>tV| 

kkVFA \uD luEm

 : TNPSC Group II >

VD : AslB_
z] :  k^
]BV xD, ]BV \sD, ]BV >Vu^, ]BV
VW, ]BV g^, >tV| xD, >tV| BuB\A,
>tV| g^, >tV[ VW
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z2 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
sV>V^^ \uD \[VzA^ gBk V >suz >BVVzD
\Vk, \Vsz c>s|D kl_ kkVFA \uD luE mBV_
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
kkVFA \uD luE mB V>m  >s|m.
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV, su
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z
>BV FD \Vkz kw|D t_V kBVzD.

gB,
kkVFA \uD luE m
 AslB_

 k^

]BV xD

 ,e;jpah Mrpaf; fz;lj;jpd;  ,e;jpahtpd; epyg;gFjp tlf;Nf fh\;khP ;

njd;gFjpapy; mike;Js;sJ.
 ,e;jpah ‘V>D” vd;Wk;
‘m>V[” vd;Wk; miof;fg;
gl;lJ. Kw;fhyj;jpy; typik tha;e;j
murdhf ,Ue;j gujd; vd;gijg;
gpd;gw;wp ,e;jpahit ghujk; vd;Wk;>
rpe;J Mw;wpd; ngauhy; ‘m>V[”
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,jd;gpd; te;j INuhg;gpah;fs;
‘Em” vd;w nrhy;ypd; mbg;gilapy;
,e;jpah vd;W ngahpl;ldh;.
 ,e;jpah 804’ tl ml;rk; Kjy; 3706’
tl ml;rk; tiuapYk;> 6807’ fpof;F
jPh;f;fk; Kjy; 97025’ fpof;F jPh;f;fk;
tiuapYk; gutpAs;sJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; njd;Nfhb Kidg;
gFjp 6045’ tl ml;rk; tiuapyhd
epNfhghh; jPTfs; tiu mlq;fpAs;sJ.
,e;j njd;Nfhb Kidf;F ‘]V
x” my;yJ ‘\oB[” vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
]BVs[ W>Vu ^:
1. rkntsp - 43.3%
2. gPlG+kp - 27.7%
3. Fd;Wfs; - 18.6%
4. kiyfs; - 10.7%
Kjy; njw;Nf fd;dpahFkhp tiu
3214 .* tiu gutpAs;sJ.
 mNjNghy; fpof;Nf mUzhryg;
gpuNjrj;jpy; ,Ue;J Nkw;Nf F[uhj;
fl;r; tiuapYk; 2933.* tiu
gutpAs;sJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;Nf mugpf; fliyAk;>
fpof;Nf tq;fhs tphpFlhitAk;>
njw;Nf ,e;jpag; ngUq;fliyAk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 230301 tlf;F ml;rkhd flfNuif
,e;jpahtpd; FWf;fhf nrd;W ehl;il
,U gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fpd;wJ.
 ,e;jpah cyfpd; gug;gstpy; 2.4%
,lj;ijf; nfhz;L cs;sJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; epyg;gug;gsT 15,200.*
MFk;. ,jDld; yl;rj;jPTfs; kw;Wk;
epNfhghh; jPTfSk; mlq;Fk;.
 ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa epyg;gFjpapd;
flw;fiuapd; ePsk; 6100.*me;jkhd;
epNfhghh; kw;Wk; ,yl;rj;jPTfisAk;
Nrh;j;J 7516.6.* ePsk; nfhz;L
cs;sJ. 13 khepyq;fs; kw;Wk;
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; fly; njhl;Lr;
nry;fpwJ.


 AslB_

]BVD >[ _D

 ,e;jpahtpy; ,sk; kbg;G kiyfs;

(Fold Mountains) kz, k\uz  #a]; fhy;tha; 1869_ jpwf;fg;
kw;Wk; k wz gFjpfspy; mike; gl;ljhy; ,e;jpahtpw;Fk;> INuhg;gh
Js;sJ. tpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhiyT
 F[uhj;jpw;Fk;> mUzhryg; gpuNjrj; 7000.* Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
jpw;Fk; fhyNeuk; 2 \ D NtW  rPdh> [g;ghd; kw;Wk; M];jpNuypah
gLfpwJ. ehLfSld; \VV ePh;re;jp
 ,e;jpahtpy; uh[];jhd; khepyk; topahfTk; ,e;jpah thzpfk;
gug;gstpy; kpfg;nghpa khepykhfTk;> kw;Wk; nghUshjhu nray;fspy;
gug;gstpy; kpfr;rpwpa khepykhf <LgLfpwJ.
NfhthTk; tpsq;FfpwJ.
2
 AslB_

flfNuif FWf;fpLk; vl;L khepyq;fs;

1. F[uhj; 2. uh[];jhd; 3. kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; 4. rl;B];fh;
5. [hh;fz;l; 6. Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 7. jphpGuh 8. kpNrhuhk;

s_ V|[ k  ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;jg; gug;gsT

,e;jpag; gug;gstpy; 7tJ ,lj;jpy; 32,87,263 ..*.
,Uf;fpwJ.  2011-y; kf;fs; njhif fzf;
1. u\;ah 2 . fdlh 3. mnkhpf;fh nfLg;gpd;gb 1210 t_oB[ kf;fs;
4. rPdh 5. gpNurpy; njhifiag; ngw;Ws;sJ.
6. M];jpNuypah 7. ,e;jpah


 AslB_

]BVs_ ]D z|D \VW^

]B ] D (IST)

 jPh;f;ff; NfhLfs; Xh; ,lj;jpd;
]B ] ][ wz yD
Neuj;ijf; fzf;fplg; gad;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpd; eLNt VV VD \VW^:
topahfr; nry;Yk; 82 30E fpof;Fj;
0 1. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
jPh;f;fk; ,e;jpaj; jpl;l Neuj;ijf; 2. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
fzf;fpl cjTk; jPh;f;fkhf vLj;Jf; 3. rl;B];fh;
nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. 4. xbrh
 ,e;jpa jpl;l Neuk; [s jPh;f;f 5. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
Neuj;ijtpl 5 kzp 30 epkplk;
Kd;djhf cs;sJ.
4
 AslB_

]BV  mD   ,uz;L jPTfshd  kw;Wk;

w|km ... \Vy^ ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy;
nghJthf fz;lk; vd;gjw;F gpd;tUk; mike;Js;sd.
fhuzpfisg; G+h;j;jpr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ]BV[ _ z] m
1. ,aw;if mikg;Gg; gphpTfisAk;> V^D V|[ B^ \uD
2. fhyepiyfisAk;>
^
3. ,aw;ifj; jhtuq;fisAk;
k.. V|^ _
z]l[
4. fdpk tsq;fisAk;
D (.*)
5. kdpj thoplq;fisAk;
1 tq;fhsNjrk; 4096.7
6. fyhr;rhu $WfisAk;
2 rPdh 3488
7. Kw;fhy ,dq;fisAk; kw;Wk; 3 ghfp];jhd; 3233
nkhopfisAk;> 4 Neghsk; 17515
8. kpfg;gue;j epyg;gug;igAk; nfhz;lJ. 5 kpahd;kh; 1643
 xU fz;lj;jpw;Fhpa gz;Gfs;
6 G+lhd; 699
midj;Jk; ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLtjhy;
7 Mg;fhdp];jhd; 106
,e;jpahit ‘ mD”
nkhj;jk; 15106.7
vd;W miof;fpNwhk;.
fp.kP.
 ,e;jpah kV>m[ mjpf
,e;jpah 29 khepyq;fshfTk;> 7 A+dpad;
epyg;gug;igg; gfph;e;J nfhs;fpwJ.
mNjNghy; gVM>V[ Fiwe;j gpuNjrq;fshfTk; nkhop mbg;gilapy;
epyg;gug;igg; gfph;e;J nfhs;fpwJ. eph;thf trjpf;fhfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

k.. \VWD >\lD >\

l_
_V>
cB]\[^
1 jkpo;ehL nrd;id -
2 Nfush jpUtde;jGuk; vh;zhFsk;
3 Nfhth ghdh[p Kk;ig
4 fh;ehlfh ngq;f@h; -
5 Me;jpugpuNjrk; mkuhtjp i`juhghj;
6 njYq;fhdh i`juhghj; -
7 xhp]h GtNd\;tuk; fl;lhf;


 AslB_

8 k`huh\;buh Kk;ig -
9 rl;B];fh; uha;G+h; gpy;];G+h;
10 [hh;fz;l; uhQ;rp -
11 kj;jpagpuNjrk; Nghghy; igy;G+h;
12 F[uhj; fhe;jp efh; mfkjhghj;
13 ,uh[];jhd; n[a;G+h; N[hj;G+h;
14 `hpahdh rz;Bfh; -
15 gQ;rhg; rz;Bfh; -
16 [k;K kw;Wk; Fsph;fhyk; - [K;K -
fh\;kPh; Nfhilfhyk; - =efh;
17 `pkhrygpuNjrk; Kjy; jiyefuk; - rpk;yh -
,uz;lhk; jiyefuk; - jh;krhyh
18 cj;jufhz;l; Nluh^d; iedplhy;
19 cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; yf;Ndh myfhghj;
20 gPfhh; ghl;dh
21 Nkw;F tq;fhsk; nfhy;fj;jh -
22 rpf;fpk; fhq;lhf; -
23 m];]hk; b];G+h; nfsfhjp
24 Nkfyhah rpy;yhq; -
25 mUzhrygpuN- ,l;lhefh; nfsfhjp
jrk;
26 ehfyhe;J Nfhfpkh nfsfhjp
27 kzpg;G+h; ,k;ghy; -
28 kpNrhuhk; n[a;];thy; nfsfhjp
29 jphpGuh mfh;jhyh -
RMB[ >^ \uD >\lD
k.. RMB[ >^ >\lD cB]\[^
1 nly;yp GJjpy;yp nly;yp
2 ghz;br;Nrhp ghz;br;Nrhp nrd;id
3 rz;Bfh; rz;Bfh; rz;Bfh;
4 me;jkhd; kw;Wk; Nghh;l;gpNsah; nfhy;fj;jh
epNfhghh; jPTfs;


 AslB_

5 yl;rj;jPTfs; ftuhb vh;zhFsk;

6 lhkd; kw;Wk; ilA+ lhkd; Kk;ig
7 jj;uh kw;Wk; rpy;thrh Kk;ig
ehfh;`Ntyp

]BV \uD \VW^

••••••

 AslB_

]BV \sD

NtWghL Njhd;Wkstpw;F ,e;jpah

kpfg; nghpaJ.
 mjhtJ mUzhry gpuNjrj;jpy;
#hpad; Njhd;wpa gpd; Rkhh; 2-kzp
Neuj;jpw;F gpd;dNu F[uhj;jpy;
#hpad; Njhd;WfpwJ.

_V| V|^
kf;Nkhfd; vy;iy ,e;jpah - rPdh
Nul; fpsp‡g; ,e;jpah-
ghfp];jhd;
]BV \uD  V|^ ghf; ePh;re;jp ,e;jpah-,yq;if

 Gtpapay; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpah  ,e;jpahtpw;Fk;> rPdhtpw;Fk; vy;iyahf

,kakiyfs; tpsq;FfpwJ.
yuD (Peninsula) vdg;gLfpwJ.
 xU ehl;bd; ,aw;if Njhw;wq;fisg;
,jw;F fhuzk; ,e;jpah %d;W gf;fk;
gw;wp tpthpg;gNj ,aw;ifaikg;G
flyhYk;> xU gf;fk; epyg;gFjpahYk;
vdg;gLk;.
(,kakiy) #og;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,e;jpah nghpJk; khWgl;l
 Gtpapd; epyg;gug;gpy; 2.4% epyj;Njhw;wq;fis nfhz;l ehL
ngw;Ws;sJld;> jw;NghJ .% MFk;. ,e;jpa jPgfw;g gPlG+kp
kf;fs; njhifiaAk; ngw;Ws;sJ. GtpapYs;s epiyahd> njhd;ik
,e;jpahitg; Nghy; 7 klq;F nghpa ahd ghiw mikg;Gfspy; xd;whf
ehlhf u\;ah tpsq;FfpwJ. tpsq;FfpwJ.
 ,e;jpah Gtpapd; tlmiuNfhsg;  ,kakiyfSk; ngUk; rkntsp
gFjpapy; mike;Js;sJ. mUzhryg; fSk; mike;Js;sd.
gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk;> F[uhj;jpw;Fk;  ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;F kw;Wk; fpof;Nf
,ilapy; jy Neuj;jpy; 2 \  gy;NtW nraw;if kw;Wk; ,aw;if
JiwKfq;fs; mike;Js;sd.


\\V[ _
 mugpf;flypy; Nfushf; flw;fiuia
xl;b mike;j ,yl;rj;jPTfs; kw;Wk;
fpof;fpy; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; tlf;F
njw;fhf ePz;l rq;fpypj; njhluhf
mike;Js;s me;jkhd; epNfhghh;-
jPTfs; Mfpad ,e;jpahtpw;Fs;
mlq;Ffpd;wd.
]BV   V|^
VD
 Neghsk; ,e;jpahtpd; tljpirapy;
,Uf;ff;$ba mz;il ehL MFk;.
vdNt ,it ‘| \B][
^” vd;W th;zpf;fg; gLfpd;wd.
Neghsk; xU kiyg;ghq;fhd
ehlhFk;.
 cyfpy; cah;e;j rpfukhd \
k (4m) kw;Wk; jtsfphp
Nghd;w rpfuq;fs; Neghsj;jpy; cs;sd.
,e;ehl;bd; kj;jpapy; mike;Js;s
V\V| mjd; jiyefuhFk;.
AslB_
rhh;f; mikg;gpd; jiyikaplkhfTk;
fhj;khz;L tpsq;FfpwJ.
 >VF vdg;gLk; rJg;G epyr;rkntsp
cs;sJ.
 ,q;F thOk; ngUk;ghd;ikahd
kf;fs; VD VD
Mth;.
 Neghsk; kl;LNk cyfpd; xNu m
\> VV tpsq;FfpwJ.
 Neghsj;jpd; njw;F Kidapy;
EkVo z[^ cs;sd.
 kTz;l; vtnu];il mile;j V
[E Neghsj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;.
 mhprp ,th;fspd; Kf;fpa czthfj;
jpfo;fpwJ.
 ,e;ehl;il Rw;wpAs;s gFjpfs;
midj;J epyq;fshy; epug;gg;gl;L
s;sjhy; ,it WV_ 
 z]BV fUjg;gLfpwJ.

 AslB_

 _

 ,e;ehl;bd; k V  gdpahy; #og;gl;l Fsph;g;gFjpahFk;.

mike;Js;sJ. ,U ehLfSf; vdNt ,jd; ikag;gFjp kf;fs;
fpilNa jd;Dila vy;iyfisg; trpg;gjw;F Vw;wjhf ,y;iy.
gfph;fpwJ. Gfo;ngw;w D ^>Vz ,q;F
 gdp Nghh;j;jpa kiyg;gFjpfs; cs;sJ. G+lhd; epyg;gFjpfshy;
mjpfkhf fhzg;gLtjhy; vtnu];l; milf;fg;gl;l ehL MFk;.
rpfuj;ij miltJ kpfTk; fbdk;.  tlf;Nf rPdhTk;> njw;Nf ,e;jpahTk;>
Kjd;Kjypy; n\h;gh nld;rpq; fpof;Nf mUzhryg; gpuNjr
Neghsj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth; vtnu];l; khepyKk;> Nkw;Nf rpf;fpk; khepyKk;
rpfuj;ij mile;jhh;. cs;sJ.
V[ G+lhdpd; Nlhf;yhk; vd;w gFjp fspy;
 ,e;jpahtpw;Fk;> jpngj;jpw;Fk; rPdh rhiy mikg;gjw;fhd gzpfis
kj;jpapYs;s epyq;fshy; #og;gl;l Jtq;fpa fhuzq;fshy;; G+lhDf;F
ehL G+lhd; MFk;. MjuthfTk;> rPdhtpd; vy;iy
 G+lhdpd; jiyefh; ]DA MFk;. kPwp EioAk; Nehf;fj;jpidf; fl;L
,e;ehl;bd; ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; Gj;j gLj;Jtjw;fhf Nlhf;yhk; gFjpfspy;
rkaj;jpdh; Mthh;. ,e;jpa uhZtk; Ftpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

0
 AslB_

Em gu[ >VuD

tBV[\  BV[\V kpahd;khpd; jiyefuhf

 ,e;ehl;bd; gioa ngah; \V MFk;. tpsq;FfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpw;Ff; fpof;fpy; mike;Js;s  mz;ikapy; VBV ,dj;jth;
FbauR ehL MFk;. fspd; Fbngah;g;G nghpa
 ,J xU kiy kpFe;j ehlhFk;. gpur;rpidfis Vw;gLj;jp tUfpwJ.
 ,e;ehl;by; tlf;F njw;fhf V>i
[BV\V zBV\V kiyfs;  kpf mjpfsT ,e;jpahTld; vy;iy
nry;fpd;wd. fis gfph;e;J nfhs;Sk; ehlhfj;
 ,jd; fpof;F gFjpapy; V[ t jpfo;fpwJ.
cs;sJ.  ,e;ehl;by; D\A]V,  Mfpa
 VkV, V_s[, EV Nghd;w ,UejpfSk; ,ize;J tq;fhs
Kf;fpa MWfs; gha;fpd;wd. tphpFlhtpy; fyf;FfpwJ.
 gh;kh neLq;fhykhfNt EkA  mjpfsT ePsk; nfhz;ljhf MW
uz (&gpfw;fs;) Gfo;ngw;wJ. gpuk;kGj;jpuh jpfo;fpwJ.
 Gj;jkjNk ngUk;ghYk; gpd;gw;wg;  Kjypy; 1947ypUe;J fpof;F
gLfpwJ. ghfp];jhd; vd;w ngahpy; ghfp];
jhdpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jJ. gpwF


 AslB_

,e;jpahtpd; cjtpAld; 1971_ ePhpizg;gpdhy; ,e;jpahtpdpd;W

Rje;jpuk; ngw;W tq;fhsNjrkhf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cUntLj;jJ.  ,uhNk];tuj;jpw;F mUfpy; cs;s
 cyfstpy; mjpfsT _ jD\; Nfhbf;Fk;> ,yq;ifapd;
cu] nra;Ak; ehlhf jpfo;fpwJ. jiy kd;dhh; gFjpf;Fk; ,ilapy;
fdpktsq;fs; kpff; FiwT. fw;fs;> kzyhy; Md xU ghyk;
 ,jd; jiyefuk; VV MFk;. cs;sJ. ,g;ghyk; ‘gD ”
 VB_ kV Ao kpfr; rpwg;G vdg;gLfpwJ.
tha;e;jjhfTk;> mjpf vz;zpf;if  ,yq;if Kj;J tbtpy; mike;Js;sJ.
apYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mjpfsT vdNt ‘wz ]l[ xm”
kf;fs;njhif mlh;j;jpiaf; nfhz;l vdg;gLfpwJ.
ehL MFk;.  rpq;fs kf;fs; mjpfkhf thof;$ba
 80% epyj;Njhw;wq;fs; tsk; kpFe;j ehlhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. jkpo;
tz;ly; kz;zhy; gutpAs;sJ. Ngrf;$ba kf;fSk; mjpfkhf
pV fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
 ,e;jpahtpd; njd;fpof;fpy; ,yq;ifj;  ehd;fhtJ Gj;j khehL ,e;ehl;by;
jPT mike;Js;sJ. ,j;jPT ghf; jhd; elj;jg;gl;lJ.

V gtA z]^

2
 AslB_
 rhh;f;> fhkd;nty;j;> If;fpa rig>
mikg;Gfspy; Kf;fpa cWg;gpduhf
cs;sJ.
V
 ,e;jpah 1947-tpYk;> rPdh 1949-
tpYk; me;epa Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J
tpLgl;Lr; Rje;jpu ehLfs; Mapd.
,e;jpah [dehafg; ghijapYk;> rPdh  V^ _k|
fk;A+dpr topapYk; eilg;Nghl;ld. ]BVsuzD, VsuzD
 1954 [_d; khjk; rPdg; gpujkh; lK^ ^
# vd;yha; ,e;jpahTf;F tUif 1. mf;rha;rpd; gpur;rid
je;jNghJ mtUk; ghujg; gpujkh; 2. rPdh Mf;fpukpg;G
NeUTk; gQ;r rPyf; nfhs;ifiaf; 3. rPdh-,e;jpah kf;Nkhfd; vy;iy
$l;L gpufldk; nra;jhh;. gpur;rid
4. fh\;kPh; gpur;rid
 V^ 5. Nlhf;yhk; gpur;rid
1. ehLfspd; ,iwikf;Fk;> epy  cyfpd; mjpf kf;fs;njhif nfhz;l
vy;iyf;Fk; gu];gu kjpg;gspj;jy;. ehlhFk;. rhq;fha; xj;Jiog;G
(Mutual Respect of each other’s territorial mikg;gpd; Kf;fpa epWtduhf
integrity and sovereignty) ,e;ehL tpsq;FfpwJ.
2. Mf;fpukpf;fhik (Non-Aggression)
mjpf ,uhZt egh;fisf; nfhz;l
3. gpw ehl;bd; cs; tptfhuq;fspy; jiy
ehlhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,uhZtj; -
aplhik (Non-Interferece in each others
jpw;F mjpf epjp xJf;Fk; ehLfspy;
internal affairs)
mnkhpf;fhTf;F mLj;j ehlhf
4. rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; gu];gu ed;ikiaf;
cs;sJ.
fhj;jy; (Equality and Mutual Benefit)
5. rkhjhd rftho;T (Peaceful Co- V>V[
exristence)  ,e;jpahtpd; tlNkw;fpy; mike;
Js;sJ. ,];yhkhghj; ,jd;
jiyefuhf cs;sJ. , V[,
V\_ fztha;fs; mike;Js;sd.
,e;jpah-ghfp];jhd; Nghh; eilngw;w
Mz;Lfs;
1. 1947> 2. 1965> 3.1972> 4. 1999


 AslB_

 ,Uehl;bw;F ,ilNa ,uapy;> tpkhd

>Vi  c[ :
kw;Wk; rhiyg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jfs;
10 [dthp 1966-y; jh\;fz;l; gpufld
ghJfhg;ghf Nkw;nfhs;sg; gLfpwJ.
cld;gbf;if ,e;jpag; gpujkh; yhy;gfJ}h;
,Uehl;bw;Fkhd J}jufk; mikf;fg;
rh];jphpf;Fk; ghfp];jhd; mjpgh;
gl;Ls;sJ. midj;J tpjkhd
mA+g;fhDf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;lJ.
Kf;fpa jfty;fs; ghpkhw;wg;gLfpwJ.
EDV >D:
 ,U ehl;L mZ ciyfs; njhlh;ghd
,e;jpah-ghfp];jhd; 1972 Nghh; rpk;yh
jfty;fis tUlj;jpw;F xU Kiw
xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk; KbTf;F nfhz;L
ghpkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy;
tug;gl;lJ. ,e;j xg;ge;jk; ,e;jpa gpujkh;
Kf;fpa tpgj;Jfis jtph;g;gjw;fhf
,e;jpuhfhe;jpf;Fk;> ghfp];jhd; gpujkh;
,t; nthg;ge;jk; ifahsg;gLfpwJ.
Ry;gpfh; myp Gl;NlhTf;Fk; ,ilNa
Vw;gl;lJ. ]BVzD  V>VzD
l_ c^ ^
 ,e;jpahtpw;Fk;> ghfp];jhDf;Fk; 1. uhd; M‡g; fl;r; gpur;rid (Rann of
,ilapy; uhZt vy;iyfs;
Hutch)
mikf;fg; gl;Ls;sd. ‘”
2. fh\;kPh; gpur;rid
vd;w vy;iyf;NfhL tiuaWf;fg;
3. rpahr;rpd; fpNs\pah;]; gpur;rid
gl;Ls;sJ.
(Siachin Glacier)
4. rh; fphPf; gpur;rid - F[uhj; (Sir Greek)

••••••

4

]BV - >Vu^
BuB\A:
 xU ehl;bd; ,aw;if epyj;Njhw;wq;
fis gw;wp tpthpg;gNj ,aw;ifaikg;G
vdg;gLk;. ,e;jpah nghpJk;> khWgl;l
epyj;Njhw;wq;fis nfhz;l ehL
MFk;. ,e;jpah jPgfw;g gPlG+kp.
GtpapYs;s epiyahd> njhd;ikahd
ghiw mikg;Gfspy; xd;whf
tpsq;FfpwJ. ,kakiyfSk; ngUk;
rkntspfSk; ,e;jpahtpy; mike;
Js;sd.
,e;jpahtpd; ,aw;ifaikg;ig
ngUk;gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. mit>
1. tlf;F kiyfs; (m) ,kakiyfs;
2. tl,e;jpah ngUk; rkntspfs;
3. jPgfw;g gPlG+kp
4. flw;fiur; rkntsp
5. jPTfs;
1. kz \^ () \B\^
 tlf;F kiyfs; vd;gJ ,kakiy
fisf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. cyfpNyNa kpf
cah;e;j kiyfshFk;. ,k;kiyfspd;
cah;e;j rhpTg; gFjpfs; vg;NghJk;
epue;jukhd gdpahy; %bAs;sjhy;
,kakiyfis ‘Ml[ csD;”
vd;W miog;ghh;fs;.
AslB_
 ,kakiyfs; tpy; Nghd;w tbtj;jpy;
2500.* ePsj;jpw;F Nkw;F-fpof;fhf
mike;Js;sd.
 Nkw;Nf [k;K fh\;kPhpy; cs;s
rpe;J gs;sjhf;fpypUe;J fpof;Nf
mUzhr;ryg; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s
gpuk;kg;Gj;jpuh gs;sjhf;F tiu ePz;L
nry;fpd;wd. ,q;Fs;s gy kiyfs;
fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 8000 kPl;lUf;F
Nky; cauk; nfhz;lit.
,kakiy gutpAs;s khepyq;fs;:
Ie;J 1. [k;K fh\;kPh;
2. ,khr;rygpuNjrk;
3. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
4. cj;jufhz;l;
5. Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
6. mUzhr;ryg; gpuNjrk;
7. rpf;fpk;
\uz \B\^
 tlNkw;F ,e;jpahtpYs;s ghkPh;
Kbr;rpypUe;J fpof;fhf fhuNfhuk;
kiyfs; tiu nry;fpd;wd.
njd;Nkw;F fh\;kPhpy; mike;J cs;s
,k;kiyfs; Mg;fhdp];jhdj;jpw;Fk;>
rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ,e;jpa
vy;iyfshf mike;Js;sd.

 AslB_

]BVs[ xB kVF^

cyfpd; ,uz;lhtJ cah;e;j rpfukhd \]B \B\ >V^

K2 vdg;gLk; fhl;tpd; M];bd;
,k;kiyj; njhlhpy; mike;Js;sJ.
 yhlhf; gPlG+kp ,e;jpahtpYs;s kpf
cah;e;j gPlG+kpahfTk; mikfpwJ.
 ghkPh; Kbr;rpypUe;J njd;fpof;F jpir
Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; ,kakiyfis
kj;jpa ,kakiyfs; vd;fpNwhk;.
,k;kiyfspd; mfyk; Nkw;fpy; 400
fp.kP Kjy; fpof;Nf nry;y nry;y 50


 AslB_

fp.kP tiu khWgLfpwJ. ,jd; cauk; ruhrhp cauk; 1000 kP MFk;. ,J

Nkw;fpypUe;J fpof;fhf mjpfhpj;Jf;
nfhz;Nl nry;fpwJ.
 tlf;F njw;fhf %d;W ,izahd
kiyj;njhlh;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. `pkhj;hp 2. ,khr;ry; 3. rpthypf;
1. N\V
 ,kakiyapd; tlf;F kiyj;
njhliu `pkhj;hp vd;fpNwhk;.
,jd; ruhrhp cauk; 6000 kP MFk;.
,k;kiyj;njhlh; tlNkw;Nf rpe;J
gs;sj;jhf;fpypUe;J tlfpof;fpy;
cs;s gpuk;kGj;jpuh gs;sj;jhf;F
tiu ePz;L nry;fpd;wd.
 cyfpNyNa kpf cauKs;s 8848 kP
cauk; nfhz;l vtnu];l; kiyr;
rpfuk; ,q;F mike;Js;sJ.
xB E^
1. fQ;rd;[q;fh (8598 kP)
2. jtsfphp (8167 kP)
3. eq;fgh;tj; (8126 kP)
4. ee;jNjtp (7817 kP)
fspkz;zhYk;> nkd;ghiwfshYk;
Md gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; rpthypf;
kiyj;njhlhpy; mike;J cs;sd.
wz  \B\^
 gpuk;kGj;jpuh MW ,kakiyapd;
fpof;Nfhug; Gtp vy;iyahf
mikfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd; fpof;F
vy;iyfSld; cs;s ,k;kiyfis
G+h;thQ;ry; vd;W miof;fpd;Nwhk;.
kD \k^:
 ,kakiyapd; njw;Nf mike;
Js;sit MFk;. ,it rpe;J> fq;if
kw;Wk; gpuk;kGj;jpuh MWfspd; gbT
fshy; cUthdjhFk;. ,r;rkntsp
2400 r.fp.kP ePsk; nfhz;lJ.

xB kVF^
1. nrh[pyh fztha; - fh\;kPh;
2. \pg;fpyh fztha; - ,khr;ryg;
gu ^
gpuNjrk;
3. ehJyh kw;Wk; [pyg;Gyh fztha; - tl,e;jpa rkntspia ehd;F
rpf;fpk; gphpTfshf gphpf;fyhk;. mit
2. \V_ 1. uh[];jhd; rkntsp
 ,kakiyapd; njd;gFjpapy; 2. fq;ifr; rkntsp
rpthypf; kiyfs; cs;sd. ,jd; 3. gQ;rhg;-`hpahdh rkntsp
4. gpuk;kg;Gj;jpuh - rkntsp



V : ,J fuLKulhd gbTfs; yu t
MFk;.
>VF : rJg;Gg; gbtq;fs; MFk;. NrWk;>
rf;jpAk; nfhz;l xU epyg;gFjp MFk;.
ghfh; gbTfspy; kiwe;jpUe;j MWfs;
kPz;Lk; ,g;gFjpapy; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
V : ghfh; kz; gbTfs; kiyab
thuj;jpy; Vwj;jho 8 Kjy; 16 fp.kP tiu
mfyj;jpw;F gbe;Js;sJ. tz;ly; gbT
fshy; cUthd epyj;Njhw;wk;. ,g;gbT
fs; ahTk; gioa tz;ly; kz;zhy;
Mdit.
V : Gjpa tz;ly; gbTfisf;
nfhz;lJ. MWfshy; nfhz;L tug;gLk;
Gjpa tz;ly; kz;. ,J nts;sg; ngUf;F
rkntspapd; ,U fiufspd; kPJk; gba
itf;fg;gLk; gbTfshFk;.
]BVs[ xB t^
AslB_
 tl,e;jpa rkntspf;F njw;Nf
mike;Js;sJ. ,J Kf;Nfhz
tbtk; nfhz;lJ. 16 ,yl;rk; r.fp.kP
gug;gsitf; nfhz;lJ.
 tlf;Nf - gk_o, s]BV, VV,
V\V_ kiyj;njhlh;fSk;
 \u  \u >VE \D,
wz >VE \D cs;sd.
 ,J fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J ruhrhpahf
600-900 kP cauj;ijAk; nfhz;lJ.
Nkw;fpypUe;J fpof;F Nehf;fp rhpe;J
cs;sJ. Mdhy; eh;kij - jgjp
gFjpfspy; fpof;fpypUe;J Nkw;fhf
rhpe;Js;sJ.
 ‘\> b” jPgfw;g gPlG+kpia
miog;ghh;.

 AslB_

\]B cBW^
1. \Vk t
 Muty;yp kiy> tpe;jpa kiy
kw;Wk; gz;ly;fhz;l; Mfpatw;why;
#og;gl;L cs;sJ. ,J yhth
vdg;gLk; vhpkiyf; Fok;gpy; cUthfp
fUg;G kz;zhy; Md gFjpahFk;.
2. _
 ,J aKid Mw;wpd; njd;gFjpapy;
mike;Js;sJ. ,J jPg;ghiw fshYk;
cUkhwpa ghiwfshYk; Mf;fg;
gl;lJ. ,jd; tlgFjpapy; fq;if
kw;Wk; aKid MWfs; tz;ly;
kz;izg;gba itf;fpd;wd.
3. _
 ,J ikf;fhyh kiyj;njhlhpd;
fpof;Nf mike;Js;sJ. ,J Nkw;fpy; >V t
kzw;ghiwfshYk;> Rz;zhk;G ghiw
fshYk; fpof;fpy; fUq;fw; fshYk;
mdJ.
VD g^
4. VV VA t 1. kfhejp 3. ngz;zhW
 kj;jpa cah;epyq;fspd; tlfpof;Fg; 2. Nfhjhthp 4. fpU\;zh
gFjpapy; mike;Js;sJ. jhNkhjhh;>  njYq;fhdh gPlG+kpapypUe;J
Rgh;zNufh> Nfhay; kw;Wk; guhf;fh; Nfhjhthp fpU\;zh kw;Wk;
MWfs; ,jd; topahfg; gha;fpd;wd. ngz;zhW MWfs; XLfpd;wd.
 ,e;jpahtpd; &h; vd yu ]BVsK^ \>V^
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 1. Muty;yp kiyj;njhlh;
>V t 2. tpe;jpa kiyj;njhlh;
 tlNkw;F jpirapy; tpe;jpa rhj;G+uh
3. rhj;G+uh kiyj;njhlh;
kiyj;njhlh;fisAk;> Nkw;fpy; Nkw;Fj;
4. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyj;njhlh;
njhlh;r;rp kiyfisAk;> fpof;fpy;
5. fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiyj;njhlh;
fpof;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiy fisAk;
vy;iyfshff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.



u \k^
 jPgfw;g gPlG+kpia Rw;wpAs;s flw;fiu
rkntspfs; khWgl;l mfyj;ijf;
nfhz;lit. ,J Nkw;fpy; fl;r;
tisFlhtpypUe;J fpof;Nf fq;if-
gpuk;kGj;uh rkntsp tiu 6000 fp.kP
J}uk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyf;Fk;> mugpf;
flYf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l epyg;gFjp
Nkw;F flw;fiur; rkntsp
vdg;gLfpwJ.
 fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiyf;Fk;>
tq;fhs tphpFlhtpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
epyg;gFjp fpof;F flw;fiur; rkntsp
vdg;gLfpwJ.
1. \uz u \k
 tlf;fpy; fl;r; tisFlhg; gFjp
Kjy; njw;Nf fd;dpahFkhp tiu
ePz;Ls;sJ. F[uhj;jpd; njd;
gFjp kw;Wk; fhk;gl;bd; flw;fiu
gFjpAk; Nrh;j;J F[uhj; rkntsp
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,J rJg;G epyq;fspd; njhlh;r;rp
MFk;. cah; Xjq;fspd; NghJ
flw;fiuapy; nts;sg;ngUf;F
Vw;gLfpwJ.
 ,q;F fly; miy mhpg;Gfshy;
cUthd Xq;fy;> (Cliff)> KUiffs;
(Reef) kw;Wk; jPTfs; Kk;igf;F
njw;fpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
••••••
AslB_
 fh;ehlfh rkntsp> NfhthtpypUe;J
kq;f@h; tiu ruhrhp mfyk;
30ypUe;J 50 fp.kP tiu ePz;L
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,r;rkntsp rpy
,lq;fspy; nrq;Fj;Jr; rhpit
nfhz;Ls;sjhy; ePh;tPo;r;rpfis
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
2. wz u \k
 fpof;Ff; flw;fiur; rkntsp Nkw;F
tq;f Mw;Wr; rkntspapypUe;J
fd;dpahFkhp tiu gutpAs;sJ.
 jkpo;ehl;Lr; rkntsp Gypfhl;L
VhpapypUe;J fd;dpahFkhp tiu 992
fp.kP ePz;L gutpAs;sJ.
]B y^
 ,e;jpahtpd; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fshd
me;jkhd; kw;Wk; epNfhghh; jPTfs;
tq;fhs tphpFlhtpYk;> ,yl;rj; jPTfs;
mugpf; flypYk; mike;Js;sd.
 ,it 572 rpwpaJk;> nghpaJkhd
jPTfisf; nfhz;lit. ,tw;wpy;
38 jPTfs; kl;LNk thoplq;fshf
cs;sd.
 ,jd; nkhj;jg; gug;G 8249 r.fp.
kP me;jkhd; jPTf;$l;lq;fis
epf;Nfhghh; jPTf;$l;lq;fspypUe;J
100 tlf;F fhy;thahf gphpf;fpwJ.
 me;jkhd; epNfhghhpd; njd;Nfhb
Kidia ‘]Vx” vd;wiof;
fpd;wdh;.
20
 AslB_

]BV - VW

 cyfpNyNa mjpf kiongWk;

gFjpahd Nkfyhah khepy
nksrpd;Nuhk; (1221 nr.kP) gFjpAk;>
13 nr.kP Fiwthf kiongWk;
jhh;ghiy tdKk; ,e;jpahtpy; jhd;
cs;sd.

kVM VW
(Weather) (Climate)
xU Fwpg;gpl;l nghJthf xU ePz;l
,lj;jpy; 24 kzp fhyj;jpy; kw;Wk; xU
Neuj;jpw;Fs; epyTk;> ngUk; gug;gstpy;
tsp kz;lyj;jpd; fhzg;gLk; thdp
epiyahFk;. iyapd; ruhrhp
MFk;.
ntg;gk;> fhw;w xU jpl;lkhd
Oj;jk;> <ug;gjk;> ruhrhp fhyk; vd;gJ
kioasT> Nkf Kg;gJ Mz;L
%l;lk;> fhw;wpd; fshFk;.
]BVs[ _k VW Ntfk; kw;Wk; mjd;
jpir Mfpa tw;why;
tiuaWf;fg;
 ‘\V[[” vd;w nrhy; mNugpa gLfpwJ.
nrhy;yhd ‘\ED;” vd;gjpypUe;J fhyepiy vd;w
te;jJ. ,jd; nghUs; gUtfhyk; nrhy; ‘\V”
vd;gjhFk;. vd;w fpNuf;fr;
 ,e;jpahtpd; fhyepiyapYk;> nrhy;ypUe;J ngwg;
gl;lJ. nghUs;:
epyj;Njhw;wj;jpYk; kpfg; ngUk; NtW
‘    o  m
ghLfs; epiwe;J fhzg; gLfpwJ.
sz>_”

2
 AslB_
 Nfhilf;fhyj;jpw;Fk;> Fsph;fhyj;jpw; kVD
Fk; ,ilNa jq;fsJ jpiria ,e;jpahtpd; fhyepiyia ehd;F ntt;NtW
KOtJk; khw;wpf; nfhz;L tPRk; gUt fhyq;fshfg; gphpf;fpd;wdh;.
fhw;WfSf;F ‘gUtf;fhw;W” vd;W 1. Nfhilf;fhyk; (khh;r; Kjy; Nk
ngah;. ,g;gUtf;fhw;wpdhy; ,e;jpah tiu)
tpy; ‘k \ k Vu”
2. njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W ([_d;
fhyepiy epyTfpwJ.
Kjy; nrg;lk;gh; tiu)
k\ kVu
3. tlfpof;F gUtf;fhw;W (mf;Nlhgh;
VWl[ xB D^
Kjy; etk;gh; tiu)
 gUtf;fhw;wpid mJ tPRk;
4. Fsph;fhyk; (brk;gh; Kjy; gpg;uthp
jpiria mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
njd;Nkw;Fg; gUtf;fhw;W kw;Wk; tiu)
tlfpof;Fg; gUtfhw;W vd ,U 1. VVD
tiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.  ,g;gUt fhyk;> khh;r; khjk; njhlq;fp
 ,it epyk; kw;Wk; fly; ntg;gk; Nk khjk; tiu ePbf;Fk;.
miltjhy; Vw;gLk; khWghl;lhy;  #hpadpd; nrq;Fj;Jf; fjph;fs;
cUthfpd;wd. flfNuifapd; kPJ tpOfpwJ. ,jdhy;
 gUtf;fhyq;fis khw;wp khw;wp ,e;jpahtpd; tlgFjpapy; ntg;gj;jpd;
mikg;gNj gUtf;fhw;Wfspd; Kf;fpa msT mjpfkhfpwJ. mjpf ntg;gk;
mk;rkhFk;. ,JNt ,e;jpahtpd; fhuzkhf tl,e;jpahtpy; Fiwe;j
fhyepiyiaj; jPh;khdpf;fpwJ. fhw;wOj;jk; cUthfpwJ.
m \w (Blossom Shower)
fhg;gpr; nrb Jsph;tpl ,J kpfg; gad;
gLtjhy;> ,jid Jsph; kio vd;gh;.
\VV_ (Mango Showers)
,bAld; $ba kioahdJ Nfush
kw;Wk; fh;ehlff; flw;fiu gFjpfspy;
tpisAk;> khq;fha;fs; tpiutpy; Kjph;
tjw;F cjTfpwJ.

 ,jd; tpisthf jhh; ghiytdg;

gFjpj; njhlq;fp> Nrhl;lh ehfGhp
gPlG+kp tiu xU Fiw mOj;jg;
]BVs[ kVD gs;sk; gutp mikfpwJ. ,f;Fiw
22
 AslB_

]BVs[ \wk_

mOj;jj;ijr; rhh;e;J Mq;fhq;Nf ,e;jpahtpd; tlf;F kw;Wk; tlNkw;Fg;

jPtpu jy fhw;Nwhl;lq;fs; Vw;gL gFjpfspy; Nfhilf;fhyj;jpy; gfy;
fpd;wd. ,g;gUtj;jpy; Vw;gLk; Neuj;jpy; tPRk; ntg;gf;fhw;W ‘” (Loo)
,b Gayhy; ngUk; kiog;nghopT
2. >[\uz kVu
Vw;gLfpwJ.
 ,g;gUtf;fhw;W kiof;fhyj;Jld;
Vk (Norwesters) njhlq;FfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd; tl
 tlfpof;F ,e;jpag; gFjpfspy; tPRk;
Nkw;Fg; gFjpapd; ngUk;gug;gpy; jho;
jyf;fhw;W ‘ehh;nt];lh;” (Norwesters)
tOj;jk; mikfpwJ. mNj Neuj;jpy;
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
ngUq;fly;fs; Fsph;tiltjhy;>
_V (Kalbaisagi) mq;F cah; mOj;jk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 ,j;jyf;fhw;W gQ;rhgpy; fy;ig ,g;gUtfhw;W [_d; Kjy; nrg;lk;gh;
rhfp (igrhfp khjk;) vd;wiof;fg; tiu njhlh;fpwJ.
gLfpwJ.

2

 fhw;W flypy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpa
epyg;gFjpia Nehf;fp tPRfpwJ.
,f;fhw;iwNa njd;Nkw;Fg; gUtf;
fhw;W vd;W miof;fpNwhk;. ,f;fhw;W
G+kj;jpa Nuifia flf;Fk; NghJ
mjd; jpir khw;wg;gl;L njd;Nkw;F
gUtf;fhw;whf tPRfpwJ.
k\w kA (Monsoon Burst):
njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W ,e;jpag;
ngUq;flypypUe;J Njhd;Wtjhy;> mjpf
ntg;gj;ij jhq;fpa fhw;whf cs;sJ.
Nfushtpd; njd; gFjpia milAk;
NghJ gyj;j> ,b kpd;dYld; $ba
kioia mspg;gjd; %yk; njd;Nkw;F
gUtf;fhyk; Muk;gpg;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ.
,jid gUtkio ntbg;G vd;gh;.
nghJthf njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W
,e;jpa jPgfw;g mikg;ghy; ,Ufpisfshfg;
gphpfpwJ.
1. mugpf;fly;
2. tq;fhs tphpFlh fpis
1. _ 
 gUtf;fhw;wpd; mugpf;fly;fpis
Xh; typik kpf;f fhw;W. ,J mjpf
kiog;nghopitj; jUfpwJ.
 mugpf;flypy; ,Ue;J tPRk; ,f;fhw;wpd;
xU gFjp Kjypy; Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp
kiy kPJ NkhJfpwJ. <ug;gjkpf;f
,f;fhw;W kiyr;rhpTfspd; topNa
cau vOk;gp Fsph;tile;J Nkw;Ff;
flw;fiuf;F gyj;j kioiaj;
jUfpwJ.
AslB_
2. kVszV 
 tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; ,Ue;J
tPRk; ,f;fhw;whdJ <ug;gjj;ijj;
jhq;fp tUk; fhw;whFk;. ,J fhrp>
fNuh> n[ae;jpah Fd;Wfspd; kPJ
NkhJfpwJ. <ug;gjk; jhq;fptUk;
,f;fhw;whdJ Gdy;tbt Fd;Wfspd;
kPJ Nkhjp jpBnud Nky; vOk;gtjhy;
,e;jpahtpNyNa mjpf kiongWk;
,lkhd nksrpd;uhKf;F
fdkioiaj; jUfpwJ.
 ,f;fhw;wpd; xU gFjp ,kakiyfshy;
jLf;fg;gl;L Nkw;F Nehf;fp efu efu
jk;kplKs;s <ug;gjj;ij ,og;gjhy;
gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; `hpahdhtpw;F kpff;
Fiwe;jsT kioiaj; jUfpd;wJ.
3. kwz kVu
 ,g;gUt fhw;W mf;Nlhgh; Kjy;
etk;gh; tiu cz;lhfpwJ.
 #hpadpd; kfuNuifia Nehf;fp efu
Muk;gpg;gjhy;> njd;Nkw;F gUtf;
fhw;W tl ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J
nrg;lk;gh; khjk; ,uz;lhtJ thuj;jpy;
gpd;Ndhf;fp tu Muk;gpf;fpwJ.
 ,e;jpa epyg;gFjp ntg;gj;ij
,of;fpwJ. epyj;jpd; ntg;gepiy
Fiwe;J nrd;whYk;> flypd; ntg;gk;
,d;Dk; kpjkhfNt cs;sJ. ,jdhy;
fly;gFjpapy; Fiwe;j mOj;jKk;>
epyg;gFjpapy; cah; mOj;jKk;
Vw;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ> epyj;jpypUe;J
fhw;W fliy Nehf;fp tPRfpwJ. ,J
Nrhokz;ly flw;fiuf;F> fdj;j
kioiaj; jUfpwJ.
24
 AslB_

]BV  >[\uz kVu k_ _m 4. zVD

x[D k Vu  Fsph;fhyf; fhw;W
brk;gh; Kjy; gpg;uthp
tiu Vw;gLfpwJ.
,g;gUtj;jpy;
#hpadpd; nrq;Fj;J
fjph;fs; kfu Nuifapd;
kPJ tpOfpwJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; tl
Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy;>
Fiwe;j ntg;gk;
fhzg;gLtjhy;
mq;F cah; mOj;jk;
c U t h f p w J .
,jw;F khwhf
njd; ,e;jpahtpy;
mugpf; fly; kw;Wk;
tq;fhs tphpFlh
Mfpag; gFjpfspy;
jho;T mOj;jk;
c U t h f p w J .
,jd; tpisthf
fhw;whdJ> cah;
mOj;jg; gFjp
apypUe;J njd;
,e;jpahit Nehf;fp
tPRfpwJ. ,e;jf;
fhw;Wf;F [D
 nghJthf Gay;fs; Mw;W Kfj;Jthuq;fis kVu
tpUk;Gtjhy; fq;if> kfhejp> Nfhjhthp> fpU\;zh> gpd;dilAk; gUtf;
fhtphp Mfpa MWfspd; Kfj;Jthuq;fs; Gaypd; fhw;W (Retreating
ghijfshf mikfpd;wd. Monsoon) vd;W ngah;.
 ,e;jpahtpd; Fsph;
fhyj;jpy; kj;jpaj;
2
 AslB_

jiuf;flypy; xU jho; mOj;jk; ]BV  kwz kVu _m

; ~V[
cUthfpf; fpof;F Nehf;fp efh;eJ [D k Vu
kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp];jhidf; fle;J
,e;jpahit te;jilfpwJ. ,j;jho;T
mOj;jk; ‘\u]B RVu”
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
\wk_
 kiog;guty; ,uz;L Kf;fpa
fhuzpfshy; eph;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ.
mit 1. kioia jhq;fp tUk;
fhw;wpd; jpir 2. kiyfspd; mikT
 kiog;nghoptpd; mbg;gilapy; ek;
ehl;il gpd;tUk; ehd;F gphpTfshf
gphpf;fyhk;. mit>

z]^ t ] ] t>\V zkV

\wD \wD \wD \wD z]^
z]^ z]^ z]^
kioapd; 300 nr.kPf;Fk; 200 nr.kP 100 nr.kP 50 nr.kP-f;Fk;
msT Nky; Kjy; 300 Kjy; 200 FiwT
nr.kP tiu nr.kP tiu
kiongWk; fpof;F kj;jpa fq;ifg; fh\;kPhpd;
gFjpfs; ,kakiyapd; fq;ifr; gs;sj;jhf;F> tlgFjp> Nkw;F
njw;Fr; rhpT> rkntsp> fpof;F ,uh[];jhd;>
m];]hk;> Nkw;F Nkw;F ,uh[];jhd;> njd; gQ;rhg;>
tq;fhsk;> kiyj;njhlh;> gQ;rhg;> Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp
nfhq;fzk;> fpof;F fh;ehlfk;> kiyfspd; kio
Nkw;F k`huh\;buk;> Me;jpug; kiwTg; gFjp
flw;fiug; kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;>
gFjpahd gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL
kyghh; flw;fiu xbrh

••••••
2
 AslB_

]BV - g^

]B g[ k_^

2
 AslB_

 MWfshdJ gy;NtW Njhw;wq;fspy; axD : Mw;W Kfj;Jthuj;jpy;

cUthfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; gy;NtW
topfspy; MWfs; jdJ Njhw;wj;jpid
mikj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ.
m g^
 xU MwhdJ mUfpYs;s kiyg;
gFjpapy; cUthfp mit Kjd;ik
Mw;Wld; Nrh;fpwJ.
v.fh: aKid: fq;ifapd; Jiz
MW> gthdp> neha;ay;> mkuhtjp -
fhtphpapd; Jiz MWfs;
_V:Mw;wpd; Kfj;Jthuj;jpy; Kf;Nfhz
tbtkhd tz;ly; kz; gbTfs; MFk;.
Xjq;fspd; fhuzkhf> Mw;wpd; ey;y
ePUk;> flypd; cg;G ePUk; xd;W fyf;fpwJ.
,g;gFjp nly;lh Nghy; ,y;yhky; mofhf
,Uf;Fk;.
v.fh: eh;kij Mw;wpd; fopKfg; gFjp
 ,e;jpahtpy; MWfs; ngUk;ghYk;
kiyg;gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J cUth
fpd;wd. gdpkiyg; gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J
tUlk; KOtJk; ejpahfg; gha;fpwJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; ghAk; MWfis mtw;wpd;
tbfhyikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; ,U
gphpthf gphpf;fyhk;.

 g^: xU MW mjd; filg; 1. jPgfw;g MWfs;

gFjpapy; fliy NrUfpd;w gFjpfspy;> 2. GwjPgfw;g MWfs;

Kjd;ik MwhdJ gy fpisfshfg;

gphpe;J flypy; fyf;fpwJ.
yu g^ Ayu g^
 ngUk;ghyhdit Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp  ngUk;ghyhdit ,kakiyfspy; Njhd;W
kiyfspy; cUthfpd;wd. ,j;njhlh; fpd;wd.
kiyfs; njd;Nkw;Fg; gUtf;  ,kakiyfs; caukhf ,Ug;gjhy; gdp
fhw;wpdhy; fd kioiag; ngW MWfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
fpd;wd.
 Mz;L KOtJk; ePNuhl;lj;Jld;
 MWfs; cUthFk; ,lj;jpy; kiog; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
nghopT ,Ug;gjdhy; kiof; fhyq;
 rkntspapy; XLtjhy; Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F
fspy; kl;Lk; ePh; gha;e;J kioaw;w
cjTfpwJ.
fhyq;fspy; twz;L Nghfpd;wd.
 nghpa tz;ly; nly;lhf;fis
 mfykhd> Mokw;w gs;sj;jhf;Ffspd;
cUthf;FfpwJ.
topNa gha;fpd;wd.
 nghpa Mw;W tbepyq;fisAk;> ePh;
 Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLtJ ,y;iy.
gpbg;GfisAk; nfhz;lit.
 rpwpa fopKfq;fisAk;> rpwpa
 ,it Mokhd U tbt FWfpa
nly;lhitAk; cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; topNa gha;fpd;wd.
2
 AslB_

]B g^

k o_  o_ c^V| g^

zD g^ zD g^
1. D\A]V 1. >VtV 1. M
2.  2. >]
3. \V] 3. \>
4. V>Vk 4. BV
5. iV 5.\]
6. Vs
7. >VtV
8. VV
9. k

 nghJthf ,e;jpahtpy; ghAk; k ]B g^

MWfis ,Utiffshfg; gphpf;f  tl ,e;jpa MWfspy; rpe;J> fq;if>
yhk;. NkYk; ,t;thWfs; tq;ff; fly; gpuk;kGj;jpuh Mfpad Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
kw;Wk; mugpf; flypy; fyf;fpwJ. tha;e;jitahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
1. tl ,e;jpa MWfs;  njd;Nkw;Fg; gUtf;fhw;W kw;Wk; gdp
2. njd;dpe;jpa MWfs; my;yJ cUfp tUk; ePuhy; Mz;L KOtJk;
jPgfw;g MWfs; nts;sk; nfhz;lit. ,t;thWfs;

Em gu[ k_

2
 AslB_

ePh; kpd; cw;gj;jpf;Fg; nghpJk; ePh;ghrdj;jpw;Fk;> kpd;rf;jpf;Fk;

gad;gLfpd;wd. gad;gLj;jp tUfpd;wd.
 ,t;thWfs; cs;ehl;L ePh; topg;  ,e;ejpapd; ngauhNyNa ek; ghujk;
Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jpah vd;W ngah; ngw;wJ.
1. Em 2. 
 ,kakiyapy; cs;s fapiyf;  ,kakiyapy; cs;s fq;Nfhj;hp
Fd;Wg;gFjpapy; mike;j khdrNuhth; cj;uhq;ry; vd;w gzpahw;wpy;
Vhpapy; cw;gj;jpahfp> gQ;rhg; topahfg; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.
gha;e;J> gpwF ghfp];jhd; gFjpapy;  `hpj;Jthh; vd;w ,lj;jpy;
Eioe;J mugpf;flypy; fyf;fpwJ. rkntspia te;J milfpd;wJ.
,jd; ngUk;gFjp ghfp];jhdpy;  fq;if ejpapd; ePsk; Rkhh; 2510 fp.kP
gha;fpwJ. MFk;. ,e;jpag; gug;gpd; 25 rjtPjk;
 ,e;ejp fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpy; gha;fpwJ. ,e;ejpapd; gug;Ng MFk;.
,J cyfpd; kpf ePz;l MWfspy;  ] VD \VW^
xd;whFk;. 1. cj;jufz;l;
 ,e;ejpapd; nkhj;j ePsk; 3100 fp.kP. 2. cj;jpugpuNjrk;
,J ,e;jpahtpy; 709 fp.kP gha;fpwJ. 3. gPfhh;
Em ]  >D: 4. Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
,e;jpahTf;Fk;> ghfp];jhDf;Fk; ,ilapy;  myf;ee;jh kw;Wk; ghfPujp vd;Dk; ,U
nrg;lk;gh; 19-k; ehs; 1960y; rpe;Jejp ePh; jiyg;gphpTfshf cUthfpwJ. ,it
xg;ge;jk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb ,uz;Lk; NrUkplk; ‘>kBV”
uhtp> gpah];> rl;y[; Mfpa MWfspd; vdg;gLk;.
ePiu tuk;gpd;wp ,e;jpah gad;gLj;Jk;
fq;ifapd; Kf;fpaj; JizahW
mjpfhuk; ngw;wJ. [Pyk;> rPdhg; kw;Wk; aKid ejp MFk;.
rpe;J ejpfspd; ePiu tuk;gpd;wpg;
gad;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; ghfp];jhDf;F
fq;if ejpapd; fq;if
cs;sJ. tlf;F Jiz ejpapd; njw;F
m ]^ ahWfs; JizahWfs;
1. [Pyk; 2. rPdhg; 3.uhtp 1. uhk; fq;fh 1. aKid
2. Nfhkjp 2. jhNkhjh;
4. gpah]; 5. rl;y[;
3. fhf;uh 3. Nrhd;
 rpe;J ejpahy; ekf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; 4. fhz;lhf;
ePiu gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh kw;Wk; 5. Nfhrp
,uh[];jhd; khepyq;fs; 6. aKdh

0
 AslB_

>[ _V
 fq;if jdJ fopKfg; gFjpapy; jpngj;jpy; ,t;thw;wpd; ngah; :
gy gphpTfshfg; gphpe;J Re;jutd jp rhq;Ngh
mrhkpy; ,t;thw;wpd; ngah; :
nly;lhg; gFjpia cUthf;fpa gpd; gpuk;kGj;jpuh
tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; fyf;fpwJ.
 m];yhkpd; ngUk;ghd;ikahd
D\A]V
Nghf;Ftuj;J gpuk;kGj;jpuh Mw;wpd;
 ,e;ejp ifyha kiy gdpahW
khdrNuhth; vd;w ,lj;jpy; gdp %ykhfNt eilngWfpwJ.
Mw;why; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ.  gpuk;kgj;jpuh> gq;fshNj\py; gj;kh
 gpuk;kGj;jpuh Mw;wpd; nkhj;j ePsk; Mw;Wld; ,ize;J cyfpd;
2880 fp.kP ePsk; cilaJ. ,e;jpahtpy; kpfg;nghpa nly;lhit cUthf;fpag;
725 fp.kP ePsk; ,e;ejp gha;fpd;wJ. gpd;> tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; fyf;fpwJ.
,e;ejpapd; ngUk; gug;G jpngj;jpy; gpuk;kGj;jpuh Mw;wpd; JizMWfs;:
gha;fpwJ. 1. jP];jh 2. Nyhfpj; 3. Rgd;=
 mUzhr;ryg; gpuNjrj;jpy; ‘]V 4. khd]; 5. jpghq; 6. [hy;jhfh
(Dihong)” vd;w ngaUld; 7. Rgd;= 8. jd;=
EiofpwJ.

