUf;fpf; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ. Njrpq;fpd;
je;ij ngaH kl;Lk; fijg;ghlypy; Kw;wpYk; khWgLfpwJ.
nrh&g;rpq; vd;gNj tuyhw;whrpupaHfshy; xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
91
6.6.3. Njrpq;fpd; fhyk;
nrQ;rpapd; Mizauhf epakpf;fg;gl;l gpwFjhd; nrh&g;rpq;

nrQ;rp tUfpwhH. ,jd; fhyk; fp.gp.1700 vdf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
nrh&g;rpq; fp.gp.1713y; ,we;JtpLfpwhH. ,tUf;Fg; gpd;
,e;J];jhdk; nghe;jpypfz;bypUe;J te;j ,tH kfd; Njrpq;F jd;
22MtJ tajpy; Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig Vw;fpd;whd;. vdNt> Njrpq;F
nrQ;rpapNyNa gpwe;J tsHe;jhd; vd;W $Wk; fijg;ghly;
nra;jpapid tpl> je;ij NehAw;w nra;jp Nfl;L> nghe;jpypfz;by;
tho;e;J nfhz;bUe;j Njrpq;F ,q;F te;jhd; vdf; $WtH
tuyhw;whrpupaHfs;.
9. Njrpq;fpd; ez;gd; ngaH vd;d?

10. Njrpq;F Nghupl;l Kfyha murd; ahH?
11. Njrpf;fpd; rpw;wg;gh ngaH vd;d?
12. Njrpq;fpd; fhyk; vJ?
6.7. njhFj;Jf;; fhz;Nghk;
 mz;zd;-jq;if ghrk; gw;wpAk; tWikapd; nfhLik gw;wpAk;

ey;yjq;fhspd; fijapy; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
 Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fijapy; Nky;rhjp - fPo;r;rhjp kzcwT
vg;gbnay;yhk; mike;jpUe;jJ vd;gJ gw;wpj; njupe;J
nfhz;BHfs;.
 ,sk; tajpNyNa tuyhw;W ehafdhf tpsq;fpa
Njrpq;Fuh[dpd; tuyhW gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
6.8.Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;
1. 6.3.1. 2. 6.4.2.
3. 6.4.1. 4. 6.4.1.
5. 6.5. 6. 6.5.1.
7. 6.5.1. 8. 6.5.1.
9. 6.6.1. 10. 6.6.1.
92
11. 6.6.1. 12. 6.6.3.
1. mz;zd;-jq;if ghrg; gpidg;ghy; Vw;gl;l Nrhff;fij

czHj;Jk; cz;ikfis tptup.
2. Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fij czHj;Jk; r%f khw;wj;ij tpsf;Ff.
3. Njrpq;Fuh[d; fijapy; tUk; tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfis
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
1. R. rz;KfRe;juk;> ehd;F fijg; ghly;fs;> rhfpj;jpa

mfhnjkp> GJjpy;yp> 2012.
nrd;id> 2004.
$W 7. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfs;-Fk;kp-Nfhyhl;lk;
7.1. Kd;Diu
topghl;Lr; rlq;Ffspd; xU gFjpahfNth moFzHr;rpapd;

ntspg;ghlhfNth nghOJ Nghf;Ff;fhfNth kf;fl; FOf;fshy;
cUthf;fg;gLk; my;yJ epfo;j;jg;gLk; nrt;tpay; fiyfs;
jtpHj;j Vida kuGtopf; fiyfis ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfs;
vdyhk;. ,e;ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfs; midj;ijAk; ,uz;L ngUk;
gpupTfshfg; ghFgLj;JtH. mit epfo;j;Jf; fiyfs;> epfo;j;jhf;
fiyfs; MFk;. fufhl;lk;> fhtbahl;lk;> Njtuhl;lk;>
Fk;kpahl;lk;> Nfhyhl;lk;> kapyhl;lk;> xapyhl;lk;> ngha;f;fhy;
Fjpiuahl;lk; Nghd;wtw;iw epfo;j;Jf;fiyfs; vd;Wk;> gr;irkz;
RLkz; khT fhfpjf;$o; cNyhfk; Kjypatw;why; nra;ag;gLk;
rpiyfs;> nghk;ikfs;> fiyg;nghUl;fs;> xg;gidg; nghUl;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iw epfo;j;jhf; fiyfs; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gH. ,q;F
epfo;j;Jf; fiyfspy; Fk;kpahl;lk;> Nfhyhl;lk;> fufhl;lk;>
93
xapyhl;lk;> kapyhl;lk;> ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; Mfpa
Ml;lq;fs; kl;Lk; ghlg;gFjpahf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
7.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
 ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfs; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.

 Fk;kpahl;lk; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
 Nfhyhl;lk; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
7.3. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfs;
Ma fiyfs; mWgj;J ehd;F vd;W Kd;NdhH $WthHfs;.

Mdhy; kdpjdJ nray;ghLfs; midj;Jk; fiyfNs. mjhtJ
mtd; ntspg;gLj;Jk; Ngr;R> elj;ij> nray; Kjyhd
midj;ijAk; fiy vdyhk;. vdNt kdpjdJ tho;Nt
fiykakhdJ vd;W $wyhk;.
7.3.1. fiyfs; mwpKfk;
xU ehzaj;jpd; ,uz;L gf;fq;fs; Nghd;W ,d;gKk;

Jd;gKk; ,ize;jJjhd; kdpj tho;f;if. mtw;iw czHe;J
mDgtpg;gJ kdk;. kdpjdpd; kdj;jpypUe;J gy;NtW czHTfs;
vOfpd;wd. mit ahTk; gy;NtW tbtq;fshf ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
,t;ntspg;ghLfs; fiyfshf khWfpd;wd. ,d;Dk; rpy
nraw;ghLfs; El;gkhdjhfTk; kf;fspd; jpwikia
ntspf;fhl;LtjhfTk; mikfpd;wd. mt;thW
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtijr; Ritg;gtDk; ghuhl;Lfpd;whd;. mjhtJ
vy;yh ntspg;ghLfisAk; urpf;fpwhd;. GjpJ Gjpjhfr; nra;a
Kidfpwhd;. ,t;thW kf;fs; jq;fSila czHTfspd;
mbg;gilapy; nra;ag;gLfpd;w nray;ghLfs; midj;Jk;
fiyfshf mikfpd;wd. ,j;jifa fiyfs; cyf kf;fs;
midtuplKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mt;tifapy; ehl;Lg;Gw
kf;fsplKk; gy;NtW tpjkhd fiyfs; kf;fspd; ,Ug;gplj;jpw;F
Vw;wthW fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
94
kz;zpy; thOk; kf;fsplKk; kiyapy; thOk; kf;fsplKk;
fiyfs; gutyhff; fhzg;gl;lhYk; ,ay;ghfNt vijAk;
ntspg;gLj;Jk; ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fsplKk; fiyfs; ntspg;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ> ,aw;ifr; #oypy; thOk; ghku kf;fshd
fpuhk kf;fsplk; vspikahf tsHe;J ,dpikahf ntspg;gl;L
czHr;rpfspd; ciwtplkha; mike;Js;s ,dpa fiyfNs
ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfs; vdg;gLk;.
7.3.2. fiyfspd; tiffs;
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW tpjkhd

ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfisf; fz;l Ma;thsHfs; jhq;fs; Nrfupj;j
fiyfis xd;W jpul;b> njhFj;jtw;iwg; gFj;J mtw;wpd;
jd;ikfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tifg;gLj;jpAs;sdH. V.vd;.
ngUkhs; r%fr; rhHGf; fiyfs;> topghl;Lf; fiyfs;> nja;Nkwpa
fiyfs;> njhd;k tpsf;ff; fiyfs;> ehlf mikg;Gf; fiyfs;
vd;W Ie;jhfg; gFf;fpd;whH. epfo;j;Jf; fiyfs;> epfo;j;jh
fiyfs;> nghUl;fiyfs; vd;W R. rf;jpNty; %d;whfg;
gFf;fpd;whH. nghUl;fiyfs;> epfo;j;Jf; fiyfs; vd;W MW.
,uhkehjd; ,uz;lhfg; gFf;fpd;whH.
R. rf;jpNty; kw;Wk; MW. ,uhkehjd; MfpNahH rhjp>

MLk;Kiw my;yJ gz;G> ghLgtH> Neuk;> nghUs;> ,irf;fUtp>
Ntlk;> ,irf;fUtp Ntlk;> epfo;j;Jk; ,lk; Mfpa xd;gjpd;
mbg;gilapy; ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfspd; tifg;ghLfisg; ghFghL
nra;jpUf;fpd;wdH. ,jdbg;gilapy;> nghUl; fiyfs;> epfo;j;Jf;
fiyfs;> Vidait vd;w %d;W ngUk; gpupTf;Fs; ehl;Lg;Gwf;
fiyfs; mlq;Fk;.
7.3.2.1. nghUl; fiyfs;
nghUl; fiyfs; vd;gJ> nghUl;fis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L nra;ag;gLk; fiyfs; nghUl; fiyfs; vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Xtpak; jPl;Ljy;> gr;ir Fj;Jjy;> Nfhyk;
NghLjy;> RLkz; rpiyfs;> nghk;ikfs;> Xiyj; Njhuzq;fs;>
95
gid Xiy fiyg;nghUl;fs;> Jzpapy; nra;ag;gLk;
Ntiyg;ghLfs;> Nfhiug;gha; cUthf;Fjy;> Nfhiug;ghapy;
cUthf;fg;gLk; cUtq;fs;> nghd; eif Ntiyg;ghLfs;> Fwp
nrhy;Yjy;> gr;ir Fj;Jjy;> nfhLk;ghtp nfhSj;Jjy;>
CQ;ryhl;lk;> kzkfs; xg;gidg; nghUl;fs;> kztiw xg;gid>
Nfhapy;Nju;> rg;guk;> nja;t xg;gidg; nghUl;fs;
Kjyhdtw;iwAk; ,JNghd;wtw;iwAk; ,tw;Ws; mlf;fyhk;.
7.3.2.2. epfo;j;Jf; fiyfs;
epfo;j;Jf; fiyfs; vd;gJ> epfo;r;rp mikg;ghf kf;fSf;F

epfo;j;jpf; fhl;lg;gLk; fiyfs; epfo;j;Jf; fiyfs; vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf rpz;L eldk;> Gyp Ntlk;> gfy;Ntlk; Gidjy;>
cWkpf; Nfhkhsp Ml;lk;> Fwtd; Fwj;jp eldk;> rpyk;ghl;lk;>
Nrty; NghH> Ml;Lf;fplhr; rz;il> Njq;fha;g;NghH> tz;bg; ge;jak;>
Fk;kpahl;lk;> Nfhyhl;lk;> fspaybj;jy;> nghbfop Ml;lk;> Myp
Ml;lk;> Ntjhs Ml;lk;> rf;if Ml;lk;> cLf;fbg;ghl;L> fufhl;lk;>
fhtbahl;lk;> Njtuhl;lk;> kapyhl;lk;> xapyhl;lk;> ngha;f;fhy;
Fjpiuahl;lk;> fhspahl;lk;> cwpabj;jy;> fiof;$j;J> ghujk;
gbj;jy;> fijg;ghl;Lg; gbj;jy;> tpy;Yg;ghl;L> ghitf; $j;J>
njUf;$j;J> fzpahd; $j;J> Nfhyhl;lk; Kjyhdtw;iwf; $wyhk;.
nghUl; fiyfs; kw;Wk; epfo;j;Jf; fiyfs; vd;w

,t;tpUtifg; gpupTfSk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlHGilait
vd;whYk; ngUk;ghd;ik mbg;gilahf miktJ nghUshf
,Ue;jhy; nghUl;fiy vd;Wk;> epfo;j;Jjyhf ,Ue;jhy;
epfo;j;Jf;fiy vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
7.4. Fk;kp
ngz;fs; xUq;fpize;J taJ NtWghL ,y;yhky; xUtH

ghl VidNahH gpd;ghl if Ftpj;J mbj;Jf; nfhz;Nl tl;lkhfr;
Rw;wp te;J MLk; Ml;lNk ~Fk;kp| MFk;. Fk;kpg; ghly; gw;wpg;
ghujpahH>
“tl;lkpl;Lg; ngz;fs; tisf;fuq;fs; jhnkhypf;ff;
96
nfhl;b ,irj;jpLNkhH fl;lKjg; ghl;L"
vd;fpd;whH. ,e;j Ml;lj;ijr; Rl;Ltjw;Ff; ~Fk;kp|> ~Fk;kp

nfhl;Ljy;| vd;w nrhw;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,r;nrhy;>
~iff;nfhl;Ljy;| vd;W nghUs;gLk; ~Fk;Kjy;| vd;w nrhy;NyhL
njhlHGilaJ. nfhk;kp nfhl;Ljy; vd;w nrhy;Yk; Fk;kp
,yf;fpaq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. gonkhop ehD}W>
rPtfrpe;jhkzp> ieljk; Kjyhd goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
,lk;ngWk; ~nfhk;ik nfhl;ly;| vd;w nrhy;NyhL njhlHGilajhf
,r;nrhy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
“Nehw;w ngUik AilahUq; $w;wk;

Gwq; nfhkik nfhl;bdhH ,y;"
vdg; gonkhopapYk;> rPtf rpe;jhkzpapy;>
“FQ;ruk; $w;nwhL nfhk;ik nfhl;Lt"

“$w;wj;ijf; nfhk;ik nfhl;bf;
Fyj;njhL KbAnkd;ghH"
vd;nwy;yhk; Fwpg;gpLtijf; fhzyhk;. NkYk; ieljj;jpy;>
“$w;nwhLq; nfhk;ik nfhl;b Ftpf;Fk;"
vd;W ,lk;ngw;Ws;sijf; fhzyhk;.
Me;jpu gpuNjrj;jpy; ~nfhg;gp nfhl;Ljy;| vd;Wk;> Nfusj;jpy;

~iff;nfhl;bf; fsp| vd;Wk;> jkpofj;jpy; ~nfhz;lhq; nfhl;Ljy;>
jd;dhNd nfhl;Ljy;> jl;bahq; nfhl;Ljy;> nfhk;kp nfhl;Ljy;|
vd;nwy;yhk; Fwpg;gpLtH. rkz kjj;jpy; ,f;Fk;kpiar; ~Nrhgdk;|
vd;W Rl;Lfpd;wdH. jUkNjtp Nrhgdkhiy> gj;khtjp
Nrhgdkhiy vd;w E}y; ngaHfspYk; ,r;nrhy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Fk;kpiaf; Fwpj;J toq;fg;gLk; midj;Jr; nrhw;fspYk;
~nfhl;Ljy;| iffisj; jl;Ljy; vd;w nghUs; juf;$ba nrhy;
rpwg;ghf ,lk;ngWtijf; fhzyhk;. Fk;kpahl;lj;jpy; iffisf;
nfhl;Ljy; vd;Dk; nray; Kjd;ik ngWtij ,J
njspTgLj;JfpwJ.
97
7.4.1. Fk;kpapd; mikg;G
jkpofj;jpd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspYk; fhzg;gLk; xU

tpisahl;L Fk;kp. jkpofj;jpd; tlkhtl;lq;fspy; nghOJ
Nghf;if mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl Fk;kp epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ.
nghq;fy; jpUtpohitnahl;b fupehsd;W ngz;fs; Fk;kp
mbf;fpd;wdH. nghOJNghf;Nf mbg;gil Nehf;fkhf mikfpd;wJ.
MLNthH vz;zpf;ifapy; tiuaiw VJkpy;iy. Fiwe;jJ ehd;F
NgH ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Njitg;gLk;NghJ Fk;kp tl;lj;jpDs;
,ilapy; NrHe;J nfhs;tJk; mt;thNw ,ilapy; ntspNaWtJk;
epfof;$Lk;. ,t;thW NrUk; my;yJ tpyFk; vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g
tl;lj;jpd; msT tpupaNth RUq;fNth nra;Ak;.
MLNthUf;F taJ tuk;G ,y;iy. gj;J taJ Kjy;

mWgJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;ltHfs; tiu ,f;Fk;kpia xNu tl;lj;jpy;
mbf;fyhk;. ,k;kpiar; rpy Neuq;fspy; ngz;fSld; Mz;fSk;
,ize;Jk; jdpj;Jk; Fk;kp mbf;fpd;wdH. ,e;jf; Fk;kpahl;lj;jpy;
tyf;fhy; Kd; itj;jy;> Fdpjy;> ,U iffs; nfhl;Ljy;>
,lf;fhy; gf;fthl;by; efUjy;> tyf;fhy; gpd;tuy;> epkpHjy;>
iffs; ,ay;G epiyf;F tuy; vd;Dk; Ml;l mirTf; $Wfs;
ghly; ghb MLk;NghJ KiwNa njhlHe;J mikAk;.
cs;sq;iffis kl;Lk; ,izj;Jf; nfhl;LtJk;> ,lJ
cs;sq;ifapy; tyJ ifapd; ehd;F tpuy;fs; kl;Lk; nghUe;jf;
nfhl;LtJk; ,U iffshYk; Fk;gpLkhW Ftpaf; nfhl;LtJkhd
iff;nfhl;Ljy;fs; Fk;kp Ml;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.
1. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mitahit?

2. epfo;j;Jf;fiy vd;why; vd;d?
3. Fk;kpapd; NtW ngaHfs; ahit?
4. Nfusf; Fk;kpf;F vd;d ngaH?
98
7.4.2. Fk;kpapd; tiffs;
Fk;kpahl;lj;jpy; gy;NtW tiffs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ngz;fs;

Fk;kpabj;Jf; nfhz;Nl tl;lkhfr; Rw;wp tUtij ~Rj;Jf; Fk;kp|
vd;Wk;> tupirahf epd;Wnfhz;Nl ghly; ghb if Ftpj;J mbj;J
tUtij ~epz;Z Fk;kp| vd;Wk; miog;gH. ,itad;wp ehyhq;
nfhz;lhd;> vl;lhq; nfhz;lhd; vd;w Fk;kpfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
7.4.2.1. Nfhapy; tpohf;fspy; Fk;kp
jkpofj;jpd; tl khtl;lq;fspy; Fk;kp nghOJNghf;if

Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUf;f> njd;khtl;lq;fspy; mJ topghl;Lr;
rlq;NfhL neUq;fpa njhlHGilajhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf>
GJf;Nfhl;il> ,uhkehjGuk;> rptfq;if> tpUJefH Kjyhd
khtl;lq;fspy; Fk;kp MLk; #oy; Kw;wpYk; khWgLfpwJ.
,k;khtl;lq;fspy; kio Ntz;b mk;kDf;F epfo;j;jg;gLk;
Kisg;ghupr; rlq;Ffspd;NghJ ngz;fs; Fk;kp nfhl;Lfpd;wdH.
,jid ~Kisf;nfhl;L| vd;fpd;wdH. ,g;gFjpfspy; Mz;fs;>
ngz;fNshL ,ize;J Fk;kpabg;gJ kpf mUfpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
rpy CHfspy; CHfspy; Mz;fs; Xuplj;jpy; epd;Wghl> ngz;fs;
gpd;ghl;Lg; ghbf;nfhz;L Fk;kpabf;fpd;wdH. jkpofj;jpd; tl
khtl;lq;fspy; mk;kd; CHtyj;jpd; NghJk; mk;kd; Gfo;ghb
Mz;fs; Fk;kpabf;fpd;wdH.
7.4.2.2. g+g;Gr; rlq;fpy; Fk;kp
jkpofj; njd;khtl;lq;fspy; ngz;zpd; g+g;Gr; rlq;fpd;NghJ

ngz;fs; Fk;kpabf;fpd;wdH. jkpofj;jpy; jpz;btdj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
rkzHfspilNa g+g;Gr; rlq;fpd;NghJ Fk;kpabf;Fk; gof;fk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. Fk;kpabg;gjw;fhf> ngz;fis tPLNjhWk; nrd;W
mioj;J tUfpd;wdH. g+g;gile;j ngz; tPl;lhHjhd; miof;fpd;w
nghWg;GilatH. xUKiw ,UKiwad;W %d;WKiw miog;gH.
,jw;F ~%d;whk; miog;G| vd;gH. miof;f tUfpd;wdH>
“Nrhgdk; ghl thq;f
99
Nrhgdk; ghl thq;f
mq;Nf czTk; nfhs;s thq;f"
vd;W miof;fpd;wdH.
7.4.2.3. ,wg;Gr; rlq;fpy; Fk;kp
,we;j tPl;bd; Kd; epfo;j;jg;gLk; xUtif Ml;lk; ~,wg;Gf;

Fk;kp|. ,f;Fk;kpia taJ KjpHe;jtHfs; ,wf;Fk;NghJ kl;LNk
epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; gq;Nfw;Nghupd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfh
epfo;j;jg;gLk; fhyj;jpw;Nfh tiuaiw ,y;iy. ,wg;G epfo;e;j
tPl;by; cwtpdHfs; ,we;jtHfs; ngaH nrhy;yp thiog;goj;jhH
nfhz;L te;J itf;f> mjidr; Rw;wp ,wg;Gf; Fk;kp epfo;j;jg;
gLfpwJ. ,jpy; ngz;fNshL Mz;fSk; NrHe;Jf;nfhs;tH. ,wg;G
tPl;by; Kjypy; VO ngz;fs; Fk;kpabf;fj; njhlq;fp> gpd;
xt;nthUtuhf ,ize;Jf; nfhs;tH.
7.4.2.4. jpUeq;ifau; Fk;kp
jpUeq;ifau;> $j;jhz;ltH Nfhapy; jpUtpohtpw;Fr;

nry;tjw;F Kd; mtutH CHfspy; Fk;kpabj;Jg; ghly; ghbg;
gzk; my;yJ nghUisg; ngWfpd;wdH. rpy ,lq;fspy;
jdpahfTk; ,tHfs; Fk;kpabg;gJz;L. tl;lkhfr; Rw;wptuhky;
xNu ,lj;jpy; epd;Wf; nfhz;L ifnfhl;b Fk;kpg;ghly; ghLtJk;
cz;L.
7.5. Nfhyhl;lk;
Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; jdpj;jdpahfNth xUq;fpize;Njh

Nfhy;fisf; ifapy; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L MLk; Ml;lk; Nfhyhl;lk;
MFk;. ,f;Nfhyhl;lj;ijf; fspay;> fspay; mb> fspay; Ml;lk;>
fpl;babj;jy;> fpl;bahl;lk;> fpl;babay;> ite;jhid Ml;lk;>
tre;jd; $j;J vd;nwy;yhk; Fwpg;gpLtH. ,f;Nfhyhl;lk;
jkpofj;jpy; nghOJ Nghf;fpid Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;ljhfj;
jpfo;fpwJ. NkYk;> ,e;Jf;fspd; Nfhapy; jpUtpohf;fspYk;>
jpUkzk;> GJkid GFtpoh> tuNtw;G tpohf;fs;> ntw;wp tpohf;fs;>
100
gs;sp-fy;Y}up Mz;L tpohf;fs;> g+g;Gr; rlq;fpd; NghJk;> ,wg;Gr;
rlq;fpd; NghJk;> Mrhd;fspd; fiyj;jpwidr; Nrhjpg;gjw;fhd
Nghl;b epfo;r;fpfspd; NghJk; ,t;thl;lk; epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ.
7.5.1. Nfhyhl;lj;jpd; mikg;G
Nfhyhl;lk; MLNthupd; vz;zpf;ifapy; tiuaiw ,y;iy.

Nfhyhl;lk; MLgtHfs; ,ul;ilg;gilapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehd;F
N[hb> MW N[hb> vl;L N[hb> gj;J N[hb> gd;dpuz;L N[hb
vd;W vj;jid NgH Ntz;LkhdhYk; Ml;lj;jpy; fye;Jnfhs;syhk;.
MapDk; vz;zpf;if kpFjpahf Mf Ml;lk; MLtjpy; rpf;fy;
Vw;gLk; vd;gjhy; vl;L Kjy; gd;dpuz;L NgH MLtijr; rpwg;ghff;
fUjpdH. gj;J taJ Kjy; MLk; jpwDs;s midtUk;
Nfhyhl;lk; MLtH. MLtjw;F taJ cr;rtuk;G ,y;iy. MLk;
jpwNd Kjd;ikahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Nfhyhl;lj;jpy; <LgLNthH
ngupa mstpy; xg;gid VJk; nra;J nfhs;tjpy;iy. Ntl;b
rl;il mzpe;Nj Nfhyhl;lk; MLfpd;wdH. ngz;fs; tof;fkhd
cilAld; Nfhyhl;lk; MLfpd;wdH. Mdhy; njhopy;Kiwf;
fiyQHfs; xNu tz;zj;jpy; miuf;fhy; rl;ilAk; nts;is
Kz;lh gdpaDk; mzpfpd;wdH. rpyH rkPg fhyq;fspy; jiyiar;
Rw;wp upg;gd; fl;bf; nfhs;fpd;wdH.
Nfhyhl;lj;jpy; ,irf; fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

,lj;jpw;F ,lk; ,t;tpirf; fUtp khWgLk;. MHNkhdpak;> kj;jsk;>
[hy;uh> Ngz;L thj;jpak;> Fe;jsk; vDk; Njhy; fUtp> jtpy;
Nghd;w fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. rpy ,lq;fspy;
,irf;fUtpfs; ,y;yhkYk; Nfhyhl;lk; epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ.
Nfhyhl;lk; epfOk; NghJ ghly; ghLtH. ,e;jg; ghliyj;jhd;
ghlNtz;Lk; vd;w tiuaiw ,y;iy. vg;nghUspYk; ghly;
mikayhk;. fhybjhd; Kf;fpak;.
7.5.2. Nfhy; mikg;G
Nfhyhl;lj;jpw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; Kf;fpag; nghUs; Nfhy;.

,f;Nfhy; Mlg;gLNthiug; nghUj;Jk;> Ml;l ,lj;jpw;F Vw;gTk;
101
mike;jpUf;Fk;. jr;R Ntiyg;ghL kpf;f tHzk; jPl;b gpj;jis
g+z; khl;b> kzpfs; NfhHj;J> myq;fupf;fg;gl;l fk;GfSld;
$baJ.
Nfhypd; mbg;Gwk; ifg;gpbf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; NkYk; fPOk;

Fkpo; Nghd;w mikg;GlDk; Edpapy; rpW Fkpo; Nghd;w
mikg;GlDk; kuj;jpy; moFwf; filag;gl;L ghyp\; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
g+tuJ kw;Wk; thif kuj;jpd; tapuk; gha;e;j gFjpapy;

,Ue;J %d;W my;yJ %d;wiu mb ePsKilaJ vdf;
Nfhyhl;lf;Nfhy; mikAk;. ngz;fs; Nfhyhl;lj;jpy; rpwpa
Fr;rpfisg; gad;gLj;Jtfpd;wdH.
7.5.3. NfhyhLk; Kiw
,lj;jpw;F ,lk; Nfhyhl;lk; Mlf;$ba Kiw khWgLfpwJ.

MLfsj;jpy; MLNthH te;j gpd;dH MLNthH jdpahfTk; ghly;
ghLk; mz;zhtp jdpahfTk; ,Ug;gH. Ml;lj;jpd; eLtpy; xU
nghUis (cuy; my;yJ Fj;J tpsf;F) itj;J mjid
ikakpl;Lf; NfhyhLtH. Ml;lf; FOtpy; gj;J Kjy; gjpide;J
egu; tiu xNu cauKilatHfs; ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gH. Kjypy;
flTs; tzf;fk; ghLtH. Mrhd; ghly;fisg; ghLthH. mtNu
jhsj;ijAk; mbg;ghH. mtUld; NrHe;J mtH kfDk; ghLthH.
ehy;tH gpd;ghl;Lg; ghLtH. gpd;ghl;Lg; ghba ,UtH iffisAk;
jhsj;Jld; jl;LtH. xUtH ghz;l; thj;jpak; ,irg;gH. xUtH
ngl;b ,irg;gH. ,UtH ,Utuhfj; jdptl;lkhf Kjypy; Ml>
gpwF ehy;tH ehy;tuhfj; jdp tl;lkhf epd;W MLtH. gpwF
vz;kUk; xNu tl;lkhf epd;W MLtH. Js;spf; Fjpj;J Rw;wp
te;J jq;fSila iffspy; ,Ue;j Nfhy;fspYk; kw;wtH
Nfhy;fspYk; khwpkhwp mbj;jgb MLtH.
7.5.3.1. gpd;dy; Nfhyhl;l Kiw
gpd;dy; Nfhyhl;lk; vd;gij fapW gpd;dy; Ml;lk; vd;Wk;

miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Ml;lj;jpy; cauj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l
tz;zj;Jzpg; gl;ilfspd; my;yJ fapWfspd; xU Edp
102
Nfhyhl;lk; mbf;Fk; Ml;lf;fhuHfspd; ifapy; ,Uf;Fk;.
Ml;lf;fhuHfs; Mbf;nfhz;Nl gpd;diyg; NghLtJk; gpwF
Mbf;nfhz;Nl mjidr; rpf;fy; ,y;yhky; tpLtpg;gJk; ,e;j
Ml;lj;jpd; rpwg;G MFk;. Ml;lj;jpy; rpW gpio Vw;gl;lhYk;
gpd;dypy; rpf;fy; Vw;gl;LtpLk; vd;gjhy; ed;F NjHr;rp ngw;wtHfNs
,t;thl;lj;jpid MLtH. ,Ugj;njhU gpd;dy; Nfhyhl;lq;fs;
,Ug;gjhff; $WtH. mtw;wpy; xd;W kl;Lk; ,q;Ff; fhz;Nghk;.
fpof;fpy; %tUk;> njw;fpy; %tUk;> Nkw;fpy; %tUk;>

tlf;fpy; %tUkhf vjpnujpNu epw;f Ntz;Lk;. fpof;fpy; epd;W
%tH ~jh.ij.jh.ij| vd;W fhyhy; jl;bf;nfhz;L Nkw;F Nehf;fp
efu Ntz;Lk;. mNu rkaj;jpy; Nkw;fpy; epd;w %tUk; fpof;F
Nehf;fp mt;tz;zNk efu Ntz;Lk;. xUtiunahUtH
re;jpf;ifapy; vjpupYs;stupd; tyJGwkhfr; nrd;W vjpHg;gf;fj;jpy;
epw;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tpjkhfNt tlf;fpy; cs;stHfSk;> njw;fpy;
cs;stHfSk; efHe;J vjpHg;gf;fj;jpy; epw;f Ntz;Lk;. jpUk;gj;
jpUk;g ,g;gbNa efHe;jhy; Ntz;ba ePsj;jpw;Nfh fdj;jpw;Nfh
gpd;dy; Nghlg;gLk;. Nghlg;gl;l gpd;diy mtpo;f;f>
gpd;dypLifapy; filrpapy; epd;w tupirapy; cs;stHfSk;
mtHfSf;F vjpupy; cs;stHfSk; Nkw;$wpa tpjkhf efu>
gpd;dy; mtpo;e;JtpLk;. gpd;diy mtpo;f;ifapy; vjpupy;
cs;stHfspd; tyJGwkhfr; nry;yhky; ,lJGwkhfr; nry;y
Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gpd;dy; Nfhyhl;lj;jpidg; ngz;fNs ngUk;ghYk;
MLfpd;wdH.
5. Fk;kpapd; tiffs; vj;jid? mitahit?

6. %d;whk; mikg;G vd;why; vd;d?
7. Nfhyhl;l mikg;G gw;wp tptup.
8. Nfhyhl;lj;jpy; Nfhyikg;G vg;gb ,Uf;Fk;?
 ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfspd; jd;ikfs; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
103
 Fk;kpahl;lk; gw;wpAk; mtw;wpd; tiffs; gw;wpAk; njupe;J
nfhz;BHfs;.
 Fk;kpahl;lk; epfo;j;Jk; Kiwfs; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
 Nfhyhl;lk; gw;wpAk; mtw;wpd; tiffs; gw;wpAk; njupe;J
nfhz;BHfs;.
 Nfhyhl;lk; epfo;j;Jk; Kiwfs; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
7.7.Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;
1. 7.3.2. 2. 7.3.2.2.
3. 7.4. 4. 7.4.
5. 7.4.2. 6. 7.4.2.2.
7. 7.5.1. 8. 7.5.2.
1. epfo;j;Jf; fiyfs; gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.

2. Fk;kpapd; tiffis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
3. Nfhyhl;lk; gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.
1. MW. ,uhkehjd;> ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfs;> nka;ag;gd;

jkpoha;tfk;> rpjk;guk;> 2001.
$W 8. fufhl;lk;-kapyhl;lk;-xapyhl;lk;-
ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiu
8.1. Kd;Diu
ehl;Lg;Gw epfo;j;Jf; fiyfs; kf;fspd; rpe;jidiaj;

J}z;LtjhfTk;> nghOJ Nghf;fpw;fhfTk;> tho;thjhuj;jpw;fhfTk;
mike;jpUg;git. ,f;fiyfs; Vuhskhf ,Ug;gpDk; ,q;Ff; fUtp
,ir Ml;lq;fspy; fufhl;lk;> kapyhl;lk;> xapyhl;lk;> ngha;f;fhy;
104
Fjpiuahl;lk; Mfpa ehd;F epfo;j;Jf; fiy Ml;lq;fs;
ghlg;gFjpahf mike;Js;sJ.
8.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
 fufhl;lk; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.

 kapyhl;lk; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
 xspyhl;lk; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
 ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
8.3. fufhl;lk;
kz;zhNyh nrk;G gpj;jis Kjyhd cNyhfj;jhNyh rpW

ghid tbtpy; cUthf;fg;gl;L> gad;gLj;jg;gLk; #oy;fSf;Nfw;g
xg;gid nra;ag;gLk; fufj;jpidj; jiyapy; itj;Jf;nfhz;L fPNo
tpOe;Jtplhky;> fUtp ,irr;Nfw;g Mlg;gLk; Ml;lNk fufhl;lk;.
,t;thl;lj;jpw;Fj; jkpofj; njd;khtl;lq;fspy; ~Fg;ghl;lk;> Fl;lj;J
Ml;lk;| Nghd;w ngaHfSk; cz;L.
8.3.1. fufhl;l tiffs;
jkpofj;jpy; ,d;W Mlg;gLk; #oy; kw;Wk; Nehf;fk;

Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ghHf;Fk;NghJ fufhl;lk;
,uz;L epiyfshfg; gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ. xd;W> mk;kd;Nfhapy;
topghl;Lr; rlq;fpd; xU mq;fkhfj; jpfOk; ~rf;jpf; fufk; my;yJ
mk;kd; fufk;|. kw;nwhd;W> Nfhapy; jpUtpoh CHtyq;fs;> murpay;
CHtyq;fs;> tho;tpay; rlq;Ffs; njhlHghd CHtyq;fs;>
tuNtw;G epfo;r;rpfs; Kjyhd epfo;r;rpfspy; nghOJ Nghf;Ff;fhf
Mlg;gLk; ~Ml;lf; fufk;|.
8.3.1.1. rf;jpf; fufk; my;yJ mk;kd; fufk;
jkpofk; KOtJk; mk;kd; Nfhapy; jpUtpohf;fspy;

fufnkLj;jy; kpf ,d;wpaikahj rlq;fhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. fuf
xg;gid> fufk; vLg;gtupd; xg;gid> fufnkLf;Fk; Kiw>
,irf;fUtpfs;> fufk; gw;wpa ek;gpf;iffs; Kjyhdtw;wpy;
105
,lj;Jf;F ,lk; rpw;rpy khWghLfs; fhzg;gLk;. vd;whYk; fufk;
topghl;Lf;Fupa Gdpjg; nghUshfTk;> nja;t tbtkhfTk;>
funkLg;gtH tzq;fj;jf;ftuhfTk; fUjg;gLtH. NkYk; mk;kd;
Nfhapy; g+rhup my;yJ fufnkLf;Fk; guk;giu cupikAilatH
kl;LNk fufnkLg;gH vd;gJk;> fufk; vLg;gjw;F Kd; rpy ehl;fs;
tpujkpUe;J J}a;ik fhg;gH vd;gJk;> mk;kd; fufk; my;yJ
rf;jpf; fufj;jpid Mz;fs; kl;LNk vLf;f ,aYk; vd;gJk;> xU
Nfhapy; tpohtpy; xUtH kl;LNk fuff;fhuuhf ,Ug;ghH vd;gJk;
mwpag;gLk;.
rf;jpf; fufk; nghJthf mk;kd; Nfhapy;fspy;

vLf;fg;gl;lhYk; fufk; gw;wpa gy fijfSk; ek;gpf;iffSk;
jpnusgjpiar; Rw;wpNa mike;Js;sd vdyhk;. FUNrj;jpug;
NghUf;Fg;gpd; ghz;ltHfSk; jpnusgjpAk; nrhHf;fj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W
nfhz;bUe;jdH. mg;NghJ jpnusgjp kaq;fp tpOe;jhs;.
mtSf;F epidT jpUk;gpaNghJ ghz;ltHfisf; fhztpy;iy.
mg;NghJ jpkpuh#ud; vd;w muf;fd; mts; mofpy; kaq;fp
mtisj; J}f;fpr; nry;y Kay> jpnusgjp tPu tbtk; vLj;J
jiyapy; fufj;Jld; Njhd;wp mtidf; nfhd;whs;. mts; tPu
tbtk; vLj;jNghJ jiyapy; fufk; ,Ue;jjhy; mts;
Nfhapy;fspy; fufk; vLf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gH.
8.3.1.1.1. Kisg;ghupAk; fufKk;
Kisg;ghupr; rlq;F mk;kd; Nfhapy;fspy; Fwpg;ghf

khupak;kd; Nfhapy;fspy; eilngWfpwJ. KisiaAk;
fufj;ijAk; mk;kdpd; tbtkhfTk; nropg;gpd; rpd;dkhfTk;
fUJfpd;wdH. fufr; nrk;GePH kioePupd; FwpaPlhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. mij tzq;fp Mw;wpy; tpLtjd; thapyhf
Mw;wpy; ePH ngUFk; vd;w ek;gpf;if kf;fspilNa cs;sJ.
tsHgpiw nrt;tha;f;fpoikapy; CupYs;s xU Fwpg;gpl;l

J}a;ikahd tPl;by; kz;zhNyh cNyhfj;jhNyh nra;ag;gl;l
jl;Lfspy;> Ml;Luk; khl;Luk; Kjyhd cuq;fis epug;gp>
etjhdpaq;fisg; gug;gp eP&w;wp Kisg;ghupia tsHg;gH.
106
xNunahU tajhd ngz; kl;LNk me;j tPl;bDs; nry;y
mDkjpf;fg;gLtH. mtH tpujk; ,Ue;J J}a;ikahf ,Ug;ghH.
mtNu Kis XLfSf;F eP&w;wp tUthH. epfo;r;rp njhlq;fp
vl;lhtJ ehs; NfhapypypUe;J Mw;Wf;Fr; nry;Yk; ghijiar;
Rj;jg;gLj;JtH. fLikahd tpujkpUf;Fk; ~fuff;fhuH my;yJ
mk;kd; nfhz;lhb| tPl;bypUe;J Nksjhsj;Jld; NfhapYf;F
mioj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;L mq;fpUe;J g+rhup kw;Wk; CHkf;fs; #o
Mw;Wf;F mioj;Jr; nry;yg;gLthH. mq;F nrk;gpy; ePH gug;gp
NkNy Njq;fha; itj;J mjd;Nky; fpspnghk;ik nrhUfp fuk;
Nrhbf;fg;gLk;. ,J ~fufk; tsHj;jy;| vdg;gLk;.
fuff;fhuH ePuhb> kQ;rs; Njha;j;j GJNtl;b fl;b> NkNy

re;jdk; g+rp> tpg+jp gl;iltpl;L kyHkhiy mzpe;J> iffspy;
kyH Rw;wp xg;gid nra;J nfhs;thH. xU ifapy; ths;
Ve;JtJk; cz;L. nfhl;L Nksq;fs; Koq;f mtUf;Fr; rhkp
tutioj;J g+rhup mtH jiyapy; fufj;ijj; J}f;fp itg;ghH.
mtH Nksjhsj;Jld; CHtykhf mioj;J tug;gLthH. mg;NghJ
ngz;fs; fuff;fhuupd; fhypid ePHtpl;Lf; fOtp tzq;FtH. mtH
mtHfSf;F tpg+jp jUthH. gpd;dH mk;kd; NfhapYf;Fr; nrd;W
fuff;fhuH fufj;ij ,wf;fpitg;ghH. ,ilapy; vq;Fk; fufk;
,wf;fp itf;ff; $lhJ.
ngz;fs; Kisg;ghup tsHf;Fk; tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;W

Kisg;ghupfis vLj;J CHtykhf te;J mk;kd; Nfhapypy;
itg;gH. fufj;ijAk; Kisg;ghupiaAk; itj;J Jzpahy;
jpiuapl;L kiwg;gH. ,J ~mk;kd; nfhY| vdg;gLfpwJ.
fuff;fhuH Nksjhsj;Jld; tPl;bw;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W tplg;gLthH.
kWehs; Kd;NghyNt fuff;fhuH Nksjhsj;Jld;