Em gu[ k_


 AslB_

>[M]B g^  ,e;ejpapd; kPJ kpfg;nghpa `PuhFl;

 njd;dpe;jpa MWfspy; eh;kij> miz fl;lg;gl;L cs;sJ.
jgjp> Y}dp> rgh;kjp Mfpa MWfs;  ,e;ejpapd; ePsk; : 530 fp.kP
kl;Lk; fpof;fpypUe;J Nkw;F Nehf;fpg; kfhejp ghAk; khepyq;fs;:
gha;e;J> mugpf;flypy; fyf;fpd;wd. 1. rl;B];fh; 2. xbrh
gpw MWfs; Nkw;fpypUe;J fpof;F 3. [hh;fz;l; 4. kfhuh\;buh
Nehf;fpg; gha;fpd;wd.

fpof;F Nehf;fp ghAk; MWfs; kl;Lk; 2. \>

nly;lhit mikf;fpd;wd.  kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s mkh;fz;lf;
vd;Dk; gFjpapy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.
1. \V] ,J ikf;fhy; kiyj;njhlhpy;
 kj;jpa ,e;jpahthd kj;jpag; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ.
gpuNjrj;jpy; rhj;G+uh kiyj;njhlhpy;  ,e;ejp ngUk;ghYk; kj;jpag;
cs;s >V z[_ gpuNjrj;jpNyNa gha;fpwJ. ,jpy;
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. 10-y; xU gFjp kl;LNk F[uhj;jpy;
gha;fpwJ.

>[M]BVs_ VD g^

2
 AslB_

 ,e;ejp mugpf;flypy; cs;s fhk;Ng  jf;fhz gPlG+kp> ehrpf; Fd;Wfs;

tisFlhtpy; fyf;fpwJ. mUfpy; ]BD vd;w ,lj;jpy;
ghAk; khepyq;fs;: Njhd;WfpwJ.
1. kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; jl;rpz fq;if kw;Wk; tph;jh
2. F[uhj; fq;fh vd;Wk; Nfhjhthp ejp
3. kfhuh\;buh miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

>] g m g^

 Nkw;F Nehf;fpg; ghAk; MWfspy; 1. ngz; fq;fh 2. ntapd;fq;fh
,uz;lhtJ kpf ePskhd MW 3. gpuhz`pjh 4. khQ;rpuh
MFk;. 5. ,e;jpuhtjp 6. rghp
 ,e;ejpapd; ePsk; 724 fp.kP MFk;. 7. th;jh
 kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahfp> 5. iV
mugpf;flypy; fyf;fpwJ.  ,e;ejpapd; ePsk; 1400 fp.kP.
ghAk; khepyq;fs;: tq;ff;flypy; fyf;fpwJ
1. kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;  kfhgNy];tuh; kiyapd; mUfpy;
2. F[uhj; Njhd;WfpwJ.
3. kfhuh\;buh  ,f;fpU\;zh ejpapy; njYq;F
fq;ifj; jpl;lk; nray;gLj;jg;
4. V>Vk g
gl;Ls;sJ.
 njd;dpe;jpa MWfspy; kpfg;nghpa
VD \VW^
MW MFk;.
1. kfhuh\;buk;
 ,e;ejpapd; ePsk; 1440 fp.kP.
2. fh;ehlfk;
 ,e;j MW kfhuh\;buhtpy; cs;s VE
gFjpapy; ,Ue;J cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. 3. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
B[D \VW^
ghAk; khepyq;fs; 1. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 2. jkpo;ehL
1. kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; m g^
2. fh;ehlfh
1. nfha;dh 2. gQ;rfq;fh
3. xhprh
3. fl;g;ugh 4. kyg;ugh
4. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
5. gPkh 6. %rp
7. Jq;fg;gj;uh


 AslB_

6. Vk m g^

 FlF kiy - nkhf;fhuh - jiyf; 1. kzpKj;jhW 2. rpw;whW
fhtphpapy; Njhd;WfpwJ. ePh;tPo;r;rpfs;:
 ,e;ejpapd; ePsk; 790 fp.kP. 1. ghgehrk; 2. rpw;whW
 G+k;Gfhh; mUNf flypy; fyf;fpwJ. 3. Fw;whyk;
 fhtphp MW nfhs;splk;> fhtphp>
ntd;dhW vd %d;W fpisfshfg; 8. VV
gphpf;fpd;wJ.  ee;jp kiyapy; Njhd;WfpwJ
 fh;ehlfh khepyj;jpy; fpU\;zuh[ VD \VW^
rhfh; mizAk;> Nryk; khtl;lj;jpy; 1. fh;ehlfh 2. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
Nkl;^hpy; ];lhd;yp mizAk; m g^
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. 1. nra;ahW 2. Ntftjp
 Nkl;^hpy; fl;lg;gl;l mizapypUe;J 9. k
kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.  nghpahh; gPlG+kpapy; itif ejp
VD \VW^ cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ.
1. fh;ehlfh 2. jkpo;ehL  Nfus murpd; Ky;iy nghpahW
3. Nfush 4. ghz;br;Nrhp gpur;ridahy; itif ejpapy; ePh;
m g^ ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
1. gthdp 2. neha;ay; m g^
3. mkuhtjp 4. fgpdp 1. RUspahW 2. kQ;rshW
5. N`khtjp 6. rpk;rh 3. Ky;iyahW 4. tuhf ejp
7. jhkpuguzp 8. Nyhfghzp 10. BV
9. jpUkzp Kj;jhW  Nfushtpd; caph;ehb MFk;.
10. ,yl;Rkzd; jPh;j;jk; Nfushtpd; kpfg;nghpa MW MFk;.
 ,J Vykiy (Cardamom) - apy;
 mfj;jpa kiyapy; Njhd;wp kd;dhh;
Njhd;WfpwJ.
tisFlhtpy; fyf;fpwJ.
 ,jd; ePsk; 244 fp.kP
 jhkpuguzpapd; ePsk; : 122 fp.kP
 ,t;thw;wpd; FWf;Nf ,Lf;fp miz
 ,e;ejpapid ‘V ]” vd;Wk;
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
11. \]
 ,uh[];jhdpy; cs;s cja;G+h;
khtl;lj;jpy; Muty;yp kiyj;njhlhpy;
Njhd;WfpwJ.

4
 AslB_

 fhe;jpabfs; rgh;kjp Mrpukk;  320 fp.kP Xbagpd; F[uhj;jpd; fl;r;

,e;ejpapd; fiuapy; cs;sJ. tisFlhtpd; jiyg;gFjpahd
c^V| g^ rJg;G epyg;gFjpapy; kiwfpwJ.
M  ,e;j MW twz;l njw;F ,uh[];jhd;
 Muty;yp kiyj;njhlhpy; cs;s gFjpf;F kpFe;j ed;ik mspf;fpwJ.
m[;kPh; mUNf Njhd;WfpwJ.
 Nfhtpe;j;fhh;f; vd;Dkplj;ij fle;J
ru];tjp Mw;Wld; fyf;fpwJ.

••••••


 >tV| 
kkVFA \uD luEm

 : TNPSC Group II >

VD : AslB_
z] : M\ k^
]BV  M\ k^, >tV|  M\ k^

VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z2 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
sV>V^^ \uD \[VzA^ gBk V >suz >BVVzD
\Vk, \Vsz c>s|D kl_ kkVFA \uD luE mBV_
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
kkVFA \uD luE mB V>m  >s|m.
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV, su
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z
>BV FD \Vkz kw|D t_V kBVzD.

gB,
kkVFA \uD luE m
 AslB_

M\ k^

]BV - M\ k^

 ,e;jpah nghJthf jhJg; nghUl;fspy; 1. cV M\^

tskpFe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy;  ,Uk;G> nrk;G> khq;fdPR> ghf;irl;
Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l cNyhfk; kw;Wk; jq;fk; Nghd;w cNyhfq;fisf;
jhkpuk; (Copper) MFk;. ,e;jpahitg; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,t;TNyhf
nghWj;j tiuapy; cNyhfj; fdpkq;fis NkYk; ,Utifahfg;
jhJf;fspy; ,Uk;G> ghf;irl;> gphpf;fyhk;. mit
khq;fdPR Mfpatw;iw ngUkstpy;  ,Uk;G rhh;e;j fdpkq;fs;
ngw;Ws;sJ. nrk;G> jq;fk;> fhhPak;>  ,Uk;G rhuhj fdpkq;fs;
Jj;jehfk; Mfpatw;iw Fwpg;gpl;l DA V> DA VV>
msT ngw;Ws;sJ. mNyhfj; M\^ M\^
jhJf;fspy; ikf;fh> Rz;zhk;G ,t;tif ,Uk;G rhuhj
Mfpad mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. fdpkq;fspy; fdpkq;fspy;
 ,e;jpahtpy; vhpnghUl;fspd; epiy ,Uk;G cs;slf;fp ,Uk;G fyf;fhky;
mt;tsT rhjfkhf ,y;iy. apUe;jhy; ,Uk;G cs;stw;iw
 jhJg;nghUl;fs; njhopw;rhiyfspd; rhh;e;j fdpkq;fs; ,Uk;G rhuhj
itl;lkpd;fs; (Vitamins of Industry) vd;fpNwhk;. fdpkq;fs;
vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; v.fh: ,Uk;G> vd;fpNwhk;.
,aw;ifapd; md;gspg;G vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg; khq;fdPR> v.fh. jq;fk;>
gLfpd;wd. ,Uk;gpd; fdpkq;fspy; epf;fy;> Nfhghy;l;> nts;sp> nrk;G>
khf;dill; kw;Wk; N`kill; Mfpa lq;];ld; ghf;irl;
,uz;Lk; ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfk; Nghd;wit MFk;. Nghd;witahFk;.
fpilf;fpwJ. N`kill;by; 68 rjtPj DA V> M\^
,Uk;Gk;> khf;dill;by; 30 rjtPj DA>Vm (Iron Ore)
,Uk;Gk; cs;sJ.  ,Uk;G ehfhPfj;jpd; KJnfYk;G vd
 fdpk tsq;fs; ,U tifg;gLk;. th;zpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
mit 1. cNyhff; fdpkq;fs; 2. cNyhf  ,e;jpahtpy; ,Uk;Gj;jhJ ,Ug;G
ky;yhj fdpkq;fs; mjpfsT ntl;b vLf;fhky; cs;sJ.

 AslB_
cyfpd; nkhj;j ,Uk;Gj;jhJ ,Ug;gpy;  khq;fdPR cw;gj;jpapy; xhprh
20% ,Uk;gj;jhJ ,e;jpahtpy; Kjyplj;ijAk;> fh;ehlfh
mike;Js;sJ. ,uz;lhkplj;ijAk; ngw;Ws;sd.
 jukhd ,Uk;Gj;jhJ xhprhtpy;  cyfpd; cw;gj;jpapy; 20
BVV, V, \X rjtPjk; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ug;gjhf
khtl;lq;fspy; fpilf;fpwJ. fzf;nfLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

DA>Vm D DA VV> M\^

V
gPfhh; kw;Wk; xhprh ,U khepyq;fSk;
 ,J mYkpdpak; jhJthFk; (ore)
,Uk;Gj;jhJ cw;gj;jpapy; 75 rjtPj
kpd;dhw;gFg;G Kiwapy;jhd;
,Uk;Gj;jhJit mspf;fpd;wd. vdNt
cNyhfj;ij jdpikg;gLj;j KbAk;.
,itapuz;ilAk; ,e;jpa ,Uk;Gj;jhJ mYkpdpak; rpypNfl; epiwe;j
glyk; vd;W Fwpg;ghh;. ghiwfs; rpijTWtjhy; cUthFk;
 kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s Jh;f;> Nyrhd cNyhfNk mYkpdpak;
g];jhh; khtl;lq;fspYk;> rj;jP];fhpy; MFk;.
cs;s nua;G+hpYk;> jkpofj;jpy; Nryk;  mYkpdpa cUf;Fj; njhopy;
(fQ;rhiy) kw;Wk; kJiuapYk;> Fiwe;j tpiyapy; kpFe;jsT
fh;ehlfhtpy; Fj;uKf; kw;Wk; ghgh kpd;rf;jp fhzg;gLk; gFjpfspNyNa
Gjyhd; Fd;WfspYk; ,Uk;gj;jhJ rhj;jpakhFk;.
ntl;bnaLf;fg;gLfpwJ.  tpkhdf; fl;Lkhdj; njhopYf;F kpf
 rh;tNj re;ijapy; ,e;jpa Kf;fpaj; Njit ghf;irl; MFk;.
,Uk;Gj;jhJtpw;F ey;y tha;g;Gfs; V zD \VW^
cs;sd fhuzk; mjd; juNk MFk;. 1. xhprh 2. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
,e;jpah ,Uk;Gj;jhJ cw;gj;jpapy;
3. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 4. F[uhj;
cyfstpy; 7-k; ,lj;ij tfpf;fpwJ.
5. kfhuh\;buh 6. gPfhh;
\V
KtMB cz g^
 ,Uk;G v‡Fj; njhopYf;F mbg;gil
1. Nfush - My;tha;
ahdJ khq;fdPR MFk;. khq;fdPR
2. jkpofk; - Nkl;^h;
fye;Js;s ,Uk;G kpfTk; fbdkhd
 ,J xU ey;y vspjpy; flj;Jk;
jhFk;.
flj;jpahfTk;> kpf NyrhfTk;
 khq;fdPR cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah
,Ug;gjhYk;> mjpfstpy; njhopw;
Ie;jhtJ ,lj;ijg; ngw;W cs;sJ.
rhiyfSf;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
 khq;fdPR ,Ug;gpy; ,e;jpah
u\;ahtpw;F mLj;j ,lj;ijg;
ngw;Ws;sJ.

 AslB_
>D ]BVs_ c^ >Vt ^
 fh;ehlfhtpy; cs;s Nfhyhh; jq;f 1. uh[];jhd; - Nfj;hp> Nfhjhhpah
tay; 1871 Kjy; jq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpar;
2. gPfhh; - rpq;Gk;> nkhrghdp> uhf;fh;
Ruq;fkhf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. ,JNt
Njhgd
cyfpd; kpf Mokhd jq;fr;
3. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; - fk;kk;> `hrd;
Ruq;fkhFk;. ,j;Jld; n`l;b
4. fh;ehlfh - rpj;uJh;fh
Ruq;fKk;> fh;ehlfhtpd; nua;r;#h;
khtl;lj;jpy; jq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpar; 2. cVt_V> M\^
Ruq;fkhf tpsq;FfpwJ. 1. ikf;fh 2. Rz;zhk;Gf;fy;
 Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; mde;jG+h; 3. [pg;rk; 4. nghl;lhrpak;
khtl;lj;jpy; xU jq;fr; Ruq;fk; \V
nray;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd;  ,it kpd;rhuj;ij flj;jhg;
jq;f ,Ug;G Rkhh; 66700 fpNyh nghUshf ,Ug;gjhy;> kpd; nghUl;fs;
MFk;. jw;NghJ jq;fj;jpd; cw;gj;jp cw;gj;jpf;F gad;gLfpwJ. cyfpy;
Mz;LNjhWk; Fiwe;J tUfpwJ. ikf;fh cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah 60
k^ rjtPjk; gq;fspf;fpwJ.
 fhhPak; kw;Wk; Jj;jehfj; jhJf;fisg;  cyfpNyNa mjpf ,Ug;Gf; nfhz;l
gphpj;njLf;Fk; NghJ fpilg;gNj ,e;jpah cyf ikf;fh cw;gj;jpapy;
nts;sp MFk;. Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ.
 ,uh[];jhdpy; cs;s rhthh; (Zawar  cyfpd; 90 rjtPjk; ikf;fh
mines) Ruq;fNk nts;spapd; Kf;fpa cw;gj;jpia ,e;jpah Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
Ruq;fkhFk;.  ,e;jpahtpy; %d;W tifahd ikf;fh
>VtD fhzg;gLfpwJ. mit>
 ,e;jpah jhkpu cw;gj;jpapy; 1. nts;is ikf;fh (White Mica)
gw;whf;FiwahfNt cs;sJ. 2. fWg;G ikf;fh (Black Mica)
 jhkpuk; rpwe;j ntg;gf;flj;jpahfTk;> 3. Mk;gh; ikf;fh (Amber Mica)
kpd; flj;jpahfTk; ,aw;ifapy;  ,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh; ikf;fh cw;gj;jpapy;
fhzg;gLk; kw;nwhU cNyhfkhFk;. Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ.
 kpd;fUtpfs; jahhpg;G  gPfhhpy; fah> `rhhpghf;> Kq;fh; Mfpa
njhopw;rhiyfspy; jhkpuk; ngUk; ,lq;fspYk;> gPfhhpd; fphpj; Ruq;fk;>
gq;fhw;WfpwJ. jhkpuk; kw;w Nfhjh;gh Ruq;fk; Mfpa Ruq;fq;fspy;
cNyhfq;fSld; Nrh;e;J fyg;G ikf;fh cw;gj;jp kpFe;Js;sJ.
cNyhfk; nra;ag; gad;gLfpwJ.  Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpYs;s ney;Y}h;
gFjpapd; Mj;kg+h; kw;Wk; f^h;

 AslB_

Ruq;fq;fspy; gr;ir ikf;fh Nlhyikl; 90% Nlhyikl;>

fpilf;fpwJ. kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;>
 jkpofj;jpy; Nryk;> ePyfphp gFjpfspy; rl;B];fh;> xbrh>
fpilf;fpwJ. F[uhj;> fh;ehlfh>
 ,uh[];jhdpy; gpy;thuh> M[;kPh;> Nkw;F tq;fk;
n[a;g;G+h;> cja;G+h; gFjpfspy; ikf;fh M];ng];lh]; ,uh[];jhd;> Me;jpu
fhzg;gLfpwJ. kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh
cVt_V M\ ^ [pg;rk; ,uh[];jhd;> [k;K
Rz;zhk;G Me;jpuh> ,uh[];jhd;> kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;
kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;> fpuhigl; fhy`ghz;b>
F[uhj;> rl;B];fh; Nghyd;fph;> gh`y;G+h;
(gPfhh;)
••••••


 AslB_

>tV|  M\ k^

M\ 3 kV VD

1. cNyhff; fdpkq;fs;
2. mNyhff; fdpkq;fs;
3. fdpk vhpnghUl;fs;
>tVK^ cV M\^
M\^ \Vk^
,Uk;Gj;jhJ Nryk;> ehkf;fy;>
jpUtz;zhkiy
nrk;G Nryk;> ePyfphp>
Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> kJiu
ghf;irl; Nryk;> ePyfphp>
Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> NtY}h;>
kJiu> jUkGhp>
tpOg;Guk;
FNuhikl; Nryk;> ehkf;fy;> jpUr;rp
>tw]_ M\^ c^ ^ kw;Wk; <NuhL
igiul; tpOg;Guk;
,aw;ifapYs;s xU %yfk; my;yJ gy
>tVK^ V M\^
%yfq;fspd; $l;Lg; nghUshdJ jhJg;
M\^ \Vk^
nghUs; my;yJ fdpkk; vdg;gLk;.
Rz;zhk;G tpUJefh;> J}j;Jf;Fb>
>tw]_ V|D xB M\ jpUney;Ntyp
k^ fy; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp>
1. cztpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cg;G fhQ;rpGuk;> Nryk;
2. ngd;rpy; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLk; ikf;fh jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp>
fpuhigl; Mfpait jkpo;ehl;by; gutpf; Nfhak;Gj;J}h;>
,uhkehjGuk;
fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa fdpktsq;fshFk;.


 AslB_

khf;dirl; Nryk;> ehkf;fy;> >tVK^ M\

Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> <NuhL V^
];Baill; NtY}h;> flY}H> M\^ \Vk^
Nfhak;Gj;J}H> Nryk;> ngl;Nuhypak; jpUth&h; (gdq;Fb)> ehp
jpUr;rp kzk;> (fhtphp nly;lh
cg;G nrd;id> J}j;Jf;Fb> gFjp)
flY}h;> ehfg;gl;bdk;> ypf;idl; flY}h; (nea;Ntyp)
jpUth&h;.


 AslB_

DA >VtD, ~BD, m>VD

 fUk;nghd; vdg;gLk; ,Uk;G  tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk; khkz;^h;>
,d;wpaikahjJ. njhOte;jhq;fy;> xbahe;jq;fy;
 Nryk; ehkf;fy; khtl;lj;jpy; fQ;r kw;Wk; fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lk;
kiyg; gFjpapy; 5 mLf;Ffshf Njh;thid tl;lk; mUkzY}Uf;F
,Uk;Gj; jhJf;fs; cs;sd. ,it (iky; njd;Nkw;Nf cs;s kq;fhk;
kpfr; rpwe;j juk; cilait kiyg; gFjpfspYk; nghd;khdh
,k;khtl;lj;jpy; nfhLkiyapYk;
vd;w ,lj;jpYk;> jpUney;Ntyp
,Uk;Gj;jhJ cs;sJ.
khtl;lk; ehq;FNehpiar; Nrh;e;j
 jkpo;ehl;by; nkhj;jk; 14 ld; ,Uk;Gj;
Kd;wj;jha;g;G> mk;ghrKj;jpuk;>
jhJ ,Uf;Fk; vd kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
gl;ld; fhL rpw;W}hpYk;> kzpKj;jhW
jkpo;ehl;L ,Uk;G fdpkj;jpy; ruhrhp
35% ,Uk;G kl;LNk cs;sJ. fhy;tha; gFjpfspYk; ,it
 NkYk; gphpj;njLf;f Kbahj fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
khf;dill; vd;w fdpkj;ij cilaJ. V
Mdhy; 18% kl;LNk ,Uk;gpypUe;J  mYkpdpaj;jhJ jkpo;ehl;by;
gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ. nkhj;jk; 16.7 kpy;ypad; ld; ghf;irl;
>D ,Uf;Fk; vd kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 jkpo;ehl;by; ePyfphpf;F tlNkw;Nf  Nryk; khtl;lk; Nrh;tuhad;
cs;s taehl;Lg; gFjpapy; kl;LNk kiyg;gFjpfs;> Nrh;tuhad; rpfuk;
cs;sJ. 1785-apNyNa INuhg;gpa jq;f Vw;fhl;Lg; gFjpapYs;s Nrhof;fhL>
Ntl;ilia ,q;F njhlq;fpdhh;. ePyfphp khtl;lk; Nfhj;jfphpiar;
1875-y; My;gh FO> Njtyh> ge;jY}h; Rw;wpYk;> cjfkz;lyj;jpw;Fk;
gFjpfspy; nghd;idj; NjbaJ. Fd;D}Uf;Fk; ,ilapYk;> cjf
1879-1981-f;Fs; Kg;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kz;lyj;ijr; Rw;wpYk;> jpz;Lf;fy;
FOf;;fs; ,yz;ld; khefhpypUe;J khtl;lk; godp kiyapYs;s rpwpa
jUtpf;fg;gl;l nghpa ve;jpuq;fSld;
Fd;WfspYk; kw;Wk; Nrhof;fhl;bYk;
nghd;Ntl;il Mbdh;.
fpilf;fpwJ.
 1935-y; M];jpNuypahtpypUe;J
,t;tplq;fisg; ghh;itapl;L jhk];
zVtBD
jpdhhp jahhpj;j Fwpg;igf; nfhz;L  ,Uk;G> epf;fy; ,tw;Wld; Nrh;e;J
taehl;L nghd; ngUf;Fj; Jiw gy fyg;Gfspy; fpilf;fpwJ. Nryk;
KbTf;F te;jJ. khtl;lk; rpj;jh; NfhapYf;Ff;
fpof;Nf fQ;rkiyapd; Nkw;Fg; gFjp>
ehkf;fy; khtl;lk; Vuahkq;fyk;>
Vkhyrp> nrl;b


 ghisak;> ghkhe;j ghisak;> Njhl;b
ahej;jk; Kjypag; gFjpfspy; jkpo;
ehl;by; FNuhkpak; fpilf;fpwJ.
 fpl;lj;jl;l 30>000 ld; msT
FNuhkpak; msTf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
W_
 Nryk; khtl;lk; jhj;ijaq;fhh;
Ngl;il> %q;fpy;gl;b> fWg;G+h;>
nts;is fy;gl;b> kh%yg;gd;gl;b
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
_\
 ,J ill;lhdpa cNyhf fdpkk;>
nts;is tz;zj; jahhpg;gpYk; ug;gh;>
fz;zhb> nts;is ik> ypNdhypak;>
fhfpjj; jahhpg;gpYk; gad;gLfpwJ.
 fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lk; kzthsf;
Fwpr;rp> ,ypGuk;> J}j;Jf;Fb> khtl;lk;>
itg;ghW> fy;yhW fopKfg;gFjpfs;>
Ntg;glNyhilf; flw;fiu Mfpag;
gFjpfspYk; fpilf;fpwJ.
\VV
 rptg;G> gOg;G> fpspg;gr;ir> kQ;rs;
fye;j gOg;G Kjypa epwq;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; rpwpjsT
NjhhpaKk; ANudpaKk; $l
cs;sjhy; mZrf;jpf;F kpFjpAk;
gad;glf;$baJ.
 jh;kGhp khtl;lk; rhky;ghl;bw;F
njw;NfAs;s nrz;gfkiy mbthuj;jpy;
,f;fdpkk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
\V
 ‘V V[” vdg;gLk; ,jpy;
xd;gJ tiffs; cs;sd. thndhypf;
AslB_
Foha;> kpd; jhq;fpfs;> ild
Nkhf;fs;> Nkhl;lhh;fs;> $iuj;jsk;>
tz;zg;G+r;R> gpsh];bf; jahhpg;G
kw;Wk; cilahj fz;zhb jahhpg;gpy;
gad;gLfpwJ.
 jkpofj;jpy; ikf;fh Nryk; jpUr;rp>
<NuhL> Nfhit> kJiu> ePyfphp>
jpUney;Ntyp> fd;dpahFkhp> NtY}h;
Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy; fpilf;fpwJ.
D
 mNyhfq;fspNyNa kpFjpahfg;
gad;gLtJ ,Jjhd;. [pg;rk; gpsh];lh;
M‡g; ghhp]; nra;ag;gad;gLfpwJ.
 rpnkz;l;> cuk;> fe;jfk; jahhpf;fTk;
gad;gLfpwJ.
 jkpo;ehl;by; nguk;gY}h;> ,uhkehjGuk;>
J}j;Jf;Fb> jpUney;Ntyp Nfhak;
Gj;J}h; khtl;lq;fspYk; ,J kpFjp
ahff; fpilf;fpwJ.
zkV
 ,J vq;Fk; kype;J fplf;Fk;
fdpkkhFk;. ntq;fr; nrk;ky;> gbf;fy;>
rPdpf;fy; vd;W gy ngah;ngWk;.
 KO tsh;r;rpaile;j gbfq;fs;
thndhypf; fUtp> je;jpf; fUtp>
fk;gpapy;yhj je;jp Kjypatw;wpy;
mjph;T fUtpahfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
 mofpa tz;zKs;s gbfq;fs;
kzpfshfg; gad;gLfpd;wd. NkYk;
,J fz;zhb> rpypf;fhJ}s;> th;zg;
G+r;R> Nrhg;G jahhpg;G Mfpatw;wpYk;
gad;gLfpwJ.
 ,J fbfhuj;jpYk; gad;gLfpwJ.
jkpo;ehl;by; jQ;ir> jpUr;rp> Nryk;>

 AslB_

ehkf;fy;> <NuhL> jpUts;@h;  ,J Rkhh; 500 r.fp.kP gug;gpy; gutp

khtl;lq;fspy; ,J fpilf;fpd;wJ. As;sJ. ,J xU Kf;fpakhd nlh;\php
VDA _ fhy epyf;fhp tayhFk;. cNyhfk;
 jkpo;ehl;bd; Kf;fpakhd fdpk jahhpf;Fk; FNuhkpak; gad;gLfpwJ.
tskhf ,Uf;fpwJ. A W
 rpnkz;l; cw;gj;jpf;F gad;gLfpd;w
 Kf;fpakhd epyf;fhpg; gLiffs;
,f;fy; nguk;gY}h;> f&h;>
flY}hpypUe;J Rkhh; 40 fp.kP
Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> Nryk;> ,uhkehjGuk;>
njhiytpy; mike;Js;sd.
jpUney;Ntyp Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy;
 flY}h; kzw; ghiwapy; Rkhh; 40 kP
ngUksT fpilf;fpwJ.
cA Moj;jpy; gOg;G epyf;fhp fpilf;fpwJ.
 flw;fiug; gFjpfspy; cg;G Mh;gP\pad; Cw;Wfs; ,Ug;gjhy;
fpilf;fpwJ. Ntjhuz;ak;> J}j;Jf; epyf;fhpia ntl;b vLg;gjpy;
Fb gFjpfspy; mjpfkhf cg;G gpur;rid Vw;gLfpwJ.
jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.  Mz;L cw;gj;jp 12 kpy;ypad; ld;
 ,e;jpahtpd; cg;G cw;gj;jpapy; fshFk;. jkpo;ehl;bd; rf;jp kw;Wk;
jkpo;ehL ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij cu cw;gj;jpahFk; gOg;G epyf;fhpapd;
tfpf;fpd;wJ. gq;F mjpfstpy; cs;sJ.
 #hpa ntg;gj;jpdhy; Mtpahf;Fk; VoBD
Kiwapy; cg;G jahhpf;fg;  jkpo;ehl;by; fhtphpg; gLifapy;
gad;gLfpwJ.
ngl;Nuhypak; fpilf;fpwJ.
o  1984-k; Mz;L Kjy; fhtphpg;
 ,e;jpahtpy; jkpo;ehl;by; kl;Lk;
gFjpfspy; vz;nza;f; fpzWfs;
jhd; ngUkstpy; ypf;idl; ntl;b
Njhz;lg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,Jtiu
naLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd;
gOg;G epyf;fhp cw;gj;jpapy; 9% jkpo; 100f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fpzWfs;
ehl;bypUe;J fpilf;fpwJ. Njhz;lg;gl;Ltpl;ld.
 jkpo;ehl;by; fdpkts cw;gj;jpapd;  ehpkzk;> Nfhtpy; fsg;ghy;> mbaf;fh
kjpg;gpy; ghjpasT gOg;G epyf;fhp kq;fyk;> fkyhGuk;> Gtdfphp Mfpa
apypUe;J fpilf;fpwJ. ypf;idl;bd; gFjpfspy; fpilf;fpwJ.
,Ug;G Rkhh; 2500 kpy;ypad;  gdq;Fb vd;Dkplj;jpy; xU
ld;fshFk;. ngl;Nuhypa Rj;jpfhpg;G epiyak;
epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ.

••••••

 AslB_

>tV| xD

 njd;dpe;jpahtpd; fpof;F flNyhug; Nkw;fpy; NfushitAk;> tlf;fpy;

gFjpapy; mike;Js;s ekJ khepykhd fh;ehlfk; kw;Wk; Me;jpug;
jkpo;ehL Am, V, VD, gpuNjrj;jpidAk; jkpofk;
g]>D Mfpa khepyq;fis vy;iyfshff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
vy;iyfshf nfhz;Ls;sJ.  1858D g| k 14D V^,
 fpof;fpy; tq;fhs tphpFlhitAk;> jkpo;nkhop khepyj;jpd; Ml;rp
njw;fpy; ,e;jpag; ngUq;fliyAk;> nkhopahff; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.

>tV| \A


 AslB_

 ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; Gypfs; fhg;gfk;> ahidfs; fhg;gfk;

gVkm > ngw;Ws;s jkpofk;> vdg; gy;NtW tpjkhd ,aw;ifapdhy;
tptrhak; kw;Wk; ,ae;jpug; nghUl;fs; cz;lhf;fg;gl;l caphpd Nfhsq;fs;
cw;gj;jpapy; Kd;dzp khepyq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
xd;whfj; jpfo;fpwJ. >tV_ c^ V^, V^ \uD
 jkpo;ehL tlf;Nf 8041N ml;rj;jp VB[ 
ypUe;J 13035N ml;rk; tiuapYk;> Njrpag; G+q;fh 5
fpof;Nf 76018E jPh;f;fj;jpypUe;J gwitfs; ruzhyak; 13
80020E jPh;f;fk; tiu gutpAs;sJ. ahidfs; fhg;gfk; 4
 Vwf;Fiwa xV kk mikg;gpy; Gypfs; fhg;gfk; 4
mike;Js;s jkpo;ehL gug;gstpy; caph;f;Nfhs fhg;gfk; 3
,e;jpa khepyq;fspy; ]V[Vkm tdtpyq;F ruzhyaq;fs; 29
,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ. >tV[ \Vk^
 ,e;jpahtpy; efukakhjypy; mjpf  jkpo;ehl;bd; nkhj;j epyg;gug;G
tsh;r;rpaile;j khepyq;fspy; 1,30,058 ..* gzD. ,J ,e;jpahtpd;
xd;whfj; jpfOk; jkpo;ehL nkhj;jg; gug;gpy; V[z >T>\VzD.
jdpj;jnjhU Gtpapay; kz;lykhfj;  ,d;iwa jkpo;ehL ,e;jpahtpd; 29
jpfo;fpd;wJ. \VW_ xd;whFk;.
 mofpa ,aw;if tsq;fSk;> mlh;e;j  jkpo;ehl;bd; jiyefh; [.
fhLfSk;> mhpatd tpyq;FfSk;> ,jd; jiyikr; nrayfk; AM> V
Fsph; kiyg; gpuNjrq;fSk;> jpuhtpl Vl_ nray;gl;L tUfpwJ.
fiyeak; kpf;f m Vl_D,  >tD, gxD jkpofj;jpd;
Eu D jkpofj;jpd; Ml;rp nkhopfs; MFk;.
jdpg;ngUk; cilikahf cs;sJ.  jkpofj;jpd; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif
 flw;fiu tpLjpfs;> ngUik kpf;f ,2,4,00.
kjtopghl;Lj; jyq;fs; kw;Wk;  kf;fs; neUf;fj;jpy; 6km ,lj;jpYk;>
And];Nfhthy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l tsh;r;rpapy; 3km ,lj;jpYk;> kdpj
cyf gz;ghl;Lj; jyq;fs; epiwe;j ts Nkk;ghl;by; 6km ,lj;jpYk;
khepykhf ,J jpfo;fpwJ. cs;sJ.
 NkYk; jkpofj;jpy; NkYk; Njrpag;
G+q;fhf;fs;> gwitfs; ruzhyaq;fs;>


 AslB_

>tV[ c^VE \A 22 Njdp 1996

khefuhl;rpfs; 12 efuhl;rpfs; 23 jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp 1956
- 125
24 jpUney;Ntyp 1956
Ng&uhl;rpfs; 529 khtl;l
Cuhl;rpfs; 25 jpUts;@h; 1997
- 31 26 jpUtz;zhkiy 1989
Cuhl;rp xd;wpaq;fs; 385 Cuhl;rp 27 jpUth&h; 1991
kd;wq;fs; 28 J}j;Jf;Fb 1986
- 12>524 29 jpUg;G+h; 2009
kf;fsit njhFjpfs; - 39 30 NtY}h; 1989
rl;lkd;w njhFjpfs; - 234
khepyq;fsit njhFjpfs; - 18 31 tpOg;Guk; 1993
32 tpUJefh; 1985
1 mhpaY}h; 2007
2 nrd;id 1956
3 Nfhak;Gj;J}h; 1956
4 flY}h; 1993
5 jUkGhp 1966
6 jpz;Lf;fy; 1985
7 <NuhL 1979
8 fhQ;rpGuk; 1997
9 fd;dpahFkhp 1956
10 f&h; 1995
11 fpU\;zfphp 2004
12 kJiu 1956
13 ehfg;gl;bdk; 1991
14 ehkf;fy; 1997
15 ePyfphp 1956
16 nguk;gY}h; 1995
17 GJf;Nfhl;il 1974
18 ,uhkehjGuk; 1956
19 Nryk; 1956
20 rptfq;if 1985
21 jQ;rhT+h; 1956 >tV| \A


 AslB_

\VVE^ VEAD
1. nrd;id 7. jQ;rhT+h;  `Pz;lha; fhh; njhopw;rhiy
2. kJiu 8. jpUney;Ntyp
 kNfe;jpuh Nghh;l; njhopw;rhiy
3. jpUr;rp 9. jpUg;G+h;
4. Nfhit 10. <NuhL  nrapz;l; Nfhigd; kpjit
5. Nryk; 11. NtY}h; fz;zhb njhopw;rhiy mfpait
6. jpz;Lf;fy; 12. J}j;Jf;Fb mike;Js;sJ.
 xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpd; jiy efuKk;  Q V gpwe;j Ch; MFk;.
me;je;j khtl;lq;fspy; mike; VBDA#
Js;sJ. ,uz;L khtl;lq;fspd;  ,k;khtl;lj;jpYs;s DVl_
jiyefuk; kl;Lk; NtWgl;Ls;sJ. ePh;kpd; tpir cw;gj;jp nra;ag;
mit. gLfpwJ.
 >[M]BVs[ \V[ vd;Wk;
fd;dpahFkhp - ehfh;Nfhtpy;
Nfhit miof;fg;gLfpwJ. (tl
ePyfphp - cjfkz;lyk;
,e;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lh; fhd;G+h;
>tw][kV\Vk[ MFk;).
 ghujpahh; gy;fiyf;fofk;> jkpo;ehL
>MEA^
~V| Ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
 efu tsh;r;rpapy; jkpofj;jpd; =mtpdhrp ypq;fk; kidapay; gy;fiyf;
,uz;lhtJ nghpa efh;. fofk; Mfpait ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;
 <NuhL ,jd; Jzp tpahghuKk; cs;sd.
Ek
,e;jpa mstpy; [kf;fhsKk; kpfg;
 cyfpd; kpfTk; juk;tha;e;j fpuhigl;
Gfo; ngw;wjhFk;.
 fdpkk; fpilf;fpwJ.
[
 nea;Ntyp mdy;kpd; epiyak;.
 ,e;jpahtpd; ‘Vl” vd;W
 ney;ypf;Fg;gk; rh;f;fiu Miy.
$wg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; gd;dhl;L fhh;
(,.I.b. ghhp rh;f;fiu Miy)
 jahhpg;G Miyfs; nrd;idapYk;>
 jkpo;ehL fhfpj Miy mijr; Rw;wpYk; mike;J cs;sd.
 $l;LwT E}w;ghiy  ‘gk” njd;dpe;jpahtpd; fyhr;
 nrl;behL rpnkz;l; Miy rhuj;jpd; EioT thapyhff; fUjg;
[MBVz\ gLfpwJ.
 ehQ;rpy; ehL vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ D
 ,e;jpa mUkz; njhopw;rhiy  nghpahh; gy;fiyf;fofk; ,k;khtl;lj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. mike;Js;sJ.


 AslB_

 ,e;jpahtpNyNa \V cw;gj;jp D \uD B

nra;Ak; gFjpfspy; xd;whfj;  jkpofj;jpNyNa mjpfstpy; rpnkz;l;
jpfo;fpwJ. cw;gj;jpahFk; ,lk;.
 NkYk; [t;thprp kpFjpahf cw;gj;jp  [pg;rk; mjpfkhf ,k;khtl;lj;jpy;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. fhzg;gLfpwJ.
>V #mz
 jQ;rhT+h; nlf;];ily;];  Mh;fhdpf; nfkpf;fy;]; ];gpf;
 NguwpQh; mz;zh rh;f;fiu Miy J}j;Jf;Fb mdy; kpd; epiyak;.
 jpUkz;lFb MUuhd; rh;f;fiu  jhuq;fjhuh nfkpf;fy;]; ypkpnll;
Miy  cg;ngLj;jy; kw;Wk; kPd; gpbj;jy;
 ngy; nkl;ly; A+dpl; Mfpatw;Wf;F J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lk;
 <fhd; Nkf;fpq; ypkpnll; mfpait cyfg;Gfo; ngw;W tpsq;FfpwJ.
mike;Js;sd.  jkpo;ehL fly;rhh; gapw;rp fofk;
]|_ cs;sJ.
 fhe;jp fpuhkpag; gy;fiyf;fofk; 
 md;id njurh gy;fiyf;fofk;  Gifg;glr; RUs; jahhpg;G
 jpz;Lf;fy; G+l;L rpwg;Gkpf;fJ.  Jg;ghf;fp kUe;J njhopw;rhiyfs;
]E  ANudpak;> gpdhapy;> A+fypg;l];
 kiyf;Nfhl;il> fy;yiz> Kf;nfhk;G vz;nza; jahhpg;G
Nghd;w Kf;fpa Rw;Wyh jsq;fs;  Crpj; njhopw;rhiy
cs;sJ.  GNuhl;Bd; jahhpg;G
 ghujpjhrd; gy;fiyf;fofk; mike;  thdpiy Ma;T epiyak;
Js;sJ.
kiytho; goq;Fbapdh;:
]_ko
1. FWk;gh; 2. Njhlh;; 3. Nfhlh;
 kNdhd;kzPak; Re;judhh;
4. gdpah; 5. ,Ush;
gy;fiyf;fofk; mike;Js;sJ.
 rpw;gf; fiyf;F Gfo;ngw;w iV sm
AD  jPg;ngl;b kw;Wk; gl;lhRj;
 $lq;Fsk; mDkpd; epiyak;> njhopw;rhiyfs; Mfpad
mhpaFsk; %d;wilg;G gwitfs; ,k;khtl;lj;jpd; rpwg;Gfs;.
ruzhyak;  ,jdhy; rptfhrpia ‘z V[”
 fsf;fhL - Kz;le;Jiw Gypfs; vd;W miof;fpd;wdh;.
ruzhyak;

40
 AslB_

k rh;f;fiu> Njhy; gjdpLk; njhopw;

 ,uhzpg;Ngl;il xU njhopy; rhiy Nghd;wit mike;Js;sd.
ikakhFk;.  Mrpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa njhiy
 ngy;> vd;gPy;L> <.I.b ghhp Nghd;w Nehf;fp ikak; Vk_ cs;sJ.
epWtdq;fs; ,q;Fs;sd.  MrpahtpNyNa Gfo;ngw;w E.D.E.
 jkpo;ehL ntbnghUs; Miy> v‡F \mk\ cs;sJ.
Miy> vk;.Mh;.vg;. lah;> re;jdk;>

>tw][ EA^
1 kpf caukhd rpiy (133 mb cauk;> jpUts;Sth; rpiy
fd;dpahFkhp)
2 kpfnghpa njhiyNehf;fp (MrpahtpNyNa fhtY}h; (itDghg;G) NtY}h;
kpfg;nghpaJ)
3 kpf cah;e;j rpfuk; (njd;dpe;jpah) MidKb (2697 kP)
4 kpf ePskhd MW fhtphp (760 fp.kP)
5 jkpofj;jpd; khd;nr];lh; Nfhak;Gj;J}h;
6 kpf cah;e;j NfhGuk; =uq;fk; (240 mb)
7 kpf nghpa ghyk; ghk;gd; ghyk;
8 jkpofj;jpd; `hye;J (kyh; cw;gj;jp) jpz;Lf;fy;
9 kpfg;nghpa Njh; jpUth&h;
10 Kjy; ngz; MSeh; ghj;jpkh gPtp
11 kpfr; rpwpa khtl;lk; nrd;id
12 kpfg; nghpa khtl;lk; <NuhL (8162 sq.km)
13 Kjy; ngz; ePjpgjp gj;kpdp N[RJiu
14 jkpofj;jpd; new;fsQ;rpak; jQ;rhT+h;
15 Kjy; ngz; kUj;Jth; lhf;lh; Kj;Jnyl;Rkp nul;b
16 Kjy; ehspjo; kjuh]; nkapy; (1873)
17 Kjy; jkpo; ehspjo; RNjrkpj;jpud; (1829)
18 kpfg;nghpa Nfhtpy; jQ;ir gpufjP];th; Nfhapy;
19 kpfg;nghpa mizf;fl;L Nkl;^h; mizf;fl;L
20 kpfg; gioa mizf;fl;L fy;yiz mizf;fl;L
21 Kjy; khefuhl;rp nrd;id (1688)

4
 AslB_
22 Kjy; ngz; Kjy;th; [hdfp uhkr;re;jpud;
23 Kjy; NgRk; glk; fhspjh]; (1931)
24 Kjy; ,Ug;Gg; ghij uhaGuk; - thyh[h (1856)
25 Kjy; Cikg;glk; fPrftjk; (1916)
26 kiyfspd; uhzp cjfkz;lyk;
27 kiyfspd; ,sturp nfhilf;fhdy;
28 Viofspd; Cl;b Vw;fhL
29 jkpofj;jpd; EioT thapy; J}j;Jf;Fb JiwKfk;
30 Nfhtpy; efuk;/cwq;fh efuk;/jpUtpoh kJiu
efuk;
31 kiyf;Nfhl;il efuk; jpUr;rp
32 Fl;b [g;ghd; efuk; rptfhrp
33 njd;dfj;jpd; Eiothapy; nrd;id
34 njhopy; efuk; tpUJefh;
35 nerthsh;fspd; tPL f&h;
36 G+l;L efuk; jpz;Lf;fy;
37 jkpofj;jpd; `hypTl; Nfhlk;ghf;fk;
38 kpf cah;e;j fl;blk; vy;Irp kTz;l;NuhL> nrd;id
39 njd;dpe;jpa fq;if fhtphp
njd; fq;if Nfhj;jhthp
40 Kjy; ngz; jiyik nrayh; jpUkjp.yf;RkpgpuhNd\;
41 jkpofj;jpd; Kjy; Nehgy; ghprhsh; rp.tp.uhkd; (1930 - ,aw;gpay;)
42 jkpofj;jpd; Kjy; ePh; kpd; jpl;lk; igfhuh (ePyfphp)
43 jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjy; ngz; IPS mjpfhhp jpyftjp
44 jkpo;ehl;by; Kjy; thndhyp epiyak; nrd;id
45 jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjy; ngz; Nkah; jhuh nrhpad;
(nrd;id)
46 jkpo;ehl;by; Kjy; Nrhjidf;Foha; lhf;lh;. fkyh nry;tuh[;
Foe;ijia cUthf;fpath;
47 Kjy; mdy; kpd; jpl;lk; nea;Ntyp
48 jkpofj;jpd; nghw;fhyk; rq;ffhyk;
49 jkpofj;jpd; ,Uz;l fhyk; fsg;gpuh;fs; fhyk;
50 jkpo;ehl;by; fy;tp tsh;r;rp ehs; [_iy 15
42
 AslB_

51 jkpopy; vOe;j Kjy; ehty; gpujhg Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk;

52 jkpo;ehl;by; Kjd;Kjypy; uaj;Jthhp rh;.jhk]; kd;Nwh
Kiw nfhz;L te;jth;
53 kQ;rs; cw;gj;jpf;F ngah; ngw;w <NuhL
khtl;lk;
54 ghuj uj;dh tpUJ ngw;w Kjy; jkpof ,uh[h[p
Kjyikr;rh;

>tw BV^ >]]uz x[

 ,e;jpahit Mq;fpNyah; murpay;
khepy rpd;dk; =tpy;ypGj;J}h;
kw;Wk; ,uhZt fhuzq;fSf;fhf
Mz;lhs; Nfhapy;
gk;gha;> fy;fj;jh> kjuh]; vd;W
NfhGuk; %d;W ngUk; khfhzq;fshfg;
khepy tpyq;F tiuahL gphpj;jpUe;jdh;. ,e;jpa rpw;wurh;
khepy kyh; nrq;fhe;js; (m) fSld; 1799-k; Mz;L Vw;gl;l
fhh;j;jpifg;G+ xg;ge;jk; ,k;%d;W khfhzq;fSk;
khepy gwit kufjg;Gwh cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
khepy kuk; gidkuk;  kjuh]; khfhzj;jpy; 1881-k; Mz;L
26 khtl;lq;fs; ,Ue;jd.
khepy fgb
tpisahl;L
>]]uz [
 ,e;jpah 1947-k; Mz;L Rje;jpuk;
khepy fPjk; ng.Re;juk; gps;isapd;
mile;jNghJ kjuh]; khfhzk;
ePuhUk; flYLj;j
 jkpo;ehL  Nfush
vd;Wk; ghly;
 Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; Mfpa gFjp
fis cs;slf;fpaJ.

kD |D \VkD Am >M \VkD

1966 Nryj;jpypUe;J jUkGhp
1974 jpUr;rpapypUe;J GJf;Nfhl;il
1979 Nfhak;Gj;J}hpypUe;J <NuhL
1985 kJiu kw;Wk; ,uhkehjGuj;jpypUe;J tpUJefh; kw;Wk; rptfq;if
tpUJefh; kw;Wk; rptfq;if
1985 kJiuapypUe;J jpz;Lf;fy;

4
 AslB_

1986 jpUney;NtypapypUe;J J}j;Jf;Fb

1989 tl Mw;fhl;bypUe;J jpUtz;zhkiy kw;Wk;
NtY}h;
1991 jQ;rhT+hpypUe;J ehfg;gl;bdk; kw;Wk; jpUth&h;
1993 njd; Mw;fhl;bypUe;J flY}h; kw;Wk; tpOg;Guk;
1995 jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spapypUe;J f&h; kw;Wk; nguk;gY}h;
1996 kJiuapypUe;J Njdp
1997 Nryj;jpypUe;J ehkf;fy;
1997 nrq;fy;gl;bypUe;J fhQ;rpGuk; kw;Wk; jpUts;@h;
2004 jUkGhpapypUe;J fpU\;zfphp
2007 nguk;gY}hpypUe;J mhpaY}h;
2009 Nfhak;Gj;J}h; kw;Wk; <NuhbypUe;J jpUg;G+h;

 Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; Vw;gl;l 1. kjuh]; 8. jQ;rhT+h;

Nghuhl;lj;jpdhy; ,e;j 2. nrq;fy;gl;L 9. jpUr;rp
epyg;gug;gpy; nkhopthhp khepyq;fs; 3. tlMw;fhL 10. kJiu
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 4. njd; Mw;fhL 11. ,uhkehjGuk;
 kjuh]; khfhzk; 1956-k; Mz;L 5. ePyfphp 12. jpUney;Ntyp
,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fg;gl;L >Kz 6. Nfhak;Gj;J}h; 13. fd;dpahFkhp
\Va D \ g]> 7. Nryk;
\VW\VD, >t \Va D  jkpof muR Nkw;$wpa 13 khtl;lq;
\ \>V \VW\VD fisAk;> 1965 x>_ 2009 tiu
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. eph;thf rPuikg;gpw;fhf 32
 mg;nghOJ kjuh]; khfhzj;jpy; 13 \VkV khw;wpaikj;jJ.
khtl;lq;fs; ,Ue;jd. mit>

••••••

44
 AslB_

>tV| BuB\A

 tlf;Nf tpe;jpa kiyapypUe;J 1. \z]

njw;Nf fd;dpahFkhp tiu gutpAs;s  jkpofj;jpd; kiyg;gFjpia
jf;fhzj;jpd; njd;fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; ,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fyhk;. mit
mike;Js;sJ jkpo;ehL.  Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyg;gFjpfs;
>tw][ _ z]^  fpof;Fj; njhlh;r;rp
tlf;fpy; - Me;jpugpuNjrKk;> kiyg;gFjpfs;
fh;ehlfhitAk;  ,e;j ,uz;L kiyg;gFjpfSk;
fpof;fpy; - tq;fhs tphpFlhitAk;> ePyfphpapy; cs;s ‘>VV” vd;w
njw;fpy; - ,e;jpag; ngUq;fliyAk; ,lj;jpy; ,izfpd;wd.
Nkw;fpy; - Nfusj;ijAk; zuV \
nfhz;Ls;sJ.  jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy;
 gue;j> mhpf;fg;glhj cah;epyq;fSk;> mike;Js;sJ.
Mw;Wr;rkntspfSk; nfhz;l  ,q;F jkpofj;jpd; Gfo;ngw;w
gFjpahFk; ekJ jkpo;ehL. ePh;tPo;r;rpfs; cs;sJ.
 ,q;F Vk, VV, >[, \] \
FBV, >Vt, k,  jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; mike;J
\x>V, kVM, VFB_ cs;sJ.
Nghd;w ejpfs; gha;e;J jkpo;ehl;il  ,jd; cauk; 1650 *.
tsg;gLj;J fpd;wd.  ,J ]B \ vd;Wk; miof;fg;
 jkpo;ehl;bd; ,aw;if mikg;gpid gLfpwJ.
ehd;F gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.  NkYk; Nkw;fpy; mike;Js;s
mit. rpWFd;Wfs; k VVzD.
1. kiyg;gFjp  Mz;bg;gl;bf; Fd;WfisAk;> tUr
2. gPlG+kpg;gpuNjrk; ehl;ilAk; fk;gk; gs;sj;jhf;F
3. rkntspg;gpuNjrk; gphpf;fpwJ.
4. flNyhug;gFjpfs;

4
 AslB_

>tV| Bu \A

4
 AslB_

>tV[ \^
\uz >VE \^ wz >VE \^
 Nkw;F flw;fiuf;F ,izahfr;  fpof;F flw;fiu Xuj;jpy; kiyfspd;
nrd;whYk; mjd; xU gFjp xU gFjp jkpofj;jpy; cs;sJ.
kl;Lk; jkpo;ehl;bd; vy;iyf;Fs;  [t;thJ kiy> fy;tuhad; kiy>
fhzg;gLfpwJ. Nrh;tuhad; kiy> gr;ir kiy> nfhy;yp
 ePyfphp kiyfs;> Midkiy> godp kiy Mfpa kiyfs; mlq;Fk;.
kiy> nfhilf;fhdy; Fd;W>
Fw;whykiy> kNfe;jpukiy> mfj;jpah;
kiy MfpaitahFk;.
ePyfphp kiy [t;thJ kiy
 fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J Rkhh; 1800 Kjy;  ,it ik#h; gPlG+kpia tpl cauk;
2400 kP cauj;jpy; cs;sd. mjpfk;.
 ,jd; cah;e;j rpfuk; ‘njhl;lngl;lh”  jkpofj;jpd; tlNkw;Fg; gFjpapy;
MFk;. ,jd; cauk; 2673 kP. NtY}h; khtl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
 njhl;lngl;lh cjfkz;lyj;jpd; Fd;WfshFk;.
fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; mike;Js;sJ.  ,tw;wpd; cauk; 1090 Kjy; 1160 kP
 ,jd; rhpT kpfr; nrq;Fj;jhdJ. MFk;. ,J 252 r.kP tiu gutpAs;sJ.
 2 kPl;lhpypUe;J 1800 kPl;lh; tiuapYs;s  ,jpy; mike;Js;s Vyfphp Nfhil
J}uk; 4 fp.kP jhd;. thoplkhFk;.
 ePyfphpkiy Nfhak;Gj;J}h; gPlG+kpia
Nehf;fp nkJthf rhpfpwJ.
 cjfkz;lyk;> Fd;D}h;> Nfhj;jfphp
Mfpait Kf;fpakhd kiy
thoplq;fshFk;.
Mid kiy fy;tuhad; kiy
 njd;fhrpf;F Nkw;fpy; fhzg;gLk;  tpOg;Guk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
,ilntsp Nfushtpw;F nry;Yk;  nts;shw;wpd; Jiz MWfs; ,e;j
ghijahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Fd;Wfspy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd.
 ,jpy; cah;e;j rpfuk; MidKb (2652  ,q;F Kf;fpakhd kiyrhjp Fbap
kP) ,jw;fpilapy; ghyf;fhl;L fztha; Ug;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
cs;sJ.  cah;e;j rpfuk; Nrhiyf;fhL (1640 kP)
 ,q;F ghf;irl; jhJf;fs; fpilf;
fpd;wd.

4
 AslB_

godp kiy gr;ir kiy

 ,J xU jho;e;j Fd;WfshFk;.  nguk;gY}h; khtl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ,jd; cauk; 150 kPl;lhpypUe;J 2000  ,q;F fUg;Gf; fUq;fy; fpilf;fpwJ.
kPl;luhFk;.  ,J cyfpNyNa juk; tha;e;jjhff;
 njw;fpy; Vyfphp kiyfs; cs;sd. fUjg;gLfpwJ.
 ,jpy; nghpahh; Vhpf;F mUfpy; Njf;fb
ruzhyak; cs;sJ.
nfhilf;fhdy; kiy nfhy;yp kiy
 ,J godpkiyapd; njhlh;r;rp MFk;.  ehkf;fy; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
 ,J jpz;Lf;fy; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ.  ,q;F ghf;irl; jhJ fpilf;fpwJ.
 ,J xU Nfhil kiy thoplk; MFk;.  gr;ir kiy> nfhy;ypkiyf; fpof;fpy;
,q;F 12 Mz;LfSf;F xUKiw ghykiyf; Fd;Wfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
FwpQ;rpg;G+ kyh;fpwJ. ,q;Fk; fUq;fy;> fy;J}s;fs;
fpilf;fpd;wd.
 fQ;rkiy> rhf;Ff; Fd;W Mfpait
Nryk; gFjpapy; cs;sd.
 ,tw;wpy; ,Uk;Gj;jhJ kw;Wk; Nkf;d
irl; jhJf;fs; mjpfk; fpilf;fpd;wd.

2. tz]  Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfNshL

 Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyfSf;Fk;>
fpof;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyfSf;Fk;
,ilapy; gPlG+kpg; gFjpf;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ,jd; cauk; Nkw;fpy; 45 kPl;lhpype;J
fpof;fpy; 150 kPl;lh; tiuahFk;.
epyk; Nkw;fpypUe;J fpof;F Nehf;fpr;
rhpfpwJ. ,q;Fk; ghAk; MWfshy;
mhpf;fg;gl;Lk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 jkpo;ehl;bd; Nrh;tuhad;
Fd;WfSf;F Nkw;fpy; fhzg;gLk;
VV\V_ t ik#h; gPlG+kpapd;
njhlh;r;rpahFk;. ,jd; cauk; 350
Kjy; 710 kPl;lh; tiuahFk;.
xg;gpLk; NghJ fpof;F njhlh;r;rp
kiyfs; njhlh;r;rpaw;w kiyfshf
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ePyfphpapypUe;J> jh;kGhp tiu cs;s
gFjpia Nfhak;Gj;J}h; gPlG+kp
vd;fpNwhk;. ,jd; cauk; 150 Kjy;
450 kP tiuahFk;.
 ,J ghiw tbtpy; mike;Js;sJ.
,jpy; Nryk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> <NuhL
Mfpa khtl;lq;fs; mlq;Fk;.
  t 2560..* ePyfphp gPlG+kp
2560 r.fp.kP gug;gsT nfhz;lJ.
,jd; cauk; 1800* x>_ 2900*
tiuahFk;.

4
 AslB_

_k \Vk_ V|D wz  ,t;tpU gPlG+kp gphpTfSf;Fk;

>VE \^ ,ilNa gy jdpj;jdpf; Fd;Wfs;
\Vk^ \^ fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. NtY}h; [t;thJ kw;Wk; Vyfphp 3. \k^
2. Nryk; Nrh;tuhad; kiy  jkpo;ehl;bd; rkntspg; gpuNjrj;ij
3. tpOg;Guk; fy;tuhad; kiy %d;W gphpTfshg; gphpf;fyhk;. mit.
4. jpUr;rp gr;ir kiy i. Nrhokz;lyf; flw;fiu rkntsp
5. ehkf;fy; nfhy;yp kiy ii. fhtphp tz;ly; rkntsp
6. jUkGhp kw;Wk; rpj;Njhp kiy iii. twz;l rkntspg;gFjpfs; Mfpad.
Nryk;  jkpo;ehl;bd; rkntspfis Mw;Wr;
7. jpUtz;zh nrQ;rp kiy rkntsp kw;Wk; flNyhur; rkntsp
kiy
vd ,U gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
fpof;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyfspy; cah;e;j
kiy Nrh;tuhad; kiy
(1500 kP - 1600 kP> Nryk;)
Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyfspy; cah;e;j
kiy Midkiy (2700 kP> Nfush)
 ,J tlf;Fg; gFjpapy; Nkahw;W
ePuhy; ik#h; gPlG+kpapy; ,Ue;J
gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 nghJthf gPlG+kpfs; vd;gJ
jl;ilahd Nky;gFjpf; nfhz;l (i) Vw \ u \k
kiyfs; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy;  flNyhur; rkntspfs; tlf;Nf
tiuaiwg;gb kpfg;nghpa jl;ilahd wkuV| Vhpapy; ,Ue;J njw;Nf
epyg;gFjp mjDila Rw;Wg;Gwj;ijf; [MBVz\tiu Rkhh; 1000 fp.kP
fhl;bYk; Vwf;Fiwa 15000 mbf;Fk; ePsj;jpy; gutpAs;sJ. ,r;rkntsp
Nky; cah;e;Jk; kw;Wk; Fiwe;Jk; xU fspd; ruhrhp cauk; 50 kPl;lh; MFk;.
nrq;Fj;J gFjp nfhz;l mikg;ghf  ,jpy; VV, FBV,
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. BV, k ejpfspd;
 ePyfphp caph;Nfhs ghJfhg;G mikg;G tbfhy;fSk; mlq;Fk;.
rpFh; gPlG+kp kw;Wk; ePykiyj;  ,jw;Fj; njw;fpy; gy kiyj;njhlh;fs;
njhlh;fis cs;slf;fp cs;sJ. FWf;Nf nry;fpd;wd. ,r;rkepyk;
,J UNESCO caph;f;Nfhs ghJfhg;G NkL gs;sq;fshy; MdJ.
mikg;gpd; xU gFjp MFk;. fy;tuhad; kiyapy; cw;gj;jpahFk;.
4

kzpKj;jhW kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz
ejpfs; rkepyq;fis mspf;fpd;wd.
 nts;shw;Wg; gs;sj;jhf;fpy; ‘ gEB[
u^” cs;sd.
 tlf;fpy; nrq;fy; fzthAk;> njw;fpy;
Mj;J}h; fzthAk; gPlG+kpAk;>
rkntspiaAk; gphpf;fpd;wd.
 ,r;rkntsp jpUth&h;> fhQ;rpGuk;>
NtY}h;> jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lq;
fspy; gutpAs;sJ.
(ii) Vs k_ \k
 fhtphp rkntspapy; fhtphp kw;Wk;
mjd; Jiz ejpfs; gha;fpd;wd.
,jd; cauk; 300 kPl;lUf;Ff; Fiw
thdjhFk;.
 ,jpy; >\A, D, >V,
]E, ]kV, AmV, ,
VD Mfpa khtl;lq;fs;
mlq;Fk;.
 k_ \D, V_o
\D, >u_ sVo\D
,r;rkntspiag; gphpf;fpd;wd.
 ,J nropg;ghd tz;ly;
rkepyj;ijf; nfhz;ljhFk;.
(iii) k >[ \k^
 ,r;rkntspfs; kiyabthuj;jpy;
cah;e;jg; gFjpfshff; fhzg;gL
fpd;wd.
 \m, Ek, V\V>AD,
sm, #mz, ]|_
Mfpa khtl;lq;fs; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
••••••
AslB_
 flw;fiur; rkntspfs; ghyhw;Wf;Fk;>
fhtphp Mw;Wf;Fk; ,ilapy; tz;ly;
gbTfshy; MdJ.
 ,jd; 50kP cauj;jpy; nrk;kz;
Fd;Wfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 jkpofj;jpd; flw;fiu mjpfk;
cilglhky; tisahky; Neuhd
flw;fiu kzy;gug;Gfs; nfhz;ljhf
mike;Js;sJ.
4. V z]^
 J}j;Jf;Fbapy; flw;fiuf;F ,izahf
10kP cauj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhd Njhp kzy;
NkLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 jkpo; ehl;by; ,uz;L flw;fiufs;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
i. nkhpdh flw;fiu
ii. ,uhNk];tuk; flw;fiu
(i) \V u
 cyfpd; ,uz;lhtJ mofpa nghpa
flw;fiuahd nkhpdh Rkhh; 13
fpNyhkPl;lh;. ePsk; tiu gutpAs;sJ.
,J nrd;id efhpd; Kf;fpa
kz; Rw;Wyhj; jyq;fSs; xd;whFk;.
(ii) V\kD u
 mofpa fly; epyj;Njhw;wq;fSf;Fk;>
miyapy;yhf; flw;gug;gpw;Fk;>
,f;flw;fiu Gfo; ngw;wjhFk;.
 ,q;F fly; miyfs; 3. *zD
kpfhj mstpw;F vOk;Gtjhy; ,J
ghh;g;gjw;F Xh; kpfg;nghpa g V[
Njhw;wj;ij mspf;fpd;wJ.
0
 AslB_

>tV| g^

 jkpofj;jpd; MWfs; Nkw;Fj;  ,jd; Kf;fpaj; Jiz ejpfs; gthdp>

njhlh;r;rp kiyapy; gUt mkuhtjp MFk;. ,it jkpofj;jpd;
kioapdhy; cUthfpd;wd. fhy;tha; ghrdj;jpw;F Mjhukhf
,itfs; Nkw;fpypUe;J fpof;fhfg; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
gha;fpd;wd.  ,e;jj; Jiz MWfspd; ,ilNa
 tlf;fpy; ghAk; MWfs;: gy;NtW mizfs; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. ghyhW kVMV, _, xVDA
2. nghd;dpahW Nghd;w mizfs; cs;sd.
3. nra;ahW  fhtphpf;F njw;Nf kV, k,
Mfpa ejpfs; jkpo;ehl;bd; tlf;fpy; >Vt Nghd;w Kf;fpa MWfs;
gha;fpd;wd. gha;fpd;wd.

Vs g fhtphp eLth; ePjpkd;w jPh;g;ghak;

 fhtphp kwz \uD >[wz 1990-fspy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;jhP g
; g
; hak;
Mfpa ,uz;L gUtq;fspYk;> jkpo;ehL> Nfush> fh;ehlfh> ghz;br;Nrhp
kioapidg; ngw;W fh;ehlfj;jpy; Mfpa vy;iy tiuaiwf;Fs; tUfpwJ.
cw;gj;jpahfp jkpo;ehl;by; gha;fpwJ.
jw;NghJ ,jd; jiytuhf VF
 jkpo;ehl;il tsg;gLj;jp fhtphp
\V V ,Uf;fpwhh;.
nly;lhthd jQ;ir khtl;lj;ij
‘uEBD;” vd miof;ff; kVM g
fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ.  gthdp jkpo;ehl;bd; \]
 Mdhy; jw;NghJ fh;ehlfj;jpy; ^>V_ (Silent Valley)
fhtphpapd; FWf;Nf gy mizfs; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.
fl;lg;gl;Ltpl;ljhy; Nfhilf;  fhLfs; mlh;e;j ,g;gFjpapy;
fhyj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;by; fhtphpapy; Njhd;Wk; gthdpAld; fpis
ePhpd;wp tptrhapfs; ngUk; mtjpf; MWfshf EkV, z>V, \BV
Fs;shfpd;wdh;. KjypaitAk; Nrh;fpd;wd.


 AslB_

 ,J fhNthpAld; fyf;FfpwJ.  V> D, ,jd; FWf;Nf

,jd; ePsk; 20 fp.kP ,jd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. E[V, \V
kVMV | cs;sJ. g, kVBV ,jd; Kf;fpa fpis
>[ MWfs; ,jd; ePsk; 396 .*
 fh;ehlfh khepyj;jpy; [VB[ VV
 vd;w ,lj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.  fh;ehlf khepyj;jpy; ‘] mD”
 gpwF jkpo;ehl;by; jh;kGhp> ]kV vd;w kiyg;gFjpapy; Njhd;wp
\ khtl;lq;fspy; Xb  fpof;fhf Xb k, VEAD
khtl;lj;jpy; flY}Uf;F mUfpy; khtl;lq;fisf; fle;J nrd;W rJuq;fg;
flypy; fyf;fpwJ. gl;bzj;jpd; mUfpy; flypy;
fyf;fpwJ.

>tw gu[ k_^

2
 AslB_

 ngUkio nga;jhyd;wp ,jpy; kBV

nts;sk; tuhJ. ,jdhy; ghyhw;wpy;
epuk;g Ntz;ba Vhpfs; ngUk;ghYk;
twz;Nl fhzg;gLk;.
 nra;ahW> ngUk;ghYk; twz;Nl
fhzg;gLk;. FBV, VlM,
^V ,jd; Kf;fpa fpis MWfs;
,jd; ePsk; 348 fp.kP.
 Njdp khtl;lj;jpy; gy
,lq;fspypUe;Jk; Xilfshfg; ngUfp
tUk; ePh; xd;Wgl;L itifahW Mfp
, \| \lV|D
V, kV| vd;gtw;iw fle;J
Nkfkiyia mile;J ts;spkiyj;
Njhl;lj;jpypUe;J Gwg;gLfpwJ.

>tw]_ V|^ W> 

k^



 ,g;gFjpfspy; ,jDld; \_
\V, \V, JV, k
g KjypaitAk;> fk;gk; gFjpapy;
Ky;iyahWk;> godp kiyg;gFjp
topahf kQ;rshWk; fye;J itif
mizfl;b me;j ePiu jpUg;gp
tpLfpwhh;fs;.
>VtBV
 ‘V” vdg;ngah; ngWk;
jhkpuguzp ]_ko, #mz
khtl;lq;fis tsg;gLj;JfpwJ.
 vfpg;J ieypd; ed;nfhil
vd;gijg;Nghy; >[V V|
jhkpuguzpapd; ed;nfhil.
 ,J nghjpif kiyapy; gy
fhy;fshfj; Njhd;WfpwJ.
 BV, VDV, c^V, BV,
kBV vdg; gyTk; xd;W$b
jhkpuguzpahfp 121 .* ePsk; Xb
Gz;izf; fhay; vd;w ,lj;jpy;
tq;fhs tphpFlhTld; fyf;fpwJ.
 ,jd; Kf;fpa fpis MW \x>V,
jhkpuguzpapd; ePsk; 130 fp.kP.
k^V
 Nrh;tuhad; kiyfs;> fy;tuhad;
kiyfs;> gr;ir kiy Mfpatw;wpd;
rhpTfspy; Js;spg;ghAk; mUtpfs;
xd;Wf;$b nts;shW Mfpd;wJ.
 ,J fpof;F Nehf;fp Xb rpjk;guj;jpw;F
tlf;Nf 16 fp.kP njhiytpy; cs;s
juq;fk;ghb mUNf tq;ff; flYld;
fyf;fpwJ.
AslB_
 VxD \z ]D ,jd;
fpis MWfs; MFk;. ,jd; ePsk;
193 fp.kP.
BV
 fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpy; XLk; gy
rpw;whWfs; Gfo; tha;e;jJ. ‘wBV”
vd;W ,ij miog;gh;.
 gy rpw;whWfs; xd;W$b ejpahfpwJ.
,tw;Ws; xd;W kNfe;jpufphpf;F
tlf;Nf cw;gj;jpahfp >V,
VV, VVs_, ]D
Mfpa Ch;fs; topahf 50.*ePsk; Xb
kzf;FbaUNf Njq;fha;gl;bzj;jpy;
tq;ff;flYld; fyf;fpwJ.
\x>V
 ,J jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; Nkw;Fj;
njhlh;r;rp kiyapy; _>
Vl_ cw;gj;jpahfp nghUid
Mw;Wld; fyf;FfpwJ.
V|>BV
 ‘VuBBV, z>BV”
vd;Wk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. nrd;idf;F
tlNkw;F 160 fp.kP njhiytpy;
Me;jpu khepyj;jpy; cs;s 
kiyapy; cw;gj;jpahfp jpUts;@h;
khtl;lj;jpy; gha;e;J tq;ff; flypy;
fyf;fpwJ.
 tlfpof;F gUt kio nga;Ak;
V x>_ D tiuapyhd
fhyg;gFjpapy; ,jpy; 3 my;yJ 4
Kiw nts;sk; fiuGuz;NlhLk;.
4
 AslB_

>tw]_ VD g[  ]^

g^  ]^
fhtphp MW gthdp> Nyhf; gthdp> neha;ay;> mkuhtjp MW
gthdp MW rpWthzp> Fe;jhNkah;
njd;ngz;iz MW rpd;dhW> khh;f;fz;l MW> thzpahW
ghyhW nra;ahW> nghapdp> es;shW
jhkpuguzp kzpKj;jhW> Ngr;rpahW> rpj;jhh; MW> Nrh;itahW
nts;shW NfhKfp> kzpf;Fl;l ejp> fy;yhW> mizkLT
kzpKj;jhW fPo MW> tul;lhW
nfhr];jiyahW efhp MW
>tw][ _k \Vk_ VBD g[ B^ [kD
l_ VVD

\VkD VD g^

nrd;id $tk;> milahW> gf;fpq;fhk;> fhy;tha;> Xl;Nlhp
fhy;tha;fs;
flY}h; njd;ngz;iz> nfbyk;
tpOg;Guk; NfhKfp
fhQ;rpGuk; milahW> nra;ahW> ghyhW
jpUtz;zhkiy njd;ngz;iz> nra;ahW
f&h; mkuhtjp
jpUr;rp fhNthp> nfhs;splk;
jQ;rhT+h; ntl;lhW> ntz;zhW> nfhs;splk;> fhNthp
rptfq;if itifahW
ehfg;gl;bdk; ghkzpahW> fhNthp
J}j;Jf;Fb ntz;zhW
Njdp itifahW
Nfhit rpWthzp> mkuhtjp
jpUney;Ntyp jhkpuguzp
kJiu nghpahW> itif
jpz;Lf;fy; gug;gyhW> tujkhejp> kUjh ejp


 AslB_

fd;dpahFkhp NfhijahW> guspahW> gioahW

,uhkehjGuk; Fz;lhW> itif
jUkGhp njhg;igahW> njd;ngz;iz> fhNthp
Nryk; trpl;lh ejp> fhNthp
tpUJefh; nfsrpfhW> itg;ghW> Fz;lhW> mh;[PdhW
ehkf;fy; cg;ghW> neha;ay;> fhNthp
<NuhL gthdp> fhNthp
>tV[ ^ \uD >^
\VkD ^ \uD >^
jUkGhp njhg;igahW> fpU\;zfphp> ehfhtjp> ghk;ghW>
nfytusg;gh> NfruspFy;yh> gQ;rg;gs;sp>
thzpahW> <r;rk;ghl;b ePh;j;Njf;fk;.
<NuhL gthdprhfh;> tul;Lg;gs;sk;> Fz;Nlhpg;gs;sk;>
nfhbNthp> Xuj;Jg;gs;sk;> cg;ghW
ePyfphp mtyhQ;rp> vkuhy;L> fpsk;khh;f;fd;Fj;jh>
rhz;bey;yh> ghh;rd;];Ntyp> igf;fhuh>
Nghf;j;jpke;J> kutfz;L> Kf;FUj;jp> Nky;gthdp.
Nfhak;Gj;J}h; mkuhtjp> rpd;dhW> guk;gpf;Fsk;> MspahW>
jpU%h;j;jp
jpUney;Ntyp ghgehrk;> fldhejp> ,uhkhejp> fUg;gh ejp>
Nrh;itahW> Fz;lhW> kzpKj;jhW
jpUtz;zhkiy rhj;jD}h; miz
tpOg;Guk; kzpKj;jhW> NfhKfp tPLh; ePh;j;Njf;fk;
Nryk; Nkl;^h; miz> trpl;lh ejp
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp fy;yiz> Kf;nfhk;G
kJiu itif miz
Njdp kQ;rshW miz> itif miz
tpUJefh; gpstf;fy; miz
fd;dpahFkhp Ngr;rpg;ghiw miz

••••••


 AslB_

>tV[ VW

‘\V[[” vd;w nrhy;yhdJ ‘\D” >tV[ \wVa 3 V _

vd;w mNugpa nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J ngwg; |m.
gl;lJ MFk;. ,r;nrhy;Yf;F kD vd;W 1. njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W kiog;nghopT

nghUs;. Xh; Mz;by; xU Fwpg;gpgl;l 2. tlfpof;F gUtf;fhw;W kiog;nghopT

gUtj;jpy; Neh; vjph;jpirfshy; ,Ue;J 3. #whtsp kiog;nghopT

tPRk; fhw;Wfis k Vu^ vd;gh;. \wVa k_ (Rainfall

 Mtpahjy; Fsph;fhyj;ij tpl Distribution)
Nfhilfhyj;jpy;jhd; mjpfkhf  jkpof khtl;lq;fSs; fd;dpahFkhp
fhzg;gLfpwJ. kiog;nghopT jUk; khtl;lk; kl;LNk %d;W gUtf;
Nkfq;fs; Nfhilf;fhyq;fspy; fhyq;fspYk; kioiag; ngWk;
ngUkstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. khtl;lkhFk;.
 Nfhil fhyj;jpd; mjpf ntg;gkhd  flNyhu khtl;lq;fSk;> ePyfphp
fhyk; ‘M ]D” my;yJ khtl;lq;fSk; Mz;bw;F Rkhh; 1400
‘] kl_” vdg;gLk;. kp.kPl;lUf;F Nky; kio ngWfpwJ.
 Mz;bd; nkhj;j kiomstpy;
Fiwe;jsT kioia Nfhak;Gj;J}h;
khtl;lk; ngWfpd;wJ.

k^ >t k^ >t \V>^

Nfhilf;fhyk; (Vg;uy; Kjy; ,sNtdpy;> KJNtdpy; rpj;jpiu> itfhrp> Mdp> Mb
Mf];l; tiu)
kiof;fhyk; (Mf];l; Kjy; fhh;fhyk;> Fsph;fhyk; Mtzp> Gul;lhrp> Ig;grp>
brk;gh; tiu) fhh;j;jpif
Fsph;fhyk; (brk;gh; Kjy; Kd;gdp> gpd;gdp khh;fop> ij> khrp> gq;Fdp
Vg;uy; tiu)


 AslB_

 Mz;L kiog;nghoptpd; msitf; jkpofj;jpd; fhLfs; Nkw;F kiyj;

nfhz;L jkpo;ehl;bd; khtl;lq;fis njhlh; kw;Wk; gpwkiyj;njhlh;fspYk;
Ie;J kio kz;lyq;fshfg; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
gphpf;fyhk;.  jkpo;ehL 999 fp.kP nfhz;l ePz;l
Bu >Vk^ flw;fiuiaf; nfhz;L ghiw
 jkpo;ehl;bd; fhl;Lg; gFjpapd; flw;fiuahfk; cs;sJ.
tpfpjhr;rhuk; 17 rjtPjNk MFk;.
>[\uz kVu kwz kVu Vk \wVa
\wVa \wVa
fhyk;: [Pd; Kjy; mf;Nlhgh; Kjy; etk;gh; tiu etk;gh; khjk;
nrg;lk;gh; tiu
ePyfphp khtl;lk;> jkpo;ehl;bd; flNyhu kw;Wk;
fd;dpahFkhhp khtl;lk;> cs;ehl;L rkntspg; gFjpfs;
Nfhit khtl;lj;jpd;
Nkw;Fg; gFjp> jUkGhp
kw;Wk; Nryk;.
gad;ngWk; khtl;lq;fs;: fpof;F khtl;lq;fspy; mjpf tq;ff;flypd; njd;
Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kio kiog;nghopitAk;> kj;jpa gFjpapy; Vw;gLfpd;w tsp
apd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; Nkw;F khtl;lq;fs; Fiwthd kz;ly mOj;j NtW
,g;gUtkio Kjypy; kiog;nghopitAk; ngWfpwJ. ghl;bdhy; jho;T mOj;jg;
njhlq;FfpwJ. gFjpapy; cz;lhfp> mJ
Nkd;NkYk; jPtpukile;J
#whtspahf khWfpd;wJ.
ruhrhp kiog;nghopT: ruhrhp kiog;nghopT: 150 cm
150 cm. – 200 cm.
kioapd; msT Nkw;fp kioapd; msT fpof;fpypUe;J tlfpof;Fg; gUt kioAk;>
ypUe;J fpof;F Nehf;fpr; Nkw;fhf FiwfpwJ. #whtsp kiog;nghopTk;
nry;y nry;y FiwfpwJ. rkkhd mstpy; flNyhu
khtl;lq;fSf;F kiog;
nghopit jUfpd;wd.
70% rjtPj kiog;nghopT jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp> Nryk; kw;Wk;
ePyfphp khtl;lj;jpy; <NuhL khtl;lq;fspy; 100 cm
nga;fpwJ. Kjy; 150 cm ,g;gUt fhyj;jpy;
kioiag; ngWfpd;wd.


 AslB_

\wVas[ \wVas[ k_ \Vk^


kpff;Fiwthd 800 kp.kPf;F fPo; Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> jpUg;G+h;
kiog;nghopT
Fiwthd 800 kp.kP Kjy; 1000 ehkf;fy;> f&h;> J}j;Jf;Fb> <NuhL>
kiog;nghopT kp.kP tiu jUkGhp> kJiu> jpUr;rp> nguk;gY}h;
mhpaY}h;> fpU\;zfphp.
kpjkhd 1000 - 1200 kp.kP tiu GJf;Nfhl;il> tpUJefh;> rptfq;if>
kiog;nghopT jQ;rhT+h;> Nryk;> Njdp> NtY}h;.
mjpf 1200 - 1400 kp.kP tiu jpUney;Ntyp> jpUtz;zhkiy>
kiog;nghopT fd;dpahFkhp
kpf mjpf 1400 kp.kP f;F Nky; fhQ;rpGuk;> nrd;id> tpOg;Guk;>
kiog;nghopT jpUts;@h;> flY}h;> jpUth&h;>
ehfg;gl;bdk;> ePyfphp


 AslB_

 jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s fopKfq;fs;> V|[ k_

<uepyq;fs; rpwg;G mk;rq;fs;  jkpof khtl;lq;fspy; fhLfspd;
fhuzkhf mit Kf;fpakhdjhff;
guty; rjtPjk; rkkw;w epiyapy;
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 flw;fiu rhh;e;j kz;lyq;fspy;>
cyh;e;j gUtepiyAk;> tskw;w  Nryk; khtl;lq;fspy; mlh;j;jpahd
kz;Zk; rTf;F kuj;ij kl;LNk tsu fhLfs; cs;sd. ePyfphp khtl;lj;jpd;
mDkjpf;fpd;wd. mjpf kiog; nghopT nkhj;jg; gug;gpy; 50 >T>]uzD
ngWk; gFjpfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Nkw;gl;l gug;G fhLfshfNt cs;sd.
msT mad kz;lyf;fhLfSk;  kw;w khtl;lq;fspy; fhLfs; 1 x>_ 5
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. >T>D k fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Nfhukz;ly flw;fiu (jkpo;ehL)  jkpo;ehl;bd; fhLfspy; gy;NtW
1. vz;Z}h; tifahd kuq;fs; fhzg;gL
2. $tk; fpd;wd.
3. milahh;  jkpo;ehl;by; 5>88>000 n`f;lh;
4. cg;gdhh; gug;gstpy; re;jd kuf; fhLfs;
5. nts;shh; cs;sd. Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> ePyfphp kw;Wk;
6. nfhs;splk; fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lq;fspy; kuq;fs;
7. fhNthp
mlh;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
8. mf;dpahh;
9. fy;yhh;
10. filahh;

,ug;gh; Njhl;lq;fs; fd;dpahFkhp

fw;G+u kw;Wk; ijy kuk; ePyfphp
jPf;Fr;rp kuq;fs; jpUney;Ntyp kw;Wk; tpUJefh;
kh> gyh> ehty;> thio khepyq;fspd; gy;NtW khtl;lq;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
V|[ k^
B \ \ \V B \ [ xA> V|^
V|^  V|^
,it gRik khwhf; ,it gUtf;fhLfs; ePzl
; twz;l fhyKk;>
fhLfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd. vdg;gLfpd;wd. Fiw thd kiog; nghopTk;
cs;s ,lq;fspy; fhzg;
gLfpd;wd.

0
 AslB_

,iyfs; cjph;f;fhjit ,iyfis cjph;j;J Mokhd Nth;fSk;>

tpLfpd;wd fdkhdj; jz;L
mikg;Gk; kw;Wk; rijg;
gw;Ws;s ,iyfs;
kiog;nghopT: 200 cm kiog;nghopT:
100 cm – 200 cm
fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fs;: fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fs;: ,it twz;lfhy
ePyfphp> Midkiyr; Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyapd; epiyfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
rhpT> flNyhug; gFjpfs; fpof;Fr; rhpTfspYk;
ngUk;ghd;ikahdit.
kuq;fs;: vNghdp> Njf;F> jhtuq;fs;: rpwpa Fl;il
nrk;kuk;> fUq;fhyp ahd kuq;fs;> Gjh;fs;
ruhrhpahf 60 kP cauk;
tiu tsUk;.
mA WV|^ \B V|^
,it rJg;Gepyf;fhLfs; (m) Xjf; kiog;nghopT mjpfkhfTs;s kiyr;
fhLfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd. rhpTfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
V|D ^: gpr;rhtuk;> V|D ^: jkpofj;jpy; cs;s
Nfhbaf;fiu> kw;Wk; Ntjhuz;ak; Midkiyg; gFjpapYk;> ePyfphp kiy
apYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,it iuNrhNghuh jhtuf; FLk;gj;ij jhtuq;fs;:
rhh;e;jitfshFk;.

gpr;rhtuk; - 25 r.fpkP
Nfhbaf;fiu - 17 r.fp.kP


 AslB_

>tw][ V|[ k^

••••••

2
 AslB_

>tw]_ c^ k^ \uD sz^ VB^

B \VkD
1. k^ VBD
1. goNtw;fhL Vhp jpUts;@h;
2. Ntle;jhq;fy; fhQ;rpGuk;
3. nts;NshL <NuhL
4. fhiuntl;b nguk;gY}u;
5. cjakhh;j;jhz;lGuk; jpUth&h;
6. tLt+u; jpUth&h;
7. rpj;jpuq;Fb ,uhkehjGuk;
8. $j;jd;Fsk; jpUney;Ntyp
9. Nfhbaf;fiu ehfg;gl;bdk;
10. Nky nry;tD}h; - fPo nry;tD}h; ,uhkehjGuk;
11. fhQ;rpuq;Fsk; ,uhkehjGuk;
12. Ntl;ld;Fb rptfq;if
2. >EB V^
1. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp Nfhak;Gj;J}u;
2. KJkiy ePyfpup
3. Kf;$u;j;jp ePyfpup
4. fpz;b nrd;id
5. kd;dhh; tisFlh ,uhkehjGuk;
3. ksz^ VBD
1. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp Nfhak;Gj;J}u;
2. KJkiy ePyfpup
3. Nfhbaf;fiu ehfg;gl;bdk;
4. jpUtpy;ypg;Gj;J}u; tpUJefu;
5. ty;yehL J}j;Jf;Fb
6. fd;dpahFkup fd;dpahFkup
7. fsf;fhL jpUney;Ntyp
8. Kz;le;Jiu fd;dpahFkup
9. tlf;F fhNtup ju;kGup
10. fq;if nfhz;lhd; jpUth&u;
4. clV A^
1. kd;dhu; tisFlh ,uhkehjGuk;
2. ePyfpup ePyfpup
3. mfj;jpau; kiy jpUney;Ntyp - fd;dpahFkup


 AslB_

>tV| >EBV, k^ \uD sz^ VBD

4
 >tV| 
kkVFA \uD luEm

 : TNPSC Group II >

VD : AslB_
z] : Bu >Vk >Vz]^, V|^, ksz^

VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z2 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
sV>V^^ \uD \[VzA^ gBk V >suz >BVVzD
\Vk, \Vsz c>s|D kl_ kkVFA \uD luE mBV_
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
kkVFA \uD luE mB V>m  >s|m.
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV, su
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z
>BV FD \Vkz kw|D t_V kBVzD.

gB,
kkVFA \uD luE m
 AslB_

Bu >Vk >Vz]^

]BV - cl k^

cl k^  jl;g ntg;gepiy khw;wk;.

 caph; Nfhsj;jpdpd;W ngwg;gLgit>
caphpd tsq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
fhLfspypUe;J ngwg;gLk;
gad;ghl;L nghUl;fs;> tpyq;fpdk;
kw;Wk; gwitapdpj;jpypUe;J
ngwg;gLk; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; gpw
fly;tho; caphpdq;fis ,tw;wpw;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; $wyhk;.
k cl^
 ,aw;if thoplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;>
tPl;by; gof;fg;glhj kw;Wk; tsh;f;fg;g
glhj caph;fs;> td caphpfshFk;.
VmVuV >k
 td caphpfs; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;fg;gl
Ntz;ba nrhj;jhFk;. mwptpay;
gilg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; kpf Kf;fpa
khdjhFk;.
 fhyepiy rkepiy Vw;glf; fhuz
khdit.
 kUj;Jt Fzk; nfhz;l jhtuq;fs;
mjpfk; fpilf;Fk;.
 Rw;Wyhtpw;Fg; nghpa Kd;Ndw;wj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpj; jUfpwJ.
 kio msT Fiwtij jLg;gjw;
fhfTk; tpsq;FfpwJ.
 kz; mhpg;gijj; jLj;jy;
 G+kpg;ge;J #lhjiy jLj;jy;> (gRik
tPl;L tpisT)
 ghiytdj;jpy; fhw;wpd; Ntfk;
mjpfkhjy;
V|^ _
 Gjpa kuq;fis el;L fhLfspd;
gug;gsit nghpjhf;FtJ fhlhf;fy;
vdg;gLk;.
 ,e;jpahtpy; gy;NtW tpjkhd
cgNahfq;fSf;F fhLfspy; ,Ue;J
ngwg;gLk; nghUl;fs; xU mq;fkhf
tpsq;FfpwJ. NkYk; gQ;rj;ijj;
jtph;j;J gRikia Vw;gLj;jp
midtUk; tho Ntz;Lk; vd;w
fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; rKjhaf;
fhLfs; jpl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
x>VB V|^ ]D (1976)
 ,aw;iff; fhLfis Nkk;gLj;JtJ
kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jg;glhj epyq;fspy;
fhLfis cUthf;FtJ MFk;.
,jdhy; fl;Lkhdj;jpw;fhfTk;> jPtd
Njitf;fhfTk; vhpnghUSf;fhfTk;
ghuk;ghpaf; fhLfs; ntl;lg;gLtJ
jtph;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.


 AslB_

]BVs[ V|D cl k^

kV V|^ V|^ a>_

 tptrhag; gaph;fNshL ,ize;J  cyfpy; ngUfptUk; kf;fs;njhifg;
Ntshz; epyq;fspd; vy;iyfspYk;> ngUf;fj;jpdhy; kdpjdpd; thoplj;
jdpahh; epyq;fspd; Xuq;fspYk;> kuk; Njitf;fhf fhLfs; mopf;fg;
eLtNj> Ntshz; fhLfs; jpl;lk; gLfpd;wd. rpy r%f tpNuhjpfs;
MFk;. ,aw;if tsj;ij rPh;Fiyf;
fpd;wdh;.


 AslB_

xB ]^
rpq;fk; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk; 1972 G+Q;ir jhtuk; 12480
Gypfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk; 1973 gphpNahigl;Lfs; 2813
Kjiy ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk; 1975 nlhpNahigl;Lfs; 1012
fubfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk; 1977 ]BVs_ c^ sz[
fhz;lhkpUfk; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk; 1987 
ahidfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk; 1992 nkhj;jk; 81> 251 rpw;wpdq;fs; cs;sJ.
fOFfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk; 2006 ,J cyfstpy; rjtPjk; 6.67% MFk;.
]BVs_ c^ >Vk[ G+r;rpfs; 60>000
 nky;Ylypfs; 5000
,e;jpaj; jhtuq;fspy; 8 gphpTfspy; ghY}l;bfs; 372
45000 rpw;wpdq;fs; cs;sd. gwitfs; 1228
G+f;Fk; jhtuk; 15000 Ch;td 446
ghrp jhtuk; 1676 ,Utho;tpfs; 204
glh; jhtuk; 1940 kPd;fs; 2546


 AslB_

VB^
 ,it tpyq;Ffisf; nfhy;tNjh>
Ntl;ilahLtNjh my;yJ
gpbf;fNth jil nra;ag;gl;l kw;Wk;
xU jFjp tha;e;j epWtdj;jpduhy;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;l ,aw;if #oy;
MFk;. ,jdhy; moptpd; tpspk;gpy;
cs;s td caphpfis kPz;Lk; kPsr;
nra;a Kbfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa tpyq;F tq;fhs
Gyp Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;
mwptpay; ngah; - ‘ghe;Njuh ilf;hp];”
(Panthera Tigris)
,e;jpahtpd; rpwg;G tpyq;F ahid
MFk;. ,t;tpyq;fpd; mwptpay; ngah;
‘vypngd;ilahrp]; Nkf;rpk];”
(Elephentiasis Maximus).

>EB VsuzD, ksz VB]uzD c^ kV|^:

>EB V (National Park) ksz VBD (Wildlife Sanctuary)
Njrpag; G+q;fhf;fs; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l mope;J tUk; my;yJ mUfptUk;
epyg;gug;gpy; cs;s gyjug;gl;l jhtuq; Fwpg;gpl;l tdtpyq;Ffis ghJfhg;g
fisAk;> tpyq;FfisAk; ghJfhg;gJ. jw;fhf eph;khzpg;gJ.
Nka;r;ry; cs;spl;l ve;j xU kdpj Nka;r;ry; kw;Wk; tpwF Nrfhpj;jy;
nray;ghl;bw;F mDkjp fpilahJ. jtpu kw;w nray;ghLfSf;Fj; jil
tpjpf;fg;gLk;.
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s nkhj;jj; Njrpa Fwpg;gpl;l td tpyq;Ffs; ruzhyaj;ij
G+q;fhf;fspd; vz;zpf;if Njrpag; G+q;fhthf khw;w KbAk;.
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s nkhj;j Njrpag; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s nkhj;j td tpyq;F
G+q;fhf;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 103. ruzhyaj;jpd; vz;zpf;if - 537

clV VD (Blosphere Reserve) gpid nray;Kiwapy; ep&gzk;

 caph;Nfhs fhg;gfk; vd;gJ xU nra;fpd;wJ.
ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gpuj;jpNahf Gtpg;  ,t;tikg;gpd; khjphp nray;ghL
gFjpfspd; cyfshtpa tiy gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ.
mikg;ghFk;.
1. ed;F ghJfhf;fg;gl;l ikag;gFjp>
 ,t;tikg;G ghJfhg;G Kiwf;Fk;>
2. fy;tp> gapw;rp kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpf;fhf
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; cz;lhd njhlh;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; khw;wkilAk; ntspg;gFjp.


 AslB_

jkpo;ehL caph;f;Nfhs fhg;gfk; gl;Ls;sJ. filrpahf 2016-k;

jkpo;ehl;by; %d;W caph;Nfhs fhg;gfq;fs; Mz;by; mf];jpa kiy ,e;jg;
gl;baypy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cs;sd. mit>
V BD
1. ePyfphp 2. kd;dhh; tisFlh
 rpg;Nfh ,af;fj;ijg; Nghd;W
3. mf];jpa kiy mgpNfh ,af;fk; fh;ehlf khepyj;jpy;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;tpaf;fk; Nkw;F
\M>[ \uD clV VD:
njhlh;r;rp kiyapypUe;J> fpof;F
(Man and Blosphere - MAB)
njhlh;r;rp kiy tiu tdg;ghJfhg;G
 ,e;jpahtpy; nkhj;jk; 18 caph; Nfhs
,af;fkhf nray;gLfpwJ. ,J xU
fhg;gfq;fs; cs;sd. mtw;wpy;
cyf caph;Nfhs fhg;gfq;fspd; KOikahd nghJkf;fs; gq;Nfw;G
vz;zpf;if 10 Mf mwptpf;fg; nra;j ,af;fkhFk;.

k. c clV VD \VWD g|

1 ePyfphp jkpo;ehL> fh;ehlfh> Nfush 2000
2 kd;dhh; tisFlh jkpo;ehL 2001
3 Re;jutdf; fhLfs; Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 2001
4 ee;jhNjtp cj;jufhz;l; 2004
5 rpk;ypghy; xbrh 2008
6 gr;khhp kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 2009
7 Nehf;Nuf; Nkfhyah 2009
8 mr;ref;khh; - mkh;fz;lhf; rl;B];fh;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 2012
9 fpNul;lh; epNfhghh; jPT me;jkhd; epNfhghh; 2013
10 mf];jpa kiy Nfush kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL 2016
]BVs_ c^  clV V^ B_
k.  clV VD \VWD g|
1 khdh]; m];]hk; 1989
2 jpg;U m];]hk; 1997
3 jpfq; - jpghq; mUzhryg;gpuNjrk; 1998
4 fQ;rd;rq;fh rpf;fpk; 2000
5 fpNul; uhd; M‡g; fl;r; F[uhj; 2008
6 Fsph; ghiytdk; `pkhr;ryg; gpuNjrk; 2009
7 Nr\hr;ryk; Fd;Wfs; Me;jpug; gpuNjrk; 2010
8 gd;dh kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; 2011

 AslB_

]BVs_ c^ >EB V^

clV VD (Biosphere Reserve) k sz VBD (Wildlife Sanctuary)

xU Fwpg;gpl;l #oy; gFjpapy; cs;s mope;J tUk; my;yJ mUfp tUk; Fwpg;gpl;l
midj;J jhtuq;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; tdtpyq;Ffis ghJfhg;gjw;fhf
tpyq;FfSf;Fk; ghJfhg;gspg;gJ eph;khdpg;gJ
mg;gFjpapy; kdpjh;fs; tho;tjw;F Nka;r;ry; kw;Wk; tpwF Nrfhpj;jy; jtpu kw;w
md;whlr; nray;ghl;bw;Fk; ve;jj; jilAk; nray;ghLfSf;Fj; jil tpjpf;fg;gLk;.
fpilahJ.
gug;gstpy; kpfg;nghpajhf ,Uf;Fk; ghJfhf;Fk; tdcyfpd; tho;tpl #oiy
rpy fhg;gfq;fspy; xd;wpw;F nghWj;J ,jd; gug;gsT khWgLk;.
Nkw;gl;l ruzhyaq;fisAk;> Njrpa nghJthf ,J caph;f;Nfhs fhg;gfj;ij
G+q;fhf;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhf tplr; rpwpajhfNt ,Uf;Fk;.
,Uf;Fk;.


 AslB_

xB zV^ tsj;ij Mf;fpukpg;G nra;tjhy;

vQ;rpAs;s madkz;ly <uf;fhLfis cz;lhFk; mOj;jj;ij tpLtpf;fTk;
ghJfhg;gJ MFk;. mopAk; epiyapYs;s eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
gFjpfisj; jf;f itf;fTk;> V
fhl;Lg; nghUl;fis rPuhd topapy; And];Nfh (1977) epWtdj;jhy; cyfpYs;s
rpf;fdkhf cgNahfpf;fTk;> fhl;L 120 ehLfspy; 669 caph;Nfhsg; ghJfhg;G
ikaq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

••••••


 >tV| 
kkVFA \uD luEm

 : TNPSC Group II >

VD : AslB_
z] : kW \VuD  >VD \uD s^  >|A k^
 \uD >>_ k^,  ]V^_

VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z2 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
sV>V^^ \uD \[VzA^ gBk V >suz >BVVzD
\Vk, \Vsz c>s|D kl_ kkVFA \uD luE mBV_
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
kkVFA \uD luE mB V>m  >s|m.
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV, su
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z
>BV FD \Vkz kw|D t_V kBVzD.

gB,
kkVFA \uD luE m
 AslB_

kW \VuD

 \uD >>_

k^
>>_ 1. Bu ^
jzpj;jy; kw;Wk; jzpj;jy; W|D
eltbf;iffs; vd;gJ Nghplhpd; epyeLf;fk; vd;gJ Gtpg;gug;gpy; cs;s
njhlh; epfo;Tfs;> msT> nrwpT kw;Wk; ghiwg; gFjp efh;tjhy; epyg;gFjp jpBnud
Nghplhpd; jhf;fq;fspd; Fiwg;gpw;fhd mirtjhFk;. epyeLf;fkhdJ ve;jtpj
gapw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjhFk;. jzpj;jy; Kd;dwptpg;Gk; ,d;wp jpBnud;W ve;j
eltbf;iffspy; ,uz;L nghJthd Neuj;jpy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; Vw;glyhk;.
Kiwfs; mlq;Fk;. mit fl;likg;G epyeLf;fj;jpd;NghJ nghUl;Nrjk;
Kiwfs; kw;Wk; fl;likg;gpy;yhj fhaq;fs; kw;Wk; capupog;G Nghd;wit
Kiwfs; vd;git MFk;. jzpj;jy; Vw;gLk;.
eltbf;iffs; NghplUf;F Kd;Gk;> caph; kw;Wk; nrhj;Jfspd; Nrjq;fspd;
Nghplhpd; NghJk;> NghplUf;Fg; fLikiaf; Fiwf;f:
gpd;Gk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.  epyeLf;fg; gFjpfspy; thOk; nghJ
 >>_ kf;fspilNa tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;j
,lh; jzpj;jy; vd;gij ‘tpistpd; Ntz;Lk;.
 epyeLf;fj;ijj; jhq;ff;$ba
jPtpuj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;” vd tiuaWf;fyhk;.
fl;blq;fisAk;> tPLfisAk; fl;L
,aw;ifapy; Vw;gLk; Gaypidj; jtph;f;f
khW mwpTWj;j Ntz;Lk;.
KbahJ. Mdhy; Gaypdhy; Vw;gLk;
 tPLfs; fl;Ltjw;F Kd;dh; kz;zpd;
Jd;gq;fisj; jzpf;f Kd; $l;bNa
juj;ijg; ghpNrhjid nra;a cjtp
eltbf;if vLf;Fk;NghJ kf;fspd;
nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
capiuAk; nrhj;JfisAk; ghJfhf;f  kf;fs; epyeLf;fj;jpd; NghJ
KbAk;. nra;a Ntz;ba eltbf;iffisg;
gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;T ngw;wpUj;jy;


 AslB_

Ntz;Lk;. tpopg;Gzh;T 5. jP tpgj;ijj; jtph;f;f vhpthA mLg;G>

rk;ge;jg;gl;l nray;Kiwfisg; kpd;tpsf;Ffs;> nkOFth;j;jpfs;
gs;spfspy; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. kw;Wk; Vida tpsf;Ffis
mt;thW mspf;Fk; nghOJ rpwpa mizf;f Ntz;Lk;
tajpypUe;Nj epyeLf;fj;jpypUe;J 6. mLf;F khbf; FbapUg;Gfspy; thOk;
jd;id fhj;Jf;nfhs;sf; fw;Wf; kf;fs; fl;blq;fistpl;L ntspNa
nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
nry;tjw;F khbg;gbfs;> khbKfg;G
epyeLf;fj;jpd; nghOJ xUth;
kw;Wk; kpd;J}f;fpfis gad;gLj;jf;
vLf;fNtz;ba gbepiyfs; :
$lhJ. epyeLf;fj;jpd;NghJ
1. ePq;fs; fl;blj;jpd; cs;Ns ,Uf;Fk;
xUNghJk; kpd; J}f;fpiag; (Lift)
NghJ epyeLf;fk; Vw;gl;lhy;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;lhk;.
Nkirapd; mbapy; nrd;W epyeLf;fk;
7. Ntjpapay; Ma;Tf; $lj;jpy;
KbAk; tiuapy; Nkiria nfl;bahf
cs;s Ntjpapay; nghUl;fs;
gpbj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.
fhaq;fis Vw;gLj;jf; $baJ
2. Nkir ,y;iynad;why; ePq;fs;
vdNt epyeLf;fj;jpd; NghJ ehk;
ifahy; jiy kw;Wk; Kfj;jpid
Ntjpapay; Ma;T $lj;jpid tpl;L
%bf;nfhz;L miwapd;
ntspNawptpl Ntz;Lk;.
%iyg;gFjpapy; nrd;W mku;e;J W|]uz [:
nfhs;sTk;. 1. Kjypy; ekf;F VNjDk; fhaq;fs;
3. fz;zhb [d;dy;fs;> fz;zhbf; Vw;gl;Ls;sjh vdg; ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;
fjTfs; kw;Wk; fPNo tpof;$ba gpd;G ek;ik Rw;wpAs;s kf;fspd;
nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J epiyia mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
tpyfp epw;fTk;. cq;fshy; mth;fSf;F cjt
4. jpwe;j ntspg;gFjpfspy; ,Ug;gpd; ,ayhtpl;lhy; kPl;Gf;FO tUk; tiu
kpd; fk;gq;fs; kw;Wk; kpd;rhuf; fhj;J ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fk;gpfs; Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J tpyfp 2. epyeLf;fk; Vw;gl;l 2 my;yJ 3 kzp
epw;fTk;. Nkhl;lhh; thfdq;fspy; Neuj;jpw;Fs; ehk; trpg;gplj;jpw;F
gazk; nra;J nfhz;bUe;jhy; jpUk;gpr; nry;y$lhJ Vnddpy;
Ruq;fg; ghijfisNah epyeLf;fk; kPz;Lk; Vw;gl tha;g;G
ghyq;fisNah tpl;L tpyfpg; cs;sJ.
ghJfhg;ghd ,lj;jpidj; Njh;T 3. rpwpa mstpy; jP Vw;gl;L ,Ue;jhy;
nra;J ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjid mizj;J tplTk;.