NfhapYf;F mioj;J tug;gLthH. mtUf;Fr; rhkp te;jTld;
fufj;ij mtH jiyapy; itg;gH. ngz;fs; Kisg;ghupj;
jl;Lfis vLj;Jr; nry;tH. Mw;Wf;Fr; nrd;W Kisg;ghupfs;
Mw;wpy; fiuj;J tplg;gLk;. fufr;nrk;gpy; cs;s nghUl;fs; ePupy;
tplg;gLk;. ,J ~fufk; fiuj;jy;| vd;W Rl;lg;gLfpwJ.
107
rf;jpf; fufj;jpy; Ml;lk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtjpy;iy.
kf;fs; rf;jpf; fuff;fhuuplk; Ml;lj;ij vjpHghHg;gJkpy;iy.
rf;jpf; fufk; vLg;gij ~fufk; vLj;jy;| vd;Wjhd; kf;fs;
Rl;Lfpd;wdNu jtpu ~rf;jpf; fufhl;lk;| vd;W Rl;Ltjpy;iy.
mk;kd; mUs; te;jjhff; fUjg;gLk; #oy;fspNyNa fuff;fhuH
MLfpwhH.
KisiaAk; mJ Kisf;fj; Njitahd ePHepuk;gpa

fufj;ijAk; tsk; ey;Fk; jhahf kf;fs; topgl;L te;jdH. mjd;
njhlHr;rpahfNt Kisg;ghupr; rlq;F fhzg;gLfpwJ.
8.3.2.1. Ml;lf; fufk;
rf;jpf; fufj;jpypUe;J NtW gpupj;Jf; fhl;LtNj ~Ml;lf;

fufk;|. ,t;thl;lf;fufj;ijf; fufhl;lk; vd;Nw kf;fshy;
gutyhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wdu;. jkpof ehl;Lg;Gw epfo;j;Jf;
fiyfSs; kpf mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd Ml;lf; FOf;fs;
fufhl;lj;jpw;Nf cs;sd. fufhl;lf;FOtpd; mq;fkhfNt
ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk;> fhisahl;lk;> kapyhl;lk;> fubahl;lk;>
Fwtd; Fwj;jpahl;lk;> uhrh uhzpahl;lk;> nrl;bahH
nrl;br;rpahl;lk; Kjyhdit fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rpj;jpiu khje; njhlq;fp Mtzp khjk; Kba jpUtpohf;fs;

kpFjpahf eilngWtjhy; ,JNt fufhl;lk; kpFjpahf eilngWk;
fhyk; vdyhk;. ,r;#oy; jtpu jdpkdpjHfspd; FLk;g tho;tpay;
rlq;Ffs;> murpay; gpur;rhu kw;Wk; tuNtw;G CHtyq;fs;> tpsk;gu
CHtyq;fs;> muR tpohf;fs;> fy;tp epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; fhty;
JiwapdH tpohf;fs; Nghd;w gy;NtW #oy;fspy; fufhl;lk;
epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ. ,wg;Gr; rlq;Fr; #oy;fspy; fufhl;lk;
epfo;j;jg; ngWtjpy;iy.
fufhl;lk; ,j;jidNgHjhd; epfo;j;jNtz;Lk; vd;w tiuaiw

VJkpy;iy. xU Mz; xU ngz;Nzh xU Mz; ,U ngz;fNsh
gy Mz;fs; gy ngz;fNsh xNu Neuj;jpy; fufhl;lk; epfo;j;JtH.
epfo;r;rpia Vw;ghL nra;gtupd; Nehf;fj;ijAk; trjpiaAk;
108
nghUj;J xU epfo;r;rpapy; MLNthupd; vz;zpf;if mikAk;.
Ml;lf;fhuH ,j;jid taJtiujhd; MlNtz;Lk; vd;w tiuaiw
,y;iy. epfo;r;rpfs; gy kzpNeuk; njhlHe;J eilngWk;.
Mjyhy; mt;tsT Neuk; njhlHe;J MLk; rf;jpAilatHfs;
MLthHfs;.
8.3.1.2.1. xg;gid
fufhl;lj;jpy; nra;ag;gLk; xg;gidfis ,uz;lhfg;

gpupf;fyhk;. KjyhtJ fufj;jpw;Fr; nra;ag;gLk; xg;gid.
,uz;lhtJ> fuff; fiyQHfs; nra;Jnfhs;Sk; xg;gid.
fufj;ij mjd; nra;nghUs;> mikg;G Kjypatw;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Njhz;bf;fufk;> nrk;Gf;fufk;>
mLf;Ff;fufk; vd;W %d;whfg; gpupf;fyhk;. ,tw;Ws;
Njhz;bf;fufk; kz;zhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. Vida ,uz;Lk; nrk;G
cNyhfj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;lit. ,it %d;wpw;Fk; xg;gidapy;
NtWghLfs; cs;sd. Kl;il tbthf ,Uf;Fk; Njhz;bf;fufj;ij
xg;gid nra;Ak;NghJ mjDs;Ns Njitahd msT muprpia
epug;gp fhfpjg; g+r;ruq;fisj; Njhz;b thapypUe;J njhq;f tpLtH.
,J ~nrb| vdg;gLk;. fufj;jpd; cr;rpapy; jf;ifahy; nra;ag;gl;L
tz;zk; g+rg;gl;l fpsp nrhUfg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
nrk;Gf;fufk; ,d;W jkpofk; KOtJk; gutyhfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. vtHrpy;tuhyhd nrk;GfSk; mUfpg;
gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd. nrk;Gf; fufj;jpy; jQ;rht+Hf; fufk;>
kJiuf; fufk;> jpUney;Ntypf; fufk; vd;W NtWgpupf;fpd;wdH.
Ml;lf;fhuH Rw;Wk; NghJ nrk;gpd;kPJ mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s fz;zhbf;
$L Rw;WtJNghy; jQ;rht+Hf; fufk; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
kJiur; nrk;Gf; fufk; gioa Kiwapy; <ukz; epug;gg;ngw;w
nrk;gpw;Fs; xU Ntg;gpiyf; nfhj;ij Eioj;J nrk;gpd; fOj;Jg;
gFjpapy; thioapiyia kbj;Jr; Rw;wpf; fl;LthHfs;. mjd;
cr;rpapy; fhNjhiy fUf kzpAld; ,ize;j jf;iff; fpspiar;
nrUfpg; gpd;dH nrk;gpd; fOj;Jg; gFjpapypUe;J cr;rp tiuf;Fk;
$k;GNghy; Njhd;WkhW muspg;g+itr; Rw;wpf; fl;LthHfs;.
109
muspg;g+tpd; ,ilapilNa njd;dq; FUj;Jf;fisr; nrUfp
nrk;gpd; fOj;Jg; gFjpapy; fhg;Gf; fl;LthHfs;. rpyH Nfhapy;
guptl;lKk; fl;bf; nfhs;thHfs;. mLf;Ff; fufj;jpy; nrhk;Gfs;
xd;wd; kPJ xd;whf mLf;fpf; fl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mbapy; cs;s
fyrj;jpy; muprp epug;gg;gLk;. Vida fyrq;fspy; fk;gpahy;
mbf;fyrj;NjhL ,izf;fg;gLk;. fufr; nrhk;gpd; mbg;gFjpapy;
fufhl;lf;fhuupd; jiy nghUj;Jtjw;Nfw;gg; gs;sk;
nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk;.
Ml;lf;fiyQHfs; jq;fisj; jhq;fNs xg;gid nra;J

nfhs;fpd;wdH. gir tbtpypUf;Fk; Kfg;g+r;Rf;fs; Mz;> ngz;
,UtUf;Fk; nghJ. ngz;fs; ik jPl;b> GUtnkOjp>
GUtj;jpw;FNky; tz;zg; Gs;spfspl;L> nghl;L itj;J>
cjl;Lr;rhak; g+rp Kf myq;fhuk; nra;J nfhs;fpd;wdH.
rpifia myq;fupj;J ,ul;il rilNah nfhz;ilNah Nghl;L
mjpy; fdfhk;guk;> ky;ypifg; g+r;ruq;fisr; Rw;wpf; nfhs;fpd;wdH.
nfhf;fpwF Nghd;w ntz;zpw ,wFfisf; nfhz;ilapd; gpd;Gwk;
miutl;lkhff; fl;bf;nfhs;fpd;wdH. Mz;fs; new;wpapy;
tpg+jpg;gl;ilapl;L eLtpy; re;jdg;nghl;L itg;gJk;> re;jdj;ijg;
GUtq;fSf;fpilNa g+rp mjd;Nky; rpfg;Gg; nghl;L itg;gJk; vd
Kfj;ij myq;fupj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. fufhl;l cil
,t;thWjhd; cs;sJ vd;W tiuaWj;Jf; $w ,ayhJ. vdpDk;
Mz;fs; ,Lg;gpypUe;J fZf;fhy; tiu nts;is my;yJ kQ;rs;
epwj;jpy; KO gdpad; mzpe;J mjd;Nky; njhilia ,Wf;fpg;
gpbf;FkhW nky;ypa tz;zj; Jzpahyhd miuf;fhy; rl;il
mzpfpd;wdH. ngz;fs; ig[hkh> [hf;nfl;> th];Nfhl; mzpe;J
jq;fis xg;gid nra;Jnfhs;tH. NtW rpyH ,Wf;fkhd cs;
fhy;rl;il my;yJ KOePs gdpad; mzpe;J mjd;kPJ Koq;fhy;
tiuapyhd miug;ghthil fl;bf;nfhs;tH. miug;gl;bia
,Lg;gpy; fl;b NkNy ftHr;rpahf [hf;nfl; mzptH.
8.3.2. fufhl;lk; MLk; Kiw
110
nja;t cyhtpd; NghNjh murpay; CHtyj;jpd; NghNjh
fufhl;lk; nghJthf epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ. cyh Mq;fhq;Nf
epWj;jg;gLk;. ghHitahsHfs; Rw;wpYk; tl;lkhf epw;f eLtpy;
fufhl;lk; epfOk;. CHtyk; njhlq;fp KbAk;tiu epfo;r;rp
njhlUk;.jw;NghJ Nkil epfo;r;rpahfTk; fufhl;lk;
epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ.
Kjypy; ,irf;fiyQHfs; tpehafH Jjpia ehjRuj;jpy;

,irf;fpd;wdH. mg;NghJ Ml;lf;fiyQHfs; ngUk;ghYk;
tzq;fpa gb epw;gH. mjd;gpwF Ml;lf; fiyQHfs; FUtpd;
fhiyj; njhl;L tzq;FtH. gpd;dH jtpy;> ehjRuk;> gk;ig
Kjyhd ,irf; fiyQHfsplk; nrd;W ,irf;fUtpfisj; njhl;L
tzq;FtH. mLj;J ghHitahsHfis tzq;fp Mlj; njhlq;FtH.
,J ~rig tzf;fk;| vdg;gLfpwJ. ,jidj; njhlHe;J
~xz;zhq;fhyk;| vdg;gLk; njk;khq;Fg; ghly; my;yJ njw;fj;jp
ieahz;b vd;w nkl;L ehjRuj;jpy; ,irf;fg;gLk;. mjw;Nfw;gf;;
fufhl;lf;fhuHfs; MLtH. fufhl;lj;jpy; ,irf;fg;gLk; ghly;fSk;
nkl;LfSk; nghJthf mupfhk;Nghjp> rf;futhfk;> fufug;gpupah>
rq;fuhguzk;> fy;ahzp> Njhb Nghd;w NksfHj;jh ,uhfq;fspd;
Rtuf; $Wfisf; nfhz;L mike;jpUf;Fk;. vy;yh nkl;Lf;fSk;
nghJthf tpsk;gk;> kj;jpkk;> Jupjk; vd;w %d;W fhyq;fspy;
,irf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,d;iwa fufhl;lj;jpy; mlTfs; Fiwe;J Ml;lj;jpdpilNa

thiof;fha; ntl;Ljy;> Njq;fha; cilj;jy;> vYkpr;rk;gok;
NfhHj;jy; Nghd;w gy;NtW tpjkhd tpj;ijfs; nra;jy; ngUfp
tUfpd;wd.
1. fufhl;l tiffs; ahit?

2. rf;jpf; fufk; vd;why; vd;d?
3. Ml;lf;fufk; vd;why; vd;d?
4. rig tzf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
111
8.4. kapyhl;lk;
nghk;ik kapy; $l;bDs; jd; cUtj;ij kiwj;Jf;

nfhz;L ieahz;b Nks ,irf;Nfw;g Mz; fiyQHfshy;
Mlg;gLk; Ml;lk; kapyhl;lk; vdg;gLk;. ,J kapy; eldk; vdTk;
$wg;gLfpwJ. nrt;tpay; fiyahd guj ehl;baj;jpy; ngz;fs;
kapyhl;lk; MLfpd;wdH. ,tHfs; nghk;ik kapy; $l;bidr;
Rkg;gjpy;iy. khwhf gr;ir> ePy tz;z cilazpe;J gpd;Gwk;
kapy; Njhifiaf; fl;bf;nfhz;L MLfpd;wdH. nghOJ
Nghf;fpw;fhfj; jdpnahU fiyQuhy; epfo;j;jg;gLk; fiy ,J.
fufhl;lj;jpd; Jizepiy Ml;lkhfNt ,J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Ml;lf;fiyQH kapy; $l;bDs; kiwe;J nfhs;tjhy; mtH taJ>
Njhw;wk; gw;wp ahUk; ftdpg;gJ ,y;iy. Mlf;$ba Mw;wy;
tha;e;jtuhf ,Ue;jhy; NghJkhdJ.
8.4.1. kapy; $L
jiy> cly;> ,wf;iffs; Kjypa kapypd; ntsp

cWg;Gfs; jdpj;jdpNa nra;ag;gl;L mtw;wpd;kPJ kapiyg;Nghy;
tz;zk; jPl;Lfpd;wdH. jiyapd; Nkw;Gwj;jpy; fk;gpahyhd kapy;
nfhz;ilfSk; Ftpnyd;R fz;zhbahyhd fz;Zk;
mikf;fg;gLk;. jfLfshy; kapypd; tha; jpwe;J %Ltjw;F Vw;g
mikf;fg;gLk;. ,jw;fhf thapypUe;J fl;lg;gLk; #j;jpuf;fapW
Ml;lf; fiyQuplk; ,Uf;Fk;. kapy; $l;bd; mbg;Gwj;jpy;
kapypwFfs; nghUj;jg;gLk;. ,e;j kapypwFfis Ml;lf;fiyQH
epkpHe;J MLk;NghJ Ftpe;Jk;> Fdpe;J MLk;NghJ tpupe;Jk;
,Uf;FkhW mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. kapy; $l;bd; thAk;
,wf;iffSk; kapy; NjhifAk; mire;J capUs;sit Nghyf;
fhl;Ltjw;Nfw;g mikf;fg;gLk;.
8.4.2. kapyhl;lf;fhuu;
kapyhl;lf; fiyQH kapyhf xg;gid nra;J

nfhs;Sk;NghJ kapypd; $k;G Nghd;w fOj;Jg; gFjpiaj; jd;
jiyapy; itj;Jf; fl;bf; nfhs;thH. mf;fOj;Jg; gFjpapy;
112
fl;bj; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s ePyj;Jzp fiyQupd; fOj;jpid
kiwj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;. kapypd; cly; $l;bidj; Njhspy;
Rkf;FkhW fl;bf; nfhs;tH. cly; $l;bypUe;J $l;bj; njhq;f
tplg;gl;l gr;ir tz;zj; Jzp Ml;lf;fiyQupd; fhy;fis
kiwj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;. rjq;iffs; fl;lg;gl;l fhypd; mbg;Gwk;
kl;LNk ntspapy; njupAk;. ,uz;L iffspYk; kapypd; ,uz;L
,wf;iffs; fl;lg;gLk;. nkhj;jj;jpy; kapyhl;lf;fhuH mq;Fj;
njupahky;> kapy; Nghd;w Njhw;wj;ijNa jUthH.
8.4.3. kapyhl;l Kiw
ieahz;b Nks ,irf;Nfw;g Ml;lf; fiyQH kapypd;

mirTfis Mbf; fhl;LthH. kapy; elj;jy;> XLjy;> jiyia
mirj;jy;> Njhif tpupj;jy;> mfTjy; Nghd;w nray;fisf;
fiyQH vt;tsT EZf;fkhfr; nra;fpwhNuh mt;tsT rpwg;ghf
Ml;lk; mikAk;. thiaj; jpwe;J %Ljy;> ghj;jpuj;jpy;
itf;fg;gLk; ePupid kapy; thahy; cwpQ;rpf; Fbj;jy;
Kjyhdtw;iwf; fiyQH nra;Ak;NghJ ghHitahsHfspilNa
kfpo;r;rp Muthuk; Vw;gLk;. kapy; thapy; nrUfg;gl;l rpW Foha;
%yk; fiyQH ePiuf; Fbg;ghH. jiuapy; Nghlg;gLk; gzj;jhis
kapy; ft;tp vLg;gjhfTk; ebf;fg;gLk;. xUtH KUfd; Ntlkpl;L
tu kapy; mtUila thfdkhf ebg;gJk; cz;L.
8.4.4. kapyhl;lj;jpd; fhyk;
kapyhl;lk; Njhd;wp miu E}w;whz;L fhykhfpwJ.

kapyhl;lj;jpd; tuyhW Fwpj;J F. KUNfrd; $Wk; fUj;J
Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. jpUr;rpiar; NrHe;j Re;juuht; vd;gtNu kapy;
eldj;ij Kjypy; fz;Lgpbj;J Mba fiyQuhff; fUjg;gLfpwhH.
,tH 1949,y; Ml;bd; gPb tpsk;guj;jpw;fhfj; jpUr;rpapypUe;J
jQ;irf;F te;J ,e;eldj;ij MbajhfTk;> ,tuJ kapy;
eldj;ijf; fz;l jQ;irapy; ,Ue;j rpq;fhuk; vd;Dk;
Nfhyhl;lf;fhu MrpupaH jpUr;rp kapy; eldf; fiyQupd; kapy;
Njhif RUq;fp tpupa trjp ,y;yhj epiyia khw;wp kapy;
113
Njhif ,ae;jpuj;ij mikj;J MLgtH Fdpe;jhy; Njhif
tpuptjw;Nfw;gTk;> epkpHe;jhy; Njhif RUq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Nfw;gTk;
khw;wq;fisr; nra;J ,e;eldk; Gfoile;J guTtjw;F tif
nra;jjhfTk; $Wfpd;whH.
5. kapyhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d?

6. kapy;$L vd;why; vd;d?
7. kapyhl;l Kiwiaf; $Wf.
8. kapyhl;lj;jpd; Njhw;wf; fhyk; vJ?
8.5. xapyhl;lk;
xapy; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F xa;ahuk;> moF> myq;fhuk;>

cy;yhr epiy> rhay;> xUtiff; $j;J vd;W mfuhjpfs; nghUs;
$Wfpd;wd. xa;ahuk; vd;gjw;Fg; ngUk;ghYk; ngz;fspd;
Njhw;wj;ij> miritf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ ftHr;rpAld; $ba espdk;
vd;W nghUs;gLk;. eilcil Kjypatw;why; ftHr;rp epiwe;j
ngz; ~xa;ahup| vdg;gLfpwhs;. ,t;thW xapy;> xa;ahuk;> xa;ahup
Kjyhd nrhw;fs; ngUk;ghYk; ngz;fNshL njhlHGilajhf
,Uf;f> xapyhl;lNkh Mz;fSf;F kl;LNk cupa Ml;lkhfj;
jpfo;fpwJ. xa;ahuk; vd;gjw;Ff; fk;gPuk;> vLg;G vd;w nghUisAk;
jw;fhyj; jkpo; mfuhjp jUfpwJ. xapyhl;lk; Mz;fs; MLk;
Ml;lkhf ,Ug;gjhy; ~fk;gPuKk; vLg;Gk; kpf;f Ml;lk;| vd;W
xapyhl;lj;jpw;Fg; nghUs; $wyhk;.
xapyhl;lk; MLNthH vz;zpf;if ,lj;Jf;F ,lk; my;yJ

Mlg;gLk; #oy;fSf;Nfw;g khWgLfpwJ. ,UgJ Kjy; Kg;gJ
NgH tiu Ml;lj;jpy; fye;Jnfhs;tH. xapyhl;lf;fhuHfSf;F taJ
tiuaiw VJkpy;iy. ntt;NtW tajpdH xU FOtpy;
,lk;ngWtJ cz;L. MLk; jpwDk; njk;Gk; cilatHfshf
,Ug;gjhd; Kf;fpak;. topghl;Lr; rlq;FfSf;fy;yhJ muR
epfo;r;rpfs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;Fr; nry;Yk;NghJ moF fUjp xj;j
tajpdH MLfpd;wdH.
114
8.5.1. xapyhl;lf;fhuu; myq;fhuk;
Ml;lf;fhuHfs; Ntl;biaf; fPo;g;gha;r;rpf; fl;b NkNy

nts;isr; rl;il mzpe;J ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W tz;zq;fshy;
mike;j Jzpahy; jiyg;ghif fl;b tyf;ifapy; tz;zf;
iff;Fl;iliag; gpbj;jpUg;gH. my;yJ nts;is miuf;fhy;
rl;il> nts;is gdpad;> nts;is jiyg;ghif mzpe;J
tyf;ifapy; tz;zf; iff;Fl;il gpbj;jpUg;gH. ,t;thW rPUil
mzpa Ntz;Lk; vd;w fl;lhak; ,y;iy. rpy FOtpdH
tpUg;gk;Nghy; ntt;NtW tz;z Milfis mzptH. ,U
iffspYk; tpUg;gk;Nghy; tz;zf; iff;Fl;ilfisg; gpbj;jpUg;gH.
Nfhapy; rlq;Ffspd;NghJ MLk; Ml;lf;fhuHfs; rl;ilazpahky;
tpg+jp> re;jdk; g+rp khiy mzptJk; cz;L. ,uhkhazk;
Nghd;w Fwpg;gpl;l fijg;ghly;fisg; ghb MLNthH mf;fijapd;
Kf;fpa ghj;jpuq;fshf Ml;lf;fhuHfSs; rpyH Ntlk; GidjYk;
cz;L. ngz;Ntlk; GidgtH Glit fl;bapUg;ghH. midj;J
Ml;lf;fhuHfSk; fr;rk; my;yJ kzpr;rjq;if mzptJ
fl;lhakhFk;. rpWrpW kzpfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W NkhjhjthW fapW
nfhz;L fl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk; rjq;if ~fr;rk;| vdg;gLfpwJ.
8.5.2. xapyhl;l mikg;G
xg;gidfSld; Ml;lf;fhuHfs; xU tupirahfNth ,U

tupirahfNth epw;gH. mz;zhtp my;yJ thj;jpahH my;yJ
jiyik Ml;lf;fhuH my;yJ t];jhtp tupirf;F Kd;dhy; epd;W
Ml mtUila topfhl;LjYld; VidNahH MLtH. xd;Wf;F
Nkw;gl;NlhUk; Kd;dhy; epd;W MLtJz;L.
xapyhl;lj;jpy; ghly; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ. mz;zhtp

my;yJ jiyik Ml;lf;fhuH Kd;ghl;Lg; ghl Vida
Ml;lf;fhuHfs; FOthfg; gpd;ghl;Lg; ghLtH. Ml;lkhlj;
njhlq;Fk; Kd;dHg; ghLk;NghJk; Ml;lq;fSf;fpilNa fij
115
tpsf;fj;Jf;fhfg; ghLk; NghJk; ghLNthupd; Fuy;fspy;
mYf;fy;fSk; FYf;fy;fSk; kpFe;jpUf;Fk;. Ml;lj;NjhL
,ize;J ghLk;NghJ fhypd; kpjpfSf;F Vw;wthW ghlypd; mbfs;
eWf;Fj; njwpj;jhw;Nghy tpOk;. ,g;ghly;fs; ke;j fjpapy;
njhlq;fp> Jupj fjpiaj; njhl;L> mjpJupj fjpapy; KbAk;.
ciuahly;> ghly;> Ml;lk; vd;W gFjp gFjpahf xapyhl;l
epfo;r;rp eilngWk;. ,it %d;wpw;Fk; VNjh xU tupir mikg;G
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy;iy. ,tw;wpy; KiwkhwpAk; mikayhk;.
8.5.3. xapyhl;l Ml;l mirTfs;
xapyhl;lj;jpd; Ml;l mirTfs;>
“tyf;fhy; Kd;itj;J tyf;if neQ;Rf;F

NeH ePl;bg; gpbj;Js;s Jzpia mirj;jy;
gf;f thl;by; tyf;fhy; efHjy;>
,lf;if ,lg;Gwj;Nj ,Lg;Gf;F Nky; mirjy;
tyg;Gwr; Rw;W ,ay;G epiyf;F tuy;"
vd;W ,t;thl;lj;jpd; Ml;l mirTfis Nf.V. FzNrfud;

Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. NkYk;> xapyhl;l ,af;fq;fspd; jd;ikf;F
Vw;wthW cliy ,Lg;Gf;F NkYs;s Nkw;gFjp> ,Lg;G kw;Wk;
,Lg;Gf;Ff; fPOs;s fPo;g;gFjp vd;W ,uz;lhfg; gpupj;Jf;nfhz;L
mit vt;thW ,aq;Ffpd;wd vd;gijj; jdpj;jdpahf EZf;fkhf
Muha;e;Js;shH Rjhde;jh. mjhtJ> xapyhl;lj;jpy; NkYlk;Gk;
iffSk; jiyAk; fk;gPuj;Jf;fhfTk; moFf;fhfTk; ,aq;Ffpd;wd
vd;Wk;> fPo;g;gFjp Mz;ikg; gz;Gs;sjhfTk; typik
cilajhfTk; ,aq;Ffpd;wd vd;Wk; $Wfpd;whH. NkYk;
xapyhl;lj;jpd; ika ,af;fk; fhypd; ,af;fkhf miktjhy;
ngUk;ghYk; mjd; mbg;gilapNyNa ,af;fj; njhFjpfs; ngaH
ngWfpd;wd vd;Wk;> fhypd; ,af;fq;fshy; ngaH ngw;whYk;
mg;ngaHfs; mtw;NwhL ,izAk; midj;J ,af;fq;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpaitNa vd;Wk; mit xapyhl;lj;jpd; nghUz;ikAs;s
rpwpa $Wfs; vd;Wk; Rl;Lfpd;whH. epiy> Fj;J (Kd;Fj;J>
gpd;Fj;J)> Vw;w ,wf;fk;> mb mbj;jy;> mb> kpjp> ,Oit>
116
nrz;bg;G> vl;Lg;NghLjy;> klf;F> Fjpj;jy;> Gusy;> fpWf;fp>
jpUk;Gjy;> ghdh Ml;lk;> Fj;jhl;lk;> rWf;F> gpd;dpwf;fk;> %d;wb
Nghl;Lg; gf;fkhf Vwptuy;> Rw;W> cl;fhUjy;> nfhl;L> epWj;Jjy;>
iffspd; ghtidfs; vd mf;$Wfs; ,Ugj;J ehd;fhf mikAk;.
9. xapyhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d?

10. fr;rk; vd;why; vd;d?
11. xapyhlj;jpy; ghliyg; ghLgtH ahH?
12. xapyhl;l Ml;l mirTfs; vj;jid?
8.6. ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiu
RkhH xd;wiu mb cau kuf;fl;iliaf; fhypy; fl;b

mjd; kPJ epd;w tz;zk;> Jzpfs;-fhfpjq;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
ngha;f; Fjpiuapd; eLtpy; Eioe;J mjidj; Njhspy; njhq;FkhW
fl;bf; nfhz;L> ieahz;b Nks ,irf;Nfw;g> xU MZk; xU
ngz;Zk; ,uhrh-,uhzp Ntlj;jpy; MLk; Ml;lk; ngha;f;fhy;
Fjpiuahl;lk; MFk;. Ml;lf;fhuHfSf;F taJ tuk;G ,y;iy.
njhlHe;J MLtjw;fhd Mw;wNy Kf;fpakhFk;. kuj;jhyhd
ngha;f;fhypy; epd;Wnfhz;L MLtjhYk; ngha;f;Fjpiuia
clk;gpy; Rke;Jnfhz;L MLtjhYk; ,J ngha;f;fhy;
Fjpiuahl;lk; vdg;gLfpwJ. Gutp Ml;lk;> Gutp ehl;bak; vd;w
ngauhYk; ,f;fiy miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
NeHj;jpf; flDf;fhff; Nfhapy; jpUtpohf;fspy; ngha;f;fhy;

Fjpiuahl;lk; epfo;j;jg;gLtJz;L. MapDk; mj;jifa Nfhapy;
rlq;fpypUe;J ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; tsHr;rp ngw;wjhf mwpa
,aytpy;iy. nghOJ Nghf;fpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
Njhd;wp tsHe;j fiyahfNt mwpaKbfpwJ. Nfhapy;
jpUtpohf;fspy; Kjd;ikahf epfo;j;jg;gLk; ,f;fiyepfo;r;rp
jpUkzq;fs;> gPb> Nrhg;G Kjyhd tpsk;gu epfo;r;rpfs;> muR
tpohf;fs;> murpay; tpohf;fs; Kjyhdtw;wpy; nghOJNghf;fpid
Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ. ,RyhkpaH
117
jpUkzq;fspYk; re;jdf;$L tpohf;fspYk; fpwpj;jt
Njthyaq;fspYk; ,e;epfo;r;rp Vw;ghL nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
8.6.1. Fjpiuf;$L
fspkz;> Mw;Wkzy; ,uz;ilAk; fye;J gpire;J xUehs;

Cwitj;J mk;kz;zhy; Fjpiu nra;J ,Uehl;fs; cyHj;j
Ntz;Lk;. ehspjo;fisr; rpWrpW Jz;Lfshf ntl;b ePupy;
eidj;Jf; fspkz; Fjpiuapy; ,ilntspapd;wp xl;lNtz;Lk;.
t[;uk;> kapy;Jj;jk;> kuts;spf;fpoq;F khT %d;iwAk; ePupy;
fye;J neUg;gpy; gjkhff; fha;r;rp gir jahupj;J Mw
itf;fNtz;Lk;. me;jg; gir jltpa ehspjo;fisf; Fjpiu
cUtj;jpy; xl;lNtz;Lk;. ,t;thW xd;wd;kPJ xd;whf
ehd;FKiw ehspjo;fis xl;b ntapypy; cyHj;j Ntz;Lk;.
nkhj;jkhd fhlhj; Jzpiaj; Jz;Lfshf eWf;fp gir jltp
mjd;kPJ xl;l Ntz;Lk;. mjid ntspapypy; cyh;j;jNtz;Lk;.
mjd;kPJ kPz;Lk; ehd;F ehspjo;fis xd;wd;kPJ xd;W xl;b
cyHj;jp mjd; kPJ fhlh Jzpia xl;b ,uz;L ehs;fs; cyHj;j
Ntz;Lk;. gpwF Fjpiuapd; kz;ilg; gFjpapd; ikaj;jpypUe;J
gpNslhy; mWj;J vLf;fNtz;Lk;. ,g;NghJ fhfpjk; kw;Wk;
Jzpahy; Md Fjpiuf;$L ,U gFjpfshff; fpilf;Fk;. me;j
,uz;L gFjpfisAk; nkhj;j Crpahy; nkhj;j E}y; nfhz;L
ijf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fjpiuapy; Ms; mkHe;Jnry;Yk; gFjpapy; Ms;
EioAk; msT ePs; rJuj;jpy; Jthuk; mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpwF Fjpiu thapd; Nkw;GwKk; fPo;g;GwKk; jdpj;jdpahf

Nkw;$wg;gl;l Kiwapy; cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. ml;ilapy; nra;J
girapy; kuj;J}isf; fye;J xU ehspjo; xl;b> mjd;kPJ Jzp
xl;b Kd;G cUthf;fg;gl;l Fjpiuapd; jiyg;gFjpfspy; itj;Jj;
ijf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,g;gzpfs; Kbe;jgpd; girapy; kuj;J}s; fye;J Fjpiuapd;

nghf;ifahd gFjpfspy; g+rg;gLk;. mjd;Nky; Jzp xl;lg;gLk;.
118
ijay; Nghl;l ,lj;jpd;Nky; fhfpjk; xl;b> mjd;Nky; Jzpia
xl;b> rhf;gTlH t[;uk; fye;J g+rpdhy; rpnkz;l; g+rpaJNghy;
,Uf;Fk;. fz;Zf;Ff; fz;zhbf; Fz;Lfs; itj;J xl;lg;gLk;.
cly; fl;by; fz;zhbfs; kw;Wk; jq;f epwj;jhs; itj;J xl;b
moF gLj;jg;gLk;. jiyg;gFjp> clw;gFjp ,uz;Lk; kiw
Mzpfshy; ,izf;fg;gLk;. Fjpiuf;F nts;is kw;Wk; ePy
tz;zk; g+rg;gLk;. fhJ jdpahfr; nra;J itf;fg;gLk;.
fj;jhio ehuhy; thy; nra;ag;gLk;. Fjpiuf; $l;bd; fPo;g;Gwk;
kpDkpDg;ghd nrg;G tz;zj;Jzp fl;lg;gLk;. Ml;lf;fiyQH
fhypy; fl;il fl;b epd;why; fhy; kw;Wk; fl;ilfis kiwf;Fk;
cauj;jpw;Fj; Jzp fl;lg;gLk;.
xd;wiu mb cauj;jpy; Myk; tpOjhy; fhy;fl;il

nra;ag;gLk;. mjd;kPJ ghjk; itf;f trjpahf khk;gyif
nghUj;jg;gLk;. tOtOg;ghd Nkilapy; MLk;NghJ fhy;
fl;ilapd; mbg;Gwk; fhH laH nghUj;jg;gLk;. jiuapy;
MLk;NghJ laH fow;wg;gLk;.
Fjpiuf;$L RkhH 30 fpNyh vil nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;.

,jidj; Njhspy; Rkg;gjw;F trjpahf nkhj;jkhd Jzp ehlh
Fjpiuf; $l;bd; Nkw;gFjpapy; Ms; EioAk; Jthuj;ijnahl;bg;
nghUj;jg;gLk;.
8.6.2. ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lf;fhuu; xg;gid
Fjpiuf; $l;bd; eLg;gFjpapy; jiyia Eioj;J NkNy

te;J mq;Ff; fl;lg;gl;Ls;s tyg;gf;fj; Jzpehlhit ,lg;gf;fj;
NjhspYk; ,lg;gf;f ehlhit tyg;gf;fj; NjhspYk;
khl;bf;nfhs;tH. gpwF fhy; fl;ilfisf; fhy;fspy; Jzp
ehlhthy; ,Wf;fkhff; fl;bf;nfhs;tH. ,t;thW Fjpiuf; $l;ilr;
Rke;J fl;ilkPJ epw;gJ fbdkhdjhFk;. Ml;lf; fiyQH MLk;
Neuk; jtpu Vida Neuq;fspy; ahiuahtJ my;yJ vijahtJ
gpbj;Jf;nfhz;Ljhd; epw;gH. ,e;j xg;gidAld; Ml;lf;
119
fiyQiug; ghHj;jhy; xUtH Fjpiuapy; mkHe;jpUg;gijg; Nghd;W
,Uf;Fk;. Ml;lf; fiyQHfs; fhypy; ryq;if mzptH. ,uhrh-
,uhzp cil mzptH. ,uhrh fpuPlk; mzpthH. ngz;fs;
nfhz;il Nghl;Lf; nfhs;tH. clypy; fTd;> th];Nfhl; mzptH.
ifapy; gl;b fl;b fOj;jpy; fy; eiffs; mzptH.
8.6.3. ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; MLk; Kiw
ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lj;jpw;Fg; ghly; vJTk; ghlg;gLtJ

,y;iy. Kjypy; nfhe;jsk; vd;Dk; Njhw;fUtp ,irf;Nfw;g
ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; epfo;j;jg;gLk;. ,e;j ,irf;fUtp
kuhl;baH tho;f;ifNahL njhlHGilaJ. jw;NghJ
nfhe;jsj;jpw;Fg; gjpy; ieahz;b NksNk ngha;f;fhy;
Fjpiuahl;lj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ngUk;ghYk; ngha;f;fhy;
Fjpiuahl;lk; jdpahl;lkhf Vw;ghL nra;tjpy;iy. fufk;> fhtb>
kapyhl;lk; Nghd;wtw;Wld; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
Ml;lj;jpd; njhlf;fj;jpy; tpehafH Jjp ehjRuj;jpy;

thrpf;fg;gLk;. gpwF ieahz;b> njk;khq;F Kjyhdit
thrpf;fg;gLk;. mjw;Nfw;g Ml;lk; epfOk;. ,uhrh> ,uhzp
Ntlkpl;l Ml;lf; fiyQHfs; Kjypy; jdpj;jdpNa %d;W %d;W
Kiw tl;lkhfr; Rw;wpte;J MLtH. gpd;dH Fjpiu MLtJ>
,uhrh mjid mlf;FtJ> Fjpiu fhiy caHj;JtJ> ,uhrh
,uhzp iff;NfhHj;J MLtJ> ,uhrh ,uhzp vjpnujpH epd;W
MLtJ> Fjpiuapd; Kfq;fis xd;whf;fp MLtJ> ehd;F
%iyfspYk; Xb MLtJ> cl;fhHe;J MLtJ vd;W Ml;lk;
njhlHe;J epfo;j;jg;gLk;. ,uhrhtpd; Ml;lj;jpw;F Vw;g ,uhzp
,ize;J MLthH.
13. ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; vd;why; vd;d?
120
14. Fjpiuf;$L vd;why; vd;d?
15. ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; ahHahuhy; Mlg;gLfpwJ?
16. nfhe;jsk; vd;why; vd;d?
 fufhl;lk; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.

 fufhl;lj;jpd; tiffs; gw;wpAk; mit Mlf;$ba Kiwfs;
gw;wpAk; fufk; jahupf;Fk; Kiwfs; gw;wpAk; njupe;J
nfhz;BHfs;.
 kapyhl;lk; gw;wpAk; kapy;$L jahupf;Fk; Kiw gw;wpAk;
kapyhl;l Kiwfs; gw;wpAk; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
 xapyhl;lk; gw;wpAk; Ml;l mirTfs; gw;wpAk; xapyhl;l
Kiwfs; gw;wpAk; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
 ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; gw;wpAk; Fjpiuf;$L jahupf;Fk;
Kiw gw;wpAk; ngha;f;fhy; MLgtHfs; gw;wpAk; njupe;J
nfhz;BHfs;.


tpilfs;
1. 8.3.1. 2. 8.3.1.1.
3. 8.3.1.2. 4. 8.3.2.
5. 8.4. 6. 8.4.1.
7. 8.4.3. 8. 8.4.4.
9. 8.5. 10. 8.5.1.
11. 8.5.2. 12. 8.5.3.
13. 8.6. 14. 8.6.1.
15. 8.6.2. 16. 8.6.3.
121
1. fufhl;l tiffs; gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.

2. fuf tiffs; gw;wpAk; mtw;iwj; jahupf;Fk; Kiwfs;
gw;wpAk; fl;Liu tiuf.
3. kapyhl;lk; gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.
4. kapy;$L gw;wpAk; kapyhl;l Kiwfs; gw;wpAk; tptupf;f.
5. xapyhl;l mikg;G epiyia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
6. ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.
7. Fjpiuf;$L jahupf;Fk; tpjq;fisf; $Wf.

122
gpupT 4
ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;-r%ftpay;-nkhopapay
9.1. Kd;Diu
capuw;w nghk;ik(ghit)fis capUs;s ghj;jpuq;fs; Nghy

,af;fp kdpjuhy; epfo;j;jg;gLtJ ghitf;$j;J. ,J Njhw;ghitf;
$j;J> kug;ghitf; $j;J vd;W ,U tifg;gLk;. ghitfis
cUthf;Ftjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; %yg;nghUl;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl ngaH NtWghLfs; mikfpd;wd.
Njhw;ghitf; $j;ijg; nghk;kyhl;lk; vd;Wk;> kug;ghitf; $j;ijj;
Njhw;ghit vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. nghk;kyhl;lk; kw;Wk;
Njhw;ghit gw;wp ,q;Fg; ghlkhf mike;Js;sJ.
9.2 Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
 ghitf; $j;J gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.

 nghk;kyhl;lk; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
 Njhw;ghit gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
 nghk;kyhl;lk;
jkpofj;jpd; tlkhtl;lq;fspy; kug;ghitf; $j;jpidg;

nghk;kyhl;lk; my;yJ fl;lnghk;k $j;J my;yJ fl;lnghk;k
ehlfk; vd;W Rl;Lfpd;wdH. Fk;gNfhzk;> kapyhLJiw> Nryk;
khtl;lg; gFjpfspy; kug;ghit vd;W Rl;lg;gLfpwJ.
nghk;kyhl;lk; xU nghOJNghf;Ff; fhl;rpf;fiy MFk;.

,jd; %yk; ey;y fUj;Jf;fis mwptpf;fyhk;. rpwpJ fhykhf
ey;y fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpf;Fk; tifapy; nghk;kyhl;lk;
tsHr;rpaile;J cs;sJ. ,d;iwa fhy fl;lj;jpy; ,J xU
nghOJNghf;Ff; fhl;rpahf ,y;yhky; fy;tpawpT Gfl;LgtHfSk;>
123
khztHfSk; ey;y nra;jpfisg; gug;Gtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
nghk;kyhl;lk; xUtUila fw;gid kw;Wk; mtHfSila
gilg;Gj; jpwid ntspf;nfhzHfpwJ. kw;w vy;yh
fiyfistplTk; nghk;kyhl;lk; Fiwe;j Neuk; fij
epfo;r;rpaikg;G tz;zk; kw;Wk; ,af;fk; nfhz;lit. NkYk;
mjpf nrytpy;yhj xU fiy tbtkhFk;.
goq;fhyj;jpy; NguurHfs;> murHfs; kw;Wk; ngUk; tPuHfs;

MfpNahH murpay; NfL kw;Wk; NfhshWfspd; rPHj;jpUj;j
Nehf;fq;nfhz;l ieahz;bj; jhf;Fjy; Nghd;wtw;iwg;;
nghk;kyhl;lj;jpd; %yk; njupag;gLj;jpdH.
njd;dpe;jpahtpy;jhd; rkak; rhHGs;s nghk;kyhl;lk;

tsHr;rpaile;J ,uhkhazk;> k`hghujk; Nghd;w fijfis
epoy;nghk;kyhl;lj;jpd; %yk; fhl;lg;gl;ld. jw;fhyj;jpy;> etPd
tsHr;rpapd; fhuzkhf ngUk;ghyhd ghuk;gupa nghk;kyhl;l
muq;fq;fs; jd;dpiy ,oe;Jtpl;ld. MapDk;> ,f;fiy
khztHfs;> MrpupaHfs; kw;Wk; nra;jpj; njhlHghsHfsplKk;
nghk;kyhl;lk; gpurpj;jp ngw;Ws;sd.
fhw;W> epyk;> ePH Mfpatw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

gw;wpAk;> mwptpay; tsHr;rp kw;Wk; fiy gw;wpAk; Rw;Wr;#oy;
ghJfhg;G gw;wpa tpopg;GzHr;rp gw;wpAk; nghk;kyhl;lj;jpd; %yk;
cz;lhf;fyhk;.
,k;Kiw xUtUila gilg;ghw;wy;> fij vOJjy;>

ifg;ghit nra;jy;> trdk;> ,ir Mfpatw;wpw;F top nra;fpwJ.
,t;tif Ml;lk; ghHg;gjw;F kfpo;r;rpaspg;gijtpl nra;Ak;

nghOJ rpwe;j mDgtj;ijg; ngWfpwJ. nghk;kyhl;lj;jpd; %yk;
gy fiyfis xUq;fpizf;fyhk;. Fwpg;ghf> tiujy;> tz;zk;
g+Rjy;> eWf;Fjy;> kuNtiy> kur;nrJf;FNtiy> Nkil
mikj;jy;> cUg;gbtk; mikj;jy;> fspkz; rhe;jhy; cUtk;
nra;jy;> ebg;G cil jahHnra;jy;> fspkz; cUtk; nra;jy;
kw;Wk; Nkilf;fiy Mfpa fiyfisf; xUq;fpizf;fyhk;.
124
9.3.1. nghk;kyhl;lj;jpd; fhyk;
nghk;kyhl;l tuyhw;W MrpupaH $w;Wg;gb RkhH 2000

Mz;LfSf;F Kd;gpypUe;Nj nghk;kyhl;lf;fiy ,Ue;jjhfTk;>
mjd; %yk; NguurHfs; kw;Wk; tPuHfspd; fij
nrhy;yg;gl;ljhfTk; $Wfpd;wdH. rka Nehf;fpyhd nghk;k yhl;lk;
njd;dpe;jpahtpy;jhd; tsHr;rp mile;jJ. ,tw;wpy; k`hghujk;
kw;Wk; ,uhkhazf; fijfis epoy; nghk;kyhl;lk; %yk;
fhl;lg;gl;ld. jw;rkak; njhd;Wnjhl;L ,j;jifa nghk;kyhl;lk;
elj;Jk; FLk;gq;fs; Me;jpuk;> fHehlfk;> Nfusk;> xuprh kw;Wk;
jkpo;ehl;bYk; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wdH.
9.3.2. nghk;kyhl;lj;jpd; ghLnghUs;
ngUk;ghyhd nghk;kyhl;lf;fhuHfs; jhq;fs; njhd;W njhl;L

elj;jp te;j goq;fijfis tpl;Lj; jw;Nghija epiyf;Nfw;g>
tujl;rizf; nfhLik> ghy;a jpUkzk;> ngz; rpRtij> FLk;gf;
fl;Lg;ghL Mfpa fUj;Jf;fs; nghk;kyhl;lj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gjhy;
ghHg;gtHfspd; tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;gg; Gj;JapH ngw;W tUfpd;wJ
vdyhk;.
9.3.3. nghk;kyhl;lj;jpd; nghk;ik tiffs;
nghk;kyhl;l nghk;ikapd; cUtj;ij mijr; nra;Ak;

fiyQdpd; fw;gid tsj;jpYk;> fiyj;jpwdpYk; mikf;fg;gLk;.
rpy nghk;ikfs; rpwpajhfTk; rpy nghk;ikfs; ngupajhfTk; rpy
nghk;ikfs; capUs;sJ NghyTk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j
nghk;ikfisg; gfl;lhfNth myq;fhuk; ,y;yhkNyh nra;tH.
,g;nghk;ikfs; epoy; nghk;ik> Njhy; nghk;ik> ifAiw nghk;ik
vd;W %d;W tifg;gLk;.
9.3.4. nghk;kyhl;l nghk;ik nra;Kiw
vil Fiwthd fy;ahz KUq;if kuj;ijj; jz;zPupy;

Cwitj;J> cyHj;jp fhy;> if> jiy> khHG Kjypa
cWg;Gfisr; nra;tjw;F Vw;wthW kuj;jpidj; Jz;lhf;fp
125
Mrhupia itj;J nrJf;Ftu;;. jiyf;fhf nrJf;fg;gl;l kuj;jpy;
kf;F itj;J %f;F> fd;dk;> cjL Kjyhd gFjpfis cUthf;fp
cyHj;jp> Mz; ngz; ghj;jpuq;fSf;F Vw;g Nlhg;gh itj;Jj;
ijg;gH. iffSf;F tz;zk; mbj;J Jzp ijj;J xg;gid
nra;atu;. khHGfSf;Fk; Jzpfisr; Rw;wp xg;gid nra;atu;.
gpwF midj;J cWg;GfisAk; fWg;G tz;z E}yhy; ,izg;gH.
Ik;gJ Mz;LfSf;F Kd; midj;J nghk;ikfSf;Fk; Nyrhd
kQ;rs; tz;zk; g+rp rpfpdh ghthil mzpag;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ
nghd; rptg;G> Nuh]; mzpag;gLfpwJ.
ghj;jpuq;fSf;F Vw;g mzpfyd;fs; mzptpf;fg;gLk;.

r%ff; fijfSf;F Ngz;l; rHl; mzptpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. re;jpukjp
mOtJNghy; mbf;fb tUtjhy; nghk;ikNa mOtJ Nghy;
jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ. xt;NthH ghj;jpuj;jpw;Fk; jdpj;jdp nghk;ikfs;
nra;ag;gLk;. rpy Neuq;fspy; xNu nghk;ikia cil khw;wp
ntt;NtW ghj;jpuq;fshf cyttpLtJk; cz;L. Kd;G midj;J
nghk;ikfSf;Fk; fhy;fs; ,Ue;jd. jw;NghJ epfo;r;rpfs;
ntspa+Hfspy; eilngWtjhy;> Nghf;Ftuj;J ,lHghl;bd;
fhuzkhf gy nghk;ikfspd; fhy;fis vLj;Jtpl;Ls;sdH.
9.3.4.1. epoy;nghk;ik
ghit nra;gtHfs; fk;gp> kuk;> fhfpjk;> Jzp> Njhy; kw;Wk;

kuf;fpisfs; Nghd;w ,aw;ifg; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;JtH.
%yg;nghUl;fisg; nghUj;J ey;y nghk;ikfis cUthf;FtH.
kdpj ghj;jpuj;NjhL my;yhky;> ghid> jl;L kw;W k; jl;LKl;Lg;
nghUs;fs;> tPL kw;Wk; kuk;> G\;gk;> kPd;> tpyq;F kw;Wk; nja;tj;
jd;ikAs;s nghUs;fs;> fw;gidr; rf;jpahy; rpq;f cly;>
fOfpd;jiy> rpwF nfhz;l tpyq;Fk;> Kjiy> ghk;G> gwit
Mfpatw;wpd; Njhw;wk; nfhz;l tpyq;F> Ntjhsk; Nghd;w
nghk;ikfisr; nra;tH.
126
9.3.4.2. Njhy;nghk;ik
epoy; nghk;ikfs; Njhypdhy; nra;ag;gl;L nkd;ikahd

Jisfs; ,l;L tz;zk; g+rg;gl;bUf;Fk;. nghJthf Ml;bd;Njhy;
cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,g;nghk;ikfs; mstpy; ngupajhff;
fhzg;gLk;. mjhtJ> 250 nr.kP. mstpypUe;J xU kPl;lH msT
cauKilajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
9.3.4.3. ifAiw nghk;ik
NkNy nrhy;yg;ngw;w Kiwfspy; nra;ag;ngw;w rpwpa

mstpyhd nghk;ikfspd; $Lfspy; iftpuy;fis Eioj;J>
fl;iltpuy; kw;Wk; eL tpuy;fisg; nghk;ikapd; ,U iffspy;
nghUe;JkhW itg;gJ ifAiw nghk;ik MFk;.
9.3.5. nghk;kyhl;l Nkil
gd;dpuz;L mb my;yJ gjpdhW mb ePs mfyKs;s

Nkilapy; vl;L mb cauj;jpy; $iu Ntag;gLk;. Nkilapd;
Kd;Gwj;jpy; nghk;ikfs; MLtjw;F Vw;g> xU Kok; ,ilntsp
tplg;gl;Lf; fUg;Gj;jpiu xd;W tpupf;fg;gLk;.
nghk;ik Ml;LNthupd; khHG cauj;jpy; xU %q;fpy;

Nkilapd; Kd;Gwj;jpy; ePsthf;fpy; fl;lg;gl;L mjpy; ,e;j
fUg;Gj;jpiu njhlq;ftplg;gLk;. fUg;Gj;jpiuapy; ePsk;>
gd;dpnuz;L mb ePs mfyKs;s Nkilahf ,Ug;gpd; vl;L
mbahfTk;> gjpdhW mb ePs mfyKs;s Nkilahf ,Ug;gpd;
gd;dpuz;L mbahfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. nghk;ikahl;LNthupd;
fhy;fisf; fUg;Gj;jpiu kiwj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;. fUg;Gj; jpiuapd;
NkYk; gf;fthl;bYk; cs;s fhypahd gFjpfis Nkilapd;
Kd;Gwf; $iuapy; ,Ue;J tpupf;fg;gLk; ePyj;jpiufs; kiwj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk;.
Nkilapd; gpd;gFjpapy; ePsthf;fpy; fapW fl;b mjpy;

md;iwa ehlf epfo;r;rpf;F Ntz;ba nghk;ikfs;
njhq;ftplg;gLk;. Nkilapy; xypg;ngUf;fpfSk;> tz;z
127
kpd;tpsf;FfSk; gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd. xt;nthU fhl;rpapd;
,WjpapYk; %bj; jpwf;Fk;gb efUk; jpiu trjpAk; nra;J
nfhs;sg;gLk;.
jpwe;jntspapy; vjpHf;fhw;wpd; Neuhf Nkil mikAkhdhy;

Kfg;Gj;jpiu> gpd;jpiu midj;Jk; cs;Ns tise;j xU epiyapy;
epw;fhky; Mbf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt> jpwe;jntsp Nkil
fhw;Wg; Nghf;if xl;b mikf;fg;gLk;.
9.3.6. nghk;kyhl;lg;; nghk;ikfspd; ,af;fk;
nghk;ikapd; if> fhy;> cly;> jiyg;gFjpfs; xd;whf

,izg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,g;nghk;ikfs; kuk;> fk;gp> fhfpjk;> E}y;>
fhfpjk; epuk;gpa Jzp> fe;ij $sk; my;yJ kuj;J}s; Mfpait
%yk; nra;ayhk;. ,g;ghitapd; cly;> if> fhy; gFjpfspy;
fapW fl;lg;gl;L mf;fapw;wpd; kWKid nghk;kyhl;lf;fhudpd;
ifapy; ,Uf;Fk;. nghk;kyhl;lf;fhud; jd; ifapYs;s fapw;iw
mq;f mirTfSf;Nfw;g> jsj;jpNah my;yJ ,Wf;fpNah
jpwikahf ,af;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tif nghk;ikia ,af;fj;
jdpj;jpwik Ntz;Lk;.
xt;nthU nghk;ikapd; %yk; fhl;lg;gl Ntz;ba

mirTfSf;F Vw;g> Rz;Lf; fapWfs; nghk;ikapy; gpizf;fg;gLk;.
Rz;Lf; fapWfspd; mikg;gpid ,uz;L tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
xd;W> Fr;rptif. kw;nwhd;W> tisatif. Fr;rptif vd;gJ>
Rz;Lf; fapWfs; Fr;rpapy; fl;lg;gl;ljhFk;. mjhtJ>
nghk;ikfs; jiy> if> KJF> fhy; Mfpatw;wpy;
gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;s fapWfspd; kw;nwhU Kid Vwj;jho miu mb
ePsKs;s %q;fpy; Fr;rpfspy; fl;lg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;Fr;rpfis
Ml;LgtH jk; iffspy; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L fapWfis mirg;gjd;
thapyhfg; nghk;ik Ml;lg;gL fpd;wJ. tisatif vd;gJ
Rz;Lf; fapWfs; tisaj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;bUg;gjhFk;. mjhtJ>
nghk;ikapd; jiy> KJfpy; cs;s Rz;Lf; fapWfs; xU
tisaj;jpy; fl;lg;gLfpwJ. nghk;ikapd; iffspy; fapWfSf;Fg;
gjpyhff; fk;gpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. nghk;ikahl;LNthd; jd;
128
jiyapy; ePskhd Jzpahy; ngupa cUkhy; fl;b mjpy;
tisaj;ij khl;bf; nfhz;L> jd; ,U iffshYk; nghk;ikfspd;
iffspy; cs;s fk;gpfisg; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L nghk;ikapid
,af;FtjhFk;. nghk;ikapd; jiyf;fapW midj;Jk; tisaj;jpy;
fl;lg;gl;L ,Ug;gjhy;> nghk;ikahl;LNthd; jd; jiyapid
mirf;Fk;NghJ mjw;Nfw;gg; nghk;ikapd; jiyAk; mirfpwJ.
#j;jpug;ghit nghk;ikfisr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gy

topfs; cs;sd. ,g;nghk;ikfisf; ifapy; nrhUfp Kjy;
tpuiyj; jiyg;; ghfj;jpw;Fs; tpl;L nghk;ikapd; iffisf;
fl;iltpuy; kw;Wk; Rz;L tpuyhYk; ,af;fyhk; my;yJ
nghk;ikiaf; fopapy; fl;b fop kw;Wk; iffspd; %ykhfTk;
,af;fyhk;. ,k;Kiwapy; nghk;ikapd; ,af;fk; Ml;lf;fhudpd;
ifapy; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; my;yJ epoy;nghk;ik Ml;lkhfTk;
fhl;lyhk;.
njhd;W njhl;L jkpo;ehl;by; nghk;ikapd; E}y;fs;>

nghk;kyhl;lf;fhudpd; jiyg;ghifapy; fl;lg;gLtjhy;> iffshy;
nghk;ikapd; iffhy;fis RygkhfTk; jpwikahfTk; ,af;f
KbAk;. eifr;Rit> Nfypf;$j;J> fw;gid Mfpatw;iw
nghk;ky; Ml;lf;fhud; ,f;fiyapd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jyhk;.
Njhy;nghk;kyhl;lk; nts;is Jzp tpupg;gpd; gpd;Gwkhf

xspapd; cjtpAld; fhl;lg;gLk;. epoYUtNk epoy;nghk;k
yhl;lkhFk;. ngUk;ghYk; ,uhkhazk;> k`hghuk; Nghd;w
fijfisNa epoy;nghk;kyhl;lj;jpw;Fk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;tH.
Me;jpuj;jpYk;> jkpofj;jpYk; gpugykile;Js;s ,e;j epoy;nghk;k
yhl;lk;> ngupa Njhypyhd nghk;ikfisf; fapW nfhz;L
,af;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,ir> kj;jsk;> Gy;yhq;Foy; Nghd;w ,irf;
fUtpfisf; nfhz;Lk; ,g;nghk;kyhl;lj;ij ,dpikahf;Ffpd;wdH.
Njhw;ghitapy; xUtH xNu Neuj;jpy; gy nghk;ikfis

,af;f ,aYk;. Mdhy; nghk;kyhl;lj;jpy; xUtH xU Neuj;jpy;
xU nghk;ikiaj;jhd; ,af;f ,aYk;. vdNt nghk;kyhl;lj;jpy;
nghk;ikfis ,af;f ehy;tH Njitg;gLfpd;wdH. NkYk;
129
nghk;ikfis vLj;Jj; ju xUtH> ,irf;fUtpfis thrpf;f
ehy;tH vd xd;gJ NgH Njitg;gLtjhfTk; gpd;ghl;Lg; ghLtjw;F
me;je;j CHfspy; cs;s njUf;$j;J ebfHfisf; FOtpy;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJk; cz;L. ngUk;ghYk; Mz;fNs ngz;
Fuypy; NgRtJz;L. mjpf tUkhdk; fpilj;jhy; kl;LNk ngz;
ghlfiu mikj;Jf; nfhs;tH.
,JNghy;> nghk;ikfspd; $Lfspy; iftpuy;fis Eioj;J>

fl;iltpuy; kw;Wk; eL tpuy;fisg; nghk;ikapd; ,U iffspy;
nghUe;JkhW itj;J> Rl;Ltpuiyg; nghk;ikapd; jiyapy;
itj;J fPNo mkHe;J nfhz;L jpiuf;F NkNy nghk;ikfs;
,Uf;FkhW epfo;r;rp elj;Jtij ifAiw nghk;kyhl;lk; vd;gH.
xNu Neuj;jpy; xUtH ,uz;L iffspYk; ,uz;L nghk;ikfis
khl;b ,e;j epfo;r;rpia elj;JtH. fl;il tpuiyAk; eL
tpuiyAk; mirg;gjd; thapyhfg; nghk;ikapd; iffisAk;
Rl;Ltpuiy mirg;gjd; thapyhfg; nghk;ikapd; jiyiaAk;
,aq;f itf;f ,aYk;. iffisg; gf;fthl;by; efHj;Jtjd;
thapyhfg; nghk;ikfis ,lk; khw;wyhk;. nghk;ikfis
mirj;Jf; nfhz;Nl nghk;ikahl;b trdq;fisg; Ngrp epfo;r;rpia
elj;JthH.
1. nghk;kyhl;lj;jpw;F NtWngaH vd;d?

2. nghk;kyhl;lj;jpd; ghLnghUs; ahJ?
3. nghk;kyhl;lj;jpd; tiffs; ahit?
4. Njhy;nghk;ik vd;why; vd;d?
9.4. Njhw;ghit
Njhy;ghitf; $j;J> Njhy; nghk;kyhl;lk;> Njhw;ghit

epow;$j;J vd;nwy;yhk; Njhw; ghitiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH.
Njhw;ghit xU $j;J tifiar; rhHe;jJ. Njhw;ghitf; $j;Jf;
fiyQHfs; kuhl;biaj; jha;nkhopahff; nfhz;ltHfs;. ,tHfs;
CH Cuhfr; nrd;W Njhw;ghitf; $j;jpid epfo;j;Jfpd;wdH.
130
FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s midj;J cWg;gpdHfSk; epfo;r;rpapy; gy;NtW
nghWg;Gfis tfpf;fpd;wdH. ntt;NtW CHfSf;Fr; nrd;W CHg;
nghJ ,lj;jpy; tl;l tbtpyhd jpwe;jntspf; $lhuk; Nghl;L>
mjpy; nghk;kyhl;l Nkil mikj;J> tpsk;gug;gLj;jp> fl;lzk;
t#y; nra;J epfo;r;rpfis elj;JtH. ,tHfspd; Nehf;fk;
md;whl tho;f;iff;fhd nghUs; <l;LtNjahFk;.
nghOJNghf;fpid ikakhff; nfhz;Nl epfo;r;rpfs;
elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. topghl;Lr; rlq;NfhL njhlHGilajhff;
fhzKbatpy;iy. Mdhy; Kd;dH topghl;Lr; rlq;NfhL
njhlHGilajhf ,Ue;J jw;NghJ khwp ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gH.
9.4.1. Njhw;ghitf; $j;J elj;Jgtu;fs;
Njhw;ghitf; $j;J epfo;j;JgtH vz;zpf;if FOTf;Ff;

FO NtWgLfpwJ. Njhw;ghitf; $j;Jf; fiyQHfs; vt;thW
jq;fs; gzpfisg; gpupj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wdH. mjhtJ> $j;J
epfo;j;Jjy;> $j;juq;fk; mikj;jy;> glk; tiujy; Kjyhd
gzpfisf; FLk;gj; jiytUk;> tpsk;guk; nra;jy;> kj;jsk;
mbj;jy;> $j;juq;fk; mikf;f cjTjy; Kjyhd gzpfis
mtUila jk;gpAk;> fhR thq;fpg; ghHitahsHfis cs;Ns
mDkjpj;j gpd; Rug;ngl;b thrpf;Fk; gzpia mtH kidtpAk;>
rhy;uh thrpf;Fk; gzpiz mtH kfSk; mtH kfDk; nra;tH.
ghitfis ,af;Fk; fiyQHfs; jpiukiwtpy; ,Ug;gH.

ghitfis ,af;fpf; nfhz;Nl ghb trdk; NgRk; Mw;wy;
tha;e;jtHfs;. vj;jid taJilatuhf ,Ue;jhYk; epfo;r;rpia
elj;JtH.
9.4.2. Njhw;ghit nra;Kiw
Njhw;ghitfisr; nra;tjw;F Ml;Lj;Njhy; my;yJ

khd;Njhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. khl;Lj;Njhy; Kulhf
,Uf;Fkhjyhy; mjidg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. Njhiy thq;fpa
clNd ghit nra;jhy; ehw;wk; mbf;Fk;@ vyp fbj;JtpLk;.
vdNt> Njhiy Kjypy; gjg;gLj;JtH. Njhiy thq;fp %d;W
131
ehl;fs; rl;bapy; itj;J> gpd; ehd;fhtJ ehs; NjhypYs;s
cNuhkq;fis ePf;FtH. gpd;dH jz;zPupy; myrp> Nrhg;G Nghl;L
ed;F frf;fp kPz;Lk; myrpf; fha itg;gH. ,t;thW ehd;F
ehs;fs; jpUk;gj; jpUk;g nra;ag;gLk;NghJ Njhy; gQ;RNghy;
MfptpLk;. gpd;dH Kisfs; mbj;Jj; Njhiy tpupj;J
,Wf;fkhff; fl;b cyj;JtH. fj;jpahy; NjhypYs;s rt;Tfisr;
Ruz;b vLg;gH. xspGFksT nkypjhf Mf;fg;gl;l mj;Njhiy
cg;Gj;jhshy; Nja;j;J Rj;jg;gLj;JtH. ,jdhy; jkpo;ehl;Lg;
ghitfs; xspUk; jd;ik nfhz;litahf cs;sd. Njhiyg;
ghlk; nra;Ak;NghJ cg;gpidg; gad;gLj;j khl;lhHfs;. ,t;thW
jahH nra;ag;gl;l Njhypy; tz;zk; jPl;b cUtk; tiutH.
cspahy; jl;b mzpfs; Nghy; ntl;LtH. tpiug;Gf;fhf %q;fpy;
gpshr;R itj;Jf; fl;LtH. ghit xNu Njhypy; nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk;.
Njhw;ghitfSf;F tz;zk; jPl;Lk;NghJ vz;nza;

tz;zq;fs; jpl;Lj; jpl;lhfj; njupAk;. Mjyhy; ePH tz;zq;fs;
gad;gLj;JtH. ePH tz;zq;fs; xsp Gff;$ba msTf;Fr;
rpwg;ghf cs;sd. MapDk; <uk; glhky; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;ba rpf;fy; cz;L. kz;nzz;nza; tpsf;Ff; fupiaAk;
Ntg;gk; gprpidAk; fye;J fUg;G tz;zk; jahupg;gH. gpw
tz;zq;fisf; filapypUe;J thq;fpf; nfhs;tH. Njhypd; tpiy
Vw;wj;jpdhy; Kf;fpakhd nghk;ikfisj; jtpu Vidatw;iwf;
fdj;j jhs;fspypUe;J cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tH. rpy Neuq;fspy;
xNu ghitia ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
9.4.3. Njhw;ghitf; $j;juq;F
Njhw;ghitf; $j;J eilngWk; ,lk; tl;l tbtkhf

mike;jpUf;Fk;. mq;Ff; $j;jhl;Lk; muq;fk; mikf;fg;gLk;.
Nkilapy; ePs cau mfyq;fs; ghHitahsHfis kdjpy;
nfhz;L mtutH trjpf;Nfw;g mikf;fg;gLk;. ,J FOtpw;Ff;
FO khWgLk;. Njhw;ghit epoy; mirTfs; thapyhff; fij
epfo;r;rp nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. MfNt> epoy;fs; ghHitahsHfspd;
132
fz;fisf; $rr; nra;ahky; $j;ij ed;F Ritf;fj;
J}z;Ltdthf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;Nfw;g tpsf;if khl;b
muq;fk; mikf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j muq;fj;jpy; fijf;F Vw;whw;Nghy;
ghj;jpu Kiwg;gb ghitfis tupirahf mLf;fp itj;Jf;
nfhs;tH. Njhw;ghitf; $j;Jf;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ik ,uhkhazf;
fijfNs epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ.
9.4.4. Njhw;ghitg; ghly;fs;
Njhw;ghitf; $j;Jf;fhd ghly;fs; me;je;j FOitr;

NrHe;j fiyQHfs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,ilapilNa
njUf;$j;Jg; ghly;fs;> njk;khq;Fg; ghly;fs;> jpiug;ghly;fs;
Kjypad ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ghitia Ml;LgtH
ghj;jpuq;fspd; jd;ikf;F Vw;g Fuiy khw;wpg; NgRtjpy;
ty;ytuhf ,Ug;gH. ,tH jpiukiwtpy; mkHe;jthNw ghitfis
,af;f> ,irf; fiyQHfs; ntspapy; ,Ug;gH. ngl;Nuhkhf;];
ntspr;rj;jpy; epfo;r;rp elj;jg;gLk;. jw;NghJ kpd;tpsf;FfSk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
9.4.5. Njhw;ghitf; $j;jikg;G
Njhw;ghitf; $j;J epfo;r;rp nghJthf vl;L epiyfspy;

mikfpwJ. flTs; tho;j;J> Nfhkhspapd; jd;dwpKfg; ghly;>
$j;J mwpKfk;> eifr;Ritf; fhl;rp> fij Muk;gg; ghly;> fij
epfo;r;rp> eifr;Ritf; fhl;rp> fij KbT vd;W mikAk;.
9.4.6. jpUthrfj;jpy; Njhw;ghit
Njhw;ghitf; $j;jpd; goikiaj; jpUthrfk;

vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. jpUthrfj;jpy;>
“rPy kpd;wp Nehd;gpd;wpr; nrwpNt ,d;wp mwptpd;wpj;

Njhypd; ghitf; $j;jhl;lha;r; Rod;W tpOe;J fplg;Ngid"
vd;W khzpf;fthrfg; ngUkhdhy; Njhw;ghitf; $j;J gw;wpf;
$wg;gl;Ls;sjhy; ,f;$j;jpd; goik GydhFk;.
133
5. Njhw;ghitapd; NtWngaHfs; ahit?

6. Njhw;ghitf; $j;jpy; ghly;fisg; ghLgtH ahH?
7. Njhw;ghitf; $j;jikg;G vt;thW mikAk;?
8. khzpf;fthrfH czHj;Jk; Njhw;ghit $j;J gw;wp tptup?
 nghk;kyhl;lk; gw;wpAk;> nghk;kyhl;l tiffs; gw;wpAk;>

nghk;kyhl;l nghk;ikfs; ,af;f Kiwfs; gw;wpAk;>
nghk;kyhl;l nghk;ikfs; nra;Kiwfs; gw;wpAk; njupe;J
nfhz;BHfs;.
 Njhw;ghit gw;wpAk;> Njhw;ghit muq;fikg;G gw;wpAk; njupe;J
nfhz;BHfs;.

tpilfs;
1. 9.3. 2. 9.3.2.
3. 9.3.3. 4. 9.3.4.2.
5. 9.4. 6. 9.4.4.
7. 9.4.5. 8. 9.4.6.
1. nghk;kyhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d? mtw;wpd; tiffis

tpsf;Ff.
2. nghk;kyhl;l nghk;ik ,af;fKiwfs; gw;wpf; fl;Liu
tiuf.
3. nghk;ikfs; nra;Kiwfs; gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.
4. Njhw;ghitf;$j;J gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.
134

$W 10.
ehl;Lg;Gw ek;gpf;iffs; -
tpohf;fs; - rlq;Ffs;
10.1. Kd;Diu
r%fj;jpd; gz;ghl;L kugpid mwptpf;f ty;yd

mr;rKjhaj;jpd; ek;gpf;iffs;. ,J kf;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;Lr;
rKjhaj;jhy; Guf;fg;gLtd. mit r%fj; Njitfs; kw;Wk;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;wpait. kdpjdpd; jd;dy
czHTk; rKjha czHTNk ek;gpf;iffis tsHj;J tUfpd;wd.
,e;ek;gpf;ifapd; ghw;gl;ljhf ehl;Lg;Gw tpohf;fSk;> ehl;Lg;Gwr;
rlq;FfSk; mikfpd;wd. ehl;Lg;Gw ek;gpf;iffs; gw;wpAk;>
ehl;Lg;Gw tpohf;fs; gw;wpAk;> ehl;Lg;Gwr; rlq;Ffs; gw;wpAk;
tpsf;Ftjhf ,g;gFjp mikfpwJ.
10.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
 ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; ek;gpf;iffs; gw;wpj;

 ehl;Lg;Gwj;jpy; elj;jg;ngWk; tpohf;fs; gw;wpj; njupe;J
nfhs;tPHfs;.
 ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; filgpbf;Fk; rlq;Ffs; gw;wpj; njupe;J
nfhs;tPHfs;.
135
10.3. ehl;Lg;Gw ek;gpf;iffs;
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; tho;f;if ek;gpf;ifapd; ghw;gl;ljhfNt

mikfpd;wJ. gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiuapYk;> vOe;jJ Kjy;
J}q;Fk; tiuapYk; nra;Ak; nray;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdtw;iw
ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapNyNa nra;J tUfpd;whHfs;. ek;gpf;if
vd;gJ njhd;W njhl;L tUtJ. vJ xd;W gw;wpAk; jd;dhy;
Gupe;Jnfhs;s ,ayhj epiyapy; mjw;fhd tpsf;fj;ijg; gpwUf;F
vLj;Jiuf;f ,ayhj NghJk; rpytw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jfpw kdj;jpd;
vz;zq;fNs ek;gpf;if vdyhk;. mjhtJ xd;iwg; gw;wpa rupahd
njsptpy;yhj epiyapy; nrhy;yg;gLk; fhuzfhupa fw;gpjq;fs;
ek;gpf;iffshf epiyf;fpd;wd. ,t;tif ek;gpf;iffs; ehl;Lg;Gw
kf;fsplk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
10.3.1. ek;gpf;ifapd; $Wfs;
ek;gpf;ifia ek;gpf;if vd;Wk;> %l ek;gpf;if vd;Wk;

,uz;L tifahfg; gpupj;Jf; $WthHfs;. xd;wpidf; fhuzfhupak;
mwpahky; kdJs; Vw;Wf;nfhz;L toptopahfr; nra;J tUk;
nray;fSf;Ff; fhuzk; mwpahj epiyapy; vz;zg;gLk;
vz;zq;fNs %l ek;gpf;if. mjhtJ> xd;wpidg; gw;wpj; jhDk;
Gupe;J nfhs;shky; gpwUf;Fk; vLj;Jr; nrhy;y ,ayhj
jd;ikAilaJ %l ek;gpf;if vdyhk;. xd;wpidf; fhuzfhupa
mbg;gilapy; Vw;Wf;nfhz;L nra;J tUk; nray;fSf;Ff; fhuzk;
mwpe;J nrhy;yg;gLk; vz;zq;fNs ek;gpf;if. mjhtJ>
xd;wpidg; gw;wpj; jhDk; Gupe;J gpwUf;Fk; vLj;Jr; nrhy;Yk;
jd;ikAilaJ ek;gpf;if vdyhk;.
,t;tifapy; Nehf;Fk;NghJ ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fsplk; fhzg;gLk;

ek;gpf;iffs; ngUk;ghYk; %l ek;gpf;ifahfNt mikfpd;wd.
Mdhy; ,tw;iw ,opthff; $wptplTk; ,ayhJ. ekf;F %l
ek;gpf;ifahfj; Njhd;WtJ mtHfSf;F ek;gpf;ifahfj; Njhd;Wk;.
mtHfSf;F ek;gpf;ifahfj; Njhd;WtJ ekf;F %l
136
ek;gpf;ifahfj; Njhd;Wk;. vdNt ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; tho;NthL
njhlHGila ek;gpf;iffis ~ehl;Lg;Gw ek;gpf;iffs;| vdyhk;.
10.3.2. ek;gpf;ifapd; jd;ikfs;
 ga czHtpd; mbg;gilapy; vOe;jit.

 tho;tpy; ed;ikNa tpisa Ntz;Lk; vd;fpw vz;zj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; te;jit.
 kughfj; njhd;Wnjhl;L tUgit.
 fUj;JUthfp ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspilNa fhuzfhupa mbg;gilapy;
cUthfp tsHe;jit.
 gbg;gwptpy;yhj ghku kf;fspd; fUj;JUtkhf tpsq;Fgit.
 kdpj tho;f;ifia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit.
 gof;f tof;fq;fs;> rlq;Ffs;> tpohf;fs; ,tw;NwhL gpd;dpg;
gpize;jit.
 gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiu vy;yh epiyfspYk; cld; tUgit.
,j;jifa ek;gpf;iffs; ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fsplk; vy;yh epiyfspYk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
10.3.3. ek;gpf;ifapd; tiffs;
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; ek;gpf;iffis MW

epiyfshfg; ghFgLj;jyhk;. mit> kdpjH rhHe;j ek;gpf;iffs;>
gwit rhHe;j ek;gpf;iffs;> tpyq;F rhHe;j ek;gpf;iffs;> rFdk;
rhHe;j ek;gpf;iffs;> fdT rhHe;j ek;gpf;iffs;> Vida
ek;gpf;iffs; vd;W nfhs;syhk;.
10.3.3.1. kdpju; rhu;e;j ek;gpf;iffs;
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; tho;tpy; midj;J fhyf; fl;lj;jpy;

eilngWk; epfo;r;rpfSk; ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapNyNa
eilngWfpd;wd. vdNt gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiuapyhd
ek;gpf;ifia NkYk; Ie;J gpupthfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
10.3.3.1.1. Foe;ij gpwg;G
137
Foe;ij gpwg;gJk; ,wg;gJk; ,ay;ghd nray;fshd
kz;zpy; ,Ue;J te;jhYk;> mtw;wpd; rpy nray;fSf;Fk; ,it
jhk; fhuznkd;W ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdH.
 Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fz;zhb fhl;bdhy; CikahFk;.

 Foe;ij gpwf;Fk;NghJ fOj;jpy; Fly; Rw;wp> khiy Nghl;Lg;
gpwe;jjhy; jha;khkDf;F MfhJ.
 Foe;ij gpwe;j tPl;by; thrw;gbapy; Ntg;gpiyar; nrhUfp
itj;jhy; Nga;> gprhR> Neha; tuhJ.
 Foe;ijf;Ff; fz;NzW jpU\;b tpOe;J tplhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhf
fd;dj;jpy; tl;lkhd nghl;bl;L> cg;G> kpsfha; my;yJ
kQ;rs;> Rz;zhk;G ePH my;yJ %d;W tPl;Lf; $iu my;yJ
fw;g+uk; my;yJ cile;j Xl;il nfhl;lhq;fr;rpahy;
Rw;wpg;Nghl;lhy; fz;NzW fope;JtpLk;.
 Foe;ijiag; GjpatHfs;> ghHj;Jr; nrd;why; tPl ;by; kQ;rs; ePH
njspj;jhy; jPik tpyFk;.
10.3.3.1.2. ngz;fs; gUtkiljy;
Fwpg;gpl;l tajpy; ngz;fs; gUtkiltJ cyf ,ay;G.

,jw;Fk; rpy fw;gpjq;fisf; fpuhk kf;fs; $Wfpd;wdH.
 gUtkile;jJk; Mz;fs; Kfj;ijg; ghHj;jhy; ngz;Zf;F

MfhJ.
 Nga; gprhR mz;btpLk; vd;gjhy; gr;irapiyg; ge;jypl;L
cl;fhu itj;jy;.
 ngz;zpd; jha;khkNd ge;jypl Ntz;Lk;.
 fd;dpj;jPl;L tPl;bw;F Mfhnjd;W ntspapy; ,Uj;jp itj;jy;.
 khj tpyf;fhd ngz; g+ itf;ff; $lhJ.
10.3.3.1.3. jpUkzk;
MZk; ngz;Zk; ,ize;J ,y;ywj;jpy; <LgLtJ cyf

,aw;if. ,j;jifa tho;tpYk; ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; rpy
fw;gpjq;fisf; $Wfpd;wdH.
138
 ,U jpUkzq;fs; xU tPl;by; ele;jhy; xd;W rpwf;Fk;> kw;wJ
jhOk;.
 jpUkzr; rlq;Ffspy; Rkq;fypfs; kl;LNk gq;F
nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
 etjhdpaq;fs; mlq;fpa Kisg;ghupia kzkhd VohtJ ehs;
ePupy; tpl;L te;jhy; mtHfspd; tho;T tskhf mikAk;.
 jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ VH Nghd;w fUtpiaj; jiyapy; itj;jhy;
tskhd tho;T njhlUk;.
 jpUkzj;jpd; Kjy; ehs; murhzpf;fhy; vd;Dk; murkuk;
my;yJ xjpa kuj;jpd; fpisia el;L itj;jhy;
mk;kuq;fisg; Nghd;W re;jjp tpUj;jpNahL tho;thHfs;.
 kzkfs; tpUk;gpa nghUl;fisj; juhtpby; FiwAila
Foe;ij gpwf;Fk;.
 mjpfk; muprp jpd;why; jpUkz ehsd;W kio tUk;.
10.3.3.1.4. tisfhg;G
,aw;ifapy; ,iwtd; nfhLj;j tukhf miktJ jha;ik.