 AslB_

4. vhpthAf; frpT kw;Wk; kpd;dZ yhq;f;lhq; gs;sj;jhf;fpy; kw;nwhU ngupa

rhjdq;fs; gOJ mile;J ,Ue;jhy; mstpyhd gdpr;rupit Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
ehk; vr;rupf;ifAld; ,Uf;f ,jpy; 250 Ngu; fhzky; Nghdjhf
Ntz;Lk;. mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
\   >>_
5. Njitahd nghUl;fis mykhupapy;
1. vhpkiyahy; kf;fs; caph; ,og;gJ
,Ue;J vLf;Fk; NghJ ftdkhf
mhpjhf ,Ug;gpDk; vhpkiy gFjpfs;
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Mfpatw;wpypUe;J kf;fs; tpyfp
6. yhe;ju; tpsf;Ffis gad;gLj;j
trpf;f Ntz;Lk;
Ntz;Lk; vz;nza; tpsf;F kw;Wk; 2. vupkiy ntbg;gpd;NghJ midj;J
nkOFtu;j;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jf; tifahd Nghf;F tuj;JfSk;
$lhJ. jtph;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf
7. epyeLf;fk; gw;wpa thndhypj; vhpkiyg; gFjpfSf;F mUfpy;
jfty;fis ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk; tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J jtph;f;fg;gl
VD  ]BV W|D Ntz;Lk;.
Vg;uy; 2015 Neghs epyeLf;fj;jhy; 3. vhpkiy ntbg;Gfshy; epyeLf;fk;
(Nfhu;f;fh epyeLf;fk; vdTk; Vw;glyhk;. MfNt kf;fs; mjw;Fupa
miof;fg;gLfpwJ) Vwf;Fiwa 9>000 Ngu; Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;iffis

caphpoe;jdu; kw;Wk; 22>000 Ngu; fhak; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;

4. gdp glh;e;j kiyg;gFjpfspy;
mile;jdu; ,J Vg;uy; 25-k; Njjp 8.1
vhpkiy ntbg;gpd; fhuzkhfg; gdp
vd;w upf;lu; mstpy; Vw;gl;lJ. Nfhh;lf;fh
cUFtjhy; ntssg; ngUf;Ffs;
khtl;lj;jpd; fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; cs;s
Vw;glyhk;. vdNt nts;sj; jLg;Gr;
ghu;gf; vd;w ,lj;jpy; ,jd; ikag;
Rth;fs; fz;bg;ghff; fl;lg;gl
Gs;spahdJ mike;jpUe;jJ.
Ntz;Lk;
1934-k; Mz;L Neghsk; - gPfhu; 5. vhpkiyg; gutiyg;gw;wp mwpe;J
epyeLf;fj;jpw;F gpwF Neghsj;ij nfhs;sg; gad;gLk; rha;Tkhdp (TILT
jhf;fpa kpf Nkhrkhd ,aw;if Nguplh; Meter) fUtpiag; gw;wp kf;fSf;F
,JNt MFk;. ,e;epyeLf;fk; vtu];l; tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
rpfuj;jpy; gdpr;rupit Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,jpy; W
21 Ngu; caphpoe;jdh;. Vg;uy; 25>2015 vd;gJ caukhd rupT kpFe;j gFjpapypUe;J
Neghsj;jpd; tuyhw;wpy; kpf Nkhrkhd rpije;j ghiwfs; efu;tij epyr;rupT
ehshf mike;jJ. ,e;j epyeLf;fkhdJ vd;fpNwhk;. Gtp<u;g;G tpirapd; Neubj;


 AslB_

jhf;fj;jpdhy; epyr;rupT Vw;gLfpd;wJ. vd mg;gFjpf;F mUfpy; nry;yhky;

kiog;nghopT> gdp cUFjy;> Mw;wpd; njhiytpypUe;J fz;fhzpf;f
mupg;G> nts;sg;ngUf;F epyeLf;fk;> Ntz;Lk;
kw;Wk; vupkiy nray;fs;. 3. kPl;Gf; FOtpdUf;F topfhl;Ljy;
kdpj eltbf;iffs; ,ize;J Vw;gLk; Ntz;Lk;.
epyr;ruptpdhy; clikfs; Nrjk;> fhaq;fs; 4. cs;Su; thndhyp my;yJ
Vw;gLjy;> capupog;Gfs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW njhiyf;fhl;rpfspd; rkPgj;jpa
tsq;fSf;F kpf mjpf ghjpg;gpid mtruj; jfty;fis mwpe;;J nfhs;s
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> Ntz;Lk;.
FbePu; tpepNahfk;> kPd;gpbj;jy;> fopTePu; 5. epyr;ruptpidj; njhlh;e;J nts;sg;
ntspNaw;Wk; mikg;Gfs;> fhLfs;> ngUf;F Vw;gl tha;g;Gs;sjhy;
mizfs; kw;Wk; rhiyg;Nghf;Ftuj;Jfs; vr;rupf;ifahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ghjpg;gilfpd;wd. MV TE   >>_
W^   >>_ 1. gdpg;ghiwfspd; tPo;r;rpfis
1. kpUJthd kz; cs;s gFjpfspy; epWj;JtNjh jLg;gNjh fbdkhdJ
tPLfs; fl;l Ntz;bapUe;jhy; Mdhy; gdpg;ghiw tPo;r;rpapd;
epyr;rhptpd; NghJ ghiwj; Jfs;fs; rf;jpiaf; Fiwg;gjd; %yk; mjd;
tpyfpr; nry;y VJthf khw;Wg; jhf;fj;ijf; Fiwf;fyhk;.
ghijfs; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; 2. gdpg;ghiw tPo;r;rpfs; Vw;gLk; Nfhil
2. epyr;rhptpd; NghNjh my;yJ thoplq;fs;> kf;fs; FbapUg;Gg;
kz;rhptpd;NghNjh rhiytopfs; gFjpfs;> rhiyfs; kw;Wk; ,Ug;;Gg;
ghjpf;fg;gLkhapd; cldbahf ghijfs; mikg;gijj; jtpu;f;fyhk;.
ntspNaw khw;W ghijfs; 3. kf;fs; ntbnghUs;fisg;
jpl;lkplg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ vd mwpTWj;jg;
Wz z gly; Ntz;Lk;.
1. epyr;rupT Vw;gl;l gFjpapypUe;J 4. kiyr;rupTg; gFjpfspy; trpf;Fk;
tpyfp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vndd;why; kf;fs; tPl;ilr; Rw;wpYk; kuq;fis
$Ljy; epyr;rupT Vw;gLk; mghak; tsu;f;f Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;
cs;sJ. 5. gdpg;ghiw tPo;r;rpfs; Vw;gLk;
2. epyr;ruptpy; fhak; mile;jtu;fs; gFjpfspy; midj;Jtpjkhd
kw;Wk; rpf;fpatu;fs; ,Uf;fpwhh;fsh Nghf;Ftuj;JfSk; jtph;f;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.

 AslB_

AB_ gFjpfisj; jhf;Ffpd;wd ,tw;wpy;

 Kf;fpakhd ,aw;if Nguplu;fspy; ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W Gay;fs;
,e;jpahtpd; flNyhug; gFjpfspy; kpfTk; jPtpukhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;JtJ GayhFk;.  Gay; fiuia neUq;Fk; NghJ gyj;j
,e;jpahtpd; flNyhu vy;iyahdJ fhw;W> gyj;j kio> Gay; miyfs;
Vwf;Fiwa 7>516 fp.kP MFk;. cyfpd; kw;Wk; Mw;W nts;sg;ngUf;F
ntg;gkz;lyg; Gaypy; 10 rjtPjk; Nghd;wtw;why; fLikahd ,og;G
,e;jpahtpy; cUthfpwJ. my;yJ Nrjk; Vw;gLk;. tq;fs
 Vwf;Fiwa 71% Gay; ghjpg;Gg; tphpFlhtpd; tlf;F gFjpapy; cs;s
gFjpahdJ ,e;jpahtpd; 10 mfykhd kw;Wk; Mokpy;yhj
khepyq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ gFjpfspy; fly; rPw;wj;jpd; tpisTfs;
(F[uhj;> kfhuh\;buh> Nfhth> Nfush> mjpfkhf cs;sd. Gaypd; NghJ
jkpo;ehL> GJr;Nrhp> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> kzpf;F 65 fp.kP Kjy; 117 fp.kP
Xbrh kw;Wk; Nkw;F tq;fhsk;) Ntfj;jpy; fhw;W tPRk;.
me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghu; jPTfs; kw;Wk; AB_ kk>uz x[ FB kBk:
,yl;rj;jPT gFjpfspYk; Gay; 1. jho;thd gFjpapypUe;J caukhd
cUthfyhk;. gFjpfSf;Fr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
>tV_ DVKD ABV_ V]|D 2. gioa fl;blq;fspy; trpg;gtu;fs;
\Vk^: jw;fhypfkhf ghJfhg;ghd ,lj;jpw;Fr;
 jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s 13 flNyhu nry;y Ntz;Lk; cilikfs;
khtl;lq;fs; Nk> [_d; kw;Wk; Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; mzpfyd;;fisg;
mf;Nlhgu; - etk;gh; khjq;fspy; Gayhy;
ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ mk;khtl;lq;fs;
3. Ngl;lupahy; ,aq;Fk; thndhypg;
gpd;tUkhW: jpUts;@h;>nrd;id>
ngl;b> gpsh];bf; lhu;r; tpsf;F>
fhQ;;rpGuk;> tpOg;Guk;> flY}h;>
kz;nzz;nza;> jPg;ngl;b
ehfg;gl;bdk;> jpUth&h;> jQ;rhT+h>;
Kjypatw;iwg; ghJfhg;ghd
GJf;Nfhl;il> uhkehjGuk;>
J}j;Jf;Fb> jpUney;Ntyp kw;Wk; ,lj;jpy; itj;jpUf;F Ntz;Lk;.
fd;dpahFkup. 4. KjYjtp rhjdq;fisj; jahu;
 Xt;nthU tUlKk; ruhrupahf 5 epiyapy; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
my;yJ 6 ntg;gkz;lyg; Gay;fs; 5. Fiwe;jJ VO ehl;fSf;Fj;
tq;fhs tpupFlhtpy; kw;Wk; Njitahd czTg; nghUs;>
mugpf;flypy; cUthfp flNyhug; vhpnghUs;> FbePh;> capu;fhf;Fk;


 AslB_

kUe;J Kjypatw;iw jahu;epiyapy; cile;J thfdj;jpd; Nky; tpOe;J

itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; tpLk;.
6. fhy;eilfs; kw;Wk; tsh;g;G ABKz [
tpyq;Ffisg; ghJfhg;ghd  kpd;rhjdq;fs; kw;Wk; vupthAit
,lj;jpw;F nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;Lk;. mizj;J tplTk;. NkYk; midj;J
kpd;rhjdq;fisAk; kpd; ,izg;gpy;
7. Ntfkhf neUq;fp tUfpd;w Gay;
,Ue;J Jz;bj;J tplTk;.
Nkfq;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;jpUf;f
 ntsp ,lq;fis Rw;wpg;ghu;f;fr;
Ntz;Lk;. Vndd;why;> gyj;j
nry;y Ntz;lhk;.
fhw;W tUtij gy epkplq;fSf;F
 gOjile;j kpd; fk;gpfs;>
Kd;ghfNt fzpf;f ,aYk;.
Kwpe;j kuq;fs; kw;Wk; nts;sePu;
ABo[ Vm:
,tw;wpypUe;J ehk; njhiytpy;
1. Gaypd; NghJ fl;blj;jpw;F cs;Ns
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,Ue;jhy; fz;bg;ghf [d;dy; kw;Wk;
 ntg;gkz;ly Gayhd ‘tu;jh”
fjTfis %l Ntz;Lk;. nrd;idia 2016-k; Mz;L brk;gh;
2. midj;J kpd;rhjdq;fisAk; 12-k; Njjp jhf;fpaJ. Njrpa Nguplu;
mizj;J tpl Ntz;Lk;. Nkyhz;ik Mizak; jdJ
3. fz;> %f;F tha; Mfpatw;iw mwpf;ifapy; jkpo;ehl;by; 10 Ngu;
J}rpfspypUe;J ghJffhf;f ,we;jjhf jfty; mspj;jJ. fhw;wpd;
iffshy; my;yJ Jzpahy; %bf; mjpf gl;r NtfkhdJ xU kzp
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Neuj;jpw;F 130 fp.kPf;F Nky; vd
4. ePq;fs; fhl;Lg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;jhy; gjpthfpAs;sJ. ,e;jg; GayhdJ
fhw;wpypUe;J ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;s nrd;id efuj;jpYs;s gy gFjpfis
ePq;fs; ghJfhg;ghd ,lj;jpid kpf Nkhrkhf Nrjg;gLj;jpaJ mjpy;
NjlTk; mt;thwhd ,lk; 4>000f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kuq;fis
NtUld; gpLq;fp vwpe;jJ kpd;fk;gpfs;
fpilf;ftpy;iy vd;why; jiuapy;
mWe;J tpOe;jd NkYk; fl;blq;fs;
gLj;Jf;nfhs;sTk;.
Nrjk; mile;jd.
5. ePqf
; s; thfdj;jpy; ,Ue;jhy; [d;dy;
k^z
fjTfis %btpl;L thfdj;jpd;  nts;sg; ngUf;fhdJ Fwpg;ghf
cs;Ns ,Ug;gJ ed;W. epiyaw;w fpuhkg; Gwq;fspy; Vuhskhd
nghUl;fspd; fPo; thfdj;ij epWj;j kf;fSf;F ,d;dy;fisj;
Ntz;lhk;. Vndd;why;> mit je;jpUf;fpwJ. nts;sg; ngUf;fpd;


 AslB_

tpisthf kNyupah kw;Wk; fhyuh mjhtJ Njhuhakhf ehl;bd;

Nghd;w fLikahd njhw;W Neha;fs; nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 8-y; xU gq;F
guTfpd;wd. tptrha cw;gj;jpg; nts;sg; ngUf;Fg; ghjpg;gpw;F
nghUs;fs; kPJ fLikahd jhf;fk; cl;gLfpwJ. ek; ehl;by; 1954-y;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ. rpyrkaq;fspy; ngupa Njrpa nts;sg;ngUf;F jLg;G
mstpy; cs;s tptrha epyq;fspy; eltbf;ifahdJ njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
ePuhdJ Njq;fp epw;gjhy; Fspu;fhyg; k^z   >>_
gapu;fs; Nrjk; milfpd;wd. 1. ePh; Njq;Fk; gFjpfspy;
 cyfpy; mjpf nts;sg;ngUf;Fg; Kd;Ndw;ghlhf ePh; mfw;w
ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shFk; ehLfspy; my;yJ tba jw;fhypf topfis
,e;jpahTk; xd;W. ek; ehl;by; mikj;jpUj;jy; mtrpak;.
Vw;gLk; nts;sg; ngUf;fpw;F Kf;fpa 2. gioa fl;blq;fspy; trpf;Fk;
fhuzkhf miktJ ,q;Fs;s kf;fis jw;fhypfkhf NtW
,aw;ifr; #oyhFk;. mtw;wpy; mjpf ,lq;fSf;F khw;w Ntz;Lk;
tz;ly; gbTfs; nfhz;l Mw;wpd; 3. kf;fspd; cilikfs;> Kf;fpa
mikg;G kw;Wk; ,kakiyj; njhlu; Mtzq;fs;> mzpfyd;fs;
Nghd;w nrq;Fj;jhd rpijtilaf; Mfpatw;iwg; ghJfhg;ghf itj;Jf;
$ba kiyfs; MFk;. nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 ,e;jpahtpd; ruhrhp kio. 4. kPdth;fs; flYf;F kPPd;gpbf;f
msT 1>150 kp.kPl;luhFk; ,J nry;tijj; jtph;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
ehL KOtJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f 5. kf;fs; mUfpy; cs;s kpd;rhuf;
NtWghLfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.
fk;gq;fspypUe;J fk;gpfs; mWgl;L
Mz;L kiog;nghopthdJ Nkw;F
kpd; frpTfs; ,Uf;fpd;wjh vdf;
flw;fiu Nkw;F njhlu;r;rp kiy
ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;
fhrp Fd;Wfs; kw;Wk; gpuk;kGj;jpuh
6. kf;fis nfhjpf;fitj;j ePiu
gs;sj;jhf;F Mfpa gFjpfspy; 2>500
gUf mwpTWj;j Ntz;Lk;.
kp.kPl;lUf;F mjpfkhfg; kiog;nghopT
mt;twpTiuahy; ePhpdhy; guTk;
gjpthfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j
Neha;fs; jLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
epyg;gug;gpy; (29) khepyq;fs; kw;Wk;
7. thndhyp kw;Wk; njhiyf; fhl;rpapy;
7 A+dpad; gpNuNjrq;fs;) 23 khepy
muR mwptpf;Fk; Gay; gw;wpa
kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; nts;sg;
ghjpg;gpw;Fl;gLfpd;wd NkYk; 40 nra;jpfisAk; vr;rhpf;iffisAk;
kpy;ypad; n`f;Nlh; epyg;gug;G gpd;gw;wp elf;f Ntz;Lk;


 AslB_

8. murhq;fg; ghpe;Jiuapd;gb jho;thd kdpju;fs; fLikahd ghjpg;gpw;F

gFjpfspy; thOk; kf;fs; ghJfhg;ghd cs;shfpd;wd. rpy Neuq;fspy
,lq;fSf;Fr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;. kuzk; $l Vw;glyhk;. twl;rpapd;
ePh; tope;J XLtijj; jtph;f;f NghJ kpff; fLikahd ntg;gk;
Ntshz;ikg; gFjpfspypUe;Jk; ,Uf;Fk; mj;jifa epiyfs;
jho;thd gFjpfspypUe;Jk; ek;Kila cly;eyj;ij ghjpf;Fk;.
 twl;rpf;F Kjd;ik fhuzk;
fhy;tha;fs; ntl;btpl Ntz;Lk;.
kio gw;whf;FiwahFk; ,J fhy
9. jho;thd gFjpapy; mike;Js;s
msT> guty; kw;Wk; kioapd;
tPLfSf;F Kd;dhy; ePh; cl;Gfhky;
jPtpuk;Mfpatw;iwr; rhu;e;jjhFk;.
fhf;f kzy; %l;ilfis itf;f
 jkpo; ehl;by; twl;rpapd;
Ntz;Lk;.
jhf;fj;jpw;f;Fs;shFk; khtl;lq;fs;
10. Fsq;fs;> Vhpfs; Mfpatw;wpy; J}h; ehd;F:
vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 1. ,uhkehjGuk;
11. gUt kiof;F Kd;Ng Mw;Wg; 2. GJf;Nfhl;il
Nghf;Ffspy; cs;s gbTfisf; 3. rptfq;if
fisa Ntz;Lk;. 4. tpOg;Guk;
12. neLq;fhyj;jpw;F nts;s ghjpg;ig kE   >>_
Fiwf;f fhLfs; tshg;;ig 1. twl;rpapdhy; Vw;gLk; ,og;G kw;Wk;
Cf;Ftpf;fTk; kio ePh; Nrfhpg;ig ghjpg;igg; gpd;tUk; topfshy;
nray;gLj;jTk; Ntz;Lk;. Fiwf;f KbAk;.
13. nts;sg; ngUf;fpd; NghJ khzth;fs; 2. twl;rpf; fhyq;fspy;khl;Lj;jPtdq;fs;
Jzpkzpfs; czTg; nghl;lyq;fs; kw;Wk; FbePiu fhy;eilfSf;F
Nghd;wtw;iw Nrfhpj;J rKjha mspg;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.
kPl;Gg; gzpfspy; nray;ghLfspy; 3. jhdpaq;fs; kw;Wk; khl;Lj;
<Lgl;L ghjpg;gile;NjhUf;F Nrit jPtdq;fs; Mfpatw;iw twl;rpg;
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. gFjpfSf;F Njitahd Neuq;fspy;
kE vLj;Jr; nry;Yjy;.
 xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F (khjq;fs;
4. twl;rp epthuzg; gzpfis
my;yJ tUlq;fs;) epyj;jpd; xU
twl;rpapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
gFjpapy; kio gw;whf;Fiwahf
kf;fSf;F Jhpjkhfr; nray;gLj;j
cs;sij twl;rp vd;fpNwhk;. ,jdhy;
fpuhk mstpNyNa jpl;lkpLjy;.
kz;> gapu;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk;


 AslB_

kE [ ntspg;gLk; NghJ mjd; ntg;gk;

1. #upa ntg;gj;jhf;Fjyhy; kaf;f 9>982.20 nry;rpa]; MFk;.
kile;jhy; mtru kUj;Jt  kpd;dypdhy; jhd; ,b xyp
eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Vw;gLfpwJ. mjpf ntg;gk; nfhz;l
Ntz;Lk;. kpd;dy; xj;j mjpu;Tf; Fohapy;
2. Nguplh; kw;Wk; kf;fs; Nritf;fhd gazpf;fpwJ. ,e;jf;Fohapy; fhw;W
tpiuthf fle;J nrd;W RUq;fp
jftiy mwpa cs;shl;rp mikg;G
tpupAk; NghJ mjpu;tiy Vw;gl;L 16
fisj; njhlu;G nfhs;sTk;.
fp.kP njhiytpy; ,Ue;J cq;fshy;
t[_
,b Xiria Nfl;f KbAk;.
 ,bAld; $ba tspkz;ly kpd;rhu
 ,b kpd;dy; gha;T tpdhbf;F 80>000
ntspNaw;wj;ij kpd;dy; vd;fpNwhk;.
fp.kP Ntfj;jpy; gazpf;Fk;
,J nghJthf ,bAld; $ba kio
 xU ,b kpd;dy; gha;tpd; ruhrup
kw;Wk; rpy Neuq;fspy; vupkiy
ePsk; 3 Kjy; 4 fp.kP MFk;.
ntbg;G my;yJ GOjpg; Gaypd; NghJ
t[_ kD x[:
Vw;gLfpd;wJ. kpd;dy; 10 Kjy;
1. ePq;fs; ntspA+u; nry;Yk; vz;zk;
20 Mk;gpau; tiu kpd;rhuj;ij>
,Ue;jhy; thdpiy Kd; mwptpg;ig
cUthf;Ftjpdhy; ,J kpfTk;
ftdpf;fTk;.
Mgj;jhdJ. Fwpg;ghf ,b ,bf;Fk;
NghJ kf;fs; jpwe;j ntspapy; 2. kpd;dy; cUthFk; vd;W njupe;jhy;
,Ug;gJ kpfTk; mghafukhdJ. cq;fs; gazj;ij Kbe;jsT js;spg;
 kpd;dypd; jhf;fq;fs; capUf;F NghlTk;.
Mgj;jhd tpisTfis 3. ,bf;F Kd;dhy; kpd;dy; tUk;.
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. cyfpy; xU xypahdJ ruhrupahf xt;nthU
tUlj;jpy; ruhrupahf 2000 fp.kP. Juj;jpidAk; 3 tpdhbf;Fs;
Ngu; kpd;dy; jhf;Fjypdhy; fle;J nry;Yk;. kpd;dYf;Fk;
capupof;fpd;wdu; ngUk;ghYk; ,bf;Fk; ,ilNa kpff; Fiwthd
kpd;dy; caukhd nghUl;fisj; jhd; NeuNk ,Uf;Fk; #oypy; kpd;dy;
jhf;FfpwJ. ,J kuj;ij cilj;J jP Vw;gl;lhy; Mgj;J ekf;F mUfpy;
gpbf;f nra;Ak;. NkYk;; ,J fl;blj;jpd; ,Ug;gjhf czh;e;J Njitahd Kd;
ntspapy; nry;fpd;w kpd;rhu fk;gp
vr;rupf;ifAld; nray;gl Ntz;Lk.;
kw;Wk; miy czupfisj; jhf;fp
xU Ntis ,bf;Fk; kpd;dYf;Fk;
jP tpgj;Jfis Vw;gLj;Jk;. kpd;dy;
,ilNa ,ilntsp ,y;yhtpby;


 AslB_

ePq;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpNyNa kio kuj;jpw;F mUfpy; nry;yf;$lhJ.

Nkfk; ,Ug;gjhfg; nghUs;. Gju;fis kpd;dy; jhf;fhJ vd;gij
t[_ u|D Vm epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
1. fl;blj;jpd; cs;Ns ,Ue;jhy; fjT> 7. ntl;;l ntspapy; ,Ue;jhy; jho;thd
GifNghf;fp kw;Wk; fhw;Nwhl;l Foha; gFjp my;yJ gs;skhd gFjpia
Mfpatw;iw %b itf;f Ntz;Lk;. milahsk; fz;L Fj;Jf; fhy; ,l;L
2. njhiyNgrp ,izg;G> njhiyf; mku Ntz;Lk;. epw;gNjh gLg;gNjh
fhl;rpg; ngl;b kw;Wk; ,ju kpd; Mgj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; Vnddpy; ,J
rhjdq;fspd; kpd; ,izg;igj; kpd;dy; jhf;fj;jpw;fhd tha;g;ig
Jz;bf;f Ntz;Lk; mjpfupf;Fk;.
3. kpd;dypd; nghOJ Fspf;ff; 8. kpjptz;b kw;Wk; ehzaq;fs; Nghd;w
$lhJ. Vnddpy; jz;zPu;f; cNyhfg; nghUl;fisj; jtpu;g;gJ
Foha;fs; topNa kpd;dy; CLUt ey;yJ.
tha;g;gpUf;fpwJ. jz;zPu; kw;Wk; 9. kpd;dypd; nghOJ Filgpbj;Jf;
cNyfq;fs; kpd;rhuj;ij flj;Jk; nfhz;L nry;yf;$lhJ.
jd;ikAilaJ. 10. kpd;dypd; tUk; nghOJ Xlf;$lhJ.
4. ntg;g%l;biag; gad;gLj;jf; $lhJ kpf nkJthf ele;J nrd;W
Vndd;why; mjpypUe;J tUk; ,Ug;gplj;ij mila Ntz;Lk;.
ntg;gkhdJ kpd;diy <h;f;Fk; Vnddpy; XLk;nghOJ Vw;gLk;
jd;ikAilaJ. fhw;whdJ kpd;diy <u;f;Fk;.
5. kpd;rhu fk;gpfs;> ,bjhq;fp> 11. ePq;fs; kfpOe;jpy; ,Ue;jhy; ntspapy;
jz;zPu; Foha;fs;> miy> czup> tuf;$lhJ. [d;diy %l Ntz;Lk;>
[d;dy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F mUfpy; miy czhpapd; gad;ghl;il epWj;j
nry;yf;$lhJ. Ntz;Lk; ngupa kuj;jpw;F mbapNyh
6. kpd;dypd; nghOJ ntl;l ntspapy; my;yJ ,be;J tpOe;J Mgj;ij
,Ue;jhy; kuj;jpw;F fPo; epw;ff; Vw;gLj;jf;$ba ,lj;jpNyh
$lhJ. caukhd kuq;fis kpd;dy; thfdj;ij epWj;jf;$lhJ.
jhf;Fk;. vdNt kuk; ,Uf;Fk; 12. cq;fSf;F mUfpy; kpd;dyhy;
,lj;jpypUe;J 30 Kjy; 40 kP J}uk; fhakile;j egu; ,Ue;jhy;
js;sp epw;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ghjpg;gile;jtu; epidtpof;f
Fwpg;ghf jdpahf ,Uf;Fk; xw;iw tha;g;Gz;L. vdNt mtUf;F
KjYjtp mspg;gJ mtrpakhFk;.
10
 AslB_

Vu   >>_ ehspjo;fs; kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp

1. #iwf;fhw;wpd; jhf;fk; mwpe;jTld; %yk; epfo;r;rpfis Vw;gLj;jp
jho;thd gFjpapypUe;J ghJfhg;ghd tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
,lq;fSf;F ,lk;ngau Ntz;Lk; 5. ghjpg;gile;j kf;fSf;F murhq;fk;
my;yJ tPl;bNyh> ghJfhg;G JhpjkhfTk; rhpahd Neuj;jpYk;
ikaj;jpNyh ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. kPl;Gg; gzpfisr; nra;a midj;Jj;
2. #iwf;fhw;wpd; NghJ ePqf
; s; tPlb
; w;F JiwfSk; jpl;lkpl;L nray;;gl
ntspNa ,Uf;f Neh;e;jhy; mq;NfNa Ntz;Lk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; #iwf;fhw;wpd; Vt (TSUNAMI)
jhf;fk; Fiwe;J tpl;lnjd muRj;  flYf;F mbapy; epyeLf;fk;
Jiw mYtyh;fs; $wpa gpd;Ng cz;lhf;Fk; Nguiyfis
tPl;bw;Fr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;. Rdhkp vd;fpd;Nwhk;. Rdhkp
3. fhakile;j my;yJ fhg;ghw;wg;gl;l vd;w nrhy; [g;ghdpa nkhopapy;
kf;fSf;F cjTjy; kw;Wk; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;;lJ. ‘R’ (Tsu)
vd;why; JiwKfk;. ehkp (nami)
KjYjtpia cldbahff;
vd;why; miyiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,J
nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;.
VmkV  >>_ kdpjh;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Fspd;
moptpw;Ff; fhuzkhfpd;wJ. Rdhkp
1. Nghplh; Nkyhz;ik> gytifahd
cs;fl;likg;G trjpfshd FbapUg;G
Nghplh;fisg; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;itAk;>
kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J Nghd;wtw;iwr;
jahuhf ,Uj;jy;> jLj;jy;>
Nrjg;gLj;JfpwJ.
epthuzk;> kPSjy; Mfpatw;iw FBkBk
tpsf;FfpwJ. 1. Rdhkp vr;rhpf;if te;jTld;
2. Nghplh;fSf;F vjpuhf kf;fSf;F ghJfhg;ghd ,lj;jpw;Fr; nry;y
Kd; vr;rhpf;if mspj;Jk;> jd;idAk; Ntz;Lk;
clikfisAk; ghJfhf;Fk; Kiwfis 2. khw;Wj; jpwdhspfs;> ngz;fs;>
fw;Wj;juTk; Ntz;Lk;. tajhdth;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfis
3. gs;spfspYk;> fy;YhhpfspYk; Kjypy; ntspNaw;w Ntz;Lk;.
mYtyfq;fspYk; Nghplh; gw;wpa FB V>k
tpopg;Gzh;r;rp epfo;r;rpfis 1. Rdhkp vr;rhpf;if tplg;gl;lJk;
Vw;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk; flNyhug;gFjpia Ntbf;if ghh;f;ff;
4. nghJkf;fSf;F thndhyp nry;yf;$lhJ.
2. gak; miljy; $lhJ

11
 AslB_

3. Rdhkp gw;wpa tje;jpfis kdpjh;fspd; myl;rpaj;jhYk;

ek;gf;$lhJ. ftdkpd;ikfshYk; jhd;
26 brk;gh;> 2004-,y; jkpo;ehl;il ngUk;ghYk; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
Rdhkp jhf;fpa NghJ mlh;e;j jP tpgj;Jfs; elf;Fkplq;fs;:
rJg;G epyf;fhLfisf; nfhz;l 1. ,urhadj; njhopw;rhiyfs;
gpr;rhthuk;> Kj;Jg;Ngl;il Nghd;w 2. kpd;frpT Vw;gLfpd;w fzpdp miw>
gFjpfspy; kdpj ,og;GfSk;> rikayiw Nghd;wit
fl;likg;Gr; Nrjq;fSk; FiwthfNt 3. twz;l fhyj;jpy; fhLfs;
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. 4. vz;nza;f; fplq;F
1. Vt u z FB kBkD 5. gpw njhopw; rhiyfs;.
1. Rdhkpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;;l kf;fis FB kBk
kWfl;likg;G nra;j ,lq;fspy; 1. jP tpgj;J Vw;gLk; NghJ cuf;ff;
kPz;Lk; Fbakh;j;j muR eph;thfKk;> $r;rypl;Nlh kzpnahypia
muRrhuh mikg;GfSk;> cjtp vOg;gpNah cjtpia ehl Ntz;Lk;.
nra;fpd;wd. 2. kzy; kw;Wk; jPaizg;Gf; fUtp
2. Rdhkpahy; Vw;gl;l ghjpg;gpypUe;J Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpj; jPapid
kPs kf;fSf;F epjpAjtp mizf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. 3. kpd; ,izg;gpid cldbahfj;
3. flw;fiuNahuq;fspy; rJg;G Jz;bf;f Ntz;Lk;.
epyf;fhLfis tsh;g;gjd; %yk; 4. Milapy; jPg;gpbj;jhy; Xlf; $lhJ.
Rdhkp jhf;fj;ijf; Fiwf;fyhk;. jiuapy; gLj;J cUz;L jPia
2. \M>V_ u|D ^ mizf;f Kw;gl Ntz;Lk;
 kdpjr; nray;fshy; FB V>k
Vw;gLk; caph;Nrjj;ijAk;> 1. kpd; ,izg;Gj; Jisfspy; (Plugpoint)
nghUl;Nrjj;ijAk; kdpjdhy; vijAk; jpzpf;ff; $lhJ.
Vw;gLk; Nghplh; vd;fpNwhk;.
2. kpd; fk;gj;jpy; Vwf;$lhJ.
jP tpgj;Jfs;:
3. kpd; fk;gpfSf;F mUfpy; gl;lk;
 kpd; frpT> ,urhadj; njhopw;rhiy>
gwf;f tplf;$lhJ.
jPg;ngl;b kw;Wk; gl;lhRj;
4. jPf;Fr;rp (m) iyl;liu itj;J
njhopw; rhiyfspy; Vw;gLk; jPg;
tpisahlf;$lhJ.
guty;fshy; tpgj;Jfs; Vw;gLfpwJ.
5. nghpath;fspd; cjtpapy;yhky;
fhLfspy; Vw;gLk; jP tpgj;Jfs;
gl;;lhR ntbf;f$lhJ.

12
 AslB_

Vzkm sm^ ^_ kV VmVA \V\

ftdf;FiwthYk; Nghf;Ftuj;J 1. thfdg; ghJfhg;G tpopg;Gzh;T
tpjpfisg; gpd;gw;whjjhYk; Vw;gLk; thfd (epfo;r;rpfis) mbf;fb gs;spf;
tpgj;Jfisg; Nghf;Ftuj;J tpgj;Jfs; Foe;ijfSf;F elj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
vd;fpd;Nwhk;. 2. thfdg; ghJfhg;G kPjhd gapw;rpia
kV smV V^: khzth;fSf;F mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1. kJ mUe;jptpl;L thfdk; 3. Foe;ijfs; rhiyia ikjhdkhfg;
gad;gLj;jf; $lhJ.
Xl;Ljy;> thfdk; Xl;Lk;NghJ
4. kpjptz;bapy; ,UtUf;F Nky;
ifg;Ngrpiag; gad;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk;
vg;NghJk; nry;yf;$lhJ.
ftdf;FiwT.
 _ (Stampede)
2. mDkjpf;fg;gl;l msittpl
 Fwpg;gpl;l xU gFjpapy; kf;fs;
Ntfkhf Xl;LtJ. mjpf mstpy; $bapUf;Fk; nghOJ
3. Nkhrkhd fhyepiy. VNjh xU fhuzj;jhy; jpBnudf;
4. Xa;tpd;wp ePz;l J}uk; thfdk; fl;Lg;ghbd;wp Nkhjpf;nfhz;Lk;>
Xl;LtJ. js;spf;nfhz;Lk; XLtJ ‘$l;l
FB kBk nehpry;“ vdg;gLfpwJ. $l;l
1. tpgj;J ele;jTld; mtru cjtpia nehpryhy; ,wg;G> vYk;G KwpT
ehlNtz;Lk;. cilik ,og;G> %r;Rj;jpzwy;
2. tpgj;ijf; fhty; Jiwaplk; Kjypahd Vw;gLfpd;wd.
njhptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. $l;lnehpry; mjpfk; eilngWk;
3. fhak; Vw;gl;lth;fSf;F kUj;Jt ,lq;fs; / epfo;Tfs;
trjp nra;J juNtz;Lk; 1. topghl;L jyq;fs;
FB V>k 2. jpUtpohf;fs;.
1. mjpNtfkhf thfdk; Xl;Ltijj;
3. tpisahl;L epfo;r;rpfs;.
jtph;f;fTk;.
4. ,ir epfo;r;rpfs;.
2. Xl;Leh; chpkk; my;yhkYk; thfdk;
5. nghUl;fhl;rp
Xl;Ltjw;Fhpa taJ G+h;j;jpahfkYk;
6. khehL> nghJf;$l;lq;fs;
thfdk; Xl;lf;$lhJ.
Kjypahd
3. thfdk; Xl;Lk;NghJk;> rhiyiaf;
_ u|k>uV V^
flf;Fk; NghJk; ifg;Ngrpia
1. gak;
cgNahfpf;ff; $lhJ.
2. gjw;wk;

13
 AslB_

3. mjpf Mh;tk; 3. $l;lj;jpw;F ,ilia FWf;F

4. tje;jp neLf;fhf tise;J nry;yTk;.
5. Fog;gepiy 4. fPNo tpOe;J vo
>VD Kbatpy;iynad;why;> ifia
1. mjpf mstpyhd caph; ,og;Gfs;. jiyf;F gpd;Gwk; itj;J fhy;fis
2. kf;fs; gLfhak; miljy;. klf;fp fUtpypUf;Fk; rpRitg; Nghy;
3. cs;fl;likg;Gfs; Nrjk; miljy;. gLj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.
4. nghUs; Nrjk; Vw;gLjy; 5. $l;l nehprypy; cjtpia
VmVA k^ ehLtjw;Fk; cjtp Ghptjw;Fk; irif
1. tpgj;Jj; jLg;G tpopg;Gzh;T nkhopfisg; Gj;jpf; $h;ikAld;
Vw;gLj;Jjy;. gad;gLj;jTk;.
2. jLg;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jjy; FB V>k
3. fhtyh;fs;> Ch;f;fhty; gilapdiu 1. gs;sp Eiothapy;> khbg;gbfs;
gzpapy; <LgLj;Jjy;. kw;Wk; tFg;G miw Kfg;G mfpa
4. ghjpf;fgl;lth;fisr; Rw;wpg; ,lq;fspy; xUtiunahUth; js;spf;
ghJfhg;G tisak; Vw;gLj;jp nfhz;Lk;> Ke;jpf; nfhz;Lk;
KjYjtp nra;jy;. XLtijj; jtph;f;fTk;.
FB kBk 2. msTf;F mjpfkhd khzth;fis
1. $l;l nehpriyj; jtph;f;f khw;W tFg;giwapy; mDkjpf;ff;$lhJ.
topia mwpe;J gad;gLj;jTk;. 3. mjpfkhd kf;fs; $Lk; cs;
2. iffis neQ;NrhL Nrh;j;J itj;Jf; muq;FfSf;F nry;tijj;
nfhs;sTk;. jtph;f;fTk;.

••••••

14
 AslB_

 ]V^_

 ]V^_ cs;shf;Ffpd;wJ. ehk; Nghpliur;

 ,e;jpa ehL mjpf kf;fs; re;jpf;Fk; nghOJ muRk;> If;fpa ehL
njhifiaAk; jdpj;jd;ik nfhz;l nrQ;rpYit rq;fk; Nghd;w rh;tNjr
,aw;if mikg;GfisAk; cilaJ. mikg;GfSk; cjTfpd;w NghJk;>
 ek; ehL cyf mstpy; mjpf Nghpluhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; r%fk;jhd;
Nghplh;fSf;F cs;shd ehLfspy; jq;fisj; jhq;fNs ghJfhj;J
xd;whFk;. #whtsp> epyeLf;fk;> kPs;gth;fs; (1st Responder) Mtu;.
twl;rp> nts;sg;ngUf;F kw;Wk; Nghplh; vd;gJ ngUk; Nrjj;ijAk;
epyr;rhpT Nghd;w ,aw;if ,lh;fs; Jauj;ijAk; cz;lhf;Fk; xU epfo;T
,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; Nghpluhy; ghjpfg;gl;lth;fSf;F
ntt;NtW msTfspy; Vw;glfpd;wd. czT> cil> ,Ug;gplk>; kUj;Jtk;
 ,e;jpahtpy; trpf;Fk; ehk; midtUk; kw;Wk; epjp cjtpfs; mspg;gjd; %yk;
ntt;NtW tpjj;jpy; Nghplh;fspd; Nghplhpd; ghjpg;gpypUe;J mth;fis
ghjpg;Gf;F cs;shfpd;Nwhk;. kPsr;nra;ayhk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf #whtsp fpof;Ff;  Nghplh;> ,aw;ifg; Nghplh;>
flw;fiuapYk; epyeLf;fk; gPlG+kpapd; kdpjdhy; Vw;gLk; Nghplh; vd ,U
kj;jpag; gFjpfspYk; kw;Wk; ,ka tifg;gLk; epyeLf;fk;> vhpkiy
kiyg;gFjpapYk; nts;sg;ngUf;F ntbg;G> nts;sg;ngUf;F> #whtsp
fq;if> gpuk;kGj;jpuh rkntspfspYk; Nghd;wit ,aw;ifg; Nghplh;fs;
twl;rp ,uh[];jhdpYk; xbrhtpYk; MFk; Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhopw;rhiy>
Vw;gLfpd;wd. jPP Kjypatw;why; Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jfs;
 Nghplh; ek;ik cldbahfTk; kdpjdhy; Vw;gLk; Nghplh;fs; MFk;.
NehpilahfTk; ghjpg;Gf;F

15
 AslB_

]BVs[  >Vz>_^ ]B  \V\

1. 55% f;Fk; Nkyhd epyg;gug;G gBD
epyeLf;fj;Jf;Fk;  Njrpag; Nghplh; Nkyhz;ikj; jiyth;:
2. 12% nts;sg;ngUf;fpw;Fk; gpujkh;> khepyg; Nghplh; Nkyhz;ikj;
jiyth;: khepy Kjyikr;rh;>
3. 8% #whtspf;Fk;
khtl;;lg; Nghplh; Nkyhz;ikapd;
4. 70% gaphplf;$ba epyk;
jiyth;: khtl;l Ml;rpah; my;yJ
twl;rpapd; jhf;fj;jpw;Fk;
khtl;;l ePjpgjp my;yJ cjtp
Mshfpd;wd.
Mizah; Nghd;Nwhh; xUq;fpize;j
epyeLf;fj;jpd; jPtpuj;ij msf;f Nghplh; Nkyhz;ikapd; mZF
,uz;L Kiwfs; cs;sd. mit KiwfisAk; nray; jpl;;lq;fisAk;
hpf;lh; msit (2 < Kjy; 8 > tiu) ,tu;fs; nray;gLj;Jth;.
kw;Wk; nkh;fyp msit (1 Kjy; 12  ,e;jpa mstpy;; ghjpg;Gf;F
tiu). cs;shf;fpa ,aw;ifg; Nghplh;fspy;
 Nghplh; vjph;nfhs;sy; vd;gJ Nghplh; xd;whd nts;sg;ngUf;F 2014
Nkyhz;ikr; Row;rpapd; ,uz;lhtJ nrg;lk;ghpy; [k;K fh\;kPh; khepyj;ijj;
epiyahFk;. Nghplh; epfo;tpd; NghJ jhf;fpaJ. mjpf kw;Wk; njhlh;
cldb cjtpGhpjy;> ghjpg;Gfis kioahy; Vw;gl;lnts;sg;ngUf;F
kjpg;gpLjy;> njhlh;e;J cjtp nra;jy;> Mapuf;fzf;fhNdhhpd; capiug;
cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis kPz;Lk; gwpj;jJ. gyh; tPLfSf;F cs;NsNa
epiy epWj;Jjy; Mfpait Nghplh; czT> ePhpd;wp Klq;fpj; jtpj;jdh;.
vjph;nfhs;sypy; mlq;Fk;
 VB zA
 \V\l[ WkD \uD  NguopTfshy; Vw;gLk; caphpog;Gfs;>
D V> ]^ tho;thjhuq;fspd ,og;Gfs;>
 Nghplh; Nkyhz;ikr; rl;lk; ,e;jpa nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; ,aw;iff;
murhy; 2005 Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; nrhj;Jf;fs; Mfpatw;wpd;
23-Mk; ehs; mky;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,og;Gfisj; jLf;Fk; topKiwfs;>
,r;rl;lk; ,e;jpag; Nghplh; Nghplh; mghaNeh;Tfspd; Fiwg;G
Nkyhz;ik mikg;G (NDMA) Vw;glf; (Disaster Risk Reduction) kw;Wk;
fhuzkhdJ. Nghplh;fspdhy; vOk; vjph;kiwj;
jhf;fq;fis Fiwf;f gue;j
(Comprehensive approach) mZFKiw
%yk; Ghpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

16
 AslB_

Nghplh; mghaNeh;T Fiwg;G ekf;F vjw;fhf 1. jzpj;jy;

Njitg;gLfpwJ. 2. Muk;g Kd;ndr;rhpf;if mikg;G
 xU Nghplhpd; jPtpukhdJ> xU 3. Nghplh; tUk;Kd; jahh; epiy
rKjhaj;jpd; kPJk;> Rw;Wr;#oypd; 4. kPl;G
kPJk; vj;jifa jhf;fj;ij xh; ,lh; \A \uD \A _V>
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ vd;gijg; nghUj;J k^
mikfpwJ. mjd; jhf;fk;> gpd;dh; ehk; \A k
ek; caph;fisAk;> Rw;Wr;#oiyAk;  ve;j xU ,ay;G fl;likg;G>
ghJfhf;f vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Nghplhpd; jhf;fq;fis Fiwf;fNth>
Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;iffisg; jtph;f;fNth cl;gLj;jg;gLfpwNjh
nghUj;J mikfpwJ. ehk; vLf;Fk; mJNt fl;likg;G eltbf;if MFk;
me;jj; jPh;khdq;fs; ek;ikg; (my;yJ) nghwpapay; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
NghplypUe;J kPSk; jd;ikiag; El;gq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L ,liuj;
ngWgth;fs; Mf;FfpwJ. jhq;ff;;$ba kw;Wk; kPSk; jd;ik
 UNISDR vd;Dk; mikg;G (United nfhz;l mikg;G my;yJ njhFjpia
Nation International Strategy for Disaster mikg;gjhFk;.
Reduction) tiuaiw nra;Js;s \A _V> k^
Nghplh; mghaNeh;T Fiwg;gpw;fhd  ,aw;G fl;likg;gpw;F cl;glhj
tiuaiwiaf; fhz;Nghk;. ve;j xU eltbf;ifAk; fl;likg;G
 ‘Nghplhpd; ,ay;ghd fhuzq;fis my;yhj eltbf;if vdg;gLfpwJ.
Ma;T kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik nra;J mit Nghplh; Fiwg;G> jhf;fq;fs;
Kiwahd gapw;rpAk;> Kaw;rpAk; gw;wpa mwpT> eilKiw my;yJ
nra;J Nghplhpd; mgha Neh;itf; xg;ge;jq;fs;> Fwpg;gpl;l nfhs;iffs;
Fiwg;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. kw;Wk; rl;lq;fs;> nghJ kf;fSf;F
Nghplhpd; Fiwg;G> kf;fs; caph; kw;Wk; tpopg;Gzh;T mspj;jy;> gapw;rp kw;Wk;
nrhj;JfSf;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfspd; fy;tp Nghd;w eltbf;iffs; MFk;.
Fiwg;G> epyk; kw;Wk; Rw;wr; #oypy; \A k_ c^B
mwpTj;jpwDila Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; sk^
Kd;Ndw;wkhd jahh;; epiy Mfpait 1. ePiuj; Njf;fp itf;Fk; fiufs;
,jd; fUj;jpy; mlq;Fk;”. fl;Ljy; my;yJ fiufisg;
 Nghplh; mghaNeh;T Fiwg;gp;y; gyg;gLj;Jjy;.
rpy Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; cs;sd 2. thdpiy khw;wq;fSf;Fk;> Gtp
mitahd: mjph;Tk; jhq;ff;$ba kpd;rf;jpj;
njhFjpfisj; jpl;lkpl;L mikj;jy;.
17
 AslB_

3. fl;llq;fs; fl;Ltjw;Ff; fz;bg;ghd 2. ,j;njhFjp> ,aw;ifg; Gtp ,ay;G

rl;lq;fisAk; tpjpKiwfisAk; ,lh;fs;> caphpay; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
nray;gLj;j itj;jy;. ,lh;fs;> rKjha kw;Wk; murpay;
4. Gtp mjph;Tfisj; jhq;ff; $ba rk;ge;jg;gl;l mtru fhyf;fl;lq;fs;
fl;llq;fs;> fl;lj; jpl;lkpLjy;. njhopyf kw;Wk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l kw;w
5. nghJf; fl;llq;fis mt;tg;nghOJ ,lh;fspd; NghJ nray;gLj;jg;gLk;
gOJ ghh;j;Jj;; jhq;f ty;yjha; Xh; mikg;ghFk;.
tbtikj;jy;. 3. Muk;g Kd;ndr;rhpf;if mikg;Gfs;
6. ,lh;fs; Vw;gLk; gug;GfSf;F ,y;iynadpy;> gapw;rp kw;Wk;
mg;ghy; tPLfis mikj;jy;. ntspNaw;Wjy; Nghd;w topKiwfs;
\A _V> kl_ c^ nghUj;jkw;wjhfptpLk; NkYk;
sk^
Muk;g Kd;ndr;nrhpf;if mikg;G
Nkyhz;ik xOq;FKiwg;gLj;Jk;
vd;gJ> ehd;F Kf;fpa rk;ke;jg;gl;l
eltbf;iffs;
$Wfis cs;slf;fpaJ MFk;.
1. kz;lyq;fshfg; gphpj;Jr;
mitahtd:
nray;gLjy;
1. Mo;e;J ftdpj;jy; kw;Wk; gjpTfisg;
2. flNyhug; gFjpfspy; Nkyhz;ik
Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
3. kiyg;gFjpfspy; Nkyhz;ik
2. mghaNeh;T gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;T
4. kiyr;rhpTg; gFjpfspy; Nkyhz;ik
kw;Wk; milahsk; fhZjy;
5. r%f Nritfs;
3. vr;rhpf;if kw;Wk; gutr; nra;jy;
6. fy;tpj; jpl;lq;fspy; Nghplh;
4. nghUj;jkhd gpujpgypg;G.
Nkyhz;ikr; nray; jpl;lk;.
 Nlyp ];kpj; vd;w gj;J taJ rpWkp
7. ,aw;if tsq;fspd; gad;ghL gw;wpa
jha;he;J> nka;fht; flw;fiuapy;
epge;jidfs;.
E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l may; ehl;Lr;
8. nfhs;iffs; %yk; ghJfhg;gw;w
Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis> 2004,y;
jpl;lq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;
,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; Gtp mjph;tpd;
gD x[ \A^
fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l Rdhkpg;
1. Muk;g Kd;ndr;rhpf;if mikg;Gfs;
Nguiy moptpypUe;J ghJfhj;Jg;
vdg;gLtJ mtru fhyf;fl;lq;fspy;
Gfoile;Js;shh;. mtsJ
mghaNeh;Tfisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd
ngw;NwhUf;Fk;> kw;wth;fSf;Fk;
xU jfty; mspg;Gj; njhFjp vd
Rdhkp gw;wpa vr;rhpf;ifiag; Nguiy
tpthpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
tUk; Kd;Ng mwptpj;jpUf;fpwhs;.
mts; gs;spapy; Rdhkp gw;wpg;