,J ngz;zpd; ngUikiar; Rl;LtJ. kzkhd ngz; Kjy;
gpurtj;jpd;NghJ gLfpd;w Jd;gk; kuzj; Jd;gk; vd;W $WthHfs;.
vdNt fUTw;w ngz;zpw;F rlq;Ffs; nra;tjw;Fr; rpy
ek;gpf;iffisf; $Wfpd;wdH.
 kWgpwtp vLf;Fk; epiyapYs;s fUTw;w ngz;iz jha;tL

P
mioj;Jg; NghtNj Rf gpurtj;jpw;F top.
 ngz;zpw;F gpbj;jkhdij thq;fpj; jutpy;iy vd;why; Foe;ij
rupahfg; gpwf;fhJ.
 tisfhg;G rlq;F nra;atpy;iy vd;why; Rfg;gpurtk;
tha;f;fhJ.
 gpwe;j Foe;ijia Neupy; khkd; ghHj;jhy; mtDf;F MfhJ
vd;W fz;zhb itj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;.
 ngz;fs; ,utpy; mof; $lhJ.
 ngz;fspd; jiykapy; Koq;fhYf;Ff; fPNo tsuf; $lhJ.
139
 ngz;fs; ,utpy; ky;yhe;J gLf;ff; $lhJ.
10.3.3.1.5. ,wg;G
vt;tsT rpwg;ghd tho;f;if tho;e;j kdpjdhf ,Ue;jhYk;

xUehs; ,we;Jgl NeupLtJ ,aw;if. mt;thW epfOk;
,wg;gpw;Fr; rpy fw;gpjq;fis ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; $Wfpd;wdH.
 NjH fl;bf; nfhz;L NghFk;NghJ mJ Mbdhy; tPl;bw;F

MfhJ.
 rdpf;fpoik ,we;J tpl;lhy; njhlHe;J rhT epfOk;.
 Gjd;fpoik rhT ey;yJ.
 kuz ehspy; kio nga;tJ ey;yJ.
 kuz tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;Wte;j gpd;dH Fspf;fNtz;Lk;.
 ,we;jtH Miria epiwNtw;w fhR> ntw;wpiy> ghf;F
,tw;iw ,iwj;Jr; nrd;why; tPl;bw;F ey;yJ.
 ,we;jtHfs; fhf;fhahf te;J tPl;lUNf fj;Jtjhf ek;gp NrhW
itj;jy;.
 vjpupy; rt CHtyk; te;jhy; ey;yJ elf;Fk;.
,it Nghd;w gy ek;gpf;iffs; ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fsplk; kdpjHfs;

rhHe;jitahf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd.
10.3.3.2. tpyq;F njhlu;ghd ek;gpf;iffs;
 eup Kfj;jpy; tpopj;jhy; mjpH\;lk;.

 gRkhl;il tPl;nljpNu fl;b itj;jhy; tPl;by; nry;tk; ngUFk;.
 gR khl;bd; fz;fspy; ePH tbe;jhy; tPl;bw;F MfhJ.
 ,sq;fd;W ,we;J Nghdhy; jPik.
 gRkhL fd;W <d;wTld;> ntspapy; tUfpd;w foptpid eha;
jpd;why; gRkhL ghy; fwf;fhJ.
 mf;foptpid Mykuj;jpy; fl;b itj;jhy; gR epiwa ghy;
nfhLf;Fk;.
 ML ,ul;ilf; Fl;b NghLtJ tPl;bw;F ey;yJ.
140
 eha; ,we;J tpl;lhy; mjidg; Gijf;fhky; tpl;Ltpl;lhy;
CUf;F MfhJ.
 eha; mOjhy; ,wg;G epfOk;.
 g+idia mbg;gJ ghtk;.
,it Nghd;w gy ek;gpf;iffs; tpyq;Ffs; njhlHghditahf

ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
10.3.3.3. gwitfs; rhu;e;j ek;gpf;iffs;
 fhf;if fiue;jhy; tpUe;jpdH tUtH.

 fhf;fha; jiyNky mbj;jhy; jPq;F tUk;.
 fhf;fha; jiyapy; vr;rkpl;ly; gzk; tUk;.
 tPl;by; rpl;Lf;FUtp $L fl;bdhy; tsk; ngUFk;.
 Gwhf;fs; tPl;by; $L fl;bdhy; MfhJ.
 tPl;by; ntsthy; ,Ue;jhy; ey;yJ.
 Nfhop> thj;J Nghd;wtw;iw tsHg;gJ ,y;ywj;jpw;Fr; rpwg;G.
 tPl;ilr; Rw;wp ty;Y}W gwe;jhy; ,wg;Gr; nra;jp tUk;.
,itNghd;w gy ek;gpf;iffs; gwitfs; njhlHghditahf

ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
10.3.3.4. rFdk; njhlu;ghd ek;gpf;iffs;
 ntspapy; fpsk;Gk; NghJ tpjitfs; vjpupy; te;jhYk;>

vz;nza;f; Flj;Jld; thzpaH te;jhYk;> rl;b ghidNahL
FatH te;jhYk; Nghfpw fhupak; elf;fhJ.
 g+id FWf;Nf te;jhy; ntspapy; nry;Yjy; ey;yjy;y.
 Kaiyg; ghHj;jhy; nra;fpw fhupak; ntw;wpahFk;.
 fOij fj;jpdhy; tPl;bw;Fj; jpUk;gptpl Ntz;Lk;.
 Qhapw;Wf;fpoik gR <DtJ ey;yJ.
 tPl;by; vWk;Gg; Gw;W ,Ue;jhy; ey;yJ.
 Mik tPl;by; GFe;jhy; jPaJ.
 gy;yp ,lg;Gwk; tpOe;jhy; ey;yJ.
 vUik cliyAk; jiyiaAk; Ml;bdhy; jPaJ.
141
,t;thW gytw;iw ey;y rFdq;fshfTk; jPa rFdq;fshfTk;
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdH.
10.3.3.5. fdT njhlu;ghd ek;gpf;iffs;
 gfy; fdT gypf;fhJ.

 fdtpy; ,wg;G ele;jhy; jpUkzk; elf;Fk;@ fdtpy; jpUkzk;
ele;jhy; ,wg;G epfOk;.
 fdtpy; kyj;ijj; njhl;lhy; gzk; tUk;.
 fdtpy; nts;isg; g+f;fs; ghHj;jhy; ey;yJ.
 fdtpy; guq;fpf;fha; tpOe;J ciltJk;> Kl;il> khkprk;>
ciltJk; jPaJ.
 fdtpy; ghk;G fbj;J tpl;lhy; ey;yJ. ghk;G Juj;jpdhy;
nfLjy;.
 fdtpy; flyiy nts;sk; te;jhy; nry;tk; NrUk;.
 fdtpy; Kd;NdhH te;jhy; nja;t mUs;fpl;Lk;.
 fdtpy; jPg;gw;wp vupe;jhy; ngz;fs; gUtkiltH.
 fdtpy; RtH ,be;J tpOe;jhy; ahuhtJ ,we;J tpLtH.
 fdtpy; gRikahd gapHf;fhl;rp te;jhy; tho;T nropf;Fk;.
 tpbaypy; fz;l fdT gypf;Fk;.
J}q;Fk;NghJ fhZk; fdtpw;Fk; rpy mbg;gilfs; cz;L vd;W

ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdH.
10.3.3.6. Vida ek;gpf;iffs;
Nkw;$wpa Ie;J gpuptpw;Fs;Sk; mlq;fhj gy ek;gpf;iffs;

ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fsplk; cs;sd. mtw;iw ,q;Ff; fhzyhk;.
 nrt;tha; mkq;fy ehs;. nrt;thapy; Kbntl;bjy; tWik

jUk;. nrt;thAk; nts;spAk; ijay; $lhJ.
 thrw;gbapy; cl;fhuf; $lhJ@ xw;iwf;fhypy; epw;ff; $lhJ@
cile;j tisaiy mzpe;jhy; khkhtpw;F MfhJ@ tpOe;j
gy;ypidg; Gijj;J itj;jhy; rPf;fpuk; gy; Kisf;Fk;@ xw;iwj;
Jk;ky; jPik.
142
 ey;y fhupak; gw;wpg; NgRk; NghJ kzp mbj;jhy; ey;yJ.
 xU fhupaj;ijg; gw;wpg; NgRk; NghJ gy;yp fj;jpdhy; ey;yJ.
rpy ,lq;fspy; cs;s gy;yp fj;jpdhy; jPaJ.
 ntWk; Ml;Lf; fy;iy Ml;lf; $lhJ. ntWk; mk;kpia
miuf;ff; $lhJ.
 Vzpiag; gLf;f itf;ff; $lhJ.
 jpUePuhy; Nfhyk; Nghlf;$lhJ.
 J}q;Fk; NghJ Kj;jk; juf;$lhJ.
 mjpfk; glk; gpbj;jhy; rhT neUq;fptpLk;.
 jiyapYk; thapYk; mbj;Jf; nfhz;L mOjhy; tPl;bw;F
MfhJ.
 g+f;fisAk; Nrhw;iwAk; fhypy; kpjpf;ff; $lhJ.
 epyhitr; Rw;wp J}ukhf tl;lkpUe;jhy; neUf;fkhf kio tUk;.
 Nja;gpiwapy; fhupak; nra;jhy; tsuhJ.
 rhT tPl;by; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;L fpsk;gf; $lhJ.
,itNghd;w gy ek;gpf;iffs; ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fsplk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,itahTk; Kd;NdhH ek;gpdH@ ed;ik
tpise;jJ. ehq;fSk; njhlHe;J ek;gp tUfpNwhk; vd;fpw
epiyapNyNa ehl;Lg;Gw ek;gpf;iffs; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd.
1. ek;gpf;ifapd; tiffs; ahit?

2. jpUkzk; njhlHghd ,uz;L ek;gpf;iffs; $Wf?
3. fhfk; njhlHghf ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fsplk; fhzg;gLk;
ek;gpf;iffisf; $Wf?
4. fdT njhlHghd kf;fspd; ,uz;L ek;gpf;iffisf; $Wf?
10.4. ehl;Lg;Gw tpohf;fs;
,ay;G epiyapy; itj;J kdpj kdq;fis Nehf;fpdhy;

,d;gj;ij tpUk;Gk; epiyia mwpaKbAk;. mj;jifa ,d;g
tpUg;g ntspg;ghLfs; gy tpjq;fspy; ntspg;gLk;. mtw;Ws;
jpUtpohTk; xd;W. tUlk; KOtJk; cioj;J thOk; fpuhk
143
kf;fs; tpohf;fspd; NghJ Xa;T vLj;Jf; nfhs;tNjhL jq;fis
kfpo;r;rpNahL ,Uf;fTk; khw;wpf; nfhs;fpd;wdH. mjhtJ
tUlj;jpd; rpy jpdq;fspy; ciog;ig epWj;jp cw;whH
cwtpdNuhL xd;W$b kfpo;r;rpNahL ,Uf;f tpUk;Gfpd;wdH.
mjdbg;gilapNyNa fpuhkq;fspy; tpohf;fs; nfhz;lhl
Muk;gpj;jpUf;fyhk;. mt;tif tpohf;fis FLk;g tpohf;fs;
vd;Wk;> rKjha tpohf;fs;> khj tpohf;fs; vd;Wk; Rl;LtH.
10.4.1. FLk;g tpohf;fs;
xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpYk; mtutH cwtpdNuhL ,ize;J

elj;Jk; rpwg;G epfo;r;rpfisf; FLk;g tpohf;fs; vdyhk;. mjhtJ
FLk;gj;jpy; elf;Fk; Rg epfo;r;rpfs; ahTk; FLk;g tpohf;fNs.
fhjzp tpoh> g+g;Gdpj tpoh> jpUkz tpoh> tisfhg;G tpoh
Kjyhd tpohf;fs; FLk;g tpohf;fspy; mlq;Fk;. ,it gw;wp
~ehl;Lg;Gwr; rlq;Ffs;| vd;Dk; gFjpapy; tpupthff; fhzyhk;.
10.4.2. rKjha tpohf;fs;
xU fpuhkj;ijr; NrHe;j gy rhjp kf;fSk; gy

FLk;gq;fSk; xd;W NrHe;J nfhz;lhb kfpOk; tpohf;fisr;
rKjha tpohf;fs; vdyhk;. mjhtJ XH Cupy; thOk; midj;J
kf;fSk; xd;W $b> tpohtpy; gq;F nfhz;L jq;fs;
cwtpdHfisAk; tutioj;J mtHfNshL CH kf;fNshL $b
kfpOk; tpohNt rKjha tpohthFk;. ,J ngUk;ghYk; xU
Ciur; NrHe;jtHfs; NrHe;J nfhz;lhLtJk;> njhlHGila gy
CH kf;fs; NrHe;J nfhz;lhLtJk; cz;L. ,t;thW nfhz;lhLk;
tpohf;fs; rKjha tpohf;fs; vdg;gLk;. Fwpg;ghf> kJntLg;G
tpoh> NghyhH mk;kd; tpoh> fk;gk; jpUtpoh kw;Wk; kahdf;
nfhs;is Mfpatw;iwf; fhz;Nghk;.
144
10.4.2.1. kJntLg;G tpoh
GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s muspf;Nfhl;il vd;Dk;

fpuhkj;jpy; ~kJntLg;G tpoh| nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tpohtpy;
,t;t+upy; cs;s midj;J rhjp kf;fSk; fye;J nfhs;fpd;wdH.
vl;L ehs;fs; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ,t;tpohthdJ gq;Fdp khjk;
filrp thuj;jpy; my;yJ rpj;jpiu khjk; Kjy; thuj;jpy;
nrt;tha;f;fpoik njhlq;fp mLj;j nrt;tha;f;fpoik KbAk;.
,e;j tpoh KbAk; tiu ahUk; Ciutpl;L ntspa+H nry;Yjy;
$lhJ.
tpohtpd; Kjy; ehs; kJ XL vd;Dk; ghj;jpuj;jpy; gR

khl;Lr; rhzkhfpa vUitapl;L ePH njspj;J etjhdpaq;fisj;
J}TthHfs;. ,it Nghlg;gLk; kJ XL Xl;ilfs; cs;sjhfTk;
fhw;Nwhl;lk; cs;sjhfTk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. CHg; nghJ ,lj;jpy;
etjhdpaq;fs; ,lg;gl;l kJ XL itf;fg;gLk;. gpwF
gagf;jpNahL tPl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L te;J eLtPl;by; itj;jpUg;ghHfs;.
,jw;Fj; jpdKk; ePHnjspj;J ghJfhj;J tUtH. mk;ik te;j
tPl;by; ,Ug;gJ Nghd;W vl;L ehl;fSk; jhspg;G rj;jk; tuhky;
rikay; nra;thHfs;. mirt czTk;> gaW tiffSk;
cz;zkhl;lhHfs;. ntsp Ml;fs; ahiuAk; cs;Ns
tplkhl;lhHfs;. kpfTk; Rj;jkhf kJ Xl;ilg; ghJfhj;J jpdKk;
ePH njspj;J tUthHfs;. etjhdpaq;fs; Kisj;J ed;F nropj;J
tsUk;. mjpfkhf tsHe;jpUe;jhy; tz;zhH kJ Xl;ilr; Rw;wp
kiwg;Gf; fl;LthH. ,jid khupak;kh vd;Nw miog;ghHfs;.
xt;nthU ehSk; nghJ ,lj;jpw;F mk;khitf; nfhz;LNgha;
itj;J jd;dd;dhg; ghl;Lg;ghb ngz;fs; kfpo;e;j gpwF tPl;bw;Ff;
nfhz;L tUthHfs;. vl;lhtJ ehs; fhiyapypUe;J vy;NyhUk;
tpujk; ,Ug;ghHfs;. cwtpdHfis tutiog;ghHfs;. md;W
mirt czT tiffSk;> vy;yhtpjkhd fha;fwp tiffSk;
rikj;J tpUe;J itg;ghHfs;. md;W khiy mk;khit
mzpfshYk;> FilapdhYk; kyHkhiy Gj;jhilapdhYk;
myq;fhuk; nra;thHfs;. gpwF kJ vLg;G eilngWk;.
145
CupYs;stHfs; rhjp Kiwg;gb mk;gyf;fhuupd; jhahupy; njhlq;fp
midj;J kf;fSk; tupirahf epd;W CHg; nghJ ,lj;jpy;
mk;khit itg;ghHfs;. md;W ,uT fhtbahl;lk;> fufhl;lk;>
ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; vd;W gytpjkhd fiyfSk;
eilngWk;.
kWehs; fhiy mk;khtpd; myq;fhuj;ijf; fiyj;Jtpl;L

ePupy; nfhz;L Ngha; Nghl;Ltpl;L tUthHfs;. md;W ,uT
njUf;$j;Njh ehlfNkh eilngWk;. ,t;tpohtpd; NghJ CupYs;s
midj;J kf;fSk; kfpo;r;rp nts;sj;jpy; %o;fpapUg;gH.
10.4.2.2. Nghyhu; mk;;kd; jpUtpoh
tlhHf;fhL khtl;lj;jpYs;s Cj;J}H vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy;

,t;tk;kd; tpoh eilngWfpwJ. %d;W ehl;fs; nfhz;lhlg;gLk;
,t;tpohtpw;F Kjy; ehs; fhg;G fl;LthHfs;. tpoh KbAk; tiu
CH kf;fs; ntspa+HfSf;Fr; nry;yf; $lhJ. tpohtpd; Kjy;
ehs; mk;kDf;fhf fy; elg;gl;Ls;s ,lj;ij ntl;LthHfs;.
mq;Nf Gijj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;s vz;nza; f; Flj;ij vLj;J
NkNy itg;ghHfs;. gpwF Nksjhsj;NjhL CH vy;iyf;Fr;
nrd;W midj;J kf;fSk; nghq;fy; itj;J fplha; ntl;b
rikj;J cz;Ltpl;L tUthHfs;. md;W Kjy; %d;W
ehl;fSf;Fk; fufk; vLf;fg;gLk;. %d;whtJ ehs; mk;kDf;Fj;
jha;tl
P hd FatH tPl;by; mk;kd;rpiy nra;ag;gLk;. mjid
tz;zhH tPl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L te;J tz;zhH rpWtdhy; jhyp
fl;lg;gLk;. gpwF mk;kd; myq;fhuj;Jld; CHtykhf vLj;J
tug;gLk;. md;W ,uT $j;Jk; Mly;fSk; ghly;fSk; eilngWk;.
kWehs; fhiy mk;kid CH vy;iyf;Fs; nfhz;L Ngha;
cilj;J gythW Vrpf; nfhz;Nl vwpe;J tpl;L jpUk;gpg;
ghHf;fhky; te;J tpLthHfs;. vz;nza;f; Flj;jpy; vt;tsT
vz;nza; Fiwe;Js;sNjh me;j msT vz;nza; epuk;gp kPz;Lk;
Gijj;J tpLthHfs;. vz;nza; ve;j msT Fiwe;Js;sNjh me;j
msT CH kf;fSf;Fj; jPq;F NeupLk; vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdH.
146
,t;tpohtpw;Fr; Rw;Wtl;lhuj;jpYs;s CH kf;fSk; cw;whH
cwtpdHfSk; tUthHfs;.
10.4.2.3. fk;gk; jpUtpoh
fk;gk; jpUtpoh vd;gJ fpuhkq;fspy; epfo;tJ. myupg;

g+g;gwpj;J mij IadhUf;F toq;fp> xU nrt;tha;f;fpoikad;W
tpohitj; njhlq;FthHfs;. mLj;j nrt;tha;f;fpoik xU
Ntg;gkuj;jpd; %d;W nfhk;G cs;s fpisiaf; Nfhapy; thapypy;
Cd;WtH. ,jd; gpd; fpuhkj;ijtpl;L xUtUk; jpUtpoh KbAk;
tiu ntspNa nry;y KbahJ. xU thuk; KOtJk; khiyg;
nghOjpy; MltH me;jf; fk;gj;ijr; Rw;wp kfpo;r;rpf; $j;jhLtH.
mLj;j nrt;tha;f;fpoik fpuhk kf;fs; NfhapYf;Fs;

nghq;fypLtH. mLj;j ehs; NjNuhl;lk; epfOk;. NjHf;fhypy;
Ml;Lf;Fl;b xd;iw itj;J mjd; kPJ Njiu Vw;wp mijg; gyp
nfhLg;ghHfs;. njUKiw NjhWk; ,t;thW gypapLthHfs;. ,e;j
Ml;Lf; Fl;bfis tz;zhHfSf;Ff; nfhLj;J tpLtH. md;W
,uT tpf;fpufj; jpUNkdp CHtykhff; nfhz;L tug;gLk;. kWehs;
jpUtpohit Kbj;Jf;nfhs;thHfs;.
10.4.2.4. kahdf; nfhs;if
tUlh tUlk; kfhrptuhj;jpupf;F Kd; jpdk; kahdf;

nfhs;is eilngWk;. ,JTk; xUtifapy; jpUtpohthFk;. ,J
me;je;j CupYs;s nja;tj;jpw;Fr; nra;Ak; tpohthFk;. nja;t
cUtj;ijr; RLfhl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;thHfs;. mq;Ff; fpuhk
kf;fs; jq;fs; Njhl;lj;jpYs;s Gspaq;fha; fj;jpupf;fha;
Kjyhdtw;iwAk;> jhdpaq;fisAk; nfhz;L te;J ,iug;ghHfs;.
mt;thW nra;jhy; tpisr;ry; ed;whf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdH.
mq;Fr; nry;Yk; Foe;ijaw;wtHfSf;Ff; Foe;ijg;NgW fpilf;Fk;
vd;W ek;GfpwhHfs;. fPNo ,iwe;Jfplf;Fk; nghUl;fs;
Gdpjkhdjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. mq;Fg; gytpjkhd Ntbf;if
Ml;lq;fSk; khWNtl Ml;lq;fSk; eilngWk;. re;ijfs; $Lk;.
gy CH kf;fSk; cwtpdHfSk; re;jpj;Jf; nfhs;thHfs;.
147
10.4.3. khj tpohf;fs;
jkpo;ehl;by; xt;nthU jkpo; khjq;fspYk; xt;nthU

jpUtpohf;fs; gutyhff; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf> rpj;jpiuj;
jpUtpoh> itfhrp tprhfk;> Mb gjpndl;L> fhHj;jpif jPgk;>
ijg;g+rk;> khrp kfk;> kfh rptuhj;jpup> gq;Fdp cj;jpuk; Nghd;w
tpohf;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
10.4.3.1. rpj;jpiuj; jpUtpoh
rpj;jpiu khjj;jpy; tUk; ngsHzkp ehsd;W ,t;tpoh

eilngWk;. KO epyh ehs; ,uT gfy;Nghy; fhl;rp mspf;Fk;.
gy Nfhapy;fspy; ,t;tpoh nfhz;lhlg;gl;lhYk;> kJiuapy;
eilngWk; tpohNt rpwg;Gilajhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. rpj;uh
ngsHzkp md;W> kJiuapy; Rw;W tl;lhuq;fspy; cs;s flTsH
jpUNkdpfs; ftHr;rpahd Kiwapy; itiff; fiuf;F vLj;Jr;
nry;yg;gLk;. E}whapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; ,t;tpohtpy;
fye;Jnfhs;tH. kJiuapy; Nfhapy; nfhz;L mUs; ghypf;Fk;
mk;id kPdhl;rpf;Fk; rptngUkhDf;Fk; eilngWk; jpUkz
tpohthf ,j;jpUtpoh mikAk;.
fpuhk kf;fs; tz;bf; fl;bf; nfhz;L kJiuf;F

te;JtpLtH. 12 ehl;fs; elf;Fk; tpohtpy; mofH kiyapypUe;J
,wq;fp tUtjhf elj;jg;gLk; fhl;rp moFilaJ. kPdhl;rpapd;
jpUkzj;ijf; fhz mofH tUfpw topapy; vjpHgLk; muf;fHfis
mog;gjw;fhfTk;> gf;jHfisf; fhg;gjw;fhfTk; ,d;dgpw
fhuzj;jpw;fhfTk; gj;J mtjhuq;fis vLf;fpwhH. ,t;thW
jrhtjhuk; mofH vLg;gjhf xt;nthU ehs; xt;nthU ,lj;jpy;
mtjhu myq;fhu epfo;r;rpfs; elj;jg;ngWk;. ,Wjpapy; mofH
itif Mw;iwf; fle;J jpUkzj;ijf;fhz tUtjw;fhf Mw;wpy;
fhy; itf;Fk; NghJ> mofUf;fhff; fhj;jpUe;J tpl;L fhyk;
fle;jjhy; kPdhl;rp nrhf;fehjH jpUkzk; Kbe;J tpl;lij mofH
Nfl;Ltpl;L Nfhgpj;Jf; nfhz;L kPz;Lk; mofH kiyf;Nf nrd;W
148
tpLthH. ,r;nra;jpfs; epfo;r;rpfshf elj;jg;ngWk;. ,tw; iwf;
fhz;gjw;fhf jpushd kf;fs; FOkp tpLtH.
,t;thW eilngWk; rpj;jpiuj; jpUtpoh goe;nja;t

topghlhfTk;> ngUe;nja;t topghlhfTk; fye;J tpsq;Fk; xU
epfo;r;rpahf mikfpwJ. ,j;jpUtpohtpy; ngUk;ghYk; FOkp
,Ug;gtHfs; kJiuiar; Rw;wpAs;s fpuhk kf;fshfNt
tpsq;Ffpd;wdH. vdNt> ,jid ehl;Lg;Gw tpohthfTk;
nfhs;syhk;.
10.4.3.2. itfhrp tprhfk;
itfhrp khjj;jpy; tUk; ngsHzkp ehsd;W KUfd;

Nfhapy;fspy; g+irfSk; tpohf;fSk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk;. kapy;
fhtb> ghy; fhtb> gd;dPHf;fhtb> md;df; fhtb Kjyhd
fhtbfs; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L kf;fs; ghbf; nfhz;L tUthHfs;.
KUfd; jpUNkdp CHtykhf vLj;J tUtJk; cz;L.
,t;tpohtpYk; gy CH kf;fSk; fye;J nfhs;thHfs;. itfhrp
khjj;jpd; ngsHzkp ad;Wjhd; nfsjk Gj;jH gpwe;jhH. mtH
Qhdk; ngw;W epHthzk; mile;jJk; itfhrp tprhf
ehspNyNaahFk;. jkpo;ehl;bd; KUfd; Nfhapy;fspy; itfhrp
tprhfk; vdg;gLk; KOepyh ehspy; kf;fs; xd;W$b tpohtpy;
fye;Jnfhs;tH.
10.4.3.3. Mb gjpndl;L
fhtpupf; fiuNahu kf;fshy; nfhz;lhlg;gLk;

jpUtpohf;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ Mb gjpndl;L. Mb khjk;
gjpndl;lhk; ehspy; fhtpupf; fiuapy; Rw;wpAs;s fpuhkq;fspy;
thOk; kf;fs; midtUk; xd;W $LthHfs;. md;W fhtpupapy;
nts¢sk; mizjpwe;J tplg;gl ngUf;nfLj;J XLk;.
kf;fs; midtUk; fhtpupf; fiuapy; $LthHfs;. rpWtHfs;

rg;guk; ,Oj;Jr; nry;tH. fhg;guprp> kQ;rs;> Fq;Fkk;> g+>
fhNjhiy> fUfkzp Kjyhdtw;iwf; nfhz;L tUthHfs;.
fhtpupf; fiuapy; elg;gl;bUf;Fk; xU fy; mUNf> nfhz;L te;j
149
nghUl;fs; midj;ijAk; itg;ghHfs;. fy;yUNf kQ;rspy;
gps;isahH gpbj;J itj;J kQ;rs; Fq;Fkk; itj;J topgLthHfs;.
mtHfs; midtUk; xd;W $b Fk;kp mbj;J Mbg; ghLthHfs;.
gpwF kQ;rs; fapw;iwg; ngupatHfs; rpwpatHfSf;Ff;
fl;btpLthHfs;.
gpwF fhNjhiy> fUfkzp> fhg;guprp> kQ;rs; Fk;q;Fkk;>

ntw;wpiy ghf;F> g+ Kjyhdtw;iwf; fhtpupapy; tpLthHfs;.
GJkz kf;fs; fiuapy; tyk; tUthHfs;. Gjpajhf kzkhd
ngz;zpd; jhypf;fapW md;W gpupj;Jg; GJg;gpg;ghHfs;. ,t;tpoh
fhtpup md;idf;F ed;wp nrYj;jpg; Nghw;Wk; tifapy;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
10.4.3.4. fhu;j;jpif jPgk;
fhHj;jpif khjj;jpy; KOepyh ehspy; ,t;tpoh jkpofk;

vq;Fk; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. tPLfs; NjhWk; mfy; tpsf;Nfw;wp
myq;fupg;ghHfs;. Nfhsj;jl;by; nra;ag;gl;l nrhf;fl;lhid fpuhk
kf;fs; vupj;J kfpo;thHfs;.
tPl;L thrypYk; Njhl;lj;jpYk; khl;Lj; njhOtj;jpYk;

tpsf;Nfw;wp itg;ghHfs;. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; FatH nra;Ak; rpwpa
kz; mfy; tpsf;if thq;fpj; jpupapl;L Vw;WthHfs;. mt;tpsf;if
mLj;j Mz;L tiu ghJfhj;J itj;J Gjpajhf thq;fpa
mfYld; NrHj;Jf; nfhs;thHfs;. ehSk; cioj;j kf;fs;
ey;YzT rikj;J nfhz;lhLk; tpohthf ,J mikfpwJ.
10.4.3.5. ijg;g+rk;
KUfDf;F vLf;fg;gLk; jpUtpohf;fspy; ijg;g+rKk; xd;W.

KUfd; Fbnfhz;Ls;s goep> jpUj;jzp Kjyhd jyq;fspy;
,t;tpoh nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tpohtpYk; fhtbfs; vLj;Jf;
nfhz;L Mbg;ghb gf;jpNahL KUfd; Nfhapy;fSf;Ff; fpuhkkf;fs;
tz;b fl;bf; nfhz;L nry;thHfs;. fhtbfisr; nrYj;jptpl;L
fl;Lr; Nrhw;iw cz;l gpd;G jpUtpohr; re;ijapy; Njitahd
150
nghUl;fis thq;fpf; nfhz;L tz;bapy; jq;fs; CH
jpUk;GthHfs;.
ij khjj;ijg; Nghd;Nw Mb khjj;J fpUj;jpifad;Wk;

fhtbfs; nrYj;jg;gLk;. md;Wk; Nkw;$wpathNw nrd;W
topgLthHfs;. ,t;tpohtpy; gy CHfspypUe;J tUk; jq;fs;
cwtpdHfisf; fz;L mstshtp kfpo;e;J CH jpUk;GthHfs;.
10.4.3.6. khrp kfk;
khrp khjj;jpy; tUfpd;w el;rj;jpu ehsd;W fpuhk kf;fs;

jq;fs; CupYs;s ,iw cUtq;fisf; fly;> MW> Fsk; Kjypa
ePH epiyfSf;F vLj;Jr; nrd;W ePuhl;bf; nfhz;L tUthHfs;.
md;W kf;fs; ePH epiyapy; ePuhb tUtij Gdpjkhf
epidf;fpd;wdH. ,jd; tsHr;rpahfNt 12 Mz;LfSf;F xU
Kiw Fk;gNfhzj;jpy; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; kfhkfk; jpUtpoh
mikfpd;wJ.
10.4.3.7. kfh rptuhj;jpup
fpuhk kf;fs; khrp khjj;jpy; tUk; mkhthir ehsd;W

jq;fs; CupYs;s Nfhapy;fspy; tpoh vLf;fpd;wdH. gy tpjkhd
gaWfs; nfhz;L Rz;ly; nra;J ,iwtDf;Fg; gilj;J cz;L
kfpo;fpwhHfs;. md;W ,uT fz;tpopj;J tpujk; ,Ug;gJk; cz;L.
,jd; Guhz tuyhWfs; fpuhk kf;fsplk; mjpfkhfg; guttpy;iy
vd;whYk; ,jidr; Rz;ly; tpohthf epidj;Jf;
nfhz;lhLfpwhHfs;.
10.4.3.8. gq;Fdp cj;jpuk;
gq;Fdp khjj;jpy; tUk; KOepyh ehsd;W jkpo;

ehnlq;FKs;s Nfhapy;fspy; tpoh vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. rpwg;ghf
KUfDf;F ,t;tpoh vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tpoh ehsd;Wk;
fhtbfs; vLj;J MbtUtJk; ney; fhzpf;if mspg;gJk; fz;
nfhs;shf; fhl;rpahf mikAk;. ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fSf;F ,jpy; <LghL
mjpfk;. mtutH Ntz;Ljy;gb fhtb vLg;ghHfs;. xt;nthU CH
151
kf;fSk; tupirahf epd;W ,e;jf; fhtbfs; ghlNyhLk; MlNyhLk;
nfhz;L tUthHfs;. gy iky; J}uk; ele;Nj tUtJk; cz;L.
5. FLk;g tpohf;fs; ahit?

6. kJntLg;G tpoh gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf?
7. kahdf; nfhs;is vd;why; vd;d?
8. Mb gjpndl;L - Fwpg;G tiuf.
10.5. ehl;Lg;Gwr; rlq;Ffs;
mwptpay; Kd;Ndw;wk;> kdpjdpd; rPupa rpe;jid

,itfspdhy; kf;fspd; gof;f tof;fq;fs; khwptpl;ld.
,k;khw;wk; rKjhaj;jpy; gutp> gpd; rlq;Ffshf khwptpLfpd;wd.
,r;rlq;Ffis kdpjd; ek;gp jd; tho;f;ifapy; gpd;gw;wp
tUfpd;whd;. rlq;Ffs; ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fshy; gutyhfg;
gpd;gw;wg;gl;L gpd; efHg;Gw kf;fshYk; filgpbf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
rlq;F vd;gJ tho;tpay; epfo;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;lit. rlq;Ffs; ek;gpf;ifapd; tsHr;rpahfNt
tpsq;Ffpd;wd. vf;fhupaj;ijr; nra;jhYk; mtw;iw ,d;dpd;d
epfo;r;rpfisf; nfhz;L nra;tJk;> mtw;iwr;
nra;atpy;iynad;why; jPq;F NeUk;@ tho;T eykhf ,Uf;fhJ
vd;W fUJtjpdhy; rpy nray;fisf; fhyk; fhykhfr; nra;J
tUfpd;wdH. ,t;thW nra;J tUk; nray;fisNa rlq;Ffs;
vd;W toq;fyhk;.
kf;fs; VNjh xU ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; toptopahf

kuG uPjpahf tho;tpd; midj;Jf; fl;lq;fspYk; nra;ag;gLk;
njhlH nray;fNs rlq;Ffs; vd;W nfhs;syhk;. ,r;rlq;Ffs;
gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiu vy;yhf; fhy fl;lq;fspYk;
eilngWfpd;wd. vdNt mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; rlq;Ffisg;
gpupf;fpd;wdH.
152
10.5.1. gpwg;Gr; rlq;Ffs;
Foe;ij gpwf;fpd;w NghJk;> Foe;ij gpwe;j gpwFk;

mjw;nfd rpy rlq;Ffis ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; nra;fpd;wdH. gpurt
Ntjidapy; Jbf;Fk; xU ngz;izj; jdp miwapy; ,Uf;f
itj;J kUj;Jtr;rpia mioj;J te;J rPufj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l
~frhak;| itj;Jf; nfhLf;fpd;wdH. Foe;ij gpwe;jTld;
motpy;iy vd;why; Foe;ijiaf; fps;sp mo itg;ghHfs;.
Kjypuz;L Foe;ijfs; gpwe;J ,we;J NghapUe;jhy; %d;whtJ
Foe;ij Mzhf ,Ue;jhYk; ngz;zhf ,Ue;jhYk; %f;Ff;
Fj;JthHfs;. kzkhfp ntFehs; fopj;J Foe;ij gpwe;jpUe;jhy;
Fg;igapy; Nghl;L Gul;b Fg;gd; vd;Wk;> Fg;gk;khs; vd;Wk; ngaH
itg;ghHfs;.
Foe;ij gpwf;Fk;NghJ njhg;gpy; nfhb fOj;jpy; Rw;wpagb

gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijia khiy Nghl;L gpwe;jJ vd;W $wp> mjdhy;
jha;khkDf;F MfhJ vd;W fUjp xU fpz;zj;jpy; vz;nza;
itj;J mjpy; Foe;ij Kfj;ij khkdhy; ghHf;f itg;ghHfs;.
NkYk; jha;khkDf;Fj; jPq;F Neuhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhf> %d;whk; ehs;
jpiufl;b tpl;L %d;W Kiw jhapd; jhypf; fapw;wpy; Foe;ijia
Kk;Kiw Rw;wp gpurtk; ghHf;Fk; kUj;Jtr;rpaplk; nfhLj;J
tpLthHfs;.
,tw;NwhL ehl;L kUe;Jf; filfspy; fpilf;Fk; kUe;Jg;

nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L te;J miuj;J ~nryTf; Fok;G| nra;J
jha;f;Ff; nfhLg;ghHfs;. mNjNghd;W ~fhuk;| vdg;gLk; kUe;ij
Foe;ijf;F Cw;WthHfs;. Foe;ijf;Ff; fz;NzW tuhky;
,Ug;gjw;fhf %d;W tPl;Lf; $iufisf; nfhz;L te;J mtw;wpy;
njUtpYs;s kz;> kpsfha;> cg;G itj;J jpU\;b Rw;wp mLg;gpy;
vwpthHfs;. kpsfha; neb tuhky; ,Ue;jhy; mjpf fz;NzW
vd;W $WthHfs;. ,NjNghd;W fw;g+uk;> kQ;rs; ePH ,tw;why;
fz;NzW fopg;gJk; cz;L. cile;j nfhl;lhq;Fr;rpahy;
fz;NzW fopg;gJk; cz;L.
153
Kjy; Foe;ijNahL GFe;j tPL tUk; jhiag; ghHf;ftUk;
mf;fk; gf;fj;jhHfSf;F ntw;wpiy ghf;F> gyfhuk; nfhLg;ghHfs;.
ngUk;ghYk; ngupNahHfspd; ngaHfisNah nja;tj;jpd;
ngaHfisNah Foe;ijfSf;Fr; #l;LtH.
10.5.2. fhjzp tpohr; rlq;Ffs;
fpuhk kf;fs; Foe;ij gpwe;J XupU tUlk; MdJk; fhjzp

tpoh elj;Jfpd;wdH. mr;rkaj;jpYk; rpy rlq;Ffs; nra;fpd;wdH.
xU rpy rhjp kf;fs; fhuKs; vLj;J fhJ Fj;JtJk; cz;L.
xU rpy rhjp kf;fs; rpy rlq;FfNshL tpoh vLg;gJk; cz;L.
fl;luprp> gyfhuq;fs;> g+khiy> GJj;Jzp> fhJ Fj;Jk; fk;gp>
ntw;wpiy> ghf;F> Njq;fha; Kjyhdtw;iw tupirahfj; jha;
tPl;lhH nfhz;L tUthHfs;. VjhtJ xU fpzw;wbf;Fr; nrd;W
mq;Fs;s xU kuj;jpw;F kQ;rs;> Fq;Fkk; itj;J Ml;Lf;fplha;>
Nfhop gypapl;L Foe;ijf;F nkhl;ilabj;J Mr;rhupahy;
Foe;ijf;Ff; fhJ Fj;JthHfs;.
10.5.3. g+g;Gdpj ePuhl;Lr; rlq;Ffs;
xU ngz; g+g;gile;jJk; jdpaplj;jpy; ,Uf;f itj;J

cwtpdHfSf;Fr; nrhy;yp mDg;GthHfs;. gpwF mf;fk; gf;fj;Jg;;
ngz;fSf;Fk; cwtpdHfSf;Fk; kQ;rs;> Fq;Fkk;> g+> ntw;wpiy>
ghf;F> gok; nfhLg;ghHfs;. mg;ngz;fs; kQ;rs; g+rp g+ itj;Jf;
nfhz;l gpwF> Rkq;fypfs; ItH kQ;rs;> Fq;Fkk;> g+ itf;fg;gl;l
Ie;J Flq;fspYs;s jz;zPiu xU cyf;ifapd; Nky;
gUtkile;j ngz;fis cl;fhu itj;J ePupidj; jiyf;F
Cw;WthHfs;. gpwF Gj;jhil mzptpj;J Kiw khkdhy;
fl;lg;gl;l njd;id Xiy> ehty; ,iy> mur ,iy ,tw;whyhd
Fbirapy; ,Uf;f itg;ghHfs;. jdpahfj; jl;L> lk;sH nfhLj;J
jpdKk; tpUe;J rikj;Jf; nfhLg;ghHfs;. cwtpdHfs; tpUe;J
rikj;J vLj;J tUthHfs;.
154
jpdKk; ngz;zpw;Fg; Gj;jhilfs;> mzpkzpfs; myq;fhuk;
nra;J cSe;J> ey;nyz;nza;> thiog;gok; ,tw;iwj; jpdKk;
ntWk; tapw;Wf;Ff; nfhLg;ghHfs;. xt;nthU ehs; fhiy
tpbaypYk; FbirapYs;s xU Fr;rpia vLj;J tpLthHfs;. gpwF
gjpdhwhtJ ehs; xU ry;yilapy; nghq;fpa rhjk;> xU jl;by;
tpl;L> vz;nza; Cw;wpa khtpsf;F> MyePH> g+khiy> fw;g+uk;>
Njq;fha; itg;ghHfs;. ney; Nghl;L mjd; Nky; kiz itj;J
mjw;Fk; Nky; Jzp tpupj;J ngz;iz cl;fhu itg;ghHfs;. gpwF
khkd; kidtpNah> mz;zpNah khtpsf;if vLj;J %d;W Kiw
Rw;wp tpl;L> vz;nza; Fbj;J tpl;L> g+g;nga;jpa ngz;zpd;
KJfpy; %d;W Kiw mbj;J tpl;L itg;ghHfs;. gpwF
ngz;zpw;F MyePH Rw;WthHfs;. njhlHe;J ngz;zpw;F Gj;jhil
nfhLj;J myq;fupj;J tpUe;J itg;ghHfs;. khtpsf;NfhL
gpl;bidAk; Vw;wp ,wf;fp> epfo;r;rpf;F te;jtHfSf;Ff;
nfhLg;ghHfs;.
10.5.4. jpUkzr; rlq;Ffs;
fpuhk kf;fs; ngz;izg; ghHj;J epr;rak; Ngrp Kbj;J

guprk; Nghl;l gpwFk; jpUkz ehs; epr;rapf;fg;gl;l gpwFk; rpy
rlq;Ffisr; nra;fpd;wdH. jpUkzj;jpw;F Kjy; ehs; ngz;
miog;Ngh my;yJ khg;gps;is miog;Ngh eilngWk;. kWehs;
fhiy tPl;bd; Kd;G xjpakuf; nfhk;G my;yJ murkuf;
nfhk;gpid eLthHfs;. ,jid ~murhizf;fhy;| vd;gH. gpwF
FatH tPl;by; ,Ue;J ~$iur;Nriyg; ghid| vdg;gLk; Nfhyk;
tiuag;gl;l GJg;ghidiaf; nfhz;L te;J murhizf;fhy;
mUNf itg;ghHfs;. gpwF ngz;zpw;F eyq;F itj;J myq;fhuk;
nra;j gpwF> jpUkzk; eilngWk;. jhypfl;b Kbe;jJk; ngupNahH
fhypy; tpOe;J tzq;fpa gpwF kzNkilapy; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
etjhdpaq;fisf; fpzw;wbf;F vLj;Jr; nry;thHfs;. mq;Fg;
ghj;jp fl;b> fw;g+uk; Vw;wp> Njq;fha; cilj;J tpij tpijg;gH.
md;W khiy ngz; tPl;bypUe;J rPHtupirNahL kzkf;fs; mDg;gp
itg;ghHfs;. mjw;F Kd; khg;gps;is Nfhgpj;Jf; nfhz;L nry;tJ
155
NghyTk; kzg;ngz; tPl;lhH Nksjhsj;NjhL nrd;W Fil gpbj;J
mioj;J tUtjhfTk; rlq;F nra;fpd;wdH. jpUkzkhd
%d;whtJ khjk; ngz; tPl;lhH kzkf;fis mioj;J te;J
tpUe;J itj;J mDg;GtJ tof;fkhf cs;sJ.
10.5.5. tisfhg;Gr; rlq;Ffs;
ngz;fs; kfg;NgW milAk; fhyj;jpy; jiyg;gps;is

gpwf;Fk; Kd;G tisfhg;Gr; rlq;F nra;tH. ngz; fUTw;W
xd;gjhtJ khjk; xd;gJ gb muprpAk;> xd;gJ tifahd
fha;fwpAk;> nty;yk; cile;j fl;b> cilahj fl;b> fTe;j fl;b>
mTuhj fl;b> nfhOf;fl;il> gzpahuk;> KWf;F> fl;luprp> xd;gJ
tifahd goq;fs;> rilg;g+> kQ;rs;> tisay;> g+khiy ,tw;iw
xU GJ %q;fpy; my;yJ gpuk;Gf; $il my;yJ <r;rq;f $ilapy;
itj;J kQ;rs; Jzpahy; fl;b vLj;J tUtH.
khg;gps;is tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;W mtw;iwg; gjpndhU

jl;Lfspy; itj;J> ngz;zpw;F eyq;F itj;J> Gj;jhil mzpaf;
nfhLg;ghHfs;. gpwF Rkq;fypg; ngz;fs; ngz;zpw;F tisay;
mzptpg;ghHfs;. mjd;gpwF ngz;iz> kQ;rs; Fq;Fkk;> g+
itf;fg;gl;l %d;W FlkUNf mioj;Jr; nry;thHfs;. mq;F
cyf;ifapd;Nky; ftpo;j;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;s jl;bid cijf;fr;
nra;thHfs;. mjhtJ> ePUs;s Flj;ij ,uz;L iffshYk;
gpbj;Jf; nfhs;sr; nra;J fhyhy; cijf;fr; nra;thHfs;.
mt;thW nra;Ak;NghJ mf;$il epkpHe;J nfhs;Sk;> gpwF
ngz;iz Flq;fisg; gpbj;jpUf;Fk;gb nra;J mtsJ KJfpy;
xU &gha;f; fhrpid itj;J ,sePH tpl;L topj;J vLg;ghHfs;.
,t;thW %d;W ngz;fs; nra;thHfs;. ,jid ~KJFePH Fj;Jjy;|
vd;W $WtH. tpUe;J Kbe;jJk; kWehs; ngz;izj;
jha;tl
P ;bw;F mioj;Jr; nry;thHfs;.
10.5.6. ,wg;Gr; rlq;Ffs;
kz;zpy; gpwf;Fk; kf;fs; midtUk; ,wj;jy; cWjp

vd;Dk; kdpj jj;Jtj;ijf; fpuhk kf;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jhYk;
156
mtHfis ,Wjpahf top mDg;gp itf;Fk; Nehf;fj;jpy; rpy
rlq;Ffisr; nra;fpd;wdH. xUtH ,we;j cld; cwtpdHfSf;Fr;
nrhy;yp mDg;GthHfs;. fhypYs;s ,uz;L ngUtpuy;fisAk;
Jzpahy; NrHj;Jf; fl;b> fz;fis %b mjd;Nky; ,uz;L fhir
itg;gH. Rkq;fypahf ,Ue;jhy; kQ;rs; g+rp Fq;Fkk; itg;gH.
tpjitfs; vdpy; tpg+jpAk; g+Rfpd;wdH.
tPl;ilr; Rw;wpAs;stHfs; fhg;gp nfhz;L te;J ,we;JNghd

cwtpdHfSf;Ff; nfhLg;gH. tUgtHfs; mtHfisf; fl;bg;
gpbj;J xg;ghup itg;gH. gpwF xU GJg;ghidapy;> gq;fhsp
Kiwg;ngz; Fspj;Jtpl;Lr; NrhW nghq;Fths;. ,jid
~gpz;lr;NrhW| vd;gH.
,we;jtupd; jiyg;gFjpf;fUNf tpsf;Fk; CJtj;jpAk;

itg;gH. mjdUNf jhk;ghsj;jl;by; muprpiaf; nfhl;b itg;gH.
Mz; ,we;jhYk;> ngz; ,we;jhYk; jha;tl
P ;lhH GJj;Jzp> khiy>
Njq;fha;> Fq;Fkk;> E}y;> rPg;G> mty;> fliy> ntw;wpiy> ghf;F
nfhz;L tUtJ tof;fk;. ,jw;Fj; ~jha;tl
P ;Lf; nfhb| vd;W
ngaH.
gpzk; ,uT jq;f NeHe;jhy;> ,uT KOtJk; midtUk;

tpopj;J ,Ug;gH. giw Nksk; mbg;gJk;> g[id itg;gJk;
cz;L. gpwF gpzj;jpidf; fOtp vz;nza;> rPaf;fha; Nja;j;Jf;
Fspg;ghl;b> GJj;Jzpiag; Nghl;L> khiy> g+ ,tw;why; %LtH.
jha;f;Fj; jiykfDk;> je;ijf;F filrp kfDk; nfhs;sp

NghLtH. mjhtJ kfd; kPJ jz;zPH Cw;wp> GJj;Jzpia
,Lg;gpy; fl;b> xU kuf;fhypy; ney; itj;J> mjpy; tpsf;F> tj;jp
Vw;wpitj;J gpzj;ij %d;W Kiw Rw;wp tUtH. ,jd; gpwF
ghilfl;b vLj;Jr; nry;tH.
tz;zhH eilghthil NghLtH. NjHfl;b mjpy; Nfhopf;

FQ;rpiaf; fl;b vLj;Jr; nry;tH. ,we;jtH tPl;bidr; Rj;jk;
nra;J eLtPl;by; tpsf;F itj;J ,Ug;gH. thrypy; rhzKk;
gf;fj;jpy; ePUk; itg;gH. gpzj;ijg; Gijj;Jtpl;L tUgtHfs;
157
rhzj;jpy; Kk;Kiw ifitj;J> ePupy; eidg;gH. tpsf;fpidj;
njhl;L tzq;fpa gpwF tPL nry;tH.
,we;jtH tPl;Lf;F mf;fk; gf;fj;jhH NrhW nfhz;L te;J

itj;Jr; nry;tH. ,uz;lhtJ ehs; ghy; itg;gH. gjpdhwhtJ
ehs; fUkhjp nra;tH. cwtpdHfs; GJNtl;b> Glit nfhz;L
te;J nfhLj;Jtpl;Lr; nry;tJk; cz;L. tajhdtHfs; ,we;jhy;
md;wpuT njUf;$j;J itg;gJk; cz;L.
9. fhjzp tpohr; rlq;F gw;wpf; $Wf.

10. murhizf;fhy; vd;why; vd;d?
11. KJFePH Fj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
12. gpz;lr;NrhW vd;why; vd;d?
 ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspila fhzg;gLk; ek;gpf;iffs; gw;wpj; njupe;J

nfhz;BHfs;.
 ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; md;whl tho;tpy; epfof;$ba
nraw;ghLfspy; ek;gpf;iff; $Wfs; vt;thW rpwg;Gg;ngw;Ws;sJ
vd;gJ gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
 ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; nfhz;lhLk; tpohf;fs; gw;wpj; njupe;J
nfhz;BHfs;.
 ngUtpohf;fisAk; ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; ehl;Lg;Gw tpohthff;
nfhz;lhLk; jd;ikfs; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
 khje;NjhWk; nfhz;lhLk; tpohf;fs; gw;wpj; njupe;J
nfhz;BHfs;.
 kf;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; ek;gpf;if rhHe;j rlq;Ffs; gw;wpj;
njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
 gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiuapyhd MW epiyfspy;
filgpbf;fg;gLk; rlq;Ffs; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
158
10.7.Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd
tpilfs;
1. 10.3.3. 2. 10.3.3.1.3.
3. 10.3.3.3. 4. 10.3.3.5.
5. 10..4.1. 6. 10.4.2.1.
7. 10.4.2.4. 8. 10.4.3.3.
9. 10.5.2. 10. 10.5.4.
11. 10.5.5. 12. 10.5.6.
1. kdpjH rhHe;j ek;gpf;iffs; gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.

2. tpyq;F kw;Wk; gwit rhHe;j ek;gpf;iffs; KiwNa
Ie;ije;J $Wf.
3. fdT kw;Wk; rFdk; Fwpj;j ek;gpf;ifs; gj;jpidf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
4. ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; nfhz;lhLk; rKjha tpohf;fs; ,uz;bid
tpsf;Ff.
5. ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; khj tpohf;fs; ,uz;bid tpsf;Ff.
6. ehl;Lg;Gwr; rlq;Ffspd; tiffs; ahit? mtw;wpy;
,uz;bid
tpsf;Ff.
1. f. fhe;jp> jkpoH gof;f tof;fq;fSk; ek;gpf;iffSk;>

cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> nrd;id> ,uz;lhk; gjpg;G
2003.
159
$W 11. tpisahl;Lf;fs;-tl;lhur;nrhw;fs;
11.1. Kd;Diu
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; ehfupfj;NjhLk; gz;ghl;NlhLk;
tpsq;FtJ ehl;Lg;Gw tpisahl;Lf;fs;. tpisahl;il kdkfpo;r;rp
Cl;Lk; nray; vd;gH. tpisahl;L vd;gJ ntspj;J}z;ly;fspd;wp>
kfpo;r;rpa+l;Lk; nray;fspy; ,aw;ifahf <LgLtjhFk;.
tho;f;iff;Fg; gapw;rpaspf;Fk; fskhf miktJ tpisahl;L.
jkpo; nkhop Ngr;R tof;fpy; ,lk; rhHe;J my;yJ r%fk; rhHe;J
my;yJ njhopy; rhHe;J toq;Fk; nrhw;fs; tl;lhu nkhopr;
nrhw;fs; MFk;. ehl;Lg;Gw tpisahl;Lfs; gw;wpAk;> tl;lhu
tof;Fr; nrhw;fs; gw;wpAk; ,q;Fg; ghlg;gFjpahf mike;Js;sJ.
11.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
 ehl;Lg;Gwj;jpy; tpisahlg;gLk; tpisahl;Lf;fs; gw;wpj; njupe;J

nfhs;tPHfs;.
 ehl;Lg;Gwj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fshy; toq;fg;gLk; tof;Fr;
nrhw;fs; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
11.3. ehl;Lg;Gw tpisahl;Lf;fs;

jkpof ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; tho;tpay; $Wfspy;
tpisahl;Lf;fSk; xd;W. Xa;T Neuq;fspYk;> mWtil Kbe;j
gUtq;fspYk;> ,uT Neuq;fspYk;> fpuhk kf;fs; ngUk;ghYk;
tpisahLfpd;wdH. kw;wtHfspd; J}z;LjNy ,y;yhky;
Nghl;bapy;yhky; $b kfpOk; epiyahfNt ehl;Lg;Gw
tpisahl;Lf;fs; mikfpd;wd. tpisahl;il kdkfpo;r;rpa+l;Lk;
nray; vd;gH. mt;tpisahl;L nghOJ Nghf;fpw;fhf kl;Lkd;wp
cly; eyk;> kd eyk; NgZtjhfTk; cs;sJ. nghOJ Nehf;F
epiyf;fhfj; njhlq;fg;gl;L> kdkfpo;r;rpa+l;Lk; epiyf;F khwpa
nray; tbtq;fNs tpisahl;L vd;W $wyhk;. mjhtJ>
cly;jpwd;> nray;jpwd;> cs;sj;jpwd; ,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
160
mtw;wpd; ntspg;ghLfshf mike;J> mt;ntspg;ghl;bdhy;
kdkfpOk;gbahd nray;fNs tpisahl;L MfpwJ. nghJthf
tpisahl;ilg; nghOJNghf;F tpisahl;L> kdkfpo;r;rp
tpisahl;L> cly;jpwd; kw;Wk; cs;sj;jpwd; tpisahl;L>
nray;ghL tpisahl;L> xOq;FKiw tpisahl;L> Nghl;b
tpisahl;L> ge;ja tpisahl;L vd;W tupirg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
vd;whYk; rpWtH-rpWkpaH tpisahl;L> ngupatH tpisahl;L> r%f
tpisahl;L> nghOJNghf;F tpisahl;L vd;w ehd;F tiff;Fs;
ehl;Lg;Gw tpisahl;Lf;fis cs;slf;FtH.
11.3.1. rpWtu;-rpWkpau; tpisahl;Lf;fs;

ehl;Lg;Gw tpisahl;Lf;fspy; ngUk;ghyhd rpWtH rpWkpaH
tpisahl;Lf;fshfNt mike;Js;sd. ,q;Nf Ie;J tajpypUe;J
gjpide;J taJ tiuapYs;s rpWtH rpWkpaHfs; $l;lkhfr;
NrHe;J tpisahLk; tpisahl;Lf;fs; rpWtH rpWkpaH tpisahl;L
vd;W $wg;gLk;. mjhtJ rpWtHfs; kl;Lk; jdpahfNth>
rpWkpaHfs; kl;Lk; jdpahfNth tpisahLtJ tof;fk;. rpy
Neuq;fspy; rpWtH rpWkpaH ,ize;J tpisahLtJk; cz;L.
vdNt rpWtH rpWkpaHf;Fg; nghJthd tpisahl;L rpWtH rpWkpaH
tpisahl;L vd;W $wg;gLk;. fpuhkpar; rpWtH rpWkpaH gy
tpisahl;Lf;fis tpisahLfpd;wdH. mtw;Ws; rpytw;iw kl;Lk;
,q;Ff; fhzyhk;.
11.3.1.1. fpl;bg;Gs;S (fpy;yp)

fpl;bGs;S vDk; tpisahl;lhdJ fpl;b jf;fh> fpy;yp
jhz;lh> Fr;rpf; fk;G> rpq;fhq; Fr;rp> Fr;rp mbj;jy; vdg; gy
ngaHfspy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. rpWtHfs;> rpWkpaHfs; vd
midtUk; ,t;tpisahl;bid tpisahLthHfs;.
,t;tpisahl;bid tpisahLtjw;Ff; fpl;bGs;> fpl;bNfhs; vd
,U fUtpifisf; nfhz;L tpisahLthHfs;. fpl;bGs;
vdg;gLk; Fr;rpahdJ RkhH %d;Wtpuy; nfhz;l gUkdpy; 20
nrd;b kPl;lH ePsk; nfhz;lJ. ,jd; ,U KidfSk; $uhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fpl;bf; NfhshdJ xUtpuy; gUkDk; RkhH 50
161
nrd;b kPl;lH ePsKk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. tpisahLtjw;F Vw;w
Fr;rpahf tYthd kuj;jpypy; ,Ue;J ntl;lg;gl;l Fr;rpapd;
fpisfis itj;Nj tpisahlyhk;. Mdhy; Fr;rpahdJ
mbf;Fk;NghJ cilahky; jplkhdjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
,t;tpisahl;il ,uz;L tpjkhf tpisahlyhk;.
kz; jiuapy; xU rpwpa Fopiaj; Njhz;b mjd;Nky;

Gs;SFr;rpia itf;fNtz;Lk;. gpd;dH fpl;bFr;rpia Gs;Sf;
Fr;rpf;F mbapy; ,Uf;FkhW itj;J J}f;fp mbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mbf;fg;gl;l Gs;Sf; Fr;rpia FOtpy; cs;s kw;wtHfs;
JzpahNyh my;yJ iffshNyh gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,JnthU
Kiw.
kw;nwhd;W> kz; jiuapy; xU rpwpa Fopiaj; Njhz;b

mjd;Nky; Gs;Sf; Fr;rpia itf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dH tpisahLk;
egH ,uz;L fhy;fisAk; tpupj;J FopahdJ fhy;fSf;F ,ilapy;
,Uf;FkhW rupghHj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dH fPNo Fdpe;J
fpl;bf; Fr;rpiag; Gs;Sf; Fr;rpf;F mbapy; ,Uf;FkhW itj;J
tpupj;j fhy;fSf;F ,ilapy; cs;s ,ilntspapd; topahf
J}f;fp tPr Ntz;Lk;. mjidf; FOtpy; cs;stHfs; JzpahNyh
my;yJ iffshNyh gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. Gs;Sf; Fr;rpiag;
gpbj;Jtpl;lhy; tpisahba egH ntspNawp mLj;j egH
Ml;lj;ijj; njhlu Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tpisahl;il ,uz;L my;yJ
mjw;F Nkw;gl;l egHfs; tpisahlyhk;.
11.3.1.2. nehz;b tpisahl;L

ehk; ek; gz;ila tpisahl;Lf;fis Kw;wpYk; kwe;J
tpl;Nlhk;. mtw;wpy; xd;Wjhd; nehz;b tpisahl;L. xw;iwf;
fhypy; jt;tp elg;gJ nehz;b. XLgtHfis nehz;b mbj;Jj;
njhLtJ nehz;b tpisahl;L. ,J Foe;ijfSf;F ey;y
clw;gapw;rp MFk;. nehz;b tpisahl;L Foe;ijfspd; clYf;F
xU Gj;JzHr;rpia mspj;J> mtHfspd; Nrhk;Ngwpj; jdj;ijf;
Fiwf;fpwJ. ,J fhy;fSf;F ,ilNa uj;j Xl;lj;ij
mjpfg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,og;gpy; <Lfl;Lk; Mw;wiyj; jUtNjhL>
162
jd;dk;gpf;ifiaAk; mjpfupf;fpwJ. nehz;b tpisahl;bw;F
,j;jid NgH tpisahl Ntz;Lk; vd;w tiuKiw vJTk;
,y;iy. ,jpy; vj;jid NgH Ntz;LkhdhYk;
fye;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.
tl;lk; my;yJ rJuk;> ,jpy; VNjDk; xd;iw Nghl;Lf;

nfhs;sNtz;Lk; tpisahl;by; fye;Jf; nfhz;ltHfs; Fwpg;gpl;l
vy;iyf;Fs; xlNtz;Lk;. mtHfis xUtH nehz;b mbj;Jr;
nrd;W njhl Ntz;Lk;. nehz;b mbj;Jr; nry;gtupd; fhy;
typj;jhy; Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyf;Fs; (fhiy itj;J)
Nghlg;gl;bUf;Fk; rpW tl;lj;jpDy; epd;W nfhs;syhk;. tl;lj;ijj;
jtpu kw;w gFjpapy; fhiy Cd;wf; $lhJ. nehz;b mbj;Jr;
nry;gtH xUtiuj; njhl;lhy;> njhlg;gl;ltH Ml;lj;jpypUe;J
ntspNaw Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyf;Fs; fhiy Cd;wpdhy;
mjw;F Kd; njhlg;gl;ltH cs;Ns kPz;Lk; te;J XLk; tha;g;igg;
ngWthH. ,t;thW nehz;b tpisahl;L njhlUk;.
11.3.1.3. gk;gu tpisahl;L

gk;gu tpisahl;bw;F ,j;jid NgHjhd; tpisahl Ntz;Lk;
vd;W tiuKiwapy;iy. ,jpy; vj;jid NgH Ntz;LkhdhYk;
fye;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. Kjypy; xU tl;lk; Nghl;Lf; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
me;j tl;lj;ijr; Rw;wp epd;W gk;guj;ijAk; rhl;iliaAk;
Rw;Wtjw;Fj; jahuhf itj;Jf; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. gpwF xd;-^-j;up
nrhy;ypaTld; midtUk; gk;guj;ijr; rhl;ilahy; Rw;wpf; nfhz;L
tl;lj;jpw;Fs; gk;guj;ijr; Roytpl Ntz;Lk;.
gpd;G> rhl;iliag; gad;gLj;jp gk;guf; fl;ilia Nky;

vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW vLf;f KbahjtHfspd; gk;guq;fis
tl;lj;jpd; cs;Ns itf;fNtz;Lk;. ntspNa cs;stHfs;
tl;lj;jpypUf;Fk; gk;guj;ijj; jq;fs; gk;guj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
ntspNa vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW gk;guj;ij tl;lj;jpDs;
tpLk;NghJ> gk;guk; ,y;yhjtH me;jg; gk;guj;ijg; gpbj;Jtpl;lhy;
me;jg; gk;guKk; tl;lj;jpDs; te;JtpLk;. Row;Wgtupd; gk;guk;
Roytpy;iy vdpYk; me;jg; gk;guKk; tl;lj;jpDs; itf;fg; gLk;.
163
tl;lj;jpy; cs;s midj;Jg; gk;guq;fSk; ntspNa te;Jtpl;lhy;
kPz;Lk; Ml;lj;ijj; Jtq;fNtz;Lk;.
11.3.1.4. cg;Gf;NfhL
cj;jp gpupj;jy; %yk; ,uz;L mzpfs; gpupf;fg;gLk;. nrt;tf
tbtpy; ePskhf NfhL fpopf;fg;gLk;. eLtpy; xU NfhLk;> ,ilapy;
XU Ms; epd;W if ePl;b njhl Kbahj msTf;F
,ilf;NfhLfSk; Nghl;Lf; nfhs;tH. njhlq;Fk; mzpapd; jiytH
Kjy; Nfhl;by; epw;ghH. kw;wtHfs; mLj;jLj;j Nfhl;by; epw;ghHfs;.
vjpuzpapdH ,tHfs; midtiuAk; Vkhw;wp Nfhl;ilf; fle;J
ntspapy; nry;yNtz;Lk;. Kjy; Nfhl;by; ,Ug;gtUf;F
eLf;Nfhl;by; Xb vjpuhspia mTl; nra;aTk; mjpfhuk; cz;L.
,tuJ ftdj;ijj; jpUg;g> kw;nwhU fl;lj;jpy; epw;gtH>
eLf;Nfhl;by; fhy; itj;J jz;zp jz;zp vd;W miog;ghH. ,tH
mtiuj; njhl XlNtz;Lk;. ahuhtJ xUtiuj; njhl;lhYk;
Ml;lk; Kbe;JtpLk;. Kjypy; NfhLfisf; fle;J ntspNaWk;
xUtH ifg;gpb kz;iz ms;spf; nfhz;L> cg;G vd;W
rj;jkpl;lgb xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; epw;Fk; jk; mzpapdiuj;
njhl;L jpUk;gTk; Nfhl;ilf; fle;J Kfg;Gf;F tuNtz;Lk;.
11.3.1.5. nky;y te;J fps;spg;Ngh

,uz;L mzpapdH vjpnujpNu mkHe;jpUg;ghHfs;. ,U
mzpj;jiytHfSk; jq;fs; mzpapdUf;F xt;nthU ngaH
itg;ghHfs;. goj;jpd; ngaH> g+tpd; ngaH> rpdpkhtpd; ngaH vd
vJthf ,Ue;jhYk; xNu khjpup ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. gpd;dH vjpH
mzpapy; cs;s xUtupd; fz;fis ,Wf %bf;nfhz;L jk;
mzpf;F itj;j xU ngaiur; nrhy;yp miog;ghH
(cjhuzj;Jf;F>… ~Nuh[hg;g+Nt Nuh[hg;g+Nt nky;y te;J
fps;spg;Ngh|). Nuh[hg;g+ rj;j kpy;yhky; te;J fps;sptpl;L
rhjhuzkhf mkHe;JtpLk;. gpd;> vy;NyhUk; jiyia ntl;b
eha;f;Fg; NghLq;f vd;W MizapLthH. vy;NyhUk; fPNo Fdpe;Jf;
nfhs;thHfs;. mjd; gpwF fz;fisj; jpwe;J tpLthH. ,g;NghJ
fps;S thq;fpatH Nuh[hg;g+ ahnud fz;L gpbf;fNtz;Lk;.
164
11.3.1.6. fs;sd; thuhd; fsthzp thuhd;
nkhj;jg; gps;isfspy; ngupatHfshf ,UtH NjHT
nra;ag;gLthHfs;. ,tHfs;jhd; tpisahlg; NghFk; tPuHfs;. kw;w
midtUk; xNu tupirapy; fPNo rk;kzkpl;L mkHe;J
nfhs;thHfs;. vy;NyhUk; iffisg; gpd;dhy; itj;jpUg;ghHfs;.
tPuHfspy; xUtH Kd;dhy; epw;ghH. kw;wtH> ifapy; xU fy;iy
vLj;Jf; nfhz;L>
~fhNa fLg;gq;fh
fQ;rp Cj;jp ney;ypf;fh
cg;Ng Gspaq;fh
Cw tr;r ney;ypf;fh
fy;yd; thuhd; fhiuf;Fb
fy;iy ePAk; fz;Lgpb|
vd;W ghbagb xt;nthUtUila ifapYk; fy;iy itg;gJNghy

ght;yh fhl;b ahuhtJ xUtupd; ifapy; itj;J tpLthH.
itj;jgpd; vy;yhUk; jiyia ntl;b eha;f;Fg; NghLq;f vd;ghH.
vy;NyhUk; Fdpe;J nfhs;s> ahUila ifapy; fy; ,Uf;fpwJ
vd;gij vjpupy; epw;gtH fz;L gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,y;yhtpl;lhy;
fy;iy itj;jtUf;F xU kjpg;ngz;.
11.3.1.7. g+g;gwpf;f tUfpNwhk;

,uz;L FOtpdH vjpnujpH jpirapy; epw;ghHfs;. xUtNuhL
xUtH ifNfhHj;jgb vjpH mzpapdiu Nehf;fp Fjpj;jgb ghl;L
ghb tUthHfs;. ,U mzpapYk; rkkhd gps;isfs; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
~g+g;gwpf;f tUfpNwhk; tUfpNwhk;

ve;j khjk; tUfpwPH tUfpwPH
brk;gH khjk; tUfpNwhk; tUfpNwhk;
ahiuj;Njb tUfpwPH
g+itj; Njb tUfpNwhk;
ve;jg; g+it NjLtPH
165
ky;ypifia NjLNthk;|
,g;gb ghbaJk; ~ky;ypif| vd;W ngaH itj;j ngz;izg; gpbj;J

,Og;ghHfs;. me;j ngz; me;jg; gf;fk; nrd;Wtplhky; ,e;j mzp
,Of;f Ml;lk; xNu F\pahf ,Uf;Fk;.
11.3.1.8. foq;F
ngz;fs; tl;lkhf mkHe;J MLk; tpisahl;L. tl;l
tbtpyhd 7 $ohq;fw;fs;. NkNy J}f;fpg; Nghl;L fPNo
,Ug;gtw;iwAk; NrHj;J ms;s Ntz;Lk;. xd;whd;> ,uz;lhd;>
%d;whd; vd ms;s Ntz;ba fw;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;Fk;.
vy;yhtw;iwAk; rupahf tpisahbatHfs; ,Wjpapy; gok;
itg;ghHfs;. xt;nthU fha; MLk; NghJk; xt;nthU ghl;L
cz;L!
xd;whd;: myry; myry; ghl;bkh

njhl;Ll;Nld; njhlq;fpl;Nld;
njhl;by; kQ;rs; mur;rpl;Nld;
mur;r kQ;risg; g+rpl;Nld;
mk;kp apLf;Fy gLj;jpl;Nld;
gLj;j ghapy RUl;bl;Nld;
nuz;lhd;: <nuz;L vLf;fTk;
,se;jk; gOf;fTk;
gOj;J jpd;dTk;
%d;whd;: Kf;Fl;L rpf;Fl;L
%d;whk; gbf;fl;L
ehd;fhk;: ehf;nfhj;jp nrq;nfhj;jp
ehfk;goq; nfhj;jp
mQ;rhd;: Ig;ghy; muq;F
gk;gha; rpYf;F
Mwhk;: Mf;$H KWf;F
ms;spg;Nghl;L nehWf;F
Vohk;: Vojhs vq;feP Nghw
vl;lhk; ek;gH Nry…
166
vd;W njhlu;e;Jf;nfhz;Nl nry;Yk;.
11.3.1.9. fz;fl;b tpisahl;L

$l;lkhff; $b epd;W %d;W Nguhf ifiag; NghLthHfs;.
mtHfspd; jdpg;gl;l Njhw;wj;jpy; ifiag; NghLgtH Ngha;tpLtH.
gpwF kw;nwhUtH te;J ifiag; NghLtH. ,Wjpapy; xUtH
jdpahf epw;ghH. mtH fz;izj; Jzpahy; fl;b tpLthHfs;.
vy;NyhUk; fpz;ly; nra;J nfhz;L XLthHfs;. fz;fl;batH
gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW tpisahLk; tpisahl;L fz;fl;b
tpisahl;L vdg;gLk;. ,jidf; fz;zh%r;rp tpisahl;L vd;Wk;
miog;ghHfs;.
11.3.1.10. fhj;jhb tpLjy;

gid Xiyia vLj;J rpW Jz;Lfshf;fpf; fhuKs; my;yJ
NtyKs; nfhz;L tl;lkhf itj;Jf; Fj;JthHfs;. gpwF me;j
Ks;spd; kWKidapy; Nrhsj;jz;L my;yJ fk;ge;jl;bidr;
nrhUFthHfs;. mijg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L fhw;W mbf;Fk; gf;fk;
Xl Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW XLk;NghJ mofhfr; Rw;Wk;. ,t;thW
$l;lkhf XLtJk; cz;L. ,jidf; fhj;jhb tpLjy; vd;gH.
,jpNyNa xj;jf; fhj;jhb> ,ul;ilf; fhj;jhb vd;Wk; cz;L.
,g;gbf; nfhz;lhl;lKk; el;GzHTk; ek;gpf;ifAk; jtOk;

E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd tpisahl;Lfs; ek; fpuhkq;fspy; cz;L.
gy;yhq;Fop> jhak;> ehL gpbj;jy;> MLGyp ahl;lk;> nfhynfhyah
Ke;jpupf;fh> bf;bf;> fz;zh%r;rp> ehY%iy> CJfha;> fpl;bg;Gs;>
gspq;fp> nehz;bahl;lk;> I];ghy;> gr;rFjpiu> Fsk;fiu>
rpd;dg;ghid-ngupaghid> gukgjk;> fufutz;b> ftd;> uh[huhzp>
nrJf;F rpy;Y> fy;yh kz;zh> E}j;Jf; Fr;rp> g+g;ge;J vwpjy; vd
%isf;Fk; clYf;Fk; Ntiy nfhLf;Fk; tpisahl;Lfs;
epiwe;jpUf;fpd;wd.

1. ehl;Lg;Gw tpisahl;bd; tiffs; ahit?
2. fpl;bg;Gs;Stpd; NtW ngaH vd;d?
167
3. fz;zh%r;rpapd; NtW ngaH vd;d?
4. fhj;jhb tpLjy; gw;wpf; $Wf.
11.3.2. ngupatu; tpisahl;Lf;fs;
ngupatH tpisahl;L vd;W Nehf;fpdhy; fpuhkg; Gwq;fspy;
Fiwthdit ahfNt cs;sd. gjpide;J tajpw;F
Nkw;gl;ltHfs; tpisahLk; tpisahl;Lf;fisg; ngupatH
tpisahl;L vd;W nfhs;syhk;.
11.3.2.1. rpyk;gk;
rpyk;gk;. jkpoHfspd; tPu tpisahl;L. ghuk;gupag; ngUik
kpf;fJ Kf;fpakhf kpfr; rpwe;j jw;fhg;Gf; fiy. rpyk;gk;
mwpe;jtH ifapy; xw;iwf; fk;G ,Ue;jhNy NghJk;. vj;jid NgH
jhf;f te;jhYk; jg;gpj;J tplyhk;. ,J fhyk; fhykhf kf;fs;
kdjpy; Cwpg; NghapUf;Fk; ek;gpf;if. cz;ikAk; $l. jkpoH
MAjk; Ve;jpg; Nghuhl Muk;gpj;j fhyj;jpy; Kjypy; ifapy;
vLj;jJ fk;G vd;fpwJ tuyhW. mJjhd; ~rpyk;gf;fiy|ahf
tsHe;jJ. fhyg; Nghf;fpy; jkpoupd; vj;jidNah jw;fhg;Gf;
fiyfs; fhzhky; NghapUe;jhYk; ,d;iwf;Fk; cyf mstpy;
capHg;Gld; ,Uf;fpwJ rpyk;ghl;lk;!
Iahapuk; Mz;Lg; gok;ngUik tha;e;jJ rpyk;gf;fiy.

jkpof muR ,ij gs;sp tpisahl;lhf mq;ff
P upj;jpUf;fpwJ.
,d;iwf;F Mz;fNshL ngz;fSk; ,f;fiyia MHtj;NjhL
fw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhHfs;.
~myq;fhur; rpyk;gk;|> ~Nghl;br; rpyk;gk;|> ~NghHr; rpyk;gk;|

vd;W rpyk;gpy; gy tiffs; cz;L. ~myq;fhur; rpyk;gk;| vd;gJ
muR tpohf;fs;> gz;bif ehl;fspy; Nguzp kw;Wk; $l;lq;fspy;
nra;J fhl;lg;gLtJ. epiwa tisaq;fis xd;W NrHj;J>
mtw;iwf; nfhz;L gy tpj;ijfs; gz;ZtJ. RUs;fj;jp>
khd;nfhk;G Nghd;w cgfuzq;fSk; ,jpy; mlf;fk;. ~Nghl;br;
rpyk;gk;| vd;gJ> iffspy; fk;ig itj;Jr; Row;wpr; rpd;dr; rpd;d
168
rhfrq;fisr; nra;tJ. ~NghHr; rpyk;gk;| vd;gJ> rpdpkhtpy;
fhl;lg;gLtJ. nuhk;g Ntfkhf fk;igr; Row;WtJ.
11.3.2.2. rLFL
rLFL vd;gJ Mz;fs; MLk; tpisahl;lhFk;. rpy
rkaq;fspy; ngz;fSk; MLtJ cz;L. ,uz;L mzpahf ,Ue;J
MLtJ. %d;W NfhLfs; Nghlg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;. xU mzpapy;
cs;stH %r;R gpbj;J>
“Mkr;rp Ckr;rp
re;j nfhl;lha;fr;rp"
“thiof;fha; nghwpaY
thlh kr;rhd; rhg;gplyhk;"
“fgbf; fgbf; fgb

rLFL rLFL rLFL"
vd;wthnwy;yhk; ghbf;nfhz;L me;j mzpapdH ,Uf;Fkplk; nrd;W

ahiuahtJ njhl;Ltpl;L> mtHfsplk; gpbglhkYk; %r;Rgpbj;Jr;
nrhy;Yk; ghl;bid epWj;jhkYk; eLf; Nfhl;bidj; njhlNtz;Lk;.
mt;thW mtuhy; njhlg;gl;ltHfs; ntspapy; nrd;W tplNtz;Lk;.
,Wjpapy; ve;j mzpapy; mjpfkhf ntspapy; nrd;W tpl;ldNuh
me;j mzp Njhw;wjhf mwptpf;fg;gLk;.
11.3.3. r%f tpisahl;Lf;fs;

rpWtH rpWkpaH ngupatH vd;W nghJthff; fpuhk kf;fspd;
tpisahl;ilf; $wpdhYk; rpy tpisahl;Lf;fs; tpkupirahf
fpuhk kf;fs; midtUk; gq;F ngWk; r%f epfo;r;rpahfTk;
tpisahlg; gLfpd;wJ. mt;thW r%f epfo;r;rpahf mikAk;
tpisahl;ilr; r%f tpisahl;L vd;gH.
11.3.3.1. khLGbr; rz;il

fhisfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ~khLGbr; rz;il|
vd;w tpisahl;il tpisahLfpd;wdH. jkpo;ehl;by; gy
fpuhkq;fspYk; ,t;tpisahl;L tpisahlg;gLfpwJ. ngUk;ghYk;
169
nghq;fy; tpohtd;W ,J eilngWk;. CHg;nghJ ,lj;jpy;
xt;nthU tPl;bYKs;s fhisfisf; nfhk;Gfspy; tz;zj; Jzp
Rw;wp tupirahf Xl;LthHfs;. ,tw;iw ,isQHfs; tpul;br;
nry;thHfs;. rpy fhisfs; rupahf Xlhky; jpUk;gp tpLtJk;
cz;L. ,t;tpisahl;L fhisfis xd;W jpul;b tpul;b mbf;Fk;
tpisahl;lhfNt mikfpwJ.
11.3.3.2. kQ;R tpul;L

kQ;R tpul;L vd;Dk; tpisahl;L jkpo; ehl;by; toptopahf
,Ue;J tUtjhFk;. ek; goe;jkpoHfshd Ky;iy epy kf;fs; VW
jOTjy; vd;Dk; tpisahl;il itj;jpUe;jdH.
“nfhy;Vw;W NfhL mQRthid kWikAk;

Gy;yhNs> Ma kfs;?"
vd;W fhisia mlf;Fk; tPuidj; jtpu gpw MltHfis

kWgpwtpapYk; kzf;f khl;lhH MaH Fyj;J kfs; vd;W jkpo;
,yf;fpak; $Wfpd;wJ. vdNt mj;jifa tof;fk; fpuhk
kf;fsplKk; cz;L. ,jidj;jhd; ~kQ;R tpul;L| vd;fpd;wdH.
kQ;rs; fapw;wpw;fhf@ jpUkzj;jpw;fhf fhisia tpul;b mlf;Fjy;
vd;W $wyhk;. mjhtJ xU tPl;by; ngz;zpw;fhf tsHf;fg;gLk;
fhisia tpul;b mlf;Fk; xUtDf;Fj; jd; kfis kzk; nra;J
nfhLg;gJ fpuhk kf;fspd; tof;fkhf ,Ue;J te;jJ. vdNt
fpuhkj;jpYs;s midj;J r%fj;jpdUk; xd;whff; $b epw;f
Fwpg;gpl;l ngz;zpw;fhf tsHf;fg;gl;l fhisia ,isQHfs;
xt;nthUtuhf te;J mlf;f Kay;tH. ,Wjpahf mlf;fp ,Oj;J
epWj;JgtUf;F mg;ngz; kzkhiy #l;b kfpo;ths;. ,t;thW
epfOk; tPu tpisahl;Nl kQ;R tpul;L.
11.3.3.3. ry;ypf;fl;L
fhisia mlf;Fk; kw;nwhU tPu tpisahl;L ry;ypf;fl;L.
~ry;yp| vd;gJ tpohtpd; NghJ khl;bd; fOj;jpy; fl;lg;gLfpd;w
tisaj;jpidf; Fwpf;Fk;. jw;NghJ fpuhkq;fspy; elf;Fk;
~ry;ypf;fl;L| tpisahl;bd; NghJ fhis xd;wpd; fOj;jpy; ryq;if
170
fl;b> CH $bAs;s fsj;jpy; tpLthHfs;. gy CHfisr; NrHe;j
,isQHfSk; ,f;fhisia mlf;f Kay;tH. rpyH tPu kuzk;
miltJk; cz;L. rpyH fhaq;fSld; gpd;thq;fp tpLtH.
,Wjpahf ry;ypf;fl;L fhisia mlf;Fk; ,isQH Rw;W
tl;lhuj;jpYs;s CHfSf;nfy;yhk; ~jiyf;fl;lhf| mwptpf;fg;gl;L
tPud; vd;fpw gl;lk; #l;lg;gLthd;. jw;NghJ kJiu
khtl;lj;jpYs;s ~myq;fhey;Y}upy;| ,t;tpisahl;L rpwg;ghf
eilngWfpwJ. ,t;tpisahl;L KOtJkhf tPuj;ij
ntspg;gLj;Jk; tpisahl;lhf mikfpd;wJ.
11.3.3.4. cwpabj;jy;
fpuhkj;jpy; tpisahlg;gLk; kw;nwhU rKjha tpisahl;L
cwpabj;jy;. CHg;nghJ ,lj;jpy; ngupa ePz;l nfhk;gpy;
fl;lg;gl;l ePH epuk;gpa ghidia NkYk; fPOk; ,Of;Fk;gb
mikj;jpUg;ghHfs;. mjid mbj;J cilf;f xt;nthUtuhff;
ifapy; jbAld; tutH. ghid NkYk; fPOk; ,Of;fg;gLk;.
cilf;f tUgtH kPJ kQ;rs; ePH ,iuf;fg;gLk;. mtH Kad;W
Kbahky; jpUk;gp tpLtJk; cz;L. ,Wjpapy; ahuhtJ xUtH
ghidia cilj;J tpLthH. CH kf;fshy; mtH ghuhl;lg;gLthH.
11.3.4. nghOJNghf;F tpisahl;Lf;fs;

fpuhk kf;fshy; tpisahlg;gLk; tpisahl;Lf;fs;
ngUk;ghYk; nghOJ Nghf;fpw;fhf tpisahlg;gl;lhYk;> tPl;bw;F
ntspapy; tuhky; tPl;bDs; ,Ue;J nfhz;Nl Xa;T Neuj;ijf;
fopg;gjw;fhf tpisahlg;gLk; tpisahl;Lfisg; nghOJNghf;F
tpisahl;Lf;fs; vd;W miof;fyhk;.
11.3.4.1. MLGyp Ml;lk;

MLGyp Ml;lk; vd;gJ xU jkpoH jpz;iz tpa+f
tpisahl;L MFk;. ,J Fwpg;gpl;l fl;lq;fs; nfhz;l tiutpy;
tpisahlg;gLfpwJ. CHg;Gwq;fspy; jiuapy; ,e;jf; fl;lq;fisr;
Rz;zhk;Gf; fl;b my;yJ rhf;F gad;gLj;jp
171
tiue;Jf;nfhs;thHfs;. Gspaq;nfhl;ilfs;> fw;fs;> kw;Wk; rpwg;ghf
jahupf;fg;gl;l fha;fis mjpy; efHj;jp tpisahlg;gLfpwJ.
MLGyp Ml;lj;ij ntl;Lk;Gyp Ml;lk; vd;Wk; $WtH. ,J xU
kjpEl;g cj;jp tpisahl;L.
MLGyp Ml;lf;NfhL tpisahLtjw;F NjHe;njLj;j

gFjpapy; Kf;Nfhzf; $k;Gf;NfhL xd;iw tiue;J> $k;gpd;
cr;rpapypUe;J mbf;Nfhl;il cs;Ns njhLk; NkYk; ,uz;L
NfhLfs;. ,e;jf; NfhLfis ntl;Lk;gb Nghl;l %d;W
fpilf;NfhLfs;. fpilf; NfhLfspd; Kidfs; ,UGwKk; Fj;Jf;
NfhLfshy; ,izf;fg; gl;bUf;Fk;.
,e;j tpisahl;by; nkhj;jk; gjpndl;L Ml;lf; fha;fs;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjpy; %d;W fha;fs; GypfshfTk;> kPjKs;s
gjpide;J fha;fis MLfshfTk; itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j ,uz;L fha;fisAk; tpj;jpahrg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy;
fha;fshdJ ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak;.
%d;W Gypfs;> gjpide;J MLfs; nfhz;l ,e;j

tpisahl;by; Gypfs; MLfsplk; rpiwg;gLjy; my;yJ MLfisg;
Gypfs; tpOq;Fjy; vd;gJ tpisahl;bd; Nehf;fkhFk;. MLfis
xt;nthd;whf tpOq;Fk; Gypfs;> Gypfis Kw;Wifapl;L
miratplhky; milf;Fk; MLfs; vd;W tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1. Kjypy; Gyp> mLj;J ML vd;W rl;lfj;jpd; ,izg;Gfspy;

itf;f Ntz;Lk;. kw;w tpisahl;Lfisg;Nghy; ,J fl;lj;Jf;Fs;
itf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. Gypfis milg;gJ Nghy MLfis mLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mij jLg;gJ Nghy Gypfis efHj;j Ntz;Lk;.
2. Gypf;F mUfpy; ML ,Ue;J mjw;F mLj;j fl;lk;

ntw;wplkhf ,Ue;jhy; Gyp mq;Nf jhTtjd; %yk; Ml;il
tpOq;Fk;. vdNt Gypf;F mUfpy; njhlHr;rpahf ,U MLfs;
tupirapy; ,Ue;jhf Ntz;Lk;.
3. Gypfs; rpiwg;gLk; NghJ vj;jid MLfs;

tpOq;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gijg; nghWj;J MLfs; jug;gpy;
172
tpisahLgtH Gs;spfisg; ngWthH. mJNghy Gypfisr;
rpiwg;gLj;j Kbahj msTf;F MLfis ,oe;jhy; Gypfs;
jug;gpy; tpisahLgtH ntw;wp ngWthH.
11.3.4.2. jhak;
,Uk;gpdhYk; fl;ilapdhYk; nra;ag;gl;l jhaj;jpid
cUl;b mjpy; xd;W tpOe;jhy; fha;fis ,wf;fp> gpw vz;fs;
tpOe;jhy; fha;fis efHj;jp ,U mzpapdH my;yJ ,UtH
vjpuhf mkHe;J MLk; Ml;lk; ~jhak;| vdg;gLk;. ,jpy; MW
fha;fs; efHj;jg;gLk;. MW fha;fisAk; vjpuzpf;F ntl;L
nfhLf;fhky; goj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L NrHj;J tpl;lhy; mtH ntw;wp
ngw;wtH MthH. ,jpy; fha; ntl;Ljy; ,U mzpapdUf;Fk;
cz;L.
11.3.4.3. fy; tpisahl;L

xNu mstpyhd fw;fisf; $l;lkhfg; nghWf;fp te;J
KOtijAk; iffspd;Nky; nfhl;b> gpwF fPNo ,iwj;J xt;nthU
fy;iyAk; NkNy J}f;fpg; Nghl;L gpbj;J vLj;J ehd;F ehd;F fy;
NrHj;jJ xU $l;lk; vd;W gpupj;J itj;J MLk; Ml;lNk fy;
tpisahl;lhFk;. ,jpy; xt;nthU fy;yhfTk; vLg;gH.
ifapYs;s fy; midj;ijAk; J}f;fpg; Nghl;Lg; gpbg;gJk; cz;L.
,jpy; VOfy;> Ie;Jfy; itj;J MLk; tpisahl;Lf;fSk; cz;L.