18
 AslB_

gbj;jij kdjpw; nfhz;L ghJfhg;gpidAk;> mtruf;fhy

Kd;$l;bNa vr;rhpf;if tpLj;Jf; epthuzj;ijAk; mspf;ff;$ba
fhg;ghw;wp cs;shs;. fhf;ff; $ba nghWg;Gfs; cz;L>
V >BV W Kjypy;> jahh; epiy Kaw;rpfs;
 ,J xU ePz;lfhyr; nray;ghL vLf;fNtz;ba ,lq;fs;; mjpf msT
vdf; nfhs;syhk;. jahh; epiy mghaNeh;T ,lq;fshFk;.
midj;J tifg; Nghplh; rk;ge;jg;gl;l  NghplUf;fhd jahh; epiy mZF
mtruf;fhyf; fl;lq;fspy; nray; KiwahdJ Njit mbg;;gilapyhd
gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; Nehf;fk;> mZF Kiwf;F khwpAs;sJ. ,e;j
caph; ,og;GfisAk; ghjpg;GfisAk; mZFKiw ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd;
Fiwf;f Kw;gLk; nra;ifahFk;. jPh;khdq;fSf;Fk;> epfo;tpw;Fj;
Nghplh; Vw;gLtjw;F Kd;G jahh; Njitahd jpl;lkpLjYf;Fk;
epiy nra;ifahdJ r%fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fpwJ.
jpwidj; jpwk;glTk; mh;j;jKs;sjhf Mifahy;> jdpeghpd; Jauj;ijAk;
vjph;nfhs;s itf;Fk; xU epiyahFk;. ghjpg;igAk; fzprkhff; Fiwf;f
jpwd; tsh;g;G vd;gJ jdpg;gl;l r%f> KbfpwJ. NghplUf;fhd jahh;epiy
ehL kw;Wk; cyf mstpy; midj;J JhpjkhfTk; jpwikahfTk; nray;gl
epiyfspYk; Vw;gLj;JtJ MFk;. toptFf;fpwJ vdyhk;.
 ,aw;ifg; Nghplh;fshfpa Gay;> *A
`hpNfd;> ilG+d; kw;Wk; nlhh;dhNlh  kPl;G vd;gJ> xU NghplUf;Fg; gpd;dh;
Nghd;wit vr;rhpg;gJky;yhky; Muk;g ,oe;jtw;iwj; jpUk;gg; ngw vLf;Fk;
epiyapNyNa rpy mwpFwpfisf; jPh;khdq;fSk;> eltbf;iffSk;
fhl;l ty;yJ. mJ kl;Lkpd;wp mit vLf;Fk; xU fz;Nzhl;lkhFk;.
ek;ikj; jahh;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd NkYk; kPl;Gr; nray; r%fj;jpd;
Neuj;ijAk; nfhLf;fpd;wd. jd;ikia Kd;Ndw;wkiliar;
mtrufhyj; jahh; epiyapy; ekf;F nra;aTk;> Nkw;nfhz;L Vw;gLk;
xU nghpa rthyhf miktJ Nghplh;fis mth;fs; vjph;nfhs;Sk;
ghjpg;Gfshy; Vw;gLk; Jauq;fSk;> jpwidg; gyg;gLj;Jk; nray;ghlhFk;.
,ay;G trjpfisg; ghJfhg;gJk; kPl;ghdJ> gioa rhjhuzr;
MFk;. #o;epiyf;F nfhz;L tUtNjhL
 Nguhgj;J tuf;$ba fhyq;fspy; kl;Lk; ,y;yhky; rkepiy
midj;J muRfSf;Fk; nghJthd miltjw;Fk; cWjp mspf;fpwJ.
,e;epiyapy; Gduikg;Gk;>

19

kWfl;likj;jYk; Kf;fpag; gzpfshf
mikfpd;wd. Nghplh; mghaNeh;T
Fiwg;G eltbf;iffspd; tsh;r;rp
kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jjypy;
kjpg;Gkpf;f tha;g;ig mspg;gjhfTk;
mikfpwJ.
 r%fr; nray;ghLfs;> gs;spg; Nghplh;
Nkyhz;ikf; FO kw;Wk; Nghplh;
Nkyhz;ikf; FO kw;Wk; Nghplh;
Nkyhz;ikf; fy;tp Mfpait
,aw;if kw;Wk; kdpjdhy; Vw;gLk;
Nghplh;fspd; jPtpuj;ijf; Fiwg;gjpy;
Kf;fpag; gq;if tfpf;fpd;wd.
 jkpof muR> I.eh. tsh;r;rpj;
jpl;lq;fspd; (UNDP) MjuNthLk;
topfhl;LjypdhYk; mghaNeh;T
Fiwg;G epfo;r;rpfis Kidg;Gld;
nray;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L tUfpwJ.
••••••
AslB_
,e;epfo;r;rpfspd; Kjd;ik
Nehf;fkhff; fUjg;gLtJ cs;@h;
kf;fspd; jpwid mjpkhf;FtJ MFk;.
KjYjtp> Njly;> kw;Wk; fhg;ghw;Wk;
jpwik> Muk;g Kd;ndr;nrhpf;if
mikg;G Nghd;wtw;wpy; gapw;rp
mspj;J mghaNeh;tpidf; Fiwf;fr;
nray;gl;L tUfpwJ.
 xt;Nthh; Mz;Lk; mf;Nlhgh; 13 Mk;
ehs; cyfg; Nghplh; Fiwg;G ehs; vdf;
nfhz;lhlg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,e;ehs;
xt;nthU FbkfidAk;> ehl;ilAk;>
NghplypUe;J kPSk; rKjhakhfTk;
ehLfshfTk; khw;Wtjpy; gq;F ngw
Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ.
20
 >tV| 
kkVFA \uD luEm
 : TNPSC Group II >
VD : AslB_
z] : Bu k^
]BVBu k^, ]BV] k^, ]BV 
k^, >tV|  t[V k^, >tV|  >Va_^
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z2 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
sV>V^^ \uD \[VzA^ gBk V >suz >BVVzD
\Vk, \Vsz c>s|D kl_ kkVFA \uD luE mBV_
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
kkVFA \uD luE mB V>m  >s|m.
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV, su
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z
>BV FD \Vkz kw|D t_V kBVzD.

gB,
kkVFA \uD luE m
 AslB_

Bu k^

]BV - Bu k^

Bu >VkD  cyfstpy; xg;gpLk;NghJ 2% V|^

 Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; ,aw;ifahfNt ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ.
tsUk; jhtuq;fspd; njhFg;G  ,e;jpah Nghd;w kpjntg;g kz;ly
MFk;. ,it fhyepiy> kz; kw;Wk; ehLfspy; z>D 33% fhLfs;
caphpdq;fspd; nry;thf;fpdhy;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
cUthFgit.
]BVs[ kk^ %q;fpy; kuq;fs; mjpfkhf fpilf;Fk;
 ,e;jpahtpd; td tsq;fs; jdpj;j khepyq;fs;:
rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; nfhz;lit. 1. [k;K - fh\;kPh;
Vnddpy; twl;rpiaj; jhq;Fk; 2. gQ;rhg;
Kl;Gjh;fspypUe;J ntg;g kz;ly 3. kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;
gRik khwhf; fhLfs; tiu ngUk;
vz;zpf;ifapyhd jhtu tiffs; V|^ ]x^ V|^ zkV
,q;Ff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. \VWD c^ \VWD
 ,e;jpahtpd; fhLfspd; nkhj;jg;gug;G 1. kpNrhuhk; 1. gQ;rhg;
Rkhh; 63.72 t_oB[ m .* 2. ,yl;rj;jPT 2. `hpahdh
nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 9.39% MFk;. 3. ehfyhe;J 3. ,uh[];jhd;
V|[ asuz VD gug;gstpy; kpf mjpf rjtPjf;
1. kf;fs;njhifg; ngUf;fk;> fhLfisf; nfhz;l khepyk; - kj;jpag;
2. tptrha epyq;fspd; Njit
gpuNjrk;> mUzhryg; gpuNjrk;
mjpfhpg;G
3. efukakhjy;
Bu >Vk k^
4. njhopw;rhiy kakhjy;  ,e;jpahtpYs;s ,aw;ifj; jhtuj;jpd;
tsh;r;rp fhyepiy> ntg;gk;>
5. Gjpa efuq;fs; Njhd;Wjy;
kiog;nghopT> jiu mikg;G kw;Wk;
V|[ k_
kz; Nghd;w Gtpapay;
 ,e;jpahtpy; 24.0% fhLfshfTk;>
kuq;fshfTk; cs;sJ.


 AslB_

]BVs[ xB Bu k^

]B >Vk k^

2
 AslB_

fhuzpfshy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. 5. kiyf;fhLfs;

1. ntg;gkz;ly gRik khwhf; a) ,kakiyapd; kiyf;fhLfs;
fhLfs; b) njw;F kiyf;fhLfs;
2. ntg;gkz;ly gUtf; fhLfs; >EBk V^
a) twz;l gUtf;fhLfs;  ,e;jpah 1894-k; Mz;by; Njrpa
b) <ug;gjKs;s gUtf;fhLfs; tdf;nfhs;if xd;iw Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 kPzL; k; 1952-k; Mz;bYk;> 1988-k;
3. ghiytdk;
Mz;bYk; ,f;nfhs;if jpUj;jp
4. khq;FNuht; fhLfs;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

3
 Bu >VkD \w k kD V|D z] \u zA^
 W >Vk^
ntg;g kz;ly 200 250C Nuh];Tl;> Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp mjpf kioAk;> mjpf ntg;gKk;
gRik khwhf; nr.kPf;F - 270C vnghdp> kiyapd; Nkw;F ,Ug;gjdhy; vg;NghJk;
fhLfs; Nky; kNfhfdp> gFjpapYk;> gRikahfNt ,Uf;Fk;.
ug;gh;> me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; kuq;fs; ruhrhpahf 60kP cauk;
rpd;Nfhdh> jPTfspYk;> kiyapd; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;.
%q;fpy;> jho;e;j rhpTfspYk;>
yad;]; m];]hk;> xhprhtpd;
rpy gFjpfs;
ntg;g kz;ly 100-200 270C Njf;F> rhy;> ,kakiyapd; ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfg; gug;gstpy;
gUtf; fhLfs; nr.kP kFth> mbthuk;> xbrh fhzg;gLk; fhLfs; (twz;l
 <ug;gj Ks;s Mk;yh> ,iyAjph; kw;Wk; <ug;gjk;
gUtf ;fhLfs; re;jd kuk; nfhz;l ,iyAjph; fhLfs;)

 twz;l 70 - 100 270C ghyh];> jPgfw;g gFjpfs;> Nfhilf; fhyj;jpy; ,iyfis

gUtf; fhLfs; nr.kP f;F f;F Nky; ngy;> cj;jpug; gpuNjrk; cjph;f;fpd;wd.
Nky; ifa;];> kw;Wk; gPfhh;
Mf;ry;Tl;
0
ghiytdj; 25 30 C Kl;nrbfs;> ,uh[];jhdpd; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
jhtuk; nr.kPf;Fk; mNfrpah> ghiytdg; gFjpfs;> 1. ntg;g ghiytdk; v.fh:
FiwT Nff;lh]; fl;r;> nrsuh\;buk;> ,e;jpah - jhh;
(rg;ghj;jpf; gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; 2. Fsph; ghiytdk; v.fh:
fs;sp) jf;fhz gPlG+kp Nfhgp> jf;ykfhd ghiytdk;

4
AslB_
 khq;f;Nuht; Re;jhp> iu];> Nkw;F tq;fk;> fly; Xjq;fs; %yk;
fhLfs; (rJg;G mtprPdpah> F[uhj;> jkpo;ehL> ePiug;ngWk; flNyhug; gFjpapy;
epyf; fhLfs; Nghuh> igd; Me;jpug; gpuNjrk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
kuq;fspd; mbg;gFjpia cah;
Xjj;jpd; NghJ> ePUf;F mbapy;
fhzg;gLk; vz;zw;w Nth;fs;
jhq;fpf; nfhs;fpd;wd.
kiyf;fhLfs;: igd;> ,kakiy gFjpfs; jhtu tiffs; cauj;jpw;F
fly; jpNahjh;> Vw;wthW khWfpd;wd
kl;lj;jpw;F rPlh;];
caNu nry;yr;
nry;y FiwAk;
ntg;gj;jpdhy;
tsuf;
$bait.
 ,ka
kiyapd;
kiyf ;fhLfs;

 njw;F kiyf; 150 - 200 110C igd;> jkpo;ehL> Nfush> Nrhiyf; fhLfs;
fhLfs; nr.kP - 140C jpNahjh;> fh;ehlfh> 1.Nkw;Fj;
nr];l; el; Midkiy> ePyfphp> njhlh;r;rp
godp kiyfs;
2. tpe;jpa kiyg;
gFjp
3. ePyfphp kiyg;
gFjp


AslB_
 AslB_

Gy;ntspfs;:  1980-k; Mz;L kVmVA D

,e;jpag; Gy;ntspfs; <ukhd kz; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1988-k; Mz;by;
cs;s jiyg;gFjpapYk;> cg;Gg; gFjpfspYk;
NkYk; jpUj;jg;gl;L ,r;rl;lj;jpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. jho;epyg; Gy;ntsp fhLfs; ghJfhg;G rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhf
2. Nkl;L epyg; Gy;ntsp nray;gLgth;fSf;Fchpa fLikahd
>VW A_k \| W A_k jz;lid gw;wp $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 30 nr.kP. Kjy;  1000 kP \VzV V|^ \uD
200 nr.kP tiu cauj;jpw;F \VW^
tsUk;. Nky; tsUk;.
1. Re;jutdf; Nkw;F tq;fk;
 ruhrhp  ,kakiyg;
kioasTk;> gFjpfspYk;> fhLfs;
mjpfkhd fh;ehlfh 2. gpj;h;fdpfh xbrh
Nfhilfhy tpYs;s Nkw;Fj; 3. yphpq;fh Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;
ntg;gKk; njhlh;r;rp
nfhz;l kiyapy; 4. fpU\;zh Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;
gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 5. Nfhjhthp Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;
tsUfpd;wd. nly;lh
 ,t;tifg;
6. kfhejp nly;lh Xhprh
Gy;ntspfs;
gy;NtW kz; 7. gpr;rhtuk; jkpo;ehL
tiffspy; 8. ghapz;l; fhypkh; jkpo;ehL
tsUfpd;wd. 9. Fz;lG+h; fh;ehlfh
V|[ VmVAD, \V\D 10. mr;uh kfhuh\;buh
 fhLfs; mopj;jYk;> fhLfisf; 11. uj;dfphp kfhuh\;buh
Fiwg;gJk; mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl 12. Ntk;gehL Nfush
nry;tjhy; gue;j mstpy; kz;
mhpg;Gk;> epiyaw;w kiog; nghopTk;
kPz;Lk;> kPz;Lk; nts;sKk;
Vw;gLfpd;wd.

••••••



]BV - ] k^
 epyf;fhp> ngl;Nuhypak;> ,aw;if
vhpthA> #hpa rf;jp> fhw;W vhprf;jp
Nghd;wit rpy vhprf;jp tsq;fshFk;.
,J nghUshjhu kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g
tsh;r;rpf;F ,d;wpaikahj xU
$w;whFk;.
 vhprf;jp tsq;fis ,U
tifg;gLj;jyhk;> mit
 GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f tsq;fs;
 GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj tsq;fs;
1.ED^
 vspjhff; fpilf;ff;$baJ
 GJg;gpf;ff;$baJ
 Rw;Wr;#oYf;F jPq;F
tpistpf;fhjJ
 khRf;fis Vw;gLj;jhJ
AslB_
 Fiwe;j cw;gj;jpr; nryT
 njhlh;e;J fpilf;ff; $baJ.
B]
 ,e;jpah mad kz;lyj;jpy; mike;
Js;sjhy; mstpl Kbahj #hpa
rf;jpia ngWfpd;wJ. #hpa xspia
Neubahf kpd; rf;jpahf Nghl;Nlh
Nthy;lhapf; njhopy;El;gk; %yk;
khw;w KbAk;. ,k;Kiwapd; %yk; 20
nkfhthl; #hpa rf;jpia 1 r.fp.kP
gug;gstpw;F cw;gj;jp nra;a KbAk;.
 fhw;W rf;jp fhw;whiyfis epWT
tjw;F Muk;g nghUl;nryT
mjpfkhfpwJ.
nghpa mstpy; #hpa rf;jpapy; kpd;
rf;jpahf khw;Wk; ikak; F[uhj;jpYs;s
G+[; mUNf mike;Js;s khjhGhpahFk;.
Vu ] cu] \VW^
1. jkpo;ehL 2. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
3. fh;ehlfh 4. F[uhj;
5. Nfush 6. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
7. kfhuh\;buk; 8. ,yl;rj;jPT
cl ]
 Gjh;fs;> gaph;fspypUe;J ngWk;
fopT> kdpjd; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd;

 AslB_

]BVs_ W V|D ^

fopT Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp fhk;Ng tisFlh 7000 nkfhthl;
caphp rf;jp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
rf;jp jpwidg; ngw Vw;w ,lkhFk;.
,r;rf;jp fpuhkg; Gwq;fspy;
tPl;L cgNahfj;jpw;fhf cw;gj;jp  ]
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.  ,e;jpah 40000 nkfhthl; miy rf;jpj;
 kz;nzz;nza; kw;Wk; kuf;fhpia jpwd; nfhz;Ls;sjhf fzf;fplg;
tpl caphp rf;jp mjpf ntg;gj;jpid gl;Ls;sJ. jpUtde;jGuj;jpw;F
mspf;Fk;. mUfpYs;s tpopQ;rk; vd;w ,lj;jpy;
{> ] 150 nkfhthl; miy rf;jp cw;gj;jp
 ,e;jpah 8000-9000 nkfhthl; epiyak; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Xjrf;jp jpwidf; nfhz;L cs;sjhf
kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 AslB_

]BVs_ Vu cu] FD ^

Am> ] t[ cu] Xj rf;jp fhk;Ng tisFlh

WB^ (F[uhj;)> fl;r; tisFlh
] \sD (F[uhj;) Re;jutdk;
(Nkw;F tq;fhsk;)
fhw;W rf;jp Muy;tha;nkhop> faj;jhW
(fhw;whiy) (jkpo; ehL)> rj;jhuh miy rf;jp tpopQ;rk; (Nfush)
(kfhuh\;buh)> yhk;gh> #hpa rf;jp fKjp (jkpo;ehL)
ke;jptp (F[uhj;) Am BV> ] k^
Gtp ntg;g kzpf;fuz; (,khr;ryg; W
rf;jp gpuNjrk;)> G`h  mad kz;lyj;jpd; ngUq;fhLfs;
gs;sj;jhf;F ([k;K
gbtq;fshy; %lg;gl;L> ePz;l
kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;)> jl;lhgdp
fhy mstpy; fhpkkhf;fg;gl;Lj;
(rl;B];fh;)
9
 AslB_

Njhd;Wk; gbTg;ghiwfs; epyf;fhp

1774-y; Nkw;Ftq;fhsj;jpy; cs;s V
vdg;gLk;. ntg;gKk;> mOj;jKk;
 gFjp epyf;fhp taypy; Kjd;Kjyhf
jhtug; nghUis epyf;fhpahf
khw;Wfpd;wd. rf;jpapd; %y Mjhuk; epyf;fhp ntl;bnaLf;fg;gl;lJ.
,JNt MFk;. vdNt jhd; epyf;fhp  ,e;jpahtpy; ,U tifahd epyf;fhp
>VauV[ >VF (Mother of tay;fs; cs;sd.
Industries) vd;W Gfog;gLfpwJ.
1. Nfhz;l;thdh - 98% cs;sd.
 ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa vhprf;jp tsk;
2. nlh;\pahp - 2% cs;sd
epyf;fhpahFk;. 67 rjtPjk; ehl;bd;
 jkpofj;jpd; nea;Ntyp> m];]hkpd;
vhprf;jp Njit epyf;fhp %yk; G+h;j;jp
kFk; gFjp> ,uh[];jhdpd; gpf;fhdph;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; nlh;\pahp fhy
epyf;fhp fUg;Gj; jq;fk; vd;W epyf;fhp tay;fs; cs;sd.
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.  gPfhhpd; [hhpah> nghf;fhNuh> fhd;Guh
 epyf;fhp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpahtpy; lhy; Nlhd;fQ;r; Mfpa ,lq;fspYk;>
Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; khepyk; [hh;fz;l; Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpd; rpq;fNudp
MFk;. gFjpapYk; (,uhkFz;lk;) kj;jpag;
 epyf;fhpapd; juk; kw;Wk; fhh;gd; gpuNjrj;jpd; Nfhh;gh gfjpapYk;
mstpd; mbg;gilapy; gy tif fshfg; epyf;fhp tay;fs; cs;sd. gPfhhpd;
gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mitahtd> fphpj; gFjpapYk; epyf;fhp tay;fs;
1. Me;juirl; cs;sd.
2. gpl;Lkpd]; VoBD
3. ypf;idl;  ngl;Nuhypak; gbTg; ghiwfspypUe;J
4. kuf;fhp ngwg;gLfpwJ. ,it fdpk vz;nza;
 epyf;fhp Ruq;fq;fspy; ngUk; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
ghyhdit tlfpof;F ,e;jpahtpy;  vhpnghUs; gad;ghl;by; Kjyplk;
mike;Js;sd. ,jpy; %d;wpy; ngw;Ws;sJ. ek; ehl;by; m]hk;
,uz;L gq;F epyf;fhp [hh;fz;l;> khepyj;jpy; jpf;gha; gFjpapd;
kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;> rl;B];fh;> kw;Wk; kf;Fk; vd;Dkplj;jpy; 1867y; Kjd;
xhprhtpy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. xU gq;F Kjyhf ngl;Nuhypak; ntspf;
epyf;fhp Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> Nkw;F nfhzug;gl;lJ.
tq;fk;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J ngl;Nuhypak; jputj; jq;fk; (Liquid gold)
fpilf;fpwJ. vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

0
 AslB_

 F[uhj; fhk;Ng tisFlhg; gFjpapy; ]BVsK^ F ]A

fNyhy;> mq;fNy];th;> Y}Nd[; WB^
Mfpa ,lq;fspYk;> kfhuh\;buhtpy; 1. g&dp> gPfhh;
Kk;igf; flw;fiuapd; Kk;ig
2. Kk;ig> kfhuh\;buh
gFjpapYk;> NkYk; kfhuh\;buhtpd;
NgrPd; gFjpapy; vz;nza; tay;fs; 3. nfhr;rp> Nfush
cs;sd. 4. jpf;gha;> m];]hk;
 ,e;jpah 4000 kpy;ypad; ld; ,Ug;igf; 5. `hy;jpah> Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
ngw;Ws;sJ. 6. tprhfg;gl;bdk;> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
 63% - Kk;ig i` (Mumbai High) 7. fal;b> F[uhj;
 18% - F[uhj; 8. nrd;id> jkpo;ehL
 16% - m];]hk;
 3% - m U z h r y g ; g p u N j r k ; > 9. kJuh> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
Me;jpug; gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; 10. fh;dh];> `hpahdh
jkpo;ehL

]BVs_ VoBD V|D ^


 AslB_

t[] vhpthA Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J cw;gj;jp

 xU ehl;bd; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd;
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; kpd;rf;jpapd; gq;F nkhj;j cw;gj;jpapy; 70% mdy; kpd;
kpfg;nghpajhFk;. kpd;rf;jp %d;W epiyaq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.
topfspy; ngwg;gLfpwJ. mit> _ t[ ]B cu] FD
1. mdy; kpd; rf;jp
\VW^
1. gQ;rhg; 2. `hpahdh
2. ePh;kpd; rf;jp 3. ,uh[];jhd; 4. fh;ehlfh
3. mZkpd; rf;jp 5. Nfush 6. xbrh
1, _ t[] 7. nly;yp
 epyf;fhp> ngl;Nuhypak;> ,aw;if

]BVs_ V|D _t[ WB^

2
 AslB_

_ t[]B mD Vm^ ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ePh;kpd; epiyak;

\VW^
1. m];]hk; 2. [hh;fz;l; 1897D g| Vo_ epWtg;
3. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 4. Nkw;F tq;fk; gl;lJ. kw;nwhU epiyak; 1902-k; Mz;L
5. jkpo;ehL fhNthp Mw;wpy; cs;s rptrKj;jpuk;
2. t[ ] ePh;tPo;r;rpapy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; 24% kpd;rf;jp ePh;kpd;
epiyaq;fspy; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,r;rf;jp ,e;jpag; nghUshjhu
tsh;r;rpf;F nghpJk; cjTfpd;wd.
t[ ] cu] FD \VW^
1. ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk;
2. fh;ehlfh 3. Nfush
4. [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;
5. jphpGuh 6. Nkfyhah
7. rpf;fpk;

3

3. bt[ ]
 ,e;jpah Mz;bw;F 270 nkfhthl;
mZkpd; rf;jpia cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ.
 ANudpak; kw;Wk; Njhhpak; fdpkj;jp
ypUe;J mZkpd; rf;jp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;
gLfpwJ. ,f;fdpkq;fs; [hh;fz;l;
kw;Wk; Muty;yp kiyj; njhlh;fspy;
uh[];jhdpypUe;J vLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 NkYk;> Nfus flw;fiuapd; kz;zp
Ys;s NkhNdhirl;bypUe;J Njhupak;
ngwg;gLfpwJ.
Bu kV \uV^|D ^
AslB_
]BVsK^ bt[ ] cu]
WB^
1. jhuhg;G+h; (kfhuh\;buk;)
2. fy;ghf;fk; (jkpo;ehL)
3. uhtj;gl;lh (Nfhl;lh - ,uh[];jhd;)
4. eNuhuh (cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;)
5. fhf;uguh (F[uhj;)
6. iff;fh (fh;ehlfh)
7. $lq;Fsk; (jkpo;ehL)
4
 AslB_

Bu kV ]BVsK^ Bu kV

 Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; jdpahfNth ^
my;yJ ngl;Nuhypaj;Jld; Nrh;e;Njh 1. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 2. kfhuh\;buk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. 3. F[uhj; 4. m];]hk;
5. me;jkhd; - epNfhghh; jPTfs;.

••••••



]BV - k^
]BVs[ k_
 Ntshz; njhopiy eph;zapf;Fk;
kw;nwhU fhuzp> ePh; MFk;. ,e;jpah
rkr;rPuw;w kioiag; ngWk; gUtf;
fhw;W ehL. ePhg;;ghrd trjpapid
ehl;bd; vy;yhg; gFjpfSf;Fk; ju
,ayhJ. ruhrhpahf ,e;jpah 125
nr.kP kioasT ngWfpwJ. vdpDk;
Nkfyhahtpd; nksrpd;uhk; (1270
nr.kP)> kw;Wk; rpuGQ;rp (1110 nr.kP)
mjpf kio ngWfpd;wd
AslB_
_Vz ]^ (Multi Purpose
Projects)
 xNu jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; gy Nehf;fq;
fis milAk; gy;Nehf;F jpl;lq;fs;
MFk;. ,it cz;ikapy; Mw;Wg;
gs;sj; jhf;Fj; jpl;lq;fNs MFk;.
 xU Mw;Wg;gFjp KOtJk; ,j;jpl;lq;fs;
ePh;g;ghrdk; jpl;lj;jpw;Fhpa gug;ghf
fUjg;gLk;. ePh;tsk;> nts;sj;jLg;G>
njhopy; tsk;> kz; mhpg;Gj; jLg;G>
kPd; gpbg;G> kpd;rf;jp Nghd;w gy;NtW
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf mikf;fg;
gLfpd;wd. vdNtjhd; Mw;Wg;
gs;sj;jhf;Fj; jpl;lq;fs; ‘T
]BVs[ A]B Vl_^” vd;W
Gfog;gLfpd;wd.
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gy;Nehf;Fj; jpl;lk;
jhNkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F jpl;lk; MFk;.
>V\V> ^>Vz ]D
 jhNkhjh; MW ‘kV][ mBD”
vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt
,J nts;sg;ngUf;ifj; jLf;Fk;
jpl;lkhFk;. ,j;jpl;lj;ij nray;
gLj;j 1948-y; jhNkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F
jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.


>V\V>
jhNkhjh; ejp> Nrhl;lh ehfGhp gFjp
apypUe;J Nkw;F tq;fhsk; tiu gha;fpwJ.
jhNkhjh; MW Nfhilf; fhyq;fspy;
nts;sg; ngUf;if Vw;gLj;jp Mapuf;
fzf;fhd Vf;fh; epyg;gug;ig
nts;sj;jpy; %o;fr; nra;fpwJ.
V_ _Vz ]D
mV _Vz ]D
 Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh
Mfpa ,U khepyq;fspd; $l;L
Kaw;rpNa ,j;jpl;lk;. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd;
fPo; 14 kpd;rf;jp epiyaq;fs; mikf;fg;
gl;L 126 nkfhthl; ePh;kpd;rf;jp
nra;ag;gl;L tUfpwJ.
mV ]
 Jq;fgj;uh ejp fpU\;zhtpd; Jiz
ahW MFk;. ,e;ejp Jq;f; kw;Wk; gj;uh
AslB_
Mfpa ,U MWfspd; ,izg;ghFk;.
fh;ehlfhtpy; ngy;yhhp khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;s ky;yGuk; gFjpapy; xU miz
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Rkhh; 25 fp.kP ePsKk;>
50 kP cauKk; cilaJ. ,q;fpUe;J
Rkhh; 225 fp.kP ePsj;jpw;F xU
fhy;thAk;> 250 kP ePsj;jpw;F kw;nwhU
fhy;thAk; ePh;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ,j;jpl;lk; ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa
gy;Nehf;F jpl;lk; (Biggest Multi
Purpose Project of India) ,JNt MFk;.
rpe;Jtpd; Jiz Mwhfpa rl;ny[;
Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf gf;uh vd;Dkplj;jpy;
xU miz fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,j;jpl;lj;jpdhy; gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh>
`pkhr;ryg;gpuNjrk;> ,uh[];jhd;
Mfpa khepyq;fs; gad;ngWfpd;wd.

 AslB_

nkfhthl; cw;gj;jpAld; ngq;f@h;

gFjpia tsg;gLj;JfpwJ.
z>V ]D
 jkpofj;jpy; ePyfphp khtl;lj;jpy;
mike;Js;s ,j;jpl;lk; jdJ 425
nkfhthl; jpwdpypUe;J rkPgj;jpy; 535
nkfhthl; cw;gj;jpf;F cah;j;jg;gl;L
,Uf;fpwJ.
t[] WB^ Z ]D
 gf;uhtpy; 2 kpd;rf;jp epiyaq;fs;  Nrhd; ejpapd; fpis ejpahd
fl;lg;gl;L> mtw;wpd; %yk; 210 hPfz;l; Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf
nkfhthl; ePh;kpd;rf;jp ngwg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jpl;lk; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;j
NkYk; eq;fy; fhy;tha;j; jpl;lj;jpYk; miz ePh;j;Njf;fk; Nfhtpe;j; rhh;
2 kpd;rf;jp epiyaq;fs; cs;sd. vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jpl;lj;
_ V_kVF ]D jpdhy; gpk;gphp vd;Dkplj;jpy; cs;s
 64 fp.kP ePsKila ,f;fhy;tha; eq;fy; ,urhad njhopw;rhiyfSk;>
gFjpapy; mike;J cs;sJ. nghJthf NuZfl; gFjpapy; cs;s mYkpdpa
,j;jpl;lj;jpdhy; 1204 nkfhthl; njhopw;rhiyAk; kpd; Mw;wy;
ePh;kpd;rf;jp fpilf;fpwJ. mj;Jld; ngWfpd;wd.
1100 fp.kP ePsj;jpw;F fhy;tha;fs; VE ]D
mike;Js;sd. ,j;jpl;lj;jpdhy; 15  gPfhhpy; cs;s Nfhrp ejpapd; kPJ
,yl;rk; n`f;Nlh; gug;gsT epyk; Neghsj;jpd; cjtpAld; Nfhrp
ePh;ghrd trjp ngWfpwJ. jpl;lk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. nts;sj;
VFV ]D jLg;Ng ,jd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhFk;.
 ,J fpU\;zhtpd; Jiz ejpahd vdNt Nfhrp MW gPfhhpd; Jauk;
nfha;dhtpd; kPJ> kfhuh\;buhtpy; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
mike;Js;sJ. ,J 880 nkfhthl; VD_ ]D
kpd; cw;gj;jpAld; Kk;ig-G+dh  kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; ,uh[];jhd;
gFjpia eph;tfpf;fpwJ. Mfpa ,U khepyq;fs; $l;L
Vk] ]D Kaw;rpNa ,j;jpl;lk;. aKidapd;
 fh;ehlfhtpy;> N[hf; ePh;tPo;r;rpapy; njw;F fpis ejpNa rk;gy; MFk;.
mike;Js;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd; kpf Nehf;fk;: kz; ghJfhg;Ng MFk;.
cah;e;j ePh;tPo;r;rp MFk;. ,J 891


 AslB_

VVV V ]D Vz ]D

 Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy;> fpU\;zh
ejp kPJ mike;Js;s jpl;lkhFk;.
Gj;j Jwtpahfpa ehfhh;[Pdiu
epidTgLj;Jk; nghUl;L mtuJ
ngah; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,j;jpl;lk; kfhejpapd; kPJ 1948-y;
Jtq;fg;gl;L 1957y; Kbtile;jJ.
,j;jpl;lj;jpw;F &.83 Nfhb
xJf;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;
kfhejpapd; kPJ> xhprhtpy; xU ePz;l
miz fl;lg;gl;lJ.

 ]^
_Vz ]D g^
fhf;ughuh jpl;lk; jg;jp Mw;wpd; kPJ F[uhj;jpy; mike;J cs;sJ
jth jpl;lk; eh;kijapd; Jiz Mwhd Mw;wpd; kPJ kj;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpy;
cs;sJ.
Nghr;rk;Ngl; jpl;lk; Nfhjhthp Mw;wpd; kPJ fh;ehlhfhtpy; mike;Js;sJ
kh`p jpl;lk; kh`p Mw;wpd; kPJ F[uhj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ
kfhejp nly;lh jpl;lk; kfhejp Mw;wpd; kPJ xhprhtpy; mike;Js;sJ
‡guhf;fh jpl;lk; fq;if kw;Wk; ghf;ujp ejpfspd; kPJ Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy;
mike;Js;sJ
kA+uhf;\p jpl;lk; Kusp vd;w Mw;wpd; kPJ Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ
rgufphp jpl;lk; rgufphp Mw;wpd; kPJ Nfushtpy; mike;Js;sJ
uhk;fq;fh jpl;lk; uhk;fq;fh ejpapd; kPJ cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ
eh;kij gs;sj;jhf;Fj; eh;kij Mw;wpd; kPJ kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> F[uhj;> ,uh[];jhd;>
jpl;lk; kfhuh\;buh Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gypNksh jpl;lk; xbrh
cf;fha; jpl;lk; xbrh
ryhy; jpl;lk; [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;
rptrKj;jpuk; jpl;lk; fhtphp Mw;wpd; kPJ fh;ehlfhtpy; mike;Js;sJ.

••••••
9
 AslB_

>tV|  t[V k^

kpd; epiyaq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;L

nray;gLfpd;wd. jkpo;ehl;by; Rkhh;
26 ePh;kpd; epiyaq;fs; cs;sd.
 jkpof muR jw;NghJ jdpahUld;
$l;L Nrh;e;J ePh;kpd; epiyaqfs;
cUthf;f Kaw;rp nra;Js;sJ.
_t[ ] k^
 GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj tsq;fshd
_t[ cu] 1. ngl;Nuhypak;
2. epyf;fhp
 jkpo;ehl;by; kpd;cw;gj;jp 1900-y; rpwpa
3. ,aw;if thA
ePh;kpd; jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; Jtq;fpaJ.
 GJg;gpf;ff; $ba tsq;fshd
1927-y; kpd;rhuj; Jiwia muR
1. Gtp ntg;g rf;jp
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 1927 ypUe;J 1951-f;Fs; igf;fhuh> 2. Xjg; ngUf;f rf;jp %ykhfNt
Nkl;^h;> ghgehrk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; vhprf;jp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
nghJj; Jiwapd; ePh; kpd; epiyaq;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;ld.
 1957 kpd; tpepNahf rl;lj;jpd;gb>
jkpo;ehL kpd;rhu thhpak;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
>tV[ t[ cu]
WB^
 jkpo;ehl;by; ePh; kpd; epiyaq;fs;>
mdy; kpd; epiyaq;fs;> mZkpd; _t[ ]
epiyaq;fs; kw;Wk; fhw;whiy

20
 AslB_

>tVK^ _t[ >tV_ c^ t[

WB^ WB^
WB][ B \Vk^ t[ WB^ g^
nea;Ntyp flY}h; Fe;jh I to IV gthdp
mdy;kpd; epiyak; Nkl;^h; fhtphp
tlnrd;id jpUts;@h; Mopahh; Mopahh;
mdy;kpd; epiyak;
Nfhijahh; - Nfhijahh;
J}j;Jf;Fb mdy; J}j;Jf;Fb I kw;Wk; II
kpd; epiyak;
Nrhiyahh; - Nrhiyahh;
Nkl;^h; mdy; kpd; Nryk; I kw;Wk; II
epiyak;
fhlk;ghiw fhlk;ghiw
y, A_ () t[] k^
fPo; Nkl;^h; fhtphp
 kdpj ,dk; cgNahfpj;J te;j
ghgehrk; ePh;kpd; ghgehrk;
rf;jp tsq;fSs;> ePh; kpd; rf;jpAk;
rf;jp
xd;W> Ntfkhf XbtUk; Mw;WePiu
igfuh igfuh
tpisRw;W fyd;fspy; Rw;wr;
bt[ ]k^
nra;tjd; %yk; ntspg;gLk;.
 mZf;fis gpsf;Fk;NghJ
 ,ae;jpu rf;jpNa Mw;wyhf khw;wp
ntspg;gLk; kpFe;j ntg;gNk>
cgNahfpg;gij ePh; kpd; rf;jp
mZrf;jpahFk;. CJ ciyfspy;
vd;fpNwhk;.
mZtpYs;s fUg;nghUis
 Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ,j;jifa ePh; Row;rp
khw;wpaikf;Fk; NghJk;> mZitg;
rf;fuq;fs; muit MiyfspYk;>
gpsf;Fk; NghJk; mZrf;jp ntspg;
E}w;G MiyfspYk; Neub
gLfpwJ.
cgNahfj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ.
 jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjy; mZkpd;
epiyak; _VD vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy;
mike;Js;sJ.
 mZkpd; cw;gj;jp> vhpnghUis kW
Rj;jpfhpg;G nra;jy;> mZf;fopTfis
gj;jpug;gLj;jy; Mfpa nray;ghLfis
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gp@lhdpad;
kpf mjpfNtf CJ ciyfis
nfhz;lNjhh; Xh; xUq;fpizg;G
t[ [
mikg;ghFk;.

2
 AslB_

 ,e;jpahtpd; KOikahd njhlq;fpAs;sJ. jkpo;ehL #hpaxsp

cs;ehl;bNyNa tbtikf;fg;gl;l cw;gj;jpapy; F[uhj;ij neUq;fp
Kjy; mZkpd; epiyakhf ,J cs;sJ.
tpsq;FfpwJ. cBV^
 jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; $lq;Fsk;  jPh;e;J Nghfhj jd;ik
vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; kw;nwhU mZkpd;  khrw;w rf;jp tsk;
epiyak; cs;sJ. xt;nthd;Wk; 1000 V|^
kpy;ypad; thl; cw;gj;jp jpwd; nfhz;l  gzr;nryT kpFjp
ehd;F CJ ciyfs; ,e;epiyaj;jpy;  kpd; cw;gj;jp jsq;fis xUq;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fpizf;f Kbahj epiy
B gu_ Bu kV
 jkpofj;jpy; jpz;Lf;fy; khtl;lk;
 #hpa xspapypUe;J ngwg;gLk; #hpa
ehpkzk; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy;
rf;jp Nghl;Nlh Nthy;l; nry;fspypUe;J
,aw;if vhpthA %yk; kpd;rf;jp
Neubahf my;yJ Nrkpg;Gf;
jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fyd;fspypUe;J kiwKfkhfg;
 tptrhaj;jpw;F fpuhk kpd;
ngwg;gLfpwJ. ePiur; #lhf;Ftjd;
kakhf;Fjypy; jkpo;ehL Kjyplj;jpy;
%yk; rf;jp ngwg;gLfpwJ.
cs;sJ.

B ] tA

Vu cu]
B] WB^
1. jpz;Lf;fy; VuV t[VD
2. fpU\;zfphp  ,e;jpahtpy; jkpo;ehL fhw;whiy
cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
3. jUkGhp
,jw;fhd Njrpa tpUij jkpo;ehL
 jkpo;ehL muR 2013 Kjy;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
gy;NtW #hpa Mw;wy; jpl;lj;ij

22
 AslB_

 fhw;W tPr;rpdhy; Vw;glf;$ba cBV^

Mw;wiyg; gadPl;L rf;jpahf khw;wp  khrw;w rf;jp tsk;
cgNahfpg;gij fhw;whiy rf;jp  Fiwe;j nrytpy; ngwg;gLk; rf;jp
vd;fpNwhk;.  ghJfhg;ghd Rfhjhukhd rf;jp
 fhw;W tpir fhw;Wf; fyd;fspypUe;J tsk;
ngwg;gLk; ,ae;jpu Mw;wy;> kpd;  jPh;f;f ,ayhjJ
Mw;wyhf khw;wg;gl;L ePh; mspg;G> V|^
fopT ePh; Rj;jpfhpg;G kw;Wk;  xyp ,iur;ry; khR
fg;gy;fspd; JLg;G mirg;gjw;F  fhw;whbfis epWt mjpfg;gz
vdg; gy;NtW gad;ghl;by; fhw;whiy KjyPL Njit
rf;jp cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.  thndhyp kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp
xyp> xsp miyfSf;F FWf;fPlhf
>tVK^ VuV ]l[
mikj;jy;
>^
 td tpyq;Ffs; thOk; ,lq;fis
Muy;tha; nkhop fztha; (Kg;ge;jy;
mopf;Fk;
gFjp)> fd;dpahFkhp> jpUney;Ntyp
khtl;lk;
nrq;Nfhl;il fztha; (faj;jhW gFjp)
jpUney;Ntyp> J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lk;
ghyf;fhl;L fztha; (fPj;jD}h; gFjp
Nfhit)
nrd;idapd; flNyhug; gFjp kw;Wk;
,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; ,uhNk];tuk;
kw;Wk; gpwgFjpfs; (Njdp> godp)

••••••

23
 AslB_

>tV|  >Va_^

 Mopahh; tbepyg;gFjpfspYk;
,g;ghrdk; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
MWfspd; ,U jug;gFjpfspYk;
fhy;tha;fs; mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 MWfspd; FWf;Nf mizfs; fl;b
ePiuj; Njf;fp itj;J fhy;tha;fspd;
topahf tay;fSf;F ePh; gha;r;rg;
gLfpwJ. khepyj;jpd; ePh;g;ghrdg;;
gug;gpy; 33 rjtPjk; fhy;tha;g; ghrd
kV >Va_ Kiwapy; ghrdk; eilngWfpwJ.
 Ntshz;ik ek; ehl;bd; Kf;fpaj;  ,jpy; jQ;rhT+h;> ehfg;gl;bdk; gFjpfs;
njhopyhFk;. ghjpasT gug;ig cs;slf;fpait.
 jkpo;ehl;by; 70 rjtPj kf;fs; Ntshz;  fhy;tha; ghrdk; flY}h;> jpUr;rp>
njhopypy; <Lgl;L cs;sdh;. Nfhit> <NuhL> kJiu Mfpa
 jkpofj;jpd; khepy tUthapy; khtl;lq;fspYk; eilngWfpwJ.
40 rjtPjk; Ntshz; njhopypy; kV\ V> >Va_^
,Ue;J fpilf;fpwJ. ,j;jifa  Ntshz;ikia mbg;gilahff;
Ntshz; njhopypypUe;J ey;y nfhz;l cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fis
kf#y; ngw jkpo;ehl;by; ePh;g;ghrdk; fr;rhg; nghUshff; nfhz;L
NjitahfpwJ. nghUl;fs; jahhpf;Fk; njhopw;
V_kVF VD rhiyfs; mlq;Fk;. ,jpy; Kf;fpa
 fhtphp nly;lh> ghyhW> ngz;iz khdit gUj;jp nerthiyfs;.
ahW tbepyg; gFjpfspYk;> mkuhtjp> rh;f;fiu Miyfs; czTg; gjg;
itif> jhkpuguzp> guk;gpf;Fsk;> gLj;Jk; Miyfs; MFk;.

24
 AslB_

VD VD  gUj;jp Miyfs;> gUj;jpr;

jkpo;ehl;by; kio ,aw;ifahd nrbapypUe;J gUj;jpia
Mz;L KOtJk; gs;sq;fspNyh> gphpj;njLj;J> E}y;fshfj; jahhpj;Jg;
,y;yhky; rpy nraw;ifahfg; gpd;dh; rhak; Vw;wpj;jwpapy;
gUtq;fspy; gs;sq;fis Jzpfshf nea;J tbtikj;J
kl;LNk ntl;bNah
re;ijf;F mDg;GtJ tiu nerTj;
nghopfpwJ. mjpf kioePh; Njf;fp
MtpahjYk; itf;fg;gLfpwJ. njhopyhFk;.
eilngWfpwJ. ,it Vhpfs;  ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j cw;gj;jpapy;
vdg;gLfpd;wd. 25 tpOf;fhL jkpofj;jpd; gq;fspg;
vdNt gapiu ey;y VhpfspypUe;J gaph; ghFk;.
Kiwapy; cw;gj;jp fSf;F ePh;ghrdk;
nra;a gapUf;Fj; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
Njitahd ePiuj; jkpofj;jpy; kl;Lk;
ju ePh;g;ghrdk; Rkhh; 3900 Vhpfs;
Njitg;gLfpwJ. cs;sd.
jkpofj;jpy; khepyj;jpy;
Rkhh; 50 rjtPjk; ePh;ghrdk; ngWk;
gaph;epyk; gaph; epyq;fspy;
ePh;g;ghrd 22 rjtPjk; Vhpg;
trjpiag; ghrdj;jpd;
ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jpy; %yk; ePh;g;ghrdk;
%d;wpy; ,U gq;F ngWfpd;wd.
MW> Vhp> Fsk; jkpo;ehl;bd;
Nghd;w epyNky; ePh; tl gFjpapy;
epiyfspypUe;Jk; fhQ;rpGuk;>
%d;wpy; xU gq;F jpUts;@h;> NtY}h;  >Va_ z]^
epyj;jb ePiu khtl;lq;fspYk;>
vLj;J ePh;g;ghrdk; jpUney;Ntyp 1. Nfhak;Gj;J}h;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. khtl;lq;fspYk;> 2. nghs;shr;rp
,g;ghrd Kiw 3. cLkiyg;Ngl;il
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
4. jpUg;G+h;
 >VauV 5. fhukil
 ,e;jpa nerTj; njhopy;Jiwapy;
6. <NuhL
gUj;jp ,io cw;gj;jp> nerTj;Jzp>
cs;shil kw;Wk; Maj;j Mil 7. gthdp
cw;gj;jpapy; jkpo;ehL ngUk;gq;F 8. jpz;Lf;fy;
tfpf;fpd;wJ. 9. jpUkq;fyk;

2
 AslB_

10. kJiu  X#hpy; cs;s gl;Lg;GO tsh;g;G

11. ghisaq;Nfhl;il gapw;rp ikak; tptrhapfSf;F>
12. ghgehrk; tptrhaj;Jld;> gl;Lg;GO tsh;g;Gg;
gapw;rp mspj;J Cuf cw;gj;jp jpwid
 Nfhak;Gj;J}h; kz;lyk; kpfg;nghpa cah;j;j tif nra;fpwJ.
mstpy; nerTj; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s Bu w g cu] z]^
jhy; ,jid ‘>[ ]BVs[ \V[ 1. Nkl;^h;> 2. kJiu> 3. ,uhkehjGuk;
” vd;W miof;fpd;wdh;.  g^
 jpUg;G+h;> <NuhL> Nfhak;Gj;J}h; Mfpa  ,e;jpahtpd; 10 rjtPj rh;f;fiu
%d;W khtl;lq;fs; nerTj; njhopypd; cw;gj;jp jkpo;ehl;by; cw;gj;jp
%yk; khepyj;jpd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; ahfpwJ.
ngUk; gq;F tfpg;gjhy; ,g;gFjp  fUk;gpypUe;J rh;f;fiu> nty;yk;>
‘>tV[  ^>Vz” fopTr; rhwpypUe;J (Molasses)
vd;W ngah;. rhuhak; (spirit) vdg; gy nghUl;fs;
jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 jpUg;G+h; jkpo;ehl;bd; 70%
 fUk;Gr; rf;ifapypUe;J fhfpjk;
cs;shilapid Vw;Wkjp nra;fpwJ.
Nghd;w nghUl;fSk; jahuhfpd;wd.
Mil kw;Wk; gLf;if tphpg;Gfspd;
 fhyepiy> mjpf kf#iyj;jUk;
cw;gj;jpapy; <NuhL khtl;lk;
nghUj;jkhd kz;tsk; ghrd trjp>
Kd;dpiy tfpf;fpwJ. Nghf;Ftuj;J> re;ij kw;Wk; xOq;Fg;
jkpo;ehl;bd; nerTj; jiyefuk; gLj;jg;gl;l $l;LwT rq;fq;fs;
- f&h; Nghd;w Mjhukhd fhuzpfshy;
jkpo;ehl;by; rh;f;fiu Miyfs; gy
|  >Va_ ,lq;fspYk; gutp ,Uf;fpd;wd.
 ehl;bd; gl;L nerTj; njhopy; jkpo;ehl;by; 42 rh;f;fiu Miyfs;
cw;gj;jpapy; jkpo;ehL ehd;fhk; cs;sd. mtw;wpy; 16 $l;LwT
,lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ. rq;fj;jhYk; 3 murhYk;> 23
|  >Va_ z]^ jdpahuhYk; eph;tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
1. Nryk;> 2. jh;kGhp>  jkpo;ehl;by; 26 ,yl;rk; Vf;fh;
3. fhQ;rpGuk;> 4. Muzp> epyg;gug;gpy; fUk;G gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
 tpOg;Guk;> flY}h;> NtY}h;>
5. jpUg;Gtdk;> 6. Fk;gNfhzk;>
jpUtz;zhkiy> nguk;gY}h;> jpUr;rp>
7. kJiu> 8. ,uhrpGuk;
jQ;rhT+h; kw;Wk; kJiu khtl;lq;fs;
rh;f;fiu Miyfs; mjpfKs;s
khtl;lq;fshFk;.

2
 AslB_

1. Nfhj;jhhp - rjkq;fyk;  ,e;jpahtpd; fhfpj cw;gj;jpapy;

Me;jpuhtpw;F mLj;jgbahf jkpofk;
2. uh[= - nrk;NkL
,uz;lhk; epiyapy; cs;sJ. ehl;bd;
3. juzp - fiyaey;Y}h;
12 rjtPj cw;gj;jp jkpo;ehl;bw;
4. rf;jp - nkhlf;Fwpr;rp FhpaJ.
5. vk;.<.Rfh; - ,ilf;fy;  fhfpj cw;gj;jpf;F Nrhlh> Nrhlh
6. =mk;gpfh - kd;[pdp cg;G> FNshhpd; fe;jfk;> kuf;$o;
7. jdnyl;Rk; - =dpthrd; mjpfstpy; jz;zPh; Mfpait ,ju
8. gz;zhhp mk;kd; - NjitfshFk;.
nfhYe;jd;gl;L V> >VauV^
9. mhpaY}h; 1. Gf;fhj;Jiw (fhQ;rpGuk;)
10. tpOg;Guk; 2. gthdprhfh;
11. tpOg;Guk; 3. gs;spg;ghisak;
12. <NuhL 4. Gf@h;
13. jpUney;Ntyp 5. gukj;jp NtY}h;
14. Nryk; 6. Nfhit
15. nguk;gY}h; 7. cLkiyg; Ngl;il
16. jpUtz;zhkiy 8. njhg;gk;gl;b
9. epyf;Nfhl;il
c >|mD >Va_
 jkpo;ehl;by; kpfr; rpwg;ghf >tV| F]>V^ \uD V>
tsh;e;jpUf;fpwJ. khk;go ,urk; WkD (TNPL) :
gjg;gLj;jg;gl;L Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;  cyftq;fpapd; cjtpAld; 1979k;
gLfpwJ. Mz;L f&h; khtl;lj;jpy; Gf@
 jpBh; czTg; nghl;lyq;fs;> Uf;F mUfhikapy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
kw;Wk; cztpw;F Njitahd Mz;Lf;F xU kpy;ypad; ld; fUk;Gr;
krhyhg; nghbfs;> jahhpf;fg;gl;L rf;ifia %yg;nghUshff; nfhz;L
cs;ehl;bYk;> ntspehl;bYk; fhfpjkhfj; jahhpg;gjpy; cyfpNyNa
tpepNahf;fg;gLfpwJ. kpfg;nghpa Miyahf ,e;j Miy
V> >VauV^ jpfo;fpwJ. nra;jpj;jhs; jtpu fhfpjk;>
 nkd; kuq;fisAk;> fUk;Gr; njhiyNgrp ifNaL> fzpdp
rf;ifiaAk;> fr;rhg; nghUshfg; gad; mr;Rj;jhs;> Rtnuhl;b jhs;fs;
gLj;jp fhfpjk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. kw;Wk; efy; mr;Rj;jhs; cw;gj;jpapYk;
,e;epWtdk; <Lgl;Ls;sJ.