5. rpyk;G tpisahl;bd; tiffs; ahit?
6. khLgpb rz;il gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.
7. ry;yp vd;why; vd;d?
8. fy; tpisahl;ilg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.
11.4. ehl;Lg;Gw tl;lhur; nrhw;fs;
ngUk;ghyhd tl;lhu nkhop tof;Ffspd; nrhy; mfuhjpapy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; ,y;iy vd;whYk;> rpy tof;Ffs; ngupJk;
khWgLfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy; Ngrg;gLk; jkpopd; gy nrhw;fs;>
jkpofj;jpy; md;whl tof;fpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. "ghyf;fhL
173
IaH" jkpopy; gy kiyahs nrhw;fs; fye;jpUf;Fk;. rpy
,lq;fspy; kiyahs thf;fpa mikg;Gk; fhzg;gLk;. jkpopy;
toq;fg;gLk; rpy nrhw;fs; rpy tl;lhuq;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdit.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:
kJiu : vy mtpq;f vq;fpl;L Nghdha;q;f?

jpUney;Ntyp : vy mTf vq;f Nghdhf?
fd;dpahFkup : kf;fh mths; vq;fNl?
nrd;id : Va; mtDt vq;f NghdhDt?
,g;gbahf xypAk; nrhw;fSk; tl;lhuj;jpw;F tl;lhuk;
NtWgLfpd;wd.
xU nkhop gd;ndLq; fhykhfg; gyuhy; Ngrg;gLk; epiyapy;

tl;lhuk;> r%fk; rhHe;J nkhopf;Fs; NtWghLfs; rpy
miktJz;L. xU nkhopapy; Vw;gLk; ,j;jifa tof;F
NtWghLfs; fpisnkhopfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd. tl;lhuk;> r%fk;>
,dk;> ghy;> taJ Kjypatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; xU nkhopapy;
fpisnkhopfs; miktij nkhopapay; mwpQHfs; tpsf;fpAs;sdH.
jkpo;r; #oypy; tl;lhuk;> r%fk; rhHe;j fpisnkhopfs; njspthf
mike;Js;sd. mjhtJ> nrd;idapy; Ngrg;gLk; jkpOf;Fk;
ehQ;rpy; ehl;by; Ngrg;gLk; jkpOf;Fk; fhtpup nly;lh gFjpapy;
Ngrg;gLk; jkpOf;Fk; nfhq;F jkpOf;Fk; NtWghLfs; cs;sd.
,j;jifa NtWghLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fpisnkhop
Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. njhlf;fj;jpy; fpisnkhop
Ma;T tl;lhu tof;F Ma;itNa Fwpg;gjhf tpsq;fpaJ. gpd;G
nkhopapaypy; Vw;gl;l tsHr;rpapy; tl;lhuf; fpisnkhop Ma;T
fpisnkhopapd; xU gFjpahdJ. mt;thW tl;lhuf; fpisnkhop
Ma;tpd; %yk; mt;tl;lhuj;jpw;Nf cupa tof;Fr; nrhw;fs;
Nrfupf;fg;gl;L tl;lhu tof;Fr; nrhy;yfuhjpfs; cUtf;fg;gl;ld.
11.4.1. tl;lhu tof;Fr;nrhy; mfuhjpfs;

Nkiy ehLfspy; gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,WjpapYk;>
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpYk; gy Ma;Tfs;
epfo;j;jg;gl;ld. tl;lhuq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mq;F
174
toq;Fk; fpisnkhopfis Muha;e;jdH. ek; ehl;bYk; ,t;tif
Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;by;
tl;lhu tof;Fj; njhlHghd Ma;Tfs; njhlq;fp ,Uf;fyhk;.
Vnddpy;> Kjd; Kjypy; tl;lhu tof;Fj; jkpofuhjpia> ng];fp
njhFj;jjhfj; njupfpwJ. Mdhy;> mJ Fwpj;J VJk; mwpa
,aytpy;iy. vdpDk;> ,tH njhFj;j tl;lhu tof;Fj; jkpo;r;
nrhw;fSf;F ,yj;jpd; nkhopapy; nghUs; $Wk; jkpo;-,yj;jpd;
mfuhjp xd;W 1882,y; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ.
f];l; (Cust) Kaw;rpapd; Ngupy;> ,e;jpahtpy; [p.v.fpupaHrd;

1972Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa nkhopfspd; Ma;T (Linguistic survey of
India) vd;w E}iy ntspapl;lhH. mjpy; jkpo;ehl;Lf;
fpisnkhopfs; xd;Wk; Muhag;gltpy;iy. 1957,y; njYq;F
nkhopapy; cs;s gapHj;njhopy; fiyr;nrhw;fisj; jpul;l> rhfpj;a
mfhjkp rhHgpy; fpU\;z%Hj;jp Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhz;lhH. 1958-,y;
Ma;Tj; njhlq;fg;gl;L 1962,y; ~gapHj;njhopy; fiyr;nrhy;
mfuhjp| ntspahdJ. ,J nkhopapayhsUf;F kpFe;j gaDila
E}yhf tpsq;fpaJ. fs Ma;tpy; 9000 gapHj; njhopw;nrhw;fs;
njhFf;fg;gl;ld" vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ. NkYk;> 1982,y; fp.
uh[ehuhazd; tof;fpoe;J kiwe;J NghFk; epiyapy; ,Ue;j
tof;Fr; nrhw;fisj; njhFj;J> md;dk; ntspaPlhf ~tl;lhu
tof;Fr; nrhy;yfuhjp| vDk; nghUz;ikapy; ney;iy tl;lhu
tof;Fr; nrhy;yfuhjpia ntspapl;lhH. mjidj; njhlHe;J gy
tl;lhu tof;Fr; nrhy;yfuhjpfs; ntspte;jd. mjhtJ> nfhq;F
tl;lhur; nrhy;yfuhjp> ney;iy tl;lhu tof;Fr; nrhy;yfuhjp>
nfhq;F ehl;Lj; jkpo;> ehQ;rpy; tl;lhu tof;Fr; nrhy;yfuhjp>
nrl;behl;L tl;lhu tof;Fr; nrhy;yfuhjp> ney;iy tl;lhu
tof;Fr; nrhy;> njd;Fkup tl;lhu tof;Ffs;> tl;lhur; nrhw;fSk;
tpsf;fq;fSk;> nrl;b ehl;by; nre;jkpo; tof;F> nfhq;Fj; jkpo;>
tof;Fr; nrhy;yfuhjp> Nfhit khtl;l tof;Fr; nrhy;yfuhjp>
GJr;Nrup fpuhkpa jkpofuhjp> eLehl;Lr; nrhy;yfuhjp> nfhq;F
tl;lhu tof;Fr; nrhy;yfuhjp> mwe;jhq;fp tl;lhu tof;Fr;
175
nrhy;yfuhjp Nghd;w tl;lhu tof;Fr;nrhy; mfuhjpfisf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
11.4.2. tl;lhur; nrhw;fs;

Nkw;fhZk; tl;lhu mfuhjpfisf; nfhz;L rpy nrhw;fs;
kl;Lk; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
1. myk;gp - fOtp
2. mor;rp - mioj;J
3. ,g;Ngh - ,g;nghOJ
4. <j;Jf;fapW - Foe;ij gpwf;Fk;NghJ jha;
gw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; fapW
5. <uhq;fha; - ntq;fhak;
6. ck;gsk; - khdpa epyk;
7. vfj;jhsk; - Nfypg;Ngr;R
8. Fk;gp - tapW
9. nfhLf;fh - %iy tlNkw;Fj; jpir
10. nfhopaYl;lh - Kwj;jhy; jhdpaq;fspy; cs;s
fy; J}R Kjypatw;iwg; Nghfg;
Gilj;jy;
11. rz;b - nfhbats;
12. Nrhl;L - taJ
13. ehjpaj;j - mdhij
14. guprpl;L - gupj;Jf;nfhz;L
15. GSF - ngha;
16. nghl;ly;epyk; - fha;e;j epyk;
17. NghfKl;L - NghFk; tiu
18. kg;G - Nkfk;
19. tf;fiz Fj;Jjy; - Nfyp nra;jy;
20. tuf;fhg;gp - fhg;gpj;J}s;> Bj;J}s; kl;Lk;
fye;j #lhd ghdk;
21. tstp - tisay;
22. Njtiy - guthapy;iy
176
23. mz;zhtp - MrpupaH
24. ,Q;r - ,q;Nf
25. fKfkuk; - ghf;F kuk;
26. fUg;gl;b - gidnty;yk;
27. fhu tPL - Rz;zhk;G rpnkz;lhy;
fl;lg;gl;l
tPL
28. rj;uhjp - jPq;F nra;af; $ba ngz;
29. nghk;Gwzp - ngz;fisg; gw;wpj; Njitaw;w
fij NgRjy;
30. uhQ;R - fk;gp fl;b tPL fl;Ljy;
31. tq;fdNk - mofhd
32. ntq;fy Nuhij - khT miuf;Fk; Miy
33. mQ;rhyp - tpiykfs;
34. murhzp - jpkpH gpbj;j thahbg; ngz;
35. cohj;Jfpwhd; - Vkhw;Wfpwhd;
36. xd;whlk; - xU ehs; tpl;L xU ehs;
37. flhR - tPrp vwpjy;
38. fhthyp - mNahf;fpad;
39. Fjhtil - Fog;gk;
40. nfhz;b - jhb
41. rTl;by; - fd;dj;jpy;
42. RST - vspjhf
43. jpl;lhe;jpuk; - rupahd Mjhuk;
44. njhf;fbah - kype;j tpiyapy;
45. ehjhq;fp - jho;g;ghs;
46. kyq;f kyq;f - jpUjpUntd Kopj;jy;
47. Mf;fpid - jz;lid
48. fpl;lk; - mUfpy;
49. mj;Jthdk; - Ms; elkhl;lk;
50. vflhrp Nfyp - fpz;ly;
51. Xkk; - Gz;zpak;
177
52. Xuk;giu - cwtpdH
53. fl;lGs;s - Fl;ilahdts;
54. fsgk; - re;jdf; Fok;G
55. Fg;ghak; - Nky;rl;il
56. $l;L tz;b - Nky; $iuapl;l khl;L tz;b
57. iff;fpyp - iff;nfhl;br; rpupj;jy;

58. nfhg;G - fhjzp
59. ry;yg;gl;L - rpukg;gl;L
60. etdQ;NrhW - Gjpa NrhW
61. ePr;rj;jz;zp - gioa Nrhw;Wj; jz;zp
62. gl;lk; - gUtk;
63. gpQ;r tlk; - mWe;j fapW
64. nghq;F - Jthuk;
65. tpspr;rp - mioj;J
66. ntlyg;Gs;s - gUtg;ngz;
67. Mf;fpdhy; - nra;jhy;
68. cs;sKl;L - ,Uf;Fk; tiu
69. Vwpf;fpD - Vwpf;nfhz;L
70. fhrusp - kyHtif
71. fps;sp - gwpj;J
72. Nrjp - fUj;J
73. Nrhl;L - taJ
74. jtf;fh - jtis
75. NghLwKd;D - NghLfpd;Nwd; vd;W
76. kq;fiua - kz;fiua
77. khz;bUNtd; - ,we;JtpLNtd;
78. nkhe;ij - fspkz;zhy; nra;ag;gl;l
ghj;jpu
tif
79. mf;fr;rp - mf;fh
80. Mf;fzk; - gRf;$l;lk;
178
81. Fa;ak; - ntl;fk;
82. rPkhW - Jilg;gk;
83. mYg;G - Nrhk;gy;
84. ,uTR - ,iur;ry;
85. Czp - mOj;jp it
86. nfypj;jy; - ntw;wp ngWjy;
87. Nrf;F - jiyKb
88. jhT - ,lk;
89. Kil - neUf;fb
90. NkNfhL - Nkw;F %iy
91. yhaf;F - jFjp
92. thF - nghUj;jkhf
93. mYq;fhky; - mirahky;
94. ml;lj;jpy; - gf;fthl;by;> Xuj;jpy;
95. fq;fhzp - jiytH
96. nfuhTwhd; - cuf;fg; Ngrpdhd;
97. rpe;jhf;F - %f;fzp
98. gupahup - rtuj; njhopyhsp
99. nfhl;lk; - jho;thuk;
100. Rf;Fkhe;jb - ke;jpuf;Nfhy;
9. tl;lhu tof;F vd;why; vd;d?
10. tl;lhu tof;Fr;nrhy;yfuhjp vijf; Fwpf;Fk;?
11. jkpo;-,yj;jPd; mfuhjpiaj; njhFj;jtH ahH?
12. vfj;jhsk; vd;gJ vijf; Fwpf;Fk;?
 ehl;Lg;Gw tpisahl;Lf;fspd; tiffs; gw;wpAk; mt;tiffspy;

tpisahlf; $ba tpisahl;Lf;fs; gw;wpAk; njupe;J
nfhz;BHfs;.
 ehl;Lg;Gw tpisahl;Lf;fspy; fpl;bg;Gs;S> nehz;b> gk;guk;>
cg;Gf;NfhL> nky;y te;J fps;spg; Ngh> fs;sd; thuhd;
179
fsthzp thuhs;> g+g;gwpf;f tUfpNwhk;> foq;F> fz;fl;b>
fhj;jhb tpLjy;> rpyk;gk;> rLFL> khLGb rz;il> kQ;R
tpul;L> ry;ypf;fl;L> cwpab> MLGyp Ml;lk;> jhak;> fy;yhl;lk;
Mfpa tpisahl;Lf;fs; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
 ehl;Lg;Gw tof;Fr;nrhy; mfuhjpfs; kw;Wk; ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs;
gad;gLj;Jk; tof;Fr; nrhw;fs; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.

tpilfs;
1. 11.3. 2. 11.3.1.1.
3. 11.3.1.9. 4. 11.3.1.10.
5. 11.3.2.1. 6. 11.3.3.1.
7. 11.3.3.3. 8. 11.3.4.3.
9. 11.4. 10. 11.4.1.
11. 11.4.1. 12. 11.4.2.

1. ehl;Lg;Gw tpisahl;bd; tiffs; gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.
2. rpWtH-rpWkpaH tpisahl;Lf;fs; vitNaDk; ehd;fpidg;
gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.
3. ngupatH tpisahl;by; ,uz;ilg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.
4. khL njhlHghd ehl;Lg;Gw tpisahl;Lf;fs; ahit?
mtw;iwg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.
4.4. tl;lhu tof;Fr; nrhw;fs; VNjDk; ,Ugijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
1. g. kNf];tup> Gjpa Nehf;fpy; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;> jpUf;Fws;
gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2009.
nrd;id> 2004.
180
gpupT 4.
ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;-r%ftpay;-nkhopapay;
12.1. Kd;Diu
njhd;Wnjhl;L tho;e;JtUk; goq;fhy fpuhkg;Gw kf;fsplk;
,Ue;JtUk; gof;ftof;fq;fs;> gz;ghLfs; Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J
mtHfspd; rKjha tho;f;ifiag; glk;gpbj;Jf; fhzyhk;.
rKjhaj;jpy; cs;s xt;nthU r%fj;jpw;Fk; xU tiuaiw
cz;L. mt;tiuaiwfis kPWk;NghJ gyg;gy ,lHg;ghLfs;
tpisfpd;wd. ,t;tplHg;ghLfis ikakhff; nfhz;L gy
ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fs; Kfpo;e;Js;sdH. me;ehl;Lg;Gw
,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;s r%fj; jhf;fq;fs; gw;wp vLj;jpak;Gtjhf
,g;ghlg; gFjp mike;Js;sJ.
12.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
 ehl;Lg;Gwtpaypy; r%ftpay; Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wpj; njupe;J

nfhs;tPHfs;.
 r%ftpay; rhHe;j nra;jpfis ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fs;
thapyhf mwpe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
 r%fj; jhf;fj;jhy; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Jiw tsHr;rpaile;jJ
gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
12.3. ehl;Lg;GwtpaYk; r%ftpaYk;
r%ftpay; vd;gJ r%fj;ijg; gw;wpa mwptpay; MFk;.

mJ jdpkdpjidAk; kdpj rKjhaj;ijAk; Muha;fpwJ.
ek;gpf;iffSk; tof;fhWfSk; eilKiwfSk; r%f
epWtdq;fSk; ,jdhy; Muhag;gLfpd;wd. r%f epWtdq;fs;>
rkak;> murpay;> nghUshjhuk;> FLk;gk; ,tw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s
njhlHGfisAk; Muha;fpwJ. ,tw;wpd; ,af;fj;ijAk;
181
,af;fhw;wiyAk; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. ehl;Lg;GwtpayhsUk;
r%ftpayhsUk; r%f mikg;gpid Muha;tjpy; <LgLfpd;wdH.
gonkhopfSk; fijfSk; rhjp mbg;gilapy; mike;j r%f
cwit tpsf;Ffpd;wd. r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;> rpf;fyhd
kdg;ghd;ik (Complex attitudes)> ngUk;ghuk;gupa kuG (Great
tradition)> rpWghuk;gupa kuG (Little tradition)> Ntshz;ikahsH
(Agriculturists) Nghd;w $Wfis r%ftpay; Kiwapy; Muha>
ehl;Lg;Gw ,aNy cjTfpd;wJ. ,j;Jld; r%f tho;f;if>
rKjha mikg;G> rKjhaf; fpsHr;rp Nghd;wtw;iwAk;
ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; %yk; mwpa ,aYk;.
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; ghly;fs;> fijfs;>

gonkhopfs;> tpLfijfs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs;
Kjypatw;iwf; nfhz;L ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; kf;fsJ tho;itg; glk;
gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,dp ,jpy; ve;j tpjj;jpy; r%fk; gw;wpa
fUj;Jf;fs; mike;Js;sd vd;gJ gw;wpf; fhzyhk;.
r%f tho;f;ifiag; gw;wp KOikahf mwpaf; FLk;gk;>

tof;fk;> xOf;fk;> kjk; Nghd;wtw;iw Muha;jy; mtrpak;.
r%ftpayhsH ,jidr; r%fj;jpd; epWtd mikg;G vd;gH.
,tw;iw ehl;Lg;Gwtpaypy; fhzKbAk;.
FLk;gk; r%fj;jpy; %yf;$W. FLk;g mikg;Gfisf;

nfhz;L $l;Lf; FLk;gk;> jdpf;FLk;gk; vd ,Utifg; gLj;jyhk;.
jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs; %yk; FLk;g cwT KiwfisAk;>
rlq;FfisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpy; $l;Lf; FLk;g mikg;G kiwe;J

jdpf;FLk;g mikg;ig Nehf;fpr; nry;tij ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;
%yk; mwpfpNwhk;. mNjNghd;W gyjhu kzk; mUfp xU jhu
kzj;ij Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; gz;igAk; ghHf;fpNwhk;.
tho;T njhlHghd gof;f tof;fq;fs;> rlq;Ffs;> rhT

njhlHghd gof;f tof;fq;fs;> rlq;Ffs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk;
fhzyhk;.
182
12.3.1. rhjpg;gpupTk; kf;fSk;
jkpo;r; r%fk; rhjp kw;Wk; rkag; gpupTfisf; nfhz;Ls;s
XH mikg;ghFk;. ,aw;ifapd; gilg;Gf;Fk; rhjpg; gpupTfSf;Fk;
ve;j tpjkhd njhlHGk; ,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; kdpj ,dj;ijg;
gy;NtW rhjpfshfg; gpupj;J Vw;wj; jho;Tfisr; r%fk;
fw;gpj;Js;sJ.
czHtpYk; clyikg;gpYk; xNu khjpupahf tpsq;Fk;

kdpjd;> gz;ghl;bYk; gof;f tof;fq;fspYk; NtWgl;Lf;
fhzg;gLtjw;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzkhf tpsq;FtJ rhjpg;
gpuptpidNa MFk;. rhjp> ,dg; ghFghl;lhy; r%fj;jpy; tpise;j
rPHNfLfisf; fijg;ghly;fs; jk; vy;iyf;F cl;gl;L tpsf;fpf;
fhl;l Kay;fpd;wd. rhjpfSf;Fs; caHT jho;T fw;gpf;fg;gl;L
mtw;wpd; gadhfg; gytpjkhd rpf;fy;fSk; Nghuhl;lq;fSk;
Vw;gl;Ls;sij tpsf;fpf; $Wfpd;wd.
fhj;jtuhad; fijg;ghlypd; jiytd; fhj;jtuhad; jho;e;j

,dj;jtd;. mtd; caHe;j rhjpiar; NrHe;jtshd
Mupakhiyiaf; fz;L kaq;fp mtis kzf;f tpUk;Gfpwhd;.
MupakhiyAk; mt;thNw tpUk;Gfpwhs;. Mupakhiyia mtisr;
rhHe;NjhH fl;Lf; fhtypy; mlf;fpf; fhf;f Kw;gLfpd;wdH.
fhj;jtuhaNdh mf;fhtiy cilf;f Kw;gLfpd;whd;. ke;jpu>
je;jpu Ntiyfs; elf;fpd;wd. Kbtpy; fhj;jtuhad;
fOtpNyw;wpf; nfhy;yg;gLfpd;whd;. ,aw;ifahd fhjYzHTk;
nra;ifahd rhjpg; gpupTzHTk; Kl;b Nkhjp Kuz;gLk; NghJ
NeHfpd;w epfo;Tfs; ,Wjpapy; nfhiyapy; Kbtij
,f;fijg;ghlypy; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
rpd;dehlhd; fijapy; ehlhH Fyj;jiytd; xUtd; ehtpjg;

ngz;izj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;l epfo;r;rp tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ehtpjg; ngz;Zf;F Mz; Foe;ij gpwf;fpwJ. me;jf; Foe;ij>
ehlhHfis MSk; cupikAld; te;Jtplf; $lhJ vd;w
vz;zj;jpy; me;jf; FLk;gj;ijNa nfhd;W mopj;J tpLfpd;wdH.
183
,jdhy; me;j Cupy; Vw;gl;l fLq;nfhe;jspg;igAk; gugug;igAk;
fijg;ghly; tpsf;fpf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fijapy; tUk; Kj;Jg;gl;ld; nrUg;Gj;

ijg;gtdhd thyg; gfilapd; ngz;fisf; fz;L fhjypf;fpwhd;.
caHrhjpiar; NrHe;jtdhd Kj;Jg;gl;lid kzf;f thyg;
gfilapd; ngz;fs; tpUk;gtpy;iy gfilAk; kWf;fpwhd;.
g+Z}iy mWj;njwpe;Jtpl;L> khlWj;Jj; NjhYupj;Jr; nrUg;Gj;
ijg;gtdhf khwpdhy;> jd; ngz;fis kze;J nfhs;syhk; vdg;
gfil $Wfpwhd;. Kj;Jg;gl;ld; mt;thNw nra;J thyg;
gfilapd; ngz;fis kze;J nfhs;fpd;whd;.
rpd;dj;jk;gp fijapy;> fhty;fhuHfshf NjtH rhjpiar;

rhHe;jtHfs; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. mtHfshy; gapHfis mopf;Fk; td
tpyq;Ffisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbatpy;iy. mjdhy; rf;fpyp
rhjpiar; rhHe;j rpd;dj;jk;gp mtDila rhjpiar; rhHe;j
,isQHfisj; jpul;b tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahb nty;fpwhd;.
mtDila tPuk; mwpe;j kf;fs; jiytdhf Vw;fpwhHfs;.
rpd;dj;jk;gpapd; jpwid mwpe;j [kPd;jhH> mtidg;
gilj;jiytdhf Mf;FfpwhH. ,jdhy; NjtH rhjp kf;fSf;F
mtkhdkhfpwJ. mtHfs; rpd;dj;jk;gpia tQ;rpj;Jf;
nfhy;fpd;wdH.
,e;jf; fij KbTfspypUe;J gy cz;ikfis czuyhk;.

rhjp tpl;Lr; rhjp kzcwT nfhs;tij mf;fhyj;jpy;
ngUq;Fiwahff; fUjpAs;sdH. ngw;NwhH Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhYk; gpwH
mDkjpg;gNj ,y;iy. mj;jifa Ntw;Wr; rhjpf; fyg;G
kzq;fisg; nghJf; Fiwahff; fUjp me;jr; rhjpapdH
midtUk; $l;lhf ,ize;J vjpHj;Js;sdH. rhjpf;fho;g;G>
xd;Wkwpahf; Foe;ijiaAk; ,uf;fkpd;wpf; nfhy;Yk; mstpw;F
typikAw;W ,Ue;jJ. fPo;r;rhjpf; fyg;G ve;j epiyapYk;
,Ug;gij mtHfs; tpUk;gtpy;iy vd;gijNa ,J
vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j vz;zk; ,Ug;gtHfs; jq;fSf;Ff; fPohd
184
rhjpapdiu vt;tsT jho;thf kjpj;jpUg;gH vd;W vz;zpg;
ghHf;fyhk;.
12.3.2. rhjpg;gpupTk; kd;dUk;

jpUkzk; nra;tjpy; kd;dHfSk; Fy NtWghL fUjpaij
ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijg;ghly;fspy; fhzKbfpd;wJ. fd;dpahFkupia
mLj;j Kl;lg;gjpiaf; Nfhdhz;b uhrDk; mjd; gf;fj;jpypUf;Fk;
jl;lhupg;gjp vd;w tl;lf; Nfhl;iliaf; nfhe;jsg;g+ uhrDk; Mz;L
te;jdH. Nfhdhz;b uhrDila kfs; Njhl;Lf;fhupiaj;
jd;Dila kfd; Fkug;guhrDf;F kzk; nra;a tpUk;gpf;
nfhe;jsg;g+ uhrd; Xiy nfhLj;J> xl;lid Kl;lg;gjpf;
Nfhl;ilf;F mDg;Gfpd;whd;. ,ij mwpe;j Nfhdhz;b uhrd;
Nfhgk; nfhz;L>
te;j xl;lid Vrpg; giwe;jdd;

giwahj giwthHj;ij NgrpNa
gayhulh ngz; Nfl;L te;jd
vd;W xl;lid VrpAk;>
vdf;F ,td; rupjhNdhlh
vd;W $wpAk; ngz; nfhLf;f kWf;fpwhd;. gil gyk;>

ntw;wpr;rpwg;G> Fyeyk; Mfpatw;wpy; nfhe;jsg;g+ uhrd; jhd; ngz;
nfhLf;fj; jFjp ,y;yhjtd; vd;W Nfhgj;Jld; NgRfpwhd;.
rpw;wurH ,UtUf;Fs;Ns ,Ue;j Vw;w ,wf;fj;ijj;
Njhl;Lf;fhupak;kd; fijg;ghly; $Wfpd;wJ.
ts;spa+iu Mz;l FyNrfu ghz;baDila glj;ijg;

ghHj;J> fd;dbahd; vd;Dk; murdpd; kfs; fhjy; nfhs;fpwhs;.
Mifapdhy; fd;dbad; ts;spa+Hf; Nfhl;ilf;F kzj;J}J
mDg;Gfpwhd;. J}jidf; fz;l FyNrfughz;bad; Nfhgj;jhy;
Jbj;Jj; jdf;Fg; ngz; juf; fd;dbad; jFjpAs;stdh vd;W
Nfl;fpwhd;. Fyj;jho;r;rp vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. fd;dbad; gil
gyj;jhy; typatd;. ,Ue;Jk; Fyj;jhy; jhd; caHe;jtd; vdf;
185
fUjpa FyNrfud; ngz;nzLf;f kWj;J tpLtij> fd;dbad;
gilg;NghH fijg;ghlypy; fhzyhk;.
murHfs; kj;jpapYk; Fyg;ngUik fhZk; Nghf;F

,Ue;Js;sij ,jd; %yk; mwpfpNwhk;. ,t;thW Fyg;ngUik
Ngrpa ehLfs; midj;Jk; xd;Wld; xd;W Nkhjp mope;jijg;
gw;wpf; fijg;ghly;fs; tpupthff; $Wfpd;wd.
12.3.3. rhjpAk; gz;Gk;

jkpo;ehl;by; rhjpfs; gythfTk; mide;Js;sijf;
fhzKbfpwJ. thzpgk; nra;NthH tzpfH vdTk;> MLkhL
Nka;g;NghH MaH my;yJ ,ilaH vdTk;> fhl;by;
Ntl;ilahLNthH NtluhfTk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wdH. NkYk;
Fwpnrhy;NthH FwtH vdTk;> nrUg;Gj; ijg;gtH gfil my;yJ
rf;fpypaH vdTk;> gzpNtiyfs; nra;NthH rhk;gtH vdTk;
ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijg;ghly;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; xNu
njhopiyr; nra;gtHfs; jdpj;jdpr; rhjpfshfg; gpupe;J nfhs;tpid
nfhLg;gpidfisj; jq;fSf;Fs; nra;J Ntwfp cs;sdH.
rhjpfSf;Fj; jdpj;jdpNa gz;ghl;L Kiwfs;> gof;f

tof;fq;fs;> nray; jpwd;fs;> fiyj;jpwd;fs; Kjypa gz;Gfs;
NtWghLfSld;> epiyj;j jd;ikfSld; Vw;gl;Ls;sd. xU
rhjpapdH ,d;d jd;ikAld; ,d;dpd;d jpwikAld;jhd; ,Ug;gH
vd;W epidf;Fk; msTf;F mtHfsplk; mit ,ize;Js;sd.
,jidf; fijg;ghly;fs; Fwpg;Gf;fshff; fhl;br; nry;fpd;wd.
ntq;fyuhrd; fijapy;>
“fhL kiyAs;s nrbfspNy

fhl;Lld; ML Nka;j;J Nka;j;J
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ghLgy gl;L jz;zP&l;b
gukf; NfhdhUk; ghHj;jilj;J
gukf; NfhdhUk; ghHj;jilj;J"
186
vd;W $Wtjpy; NfhdhH vdg;gLk; MaHfs; MLkhLfis
Nka;j;Jf; fhty; fhj;jik mwpa;g;gLfpwJ. NkYk;>
“tpy;nyLj; JapHtij nra;fpd;w

NtlHf; fQ;rpg; Gwhte; njhJq;fpl"
vd;w Fwpg;gpd; top Ntl;ilahLtJ Ntlupd; njhopy; vd;gijAk;

,f;fij thapyhf mwpayhk;. ,Nj fijapy;>
“ghyd; taJ gjpdh whf

nts¢spf; Nfhy; ifapnyLj;J ruf;Fk;
tpiuTld; nfhz;LNk thzpgk; nra;J"
vd;W nrhy;tjpy; tzpfH jq;fSila gjpdhW taJg;

gUtj;jpNyNa juhRq; ifAkhf thzpgk; nra;ag; Gwg;gl;ldH
vd;w nra;jp mwpaKbfpwJ.
12.3.4. guj;ijau; cwT

rhjpfSf;nfd;W jdpj;Jtkhd rpy Kiwfs; ,Ug;gijAk;
ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijg;ghly;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. guj;ijaH
cwT gyUf;F mf;fhy fl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. mj;jifa cwT
nfhz;L guj;ijaUld; Nghdtiuj; jpUg;gp miof;Fk; gof;fj;ij
tzpfHfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy;iy. Nfhtyid miof;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W tpUk;gpa fz;zfpaplk; NtrpAld; Nghdtiu tPl;Lf;F
ehkioj;jhy; tHj;jfHfs; ek;ik kjpahHfs; ek;iknahj;j
mt;thW miog;gJ ekJ rhjp Kiwad;W vd;W Kjpa ngz;fs;
$Wtjhf> Nfhtyd; fij vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
tz;zhH Fytof;fk; xd;wpid nkr;Rk; ngUkhs; ghz;bad;

fij Rl;br; nry;fpwJ. rKjhaj;jpy; caHe;j gjtpapy;
,Ug;gtd; nkr;Rk; ngUkhs;. mtid tsHj;j tsHg;Gj; jha;
tz;zhH rhjpiar; NrHe;jts;. tsHg;Gj; jhapd; kfd;
jpUkzj;jpy; nkr;Rk; ngUkhs; fye;J nfhs;fpwhd;. Mdhy; me;j
kzkfspd; mofpy; jd;idg; gwpnfhLf;fpwhd;. mtis
milaNtz;Lk; vd;w Miria tsHg;Gj; jhaplk;
ntspapLfpd;whd;. tsHg;G kfdpd; Miriaf; Nfl;l tz;zhj;jp
187
,Ujiyf; nfhs;sp vWk;gha;j; jtpj;J ,Wjpapy; kUkfsplk;
njuptpf;fpd;whd;. kUkfs; tz;zhH FyKiw tof;fj;ij
vLj;Jf; $Wfpwhs;.
“ek;Kila rhjpapNy
ehk; jtwp ele;Njhkhdhy;
rhjp tpyf;fp itg;gH
juf; Fiwtha;g; NgrpLtH
ed;ik jPikf;Fr; Nrukhl;lhH
ek;kplj;jpy; rk;ke;jk; nra;akhl;lhH"
vd;W nkr;Rk;ngUkhs; ghz;bad; fijapy; tz;zhug; ngz;

jd;Dila Fy tof;fj;jpid vLj;Jiug;gijf; fhl;Lfpwhs;.
tz;zhH Fyj;jpy; ngz;fs; xOf;fk; jtWtijg; ngUe;jtwhff;
fUjpAs;sdH vd;gij ,f;fijg;ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. FrytH
Rthkp fijapy; xOf;fk; jtwpa tz;zhj;jpiaf; fztd;
fz;bf;Fk; epfo;r;rp tUfpwJ.
“VJ nrhy;thd; me;j khl tz;zhd;

,uhkDk; mq;Nf xUq;Nfh ngz;Nz
,uhtzd; nfhz;L Nghd ,yl;Rkpia
,uhkDk; $l;b te;jpUf;fpwhNd"
,uhkidg; Nghd;W jhd; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ ,y;iy vd;W cWjpAld;

kWj;J tpLfpwhd;. ,jpypUe;J me;jf; Fy ,ay;G mwpayhk;.