2
 AslB_

>V_ >M|D >Va_  jkpo;ehl;by; nrd;id mUfpy; kzyp>

1. ML> khLfspd; Njhy;fisg; flY}h;> gdq;Fb (ehfg;gl;bdk;) kw;Wk;
gjdpLk; fiyahdJ> kpfg; goq;fhyk; J}j;Jf;Fbapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
KjNy fhzg;gLtjhFk;.
2. ,j;njhopw;rhiy kpfTk; goik
tha;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpy; 70% Njhy; gjdpLk;
Miyfs; jkpo;ehl;by; cs;sd.
4. ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j cw;gj;jpapy;>
Vw;Wkjp 60% jkpo;ehl;by; ,Ue;J
Vw;WkjpahfpwJ.

>V_ >M|D >VauV^ ,e;jpahtpNyNa kpf mjpfstpy; cuk;
1. nrd;id
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; njhopw;rhiy MFk;.
2. NtY}h;
,e;epWtdk; 12 khepyq;fSf;F> jd;
3. Mk;G+h;
4000 ikaq;fs; %yk; cuk; tpdpNahfk;
4. ,uhzpg;Ngl;il
nra;fpd;wJ. xU tUlj;jpw;F ,uz;L
5. thzpak;ghb
kpy;ypad; ld; cuj;ij ,e;epWtdk;
6. jpz;Lf;fy;
cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ.
7. jpUr;rp
E\ >VauV
VB >VauV^  Njrpa mstpy; rpnkz;l; cw;gj;jpapy;
 ,urhadk;> kUe;J> cuk;> ngl;Nuhypag;
ehd;fhk; ,lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
nghUl;fs;> Nrhg;G moFg;nghUl;fs;>
jkpo;ehL Rkhh; 10% rpnkz;l;
nraw;if ug;gh;> gpsh];bf; cw;gj;jp
cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ.
Mfpait ,urhad njhopy;fspy;
 Rz;zhk;Gf;fy;> lhyikl;> [pg;rk;>
cs;slq;fpajhFk;.
fspkz;> epyf;fhp Mfpait
 A+hpah> iel;u[d;> gh];Ngl;>
,j;njhopw;rhiyapd; %yg;
nghl;lhrpak; Nghd;w cuq;fisAk;>
nghUl;fshFk;. mj;jidg;
G+r;rp kUe;JfisAk;> ];gpf;> vd;.
nghUl;fSk; jkpo;ehl;by; mfo;e;J
v];.gp> vg;.rp.I. Mfpaitfs;
vLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
jahhpf;fpd;wd.

2
 AslB_

Nfhit kw;Wk; NtY}h; gFjpfspy;

>tV| E\ |
mlh;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
WkD
 nrd;idia ‘>tw][ VF”
jkpof murhy; eph;tfpf;fg;gLk;
vd;W nrhy;Yk;gbahf thfd
nghJj;Jiwiar; rhh;e;jJ MFk;. ,q;F
cjphpghfq;fis jahhpf;fpwJ.
,e;jpa ju eph;zaj;ijf; fhl;bYk;> kpf
 ,uapy; ngl;b jahhpf;Fk;
cah;e;j juj;jpy; ,U tifahd rpnkz;l; njhopw;rhiy> nrd;idapy;
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. nguk;G+hpy; cs;sd. ,J kj;jpa
mit muRf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdjhFk;.
1. rhjhuz Nghh;l;Nyz;l; rpnkz;l;  jkpo;ehl;bd; nghJtsh;r;rp FwpaPl;by;
2. #g;gh; ];lhh; rpnkz;l; (GDP) 8 rjtPjk; Nkhl;lhh; thfdj;
>tV[ E\ cu] \B^ njhopypy; %yk; fpilf;fpwJ.
1. rq;ffphp  ,e;jpahtpd; 21 rjtPj gazpfs; fhh;
kw;Wk; 33 rjtPj tzpf thfdq;fs;
2. kJf;fiu
jkpo;ehl;by; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. GypA+h;
4. Fd;dk;
cV >VauV^
 ,Uk;G v‡F jfLfs;> fduf
5. nre;Jiw
,ae;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; ,ae;jpuf;
6. mhpaY}H;
fUtpfs;> Ch;jpfs;> jahhpf;Fk;
7. lhy;kpahGuk;
njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; kpd;
8. khdhkJiu mZj;njhopw;rhiyfs; ,tw;Ws;
9. JYf;fg;gl;b mlq;Fk;.
10. Myq;Fsk;  ,Uk;G v‡Fj; njhopw;rhiyfs;
11. rq;fh; efh; Nryk; kw;Wk; NtY}h; Mfpag;
12. jhiyA+j;J gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
\VV kV >VauV^  ,Uk;Gj; jfLfs; jahhpf;Fk;
 ngl;Nuhy; my;yJ Bry; %yk; njhopw;rhiyfs; godp> jQ;ir Mfpa
,aq;Fk;> ,Urf;fu> %d;W rf;fu ,lq;fspy; cs;sd. ,tw;wpy; ,Ue;J
kw;Wk; ehd;F rf;fu thfdq;fs; vth;rpy;th; jahhpf;Fk; gl;liwfs;
jahhpf;Fk; njhopw;rhiyfs; ngUk; jkpofk; KOtJk; gutyhff;
efuq;fshd nrd;id> jpUr;rp> fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

••••••
29
 >tV| 
kkVFA \uD luEm

 : TNPSC II >

VD : AslB_
z] : VD
_[ W >Vu^, _[ kW
\uD ], o[ ckBD, _ V^,
_ k^, k V^, {>^, xB >k_^, xB
VuD, >[ sD
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z2 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
sV>V^^ \uD \[VzA^ gBk V >suz >BVVzD
\Vk, \Vsz c>s|D kl_ kkVFA \uD luE mBV_
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
kkVFA \uD luE mB V>m  >s|m.
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV, su
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z
>BV FD \Vkz kw|D t_V kBVzD.

gB,
kkVFA \uD luE m
 AslB_

VD

_[
W >Vu^
ngUq;fly;fspd; jiuapy; fhzg;gLk;
epyj; Njhw;wq;fis Ie;J tif fshfg;
gphpf;fyhk;.
1. fz;lj;jpl;L 2. fz;lr;rhpT
3. fz;l cah;T
4. mfop
5. Mo;fly; rkntsp
2.1 ]| (Continental Shelf):
 ,it flw;fiu gFjp Mdhy;
mjpf Mok; kw;Wk; rhpT ,y;yhjJ
mbg;gFjp rkkhdit.
 (150-200 kP) 100 ghjk;]; Mok;
nfhz;lJ. (1 V>D  1.8*)
 flw;fiuianahl;b kiyfs;
mike;Js;s gFjpfspy; jpl;Lf;fs;
FWfyhf fhzg;gLk;.
 20% ngl;Nuhy; kw;Wk; thAf;fs; ,q;F
fhzg; gLfpwJ.
 G+kpf;F mbapy; tUk; tpirapdhy;
flw;fiuNahukhdg; gFjp fPo; ,wq;fp
(Submergence) fz;lj;jpl;L mfykhf
cUthFk;.
 ,it cyfpd; kpf tskhd kPd;
gpbj;jskhfTk; cs;sd. *[[
g^ z ]D.
 ,it nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 1%iag;
ngw;Ws;sJ.

_ W>Vu^



2.2  (Continental Slope):
 fz;lj; jpl;bypUe;J fly; Nehf;fp
tphpe;Js;sit.
 fz;lg; gpsT fz;lr; rhptpy;jhd;
KbT ngWfpwJ.
 jpl;Lf;Fk; ,ilNaahd vy;iy
g V| vdg; ngahplg;
gl;Ls;sJ. (Mz;birl; ghiwf;Fg;
gpd;).
 Mok; 2000 V>D (300-600 kP) ,it
flw;gug;gpd; 8.5%iag; ngw;Ws;sJ.
2.3  cB (Continental Rise):
 rhpTg; gFjpapd; mbg;gFjp nky;ypa
jhf cah;e;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 (Vnddpy; rhptpypUe;J tUk;
gbTfshy;). vz;nza; ,q;F fhzg;
gLfpwJ.
2.4 _ a^ (Ocean
Trenches):
 ngUq;fly; mfopfs; vd;git
ngUq;flypd; Mokhd gFjpahFk;.
 ,U fz;lj;jpl;Lfs; xd;NwhL xd;W
NkhJk; NghJ mlh;j;jp mjpfkhd
jl;bd; mOj;jj;jhy; mlh;j;jp
Fiwthd jl;bw;Ff; fPo; mlh;j;jp
mjpfkhd jl;L nry;tjhy; mfopfs;
cUthfpwJ. ,itNa flypd; kpf
Mokhd gFjpahFk;.
2.5 _ () g_\k
(Abyssal or the Deep Sea Plains):
 ,it fly; mLf;fpy; kpfTk; Mokhd
kw;Wk; mfykhd gFjp. ,J fly;
gug;gpy; 40%iag; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 ,it vOe;j kiyfs; KfLfs;
(m) %o;fpa kiyfs; kw;Wk;
AslB_
nghpa Mokhd mfop (m) kiyf;
fzthiaf; nfhz;lit.
 kiy KfLfs; vOe;j gFjpfs; - v.fh.
eL ml;yhz;bf; KfL (S - tbtpy;)>
,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; kiyKfL (Y-
tbtpy;)
 kiy KfLfs; 1000 kP.f;Fk; mjpfkhf
cah;e;J fhzg;gl;lhy; mit fly;
kiyfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
 rkkhd fly; kiyapy; cr;rp ""zBV^''
vdg;gLfpd;wd. (ngUk;ghYk; grpgpf;
ngUq;flypy; fhzg;gLfpwJ)
 kiy Kfl;bd; rpy gFjpfs; (m)
vhpkiy cr;rp (ngUq;flypd;)
jPTfis cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. vLj;Jf;
fhl;lhf kVF y.
 mfopfs; mfykhd kw;Wk; Mokhd
gs;sq;fshFk;. mit GtpNahl;bd;
,U gFjpfs; efh;tjhy; cz;lhfpwJ.
(xd;wpd; %yk; kw;nwhd;W mOj;jg;
gLjyhy;). Mokhd mfop NryQ;rh;
Bg; (Challenger Deep) vdg;gLk;.
 ,J khpahdh mfopapd; xU
gFjpahFk; (grpgpf; flypy;)
gpypg;igd;]pw;F mUfpy; ,J 11 fp.kP
Moj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 ePhpy; %o;fpa kiyfs; vd;git
Mokhd ngUq;fly; gFjpfshFk;.
,it fz;l tisT vOr;rpiaj;
jLj;J epWj;JfpwJ.
 Mo;fly; rkntspiag; gw;wp MuhAk;
nghOJ rpy rpwg;ghd mikg;Gfisf;
fhzyhk;. mit
1. V^:
 ,it tl;lkhd my;yJ Kl;il
tbtpYs;s ngUk; gs;sq;fshFk;.


 ngUk;ghyhdit epyj;Njhw;w
NtWghL mjpfkpy;yhj mbj;
jsj;ijg; ngw;W ,Uf;fpd;wd.
 v.fh. tlgrpgpf; nfhg;giuapd;
kj;jpa ghfk;. rpy epyj;Njhw;w NtW
ghLfSld; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. v.fh.
gpNurpy; nfhg;giu.
2.  ^^ (Troughs):
 ,it ePz;l mfyKs;sitahfTk;
mike;Js;sd.
 ,tw;wpd; gf;fr;Rth;fs; Fiwe;j
rhpTld; fhzg;gLk;.
3.a^ (Trenches):
 ,it ePz;l FWfpa gs;sq; fshFk;.
,tw;wpd; gf;fr; Rth;fs; nrq;Fj;jhd
rhpTfSld; fhzg;gLk;.
 v.fh. [g;ghd; mfop> g;A+h;Nlh hpfh
mfop> mlfhkh mfop. mfopfSf;Fk;>
rKj;jpuq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa vOr;rpfs;
fhzg;gL fpd;wd.
 ,t;tfopfs; GtpaPh;g;G tpirapd; xOq;
fw;w jd;ikahy; (Gravity Anomaly)
Vw;gl;ljhf mk;f;Nuht; (Umbgrove)
fUJfpwhh;.
4. \|^ (Deeps):
 mfopfspy; fhzg;gLk; Mok; kpFe;j
gFjpfSf;F kLf;fs; vd;W ngah;.
••••••
AslB_
5. E^ (Rises):
 ,it Mo;flypd; mbj;jsj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; cah;ej
; epyg;gug;ghFk;.
 ,it flypd; mbj;jsj;jpypUe;J
Fiwe;j rhpTld; vOfpd;wd.
6. >V z[^ (Sea Mounts):
 ,it Mo;flypy; fhzg;gLk; ePz;l
cah;e;j gFjpfshFk;.
 ,tw;wpd; gf;fq;fs; mjpfr;
rhpTld; fhzg;gLtjhy; ,it
vOr;rpapypUe;J NtWgLfpd;wd.
 ,tw;wpy; rpy epyg;gug;gpd; NkYs;s
kiyj;njhlh;fisf; fhl;bYk; kpfg;
nghpadthFk;.
 rpy Neuq;fspy; ,e;jf; flyb njhlh;
Fd;Wfs; ePh; kl;lj;jpw;F NknyOe;J
jPTf; $l;lq;fis cUthf;Fk;. v.fh.
kj;jpa ml;yhz;bf; njhlh;Fd;W.
7. _ \|^ (Sea Mounts):
 flypd; Rw;Wg;Gw mbepyj;ijtplr;
Rkhh; 3000 mb cauk; tiu vOk;
kiyfSf;Ff; fly; NkLfs; vd;W
ngah;.
 ,tw;wpd; Nky; gug;G rkjskhd
,Uf;FNkahdhy; ,tw;wpw;Ff;
Fahl;Lfs; (Guyots) vd;W ngah;


_[
kW \uD ]
 ngUq;flypy; cs;s caphpdq;fspd;
gz;Gfis eph;zapg;gjpy; ngUq;
flypd; ntg;gepiy Kf;fpa gq;F
tfpf;fpd;wd.
 fly; ePhpd; ntg;gepiy khWghNl
ngUq;flypy; ePNuhl;lq;fs; cUthff;
fhuzkha; mikfpwJ.
 midj;J fly;fspDila ruhrhp
17.20 _EB
 grpgpf; ngUq;flypd; ruhrhp ntg;g
msT ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;flypd;
ruhrhp ntg;g msittpl rw;W
mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. kw;Wk; ,e;jpag;
ngUq;flypd; ruhrhp ntg;g msT
170 nry;rpa];.
 ngUq;fly;fs; #hpa Mw;wiy Nrkpj;J
itf;Fk; jpwd; nfhz;Ls;sjhy;
Gtpapd; ntg;gr; rkepiyapid rPh;
nra;tjpy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd.
 epyj;jpd; Nkw;gug;ghdJ kpf tpiuthf
ntg;gkile;J kpf tpiuthf Fsph;r;rp
milfpwJ.
 Mdhy;> ePh;g;gug;ghdJ nkJthf
ntg;gkile;J nkJthfNt Fsph;r;rp
milfpwJ.
 ,t;thwhd epyk; kw;Wk; ePhpd;
ntg;gepiy NtWgl;lhy; Gtpapd;
AslB_
Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s ngUq;fly; kw;Wk;
fz;lq;fspy; gy;NtW tifahd
fhyepiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ngUq;flypd; Nkw;gug;G ntg;gepiy
apid gy;NtW fhuzpfs; fl;Lg;
gLj;Jfpd;wd.
 mit> ml;rNuiffs;> Nguhop
ePNuhl;lq;fs;> epyTk; fhw;Wfs; kw;Wk;
cs;@h; thdpiy MfpadthFk;.
kW k V]zD
V^
ngUq;fly; ePhpd; ntg;gepiyg;
gutiy ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfshtd
1. WV|:
 ePhpd; Nkw;gug;G ntg;gepiy G+kj;jpa
Nuifapy; ,Ue;J JUtq;fSf;Fr;
nry;Yk; NghJ FiwfpwJ.
 Vnddpy; JUtq;fis Nehf;fpr;
nry;Yk; NghJ ngwg;gLk; #hpa
xspapd; msT FiwfpwJ.
2. WD \uD [ \\u k_:
 njd; miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; cs;s
ngUq;fliyf; fhl;bYk; tl miuf;
Nfhsj;jpy; cs;s ngUq;flyhdJ
mjpfg;gbahd ntg;gj;ijg; ngWfpwJ.

 AslB_
 Vnddpy; ,it mjpfg;gbahd ke;jhuk;> Mtpahjy; kw;Wk;
epyg;gug;Gld; njhlh;G nfhz;Ls;sd. ciwjy;
3. WVu: 3. flypd; miktplk; kw;Wk; tbtk;.
 epyj;jpypUe;J ngUq;fliy Nehf;fp _ _ k k_:
tPRk; fhw;whdJ> ntg;gkhd  fly; ePhpy; nrq;Fj;J kw;Wk; fpilahd
Nkw;gug;G ePiu flw;fiuapy; ,Ue;J ntg;gepiy xNu khjphpahf ,y;iy.
js;SfpwJ. _ _ k Wl[ k_:
 ,jd; tpisthf fPo;ghfj;jpy; ,Ue;J  nghJthf Gtpapil Nfhl;Lg;
Fsph; ePuhdJ Nky;Nehf;fp tUfpwJ. gFjpf;F nry;yr; nry;y fly;ePhpd;
 ,jdhy; ntg;gepiyapy; ePz;l fhyk; Nkw;gug;G ntg;gepiy FiwfpwJ.
khw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ.  Gtpapilf; Nfhl;Lg; gFjpapd;
 ,jw;F Neh;khwhf flw;fiu Nehf;fp ntg;gepiy 30.6 C JUtj;ij xl;b
0

tUk; fhw;whdJ> flw;fiuf;F 1.60C ,tw;iw itj;J ghh;j;jhy;

ruhrhpahf 10C FWq;Nfhl;L 50C
mUfpy; ntg;gkhd ePiu Ftpf;fpwJ.
vd;w mstpy; ntg;gepiy JUtj;ij
 ,jdhy; ntg;gepiy caUfpwJ.
Nehf;fp Fiwe;J nry;fpwJ.
4. _ V^:  ,Ug;gpDk; ,lj;jpw;F ,lk;>
 Fsph;e;j gFjpapy; ntg;gkhd fly; fhyepiyf;F Vw;g ntg;gepiyapd;
ePNuhl;lkhdJ ntg;gepiyia msit ngha;g;gpj;J tpLfpwJ.
mjpfhpf;fpwJ.  Mdhy; Xh; ,lj;jpy; Vw;gLk;
 mNj rkak; ntg;gkhd ngUq;fly; ntg;gepiy NtWghLfs; 50C f;F
gFjpapy; Fsph; ePNuhl;lkhdJ Nky; NghtJ mhpJ.
ntg;gepiyia Fiwf;fpwJ.  FWq;NfhLfSf;Fs;Sk; ntg;gepiy
 jho;e;j epy Neh;f;Nfhl;by; cs;s khWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
KOtJk; #og;gl;l flypy; jpwe;j  tl JUtg; ghijapy; flypd;
fliy tpl mjpf rhh;T ntg;gepiy Nkw;gFjpapy; epyj;jpypUe;J tPRk;
gjpT nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Fsph; fhw;W fly; ePhpd; ntg;gepiyia
 mg;gbapUf;f> cah;e;j epyNeh;f; Fiwf;fpwJ.
 tlfpof;F tlmnkhpf;fh> irgPhpah>
Nfhl;by; KOtJk; #og;gl;l flyhdJ
rPdh Mfpa gFjpfspd; fpof;Ff;
jpwe;j fliy tpl Fiwthd
flw;fiug; gFjpfspy; ,e;epiyiaf;
ntg;gepiyia nfhz;Ls;sJ.
fhzyhk;.
E V^:  Gtpapd; tl JUtg; ghijapy; Mf];L
1. ePh; %o;fp fg;gypd; KfLfs; khjj;jpy; mjpf ntg;gj;ijAk;
2. cs;@h; thdpiyfshd Gay;> gpg;uthpapy; Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyiaAk;
#whtsp> ngUkio> %Lgdp> fhzg;gLfpwJ.


_ kWl[ zm
k_:
 flypd; Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J fPo; Nehf;fpr;
nry;yr; nry;y Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl
tUfpwJ. 100kP tiu Nkw;gug;G
ntg;gepiyNa fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J 18kP Mok; tiuAs;s
ePh; fliy te;jilAk; ntg;gj;jpy;
90% ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ.
 200kP Mok; tiuf;Fk; #hpafjph;fspd;
Neub ghjpg;G Vw;gLfpwJ.
 flypd; 80% ePh; epue;jukhf 50C fPo;
Fiwthd ntg;gepiyapy; cs;sJ.
 Mok; Nehf;fp FiwAk; tPjk; rPuhf
mikatpy;iy.
 Kjy; 200kP tiu ntg;gepiy Ntfkhf
Fiwe;J gpd; nkJthf FiwfpwJ.
 Nkw;gug;G ntg;gepiy JUtk; Nehf;fp
FiwfpwJ. Mdhy; Nguhopapd;
Moj;jpy; mt;thW ,y;iy.
 nghJthf JUt gFjpapy;
ngUk;ghYk; Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J fPo;tiu
ciw epiyia xl;ba ntg;gepiyNa
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 flyb ePs; njhlh; C.tptpy;yp
jhk]pd; ePs;njhlh;> ePh; fphpiafs;
Nghd;wit fly; ePhpd; Fj;Jg; gutiy
ghjpf;fpwJ.
••••••
AslB_
o[ ]:
 mlh;j;jp vd;gJ xU nghUspd;
xt;nthU myF fdmstpYk; cs;s
epiwfspd; msT MFk;. ,jd; z
/*2
 40 nry;rpa]; ntg;gepiyapy; J}a
ePhpd; (fha;r;rp tbf;fg;gl;lJ) ]
1.00 g/cm.
 fly; ePhpd; mlh;j;jpahdJ ntg;gepiy
FiwthdJ nghUj;J gbg;gbahf
mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
 mlh;j;jp vd;gJ fly;ePhpd; kpf
Kf;fpakhd ,aw;gpay; gz;ghFk;.
 Vndd;why; ,J ngUq;fly;
ePhpd; ,aq;Ftpay; jd;ikia
jPh;khdpf;fpwJ mjhtJ fly; ePh;
%o;Fjy; my;yJ kpjj;jy; mjDila
mlh;j;jpia rhh;e;jJ MFk;.
 fl;lisapd;gb> kpjkhd fly;
ePuhdJ kpjf;fpwJ.
 NkYk; fpilkl;lkhf efUfpwJ.
,Nj Nghy; fdkhd fly; ePuhdJ
%o;FfpwJ. (fPo;Nehf;fpa ,af;fk;).
 ,jd; fhuzkhf mjpf cg;Gj;jd;ik
nfhz;l fly; ePhpd; kPJ xU eguhy;
kpjf;f KbfpwJ.
 Vnddpy; cg;Gj;jd;ikahdJ fly;
ePhpd; mlh;j;jpia mjpfhpf;fpwJ.

 AslB_

o[ ckBD

ckBD 3 kf;dPrpak; 4.7

 xU fpNyhfpuhk; fly; ePhpy;
ry;Ngl;L
fiue;Js;s jplg; nghUspd; nkhj;j
4 fhy;rpak; 3.6
msNt (fhh;gNdl;> caphpdg;
ry;Ngl;L
nghUs;fs;> GNuhkpd; kw;Wk;
5 nghl;lhrpak; 2.5
mNahbd; Mf;irLfs; cth;g;gpak;
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. ry;Ngl;L
 cth;g;gpaj;ij ill;Nu\d; Kiwapy; ckB> V]zD V^:
fzf;fpLfpd;wdh;. 1. VsBV>_
 ,k;Kiwapy; FNshhpid  fly; ePuhdJ #hpa ntg;gj;jpd;
mse;J me;ePhpd; cth;g;gpak; fhuzkhf MtpahFk; nghOJ cg;Gfs;
fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. flypNyNa jq;fptpLfpd;wd.
 fly; ePhpy; fiue;Js;s nghUs;fspd;  vdNt cg;Gfspd; msT khwhky;
msT ,lj;jpw;F ,lk; khWgl;lhYk; fly; ePhpd; msT Fiwtjhy; cg;gsT
mtw;wpd; msTr; rjtPjk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
vt;tplj;Jk; khWtjpy;iy vd;w  G+kj;jpa Nuifg; gFjpia vLj;Jf;
cz;ikNa ill;Nu\d; Kiwf;F nfhz;lhy; ,q;F ntg;gepiy mjpfk;.
mbg;gilahFk;.  Mjyhy; ePuhtpahjYk; mjpfk;.
_ m^ cA^: Mdhy; kioasT ,q;F mjpfkhf
cA^ ckBD ,Ug;gjhy; cg;gsT Fiwe;Nj
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
1 Nrhbak; 77.8
 cgmad kz;lyq;fspy; ePuhtpahjy;
FNshiuL
mjpfk;.
2 kf;dPrpak; 10.9
 Mdhy; kioasT FiwT. vdNt
FNshiuL
mg;gFjpfspy; NtW tifapy; ePh;r;
Nrh;f;if ,y;yhjpUf;Fkhdhy;



mg;gFjp mjpf cg;gsT cs;sjhf
mikfpd;wd. .V. \]B >
_ -39‰ _; -41‰
2. \wVa
 G+kj;jpa Nuifg; gFjpapy; ntg;gKk;>
ePuhtpahjYk; mjpfkhf ,Ue;j
NghjpYk;> kioasT mjpfkhf
,Ug;gjhy; mg;gFjpfspy; cg;gsT
FiwthfNt cs;sJ.
 mad kz;lyg; ghiytdg; gFjpfspy;
ntg;gKk; ePuhtpahjYk; mjpfk;. v.fh.
rhf;fly;> thd; Vhp> nrq;fly;.
 Mdhy; kioasT FiwT vdNt
mg;gFjpfspy; cg;gsT mjpfkhf
cs;sJ. MfNt kioasT
cg;gsitf; Fiwf;Fk; fhuzpahfr;
nray;gLfpwJ.
3. g_ m kD :
 MWfspy; ,Ue;J tUk; Rj;jkhd ePh;
fyg;gjd; fhuzkhfTk; cg;gstpy;
khw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 cjhuzkhf nrapz;l; yhud;];>
mNkrhd;> ie[h;> iud; Nghd;w
MWfs; Fiwe;j cg;gsTr;
rjtPjj;ij KiwNa 31‰, 15‰, 20‰,
32‰ vd ngw;Ws;sd.
 kWGwj;jpy; kj;jpaj; jiuf;flypy;
ePuhtpahjy; Mw;wpdhy; Nrh;f;fg;gLk;
ePiuf; fhl;bYk; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy;
cg;gsT mjpfkhf (36.5‰ - 39‰)
cs;sJ.
••••••
AslB_
k\ >xD Vu[
]D
 rpwpa fly; gFjpfspy;; Vw;gLk;
Gay;fs; flypd; Nky;jsj;jpy; ePhpid
fyq;fr; nra;tjd; %yk; cg;gsit
mjpfhpf;fNth> Fiwf;fNth
nra;fpd;wd.
ckBD zB V^:
 kioasT mjpfhpj;jy; - Gtpapilf;
Nfhl;L fly; gFjp - ntg;g ,af;f
kio
 ciwgdp cUFjy; - Mh;bf; fly;
gFjp - Nfhil fhyk;
 ePNuhl;lq;fs; cth; Fiw ePiuf;
nfhz;L tUjy; - (Nyg;uhlhh;
ePNuhl;lk;)
 cth; Fiw ePh; nrq;Fj;jhff; fyj;jy;
- Gtpapilf;Nfhl;Lf; fly; gFjp
 Mw;W ePh; te;J Nrh;jy; - mNahrhd;
Mw;wpd; Kfj;Jthug; gFjp.
cA >[\l[ xBmkD:
 fly; ePhpy; cg;G $Ljyhfr;
Nrh;tjhNyh my;yJ fopf;fg;gLt
jhNyh ciwepiyailAk; kw;Wk;
nfhjpepiya ilAk; Gs;spfs;
nghpJk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd fl;Lg;
gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd.
 ed;dPUld; xg;gpLifapy;> cg;G ePh;
nkJthfNt ciwepiyailfpwJ.
 cg;G 1.910C ePh; ntg;g epiyapy;
ciw epiyailAk;> ,jw;F kW
Kidapy;> cg;G ePhpd; (fly; ePh;)
nfhjpepiyg; gs;sp> ed;dUP ilaij
tpl mjpfkhdjhFk;.

 AslB_

_ V^

ngUq;fly;fspd; Nkw;gug;gpy; fpilahf fpisfshfg; gpupj;J xd;W njw;F

efUfpd;w fly;ePiu ePNuhl;lq;fs; vd Nehf;fp gpNurpy; ePNuhl;lkhfr;
miof;fyhk;. nry;fpd;wJ. kw;nwhd;W tlf;F
_ V> V]zD Nehf;fpr; nrd;W Gtpapil
V^ ePNuhl;lj;NjhL ,izfpd;wJ.
 GtpaPu;g;G tpir  fhyepiy khw;wq;fSk;
ePNuhl;lq;fisg; ghjpf;fpd;wd.
 Gtpapd; Row;rpahy; Vw;gl;l tpyf;F
G+kj;jpa Nuif ePNuhl;lq;fs; tlf;F
tpir
njw;fhf efu;tjw;Fk; gUtfhy
o[ kA]K^ khw;wq;fNs fhuzkhFk;. (v.fh)
V^ tl ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; gUtf;
 tspkz;ly mOj;jq;fSk; mjpy; fhw;W ePNuhl;lq;fs; Nfhilapy;
khWghLfSk;. kl;LNk rpwg;ghf mikfpd;wd. Fspu;
 fhw;Wfs; kw;Wk; cuha;T tpir fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j G+kj;jpaNuif
 MtpahjYk;> #hpadpd; cs; vjpu; ePNuhl;lk; Nfhilapy; kiwe;J
fjpu;tPr;Rk; (Insulation) tpLfpwJ.
 kioasT  fhw;W ePNuhl;lq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;f
Kz c^B^ V^ kl;Lky;yhky; ePNuhl;lq;fisg;
 mOj;jr; rupT (Gradient) ghjpf;fTk; nra;fpd;wJ. v.fh. fy;g;
 ntg;gepiy NtWghL ePNuhl;lk; 450 t-y; fpof;fhf> tl
 cg;gsT ml;yhz;bf; rydkhf khWtjw;Ff;
 mlu;j;jp fhuzk; Nkw;Fj; jpirf; fhw;WfNs.
 gdp cUFjy;  mbepyj; Njhw;wq;fs; ePNuhl;lq;fspd;
V V]zD V^ Nghf;if khw;Wfpd;wd. v.fh.
 flw;fiuapd; mikg;Gk; tbtKk; Nkw;Ff; fhw;W rydk; (West Wind
ePNuhl;lq;fisg; ghjpf;fpd;wd. v.fh. drift) gy ,lq;fspy; tlf;fhf
njd; mnkupf;fhtpd; GtpapilKid tise;J fhzg;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzk;
ml;yhz;bf;fpd; njd; Gtpapil flyb epyj;Njhw;wq;fNs MFk;.
ePNuhl;lj;ijj; jLj;J ,uz;L eL ml;yhz;l;bf; kiyj;njhlu;


_ V[ wuE
mjidf; flf;Fk; ePNuhl;lq;fspd;
Nghf;ifr; rpwpJ khw;Wfpd;wJ.
V[ kV|
 rpy ePNuhl;lq;fspd; ntg;gepiyia
msTNfhyhff; nfhz;L ntg;g
ePNuhl;lq;fs;> Fspu; ePNuhl;lq;fs;
(cool currents) fLq;Fspu; ePNuhl;lq;fs;
(cold currents) vdg;gpupf;fpd;wdu;.
ntg;g kz;lyj;jpypUe;J fpsk;Gk;
vy;yh ePNuhl;lq;fSk; ntg;g
ePNuhl;lk; MFk;.
 v.fh. GNshuplh ePNuhl;lk;> FNuh\pah
ePNuhl;lk;> ehu;Nt ePNuhl;lk;> gpNurpy;
ePNuhl;lk;.
 cau; ml;rNuifg; gFjpapypUe;J
fpsk;gp Gtpapilf; NfhL Nehf;fp
XbtUk; ePNuhl;lq;fs; fLq;Fspu;
ePNuhl;lk; MFk;. v.fh. yhg;ulhu;
ePNuhl;lk;.
 kj;jpa ml;rNuif gFjpapypUe;J
Gtpapilf;NfhL Nehf;fp Xb tUk;>
fLq;Fspu; ePNuhl;lj;ijtplr; rw;W
AslB_
mjpfkhd ntg;gj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s
ePNuhl;lk; Fspu; ePNuhl;lk; (cool
current) MFk;. v.fh. fypNghu;dpah
ePNuhl;lk;. fhdup]; ePNuhl;lk;> ngU
ePNuhl;lk;> ngq;FNtyh ePNuhl;lk;.
_ V[ VmA^
 nghJthf vy;yh ntg;g ePNuhl;lq;
fSk; ntg;gk; Fiwe;j fly; gFjpia
Nehf;fpAk;> Fspu; ePNuhl;lq;fs;
ntg;gk; kpFjpahd fly; gFjpahd
Nehf;fpAk; efu;fpd;wd.
 JUtq;fspypUe;J tUk; fLq;Fspu;
ePNuhl;lk; cau; ml;rNuhifg;
gFjpfspy; fpof;Ff; flw;fiuia
xl;b efu;e;J ntg;gf; flypy; nrd;W
fyf;fpwJ.
 jho; ml;rg; gFjpfspy; fz;lq;fspd;
fpof;Fg; gFjpfspy; nghJthf ntg;g
ePNuhl;lk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 fly; ePNuhl;lq;fSk; mtw;wpd;
,aw;ifg; gz;GfSk; gUt
fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g khWgLfpd;wd.
10
 AslB_

 ,j;jifa tlf;F njw;F vjpu; G+kj;jpa Nuif ePNuhl;lq;fs;

ePNuhl;lq;fspdhy; fz;lq;fspd; Nkw;fpypUe;J fpof;fhf ,U G+kj;jpa
Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l ePu;j; Nuif ePNuhl;lq;fSf;F ,ilapy;
Njf;fj;jpdhy; cz;lhd fly; kl;l efu;fpwJ.
NtWghl;il <Lfl;Lk; tifapy;

_ / Va V^

1. E _ k VD
 tlf;F G+kj;jpa Nuif
 njw;F G+kj;jpa Nuif
 vjph;kiw
 FNuh\pf;Nfh ePNuhl;lq;fs;
z VD
 xah\pNah> fyp‡Nghh;dpah> ngU ePNuhl;lq;fs;
2. V _ k VD
 tisFlh> gpNurpy;> G+kj;jpaNuif ePNuhl;lk;.
z VD
 Nyg;uhlh;> nfdhp> ghf;yhz;l;> ngd;Fyhh;> njd;
ml;yhz;l;bf; ePNuhl;lq;fs;
3. ]B _ k VD
 njd; G+kj;jpa Nuif> nkhrhk;gpf;> klfh];fh;>
mFy;`hy; ePNuhl;lk;
z VD
 njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W> Nrhkhypah tlfpof;F
gUtfhw;wpd; ePNuhl;lq;fs;

••••••

11
 AslB_

_ k^

 mtw;wpy; 61 tiffis kl;Nk

gphpj;jwpa kdpjd; njhopy; El;gj;ijf;
fz;L gpbj;Js;shd;.
1.  M\^:
 [g;ghDf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd if\P jPit
xl;ba fly; gFjpapy; 1700 kpy;ypad;
ld; ,Uk;Gj;jhJ ,Ug;gjhf fzpf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; NgusT cw;gj;jp
,d;Dk; Jtq;ftpy;iy.
 jha;yhe;J flw;fiug; gFjpapy;
D 19.1 : _ k>VuD jfuKk;. g`hkh]; flw;fiu
gFjpapy; muNfhidl;Lk;> ngh;rpad;
 fly; xU fsQ;rpakhFk;. Vnddpy; tisFlhtpy; ANudpaKk; ,Ug;gjhff;
epyj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; ngUk;ghyhd fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tsq;fs; flypYk; fpilf;fpwJ.  njd;dhg;gphpf;fh jdJ fly;
 Gtpapd; nkhj;jg; gug;gpy; 71 gFjpapy;> fz;lj; jpl;by; ituk;
rjtpfpjj;ij Mf;fpukpj;Jf; nfhz; ,Ug;gjhff; fz;lwpe;Js;sJ.
Ls;sJ fly; gug;ghFk;.  mij ntl;bnaLf;f kpjf;Fk;
 Mdhy; epyNkh 29 rjtpfpjj;ij fg;gypd; cjtpAld; flybr;
kl;LNk Mf;fpukpj;Js;sJ. Ruq;fj;ijj; Njhz;bAs;sJ.
 ,e;J kfh rKj;jpuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
 Mf> ePh; kw;Wk; epyg;gug;Gfspd;
flybj; njhlh; Fd;Wfspy; FNuhikl;
tpfpjhr; rhuq;fis cw;W Nehf;F
mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLtjhff;
tjhy; flypy; epyj;ijtpl mjpf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
msT fdpktsq;fs; Gije;Js;sJ  ,NjNghy; GNshhplh flw;fiug;
vdyhk;. gFjpapy; Ngiul;Lk; myh];fh
 mtw;wpy; fPNo fhz;Nghk;. flypy; 104 flw;fiug; gFjpapy; gpshl;bdKk;
tif tsq;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. fhzg;gLtjhff; fz;lwpag;
gl;Ls;sJ.
12
 AslB_
 flybj; jsj;jpy; FNshgpn[hpNdh  Nkw;fz;l gFjpfspy; jw;nghOJ
vd;Dk; NrW mjpf mstpy; th;j;jf hPjpapyhd cw;gj;jp njhlq;fp
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; 95% fhy;rpak; eilngWfpwJ.
fhh;gNdl; gbTfisf; nfhz;lJ.  tlf;F M];jpNuypah> njd;nfhhpah>
 ,ij mjpf mstpy; rpnkz;l; mh;n[d;bdh> fypNghh;dpah>
cw;gj;jpf;F %yg;nghUshf gad;gLj;j ,e;jpah> Ithp flw;fiu Mfpa
,aYk;.
ehLfspd; flw;fiug; gFjpfs;
 gOg;Gepwr; Nrw;wpy; mjpf msT
Xjkpd; rf;jpf;Fr; rhjfkhd
khq;fdPR> epf;fy;> nrk;G> Nfhghy;l;
#o;epiyiag; ngw;Ws;sjhff;
kw;Wk; fhhPak; Mfpait fhzg;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
gLfpd;wd.
 ,Ug;gpDk; ,e;ehLfspy; thzpg
2. V F:
hPjpapyhd cw;gj;jp ,d;Dk;
 cyf fly; gug;gpy; 2.5 × 1012
Jtq;ftpy;iy.
gPgg
; ha;fs; (Nguy;fs;) itg;G ,Ug;gjhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. {> gu_
 flypy; fpilf;Fk; tsq;fspy;
1. fhk;Ng tisFlh (7000 nkfhthl;)
vz;nza; kw;Wk; vhpthA Mfpad
2. fl;r; tisFlh (1000 nkfhthl;)
flypy; fpilf;Fk; nkhj;j tsj;jpd;
3. Re;jutdk; (100 nkfhthl;)
kjpg;gpy; 90% kjpg;igg; ngw;Ws;sd.
3. {>t[ ]: 4.  k t[]:
 cyfpy; Kjd; Kjypy; gpuhd;R ehL
 fly; ePhpd; fly; kl;lj;jpYk;
1966-k; Mz;L gpuhd;R Mw;wpd;
mbkl;lj;jpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;w ntg;g
Kfj;Jthug; gFjpapy; Xjkpd;
NtWghl;bd; fhuzkhf vOfpd;w
rf;jpia cw;gj;jp nra;jJ.
 ,ijj; njhlh;e;J A.v];.X. ‡gz;b ePh;f;fphpiafs; (m) Row;rpiag; gad;
tisFlhtpy; ghrk;kh Nfhb vd;w gLj;jp fly; ePhpypUe;J ngwg;gLk;
,lj;jpy; Xjkpd;rf;jpapd; itg;gpy; kpd;rhuNk ePh; ntg;g kpd;rf;jpahFk;.
25% u\;ahtpy; cs;sjhff;  fly; ePhpd; Nkw;gug;gpw;Fk; Moj;jpw;F
fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ. kpilNa mjpf ntg;g NtWghL
 me;ehl;bd; fp];yah tisFlh kw;Wk; ntg;g kz;lyg; gFjpfspy; kl;LNk
Nfhyh jPgfw;gk; Mfpa gFjpfspy; ngUk;ghYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,r;rf;jpf;F mjpf tha;g;Gs;sjhff;  MfNt ntg;g kz;lyg; gFjpfspy;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. mike;Js;s ehLfspy; ,r;rf;jpiag;
 If;fpa murpy; nrtd; Mw;W Kfj; ngWtjw;F mjpf tha;g;Gs;sJ.
Jthuj;jpy; Xj rf;jpf;F tha;g;G  ,j;Jiwapy; If;fpa mnkhpf;fh
cs;sjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Kd;dzpapy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
13
 AslB_

 me;ehl;bd; cjtpAld; jkpo;ehl;by;  flw;fiuNahug; gFjpfspy; cs;s

kd;dhh; tisFlh (FyNrfug; vz;nza; kw;Wk; ,aw;if thA
gl;bzk;) tpy; ,r;rf;jpia vLf;f tsq;fs; cyfg; ngl;Nuhypa
Kaw;rpfs; ele;J tUfpd;wd. cw;gj;jpapy; 17 rjtPjj;ij
5. \M> kVs_ Va[ mspf;fpd;wd.
g]D:  NkYk; Nguhopfs; khw;W rf;jpts
 Nguhopfs; kdpjDila ,aw;if Mjhukhf gad;gLtjw;fhd
#o;epiyapy; Kf;fpa gq;F tha;g;gpidAk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
tfpf;fpd;wd. Nguhopfs; kdpjid  fly; #hpa ntg;gj;jpid
gy;NtW tiffspy; fl;Lg; cl;ftUtjhy; Nguhopfs; ntg;gg;
gLj;Jfpd;wd. gLj;jg;gl;L ePNuhl;lq;fs; Vw;gL
 fhyepiyia fl;Lg;gLj;JtjpYk;> fpd;wJ.
Mf;]p[id Rthrpg;gjw;Fk;> mtd;  ,ij kpd;dhw;wyhf khw;w ,aYk;.
cz;Zk; czT> nghUshjhu> r%f> ,e;epfo;r;rpahdJ Val[ k
murpy; kw;Wk; ,uhZt epiyapidAk; gu_ \VuD (Ocean Thermal
jPh;khdpf;fpd;wd. Energy Conversion – OTEC) vd
 Nguhopfs; Kf;fpa tskhd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
Gujrj;J kpFe;j kPd; cztpid
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 gy;NtW kjpg;G kpf;f cNyhfq;fisf;
flyhdJ kpFjpahf nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 mtw;wpy; jq;fk;> nts;sp> khq;fdpR>
ngl;Nuhy; kw;Wk; Kj;J MfpadthFk;.
,tw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf fly; ePhpy;
nkf;dPrpak;> GNuhkpd; kw;Wk; Nrhbak;
FNshiuL (my;yJ) rhjhuz cg;G
Mfpa jhJ cg;GfSk; cs;sd.
 fl;Lkhdg; gzpfSf;fhd kzy;>
{>t[ ]
ruisf;fy;> rpg;gp XLfs; kw;Wk;
ituq;fs; Mfpad Nguhopfspd;
jiug;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

••••••

14
 AslB_

k V^

x V^ >V[ >VmkV  KUifNahL tsUk;> My;fhtpw;F

w_^: xsp Njit ahjyhy;> KUiffs;
Fiwthdg; gFjpapy; jhd;
 200 Kjy; 300 bfphp ntg;gKila
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rw;Nwwf;Fiwa
ePh;g;gFjpapNyNa kpf mjpfkhf
50 kPl;lh; Moj;jpy; jhd; KUiffs;
tho;fpwJ. MfNtjhd; ntg;g
mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
kz;lyg; gFjpapy; KUif ghh;fs;
 cth;g;gpak; 30% Kjy; 40% rjtPjk;
mjpfk;.
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

xB kV ^

15
 AslB_

 fyq;fpa ePh;> FWkz; gbTfs;  ,t;tifg; gl;il ngUk;ghYk;

fhzg;gbd; KUiffs; vhpkiyj; jPitr; Rw;wp rpwg;ghf
tsh;tjpy;iy. mike;Js;sd.
 KUifgl;ilfs; Mz;Lf;F 1 Kjy; V[:
5 nr.kP tiu tsh;fpwJ.  M];jpNuypahtpd; nghpa fpNul;
x[ k^: ghhpah; hPg;
 flw;fiuia xl;ba gtsg; gl;il 3. kkk V _m V_:
 flw;fiuia tpl;L tpyfpa gtsg; gl;il  ikaj;jpy; Mok; Fiwe;j fhaiyf;
 tl;ltbt gts gl;il vd nfhz;L Rw;wpYk; KUifgl;il
KUiffs; %d;W tifg;ghfg; tsh;e;jpUg;gJ ml;lhy;
gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. vdg;gLfpwJ.
1. uB B k :  ,J ePs; tbtj;jpYk;> nrt;tf
 flw;fiuNahL xl;b tsh;e;jpUf;Fk; tbtj;jpYk;> tl;l tbtj;jpYk;
gtsg;gl;ilNa flw;fiu xl;ba fhzg;gLfpwJ.
gtsg;gl;il vd;W miof;fg; 4. x [ >VuD
gLfpwJ. uB V^^:
 flw;fiuf;Fk;> gtsg;gl;ilf;Fk;  ,f;nfhs;iffis fPo;f;fz;lthW
,ilNa glFf; fhy;tha; ,U ngUk; gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
fhzg;gLk;. 1. jho;jy; nfhs;if
 rhd;W `tha; jPtpy; fhzg;gLk; (subsidence Theory)
mz;il gl;ilfs;. 2. jho; ,y;yh nfhs;if
2. k: (Nonsubsidence Theory)
 ,J flw;fiuapypUe;J rpwpJ J}uk;
js;sp fiuf;F ,izahf Ntygl;il
Nghd;wike;jpUf;Fk;> KUif gl;il
]BVs_ V|D x
MFk;. ^
 ,r;#oypy; gl;ilf;Fk; flw;fiuf;Fk; 1. ,yl;rj; jPTfs;
,ilNa mfykhd fhy;tha;> 2. me;jkhd; b epf;Nfhghh;
fhzg;gLk;. 3. `l;r; tisFlh
4. kd;dhh; tisFlh

••••••

16
 AslB_

{>^

o[ u D (Tides):  t{>D(Spring Tides): G+kp> #hpad;>

 njhlh;r;rpahd fly; ePhpd; Vw;w epyh %d;Wk; xNu Neh;f;Nfhl;Lg;
,wf;fj;jhy; Vw;gLfpwJ. #hpad; Gs;spapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,tw;wpy;
kw;Wk; epyh ,uz;Lk; Gtpapd; kPJ mjpfkhd <h;g;G tpiriaf; nfhz;l
<h;g;G tpiriar; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. kpif Xjj;ij cz;lhf;Fk;.
vdNt miyfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.  miyfis #hpad; kw;Wk; epyhtpd;
 epyh nghJthf G+kpf;F mUfpy; tpir ,uz;Lk; xd;Wf; nfhd;W
cs;sJ. vdNt ,J flypd; Vw;w ,Of;Fk;. vdNt nghpa mstpyhd
,wf;fq;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; Kf;fpag; miyfs; Vw;gLk;. ,it kpif Xjk;
gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. vdg;gLk;.
 ,uz;L Vw;w ,wf;fq;fSf;Fk;
,ilNa ,ilntsp 12 kzp Neuk; 26
epkplq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.
 t> {>D (Neap Tides): (Fiw fly;
Vw;w ,wf;fk;) #hpad; kw;Wk; epyhtpd;
Fiwthd <h;g;Gtpir xd;Wf;nfhd;W
Neuhdit.
 ,J mkhthirapypUe;J Kjy;
fhy;gFjp kw;Wk; %d;whk; fhy;
gFjpf;Fs; Njhd;Wk;. #hpadpd;
tpirahy; Vw;gLk; tpir> re;jpudhy;
Vw;gLk; tpirapy; rkg;gLj;jg;gLtjd;
tpisthf miyfs; rpwpadthfj;
Njhd;Wk;. ,it kpj Xjk;
vdg;gLfpwJ.
{>[ k^

17
 AslB_

 ,J khjj;jpy; ,U Kiw Njhd;Wk;. Xjq;fs; ed;whf tsh;r;rp ngw;W

mkhthirapd; NghJ #hpad; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
kw;Wk; epyh ,uz;Lk; NeuhfTk;>  cyfpNyNa mjpf cauKila
ngsh;zkpapd; NghJ #hpad; kw;Wk; Xjq;fs; guhd; ml;yhz;bf;
epyh ,uz;Lk; vjpuhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. fiug;gFjpapy; gz;b tis Flhtpy;
 fq;ifapd; Kfj;Jthuk; (fy;fj;jh Vw;gLfpwJ.
JiwKfk;)> fhz;l;yh JiwKfg;gFjp  ,t;thW Vw;gLk; cah; Xjq;fspypUe;J
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ,e;jpahtpy; xjkpd;rf;jp ngwg;gLfpwJ.