1. r%ftpay; vd;why; vd;d?
2. rpd;dehlhd; fij czHj;Jk; r%fr; rpe;jid ahJ?
3. Njhl;Lf;fhupak;kd; fij czHj;Jk; r%fr; rpe;jid ahJ?
4. guj;ij gw;wp tz;zhH Fy tof;fk; ahJ?
12.3.5. nrhj;Jupik
ngz;fSf;Fr; nrhj;Jupik ,y;yhj epiyiaf; fhl;Lk;
fijjhd; ey;yjq;fhs;.
188
mHr;RdhGuk; kw;Wk; me;j fpuhkj;ijr; Rw;wpAs;s gFjpia
,uhkypq;f NrJgjp> ,e;jpuhzp jk;gjpapdH Ml;rp nra;J te;jdH.
,tHfSf;F ey;yjk;gp> ey;yjq;fhs; vd ,uz;L Foe;ijfs;.
,tHfs; jha;> je;ijia ,sk; tajpNyNa ,oe;jdH. ,Ue;j
NghjpYk;> me;jg; gFjpia Ml;rp nra;J te;j ey;yjk;gp> jd;
jq;if ey;yjq;fhisr; rPuhl;b tsHj;J khdhkJiuapy; tho;e;j
uh[ tk;rj;ijr; NrHe;j fhrpuh[h vd;gtUf;Fj; jpUkzk; nra;J
nfhLj;jhH.
jpUkzk; Md ,sk; tajpNyNa ey;yjq;fs; VO

Foe;ijfSf;Fj; jha; Mdhs;. ,jpy; ehd;F Mz; Foe;ijfs;>
%d;W ngz; Foe;ijfs;. ,e;epiyapy;> khdhkJiuapy; kio
ngha;j;jjhy; gQ;rk; jiytpupj;jhbaJ. njhlHe;J gd;dpuz;L
Mz;Lfs; kioNa ,y;iy. cz;z czT ,d;wp kf;fs; gyUk;
khz;ldH. ey;yjq;fhs; FLk;gKk; me;epiyf;F MshdJ.
mts;> mz;zd; nfhLj;jDg;gpa rPjdg; nghUl;fis xt;nthd;whf
tpw;whs;. xU fl;lj;jpy; tPl;by; vJTNk ,y;iy vd;w epiy
te;jJ. rhg;ghl;bw;Fk; topapy;yhky; NghdJ. kdk; cile;j
ey;yjq;fhs; jd; VO Foe;ijfisAk; mioj;Jf;nfhz;L jhd;
gpwe;j mHr;RdhGuk; fpuhkj;Jf;F tUfpwhs;.
mg;NghJ mtsJ mz;zd; ey;yjk;gp Ntl;ilahlf;

fhl;Lf;Fr; nrd;W ,Ue;jhH. mz;zd; tUk;tiu muz;kidapy;
jq;fp ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W vz;zpa ey;yjq;fhs; mq;Fr; nrd;whs;.
grpahy; te;j ey;yjq;fhisAk;> mts; Foe;ijfisAk;
Mjupf;fhky; Xl;il kz;ghidiaAk;> gr;ir tpwifAk;>
gad;gLj;j Kbahj Nfhg;igiaAk; nfhLj;J czthf;fp cz;zr;
nrhy;fpwhs; mz;zpahfpa %spayq;fhup.
gj;jpdp nja;tj;jd;ik gilj;j ey;yjq;fhs; ghHj;j clNd

gr;ir tpwF jPg;gw;wp vupe;jJ. czT rikj;J jhDk;
gps;isfSk; cz;L miug;grpiaj; jLj;jdH. Mdhy;
ey;yjk;gpapd; kidtp %spayq;fhupNah> gy ehl;fs; gl;bdp
fple;j ey;yjq;fhisAk; mtsJ gps;isfisAk; cz;z czT
189
$l nfhLf;fhky; muz;kidia tpl;Nl Juj;jpdhs;. mz;zd;
tUthd; vd;W vjpHghHj;jhs;. ehl;fs; rpy fle;jd. grp
thl;baJ. gps;isfs; thbd. mz;zd; jd; epiyiag; ghHj;Jj;
Jbg;ghd;> mz;zpapd; ,uf;fkw;w jd;ikiaf; Nfl;lhy;
nfhjpg;ghd;> vdNt jhDk;> Foe;ijfSk; kha;tNj rpwg;G vd;W
epidj;Jg; ghOq;fpzw;wpy; VO Foe;ijfisAk; js;sptpl;L
jhDk; tpOe;J khs;fpwhs;. nrhj;jpy; gq;F nfhs;Sk; cupik
me;jf; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; %spayq;fhup ,t;thW ele;jpUf;f
khl;lhs; vd;gij ,f;fij vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
xg;ghupg; ghly;fspd; thapyhff; fztid ,oe;j ngz;zpd;

MjuT mw;w epiy gw;wp mwpa KbAk;.
“jhypf;F mUk;ngLj;j
jl;lhDk; fz; FUNlh!
Nriyf;F E}nyLj;j
NrzpaDk; fz; FUNlh!
gQ;rhq;fk; ghf;f te;j
ghHg;ghDk; fz; FUNlh!
vOjpdtd; jhd; FUNlh!
vOj;jhzp $H ,y;iyNah!"
“J}uj;J mz;zd;khNu
vd; NjhS epiwQ;r khiy
J}f;fp vwpag; NghNwd;
J}ug; Ngha; epd;DLq;f!"
“XilapNy Cj;J tUk; vd;

xrj;jp cs;s jk;gpalh!
cdf;F CuRj;jp eQ;ir Az;L
CNuhuk; ney;ybf;fp
xz;zh nghwe;j tNs
xl;lfNk rPUf;nfhz;L vd;Dila
Cl;Lf;Nf te;jpahdh
cd;Dila clk;gofg; ghHg;gjw;F
190
CUy cs;s rdk; vd;Dila
Cl;l Rj;jp te;J epf;Fk;!
ve;j ghtp fz;Zgl;Nlh
XilapNy Cj;J epf;Fk; vd;Dila
Cl;LyNa tpsf;fizAk;
vd; cld; gpwg;Ng nfhs;is apl;Nld;"
vd;nwy;yhk; fztid ,oe;jts; ghLk; xg;ghupg; ghly;fspy;

jd;Dila cupikiar; nrhy;ypf; fhl;Lfpwhs;.
12.3.6. tPu topghL

fijg;ghlypd; jiytHfshd fhj;jtuhad;> kJiutPud;
Nghd;Nwhiuj; nja;tkhf topgLjy; vd;gJ mj;jiytHfspd;
tPuj;ijg; Nghw;Wk; kughFk;. ,e;j kugpidr; rq;f fhyj;jpy;
eLfy; topghl;NlhL njhlHGg;gLj;jpg; ghHf;fyhk;.
12.3.7. nja;t ek;gpf;if

kdpjd; ,we;j gpd; mtDila Mtp Mw;wYld; miyAk;
jd;ikAilaJ vd kf;fs; ek;gpAs;sdH. ,e;j Kiwapy; mupa
nray; Mw;wpatHfs;> tPukuzk; mile;jtHfs;> jtwhff; nfhiy
nra;ag;gl;ltHfs; Nghd;w gyiuj; nja;tq;fshf;fpf; nfhil
tpohf;fs; elj;jpg; gypAk; g+irAk; nfhLj;J kf;fs;
nfhz;lhbAs;sdH. mr;rTzHT> ,uf;fk;> ed;wpAzHT fhuzkhfr;
rpyiu tzq;fj; jiyg;gl;Ls;sjhfTk; fUjyhk;. Kj;Jg;gl;ld;>
FyNrfud;> NrHitf;fhud;> rpjk;guehlhH> kJiu tPud;>
fhj;jtuhad;> nghd;dpwj;jhs;> Njhl;Lf;fhup Kjypa ehl;Lg;Gwj;
nja;tq;fs; ,t;thW tzf;fg;gl;ltHfs;.
flTshy; cyFf;Fg; gilj;J mDg;gg;gl;ljhfr; rpy

nja;tq;fis tzq;Ffpd;wdH. Rliykhld; Kjypa
nja;tq;fis ,e;j epiyapy; fUjyhk;. ,j;jifa nja;tq;fs;
,iwtdplk; tuk; thq;fp mupa Mw;wYld; cyFf;F tUtjhf
ek;gpdH. ,tHfs; mUs; nra;tJld; jq;fisg; gzpahjtHfis
mopf;fTk; nra;tH vd;w ek;gpf;if kf;fsplk; Nt&d;wp ,Ue;jJ.
191
Mifapdhy; ,e;jj; nja;tq;fis mr;rj;Jld; tzq;fp te;jdH.
Rliykhld; fijapy; tUk; gFjp ,e;j czHit tpsf;Fk;.
Rliykhld; gapuopT nra;fpwhd;. mjidf; fz;ltH

mtdplk; Ntz;bg; gzpfpd;wdH.
“vq;fSila ,lkjpNy ml;lhJl;lk;

nra;a Ntz;lhk;
Mjhspfs; NghlNtz;lhk; cq;fSf;F
ehq;fSNk Cl;Lg;Nghl;Lj;
jUNthk; vd;whH"
,af;fp mk;kd; fijapy; tUk; ,af;fp> khDlg; gpwtpapy;

jd;idg; gop nra;jtidg; ghohf;fpf; nfhy;fpwhs;. mtDf;Fj;
Jiz epd;wtHfisAk; mopj;J ,Wjpapy; jd; jikaDld;
rptdplk; te;J tuk; thq;Ffpwhs;. mopT nra;Ak; Mw;wYld;
tuk; thq;fp> nja;tkhf te;jtHfs; vd;W kf;fs; ,tHfis
ek;Gfpd;wdH. mjdhy; mr;rk; fhuzkhf ,tHfis tzq;fp
,tHfSf;Fg; gilay; nra;fpd;wdH. tUlj;jpw;F xU KiwNah
my;yJ trjpAs;sNghNjh ,j;nja;tq;fis tzq;fpr; rhe;jg;gLj;j
Kidfpd;wdH. ,JNt mk;kd; nfhil> Rliykhld; nfhil
vd;W toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs;

5. nrhj;Jupik ,y;yhjts; epiy ahJ?
6. nrhj;Jupik Fwpf;Fk; xg;ghup ghl;L xd;W jUf.
7. tPutopghL vjNdhL njhlHGilaJ?
8. nja;t ek;gpf;ifahy; vOe;j r%f khw;wk; Fwpj;J tptup?
 ehl;Lg;GwtpaYf;Fk; r%ftpaYf;Fk; cs;s njhlHG gw;wpj;

njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
192
 ehl;Lg;Gwr; r%ff; $Wfs; gw;wpAk; ngUk;ghyhd r%ff;
$Wfs; fijg;ghly;fspy; kpsHtJ gw;wpj; njupe;J
nfhz;BHfs;.

tpilfs;
1. 12.3. 2. 12.3.1.
3. 12.3.2. 4. 12.3.4.
5. 12.3.5. 6. 12.3.5.
7. 12.3.6. 8. 12.3.7.
1. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Jiwapy; r%fj;jpd; jhf;fk; vt;thW
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ vd;gJ gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.
2. fijg;ghly;fspy; r%ff; $Wfs; ,lk;ngw;wtw;iwf; $Wf.
3. xg;ghup ghly;fs; czHjJk; rKjhar; rpe;jid ahJ?
1. Nkh.Nfh. Nfhitkzp> jkpopy; fijg;ghly; Rtbfs;>
ghnkhop gjpg;gfk;> jQ;rht+H> 2016.
$W 13. ehl;Lg;GwtpaYk; nkhopapaYk; -

ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaf; $Wfs;
13.1. Kd;Diu
ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; vd;gJ r%f mwptpay; rhHe;j JiwahFk;.
,j;Jiw Ma;T ,d;W gy;Jiw ,izg;G Ma;thf
tsHe;jpUf;fpwJ. xU ehl;L kf;fspd; ehfupfj;ij> gz;ghl;il>
gof;f tof;fq;fis> tuyhw;iw> ehl;L elg;ig cs;sJ
cs;sJgb vd;w Kiwapy; Muha;tJjhd; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;.
,j;Jiw cstpay;> khDltpay;> nkhopapay;> r%ftpay;>
tuyhw;wpay; Nghd;w gyJiwf; $Wfisj; jd;Ds; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
193
,q;Fr; r%ftpay; gw;wpAk;> mLj;j gFjpapy; nkhopapay; gw;wpAk;
ghlg;gFjpahf mike;Js;sJ.
13.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
 ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Jiwahd gy;NtW JiwNahL xg;gplf;$ba
epiyapy; cs;sJ vd;gJ gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
 nkhopapay; ghHitapy; ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; gw;wpj; njupe;J
nfhs;tPHfs;.
 ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaf; $Wfs; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
13.3. ehl;Lg;GwtpaYk; nkhopapaYk;
ehl;Lg;Gwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; cUthdjpy; nkhopapaypd; gq;F

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. me;j nkhopiag; gw;wpa Ma;Nt nkhopapay;
MFk;. ,J tpsf;f nkhopapay;> tuyhw;W nkhopapay;> r%f
nkhopapay; vdg; gy;NtW tifg;gLk;. nkhopapaYf;Fk;
ehl;Lg;GwtpaYf;Fk; cs;s njhlHG kpfr; rpwpaJjhd;. ehl;Lg;Gw
,ayhdJ xg;Gik Kiwia (Comparative method)
nkhopapayplk; ,Ue;J ,utyhfg; ngw;Ws;sJ. vdNt nkhopapay;
fUj;jhf;fq;fs; (theories) ehl;Lg;GwtpaYf;F ,d;wpaikahjit.
kdpjdpd; gpwg;NghL gpwg;gha; tho;NthL tho;tha;g; gpd;dpg;
gpize;J epw;gJ nkhop. ekJ fUj;ijg; gpwUf;F mwptpf;Fk;
fUtpahf ,Ug;gJ nkhop. kdpj tho;tpYk; ehfupfj;jpYk;
nkhopapd; gq;F kpfr; rpwg;ghdjhFk;. mk;nkhopiag; gw;wpa
Ma;it nkhopapay; (Linguistics) vd;fpNwhk;. xU nkhopapd;
,ay;ig cs;sthW Muha;e;J $WtJ tpsf;f nkhopapay;
(Descriptive Linguistics). gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; mike;j khw;wj;ij
Muha;tJ tuyhw;W nkhopapay; (Historic Linguistics). nkhopapy;
Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis xypadpay; (Phonology) khw;wk;> cUgdpay;
(Morphology) khw;wk;> nrhw;nwhluikg;G khw;wk; (Syntax)> nrhy;
nghUs; (Semantics) khw;wk; vd nkhopapay; Ma;Tfs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.
194
nghJthf nkhopapay; vd;gJ> nkhopfspy; Vw;gLk;
khw;wq;fs; gw;wpa Ma;thFk;. ,t;tha;T ehd;F Kf;fpa
mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mit>
1. Fwpg;gpl;l nkhopfspy; ftdpf;fg;gl;l khw;wq;fis

tpsf;Fjy;
2. Ngr;Rr; rKjhaq;fspd; tuyhw;iw tpsf;Fjy;
3. nkhopfspd; Kd;-tuyhw;iw kPSUthf;fYk;> nkhopf;
FLk;gq;fshf xOq;FgLj;JjYk;
4. nkhopfs; khw;wkiltjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;> mjw;fhd
topKiwfs; njhlHghd Nfhl;ghLfis cUthf;fy;
vd;gdthFk;. jw;fhy nkhopapay; gjpndl;l hk; E}w;whz;bd;
,Wjpg; gFjpapy; kpfg; goq;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj gz;ila E}y;fisAk;
Mtzq;fisAk; MAk; Jiwahd nkhop E}ypy; (Philology)
,Ue;J cUtk; ngwj; njhlq;fpaJ. Kjypy; nkhopapay;> cs;
kPSUthf;fk;> xg;gPl;L Kiw Mfpat;iwg; gad;gLj;jp> nkhopf;
FLk;gq;fis cUthf;FtjpYk;> Kd;-tuyhw;W nkhopfis
kPSUthf;fk; nra;tjpYk; ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ. Ma;Tfs;
ngUk;ghYk; gutyhf mwpag;gl;l ,e;Njh-INuhg;gpa nkhopfs;
gw;wpNa mike;jpUe;jd. gpd;dH> Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy;> xg;gPl;L
nkhopapay; Ma;Tfs; cyfpd; gy;NtW nkhopfs; njhlHgpYk;
elj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. jw;fhyj;jpy; xg;gPl;L nkhopapay;> gue;j
nkhopapaypd; xU gFjpahfNt cs;sJ.
13.3.1. nkhopapaYk; mwpjpw mwptpaYk;

mwpjpw nkhopapay; vd;gJ> nkhopia> $Hg;gpay; Kiwapy;
tsHr;rpaile;J rpwg;nga;jpa clw;$w;W mbg;gilapy;
Nehf;FtJld;> kdpj %is gw;wpa elg;gpYs;s Gupjy;fSld;
rpwg;ghfg; nghUe;jp tUfpd;w my;yJ NkYk; Nkk;gLj;jf; $ba
tpsf;fq;fisf; fz;lwpaTk; Kay;fpd;wJ. nkhop cUthf;fk;>
fw;wy;> gad;ghL vd;gd kdpj mwpjpwid mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;Nl tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gNj mwpjpw nkhopapaYf;F
mbg;gilahf cs;s topfhl;lw; nfhs;ifahFk;. mwpjpwd;
195
vd;gNj> nkhopf;F kl;Lkd;wp> kdpj mwpTj;jpwd; rhHe;j
vy;yhtw;wpYk; gad;gLj;jg; gLtjw;F mbg;gilahd %is rhHe;j
nray;KiwahFk;.
,e;epiyapid ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tiff;Fs;Sk; GFj;jpg;

ghHf;fyhk;. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; mbfisj; jpUk;gg; ghLk;
tof;fk; cz;L. ,jdhy; mtHfSf;Fr; rypg;G Vw;gLtjpy;iy.
khwhf> nrhd;dijNa nrhy;tjd; %yk; mf;fUj;J tYg;ngWfpwJ.
Nfl;fTk; ,dpik gaf;fpd;wJ. fhl;lhf je;ij> jha; ,we;jNghJ
kfs; ghLk; xg;ghupg; ghly; gpd;tUkhW mike;jpUf;Fk;.
Fl;l Gspa kuk;

FapyilAk; ee;jtdk;
gl;lkuk; gl;Lg;Nghdh
vd;d ngj;j mk;kh
Fapy; Nghap vq;filAk;
kl;l Gspa kuk;
kapyilAk; ee;jtdk;
kl;l kuk; gl;Lg;Nghdh
vd;d ngj;j mk;kh
kapy; Nghap vq;filAk;
vd;Dk; ,g;ghlypy; ~vd;d ngj;j mk;kh| vd;w nrhy; kPz;Lk;

kPz;Lk; te;Js;sijf; fhzyhk;.
13.3.2. xg;gPl;L nkhopapay;

xg;gPl;L nkhopapay; vd;gJ> nkhopapaypd; xU fpisj;
JiwahFk;. ,J> nkhopfspd; tuyhw;Wj; njhlHGfis mwpe;J
nfhs;tjw;fhf mtw;iw xg;gpl;L Muha;tij Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;lJ. nkhopfs; ngUkstpy; fld; thq;Ftjd; %yk;
my;yJ kuGtop %yk; njhlHGfisf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;.
kuGtopj; njhlHG mk;nkhopfSf;F xU nghJ %yk;

my;yJ xU Ke;Jnkhop ,Ug;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ. xg;gPl;L
nkhopapay; nkhopf; FLk;gq;fis cUthf;FtijAk;> Kjy; -
196
nkhopfis kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;J Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;l nkhopfspy;
Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tijAk; Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;lJ.
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; gy nkhopNgRk; jpwd; tha;e;jtHfs;

,Uf;fpd;wdH. ,tHfs; ngUk;ghYk; jkpof vy;iyg; gFjpfspy;
tho;gtHfshf ,Uf;fpd;wdH. jkpofj;jpd; nrd;id> NtY}H
khtl;lq;fspy; thOk; kf;fsplk; njYq;Fr; nrhw;fSk;>
jkpofj;jpd; fd;dpahFkup> Nfhak;Gj;J}H khtl;lq;fspy; thOk;
kf;fsplk; kiyahsr; nrhw;fSk;> jkpofj;jpy; X#H gFjpfspy;
thOk; kf;fsplk; fd;dlr; nrhw;fSk; ngUk;ghd;ik
fye;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,t;thwhd nkhopf;fyg;Gk; gz;ghl;Lf; fyg;Gk;
jkpofj;jpy; tof;fj;jpy; cs;s ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfspYk;>
fijg;ghly;fspYk;> ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspYk; gutyhf
,lk;ngw;wikiaf; fhzyhk;.
[Ufz;b [Ufz;b
[hdfpuhkd; tHuhz;b
f\;lj;jpy ,Ug;gtHfis
ruf;F ngz;bapNy Vj;jpf; nfhz;L
fhl;Lf;Fg; Nghwhz;b
[Ufz;b [Ufz;b. . .
vd;W njhlq;Fk; ghlyhy; ,k;nkhopf; fyg;gpidf; fhzyhk;.
,q;F [Ufz;b vd;gJ njYq;Fr; nrhy;> ,r;nrhy; nfhz;l ghly;
jkpof-Me;jpu vy;iyg; gFjpapy; ghlg;gLfpwJ. ,JNghy;
gz;ghl;Lf; fyg;Gk; gy ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijg;ghly;fspYk;
fijfspYk; mike;jpUf;ff; fhzyhk;.
13.3.3. xypadpay;
xypadpay; (Phonology) vd;gJ> nkhopfspy; xypfs;
vt;thW Kiwg;gb xOq;fikf;fg;gl;L cs;sd vd;gJ Fwpj;J
Ma;T nra;Ak; xU Jiw. ,J nkhopapaypd; xU
Jizj;Jiwahf cs;sJ. nghJthf ,j;Jiw xypad;
njhFjpfs; Fwpj;Nj ftdk; nrYj;jpdhYk;> nkhopapay;
197
nghUisf; nfhLf;Fk; tifapy; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l vy;yh nkhopf;
$Wfspd; gFg;gha;TfisAk; ,J cs;slf;ff; $Lk;. irif
nkhopfspy; cs;s ,izahd xOq;fikg;G Kiwfs; Fwpj;j
Ma;TfisAk; xypadpay; cs;slf;Fk;.
xypadpay;> xypapaypy; (Phonetics) ,Ue;J NtWgl;lJ.

xypapay;> Ngr;nrhypfspd; cw;gj;jp> flj;jy;> Nfl;LzHjy;
vd;git Fwpj;Jf; ftdk; nrYj;Jk; mNj Ntis> xypadpay;>
xU Fwpj;j nkhopapNyh my;yJ gy nkhopfspNyh
nghUSzHj;Jtjw;fhf xypfs; nraw;gLk; Kiw Fwpj;J
tpsf;FfpwJ. xU nkhopapy; cs;s Ngr;nrhypfis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> rpy nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapy;>
xypfis xypad;fshf ,dq;fz;L> mtw;wpd; tUifaplq;fs;>
NrHf;iffs;> mjd; %yk; mikAk; mirfs; Nghd;w
jfty;fisAk;> mtw;Wf;fhd tpsf;fq;fisAk; nfhLg;gNj
xypadpaypd; gzpahFk;. xypapay; tpsf;f nkhopapaiyAk;>
xypadpay; Nfhl;ghl;L nkhopapaiyAk; rhHe;jit vd;gJ gy
nkhopapayhsHfspd; fUj;J. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapy;>
xypad; Fwpj;j jw;fhyf; fUj;JU tsHr;rpailtjw;F Kd;
,t;thW gpupj;Jg; ghHf;Fk; Kiw ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jw;fhy xypadpaypd; Jizj;Jiwfs;
rpytw;wpd; Ma;Tg; gug;Gfs;> csnkhopapay;> Ngr;RzHjy; Nghd;w
xypaypd; tpsf;fKiw rhHe;j vy;iyfSf;Fs;Sk; tpuptile;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
jkpofnkq;Fk; gutpf; fplf;Fk; ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fshy; ,yf;fpa

tof;Fr; nrhw;fis cupa Kiwg;gb cr;rupg;gjpy;iy. me;jf;
nrhw;fSf;Fs;s xypapy; xypf;fhky; khw;nwhypapy; NgRfpd; wdH.
,t;thW mike;jtw;iw ehl;Lg;Gw tl;lhur; nrhw;fs; vd;w
gFg;Gf;Fs; mlf;fyhk;. xU tl;lj;jpy; Ngrg;gLk; xU nrhy;
kf;fspd; tof;fj;jpy; Ntw;W xypadhf xypf;fg;gLtijf; fhl;Lk;.
Fwpg;ghf> ,fuk; vfu xypahfTk;> cfuk; xfu xypahfTk; khwp
xypg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,iy vd;gij viy vd;Wk;> ,oT
198
vd;gij voT vd;Wk;> cuy; vd;gij xuy; vd;Wk;> Fuy; vd;gij
nfhuy; vd;Wk; Rl;Ltijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
13.3.4. xypapay; (nkhopapay;)

nkhopapaypy; xypapay; (Phonetics) vd;gJ> kdpjHfs;
NgRk;NghJ cUthFk; xypfisg; gw;wpa Ma;T MFk;. ,J
nkhopapaypd; xU Jizg;GupT MFk;. ,j;Jiw> Ngr;R xypfspd;
,aw;gpay; ,ay;Gfs; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. ,j;Jiwapd;
Ma;Tfs;> xypfspd; clypaq;fpay; rhHe;j cw;gj;jp> mtw;wpd;
xypapay; jd;ikfs;> mtw;iwf; Nfl;LzHjy;> mtw;wpd; euk;GrhH
clypaq;fpay; rhHghdtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wd.
xypapay; Ma;tpd; fUg;nghUl;fshd xypfs; (Phones)>

kdpjHfspdhy; cr;rupf;fg;gLk; cz;ikahd Ngr;nrhypfshFk;.
vOj;J nkhopfSk; vOj;Jf;fSk; Ngr;rpd; xypfNshL neUq;fpa
njhlHGilad vdpDk;> cz;ikapy; xypapayhsHfs;
Ngr;nrhypfisNa ftdj;jpy; vLf;fpwhHfNsad;wp mitfisf;
Fwpf;Fk; FwpaPLfis my;y. vdpDk; Kd; $wpa neUq;fpa
njhlHG fhuzkhf gy mfuhjpfs; FwpaPLfs; gw;wpa Ma;it
xypapayha;tpd; xU gFjpahff; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,e;epiyapNy
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fshy; Ngrg;gl;L tUk; tof;Fr;nrhw;fisj;
njhFf;Fk; gzpfs; eilngw;W jkpof ehl;Lg;Gw tl;lhu
tof;Fr;nrhy; mfuhjpfs; ntspte;jpUf;fpd;wd.

1. nkhopapay; Ma;T Nkw;Nfhs;sg;gl;l Jiwfs; ahit?
2. mwpjpw mwptpay; vd;why; vd;d?
3. xg;gPl;L nkhopapay; vd;why; vd;d?
4. nkhopapaypy; xypapaypd; gq;F vd;d?
13.3.5. r%f nkhopapay;
r%f nkhopapay; vd;gJ> gz;ghl;L newpKiw>
vjpHghHg;Gfs;> #oy; vd;git mlq;fpa r%fj;jpd; vy;yh
mk;rq;fSk;> nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiwapy; Vw;gLj;Jk;
199
jhf;fq;fs; gw;wp Ma;T nra;Ak; JiwahFk;. ,dk;> rkak;> jFjp>
ghy;> fy;tpepiy Nghd;w r%ff; fhuzpfshy; NtWgLj;jg;gLfpd;w
FOf;fspilNa vt;thW nkhop NtWgLfpd;wJ> vt;thW ,j;jifa
NtWghLfspd; Njhw;wKk;> filg;gpbg;Gk;> jdpkdpjHfis
,t;thwhd r%f tFg;Gfs; my;yJ r%fg; nghUshjhu
tFg;GfSs; tifg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wd Nghd;wit r%f
nkhopapaypd; fPo; Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. nkhopapd; gad;ghL
,lj;Jf;fplk; NtWgLtJNghy;> r%fg; gpuptpdH kj;jpapYk; nkhopg;
gad;ghL NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
13.3.6. gad;ghl;L nkhopapay;

gad;ghl;L nkhopapay; my;yJ gadhf;f nkhopapay;
vd;gJ> nkhopapaypd; xU gpupthFk;. ,J nkhopapaw;
Nfhl;ghLfis cyfpd; eilKiwg; gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPHT
fhzg; gad;gLj;Jtijf; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;lJ. ,J nkhopf;
fy;tp> ,uz;lhk; nkhopf;fw;wy; Nghd;w JiwfspNyNa mjpfk;
gad;gl;L te;jJ. ,j;Jiw nkhopf;fw;wy; Ma;TfSf;F
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vd;gtHfSf;Fk;> ,y;iy> ,J nkhopapaw;
Nfhl;ghLfspd; gad;ghLfs; midj;ijAk; cs;slf;FfpwJ
vd;NghUf;Fk; ,ilNa njhlHr;rpahd ,Ogwpepiy ,Ue;J te;jJ.
jw;fhyj;jpy;> nkhopapay; njhlHghd mwpT gy;NtWgl;l mwpTj;
JiwfSf;Fk; Njitahd xd;whf cs;sJ. ,yf;fpak;>
ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;> mfuhjpapay;> r%ftpay;> khdpltpay; Nghd;w
JiwfspYk;> cstpay;> fzpdp mwptpay;> euk;gpay;> jfty;
njhlHgpay; Nghd;w mwptpay; rhHe;j JiwfspYk; nkhopapaypd;
Njit ngUksTf;F czug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,j;Jiwfspyhd
Ma;Tfspy; nkhopapay; Nfhl;ghLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
13.3.7. khdpltpay;rhu; nkhopapay;

khdpltpay;rhH nkhopapay; (Anthropological Linguistics)
vd;gJ> nkhop> gz;ghL Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd njhlHGfis
Ma;T nra;Ak; xU Jiw MFk;. ,j;Jiw> kdpj capupay;>
mwpjpwd;> nkhop Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd njhlHGfisAk;
200
Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ. ,J> kdpjHfis mtHfSila
nkhopf;$lhf Ma;T nra;Ak; khdpltpaw; Jiwahd nkhopapay;rhH
khdpltpay; JiwAld; cwT nfhz;Ls;sJ.
13.3.8. nkhopapay;
nkhopapay; (Linguistics) vd;gJ> xU nkhopia mwptpay;
Kiwg;gb Muha;tjw;Fupa xU JiwahFk;. nkhopapd; tbtk;>
nghUs;> #oy; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; nkhopapay; Ma;T nra;fpwJ.
Kd;djhf 4Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpa ,yf;fz mwpQuhd ghdpzp
nkhopiag; gw;wp xU Kiwahd Ma;T tpsf;fj;ij vOjpAs;shH.
,e;E}ypy; ,tH rk];fpUj nkhopiag; gw;wp Ma;T nra;J
Kiwahd tpsf;fj;ij vOjpAs;shH.
nkhopapayhsHfs; xyp kw;Wk; mHj;jj;jpw;F ,ilapyhd

XH xw;Wikiaf; ftdpg;gjd; %yk; ghuk;gupakhf kdpj
nkhopiag; gFg;gha;T nra;fpd;wdH. xypg;gpay; vd;gJ Ngr;R
kw;Wk; ciuahly; xypfisg; gw;wpa Ma;T MFk;. NkYk; ,J
mtHfspd; xyp njhlHghd kw;Wk; xypfisj; njspthf
cr;rupg;gjw;Fupa cr;rupg;nghypapay; gz;GfSf;Fs;Sk; EiofpwJ.
kWGwk;> nkhopapd; mHj;jj;ij Ma;T nra;J cyfpd; gpw $Wfs;>
gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; cyfpd; gpw mk;rq;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;F
,ilNaahd cwTfis vt;thW Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ> nray;gLj;JtJ
kw;Wk; nghUis toq;FtJ> mj;Jld; vt;thW epHtfpg;gJ>
Njhd;Wk; fUj;J kaf;fj;ij vt;thW jPHg;gJ Mfpatw;iwg;
gw;wpAk; nkhopapay; NgRfpwJ. mNjNtisapy;
nrhw;nghUs;fisg; gw;wpa Ma;T> #oy; vt;thW nkhopf;fhd
nghUis cUthf;FfpwJ vd;w cz;ik epiyiaAk; Muha;tij
nkhopapay; eilKiwahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,yf;fzk; vd;gJ xU nkhopapy; nrhw;fspd; cw;gj;jp

kw;Wk; gad;ghl;il epHtfpf;Fk; tpjpKiwfs; njhlHghd
eilKiwahFk;. ,t;tpjpKiwfs; xypfSf;Fk; mit jUk;
nghUSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. NkYk;> xypf;Fk; xypaikg;Gfspd;
mikg;G rhHe;j Fuypay;> nrhw;fspd; mikg;G kw;Wk; cUthf;fk;
201
rhHe;j cUgdpay;> nrhw;nwhlHfs; cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; mikg;G
rhHe;j njhlupay; cs;spl;ltw;wpd; cl;$Wfs; rhHe;j
JiztpjpfisAk; ,yf;fzk; tiuaiw nra;fpwJ.
,yf;fzj;jpd; nfhs;iffspy; etPd ,yf;fzf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
13.3.9. ehl;Lg;GwtpaYk; nkhopapay; mwpQUk;

nkhopapay; Ma;T newpKiw ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Ma;T
Kiwf;F khjpupahf mike;jJ. ehl;Lg;Gwtpaypd; je;ij vdf;
fUjg;gLk; N[f;fg; fpupk; (Jacob Grim) nkhop E}y; (Philology)
Jiwiar; rhHe;jtH. ,tH nkhopapaypy; gad;gLk; xg;G Ma;it
ehl;Lg;Gw ,aYf;Fk; gad;gLj;jpdhH. N[f;fg; fpupkpd; Ma;tpidg;
gpd;gw;wp khf;]; Ky;yH (Max Muiller) (fp.gp.1823-1900) vd;Dk;
Ma;thsH Guhzq;fisg; gw;wp MuhayhdhH. ,tH tlnkhopapYk;>
xg;gha;tpYk; ty;YeH vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,jd; tpisthf
,e;Njh-INuhg;gpa nkhopfspd; nghJthd Njhw;wk; gw;wpa
Nfhl;ghl;bid Kd;nkhope;jhH. ,e;Njh- INuhg;gpa nkhopfspd;
Njhw;wk; xU Ke;ija jha;nkhop %yj;Jf;F ,l;Lr; nry;tjhf
,f;Nfhl;ghL mike;jJ. ,e;j xg;gpay; Kiwiaf; nfhz;L
ghHf;Fk; NghJ ehl;lhH tof;fhw;wpay; JiwapYk; xNu jd;ikahd
$Wfs; Ke;ija kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J te;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
jhd; fUj;J.
13.3.10. tha;nkhopg; ghlYk; gad;ghLk;

tha;nkhopf; fijg; ghly; vd;gJ vOjg;glhj> Mdhy;
nkhopg;gad;ghL kpf;fJ. fijg; ghly; ghLgtuJ nkhopj; jpwid
~tha;ghL' vd;gjd; %yk; mwpayhk;. me;j tha;ghl;bidg;
gad;gLj;JNthd; ahg;G gw;wp vJTk; mwpahjtd;. vd;whYk;
mtdJ ghlypy; ahg;G mikjp> Xir eak; Nghd;wit jhkhfNt
mike;J ,Uf;Fk;. mit mg;ghliy kddk; nra;tjw;Fg;
gad;gLfpd;wd. mg;ghly; gpd;tUkhW:
xUfsQ;R nghd; jUNthk;

xz;ZjNy kUj;JtNk
202
nuz;LfsQ;R nghd; jhNwhk;
rfpNa tsu vd;whs;
%Z fsQ;R nghd; jhNwhk;
nkha; FoNy kUj;JtNk
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gj;Jf;fsQ;R nghd; jUNthk;
ghitaNu kUj;JtNk
vDk; ,g;ghlypy; nkhopj; jpwidg; ghHf;f KbfpwJ.

5. r%f nkhopapay; vd;why; vd;d?
6. khdpltpay;rhH nkhopapay; vd;why; vd;d?
7. ehl;Lg;Gwtpaiy nkhopapay; Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jpa
Kjy;tH ahH?
8. ,e;Njh-INuhg;gpa nkhopapay; Nfhl;ghl;il tFj;jtH ahH?
13.4. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaf; $Wfs;
ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;jpd; NtHfs; kdpj rKjhaj;jpy; kpf
Mokhfg; gjpe;Js;sd. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpakhdJ kdpj rKjhak;
vij mDgtpj;jNjh> vijf; fw;wNjh mijf; Ftpj;J
itj;jpUf;Fk; Nrkpg;G miwahFk; vd;gH. vdNt ehl;Lg;Gw
,yf;fpak; kz;zpd; kzj;ijg; gug;Gk; rpwg;gpidf; nfhz;lJ.
ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; vd;w tifikg;ghl;bw;Fg; gy $Wfisf;
fhz KbAk;. mit>
1. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;
2. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs;
3. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijg;ghly;fs;
4. ehl;Lg;Gwg; gonkhopfs;
5. tpLfijfs;
6. Guhzq;fs;
KjypadthFk;. ,dp ,tw;iw xt;nthd;whfg; ghHf;fyhk;.
203
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs; Kd;idg; goikf;Fk; goik
tha;e;jit. gpd;idg; GJikf;Fk; GJikahfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
,g;ghly;fs; ,dpait> vspait> vOjg;glhjit> thapy; gpwe;J>
nrtpfspy; epiwe;J cs;sj;jpy; gjpT ngWgit. ,g;ghly;fs;
vd;W gpwe;jit> vtuhy; ghlg;ngw;wit vd;W cWjpahf
mWjpapl;Lr; nrhy;y Kbahj ngUikapidf; nfhz;lit.
,g;ghly;fs; vOj;jpyf;fpag; ghly;fisg; Nghd;W vJif> Nkhid>
,iaG> ,ul;ilf; fpstp vd;w ahg;gpyf;fzj;jpd; fl;Lf; Nfhg;gpy;
mike;Js;sd.
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs; mit ghlg;gLk; #oy;> epfo;Tfspd;

jd;ik ,tw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tifg;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd.
KidtH R. rf;jpNty; #oy; mbg;gilapy; vl;lhfg; gpupj;J>
mtw;wpy; cl;gpupTfisAk; tifg;gLj;jpAs;shH.

jhyhl;Lg; ghly; vd;gJ jha;ik czHtpd; ntspg;ghlhFk;.
mg;ghly;fspy; ntspg;gLk; czHTfspd; jd;ikapidf; Foe;ij
gw;wpadTk;> Foe;ijf;Fupa nghUs;fs; gw;wpadTk;> Foe;ijfspd;
cwtpdH ngUik gw;wpadTk; vdg; gpupj;Js;sdH.
Foe;ijg; ghly;fs;> Foe;ij cs;sj;ijg;

Gyg;gLj;Jtdthf mike;jpUf;Fk;. mjpy; nghUs; miktijtpl
Xir epiwTfNs mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. ,g;ghly;fis NkYk;>
Foe;ij tsHr;rpepiyg; ghly;fs;> kw;wtHfs; ghLk; Foe;ijg;
ghly;fs;> rpWtH ghly;fs; vd;nwy;yhk; gpupj;Jg; ghHf;fyhk;.
13.4.1.2. fhjy; ghly;fs;

fhjy; ghly;fis ,Utifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;. xd;W>
fhjyHfNs ghLtJ> kw;nwhd;W> fhjyHfs; my;yhjtHfs; njhopy;
nra;Ak; NghJ ghLtJ. Mdhy; ngUk;ghYk; ehl;Lg;Gwf; fhjy;>
njhopy; nra;Akplq;fspy; jhd; gpwf;fpwJ. tz;bf;fhud; ghLk;
204
njk;khq;Fg; ghly;fspy; fhjy; Ritiaf; fhzyhk;. cwtpy;
,d;gk; fhz;gJk;> gpuptpy; NtjidailtJk; ghlypd; nghUshf
mikAk;.
13.4.1.3. njhopw;ghly;fs;
kdpjHfs; $bj; njhopy; nra;Ak;NghJ mf;$l;Lwtpy;
gpwg;git njhopy; ghly;fs;. njhopy; ghly;fspNy md;G
kyHtijAk;> ghrk; nghq;FtijAk;> ciog;gpd; MHtj;ijAk;>
ed;ikapy; <Lghl;ilAk;> jPikapy; ntWg;igAk; fhzyhk;.
njhopy; ghly;fs; njhopyhsHfsJ ,d;g Jd;gq;fisAk;> neQ;rf;
FKwy;fisAk;> Mrhghrq;fisAk;> tpUg;G> ntWg;GfisAk;
ntspapLfpd;wd. njhopy; ghly;fis VNyhyq;fpb ghl;L>
jpy;yhyq;fb ghl;L> njk;khq;Fg; ghl;L> Vw;wg; ghl;L> tz;bf;fhud;
ghl;L vd;nwy;yhk; toq;FtH.
13.4.1.4. nfhz;lhl;lg; ghly;fs;

kdpjd; jd; kfpo;r;rpapid MbAk; ghbAk; gyNuhL fye;J
nfhz;lhLfpwhd;. mt;ntspaPl;by; njhd;ikahd fiyr; rpwg;igAk;
kf;fsJ gz;ghl;bd; rpwg;gpidAk; mwpaKbAk;. kdpjdpd;
ciog;gpw;Fg;gpd;> mtdJ kdkhdJ Mly;> ghly;fspy;
<LgLfpwJ. ,g;ghly;fis mfg;ghly;> Gwg;ghly; vd;W gpupf;fyhk;.
13.4.1.4.1. mfg;ghly;
r%fj;jpYs;s gyUk; ,ize;J FOthfg; ghlg;gLtJ.
g+g;Gr; rlq;Fg; ghly;> jpUkzk;> gupfhrk;> eYq;F> CQ;ry;>
tisfhg;Gg; ghly;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; $wyhk;.
13.4.1.4.2. Gwg;ghly;
gyUk; fye;jhLk; Fk;kp> Nfhyhl;lk; Nghd;w Ml;lq;fspy;
ghlg;gLk; ghly;fisg; Gwg;ghly;fs; vdyhk;.
13.4.1.5. gf;jpg; ghly;fs;

Mjp fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; ,aw;ifNahL ,iae;j tho;T
elj;jpdH. ,aw;ifapd; rf;jpfisj; nja;tq;fshff; fUjp
205
topgl;ldH. mjpypUe;J tpohf;fSk;> gz;biffSk;> gypfSk;
Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. ,t;topghLfis %d;W epiyfspy; kf;fspilNa
fhzKbAk;. ,aw;if topghl;Lg; ghly;fs;> rpWnja;tg; ghly;fs;>
ngUe;nja;tg; ghly; vd mikAk;. ,aw;if topghl;Lg; ghly;
xd;wpidg; gpd;tUkhW fhzyhk;.
re;jpuNu #upaNu
rhkp gfthNd
,e;jpuNu thRNjth
,g;gkio nga;aNtZk;
ke;ijapNy khupahap
kiyNkNy khatNu
,e;jpuNu #upaNu
,g;gkio nga;aNtZk;
,g;ghlypy; njhd;W njhl;L tUk; ,aw;if topghl;ilf; fhzyhk;.

epyh> kio> xsp> ghk;G> gR Mfpatw;iw ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs;
topgLfpd;wdH. mt;thW topgLk;NghJ ,j;jifa ,aw;ifg;
ghly;fisg; ghLfpd;wdH.

,we;jtHfis epidj;J mtHfs; kPJ ghlg;gLk; ghly;fis
xg;ghup vd;gH. ,we;jtHfspd; ,og;ig vz;zp> ,we;jtHfisAk;
jk;ikAk; xg;Gr; nrhy;yp mjhtJ xg;gpl;Lg; ghLtJ xg;ghupahFk;.
,we;jtupd; ngUikAk; mtuJ Fzeyd;fSk; gpwuhy; Nghw;wg;gl;l
KiwAk;> xg;ghup ghLfpd;wtHfs; ,we;jtiu Nerpj;j KiwAk;>
jd;Dila epiyik> FLk;gj;jpd; epiyik> <kr; rlq;Ffs; gw;wpa
tptuq;fSk; mg;ghly;fspy; $wg;gLtJz;L.
13.4.1.7. gd;kyu;g; ghly;fs;

xNu ghlypy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l jd;ik ,Ug;gpd; mg;ghly;
gd;kyHg; ghly; vdg;gLk;.

9. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaf; $Wfs; ahit?
206
10. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly; tiffs; ahit?
11. njhopw;ghly;fspd; NtWngaHfs; ahit?
12. nfhz;lhl;lg; ghly;fspd; tiffs; ahit?
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspilNa fij $WtJ vd;gJ nghJthd
gz;ghFk;. kf;fs; jq;fsJ tho;tpay; ePjpfSf;fhfTk;> nghOJ
Nghf;fpw;fhfTk; fijfis ciuj;jdH. ,d;wsTk; ciuj;J
tUfpd;wdH. ehisAk; fijapidf; $WthHfs;. Vndd;why;
fijapidf; $WgtUk;> fijapidf; Nfl;gtUk; me;je;jf;
fijfNshL jq;fisAk; ,izj;Jf; fij Nfl;fpd;wdH.
13.4.4.1. fijfspd; tiffs;

KidtH R. rf;jpNty; ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfis MW
tifahfg; gpupf;fpd;whH. mit> kdpjf; fijfs;> kpUff; fijfs;>
ke;jpu - je;jpuf; fijfs;> nja;tf
P f; fijfs;> ,jpfhr Guhzf;
fijfs;> gy;nghUs; gw;wpa fijfs; vd;gdthFk;.
13.4.4.2. fijfspd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs;

,f;fijfspd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; kf;fSf;F
mwf;Nfhl;ghl;il czHj;JtNj MFk;. tsUk; Foe;ijfSf;F
mJ ePjp Nghjidf; fsQ;rpakhfj; jpfo;fpwJ. tho;f;ifg;
gpur;rid> Mir> Jd;gk;> rhjpg; g+ry;> fhjy;> xOf;fk;> Ntjid>
Kl;lhs;jdk;> nghwhik> kd czHntOr;rp> fs;s el;G> ke;jpuk;>
Gj;jprhypj;jdk;> ePjp Kjypa tw;iwf; $Wtjhf mikAk;.
nkhj;jj;jpy; ,f;fijfs; gad;ghl;L ,yf;fpak; Mfpd;wd. r%f
tuyhw;iw mwpag; ngupJk; Jiz Gupfpd;wd. gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfis
kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;fpd;wd. goq;fhyr; rKjhar; nra;jpfisAk;>
rkfhyr; nra;jpfisAk; ,tw;why; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

jdpkdpj tho;f;ifapd; Kf;fpa epfo;Tfisg; gpwg;G Kjy;
,wg;G tiuf;Fk; fijapidg; Nghd;W mNj rkak; ghlyhfg;
ghLtJ fijg;ghlyhFk;. fhg;gpaj;jpy; jd;dpfupy;yhj; jiytdpd;
207
tsg;gk; kpFe;j nray;ghLfs; vOjg;gLfpd;wijg;Nghy ehl;Lg;Gwf;
fijg; ghlypy; fijj; jiytdpd; tPu jPur; nray;fs; ghlg;gLk;.
fijg; ghly;fs; tuyhWfs; my;y. mit tPuf; fhtpaq;fs;>
kdpjg; gz;gpd; caHe;j mk;rq;fisg; Nghw;Wgit vd;fpwhH eh.
thdkhkiy. ,it fijg;ghly;fspd; ,ay;Gfs; vd;Nw $wyhk;.
13.4.5.1. fijg;ghlypd; jd;ik

fijg; ghlypy; fPo;f;fhZk; Kf;fpaf; $Wfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 fijapy; epfo;r;rpg; Nghf;F cz;L (Action)

 ghj;jpuq;fs; thapyhf tpsf;fg; ngWk; (Characters)
 fijf; fU cz;L (Theme)
 tPug;gz;Gf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg; ngWk; (Prominence
of Heroism)> ciuahly; (Dialogue) cz;L
 jpUk;gj; jpUk;g tuy; (Repetition)
13.4.5.2. fijg;ghlypd; mikg;G

fijg; ghlypd; mikg;gpy; ehd;F Kf;fpag; gFjpfs;
cs;sd. mitahtd> fhg;G my;yJ topghL> FU tzf;fk;>
tuyhW> thop vd;gitahFk;.

gonkhop vd;w nrhy;Ny kpfg; goikahdtw;iw
czHj;JtjhFk;. gyuJ mwpitAk; xUtuJ Ez;ZzHitAk;
mjpypUe;J ngWfpd;wd. mwptpd; RUf;fNk gonkhop vdyhk;.
gonkhopfs; kf;fsJ tho;Tld; tho;thfg; gpd;dpg; gpize;Js;sd.
kf;fspd; tho;tpy; ehSk; gof;fj;jpy; cs;s nkhop> vJif
NkhidAld; xU fUj;jpidf; $Wjy;> tpsf;fk; nra;Ak; tifapy;
vLj;Jf; $Wjy; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;lNj gonkhopahFk;. ,it
RUq;fr; nrhy;yp tpsq;f itf;Fk; Mw;wy; kpf;fitfshFk;.
13.4.6.1. gonkhopapd; ,ay;Gfs;

 gonkhopapd; Kf;fpa ,ay;G> RUf;fk;> njspT>
nghUj;jKilik.
208
 mwTiuiaAk;> mwpTiuiaAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
 xt;nthU gonkhopAk; tpsf;ff; $W (Descriptive element)
xd;wpidg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
 gonkhopf;F xU nrhy;ypy; miktjpy;iy.
13.4.6.2. gonkhop tifg;ghL

KidtH R. rf;jpNty; jkpo;g; gonkhopfis Ie;J
tifahf tifg;gLj;JfpwhH.
1. msT mbg;gil (Size Basis)

2. nghUs; mbg;gil (Subject Basis)
3. mfutupir mbg;gil (Alphabetical Basis)
4. mikg;gpay; mbg;gil (Structural Basis)
5.) gad; mbg;gil (Functional Basis)
13.4.7. tpLfijfs;
tpLfij vd;gJ VjhtJ xU fUj;ijj; jd;dplk; kiwj;Jf;
nfhz;L $WtJ. ,jid mwpTj;jpwj;NjhL Muha;r;rp nra;Ak;
nghOJ> Fiwe;j gl;rk; rpe;jid nra;Ak; nghOJjhd; Gyg;gLk;.
NkYk; ~tpLfij| vd;w ehl;Lg;Gw tof;fhw;wpy; <LghLk; tpUg;Gk;
cilatHfshy; tpLfijapYs;s ~GjpUf;F| (Gupahj
epiyapYs;sJ) tpilapidf; $wKbAk;. ,t;thW tpLfij
vd;gJ>
 mwpT Cl;Lk; nray;

 rpe;jidiaj; J}z;Ljy;
 gaDs;s nghOJ Nghf;F
vd;w tifapy; mike;J kf;fspd; tho;tpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
13.4.7.1. tpLfijapd; tiffs;

tpLfijfis> gad;ghl;L mbg;gilapy; ehd;F tifahfg;
gpupf;fpd;whH lhf;lH r. Nt. Rg;ukzpak; mtHfs;. mit>
 tpsf;f tpLfijfs; (Descriptive Riddles)

 eifg;G tpLfijfs; (Witty question Riddles)
209
 nfhz;lhl;l tpLfijfs; (Ritualistic Riddles)
 nghOJNghf;F tpLfijfs; (Recreative Riddles)
tpLfijia mikg;gpay; Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapy; ,uz;lhf

tifg;gLj;jyhk;. mit>
xd;W> cUtfkpy;yhjJ (Literal). rhd;W:

~rptg;Gr; rl;bf;Ff; fWg;G %b| - (Fd;wp kzp)
,uz;L> cUtfKilaJ. rhd;W :
~nrj;Jf; fha;e;j khL re;ijf;Fg; NghFJ| (fUthl;L)
,t;thW tpLfijfSk; gonkhopfSk; kf;fspd; tho;tpy;

gaDs;s tifapy; nghOijf; fopg;gjw;Fk;> rpe;jpg;gjw;Fk; Jiz
epd;W cs;sd. ,d;Wk; tpLfij> gonkhop ,tw;iw> jkpo;ehl;by;
xU Fwpg;gpl;l thndhypapd; gz;giy xypgug;G epfo;r;rpfspy;>
epiyaj;jhH thndhyp Nfl;gtHfsplk; njhiyNgrp topf;
Nfl;gijAk; Nfl;f KbAk;. ehl;Lg;Gw tof;fhWk; ehfupfk; kpFe;j
kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; kf;fs; njhlHGr; rhjdq;fspy;
,lk;ngWtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
13.4.8. Guhzq;fs;
Guhzf; fijfs; kdpj kdj;jpd; mbj;jsj;jpy; cs;s
vz;zq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;lit. mj;jifa Guhzf;fijfs;
md;W Kjy; ,d;Wtiu tho;e;J tUfpd;wd. mwptpay;
tsHr;rpapy;yhj fhyj;jpy; kdpj tho;tpy; mDgtpj;j
Kuz;ghLfs;> tpe;ijfs;> rpf;fy;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;Fj; jPHthfg;
Guhzf;fijfs; ,Ue;Js;sd. rlq;Ffs; jhd; Guhzq;fs;
Njhd;Wtjw;F mbg;gilf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;Js;sd. rkaj;jpd;
Mo;e;j Nehf;F> mbg;gilf; fUj;Jfs; Guhzq;fspy; Njha;e;J
fplf;fpd;wd.
13.4.8.1. Guhzq;fspd; tiffs;

jkpopYs;s Guhzq;fis kf;fspilNaAs;s> tha;nkhopg;
Guhzq;fs; (Oral Puranas)> vOj;jpyf;fpag; Guhzq;fs; (jy
Guhzq;fs;) vd;W gFj;J Muhayhk;.
210
9. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfspd; tiffs; ahit?
10. fijg;ghly;fspd; ,ay;Gfs; ahit?
11. gonkhopapd; tifg;ghLfs; ahit?
12. tpLfij vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?
13.5. njhFj;;Jf; fhz;Nghk;
 nkhopapay; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.

 nkhopapaYf;Fs; ,Uf;fk; gy;NtW gpupTfs; gw;wpj; njupe;J
nfhz;BHfs;.
 ehl;Lg;Gwtpaypy; nkhopapaypd; $Wfs; gw;wpj; njupe;J
nfhz;BHfs;.
 ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaf; $Wfs; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
 Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;
1. 13.3. 2. 13.3.1.
3. 13.3.2. 4. 13.3.4.
5. 13.3.5. 6. 13.3.7.
7. 13.3.9. 8. 13.3.9.
9. 13.4. 10. 13.4.1.
11. 13.4.1.3. 12. 13.4.1.4.
13. 13.4.4.1. 14. 13.4.5.
15. 13.4.6.3. 16. 13.4.7.1.
1. nkhopapay; Nehf;fpy; ehl;Lg;Gwtpaiy vt;thW
mZFtPHfs;?
2. ehl;Lg;Gwtpaypy; ,lk;ngw;ws;s nkhopapay; $Wfs;
3. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaf; $Wfs; ahit? mtw;wpd;
tiffspy; VNjDk; ,uz;bid tpsf;Ff.
4. nkhopapay; Jiwf;Fj; njhlHGila ,izj;Jiwfs;
,uz;bidg; gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.
211
5. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Jiwf;F nkhopapaypd; gq;fspg;G gw;wpf;
fl;Liu tiuf.
nrd;id> 2004.
$W 14. vJif-Nkhid-,iaG-fw;gid-mzpfs;-
czu;r;rp-fUj;jikg;G
14.1. Kd;Diu
nra;ASf;F moF NrHg;gJ ahg;Gk; mzpAkhFk;.
xt;nthU mbnjhWk; mbf;Fs;Sk; mikaf; $ba rpwg;gpid
vJif> Nkhid> ,iaG Nghd;w ahg;G cWg;Gfs;
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,t;TWg;Gfs; nra;Aspy; ,Ug;gjhy;jhd;
vspjhf kddk; nra;aTk;> mtw;iw epidtpy; nfhs;sTk;
,ay;fpwJ. ,j;jd;ik nrt;tpyf;fpaq;fspy; kl;Lk; my;y>
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; fhzg;glf; $ba xd;W. ,jidg; gw;wp
tpsq;FtjhfNt ,g;gFjp mike;Js;sJ.
14.2. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
 ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; vJif> Nkhid> ,iaG mike;jpUf;Fk;
jd;ik gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
 ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; czHr;rpAk; fw;gidAk; fUj;jhoKk;
mike;Js;sJ gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.
 mzpfs; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ gw;wpj;
14.3. vJif
xU ghly; my;yJ nra;Aspd; rPHfspNyh my;yJ
mbfspNyh ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif MFk;.
212
,t;ntJif mb vJif> rPH vJif vd ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
,t;thW vJif mike;j ghly; tupfs; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy;
fhzg;gLtij ,q;Ff; fhz;Nghk;.
mb vJif vd;gJ> mbNjhWk; ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp

tUtJ MFk;. v.fh.
“,iythio jz;Lfsh VNyyk;kh VNyh

fhiyapy te;jtq;f VNyyk;kh VNyh"
rPH vJif vd;gJ> rPH NjhWk; ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp

tUtJ MFk;. ,r;rPH vJif VO tifg;gLk;. mit> ,iz
vJif (1>2)> nghopg;G vJif (1>3)> x&c vJif (1>4)> $io
vJif (1>2>3)> fPo;f;fJtha; vJif(1>2>4>)> Nkw;fJtha; vJif
(1>3>4)> Kw;W vJif (1>2>3>4) vd mikAk;.
xU mbapd; Kjy; ,U rPHfspYk; tUfpd;w vJif ,iz

vJif vdg;gL k;. v.fh.
“njhl;bypNy Nghl;lGs;s VNyyk;kh VNyh"
xU mbapd; Kjy; kw;Wk; %d;whk; rPHfspy; tUfpd;w

vJif nghopg;G vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
“rhk topelf;f rk;kjNkh cd;jDf;F"
xU mbapd; Kjy; kw;Wk; ehd;fhk; rPHfspy; xd;whf

tUfpd;w vJif x&c vJif vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
“rpd;d kr;rhd; ngupakr;rhd; vdf;F"
xU mbapd; Kjy; %d;W rPHfspYk; tUfpd;w vJif $if

vJif vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
“fy;ahznkd;W nrhy;yp fye;J ghf;Fitj;jh"
xU mbapd; Kjy;> ,uz;L kw;Wk; ehd;fhk; rPHfspy;

xd;whf tUfpd;w vJif fPo;f;fJtha; vJif vdg;gLk;. v.L.
“fhNy typf;FNj fl;biy typj;Jf;Nfh"
213
xU mbapd; Kjy;> %d;W kw;Wk; ehd;fhk; rPHfspy; xd;whf
tUfpd;w vJif Nkw;fJtha; vJif vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
“mk;khFj;J jpk;khq;Fj;J Fj;JFj;J ghk;ghl;bf;Fj;J"
xU mbapd; Kjy; ehd;F rPHfspYk; tUfpd;w vJif Kw;W

vJif vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
“Mid Mid RidtUk; Mid"
vd;W ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; vJif mike;j ghly; tupfisf;

fhzyhk;.
14.4. Nkhid
xU ghly; my;yJ nra;Aspd; rPHfspNyh my;y J

mbfspNyh Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Nkhid vdg;gLk;.
,k;Nkhid mbNkhid> rPHNkhid vd ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
mbNkhid vd;gJ> Kjyb Kjy; vOj;Jk; ,uz;lhk; mbapd;
Kjy; vOj;Jk; xd;wp tUtJ MFk;. v.fh.
“cd;dupths; vd;dupths; VNyNyh md;df;fpsp

cUf;fptr;r fUf;fupths; VNyNyh md;df;fpsp"
rPHNkhid vd;gJ> rPj;NjhWk; KjnyOj;J xd;wp tUtJ

rPHNkhid vdg;gLk;. ,r;rPHNkhid VO tifg;gLk;. mit> ,iz
Nkhid (1>2)> nghopg;G Nkhid (1>3)> x&c Nkhid (1>4)> $io
Nkhid (1>2>3)> fPo;f;fJtha; Nkhid (1>2>4)> Nkw;fJtha; Nkhid
(1>3>4)> Kw;W Nkhid (1>2>3>4) vd mikAk;.
xU mbapd; Kjy; ,U rPHfspYk; tUfpd;w Nkhid ,iz

Nkhid vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
“fhLntl;b fy;nghWf;fp VNyyk;gb Vyk;"
xU mbapd; Kjy; kw;Wk; %d;whk; rPHfspy; tUfpd;w

Nkhid nghopg;G Nkhid vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
“Fbf;fg; ghYk; nfhg;gspf;fg; gd;dPUk;"
214
xU mbapd; Kjy; kw;Wk; ehd;fhk; rPHfspy; xd;whf
tUfpd;w Nkhid x&c Nkhid vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
“gps;isahH NfhapYf;Fj; jpwg;Gkpy;iy g+l;Lkpy;iy"
xU mbapy; Kjy; %d;W rPHfspYk; tUfpd;w Nkhid

$io Nkhid vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
“fhdf; fuprypNy fisnaLf;Fk; ngz;kapNy"
xU mbapd; Kjy; ehd;F rPHfspYk; tUfpd;w Nkhid

Kw;W Nkhid vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
“nghyptsu nghyptsu nghypahd nghypnghyp"
xU mbapd; Kjy;> ,uz;L kw;Wk; ehd;fhk; rPHfspy;

xd;whf tUfpd;w Nkhid fPo;f;fJtha; Nkhid vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
“CUy cs;srdk; vd;Dila Cl;lRj;Jk;"
xU mbapd; Kjy;> %d;W kw;Wk; ehd;fhk; rPHfspy; xd;whf

tUfpd;w Nkhid Nkw;fJtha; Nkhid vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
“nfhy;yH ciyNghy nfhjpf;Fjb nfhj;Jlk;G"
xU mbapd; Kjy; ehd;F rPHfspYk; tUfpd;w Nkhid

Kw;W Nkhid vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
“fz;Nz! fz;kzpNa! fw;gfNk! fz;Zwq;F"
vd;W ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; Nkhid mike;j ghly; tupfisf;

fhzyhk;.
14.5. ,iaG
xU ghly; my;yJ nra;Aspd; rPHfspNyh mbfspNyh

mbapWjpapy; XnuOj;Njh gyntOj;Jf;fNsh xd;wptUtJ ,iaG
vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
“ee;j tdj;jp Nyhuhz;L - mtd;

ehyhW khjkha; Fatid Ntz;b>
nfhz;L te;jhndhU Njhz;b - mijf;
215
$j;jhbf; $j;jhbg; Nghl;Lilj; jhz;b"
vd;w ,g;ghlypy; ~z;b| vd;w vOj;Jf;fs; mbNjhWk; xd;wp

tUtijf; fhzyhk;. mb ,iaG> rPH ,iaG vd ,iaG ,uz;L
tifg;gLk;. mb ,iaG vd;gJ> mbNjhWk; ,Wjp vOj;J> mir>
nrhy; Mfpatw;wpy; VNjDk; xd;Nwh gyNth xd;wptUtJ mb
,iaG vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
“rha;e;jhlk;kh rha;e;jhL
rhaf;fpspNa rha;e;jhL
Fj;J tpsf;Nf rha;e;jhL
Nfhtpy; GwhNt rha;e;jhL
kapNy FapNy rha;e;jhL
khlg; GwhNt rha;e;jhL"
rPH ,iaG vd;gJ> XubAs; ,Uf;Fk; rPHfspd; ,Wjp vOj;J

Kjyhapd xd;wp ,iaa tUkhW njhLg;gJ rPH ,iaG vdg;gLk;.
,r;rPH ,iaG VO tifg;gLk;. mit> ,iz ,iaG (1>2)>
nghopg;G ,iaG (1>3)> x&c ,iag; (1>4)> $io ,iaG (1>2>3)>
fPo;f;fJtha; ,iaG (1>2>4)> Nkw;fJtha; ,iaG (1>3>4)> Kw;W
,iaG (1>2>3>4) vd mikAk;.
xU mbapd; Kjy; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; rPHfspy; <w;nwOj;J

xd;wp tUtJ ,iz ,iaG vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
“rq;fpyp Gq;fpyp fjtj; jpw"
xU mbapd; xd;whk; rPupYk; %d;whk; rPupYk; ,Wjp vOjp

xd;wp tUtJ nghopg;G ,iaG vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
“epj;jepj;jk; ney;YNrhW nea;kzf;Fk; rhkr;NrhW"
xU mbapd; xd;whk; ehd;fhk; rPHfspy; ,Wjp vOj;J xd;wp

tUtJ x&c ,iaG vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
“epoNy ,dpajd; mayJ flNy"
xU mbapd; xd;whk; ,uz;lhk; %d;Wk; rPHfspy; ,Wjp

vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ $io ,iaG vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
216
“gr;irkiy gtskiy FlFkiy az;Nz"
xU mbapd; xd;whk; ,uz;lhk; ehd;fhk; rPHfspy; ,Wjp

vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ fPo;f;fJtha; vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
“tpy;Ny EjNy Ntw;fz; faNy"
xU mbapd; xd;whk; %d;whk; ehd;fhk; rPHfspy; ,Wjp

vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Nkw;fJtha; vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
“gy;Ny jtsk; ghNy nrhy;Ny"
xU mbapd; ehd;F rPHfspYk; <w;nwOj;J xd;wp tUtJ

Kw;W ,iaG vdg;gLk;. v.fh.
“GaNy FoNy kapNy ,aNy"
vd;W ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; ,iaG mike;j ghly; tupfisf;

fhzyhk;.

1. vJif vd;why; vd;d? mit ahit?
2. Nkhidapd; tiffs; ahit?
3. ,iaG vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mitahit?
4. rPH ,iaG vj;jid tifg;gLk;? xd;wpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld;
tptup.
14.6. fw;gid
ftpQd; gilf;fpd;w-vz;Zfpd;w-Mf;Ffpd;w fw;gid cyfk;
cs;stiu cyTfpd;w njd;wyhf tPrpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;. fhuzk;
ftpQd; jhd; fhZk; nghUisg; GwNehf;NfhL kl;Lky;yhky;
mfj;Js;Sk; GFe;J Muha;e;J nghUNshNlNa xd;wptpLfpd;whd;.
czHr;rpf;F Mshfp> vz;zf; $Wfspy; Kfpo;j;J> mjid
cUthf;fpg; gpd;dH mjidf; fhz;ghiuAk; fw;ghiuAk; jd;
kdf;Nfhl;il thrYf;F mioj;J mkur;nra;Ak; mkuj;
jd;ikAilaJ Mf;Ffpd;whd;. ,j;jF mkuj;jd;ik xd;Nw -
ftpQdpd; vz;zf; NfhitNa fw;gid MFk;. ,f;fw;gidapd;
tiffs; Fwpj;J Nkiyehl;lhH gyH gythwhff; $Wfpd;wdH.
217
tpd;nr];lH vd;Dk; jpwdha;thsH fw;gidia %tifahfg;
gpupf;fpd;whH. mit> gilg;Gf; fw;gid> ,iaGf; fw;gid> fUj;J
tpsf;ff; fw;gid vd;gdthFk;. Nfhy;upl;[; vd;Dk; mwpQH
fw;gidiag; gw;wpf; $Wk;NghJ fw;gidia ,uz;L tifahfg;
gpupf;fpd;whH. xd;W> Kjd;ikahdJ@ kw;nwhd;W epiyahdJ
my;yJ rhHghdJ vd;fpd;whH. kdpjDila GyDzHr;rpfs;
midj;jpYk; Kjd;ikahdjhfTk;> capHj;Jbg;G kpf;f
Mw;wyhfTk; tpsq;FtJ Kjdpiyf; fw;gid vdyhk;. ftpijf;
fiyapy; ty;ytuhfpa NthHl];nthHj; vd;gtH fw;gidia
Mf;ff; fw;gid> epidTf; fw;gid vd;W ,uz;L tifahff;
$WfpwhH. ,itNaad;wp cs;sij cs;sthNw $Wfpd;w
fw;gidAk; cs;sk; tpioAkhW mikfpd;w fw;gidAk; cz;L.
,t;thwhd fw;gidfs; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ.
Fwpg;ghf ehl;Lg;Gwf; fw;gidf; fijahf cUthd xUghly;>
Mf;fhz;b Mf;fhz;b
vq;nfq;Nf Kl;il itj;jha;
fy;iyg; gpse;J flyUNf
Kl;il itj;Njd;.
itj;jJNth %d;W Kl;il
ngupj;jJNth ,uz;L FQ;R
%j;j FQ;Rf;fpiu Njb
%D kiy Rw;wp te;Njd;.
,isa FQ;Rf;fpiu Njb
VO kiy Rw;wp te;Njd;.
khaf; Fwtd;
topkwpj;Jf; fz;zp Fw;w
fhypuz;Lk; gl;Lr;
rpwfpuz;Lk; khubf;f
ehd; mOj fz;zPUk;
vd; FQ;rKj fz;zPUk;
tha;f;fhy; epuk;gp
topg;Nghf;fH fhy; fOt
218
,Q;rpf;Fg; gha;Q;rp
,yhkpr;ir Nt&d;w
ehd; mOj fz;zPUk;
vd; FQ;rKj fz;zPUk;...
vd;wthwhd fw;gidf; fijia ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijahff; fhzyhk;.
14.7. mzpfs;
mzp vd;gJ> moF vd;W nghUs;gLk;. nra;Aspy;

mike;J fplf;Fk; nrhy;yoF> nghUsoF Kjypatw;iw
tiuaWj;Jf; $WtJ mzp ,yf;fzk;. ,t;tzp gy tifg;gLk;.
mzp ,yf;fzk; $Wk; njhd;ikahd E}y; jz;bayq;fhuk;.
,e;E}y; Kg;gj;ije;J tifahd mzpfisf; $WfpwJ.
,t;tzpfspy; gy ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd.
mtw;Ws; xU rpy kl;Lk; ,q;Ff; fhzyhk;.
jd;ik etpw;rp mzp vd;gJ vt;tifg; nghUisAk;

my;yJ vr;nraiyAk; cz;ikahd Kiwapy; cs;sgb
cs;sjhf tpsf;Fk; nrhw;fshy; miktJ MFk;. ,jid ,ay;G
etpw;rp mzp vd;Wk; $wg;gLk;. cs;sk; Fspu> neQ;rk; Fspu>
Nuhkk; rpypHf;f> tpopePH mUk;g> jd;id kwe;J epd;whs; Nghd;w
nrhw;fspy; ctkhdNkh> md;wp ctNkaNkh my;yJ
kpifg;gLj;jNyh ,y;yhjijf; fhzyhk;. mjhtJ> cs;sij
cs;sgb ,ay;ghff; $WtJ> kpifg;gLj;jy; ,Uf;fhJ> cjhuzk;
,Uf;fhJ> cUtfg;gLj;jy; ,Uf;fhJ> nrhy;tjpy; mzpf;NfAupa
moF fhzg;gLk;. ,t;thW mike;jNj jd;ik etpw;rp mzp
MFk;. v.fh.
“,Ue;J Kfe; jpUj;jp

<NuhL Ngd; thq;fp
tpUe;J te;jnjd;W tpsk;g
tUe;jp Mbdhs; ghbdhs;
219
Mbg; goKwj;jhy;
rhbdhs; XNlhlj;jhd;"
vd;Dk; ghly; tupfspy; cUtf mzpNah md;wp ctik mzpNah

,y;yhjijf; fhzyhk;.
ctikazp vd;gJ> $wf; fUjpa nghUis ed;F njupe;j

xd;iwf; fhl;b tpsf;FtJ. xU nghUis ,d;ndhU nghUSld;
xg;gpl;L moF gLj;jpf; $WtJ. njupahj nghUisf; fhl;l
njupe;j nghUisr; nrhy;yp tpsf;FtJ. nrhy;y vLj;Jf;nfhz;l
nghUis NtWnthU nghUSlNdh my;yJ gy nghUSlNdh
mg;nghUspd; gz;G> njhopy;> gad; vd;gtw;iwf; fhuzkhff;
nfhz;L ,iaG gLj;jp ,U nghUs;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s
xg;Gik Gyg;gLk;gb ghLtJ ctikazp MFk;.
“<r;rq; FUj;Jg; Nghy

,iy thioj; jz;L Nghy
thiof; FUj;Jg; Nghy
nfhy;yH ciyiag; Nghy"
“Nruyhkhb ehk Fwj;jp

Nre;j nuz;L fhisg;Nghy
tpl;L ey;yh gpupQ;rkb Fwj;jp
ntr;r tf; fhisg; Nghy"
vd;w ehl;Lg; ghly;fs; ctikazpahy; mike;jpUf;ff; fhzyhk;.
14.8. czu;r;rp
nka;apy; vd;Dk; clypy; gLtJ nka;g;ghL. mjhtJ

cs;sj;J czHr;rpfs; clypy; njd;gLtJ nka;g;ghL vd;gH.
nka;g;ghL Fwpj;J njhy;fhg;gpaH nghUsjpfhu xd;gJ ,ay;fspy;
xd;whf itj;jpUf;fpd;whH. njhy;fhg;gpaH>
eifNa mOif ,sptuy; kUl;if

mr;rk; ngUkpjk; ntFsp ctif vd;W
mg;ghy; vl;Nl nka;ahL vd;g
220
vd;W vl;L tifahd nka;g;ghLfs; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpaH
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. ,k;nka;ghLfs; xt;nthd;Wk; ehd;F tiffshfg;
gFj;J Kg;gj;jpuz;L nka;g;ghLfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wdH. kdpj
czHTfspd; mbg;gilahd ,k;nka;g;ghl;Lfs; ehl;Lg;Gw
kf;fsplk; kpfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijg;ghly; xd;wpy; Foe;ijapy;yhj xUj;jp

czHr;rpg; nghq;f jd;Dila epiyia vz;zpg; Gyk;Gfpd;whs;.
Xlhj NjuhNdd; Cikfz;l fpdhthNdd;

Mlhj nrf;fhNd miuahj mk;kpahNdd;
Xiraj;j KurhNdd; cile;jFsq; fiuahNdd;
thrkpy;yh g+thNdd; kjpypy;yh tPlhNdd;
%r;rpoe;j NgHfisg;Nghy; nkhopNgr khl;lhky;
g+r;rpanky;yhq; Fiye;J NghFjb NjhopaNu!
vd;W jd;Dila Vf;fj;ijj; Njhopauplk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whs;.

NkYk;>
Xlhj NjuhNdd; Cikfz;l fpdhthNdd;

Mlhj nrf;fhNdd; miuahj mk;kpahNdd;
Xiraj;j KurhNdd; cile;jFsq; fiuahNdd;
thrkpy;yh g+thNdd; kjptpoe;j tPlhNdd;.
Midf;fhy;gl;l NjiuahNdd; Mj;jpy;fiuf;fpd;w

GspahNdd;
thdpy;rpwfj;j gwitahNdd; khjhtpy;yhj gps;isahNdd;
tUe;jpnaOfpd;w FuNyhir kJuq;fpspfNs NfsPHfNsh
jpUe;jnthUj;jp ehd;ngz;gpwe;J Njrnky;yhq; fhzte;Njd;
rhiykuq;fNs! fUq;FapNy! jdpj;jq;fpUg;NgNdh jdptopNa
thiyNgilf sd;dq;fNs!
kyb Kfj;jpNy Kopf;nfhz; zhNjh
ts;sf;fkyj;jpd; md;dq;fNs! thdhs; kUFNj NfsPHfNs
221
gps;isf;fpiuNjLk; FUtpfNs!
gpiof;Fk;gbf; nfhUGj;jp nrhy;tha;
vd;W gps;isapy;yhj epiy rhiyNahuk; cs;s kuq;fsplKk;

mk;kuq;fspy; mkHe;jpUf;Fk; gwit kw;Wk; Vida
capupdq;fsplKk; Gyk;Gk; mtspd; czHr;rp epiyapidf;
fhzyhk;.
14.9. fUj;jikg;G
ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; nghOJNghf;Ff;fhf
,Uf;fpwJ vd;whYk;> mtw;wpy; Vuhskhd fUj;jhf;fq;fs; Ftpe;J
fplf;fpd;wd. Foe;ijf;Fg; ghY}l;Lk; NghJk;> mNj Foe;ijf;Fj;
jhyhl;Lk; NghJk;> fztd; ,oe;j gpd; kidtp xg;ghup itf;Fk;
NghJk; vdg; gy epiyfspy; vOfpd;w ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
fUj;Njhl;lk; mike;J Nfl;NghHf;Fg; Gupjy; jpwid
tsHg;gjw;Nfw;g mike;jpUf;Fk;.
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghlyhdhYk; ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijahdhYk;

ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijg;ghlyhdhYk; ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfshdhYk;
mtw;wpy; ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; cs;sf;fplf;if ntspg;gLk;.
,t;Ts;sf; fplf;ifNa ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; fUj;jhf ntspg;gLk;.
xU fijg;ghlypy; xUj;jp jha;ik va;Jfpd;whs;. mj;jha;ik
va;jpaJ njhlq;fp xt;nthU khjKk; mtspd; fUtpd;
tsHrpiaAk; mtspd; epiyiaAk; vLj;Jiuf;Fk; tpjkhf>
xd;whd khjj;jpNy Ajpuk;te;J jpuz;lJNt

khjK nuz;lhdNghJ tYg;ngw;whs; jpUj;Njtp
%d;whd khjj;jpNy Kj;Jg;Nghy; cUthf

ehyhd khjj;jpNy ey;yhyk; gok;Nghy
mQ;rhd khjj;jpNy mbtaW g+uzkha;
Mwhd khjj;jpNy may;tPLjhd; kwe;jhs;
Naohd khj;ijapNy naOe;jpUf;f $lhJ
nal;lhd khj;ijapNy nfhl;lhtp nfhs;Snjd;ghs;

222
md;dNkh ,uq;Fjpy;iy mupe;jupe;J NehFnjd;ghs;
njd;dnkj;j ehr;rpahH jpUtaW NehFnjd;ghs;
ths;tpl;l GJXL kz;fl;b Tzthr;Nr
vd;w ghly; tupfspy; xU ngz; fUj;jupj;J mts; gLk;

mt];ijfisAk;> xt;nthU khjf; fU tsHr;rpiaAk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; epiyapidf; fhzyhk;.

5. fw;gidapd; tiffs; ahit?
6. mzp vd;why; vd;d?
7. njhy;fhg;gpak; Rl;Lk; nka;ahL ahJ?
8. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fUj;jikg;G vt;thW
mike;jpUf;Fk;?

 goe;jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; vJif> Nkhid> ,iaG
Fwpj;Jk; ,t;tiffs; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; mike;jpUf;Fk;
epiyfs; Fwpj;Jk; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.
 ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; mzpfs;> fw;gid> fUj;jikg;G kw;Wk;
czHr;rp Mfpad ,lk;ngw;wik Fwpj;Jj; njupe;J
nfhz;BHfs;.


tpilfs;
1. 14.3. 2. 14.4.
3. 14.5. 4. 14.5.
5. 14.6. 6. 14.7.
7. 14.8. 8. 14.9.

1. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; vJifAk; mtw;wpd; cWg;Gf;fSk;
mike;j tpjk; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liu tiuf.
223
2. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fspy; NkhidAk; ,iaGk;
mike;jpUf;Fk; ghq;F Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liu tiuf.
3. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fspy; czHr;rpAk; mzpAk;

,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; epiyia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.

1. Nkh.Nfh. Nfhitkzp> ehr;rpahuk;kd; fij Ma;Tk; gjpg;Gk;>
jpl;l Ma;NtL> jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofk;> jQ;rht+H> 2018.
mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk;
njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffk;
gp.ypl;.> jkpo; - 10743 - ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;
,uz;lhkhz;L – ehd;fhk; gUtk;
khjpup tpdhj;jhs;
I. midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspf;fTk; (10x2=20)
1. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; vd;why; vd;d?
2. Kjd; Kjypy; jkpof ehl;Lg;ghly;fisj; njhFj;j
Mq;fpNyaH ahH?
3. mg;gH ghba ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; tbtk; vJ?
4. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; Nrhfg; ghly; vJ?
5. ey;yjq;fhs; gpwe;j CH vJ?
6. Kj;Jg;gl;ldpd; kidtpaH ngaH vd;d?
7. nghk;kyhl;lj;jpd; tiffs; ahit?
8. ek;gpf;ifapd; tiffs; ahit?
9. KJFePH Fj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
10. r%f nkhopapay; vd;why; vd;d?
II. VidNaDk; Ie;jpDf;F tpilaspf;fTk;. (5x5=25)
11. (m) ~gprp| - rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
(my;yJ)
(M)~fhg;gpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tiffs;
224
12. (m) tpLfijfs; tifg;ghLfis vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld;
tpsf;Ff.
(my;yJ)
(M)~Kj;Jg;gl;ld; fij czHj;Jk; r%f khw;wj;ij
tpsf;Ff.
13. (m) Nfhyhl;l mikg;G gw;wp tptup.

(my;yJ)
(M)~Fjpiuf;$L jahupf;Fk; tpjq;fisf; $Wf.

14. (m) nja;t ek;gpf;ifahy; vOe;j r%f khw;wk; Fwpj;J tptup?
(my;yJ)
(M)~ ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Nkhid mike;jpUf;Fk;
ghq;F Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liu tiuf.
15. (m) rpWtH-rpWkpaH tpisahl;Lf;fs; vitNaDk; ehd;fpidg;
gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.
(my;yJ)
(M) ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fspy; czHr;rpAk; mzpAk;
,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; epiyia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
III. vitNaDk; %d;wpDf;F tpilaspf;fTk;. (3x10=30)

16. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaf; $Wfs; gw;wp
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tpsf;Ff.
17. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tifikfs;

,lk;ngw;Ws;sik gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.
18. jkpof ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; tiffspy; VNjDk; ,uz;bid
tptupf;fTk;.
19;. mz;zd;-jq;if ghrg; gpidg;ghy; Vw;gl;l Nrhff;fij
czHj;Jk; cz;ikfis tptup.
20. fuf tiffs; gw;wpAk; mtw;iwj; jahupf;Fk; Kiwfs;
gw;wpAk;
fl;Liu tiuf.
225

UG B.lit. Tamil 107 43 - Nattupuraviyal

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UG B.lit. Tamil 107 43 - Nattupuraviyal

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mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk;

Njrpaj; ju epHzaf; FOtpd; %d;whk; Rw;Wj; ju kjpg;gPl;by; A+(CGPA: 3.64) jFjpAk;

,sq;fiy ,yf;fpak; - (gpypl;.>)

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gpupT 1. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak;

$W 2. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; tuyhW – njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy;

$W 4. Vl;byf;fpaq;fSs; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;

$W 6. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs; - ey;yjq;fhs; fij>

gpupT 3. ehl;Lg;Gw ek;gpf;iffs;

$W 10. ehl;Lg;Gw ek;gpf;iffs; - tpohf;fs; -

$W 11. tpisahl;Lf;fs; - tl;lhur; nrhw;fs;

$W 13. ehl;Lg;GwtpaYk; nkhopapaYk; - ehl;Lg;Gw

$W 2. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; tuyhW - njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaf;

$W 3. ,e;jpa ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; - jkpof ehl;Lg;Gwtpay;

$W 4. Vl;byf;fpaq;fSs; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj; jhf;fk; - rq;f

$W 7. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyfs; - Fk;kp - Nfhyhl;lk;

$W 8. fufhl;lk; - kapyhl;lk; - xapyhl;lk; - ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiu

$W 10. ehl;Lg;Gw ek;gpf;iffs; - tpohf;fs; - rlq;Ffs;

$W 11. tpisahl;Lf;fs; - tl;lhur; nrhw;fs;

$W 12. ehl;Lg;GwtpaYk; r%ftpaYk;

$W 14. vJif – Nkhid - ,iaG – fw;gid – mzpfs; - czu;r;rp –

ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gilg;gtH ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fNs

 ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.

1.3. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak;

ehfupfk; nrd;wilahj fpuhkg;Gwg; gFjpfisNa ehl;Lg;Gwk;

kdpj ,d tuyhw;wpy; nkhopapd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp mWjpapl;Lf;

kdpj ,d tuyhw;wpy; Kjypy; Kisj;J ,d;wsTk;

ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; Kiwrhuhf; fy;tpapd; Kd;NdhbahFk;.

kuG topapy; tho;f;ifia mikj;Jf; nfhz;L gz;ghl;bd;

1.3.1. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Njhw;Wtha;

ehfupfk; milahj kdpjd; ehit mirj;Jg; Ngrj;

mjhtJ> xU ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghliyg; gilj;jtH ,tHjhd;

fpuhkj;J kf;fspy; Fuy; ,dpikAk;> ghly;fisg; ghLk;

1.3.2. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tiffs;

ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;> ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs;> ehl;Lg;Gwf;

1.3.2.1. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs;

ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fis ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Ma;thsHfs;

1.3.2.2. ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijfs;;

ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fSf;F Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp Nghd;W

ehl;Lg;Gwf; fijg;ghly; vd;gJ Xuplj;jpy; toq;fg;ngWk;

1.3.2.4. ehl;Lg;Gwg; gonkhopfs;

goikahd nkhopfNs GJnkhopfs; MFk;. mwpthYk;>

1.3.2.5. ehl;Lg;Gw tpLfijfs;

ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; jq;fspd; mwpTj; jpwj;ijf;

1.3.2.6. ehl;Lg;Gwg; Guhzq;fs;

~Guhjdk;| vd;Dk; tlnrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J cUthdNj

1.4. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; - tpsf;fk;

ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ fpuhkg;Gw kf;fspd; kz;zpd;

Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fs;

1. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; vd;why; vd;d?

1.5. njhFj;Jf; fhz;Nghk;

 ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;BHfs;.

1.6. Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd

1. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tiffs; gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.

1.8. NkYk; gapy;tjw;fhd E}y;fs;;

1. R. rz;KfRe;juk;> ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tuyhW> kzpthrfH

kbapy; fz; tpopj;J kuzj;jpy; fz; %Lk; tiu ,ir

 Folk, Lore vd;w ,U nrhw;fspd; NrHf;if vt;thW

2.3. ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; tuyhW

Folk, Lore vd;Dk; ,U nrhw;fspd; $l;Lr; nrhy;yhf

Nkw;$wg;gl;ltw;wpypUe;J “Folk" vd;w nrhy;Yf;F

nghJthf> gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L Ma;thsHfshy;

Folk vd;w nrhy; VNjDk; xU nghJg;gz;ig

Lore vd;w nrhy;Yf;F Qhdk;> mwpT> Qhdpfs;>