••••••

18
 AslB_

xB >k_^

1. \]B lK^ V|^: 3. \lK^ V|^:

(Equator) (Tropic of Capricorn)

>[ \V (South America) >[ \V

1. <f;Ftlhh; 2. nfhyk;gpah 1. rpyp 2. mh;n[d;bdh
3. gpNurpy; 3. guhFNt 4. gpNurpy;
gV (Africa) gV
1. nfghd; 2. fhq;Nfh
1. ekpgpah
3. n[a;hp 4. cfhz;lh
2. Ngh];l;thdh
5. nfd;ah 6. Nrhkhypah
3. njd; Mg;gphpf;fh
gEBV (Asia)
1. ,e;NjhNdrpah 4. nkh]hk;gpf;
(Rkj;uh jPgfw;gk;> Nghh;dpah> nrypg];) 5. klfh];fh;
E _
4. W]_ w V|^
fpUgjp jPT.
(Land Locked Countries)

2. lK^ V|^: >[ \

(Tropic of Cancer) 1. nghyptpah 2. guhFNt

\]B \V g V|^

nkf;]pNfh 1. khyp 2. iefh;
gV 3. gh;fpfdh ghNrh 4. rhl;
1. Nkw;F rfhuh 2. kThpj;Njdpah 5. kj;jpa Mg;gphpf;f FbauR ehLfs;
3. khyp 4. my;[phpah 6. vj;jpNahg;gpah 7. cfhz;lh
5. ypgpah 8. uhtz;lh 9. GUz;b
6. vfpg;J (rptg;Gf;fly;) 10. [hk;gpah 11. khytp
E _ 12. [pk;ghg;Nt 13. Ngh];l;thdh
`thypad; jPT
19
 AslB_
nVB V|^ 6. V[
1. Rtpl;rh;yhe;J 2. M];l;hpah 1. rpf;fpk; 2. Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
3. nrf; FbauR 4. ];Nyhthf;fpah 3. m];]hk; 4. mUzhr;ryg;
5. `q;Nfhpah 6. khy;Nlhtpah gpuNjrk;.
7. ngyhu]; 7. gVM>V[
gEB V|^ [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;.
1. Mh;Nkdpah 2. kq;Nfhypah
3. fphpfp];jhd; 4. j[pfp];jhd;
6.  _KD ]BVs[
5. Mg;fhdp];jhd; 6. yhNth];
\VW^
1. F[uhj; 2. uh[];jhd;
5. ]BVs[ \VW[
3. kj;jpa gpuNjrk; 4. rl;B];fh;
_ m V^D
5. [hh;fz;l; 6. Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
V|^
7. jphpGuh 8. kpNrhuk;.
1. V>i
1.Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 7. yz]^
2. m];]hk; 3. Nkfyhah
1. fphPd;yhe;J - cyfpYs;s
4. jphpGuh 5. kpNrhuk;
kpfg;nghpa jPT grpgpf; ngUq;fly;
2.V
2. klfh];fh; - ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly;
1. [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;
3. [hth> Rkj;uh> nrypghy; -
2. ,khr;ry gpuNjrk;
,e;NjhNdrpah
3. cj;jufhz;l; 4. rpf;fpk;
4. ghh;ry;jPT - njd;rPdf; fly;
5. mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk;
5. n`hf; fha;Nlh> N`hd;R jPT -
3. V>V[
1. F[uhj; 2. uh[];jhd; [g;ghd;
3. gQ;rhg; 4. [k;K kw;Wk; 8. s_ B V|^
fh\;kPh;
1. u\;ah 2. fdlh
4. VD
3. rPdh 4. mnkhpf;fh
1. cj;jufhz;l; 2. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
5. gpNurpy; 6. M];jpNuypah
3. gPfhh; 4. rpf;fpk;
7. ,e;jpah
5. Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
5. tBV[\
1. kpNrhuk; 2. kzpg;G+h;
3. ehfyhe;J 4. mUzhr;ryg;
gpuNjrk;
20
 AslB_

9. ] \^ >V V 10. cK^ a^

V|^
1. khpahdh mfop Nkw;F grpgpf;
1.rPdh 2. ,e;jpah 2. lhq;fh njw;F grpgpf;
3. mnkhpf;fh 4. ,e;NjhNdrpah nfh;nknlf
5. gpNurpy; 6. ghfp];jhd; 3. Fhpy; Nkw;F grpgpf;
7. gq;fshNj\; 8. ie[phpah 4. Nghdpd; mfop Nkw;F grpgpf;
9. u\;ah 10. [g;ghd; 5. epA+nfh;gpnl]; njd; grpgpf;
6. G&l;Nlh hpf;Nfh Nkw;F grpgpf;
7. Rz;lh mfop ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly;
(mugpf;fly;)

••••••

21
 AslB_

xB VuD,
>[ sD
 W] : tphpe;j ,uz;L epyg;gug;G epfo;tpw;Fg;gpd;) Xh; mlh;e;j
fSld; kpff;FWfpa epyg;gug;G mfiltpl;Lr; nry;Yk;. (ntg;];lh;
,ize;jpUe;jhy; mjid epyr;re;jp INuhg;gpa xd;wpa mfuhjp)
vd;gh;.  \>l_ (Sand Blasting):
 ] : ,uz;L ePh;g;gug;Gfis ntg;gg; ghiytdq;fspy; ghiwfspy;
,izf;Fk; FWfpa ePh;g;gFjpf;F fhw;wpdhy; cld; mbj;Jr;
ePh;r;re;jp vd;gh; nry;yg;gLk; kzy; Jfs;fspd;
 yuD : %d;W gf;fq;fs; ePuhYk; cjtpAld; epfo;j;jg;gLk; rpuha;j;Jj;
xU gf;fk; epyj;jhYk; #og;gl;l Nja;j;jy;> tprpwp tbtj; jpiuahf;fy;>
gFjpf;Fj; jPgfw;gk; vd;W ngah;. thpg;gs;skply;> ntspf;fhl;b vLj;jy;
 [(Zeigen): fspkz; ghiw> kw;Wk; nkUfpLjy; Nghd;w midj;J
khf;fy; ghiw> nkd;fsp kz;fw; mhpkhdpr; nray; KiwfSk; xl;L
ghiw Nghd;wtw;wpd; rkepiy nkhj;jkhf kz;D}ijaply; vd
nkd;ghiwj;J}z; kPJ %baplg;gl;l miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ikg;Gl;b Nghd;W Njhw;wkspf;Fk;  As| \D (Pyrosphere):
ml;ltizg; gbt ghiwj; jpus;fs; Gtpapd; eLg;gFjp 2780 fp.kP
]PAnfd; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. jbkd; cilajhfTk;> ruhrhp
 * s*[ (Supernova): xU mlh;j;jp 5.6 MfTk; nfhz;ljhf
el;rj;jpuk; ntbj;Jr; rpjWtijf; cs;s gFjp GtpeL kz;lyk; vd
Fwpf;Fk;. mNdfkhf <h;g;G miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
tpirahw;wy; Fiye;J Nghtjhy;  gdpahWfs; kw;Wk; gdpg;ghsq;fspd;
,J epfof;$Lk;. ,e;epfo;tpd; cUFjYf;Fg; gpwF gdpg;ghsg;
NghJ el;rj;jpuj;jpd; xsph;Tj; gbTfs; gbtjd; fhuzkhf
jpwd;> rhjhuz fhyq;fspy; cUthf;fk; ngWk; rkntspNa
,Ug;gij tplTk; 20 klq;F mjpfg; J}a;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;l rkntspahFk;.
ghpkhzk; nfhz;ljhf mjpfhpf;Fk;.  \BVE: Fd;Wfs; my;yJ
ngUk;ghyhd rkaq;fspy; (,e; kiyfspd; cr;rpapD}lhf ePz;L

22
 AslB_
xLq;fp mike;Js;s ePs;tiu Kfbd;  Ws\|: ,J
vjpnujph;g; gf;fq;fspy; mLf;fhfg; G+kpapDila NkNyhl;Lg; gug;gpd; kPJ
gbTfs; gbe;J kiy cUthf;fk; cah;e;njOe;J epw;Fk; gFjp. ,jd;
ngWk; nray;Kiw kiykuGf; $wpay; ,uz;L gf;f gFjpfspyhtJ Fiwe;j
vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. gl;rk; ,uz;L ghiwaLf;Ffspd;
 k|>D: flypy; mike;Js;s ,ilKwpTfs; vy;iyfshf
nfhLQ;rhpTg; ghiwapd; mbj; mike;Js;sd. ,e;jg; Gilg;G
jsj;jpy; mike;Js;s mb ntl;Lj; mUfike;Js;s gFjpfSld;
jlk;. njhlh;Gs;s tifapy; cah;e;njOe;J
 kV[A () x_ D cs;sJ. ,jd; rpfu cr;rpg;
(AV): el;rj;jpuq;fSf;fpilNa gFjpapy; jl;ilahd gbTfSk;>
cs;s khR my;yJ thAg;nghUspd; ,U vy;iyfshf mike;Js;s
jpus; njhFjp my;yJ jpushd ghiwaLf;F ,ilKwpTfshy;
tpz;kPd; njhFjpahy; ,utpd; thdpy; gpujp epjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gl;l kpf
Njhd;Wk;. Xz;kPd; / xz;Kfpy; glyk;. nrq;Fj;jhd gf;fr; rhpTfSk;
,J ,Ul;L neGyh> xspAkpOk; nfhz;ljhf GtpNkNyhl;Lg; Gilg;G
xz;Kfpy; glyk; kw;Wk; gpujpgypj;jy; tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
xz;Kfpy; glyk; vd tifg;gLj;jf;  ky : rpgpb my;yJ efh;
$bajhFk;. ikaj;jpy; cs;s cah; ntg;gepiy
 VDA >  : epyj;jb vd;gJ> ‘efh; ntg;gj;jPT” my;yJ
ePNuhilf;Fk;> gy Fopf;Fk; ePuhy; ntWkNd ‘ntg;gj;jPT” vd;W
epug;gg;gl;l fPo;g;gug;Gfspy; epiyapy;. miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 EB >Vz[^: ePl;rpaile;J  >VA k\VusB_:
tphpe;j> nfl;by; Nghd;w Gtpg; gug;gpy; xU ghiwapDs; CLUtptUk;
cUthfp vOe;Js;s rpwpa kiyfs;> vhpkiyf; Fok;gpd; jPtpu ntg;gj;jpd;
jho;Fd;Wfs; (`k;Nkhf;];) epiyapy; fhuzkhf mg;ghiw milAk;
cs;s ciwkz; gLifapd; kPJ ntspAU khw;wk; njhlh;G my;yJ
rpwpa> cah;e;njOe;j Kbr;Rfs; ntg;g ntspAUkhw;wk; vd
my;yJ RUf;fq;fs; `k;Nkhf;]; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. MhpNahy;fs;
vdg;gLfpd;wd. nraw;jpwDs;s vd mwpag;gLk; Rw;wpYk; cs;s
GtpNkyLf;F> ciwgLifahf ghiwfspd; fdpk cs;spizT>
Mfpa fhuzj;jhy; gf;fthl;Lg; cs;CLUTk; vhpkiyf; Fok;gpd;
gFjpfspypUe;J mOj;J tpirahy; jPtpu ntg;gj;jpd; fhuzkhf
jil Nkw;gug;G mOj;jg;gLtjhy; khw;wj;jpw;Fs;shFk; nghOJ njhlh;G
,it tbtk; nfhs;fpd;wd. ntspAU khw;wk; epfo;fpwJ.

23
 AslB_
 W> : G+kpapd; jiu  V[BV[ ^>Vz: kpf
Nkw;gug;gpw;Ff; fPNoAs;s mbj;jsg; Mokhd FWfpa nrq;Fj;Jr; rhpthd
ghiwfs; kw;Wk; jsh;ghiwg; gf;fq;fSilNa xU gs;sj;jhf;fpd;
gFjpfspd; Jisfspy; epuk;gpAs;s ePl;bf;fg;gl;l tbtk; - fhd;Nahd;
ePh; epyj;jb ePh; my;yJ fPo;epyePh; vd vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. (v.fh)
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. nfhNyhuhNlh Mw;wpd; ngaUk;
 k u : fhyj;jpw;Ff; FilTg; gs;sj;jhf;F fhh;thy;
fhyk; ntg;g ePiuAk;> ePuhtpiaAk; ,khyhag; gFjpapd; myf;ee;jh Mw;Wf;
ntspg;gLj;jp tUk; xU rpwg;G ntg;g FilTg; gs;sj;jhf;F Kjypad.
ePh; Cw;W. mjhtJ ntg;g ePUk;>  VuA V >Vu
ePuhtpAk; tpl;L tpl;L ntspNa (Yardangs): xg;gPl;lstpy; nkd;ik
gPwpl;L tUk; Cw;W. ahd ghiwfspd; ghiytd
 \uVWD: ,uz;L ngaUk; mbj; jsq;fspy; fhw;wirg;ghy;>
kzy; tiffisf; nfhz;Ls;s ntl;lg;gl;l ePz;l fhbf;FilTfs;
ghiytdq;fs; (‘vh;f;’ vd;w muhgpa my;yJ ,iltopfshy; xd;wpypUe;J
thh;j;ij ,lk;ngah;fpw kzy; kw;nwhd;W gphpf;fg;gLfpw nrq;Fj;Jg;
tiffs; cs;s gFjp vdg; nghUs; gf;fthl;Lr; Rth;fisf; nfhz;l>
jUtjhFk;) Mokhd fPo; ntl;Lfshy; mike;j
 a: tuyhw;wpd; xU Kf;fpa njhq;F ghiw KfLfs; - fhw;whpg;G
fhyg;gFjp ,J jdpj;jd;ik ghiwj; Njhw;WU vd mwpag;
tha;e;j mk;rq;fs;> Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gl;Ls;sd.
epfo;Tfs; Kjypatw;why; milahsg;  s[
gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. >El[\: G+kpapd; Mo;
 s _: xU ghiwapd; cl;gFjpapd; cl;fU vy;iyapy;
gpstile;j jsq;fspy; vz;zw;w fl;likg;gpYk;-Mf;ff; $wikapYk;
neUf;fkhd thpirapyike;j ,iz Vw;gLfpw jpBh; khw;wNk tpf;nfh;l;
ahd jsq;fspd; fl;likg;G (v.fh. - $l;nld;gh;f; njhlh;r;rpapd;ik
];Nyl;) gpstpg; ngUfy; vd miof;fg; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. G+kpapd;
gLfpwJ. cz;ikapy; xU ghijapd; cl;gFjpapy; 2900 fp.kP. Moj;jpy; ruhrhp
gpsTg;gLk; jd;ik my;yJ ciljy; nrwptlh;j;jpapy; Vw;glk; jpBh; khw;wk;
my;yJ nkd; jfLfshfg; gpstpg; 5.5 ypUe;J 10 Mf khw;wkile;J
ngUFjy; Nghd;w cz;ikahd ntspg;Gw cl;fUtpypUe;J fPo;epiy
milahsg;gLj;Jk; rpwg;Gj;jd;ik nkd; ciwiag; gphpf;fpwJ.
tha;e;j NghypNa\d; MFk;.  _ z
(Uvala): Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; gFjpfspy;>

24
 AslB_
Nlhypd;fis tplTk; nghpaitahf  | A: ,J xU
mike;j kpf tphpe;J ePz;l FilTfs; rpf;fyhd fhpkr; nray;KiwahFk;.
Rz;zf;fy; ngUq;FilT vd ,jdhy; cNyhfk; rhh;e;j Neh;kpd;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. madpfs; ePuff;fhpk %yf;$Wfshf
 ca VD: xU FWfpa> xUq;fpize;jike;jitahf
tpiuthd> fliy Nehf;fpa khWfpd;wd.
gputhfkhd ePNuhl;lk; ,J. flw;  VVM VD:
fiuapy; miy cilAk; ,lj;jpy; (epyf;fhpg; gbTf; fhyk;) Gtpapay;
,Ue;J ePiu <h;j;J fopKf ePNuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; xU fhyg;gFjp ,J
tbtpy; ,J gha;tjhf mikAk;. ,d;iwa epiyf;F Rkhh; 350
 ^ ^>Vz: Kjy; 270 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F
,uz;L GtpNkNyhl;Lg; gFjpfl;F Ke;ija fhyk; tiu njhlh;r;rpahf
,ilapyhd ePh;g;gs;sk;> gs;sk; epytpa fhyf;fl;lk; ,J. ngUk;
my;yJ gLif ,tw;iwg; gpujp mstpyhd gue;Jtphpe;j epyf;fhpg;
epjpj;Jtg;gLj;JfpwJ. cz;ikapy; gbTfs; cUthf;fk; epfoe;j fhyk;
ePh;gpsTg; gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;> rhjhuz vd;gjhy; ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ.
khd xd;W my;yJ mjpfkhd gpsTg;  W|sB_: epyeLf;f miy
ngah;r;rpfshy; vy;iyaplg;gl;l fspd; ntt;NtW mk;rq;fs; Fwpj;J
ePz;l kw;Wk; FWfyhd gs;sq;fNs Muha;fpw mwptpay; epyeLf;ftpay;
MFk;. ,g;gs;sq;fs;> Gtpapd; cl;Gw MFk;.
kuGf; $Wfs; rhh;e;j Mw;wy;fspy;  W| ks: epyeLf;fq;fs;
fpilkl;lkhd kw;Wk; nrq;Fj;jhd miyfspd; ntt;NtW mk;rq;fs;
,af;fq;fshy; cUthfpd;wd. ,it Fwpj;J Muha;fpw mwptpay;
nghJthf cilg;Gg; gs;sj;jhf;F> epyeLf;ftpay;MFk;.
gpstpilg; gs;sk; (Grapen) vd  W| ^: epy
mwpag;gLfpd;wd. eLf;fq;fs; epfo;tjhy; Vw;gLk;
 V_V \>V miyfs; epyeLf;f miyfs; vd
Vk: vz;zw;w kiyj;njhlh; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
mikg;Gfspd; kw;Wk; FOf;fspd;  VDA_ Au (Stalagmite):
njhFjpiaf; nfhz;lJ. cz;ikapy; Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; Fifapd; jiuj;
xUkiyj;njhlh;f; Nfhit jsj;jpypUe;J Nky;Nehf;fp tsUk;
vd;gJ ntt;NtW KfLfs;> Rz;zhk;Gg; gbfj;ijf; nfhz;l
njhlh;fs; kiyr;rq;fpypfs; kw;Wk; Jzpf;fw;fspd; nrq;Fj;jhd
kiyiaikg;Gfspd; xU kiyr;
r%fNkahFk;.

25
 AslB_
J}z;fs; Nghd;w Gw;Wfs; Rz;zf;fy; epiyj;jd;ik vd;gNj IN]hlh]p
Gw;W vd mwpag;gLfpd;wd. vd;gjd; nghUshFk;.
 Ow^(Sills): gbTg;ghiw  [_z^: twz;l
fspd; mbj;jsq;fSf;F ,izahf cyh; gpuNjrq;fspy; jl;ilahd
mike;Js;s ghiwf; Fok;gpd; gug;GfSf;F Nkyhf> $h;ikahf
jbkdhd ghsj;jpy; jpz;ikg; cah;en ; jOe;Js;s vr;r kiyfs;
nghUs; tbtk; Eio gbTfs; vd ,d;nry;ngh;f;Ffs; my;yJ Nghh;d;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. `hh;l;]; vd miof;fg; gLfpd;wd.
 V>VvV : epyf;fhpg; gbTfs; (GtpNkw; gug;gpay; mwpQh; Nghh;d;`hk;
cUthd fhyg;gFjpapy;> ghq;fap vd;gthpd; ngauhy; miof;fg;
ahtpd; vy;yhg; gf;fq;fspYk; gLfpwJ.
#o;e;jpUe;j khngUk; ePh; epiyia  k^ (Synclines): fpil
A.G.tPnfnduhy; ghe;jyh]h vd kl;lkhd njhLNfhl;L Mw;wy;fshy;
miof;fg;gl;lJ. Vw;gLk; mOj;J tpirfshy; cUthfpw
 VlBV: epyf;fhpg; gbTfs; fPo;Nehf;fp kbe;J ghiw mbj;jsq;fs;
cUthd fhyg;gFjpapy;> vy;yh fPo;tpisTfs; vdg;gLk;.
epyj;jpzpTfSk; xw;iw epyj;  O ^ (Surf waves):
jpzpthf xd;wpize;J tbtk; %o;Ff; Nfhl;by; miyfspd; NkhJjy;
ngw;w nray;Kiw A.G.tPnfnduhy; cUthFk; Eiu ePh; miyfs; my;yJ
ghq;fhapah vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. ePNuhl;lq;fs;> Eiu ePuiyfs; my;yJ
 AslB_ VD: Gtpapd; Nkhjiyfs; my;yJ Nky; Nehf;fpa
xl;Lnkhj;j Gtpapay; kw;Wk; Gtpg;Gw miyfs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
khw;w tuyhw;iwg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;  W>  \D: G+kpf;fbNa
gLj;Jk; jpUfyhd RUs; mikg;G epuk;gpAs;s ePhpd; Nky;kl;lk; epyj;jb
Gtpapay; fbfhuk; vd miof;fg; ePh;kl;lk; my;yJ ntWkNd ePh;kl;lk;
gLfpwJ. vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 \ gsmkVD: ‡g;A+k  \l |z: nrq;Fj;jhd
Nuhy; thAf;fs; fUk;Gif kw;Wk; gs;sj;jhf;F gf;fr;Rth;fisf; nfhz;l
ePuhtp Nghd;wit ntspg;gl;L Mokhd kw;Wk; FWfpa Mw;Wg;
tUtjw;fhd J}thuk; ‡g;`kNuhy; gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;> kiyapil ,Lf;F
vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 nvVVL: RoYfpd;w G+kpapd;  V>V V^: G+kpapd; mb
NkYah;e;njOe;j gFjpfSf;Fk;> Moj;jpDs;> fw;Fok;ghf cs;s
fPo;f;fpil epiyg; gLiffSf;Fk; mdw;Fok;G FSikaile;J jplg;gl;L
,ilNa epytf; $ba ,ae;jputpay; te;j nray;Kiwapd; fhuzkhf

26
 AslB_

cUthf;fk; ngw;w Mog; ghiwfs; mjpKf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. ,J

ghjhsg; ghiwfs; vd miof;fg; ghiwfisg; gytPdg;gLj;jp rpij
gLfpd;wd. (v.fh: fUq;fy; (Granite)) TWjYf;F tif nra;fpwJ.
 >| AsV \A:  xk M^:
GtpNkNyhl;Lj; jl;Lfspd; xl;L gdpg;gbTfspd; njhlh; gbjyhy;
nkhj;jg; ghpzhkk;> ,aw;if kw;Wk; Vw;gLk; rpwpa kiyfs; my;yJ
,af;fk; Mfpatw;wpd; tpisthd vjph; Fd;Wfspd; jpus; my;yJ $l;lk;
tpidahf;fq;fs;> jl;Lg; Gtpg; nghiwf; Kl;ilAUtg; gdpg;gbTfs; vd
fl;likg;G vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. miof;fg; gLfpd;wd. ,it
 clkBuD: Rw;Wr;#oypy; ftpo;j;Jg; Nghlg;gl;l xU glF
cs;s Mf;]p[d;> nray;Kiw my;yJ Njf;fuz;b (];G+d;) Nghd;w
vd;gNj ,e;j Ntjpapay; nray; Njhw;wj;jpy; mikAk;.
Kiwapd; nghUshFk;. NtW  BVD: Nfhz tbtj; ruis
thh;j;ijfspy; nrhd;dhy;> caph; fw;fshy; epug;gl;l vhpkiyf; Foha;
tspNaw;wr; nray;Kiwapd; NghJ vhpkiyf; fOj;J lahl;Nuk; vd
Rw;Wr; #oypy; cs; caph;tsp miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
ghiwfSld; <uj;jd;ikAs;s #o;  D\VV: ,uz;L ,izahd
epiyapy; vjph;tpidahw;wpagpd;> kzw; Fd;WfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l
gy;NtW tifahd caph;tspf; kzy; ,y;yhj ntw;W Nkw;gug;Gfs;
$l;Lfis cUthf;FfpwJ. mtw;wpy;> nuf; my;yJ `k;khlh vd miof;fg;
,Uk;G caph;tspf;$l;L kpf gLfpd;wd. ,it fh];]piag;
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jgit.

••••••

27
 >tV| 
kkVFA \uD luEm

 : TNPSC Group II >

VD : AslB_
z] : k\D
kVM \uD VW, Asl[ k\D, Asl[
kW \uD k_, k\ > \^,
Vu^, Vk^ \uD ]Vk^, k\ ~>D,
VWl[ k^
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z2 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
sV>V^^ \uD \[VzA^ gBk V >suz >BVVzD
\Vk, \Vsz c>s|D kl_ kkVFA \uD luE mBV_
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
kkVFA \uD luE mB V>m  >s|m.
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV, su
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z
>BV FD \Vkz kw|D t_V kBVzD.

gB,
kkVFA \uD luE m
 AslB_

k\D

kVM \uD VW

kVM (weather) VW (climate)

xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; 24 kzp Neuj;jpw;Fs; nghJthf xU ePz;l fhyj;jpy; kw;Wk;
epyTk; tspkz;lyj;jpd; epiyahFk;. xU ngUk; gug;gstpy; fhzg; gLk;
thdpiyapd; ruhrhp MFk;.
ntg;gk;> fhw;wOj;jk;> <ug;gjk;> kioasT> xU jpl;lkhd ruhrhp fhyk; vd;gJ 30
Nkf%l;lk;> fhw;wpd; Ntfk; kw;Wk; mjd; Mz;LfshFk;.
jpir Mfpatw;why; tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ
- fhyepiy vd;w nrhy; '\V” vd;w
fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ.
nghUs; : ­om sz>_.

VWl[ >Vu^


 AslB_

VW V^

kVM \uD VWB NkYk; mit Fiwe;jsT ntg;gj;jpidNa

y\VMzD V^: fpufpf;Fk; jd;ikf; nfhz;ljhYk; MFk;.
1.  oom #D: V VW
epyeLf;Nfhl;Lg; gFjpahdJ #hpadpd; () V] VW:
ntg;gf; fjph;fis Neh;f;fjph;fshfg; flyhdJ jhkjkhf ntg;gkile;J>
ngWfpd;wJ. mit xU rpwpa gug;gpy; kl;LNk fpufpj;j ntg;gj;jpid ntspapl ePz;l
tpOfpd;wd. JUtg; gFjpfspy; #hpadpd; Neuk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;. flw;fiuNahug;
rha;Tf; fjph;fisg; ngWfpd;wd. NkYk; gFjpfspy; Fsph;e;j <ug;gjk; epiwe;j fhw;W
mit ngUk; gug;gstpy; tpOfpd;wd. Mz;L KOtJk; tPRtjhy; Nfhil kw;Wk;
,jd; tpisthf epyeLf;Nfhl;Lg; Fsph;fhyq;fspy; epyTk; jl;gntg;gj;jpid
gFjpapy; JUtg; gFjpfisf; fhl;bYk; khw;wpaikf;fpd;wd. ,t;tifahd
ntg;gk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. fhyepiy V VW vdg;gLk;.
2. cBD ysVW ()
kiyfs; kw;Wk; kiyj;njhlh;fshy; VW:
khWghL milfpd;wd. caukhd epyg;gug;ghdJ Ntfkhf ntg;gKk;>
gFjpfspy; mike;Js;s ,lq;fs; rkntspg; Fsph;r;rpAk; milfpd;wJ. cs;ehl;L
gFjpfis tpl Fsph;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. epyg;gug;ghdJ mg;NghJ twz;l
,jw;Ff; fhuzk;> kiyfspy; fhw;wpd; ntg;gf;fhw;wpid czh;fpwJ. mq;Ff;
mlh;j;jp Fiwthff; fhzg;gLtjhYk; Nfhilapy; ntg;gk; fLikahfTk; kw;Wk;



Fsph;fhyj;jpy; Fsph; fLikahfTk;
epyTfpwJ. ,t;tifahd fhyepiy jPtpuf;
fhyepiy vdg;gLk;.
3. _WV s (El Nino) :
 gUtf;fhw;W ngha;j;J Nghtjw;F
Kf;fpa fhuzpahf tpsq;FfpwJ.
vy;epNdh → ];ghdpa nkhop
nghUs; ‘zw> ”.
 Rkhh; 5 Kjy; 6 Mz;LfSf;F
xU Kiw ntg;gepiyahdJ ngU
kw;Wk; <f;tlhh; ehl;Lf; flw;fiu
Nahuq;fspy; Jhpjkhf ,Ug;gjhy;
mq;Fj; jho;T kz;lykhdJ
Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,J midj;J jpir
fspypUe;Jk;> fhw;wpid <h;f;fpd;wJ.
,jd; tpisthf grpgpf; Nguhop kw;Wk;
,e;jpag; Nguhopfspy; tpahghuf;
fhw;Wfs; tYtpoe;J jpir tpyf;f
kiltjhy;> ePz;l twl;rpahd
epiyia ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
4. \M>M[ g]D:
 njhopw;Gul;rpapd; nghpa khw;wq;
fspdhy; fhLfs; mopf;fg;gl;L> ,e;j
tsh;r;rpahdJ> ek; tho;f;ifapd;
Nghf;fpidr; RygkhdjhfTk;>
••••••
AslB_
RfkhdjhfTk; khw;wpaikj;Js;;sJ.
s^:
 Gtp ntg;gkhjy; (Global Warming),
gRq;Fby; tpisT (Green House
Effect), khriljy; (Pollution)
Nghd;witAk; fhpakpy thAit
(CO2) fhw;wpy; mjpfhpj;J efu
ntg;gj;jPTfis (Urban Heat Island)
cUthf;FfpNwhk;.
5. kW
Gtp kpff; Fiwe;jsT #hpa fjph;
tPriyNa ngWfpd;wJ. NkYk; ,J Gtpapd;
Nkw;gug;ig mila 8 epkplq;fs; vLj;Jf;
nfhs;fpwJ. #hpadplkpUe;J tUk; #hpa
fjph;tPrNy ntg;gk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
ntg;g Mw;wiy #hpadplkpUe;J %d;W
topfspy; ngwg;gLfpwJ.
1. fjph;tPry; (Radiation) KiwapYk;
2. epyj;jpy; flj;jy; (Conduction)
3. ePhpy; ntg;gr; rydk; (Convection)
 tspkz;lykhdJ #hpaf;fjph; tPriy
tpl (Insolation) Gtpf; fjph;tPryhy;
(Terrastrial Radiation) mjpfk;
ntg;gkilfpwJ

 AslB_

Asl[ k\D

 Gtpapd; tspkz;lyk; thAf;fshy;  \> kV^: tsp kz;lyj;jpy;

#og;gl;Ls;sJ. ,it Gtp <h;g;G ,it Fiwe;j msNt fhzg;gLfpwJ.
tpirapdhy; epiy epWj;jg; mit
gl;Ls;sd. 1. Mh;fhd;
 tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa 2. fphpg;lhd;
thAf;fshdJ. 3. fhh;gd;il Mf;i]L
 iel;u[d → 78% 4. epahd;
 Mf;]p[d; → 21% 5. `Pypak;
 ke;j thAf;fs; → 1% 6. xNrhd;
 ,e;j ke;j thAf;fs; jtpu ePuhtp
kw;Wk; J}Rf;fSk; tspkz;lyj;jpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,itNa
thdpiy khw;wj;jpw;F fhuzkhf
mikfpd;wd.
 tspkz;lyj;jpd; cauj;jpw;F
Vw;g thAf;fspd; msthdJ
NtWgLfpd;wJ. mit G+kpapd;
Nkw;gug;gpd; mUfpy; mlh;j;jp
mjpfkhfTk;> cauk; mjpfhpf;f
mjpfhpf;f mlh;j;jp Fiwe;Jk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 tspkz;lyk; mjd; gz;Gfspd;
mbg;gilapy; ehd;F mLf;Ffshfg;
gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mit.

D 8.1 : k\ |z


 AslB_

1. mbaLf;F (Troposphere) kVMlB_:

2. gilaLf;F (Stratosphere) tspkz;lyj;ijg; gw;wp gbf;Fk;

3. madpaLf;F (Ionosphere) mwptpayhFk;> NkYk; tspkz;lyj;jpd;

4. ntspaLf;F (Exosphere) fPo; mLf;fpy;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy;

epfOk; thdpiy khw;wq;fis cw;W
Nehf;FtjhFk;.

|z #D A^ (Properties)

(cBD)
 |z 0-18 fp.kP.  thdpiy %yq;fshd ntg;gepiy> fhw;W>
(VVB) JUtg; fhw;wpd; mOj;jk;> Nkfq;fspd; cUthf;fk;
gFjpapy; kw;Wk; kiog;nghopT Mfpa midj;J
8fp.kP. tiu khw;wq;fSk; ,t;tLf;fpy; eilngWfpd;wd.
 midj;J caphpay; (Biologial) nray;ghLfSk;
,q;F eilngWfpwJ.
 ,q;F xt;nthU 165 kPf;Fk; 10C ntg;gk;
FiwfpwJ. cBD ]uz u kW
zkm > |z \|\BVzD.
 |z -  mb mLf;ifAk;> gil mLf;ifAk;
(VV V) gphpf;fpwJ.
*k |z 18 Kjy; 80  ,t;tLf;F \k |z () {V[ |z
(VVB) fp.kP tiu MFk;.
 n[l; tpkhdq;fs; ,e;j mLf;fpy; jhd;
gazpf;fpd;wd.
 gilaLf;fpd; cr;rp tpspk;gpy; XNrhd; thA
mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 {V[
 ,it #hpadplkpUe;J tUk; Gw Cjhf;fjph;fis
tbfl;b nfLjy;fspypUe;J ghJfhf;fpd;wJ.
 tbfl;lg;glhj fjph;fshdJ caphpdq;fspd;
jpRf;fis mopf;Fk; Mw;wy; nfhz;lit.
Gtpapd; kPJ thOk; midj;J caphpdq;fSf;Fk;
XNrhd; thA kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.


 AslB_

*k B|z -  kPtsp mLf;fpw;Fk;> kPNrh];gpah; mLf;Ff;Fk;

(VVV) ,ilg;gl;l gFjp MFk;.
B|z 50 Kjy; 80  tspkz;lyj;jpd; Fsph;r;rpahd mLf;F>
(*VB) fp.kP. ,q;F ntg;gk; - 900C msTf;F ,Uf;fpwJ.
k\ |z 80 fp.kP.  fhw;W kpf nky;ypa mstpy; fhzg;gLtjhy;
(>\VB) kw;Wk; ntg;gk; 20000C msT ,Uf;fpwJ. ,J madp
mjw;F mLf;ifAk;> tspkz;ly ntspaLf;ifAk;
Nky; cs;slf;fpaJ.
BM |z 80 fp.kP.  madpaLf;F vd miof;fg;gLtjw;fhd
(Ionosphere) Kjy; 500 fhuzk; tspkz;lyj;jpd; ,g;gFjpapy; #Hpaf;
fp.kP. fjph;fs; kpd;nrwpT+l;lg;gLtjhyhFk; (Ions).
 ,it thndhyp miyfis G+kpf;Fj; jpUg;gp
mDg;Gtjhy; etPdj; njhiy njhlh;gpw;F
kpfTk; cjTfpd;wJ.
 xU jpwd; nghd;ndw;wiof;fg;gLk; (Aurous)
tz;z kakhd fhl;rpaikg;Gk; tlNfhsj;jpy;
tlKid tsnuhsp (Northern lights) my;yJ
tlJUt tpz;nzhsp (Aurora Borealis)
 njd;Nfhsj;jpy; njd;Kid tsnuhsp
(Southern lights) my;yJ njd;JUt
tpz;nzhsp (Aurora Australis) MfpaitAk;
,q;Nf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
k\ 650 fp.kP.  ntg;gk; kpf mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. ,e;j
kB|z kw;Wk; mLf;fpy; jhd; nraw;iff; Nfhs;fs; G+kpiar;
(Exosphere) mjw;F Rw;wp tUfpd;wd.
Nky;  ,t;tLf;F ngUksT i`l;u[d; kw;Wk;
`Pypak; thAf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 ,it mz;l ntspapy; Gwg;gFjpahfNt
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

••••••


 AslB_

Asl[ kW
\uD k_
 #hpadpd; xspf;fjph;fshy; Gtp  xU tUlj;jpy; Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy;
ntg;gkiltijAk;> Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;G mike;Js;s xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lk;
ngw;w ntg;gj;jhy; tspkz;lyk; ngw;w ntg;gKk;> ,oe;j ntg;gKk;
ntg;gkiltijAk; czh;fpNwhk;. Vwj;jho rkkhf cs;sJ. ,jidNa
gy kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfshf Gtp Gtpapd; ntg;gr;rkepiy vd;fpNwhk;.
#hpadhy; ntg;gg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Asl[ kW \VV|:
MapDk; Gtpapd; ntg;gepiy xNu  Gtp KOtJk; #hpadplkpUe;J
rPuhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; ntg;gj;ijg; ngw;wNghjpYk;>
Gtp #hpadplkpUe;J ngWk; ntg;g Gtp KOtjpYk; xNu rPuhd
mstpw;F Vw;g kPz;Lk; mNj msT ntg;gepiy epyTtjpy;iy. Gtpapd;
ntg;gj;ij tpz;ntspf;Fj; jpUg;gp epyeLf;Nfhl;Lg; gFjpapd;
mDg;GfpwJ. ntg;gepiy mjpfkhfTk;> JUtg;
gFjpia Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; NghJ
 Nfhilf;fhyj;jpy; #hpadpd; xspf; ciwepiyf;Ff; FiwthfTk;.
fjph;fs; nrq;Fj;jhf ,Ug;gjhYk;> Fiwe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F
gfy; Neuk; ePz;ljhf ,Ug;gjhYk; ,uz;L kpf Kf;fpaf; fhuzq;fs;
Gtp ngWfpd;w ntg;gj;jpd; msT cs;sd. mit>
mjpfkhf cs;sJ. vdNt Nfhil
1. #hpaf; fjph;fs; Gtp Nkw;gug;gpd;
fhyk; mjpf ntg;gkhf cs;sJ.
kPJ tpOk; Nfhzk;>
 Fspf;fhyj;jpy; #hpadpd; xspf;
2. #hpaf; fjph;fs; Gtp Nkw;gug;gpd;
fjph;fs; rha;thf ,Ug;gjhYk;>
kPJ tpOk; fhy msT
gfy; Neuk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhYk;>
Gtp ngWfpd;w ntg;gj;jpd;
1. B ]^ As \u[
msT Fiwthf cs;sJ. vdNt *m sD VD:
Fsph;fhyj;jpy; ntg;gk; Fiwthf  Gtp Nfhs tbtpy; ,Ug;gjhy;> #hpaf;
cs;sJ. fjph;fs; Gtpapd; vy;yhg; gFjpfspYk;>
xNu Nfhzj;jpy; tpOtjpy;iy. #hpa

 AslB_

mk cB > \D

mk cB > \D
m mk >Vk> \D

m B cBk> \D

\]B >Vk> \D

m B cBk> \D

m mk >Vk> \D

mk cB > \D

kW \VV|

xspf;fjph;fspd; Nfhzk; G+kj;jpa #hpa xspf;fjph;fs; nrq;Fj;jhf

Nuifg; gFjpfspy; nrq;Fj;jhfTk; tpOfpd;wd.
JUtg; gFjpia Nehf;fpr; nry;y 2. B]^ As \u[
nry;y Fiwe;J nfhz;Lk; nry;fpwJ. *m sD V :
#hpadpd; nrq;Fj;Jf; fjph;fs;  Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; #hpa
Gtpapd; kpff;Fiwe;j gFjpiaNa xspf;fjph;fs; tpOk; Neuj;ij
ntg;gg;gLj;Jtjhy;> mg;gFjp gfy; Neuk; vd;fpNwhk;. gfy; Neuk;
mjpfsT ntg;gkilfpd;wd. mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ mg;gFjpf;F
 #hpadpd; rha;thd fjph;fs; mjpf ntg;gk; fpilf;fpwJ. gfy;
kpf mjpfkhd gFjpia ntg;gg; Neuk; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;nghOJ
gLj;Jtjhy; mg;gFjpfs; mjpfsT Fiwthd ntg;gNk fpilf;fpwJ.
ntg;gkilfpd;wd. fhuzk; #hpa G+kj;jpa Nuifg; gFjpapy; Mz;L
xspf;fjph;fs; rha;thf tpOfpd;wd. KOtJk; mjpf ntg;gk; epyTfpwJ.
Mdhy; kjpa Ntisapy; ntg;gk; ,jdhy; jhd; G+kj;jpaNuifg;
mjpfkhf cs;sJ. Vnddpy; gFjpfspy; Mz;L ruhrhp ntg;gKk;>


 AslB_

jpdrhp ntg;gepiy NtWghLk; G+kj;jpa Nuifg; gFjpapypUe;J>

Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. JUtg; gFjpia Nehf;fpr; nry;y
 Gtp jdJ rha;e;j mr;rpy; #hpaidr; nry;y khWgLtjhy;> ntg;gepiyAk;
Rw;wp tyk; tUfpwJ. ,jdhy; khWgLfpwJ.
Gtpapy; #hpa xspf;fjph;fshy;
tpOk; NfhzKk;> gfy; Neu msTk;
Mz;L KOtJk; khwpf;nfhz;Nl
,Uf;fpd;wd. vdNt Gtpapd; gUt
fhyq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
 thdpiy ikaq;fspy; jpdrhp
ntg;gepiy gjpT nra;ag;gLk;.

] kW \VV|

xU ehspy; Fiwe;j ntg;g msT
fhiy 5 kzpf;Fk;> mjpf ntg;g msT
kjpak; 2 kzpf;Fk; gjpT nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
,it ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s
NtWghl;bidNa jpdrhp ntg;gepiy
NtWghL vd;fpNwhk;.
g| kW kV|
 xU Mz;by; xU ,lj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; mjpfgl;r khj ruhrhp
ntg;gepiyf;Fk;> Fiwe;jgl;r khj
ruhrhp ntg;gepiyf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s
NtWghl;bid Mz;L ntg;gepiy
NtWghL vd;fpNwhk;.
Asl[ k \^
 #hpa xspf;fjph; tpOk; Nfhzk;> gfy;
kw;Wk; ,uT Neu fhy msTfisg;
nghWj;Nj Xhplj;jpd; ntg;gepiy
mikfpwJ. ,t;tpU fhuzpfSk;
 ntg;g NtWghLfspd; mbg;gilapy;
Gtpia ehd;F ntg;g kz;lyq;fshfg;
gphpf;fyhk;. mit>
1. G+kj;jpa Nuif kz;lyk;
(Equator)
2. ntg;g kz;lyk; (Tropical)
3. kpjntg;g kz;lyk; (Sub –
Tropical)
4. JUt kz;lyk; (Polar)
\]B  \D (Equator)
 ,e;j kz;lyk; 5o k kw;Wk; >[
l_ mike;Js;sJ.
,g;gFjpapy; #hpa xspf;fjph;fs;
Mz;L KOtJk; nrq;Fj;jhf
tpOfpd;wd. vdNt ntg;gk;
,q;F Mz;L KOtJk; mjpfkhf
epyTfpd;wd.


 AslB_

k \D (Tropical) ,q;F epyTfpwJ. Mz;L KOtJk;>

 ntg;g kz;lyk; tl> njd; kpj ntg;gk; ,q;F epyTtjhy;
o
miuf;Nfhsq;fspy; 5 ml;rk; Kjy; ,g;gFjp kpj ntg;g kz;lyk; vd
30o ml;rk; tiuapYk; gutpAs;sJ. miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,g;gFjpapy; Nfhilf;fhyj;jpy; mk \D (Polar)
#hpadpd; xspf;fjph;fs; nrq;Fj;jhf  JUt kz;lyk; tl> njd;
o
tpOtjhy; mjpf ntg;gk; epyTfpwJ. miuf;Nfhsq;fspy; 60 D x>_
 Fsph;fhyj;jpy; #hpadpd; xspf; 90o D tiuapYk; gutpAs;sJ.
fjph;fs; rha;thf tpOtjhy; Nfhilf; ,k;kz;lyk; JUtq;fisr; Rw;wp
fhy ntg;gj;ijtpl rw;W Fiwe;J mike;Js;sjhy; JUt kz;lyk; vd
fhzg;gLfpwJ. vdNt Fsph; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
fhyj;jpy; kpj ntg;gk; epyTfpwJ.  xspf;fjph;fsplkpUe;J tUk;
t> k \D (Sub Tropical) ntg;gj;jpd; msT ,g;gFjpapy;
 kpj ntg;g kz;lyk; tl> njd; kpff;Fiwthf cs;sjhy;> ,q;F
miuf;Nfhsq;fspy; 30o D x>_ Mz;L KOtJk; ntg;gk; ciwgdp
60o ml;rk; tiuapYk; gutpAs;sJ. epiyf;F Nky; Oo cah;tjpy;iy.
Nfhilf; fhyj;jpy; kpj ntg;gKk;> vdNt ,k;kz;lyk; gdpglh;e;J
Fsph;fhyj;jpy; kpff;Fsph;r;rpAk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

••••••

10
 AslB_

k\ >
\^
k\ >D 1. cBD
 xU rJu nrd;bkPl;lh; gug;Gs;s  Xh; ,lj;jpd; fhw;wOj;jk; vd;gJ
Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpd; caNu cs;s me;j ,lj;jpy; cs; fhw;wpd; viliaf;
nkhj;jf; fhw;wpd; vil 1 fpuhk; Fwpg;gjhFk;. fly; kl;lj;jpw;F Nky;
MFk;. Gtpiar; Rw;wpAs;s fhw;wpd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l cauj;jpy; mike;Js;s
vil KOtJk; Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;ig xU ,lj;jpd; fhw;wpd; mOj;jk; me;j
mOj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,e;j ,lj;jpd; fly; kl;lj;jpw;F NkYs;s
mOj;jj;ijNa fhw;W mOj;jk; fhw;wpd; mOj;jj;ij tplf; Fiwthf
vd;fpNwhk;. ,Uf;Fk;.
Vu >D mOj;jkhdp vd;w v.fh. ePyfphp kiyj;njhlhpy;
fUtpahy; msf;fg;gLfpwJ. fhw;wpd; mike;Js;s cjf kz;lyk; fly;
mOj;jk; t_oV vd;w myfpd; %yk; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 2000kP cauj;jpy;
Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mike;Js;sJ. cjfkz;lyj;jpd;

 fly; kl;lj;jpy; fhw;wpd; mOj;jj;jpd; fhw;wpd; mOj;jk;> fly; kl;lj;jpd;

msT ruhrhpahf 1013 kpy;ypghh;fshf
cs;sJ. G+kpapd; kPJ rkkhd fhw;W
mOj;jKs;s gy;NtW ,lq;fis
,izf;Fk; fw;gidf;NfhLfs; rk
mOj;jf; NfhLfs; MFk;.
Vu> k_
 fhw;wpd; mOj;jk; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk;
xNu khjphpahf ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
,uz;L fhuzq;fshy; fhw;wOj;jg;
guty; khWgLfpwJ. mitahtd.
1. cauk; 2. ntg;gk;
NkYs;s nkhj;jf; fhw;wpd; vilapypUe;J
2000 kP cauKs;s fhw;wpd; viliaf;
fopj;Jf; fpilg;gJ MFk;.
 fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J caNu
nry;Yk;NghJ fhw;wpd; mOj;jk; xNu
rPuhff; Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl tUfpwJ.
xt;nthU 10 kP cauj;jpw;Fk;> 1 kpy;yp
ghh; tPjk; mOj;jk; Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl
nry;fpwJ.

11

2. kD
 nghJthf nghUs;fs; ntg;gk;
milAk; NghJ> tphptilAk; jd;ik
nfhz;lJ. mJ NghyNt fhw;Wk;
ntg;gj;jpdhy; tphptilfpwJ. vdNt
fhw;W tphptile;J caNu nry;fpwJ.
vdNt ntg;gkhd ,lq;fspy;
tspkz;ly mOj;jk; Fiwthf
,Uf;Fk;.
 ntg;gk; FiwAk; nghOJ nghUl;fs;
RUq;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. vdNt
Fsph;r;rpahd ,lq;fspy; fhw;W
Fsph;r;rp mile;J> RUq;fp> mlh;j;jp>
mjpfkhf> fdkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
vdNt Fsph;r;rpahd ,lq;fspy;
fhw;wpd; mOj;jk; mjpfkhff;
fhzg;gLk;.
 tspkz;lyj;jpd; fhw;wpd; mOj;jk;
xNu khjphpahff; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy
vd;gijAk;> rpy ,lq;fspy; Fiw
thfTk;> rpy ,lq;fspy; mjpfkhfTk;
,Ug;gij ek;khy; czu KbfpwJ.
vdNt tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
fhw;wpd; mOj;jj;ij mjpf mOj;jk;>
Fiwe;j mOj;jk; vd ,Utifahfg;
gphpf;fyhk;.
 Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;ig xl;bAs;s tsp
kz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fhw;wOj;j
NtWghLfisf; nfhz;L Gtpia 4
ngUk; fhw;wOj;j kz;lyq;fshfg;
gphpf;fyhk;. mit>
1. G+kj;jpa Nuif Fiwe;j mOj;j
kz;lyk; (Equatorial Low Pressure)
AslB_
2. Jiz ntg;g mjpf mOj;j
kz;lyk; (Sub Tropical High
Pressure)
3. Jiz JUt Fiwe;j mOj;j
kz;lyk; (Sub Polar Low Pressure)
4. JUt mjpf mOj;j kz;lyk;
(Polar High Pressure)
1. \]B  z> >
\D (Equator Low Pressure)
 ,e;j kz;lyk; Oo x>_ 5o k \uD >[
D tiu gutpAs;sJ. ,g;gFjpapy;
Mz;L KOtJk; #hpaDila xspf;
fjph;fs; nrq; Fj;jhfNt tpOfpd;wd.
nrq;Fj;Jf; fjph;fs; rha;thd
fjph;fis tpl mjpf ntg;gj;ij
mspf;Fk;. ,jdhy; G+kj;jpa Nuifg;
gFjp mjpf ntg;gkhf cs;sJ
 vdNt G+kj;jpaNuifg; gFjpapy;
cs;s fhw;Wk;> mjpf ntg;gkile;J
tphptilfpwJ. vdNt mlh;j;jpf;
Fiwe;J> Fiwe;j mOj;jk;
Vw;gLfpwJ. vdNt jhd; G+kj;jpa
Nuif ‘\] \D” vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,g;gFjpapy; jpdKk; 3 P.M. mstpy;
kio nga;Ak;. (Convectional rainfall)
2. m k ] >
\D
 ,J Gtpapd; tl kw;Wk; njd;
miuf;Nfhsq;fspy; 30o
]om 35o D k
fhzg;gLfpwJ. G+kj;jpa Nuifg;

12

gFjpapy; mjpf ntg;gj;jjhy;
fhw;W tphptile;J> Nyrhfp caNu
nry;fpwJ. ,t;thwhf NknyOk;Gk;
fhw;W> G+kj;jpaNuifapd; tlGwk;
tlf;fhfTk;> njd;Gwk; njw;fhfTk;
Gtpapd; Row;rp fhuzkhf
jpUk;GfpwJ.
 ,f;fhw;W tpz;Zah; gFjpfis
mile;jTld; Fsph;tile;J RUq;fp
30o tl kw;Wk; njd; ml;rq;fspy;
fPopwq;FfpwJ. vdNt ,g;gFjpfspy;
fhw;wpd; mlh;j;jp mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
vdNt ,g;gFjpfspy; mjpf mOj;jk;
Vw;gLfpwJ.
••••••
AslB_
3. m mk z> >
\D
 ,J tl kw;Wk; njd; miuf;
Nfhsj;jpy; 60o x>_ 65o D k
mike;Js;sJ.
 ,jdhy; Jiz ntg;g mjpf mOj;j
kz;lyj;jpw;Fk;> JUt mjpf mOj;j
kz;lyj;jpw;Fk;> ,ilNa cs;s
Jiz JUt kz;lyj;jpy; Fiwe;j
mOj;jk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
4. mk ] > \D
 tl kw;Wk; njd; JUtg; gFjpfspy;
kpff;Fiwe;j ntg;gk; fhuzkhf.
mq;Fs;s fhw;Wk; Fsph;r;rpahf
mlh;j;jp kpFe;J fhzg;gLtjhy;
tl kw;Wk; njd; JUtq;fspy; mjpf
mOj;jk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
13
 AslB_

Vu^

fhw;W Gtpg;gug;G KOtijAk; > :

#o;e;Js;sJ. fhw;W vd;gJ gy thAf;fis  ,U ,lq;fspy; mOj;jq;fSf;
cs;slf;fpa xU fyitahFk;. fpilNa cs;s NtWghNl
Vu_ ^ kV^ rhpT vdg;gLk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l
1. iel;u[d; J}uj;jpy; cs;s ,U ,lq;fspd;
2. Mf;]p[d; fhw;wOj;jq;fSf;fpilNa mjpfsT
NtWghL fhzg;gl;lhy;> mOj;jr;
3. fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L
rhpT mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. Fiwthf
4. Mh;fhd;
,Ue;jhy; mOj;jr; rhpT Fiwthf
5. XNrhd;
,Uf;Fk;. mOj;jr; rhptpid thdpiy
6. kPj;Njd;
tiuglq;fspy; tiuag;gl;Ls;s rk
7. `Pypak;
mOj;jf; NfhLfspd; %yk; vspjhfg;
8. epahd; Ghpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
 Gtpapd; Nkw;g;gug;gpypUe;J Rkhh; 500  rk mOj;jf; NfhLfSf;fpilNa
fp.kP cauk; tiu fhw;W gutpAs;sJ. cs;s J}uk; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy;>
fhw;wpd; Ntfk; kw;Wk; mjd; mOj;jr; rhpT Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
jpiriaf; fl;LgLj;Jk; fhuzpfs; rk mOj;jf;NfhLfs; neUf;fkhf
,uz;L MFk;. mit> ,Ue;jhy; rhpT mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
1. mOj;jr; rhpT fhw;wpd; Ntfk; mOj;jr; rhpit
2. Gtpapd; Row;rp

Vu ^ kV^

14
 AslB_
nghWj;Nj mikfpwJ. mOj;jr; rhpT Vu[ k^
mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; fhw;wpd; NtfKk;  Gtpapy; tPRk; fhw;Wf;fis 4 tif
mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. fshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. mit>
 mOj;jr; rhpT Fiwthf ,Ug;gpd; 1. epiyahd kw;Wk; Nfhs; fhw;Wfs;
fhw;wpd; NtfKk; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. (Permanent winds)
fhw;W mjpf mOj;jg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J 2. gUtf; fhw;Wfs; (Monsoon)
FiwtOj;jg; gFjpia Nehf;fp tPRk;. 3. fly; fhw;W
Asl[ wuE 4. epyf;fhw;W
 fhw;W mjpf mOj;jg; gFjpapypUe;J>
WBV \uD V^ Vu^
FiwtOj;jg; gFjpia Nehf;fp tPRk;.
 ,f;fhw;W Gtp KOtjpYk; tPRfpd;wd.
rk mOj;jf; Nfhl;Lf;F nrq;Fj;jhd
Gtpapd; ntt;NtW ml;rg;gFjpfspy;
jpirapy; fhw;wpd; jpir mikAk;.
Vw;gLk; ntg;g khw;wk; mOj;j
_ s] NtWghl;bd; fhuzkhf ,f;fhw;Wfs;
lhf;lh; ‡nguy; vd;gthpd; $w;Wg;gb> Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s ve;j  Nfhs; fhw;Wfs; Mz;L KOtJk;
njhlh;e;J xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpir
xU nghUSk; Gtpapd; Row;rp
apypUe;J> xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpiria
fhuzkhf tl miuf; Nfhsj;jpy;
Nehf;fp mjpf mOj;jg; gFjpapypUe;J
tyg;GwkhfTk;> njd; miuf;Nfhsj;jpy;
FiwtOj;jg; gFjpia Nehf;fp
,lg;GwkhfTk; jpUg;gg;gLfpwJ. ,jid
tPRfpd;wd. ,f;fhw;Wfs; ,it
‡nguy; tpjp my;yJ nfhhpahyp];
tPRk; jpirapd; mbg;gilapy;
tpisT (Coriollis Effect) vd;gh;. miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Vu[ k^

15
 AslB_

 cjhuzkhf fpof;F jpirapypUe;J sBVV Vu^ 

tPRk; fhw;Wfis fpof;Ff; fhw;Wfs; w VD?
vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;.
gz;ila fhyj;jpy; tpahghuj;jpw;F
 Gtpapy; %d;W Nfhs; fhw;Wfs;
nghUl;fs; Vw;wpr; nry;y gha;kuf;
tPRfpd;wd. mit>
fg;gy;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. fpof;Ff;
i) fpof;F fhw;Wfs; my;yJ
fhw;Wfs; gha;kuf; fg;gypd; gazj;jpw;F
tpahghuf; fhw;Wfs;
kpfTk; rhjfkhf ,Ue;jd. ,jdhy;
ii) Nkw;Ff; fhw;Wfs; my;yJ vjph;
,f;fhw;Wfs; tpahghuf; fhw;Wfs; vd
tpahghuf; fhw;Wfs;
miof;fg;gl;ld.
iii) JUtf; fhw;Wfs;
(i) wz Vu^ _m (ii) \uz Vu^ _m ]
sBVV Vu^ sBVV Vu^:
 G+kj;jpaNuifg; gFjpapy; mjpf  Jiz ntg;g mOj;j kz;lyq;fspy;
ntg;gj;jpdhy; FiwtOj;jk; cUth ,Ue;J Jiz JUt kz;lyq;fis
fpwJ. G+kj;jpa Nuif FiwtOj;j Nehf;fp tPRk; fhw;Wfs; Nkw;Ff;
kz;lyj;jpw;F tlf;fpYk;> njw;fpYk; fhw;Wfs; vdg;gLk;. ,it 40o
Jiz ntg;g mjpf mOj;j kz;lyk; ml;rk; Kjy; 60o ml;rk; tiu
cs;sJ. vdNt ,t;tpU mOj;j miuf;Nfhsq;fspy; tPRfpwJ.
kz;lyq;fspypUe;J> fhw;W G+kj;jpa epyg;gug;gpd; kPJ fhzg;gLk;
Nuif FiwtOj;j kz;lyj;ij Fd;Wfs;> kiyfs;> gPlG+kpfs; Nghd;w
Nehf;fp tPRfpwJ. ,f;fhw;Wfs; epyj;Njhw;wq;fSk;> jhtuq;fSk;
KiwNa tlf;fpypUe;J njw;fhf tl fhw;W rPuhf tPRtjw;F jilahf
miuf;Nfhsj;jpYk;> njw;fpypUe;J cs;sd. Mdhy; ePh;g;gug;gpNyh
tlf;fhf njd; miuf;Nfhsj;jpYk; ,t;tpj jilfs; vJTk; ,y;iy.
tPRfpd;wd. Mjyhy; ePh;gug;gpd; kPJ fhw;Wfs;
 Gtpapd; Row;rp fhuzkhf tl rPuhfTk;> NtfkhfTk; tPRfpd;wd.
miuf;Nfhsj;jpy;> ,f;fhw;W fpof;F  tl miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; epyg;gug;G
jpirf;F jpUg;gg;gl;L tPRfpwJ. mjpfkhf cs;sjhy;> mtw;wpy;
vdNt ,f;fhw;Wfs; fpof;Ff; cs;s kiyfs;> gPlG+kpfs; Mfpa
fhw;Wfs; vdg;gLfpwJ. ,it tw;why; fhw;wpd; jpirNtfKk;
epiyahf tPRk; fhw;W MFk;. njhlh;r;rpAk; ghjpf;fg;gL fpd;wd.
njd; miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; ngUk;gFjp
ePh;g;gug;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdNt
njd; miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; ,f;fhw;Wfs;
16
 AslB_

mjp Ntfj;JlDk;> njhlh;r;rpahfTk;  xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpirapypUe;J

tPRfpwJ. vdNt 40o njd; ml;rj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gUtj;jpy; tPRk;
,f;fhw;W kpf NtfkhfTk;> ngUk; fhw;Wfs; mNj Mz;bd; kw;nwhU
rg;jj;JlDk; tPRfpwJ. gUtj;jpy; mjw;F Neh; vjpH jpirapy;
 ,jdhy; ,g;gFjpapy; tPRk; Nkw;Ff; tPRtjhy; mtw;iw gUtf; fhw;Wfs;
fhw;W fh;[pf;Fk; ehw;gJ (Roaring vd;fpNwhk;
Forties) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,e;jpah nghJthf njd;Nkw;F kw;Wk;
 40oS – fh;[pf;Fk; ehw;gJ tlfpof;F gUtf;fhw;wpd; %yk;
 50 S – rPWk; Ik;gJ (Furious Fifties)
o
kioiag; ngWfpwJ.
 60 S – Shrieking sixties / Screaming
o

3. _ Vu
Sixties
 ePh;g;gFjpiaf; fhl;bYk;> epyg;gFjp
(iii) mk Vu^ (Polarwinds)
tpiutpy; ntg;gj;ij vLj;Jf;
 JUt cah; mOj;j kz;lyj;jp
nfhs;Sk;.
ypUe;J Jiz JUt FiwtOj;j
V^
kz;lyj;ij Nehf;fp tPRk;. fhw;Wfs;
fhuzq;fs;:
kpfTk; Fsph;r;rpahfTk;> mlh;j;jp
 ePUf;F epyj;ijtpl ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd;
kpFe;jjhfTk; cs;sJ.
mjpfk;. ,jdhy; rkmsT
2. k Vu^
ntg;gepiy mila epyj;ijf;
 xU ehspd; xU gFjpapy; my;yJ xU
fhl;bYk; ePUf;F mjpf Neuk; Njit
Mz;bd; xU gFjpapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
ePhpy; #hpa xsp mjpf Mok; cl;Gf
jpirapy; tPRk; fhw;W> me;ehspd;
KbfpwJ. ,jdhy; mJ mjpf msT
my;yJ Mz;bd; kWgFjpapy;
ePiu ntg;gg;gLj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ.
vjph;jpirapy; tPRk;. ,ijNa
Mdhy; epyj;jpDs; #hpa xsp Gf
‘gUtf; fhw;Wfs;” vd;fpNwhk;.
Kbahjjhy; mjd; Nkw;gug;G kl;LNk
Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,f;fhw;W ‘Monsoon
ntg;gg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
fhw;W” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ntg;gr; ryd (convection) Kiwapy;
,t;thh;j;ij nksrpk; vd;w mNugpa
ntg;gk; fPo;kl;lj;jpYs;s ePUf;Fs;
thh;j;ijapypUe;J ngwg;gl;ljhFk;.
gutp tpLfpwJ. Mdhy; epyj;jpy;
 #hpadpd; tlf;F kw;Wk; njw;F
mt;thW ntg;gr; rydk; epfo;tjpy;iy.
,lg;ngah;r;rpahy; gUt fhyq;fs;
,jdhy; epyg;gug;G Ntfkhf
Vw;gLfpd;wd. vdNt tspkz;ly
ntg;gkilaj; njhlq;FfpwJ. vdNt
mOj;jk; gUtj;jpw;Nfw;g khWtjhy;>
ePh;g;gug;igf; fhl;bYk;> epyg;gug;G
gUtf;fhw;Wfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.

17
 AslB_

mjpf ntg;gkhf cs;sJ. vdNt 11.2 >Vu^

ntg;gk; mjpfkhf cs;s epyg;gug;gpy;  xU rpwpag; gug;gstpy; FWfpa
FiwtOj;jk; cUthfpwJ. mNj fhyj;jpw;Fr; rpy rpwg;ghd
rkak; ntg;gk; Fiwthf cs;s Fzhjpraq;fNshL tPRfpd;wd.
mjpf fhw;wOj;jKs;s ePh;g;gug;gpy;  midj;Jf; fhw;WfSk;> ngUk;ghYk;
,Ue;J Fiwe;j fhw;wOj;jk; cs;s gFjp Neuf;fhw;WfshfTk;> jyg;
epyg;gug;ig Nehf;fpf; fhw;W tPRfpwJ. ngah;fshfTk; nfhz;Ls;sd.
,ijNa fly; fhw;W vd;fpNwhk;. k > ^
fly; fhw;wpdhy; fiuNahug; Vu^
gFjpfspy; gpw;gfy; Neu ntg;gk; 1. ‡gphpf;gPy;lh; M];jpNuypah
jzpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. WVu 2. rpd;D}f; mnkhpf;fh If;fpa
 #hpad; cjpj;jJk; epyk; ntg;gkilaj; ehLfs;
Jtq;FtJ Nghy #hpad; kiwe;jJk;> 3. ‡ghd; tlf;F ,j;jhyp
kpf Ntfkhf ntg;gj;ij ,of;fpwJ. 4. rpuhf;Nfh rfhuh ghiytdk;
Mdhy; ePh;g;gug;Ngh kpf nkJthf
5. Y} ,e;jpahtpd; jhh;
ntg;gj;ij ,of;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ.
,jdhy; es;sputpy; epyg;gug;G kpfTk; ghiytdk;
Fsph;r;rpahfTk; ePh;gug;G epyg;gug;ig z > ^
tpl ntg;gk; mjpfk; cilajhfTk; Vu^
cs;sJ. vdNt ntg;gk; mjpfkhf 1. Mh;kj;jhd; kj;jpa Mg;gphpf;fh
cs;s ePh;g;gug;gpy; Fiwe;j
2. kp];l;uy; My;g;]; kiy
fhw;wOj;jKk; cz;lhfpwJ.
 ,t;tOj;j khWghl;bd; fhuzkhf 3. Gh;fh ,u\;ah
fhw;W epyg;gFjpapypUe;J ePh;g;gug;ig
4. ehh;l; nkf;rpNfh
Nehf;fpf; fhw;W tPRfpwJ. ,f;fhw;W
tisFlh
epyf;fhw;W vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
5. ‡ghk;ngNuh mh;n[d;ildh

••••••

18
 AslB_

Vk^ \uD
]Vk^
Vk^ ntg;gepiy kpfTk; mjpfKs;s fly;
 xU Fiwe;j mOj;jg; gFjpiar; Rw;wp gFjpapy; jhd; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
fhw;whdJ. tl mh;j;j Nfhsj;jpy;  ,r;#whtspapd; ikag;gFjp
fbfhur; Rw;Wf;F vjph;j;jpirapYk; mikjpahd gFjpahfTk; td;ikaw;w
njd; mh;j;j Nfhsj;jpy; fbfhur; fhw;W tPRtjhfTk; cs;sJ.
Rw;wpYk; Rw;wp tUjy; #whtsp ,g;gFjpNa #whtspapd; fz; vd;W
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. #whtspfs; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,Utifg;gLk;.  ntg;gkz;ly #whtspfs;
 mitahtd: 1. ntg;gkz;lyr; jq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd rf;jpia
RUq;Fjypd; NghJ ntspapLk;
#whtspfs;. 2. kpjntg;g kz;lyr;
ntg;gj;jpypUe;J (latent heat of
#whtspfs;.
condensation) ngWfpwJ.
 ntg;gkz;lyr; #whtsp: Gtpapd;
 kpjntg;gkz;lyr; #whtspfs;:
ntg;g kz;lyg; gFjpapy; 50 tlf;F
(Temperate Cyclones: (Or) Wave
kw;Wk; 250 njw;F tiu ,it
Cyclones (or) Extra Tropical)
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; ,it kpf
 kpj ntg;g kz;lyr; #whtspfs;
mjpf mstpy; 100 Kjy; 150 tlf;F
ngUk;ghd;ikahf ,U mh;j;j
kw;Wk; njw;Fg; gFjpfspy; mjpfkhfj;
Nfhsq;fspYk; 30 - 65 tlf;F
0 0

Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
kw;Wk; njw;fpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ntg;gkz;lyr; #whtspfs; Mz;bd; ,Ug;gpDk; ,it kpf mjpf mstpy;
Fwpg;gpl;l xU gUtfs; fhyj;jpNyNa tl mnkhpf;fhtpd; kj;jpag; gFjp>
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rhd;W: tq;ff; ANurpah fz;lj;jpd; kj;jpag; gFjp
flypy; njd;Nkw;F kw;Wk; tlfpof;F Mfpa gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
gUt fhyq;fspy; Njhd;Wk; Vnddpy; Nkw;fz;l gFjpfspy;
#whtspfs;. jhd; JUt (Fsph;) tspKfKk;>
 ,r;#whtspfs; ngUk;ghYk; fly; ntg;gkz;ly tspKfKk;
kPNj Njhd;Wfpd;wd. mJTk; re;jpf;fpd;wJ.

19
 AslB_

 JUt tspKff; nfhs;if my;yJ

AB_ V|^
miyf;nfhs;if (Polar front Theory
or Wave theory) ntg;g kz;ly njw;F Mrpa
 Kjy; cyfg; Nghhpd; ,Wjpapy; Gay;fs; ehLfs; (,e;jpah)
(V.Jerkins) tp. n[h;fpd;]; kw;Wk; (Tropical Cyclones)
n[.m[h;f;fpd;]; Mfpa ,U ehh;Nt
ilG+d;]; rPdh kw;Wk;
ehl;L mwpQh;fs; gy;NtW kpjntg;g
(Typhoons) [g;ghd;
kz;ly #whtspfisAk; thdpiy
`hpf;Nfd;]; Nkw;fpe;jpa jPTfs;
tiuglq;fis (Maps) Muha;e;jdh;.
(Hurricane) kw;Wk; fhpgPad;
,t;thuha;r;rpapd; tpisthfj;
jPTfs;
Njhd;wpaNj Nkw;fz;l nfhs;if
nlhh;dhNlh]; tlmnkhpf;fh
MFk;.
 JUtg; gFjpfspy; gpwe;J (Tornodoes) (USA)
tUfpd;w JUtf; fhw;wpDila tpy;yp - tpy;yp]; M];jpNuypah
Kd;gFjpAk; ntg;g kz;lyg; (Willy-Willies)
gFjpapy; gpwe;J tUfpd;w ntg;g ]Vk^
kz;lyf; fhw;Wj; njhFjpapd;  cah; mOj;j mikg;gpd; ikakhFk;.
Kd;gFjpAk; kpj ntg;g kz;lyg;  fhw;W ntspj;jpiria Nehf;fp
gFjpapy; re;jpg;gjd; tpisthf xU efh;fpd;wJ.
tspKfk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpwJ.  ,it njspthd thdpiyNahL
mt;topKfj;ijNa n[h;f;fpd;]; njhlh;Gilajhy; kiog;nghopitf;
mth;fs; JUt tspKfk; vd;W nfhLg;gjpy;iy.
mioj;jhh;.  tlNfhsj;jpy; fbfhur;Rw;W
AB_^ jpirapYk;>
 jho;tOj;j mikg;gpd; ikakhFk;.  njd;Nfhsj;jpy; vjph; fbfhur; Rw;Wj;
 fhw;wpid midj;J jpirfsp jpirapYk; efh;fpd;wd.
ypUe;Jk; <h;f;fpd;wJ. ]B o_ ckVzD
 Gaypd; ikag;gFjp ntw;wplkhFk;. k \ Vkz
mJNt ‘AB_ ” (Eye of the B|D V|^
Cyclone) vdg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd;
tq;fhsk; Xkd;
kpahd;ku; khyj;jPT
=yq;fh jha;yhe;J

20
 AslB_

k \ Vkz ]BV VV k B^

mf;dp Mfh\; gp[pyp [hy;
ny`u; Nk‡f; rhfu; tA

]B o_ ckV xB Vk[ BD >

B V|D
kD ABo[ B B k> V|^ V] z]^
1999 V  AB_  
2011 >V tBV[\ >tV|
2012 D V>V[ 
2013 o[ >VFVm 
2014   {\[
WV V>V[
2015 V\[ >VFVm zV
D, 2016 k>V V>V[ >tV|
kD, 2016 VV {\[ >tV| \uD V
2017  kVD >tV|

••••••

21
 AslB_

k\ ~>D

 ePh; Xhplj;jpd; ntg;gepiyiag;

nghWj;J Xh; epiyapypUe;J  xg;Gik <ug;gjk; vd;gJ xU
kw;nwhU epiyf;F khWfpwJ. ePh; Fwpg;gpl;l ntg;gepiyapy; cs;s
ntg;gj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhz;Nlh fhw;wpd; ePuhtpapd; mstpw;Fk;>
my;yJ ntg;gj;ij ,oe;Njh Xh; mNj ntg;gepiyapy; fhw;W Vw;Wf;
epiyapy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU epiyf;F nfhs;sf;$ba cr;r msT
khWfpwJ. Fsph;g;gpuNjrq;fspYk;> ePuhtpapd; mstpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s
caukhd kiyg;gFjpfspYk; ciw tpfpjk; MFk;. fhw;wpd; xg;Gik
epiyf;Ff; fPNo ntg;gepiy cs;sJ. <ug;gjkhdJ fhw;wpd; <ug;gjj;ijAk;
,q;F fhw;wpd; ntg;gepiy cauj; mjd; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba cr;r
njhlq;fpaTld; ntg;gj;ij vLj;Jf;
msitAk; nghUj;J mikfpwJ.
nfhz;L gdpf;fl;b cUfp ePuhf
 fhw;wpy; <ug;gjk; ePuhtpahjypd; %yk;
khWfpwJ.
mjpfkhFk;nghOJ xg;G <ug;gjKk;
 NkYk; tspkz;lyj;jpd; ntg;gepiy
mjpfhpf;Fk;. fhw;wpd; ntg;gepiy
mjpfhpf;Fk;nghOJ> ,e;ePh;
ntg;gj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhz;L khWk;nghOJk; fhw;wpd; xg;G
ePuhtp ahf khWfpwJ. ,t;thW <ug;gjj;jpd; msT khWgLfpwJ.
ePuhtpahf khwpa ePh; fhw;Wld; fye;J fhw;wpd; ntg;gepiy mjpfhpf;Fk;
tpLfpwJ. kPz;Lk; ,e;ePuhtp ePuhf nghOJ fhw;wpd; <ug;gjj;ij
khWk;nghOJk;> ePh; gdpf;fl;bahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba cr;r msTk;
khWk; nghOJk; ntg;gj;ij ntsp mjpfhpf;fpwJ. fhw;wpd; ntg;gepiy
tpLfpwJ. FiwAk; nghOJ fhw;wpd; <ug;gjj;ij
A\ ~>D Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba cr;r msTk;
 fhw;wpy; cs;s ePuhtpapd; msitNa FiwfpwJ.
<ug;gjk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;. Vu[ > W (Saturation Point)
thdpiy mwpf;iffspy; <ug;gjj;ij  fhw;W Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba cr;r
ehk; xg;Gik <ug;gjk; vdf; msT <ug;gjj;ij ngw;W ,Uf;Fk;
Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;.

22
 AslB_
nghOJ mf;fhw;W G+hpj epiyapy; Njitahd ePuhtpiaj; jhtuq;fs;
cs;sJ vdg;gLfpwJ. G+hpj epiyapy; tspkz;lyj;jpw;F jUfpd;wd. xU
cs;s fhw;wpd; xg;G <ug;gjk; 100 ,lj;jpy; cs;s fhw;wpd; ePuhtpapd;
rjtPjk; MFk;. msT mq;Ff; fpilf;Fk;> ePhpd;
 fhw;W ve;j ntg;gepiyapy; G+hpj msitAk;> mq;F epyTk; ntg;g
epiyia milfpwNjh> mjidg; M epiyiaAk; nghWj;J mikAk;.
sW vd;fpNwhk;. ,e;epiyapy;  vq;F gue;j ePh;g;gug;Gk;> mjpfntg;gKk;
Nkw;nfhz;L ePuhtpia Vw;Wf; fhzg;gLfpwNjh mq;F Mtpahjy;
nfhs;shJ. Jhpjkhf eilngWfpwJ. ,jdhy;
 fhw;W ,U tiffspy; G+hpj epiyia fhw;wpd; ePuhtpapd; msT
milAk;. mjpfhpf;fpwJ. ghiy epyq;fspy; mjpf
1. fhw;wpy; ePuhtpapd; G+hpj epiyia ntg;gk; ,Ug;gpDk;> ePhpd;ikahy;
milAk;. ,q;Fs;s fhw;wpy; ePuhtpapd; msT
2. fhw;wpd; ntg;gepiy FiwAk; kpff;Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
nghOJ tspkz;lyj;jpw;F ePuhtpia Vu[ kW z>_
mspg;gJ ePuhtpahjy; %ykhf  tspkz;lyj;jpd; caNu nry;yr;
eilngWfpwJ. nry;y ntg;gepiy FiwtJ
NghyNt> fhw;W caNu nry;Yk;NghJ
VsBV>_
mjd; ntg;gepiyAk; mf;fhw;wpd;
 jput epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; ePh;>
caUk; cauj;jpw;Nfw;g FiwfpwJ.
ePuhtpahf khWk; epfo;itNa ePuhtp
Xhplj;jpd; ntg;gepiy ez;gfypy;
ahjy; vd;fpNwhk;. ePuhtpahjy;
caUk;NghJ> mq;Fs;s fhw;Wk;
Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; midj;J
ntg;gg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
ntg;gepiyfspYk; eilngWfpwJ.
 ,jdhy; fhw;W ntg;gkile;J>
vdNt ePuhtpahjy; xU njhlh;r;rpahf
tphptile;J NknyOk;GfpwJ.
ehs; KOtJk; eilngWk;
Gtp Nkw;gug;gpw;F mUfpy; cs;s
epfo;thFk;.
fhw;wpd; xg;G <ug;gjk; Fiwthf
 fly;> MW> Fsk;> Vhp Mfpa
,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; fhw;W caNu
ePh; epiyfspy; ePh; ngUkstpy;
vOk;Gk;nghOJ mjd; ntg;gepiy
njhlh;r;rpahf Mtpahfpf; nfhz;Nl
Fiwtjhy;> mf;fhw;wpd; <ug;gjj;ij
,Uf;fpwJ. mt;thNw jhtuq;fs;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba cr;r msT
Rthrpf;Fk; nghOJ ngUkstpy;
FiwfpwJ. ,jdhy; mf;fhw;W G+hpj
ePuhtpia ntsptpLfpd;wd.
epiyia milfpwJ.
ntspaplg;gLk; ePuhtp fhw;wpy;
fyf;fpwJ. kiog;nghoptpw;Fj;
23
 AslB_

Vs z>_ \^ _m x_^

 fhw;wpd; ntg;gepiy FiwAk;  tspkz;lyj;jpy; cs;s ePuhtpahdJ
nghOJk; <ug;gjk; mjpfhpf;Fk; ePh; RUq;Fjy; %yk; Ez;zpa
nghOJk;> fhw;wpd; xg;G <ug;gjk; 100 jptiyfshfNth my;yJ gdpg;
rjtPjj;ij milfpwJ. gdp tpOk; gbfq;fshfNth khw;wg;gLtjpd;
epiyia mile;jgpd;dh; mjd; njhFg;Ng \^ vd;W
ntg;gepiy NkYk; FiwAk;nghOJ> miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePuhtp RUq;Fjy; eilngWfpwJ.  tspkz;lyj;jpy; kpje;J nfhz;b
 fhw;wpYs;s ePuhtp ePh;j;Jspfshf Uf;Fk;> El;gkhd ePh;j;JspfNs
khWk; epfo;itNa ePuhtp RUq;Fjy; Nkfq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
vd;fpNwhk;. fhw;wpd; ntg;gepiy  cauj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ehd;F
0ocf;F FiwAk;nghOJ ePuhtp tiffshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
gdpj;Jspfshf RUq;FfpwJ. ePuhtp 1. fPw;W Nkfq;fs;
RUq;Fjy; tspkz;lyj;jpy; Gtpapd; 2. gil Nkfq;fs;
Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J vy;yh cauj;jpYk; 3. jpus; Nkfq;fs;
eilngWfpwJ. 4. fhh;gil Nkfq;fs;

k. k^ A^

1 fPw;W Nkfq;fs; (m) cah;  5000kP cauj;jpy; cUthfpd;wd.
Nkfq;fs; (Cirrus) ,aw;ifapNyNa ,it twz;Lk;> gdpg;
gbfq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sjhy; xU NghJk;
kiog;nghoptpid nfhLg;gjpy;iy.
 ,k;Nkfq;fs; ePz;litfshfTk;> ehh; Nghd;w
mikg;gpidf; nfhz;ljhfTk; tise;Jk;>
Kidfspy; RUs; Nghd;w mikg;G ,y;yhj
jhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
2 gil Nkfq;fs; (m)  2000kP ,ilNa cUthfpwJ. xNu
(Stratus) jho; Nkfq;fs; khjphpahfTk;> mlh; rhk;gy; epw tphpg;G Nghd;w
Njhw;wj;ijAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
 ,it rpW J}uy;fisNah>
gdpg;nghoptpidNa nfhLf;f ty;yit.

24
 AslB_

3 jpus; Nkfq;fs; (cumulus)  Njhw;wk; kpUJthd ntbj;jg; gUj;jpiag;

(m) eLj;ju Nkfq;fs; Nghd;Wf; fhzg;gLk;.
 ,k;Nkfq;fs; jdpj;jdpahfNth my;yJ
mzpahfNth my;yJ rpjwpNah fhzg;gLk;.
 kiog;nghopT> kpd;dy; kw;Wk; ,b Mfpa
tw;wpypUe;J njhlh;GilajhFk;.
 Rkhh; 12>000 kP cauk; tiu fhzg;gLk;.
4 fhh;gil Nkfq;fs;  fUik my;yJ rhk;gy; epwj;jpy; mlh;j;jpahf
(Nimbus) (m) nrq;Fj;jhd fhzg;gLk;.
Nkfq;fs;  fdj;j kiog;nghoptpid nfhLf;Fk;. ,it
Gay; my;yJ kio Nkfq;fs; vd miof;fg;
gLfpwJ.

\[ >Vu^

••••••
25
 AslB_

VWl[ k^

 md;whl thdpiyapd; ePz;lfhy

tpOtjhy; gfy;> ,uT Neuq;fSk;
ruhrhpNa ‘fhyepiy” vd;fpNwhk;.
rkkhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ePuhtp
Gtpapy; epyTk; fhyepiyia 6 ngUk;
Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;ig xl;bAs;s
gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
tspkz;lyj;jpy; fyf;fpwJ.
 G+kj;jpa Nuiff; fhyepiy Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpw;F mUfpy; cs;s
 ntg;gkz;lyf; fhyepiy tspkz;lyKk; ntg;gkilfpwJ.
 Jiz ntg;gkz;lyf; fhyepiy ,jdhy; mq;Fs;s fhw;W
 kpjntg;g kz;lyf; fhyepiy ntg;gkile;J> tphptilfpwJ.
 Jiz JUt kz;lyf; fhyepiy fhw;W tphptiltjhy; ,Nyrhfp
 JUt kz;lyf; fhyepiy tspkz;lyj;jpd; caNu nry;fpwJ.
1.\]B  VW 2. k\ VW
 ,f;fhyepiy Gtpapd; 5 kDx>_;
o
 tl miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; 5o x>_
5o >[ D tiuAs;s gpuNjrj;jpy; 25 k D; tiuapYk;> njd;
o

epyTfpwJ. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; #hpadpd; miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; >[ D 5o

xspf;fjph;fs; Mz;L KOtJk; x>_ 25o tiuapYk; ntg;gkz;ly
nrq;Fj;jhf tpOfpd;wd. vdNt fhyepiy epyTfpwJ. Gtp jd; mr;rpy;
,g;gpuNjrk; mjpf ntg;gkilfpwJ. 23½o VFm Roy;fpwJ. ,jdhy;
,q;F Mz;bd; ruhrhp ntg;gk; #hpad; 23½o tl ml;rj;jpw;Fk;> 23½o
27oC MfTk;> Mz;bd; ruhrhp njd; ml;rj;jpw;FkpilNa efh;tJ
kioasT 250 nr.kP MfTk; cs;sJ. Nghy; Njhd;WfpwJ. #hpad; tl
Mz;L KOtJk; mjpf ntg;gepiy miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; gpufhrpf;Fk; NghJ>
epyTtjhy;> ,q;F Fsph;fhyk; tl miuf;Nfhsj;jpYs;s ntg;g
,y;iy. ,uT> gfy; ntg;g NtWghLk; kz;lyj;jpy; #hpadpd; xspf;fjph;fs;
kpff;FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ. nrq;Fj;jhf tpOfpd;wd. vdNt
 #hpadpd; xspf;fjph;fs; Mz;L mq;F Nfhilf;fhyk; epyTfpwJ.
KOtJk; ,q;F nrq;Fj;jhf

26

mNj rkak; njd; ntg;g kz;lyj;jpy;
#hpaf;fjph;fs; rha;thf tpOtjhy;
mq;F mjpf ntg;gk; epyTtjpy;iy
vdNt njd; miuf;Nfhsj;jpy;
Fsph;fhyk; epyTfpwJ.
 tpahghuf;fhw;wpd; tpisthy;
kiog;nghopT ehl;fs; kw;Wk; ruhrhp
kiog;nghoptpd; msT ,lj;jpw;F
,lk; NtWgLfpwJ. Nfhilf;fhyj;jpy;
<ug;gjkhd fhw;W flypypUe;J
epyj;ij Nehf;fp tPRtjhy; mjpf
kiog;nghopT Vw;gLfpwJ. Mdhy;
Fsph;fhyj;jpy; twz;l fhw;W
epyj;jpypUe;J fliy Nehf;fp
tPRfpwJ. epyf;fhw;W <ug;gjkpd;wp
twz;L ,Ug;gjhy; kiog;nghopT
Vw;gLtjpy;iy.
3. m k \ VW
 ,f;fhy epiy 25 x>_ 35 D k
o o
tl kw;Wk; njd; miuf;Nfhsq;fspy;
epyTfpwJ. ,k;kz;lyk; ntg;g
kz;lyj;jpw;F mg;ghy; ,Ug;gjhy;
Mz;L KOtJk; ,q;F #hpa
xspf;fjph; rhpthfNt tpOfpd;wd.
vdNt ,q;F Mz;L KOtJk;
Fiwthd ntg;gNk epyTfpwJ.
Nfhilf;fhyk; kpj ntg;gkhfTk;>
Fsph;fhyk; FspuhfTk; cs;sJ.
Mz;bd; xU rpy khjq;fspy;
kl;Lk; kiog;nghopT vw;gLfpwJ.
Mz;bd; ruhrhp kioasT 90
nr.kPf;Ff; Fiwthf cs;sJ. ,q;F
Fsph;fhyj;jpy; gfy; Neuj;ij tpl
,uT Neuk; mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
AslB_
 Nfhil kw;Wk; Fsph;fhyk; ntg;g
NtWghLk; mjpfkhfNt cs;sJ.
mNj Nghd;W gfy;> ,uT ntg;g
NtWghL mjpfkhfNt cs;sJ.
4. t> k \ VW
 ,f;fhyepiy 35o x>_ 60o
D k tl kw;Wk; njd;
miuf;Nfhsq;fspy; epyTfpwJ. #hpa
xspf;fjph;fs; Nfhilf; fhyj;jpy;
rw;W rhpthfTk;> Fsph;fhyj;jpy;
kpfr; rhpthfTk; tpOfpd;wd. vdNt
Nfhilfhyk; FspuhfTk;> Fsph;fhyk;
kpff;FspuhfTk; cs;sJ. Nfhil
kw;Wk; Fsph;fhy ntg;g NtWghL
mjpfkhfNt cs;sJ. Nfhilf;
fhyj;jpy; gfy; Neuk;> ,uT Neuj;ij
tpl mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
5. m mk \ VW
 Jiz JUt kz;lyf; fhyepiy 60o
x>_ 70o D k tl kw;Wk; njd;
miuNfhsf;Nfhsq; fspy; epyTfpwJ.
#hpadpd; xspf;fjph;fs; Mz;L
KOtJk; kpfr;rhpthf tpOtjhy;
,q;F ntg;gk; FiwthfNt cs;sJ.
Fsph;fhyj;jpy; ciwepiyf;Ff; fPNo
ntg;gk; Fiwj;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,jdhy; kioj;Jsp> gdpj;Jspahf
khwp gdpahf khWfpwJ.
6. mk \ VW
 ,f;fhyepiy 70o x>_ 90o k tl
kw;Wk; njd; miuf;Nfhsq;fspy;
epyTfpwJ. ,q;F Mz;L KOtJk;
ciwepiyf;F fPo; ntg;gepiy
epyTfpwJ. #hpad; njd;
27
 AslB_

miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; gpufhrpf;Fk;  Nfhilf;fhyj;jpy; ,q;F #hpadpd;

nghOJ tlJUtg;gFjpapy; MW xspf;fjph;fs;> ehs; KOtJk;
khjq;fSf;F #hpa cjaNk gpufhrpg;gjhy; ,uT> gfy; ,uz;L
Vw;gLtjpy;iy. mJNghyNt #hpad; Neuq;fspYk; ntspr;rkhfNt
tl miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; gpufhrpf;Fk; cs;sd. mjdhy; Nfhilf;fhyj;jpy;
nghOJ njd;JUtg; gFjpapy; ,uT vd;gNj ,y;iy. Fsph;fhyj;jpy;
MW khjq;fSf;F #hpaNd ,q;F #hpad; njhptNj ,y;iy.
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
••••••

28
 >tV| 
kkVFA \uD luEm

 : TNPSC Group II >

VD : AslB_
z] : \ k^
]BV  \ k^, >tV|  \k^

VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z2 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
sV>V^^ \uD \[VzA^ gBk V >suz >BVVzD
\Vk, \Vsz c>s|D kl_ kkVFA \uD luE mBV_
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
kkVFA \uD luE mB V>m  >s|m.
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV, su
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z
>BV FD \Vkz kw|D t_V kBVzD.
gB,
kkVFA \uD luE m
 AslB_

\ k^

]BV - \ k^

\ k\ 1. tz;ly;kz;
 jhtuq;fspd; tsh;r;rpf;F Mjhukhd 2. fhpry; kz; (m) fUg;Gkz;
kz;zpYs;s rj;Jg; nghUl;fspd; 3. nrk;kz;
mstpidf; Fwpg;gJ kz;zpd; 4. ruis kz; (m) Nyl;iul; kz;
nrOik vdg;gLk;. 5. gPl;b kz; (m) kiykz; (m) fhl;L
 kz;zpYs;s ngUk; rj;Jg;
kz;
nghUl;fSk;> kz;zpd; nrOikia
6. ghiytd kz;
eph;zapf;fpd;wd. kz;zpd; caphpg;
nghUl;fspd; msT mjpfhpf;f
mjpfhpf;f kz;zpd; nrOikAk;
mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
\K^ m^
B m t OB m
V^ V^
i`l;u[d;> fe;jfk;> FNshhpd;>
nghl;lhrpak;> nrk;G> khq;fdP];>
gh];Ngl;fs; khyPg;bdk;>
Nghuhd;> ,Uk;G>
Nfhghy;L>
Jj;jehfk;
xB \ k^
 ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s kz;iz>
mitfspd; gug;G kw;Wk; Ntshz;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; nghWj;J Ie;J ]BV \ k^
tiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.


 \ k A^ V|D z]^ cl m^ sD l^
tz;ly; kz; Mw;Wg;gbTfshy; cUthfpwJ. gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh> nghl;lh\; mhprp> NfhJik>
nts;sg;ngUf;fr; rkntsp> gPfhh;> Nkw;F kw;Wk; gh];gu]; fUk;G> vz;nza;
nly;lh kw;Wk; flw;fiu tq;fk;> fq;ifr; Fiwthff; tpj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk;
rkntsp Nghd;wtw;iw gba rkntsp> fpof;F fhzg;gLk; rzy;
itf;fpwJ. flw;fiu> kfhejp>
,it mjpfk; fhzg;gLk; kz;. Nfhjhthp>
fhjh; - Gjpa tz;ly; gbT fpU\;zh> Nkw;F
ghq;fh; - goikahd tz;ly; flw;fiu> jg;jp -
gbT eh;kij
ghgh; - ,uz;Lk; fye;jit.
fUg;G kz; (m) jPg;ghiwfspy; ,Ue;J kfhuh\;buh> ,Uk;G> ney;> NfhJik>
fhpry; kz; cUthdJ. jkpo;ehL> khq;fdP]; Nrhsk;> gUj;jp>
<ug;gjj;ij jf;f itf;Fk; jpwd; kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;> Rz;zhk;G> jpid tiffs;
nfhz;lJ. Nfhjhthp> eh;kjh nghl;lhrpak;> kw;Wk; fUk;G
,k;kz; Rkhh; 6 kPl;lh; kw;Wk; jgjp Mw;Wg; mYkpdh
Moj;jpw;F gbe;Js;sJ. gs;sj;jhf;fpy; epiwe;jJ.
fUg;G epwk; Kjy; gOg;G epwk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. iel;u[d;>
tiu fhzg;gl;L tUfpwJ. gh];gu];
Fiwe;jsT
nfhz;lJ.
nrk;kz; goq;fhyg; gbTg;ghiwfs; kw;Wk; jf;fhz gPlG+kpapd; iel;u[d;> NfhJik>
cUkhwpag; ghiwfs; njd;gFjp> Nkw;F gh];gu];> ney;> gUj;jp>
,Uk;Gr;rj;J mjpfstpy; njhlh;r;rp kiy> Rz;zhk;G gUg;G tiffs;>
fhzg;gLtjhy; nrk;kz; rptg;G rl;B];fh; FiwthfNt cUisf; fpoq;F>
epwkhf cs;sJ. cs;sJ. jpid tiffs;
epwk; gOg;G Kjy; kQ;rs; tiu kw;Wk; goq;fs;
NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Ez;Jfs;fis nfhz;L
cs;sjhy; <ug;gjj;ijj; jf;f
itj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy.


AslB_
 Nyl;iul; (m) mjpf ntg;gKk;> mjpf jkpo;ehL> Me;jpuh> fhy;rpak;> Njapiy> fhg;gp>
ruis kz; kiog;nghopT kw;Wk; twz;l Nfush> fh;ehlfh> nkf;dPrpak;> ,ug;gh;> Ke;jphp
fhyepiyiaf; nfhz;l m];]hkpd; rpy Nfush> Mfpait
gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. gFjpfs; fh;ehlfh>
ruis kz; Ez;Jfs;fisf; m];]hkpd; rpy
nfhz;bUg;gjhy; ,jpy; cs;s gFjpfs;
rpypfh mhpg;gpdhy; (Leaching)
ePf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ghiykz; ,k;kz; ,aw;ifahfNt ,uh[];jhd;> gh];gu];> NfhJik> ney;>
kzyhfTk;> fhur;rj;ijg; F[uhj; kw;Wk; iel;u[d; ghh;yp> jpuhl;ir
ngw;wjhfTk;. Ez;Jfisf; njd; gQ;rhg; Fiwthf kw;Wk; jh;G+rzp
nfhz;ljhfTk; cs;sJ. cs;sJ. Nghd;wit.
,k;kz; tskpy;yhj kz;zhf
,Ue;jhYk;> ePh;ghrd trjpAld;
rpy gFjpfspy; Ntshz;ik
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
mjpf ntg;gk; kw;Wk; Fiwe;j
kioasT nfhz;l gFjpfspy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
gPl;b kz; mjpfkioAk;> NghJkhd kiy mbthuj;jpy; nghl;lhrpak; Gy;ntspfs;
tbfhy; trjpAk; ,y;yhj fhzg;gLk;. gh];Ngl; tpistjw;F Vw;w
,lj;jpy; cUthfpwJ. cj;jpufhz;l;> Fiwe;Nj kz;
cj;jpug; gpuNjrk;> fhzg;gLk;
gPfhh; kw;Wk; Nkw;F
tq;fk;
kiy kz; / caph;Ntjpg; nghUs;fs; Nkw;F kw;Wk; nghl;lhrpak;> goq;fs;> Njapiy>
fhl;L kz; rpijf;fg;gLtjhy; cUthfpwJ. fpof;F njhlh;r;rp gh];gu];> kw;Wk; fhg;gp
,iyr;rj;Jk;> rhk;gy; rj;Jk; kiyj; njhlh;fs; Rz;zhk;G
mjpfkhf cs;sJ. kw;Wk; ,kakiy Fiwe;J
,Uf;Fk;.


AslB_
 AslB_

\ A
,aw;if kw;Wk; kdpjdpd;
nray;ghLfshy; kz; ePf;fg;gLtJ kz;
mhpg;G vdg;gLk;. kz; mhpg;gpd; jd;ik
kz;zpd; jd;ikiaAk;> kz;zpd; Jfs;
mikg;igAk; nghWj;Nj khWgL
-fpwJ. fhyepiy> epyj;jpd; rhpT> gaphpLk;
Kiw kw;Wk; ,ju fhuzpfisg; nghWj;Nj
mikfpwJ.
\ k VmVA
kz;tsj;ijj; jf;fitj;Jf;
nfhs;Stjw;fhf kdpjh;fs; vLf;Fk;
Kaw;rpNa kz;tsg; ghJfhg;ghFk;.
,jdhy; kz; mhpg;ig Kw;wpYk; jLf;f
,ayhJ.

••••••


 AslB_

>tV|  \k^

\ k^  fw;ghiwfspYs;s fdpk jhJf;fspd;

 GtpNahl;bd; Nkw;gFjpapy; cs;s %yk; ngwg;gLk; Ez;zpa
ghiwfis mhpg;gjd; fhuzkhf rj;Jf;fs; jhtuq;fspd; tsh;r;rpia
cUthFk; kpf Ez;zpa Jfs;fNs Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ.
kz; vdg;gLk;. tptrhaj;jpd;  xU nr.kP kz; cw;gj;jpahtjw;F E}W
tsh;r;rpiaj; jPh;khdpg;gjpy; kz;tsk; Mz;Lfs; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
Kf;fpag; gq;fpid Mw;WfpwJ.


 AslB_

\  ckVk>uzB V^ kz;zpy; cs;s ,iy kl;Fk;

1. x>[\ V : msitAk; jPh;khdpf;fpd;wd.
 Kjd;ikg; ghiwahy; 5. >VkD sD \uD OB
jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk; gz;Gfs;> tz;zk;> cl^
Nkw;Gw jd;ik> ,urhadf; $Wfs;>  ,iy kl;Fk; msitAk;> Neuj;ijAk;
jhJf;fspd; msT> ePh; GFk; jd;ik. jPh;khdpf;fpd;wd.
2. VD >tV[ \ k^
 fhyk; kz; mLf;fpd; fdj;ij  jkpo;ehl;bd; kz; tsq;fis> mjd;
jPh;khdpf;fpd;wd. cUthf;fk;> kz; Jfs;fspd; msT>
3. W>VuD kw;Wk; epwk; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L
 epyj;jpd; cauk; kw;Wk; rhpT kz; Ie;J tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;. mit>
Ftpg;gpd; msit jPh;khdpf;fpwJ. 1. tz;ly; kz;
4. VW 2. fhpry; kz;
 fhyepiyf; fhuzpfs; ntg;gk; kw;Wk; 3. nrk;kz;
kiog;nghopthy; rpijTW jiyAk;>
4. JUf;fy; kz;
5. cth; kz;


 \ k A^ V|D z]^ cl m^ sD l^
tz;ly; kz; tskhd kz;> flNyhug; gFjpfspYk;> ] ney;> fUk;G>
(Alluvial Soil) tz;ly; kz;Nz nly;lhg; gFjpfspYk; Rz;zhk;G> thio> kQ;rs;
vy;yhtw;wpYk; rpwg;G fhzg;gLfpwJ. nghl;lhrpak;>
tha;e;jJ. Vnddpy; jQ;rhT+h;> jpUth&h;> kf;dPrpak;
,jpy; tsUk; gaph;fs; ehfg;gl;bdk;> z>
nropg;ghfTk;> ey;y tpOg;Guk;> flY}h;> iel;u[d;> gh];gu];
kf#y; jUgitahfTk; jpUney;Ntyp> kw;Wk; mkpyk;
,Uf;fpd;wd. fd;dpahFkhp
fhpry; kz; ,J 65 Kjy; 85 Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> kJiu> ] gUj;jp kw;Wk;
(Black Soil) rjtPjk; tiu ,uhkehjGuk; kw;Wk; mYkpdpak;> Nrhsk;>
<ug;gjj;ij jpUney;Ntyp Rz;zhk;G> fhy;eil czT
jf;f itj;Jf; kf;dPrpak;> fk;Gk; Mfpait
nfhs;sf;$ba jd;ik nghl;lhrpak; gaphplg;gL
nfhz;Ls;sJ. z> fpd;wd.
iel;u[d;
nrk;kz; ,k;kz; ePiu Kj;jpa khtl;lq;fspy; caph;rj;Jk; NfhJik> gUj;jp>
(Red Soil) Ntfkhf cwpQ;Rk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jhtuq;fSf;Fj; gUg;G tiffs;
jd;ikAilaJ. rptfq;if> Njitahd
Mdhy; <ug;gjj;ij ,uhkehjGuk; Cl;lr;rj;Jk;
jf;f itj;Jf; Fiwthdjhf
nfhs;Sk; jd;ik cs;sd.
FiwT.
Rkhuhd tsk;
nfhz;l kz;
ePh;g;ghrd trjpAs;s
,lq;fspy; gaph;fs;
gaphplg;gLfpd;wd.


AslB_
 ruis kz; ,jpy; ,Uk;G Mf;i]L fhQ;rpGuk;> jpUts;@ jho;e;j gFjpfspy; ney;> ,Q;rp>
(Laterite Soil) fye;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. h;> jQ;rhT+h;> Nkw;F Ntshz;ikapd; kpsF kw;Wk;
mjpf kiog; nghopTk;> njhlh;r;rp kw;Wk; fPo; cs;s kz;zpy; thio
twz;l ntg;g fpof;F njhlh;r;rpapd; iel;u[d; rj;Jk;> gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
fhyKk; cs;s cah;e;j kiy cr;rp mjpf gh];gu];
gFjpfspy; ,k;kz; mkpyKk;
cUthfpwJ. fhzg;gLk;.
,JNt caukhd
gFjpfspy; cUthFk;
kz; kw;Wk; jho;e;j
gFjpfspy; cUthFk;
kz; vd;Wk;
gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

cth; kz; ,k;kz; flw;fiu Ntjhuz;aj;jpd; gh];gu];> fhy;rpak;> njd;id> ghh;yp>

(Saline Soil) Xuq;fspYk; kpff; ngUk;ghd;ik ry;gh;> Nghuhd; gUj;jp> gPd;];
Fiwe;j mstpy; gFjp> Nrhokz;ly
tbfhy; trjp flw;fiu> kw;Wk;
FiwthfTk;> xt;nthU flNyhu
Mtpahjy; khtl;lq;fspy; Rkhh;
mjpfkhfTk; 10 fp.kP gug;gpyhd
eilngWk; flNyhug; gFjp
gFjpfspYk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.

••••••


AslB_
 >tV| 
kkVFA \uD luEm

 : TNPSC Group II >

VD : AslB_
z] : As \uD D  B z|DD
>Vz] xD Bz|DxD, As, Asl[ \A

VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z2 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
sV>V^^ \uD \[VzA^ gBk V >suz >BVVzD
\Vk, \Vsz c>s|D kl_ kkVFA \uD luE mBV_
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
kkVFA \uD luE mB V>m  >s|m.
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV, su
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z
>BV FD \Vkz kw|D t_V kBVzD.

gB,
kkVFA \uD luE m
 AslB_

As \uD D  B z|DD

>Vz] xD
Bz|DxD
\V> 
>Vz]l[ \A:
\m xk
Nguz;lk; (Universe)

mz;lq;fspd; njhFg;G
(Cluster of galaxies)

ghy;ntsp mz;lk; +
mz;il mz;lq;fs;
(milky way Galaxies) (other Galaxies)  \A

#hpaf; FLk;gk; (Solar System) D (Galaxy)
  gyf; Nfhbf;fzf;fhd tpz;kPd;fspd;
G+kp + gpw 7 Nfhs;fs; njhFjpNa mz;lk; vdg;gLk;.
(nkhj;jk; 8 Nfhs;fs;)  ,j;jifa mz;lq;fspy; xd;W
 ghy;ntsp mz;lk; - ehk; thOk;
re;jpud; (Moon) #hpaf; FLk;gk; ,Uf;ff; $ba
mz;lkhFk;.
D (Universes )
 gy;NtW kpy;ypad; fzf;fpy;
V_k D (Milky Way Galaxy)
mz;lq;fisf; nfhz;l njhFg;G  #hpad; cl;gl> fz;fSf;F Gyg;gLk;
Nguz;lk; vdg;gLk;. tpz;kPd;fs; vy;yhk; ghy; ntsp
 ,J gue;J tphpe;J nfhz;Nl mz;lj;ijr; rhh;e;jit.
nry;fpwJ. ,J Fwpj;j Ma;Tfs;  rpy ehs;fspy; njspe;j ,uT thdpy;
,d;Dk; njhlh;e;J eilngw;Wf; ntz;ik epwj;jpy; xspUk; gl;il
nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd. Nghd;w gFjp Gyg;gLk;.



 ghy;ntsp mz;lj;ij ekJ Kd;Ndhh;
V_k (Milky way) vdTk; gVB
 vdTk; mioj;jdh;.
V_k D
 ekJ ghy;ntspAk; kpf mlh;j;jpahd
tpz;kPd; njhFjpjhd;.
 ,e;j tpz;kPd;fs; ntFnjhiytpy;
,Ug;gjhy; Gs;sp Nghyf; fhl;rp
jUfpd;wd. ,jpy; Vwf;Fiwa 1011
tpz;kPd;fs; cs;sd.
 ,e;j mz;lk; RUs; tbtkhff;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
B z|DD (Solar System)
 #hpaf; FLk;gj;jpy; 8 Nfhs;fs;
kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; Jizf; Nfhs;fs;>
B z|DD
AslB_
vhpf;fw;fs;> thy; el;rj;jpuq;fs;> Fs;sf;
Nfhs;fs;> FWq;Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; gy
Mapuf;fzf;fhd tpz;kPd;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 #hpaidr; Rw;wp 8 Nfhs;fSk; Rw;wp
tUfpd;wd.
 ghy; ntsp mz;lj;jpy; xU gFjpapy;
Nfhs;fs;> Jizf;Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; gpw
thd;nghUs;fs; #hpaid ikakhff;
nfhz;L Rw;wp tUfpd;wd.
#hpaf; FLk;gj;jpd; Mu msT 5.6 × 109 fp.kP
s*[^
 tpz;kPd; vd;gJ <h;g;G tpirapdhy;
gpizf;fg;gl;l xspUk; thAf;fisf;
nfhz;l xU kpfg;nghpa ge;J
Nghd;wjhFk;.
 G+kpf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s tpz;kPd;
#hpad;
thdj;jpy; xNu xU tpz;kPd; kl;Lk;
epiyahf ,Ug;gJ Nghd;W Njhd;WfpwJ.
,e;j tpz;kPd; mk s*[ _m
VVZ vdg;gLk;.
tpz;kPd;fs; ngUk;ghYk; [
\uD oBD thAf;fshy; MdJ.

 AslB_

B[  xU tpdhbf;F 700 kpy;ypad; ld;

 #hpad; #hpaf; FLk;gj;jpd; ikaj;jpy;
cs;sJ.
 ,J kpfg; nghpa ntg;gkhd
thAg;ge;J ,jd; <h;g;Grf;jpjhd;
#hpaf; FLk;gj;ijg; gpizj;J
itj;Js;sJ.
 #hpaf; FLk;gj;jpd; xsp kw;Wk;
ntg;gj;jpw;F %y Mjhuk; #hpad;
jhd;.
 #hpad; G+kpapypUe;J Rkhh; 15 Nfhb fp.kP
njhiytpy; cs;sJ. vdNt #hpad;
kpFe;j ntg;gkhf ,Ue;jhYk; kpjkhd
ntg;gNk G+kpia te;jilfpwJ.
 #hpaf; FLk;gj;jpy; jhNd xspUk;
xNu thd;nghUs; #hpad; jhd;.
 ,J caphpdq;fs; tho mbg;gil
Njitahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
 tpdhbf;F 250 km Ntfj;jpy; cU
kz;ly ikaj;ij Rw;wp tUfpwJ.
i`l;u[d; vhpe;J `PypakhfpwJ
Vuhskhd ntg;gk; ntspapLfpwJ.
vdNt ,J nghpa neUg;Gg; ge;J (Fire
ball ).
 #hpadpd; tho;ehs; 10>000 kpy;ypad;
Mz;Lfs; MFk;. Mdhy; jw;NghJ
5000 kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfs; fle;J
tpl;lJ. #hpaid |kBm ]D
(middle star) vdyhk;.
#hpad; xU kz;lyj;ij xU Kiw
Rw;wp tu 250 kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfs;
MfpwJ. ,JNt Vt g| _m
B g| vd;fpNwhk;.
#hpadpy; cs;s thAf;fs; :
 i`l;u[d; - 9.2 %
 `Pypak; - 7.8%

BM[ c^\A
#hpadpd; mLf;fpid 3 gphpthfg;
gphpf;fyhk;
fNuhNdh];gpah; ,J epwf;Nfhsk;
(Nkw;Gw mLf;F) vdg;gLk;. ,jd;
ntg;gepiy 6000oC
FNuhNkh];gpah; rptg;G epwk; MFk;.
(eL mLf;F) Vwf;Fiwa 14
kpy;ypad; nfy;tpd;
mstpy; cs;sJ.
Nghl;Nlh];gpah; 1.5 Nfhb bfphp C
BM[ \A
(cs; mLf;F) MFk;. cl;gFjp
xspf;Nfhsk;
vdg;gLk;.


 AslB_

g[V\V vd;Dk; mz;lk;

BzD tz c^ EB
kV|^:
G+kpf;F kpf mUfhikapy; cs;s xU
 #hpad; G+kpia tpl 2000 klq;F
nghpa mz;lkhFk;. ,J G+kpapypUe;J
vil mjpfk;
2×106 xsp Mz;Lfs; njhiytpy;
 #hpad; G+kpia tpl 10>00>000 klq;F
cs;sJ. mstpy; nghpaJ.
 #hpadpd; <h;g;G tpir Gtpapd; <h;g;G
tpiria tpl 28 klq;F mjpfk;.

B z|DD EA zA^

 V^^ B
1 kpfg;nghpa Nfhs; tpahod;
2 kpfr;rpwpa Nfhs; Gjd;
3 kpfg;nghpa Jizf;Nfhs; fhdpNkL (tpahodpd;
Jizf; Nfhs;)
4 kpfr;rpwpa Jizf;Nfhs; BNkh]; (nrt;thapd;
Jizf;Nfhs;)
5 ePyf;Nfhs; (Blue Planet) G+kp
6 gr;irf; Nfhs; (Green Planet) ANud];
7 rptg;Gf; Nfhs; nrt;tha;
8 gpufhrkhd Nfhs; nts;sp
9 ntg;gkhd Nfhs; nts;sp
10 mlh;j;jpahd Nfhs; G+kp
11 Fsph;r;rpahd Nfhs; neg;bA+d;
12 fhiy el;rj;jpuk; nts;sp
13 khiy el;rj;jpuk; nts;sp
14 #hpaf; FLk;gj;jpw;F mUNf cs;s el;rj;jpuk; gpuhf;]pkh nrd;#hp
15 gpufhrkhd el;rj;jpuk; (#hpaf; FLk;gj;jpw;F rph;u]; (lhf; el;rj;jpuk;)
ntspNa)
16 #hpaDf;F kpfj; njhiytpYs;s Nfhs; neg;bA+d;
17 #hpaDf;F kpf mUfpYs;s Nfhs; Gjd;
18 mjpf Jizf;Nfhs;fisf; nfhz;l Nfhs; tpahod; (63)


 AslB_

19 Fiwthd Jizf;Nfhs; nfhz;l Nfhs; G+kp (1)

20 Jizf;Nfhs; ,y;yhj Nfhs; Gjd; kw;Wk; nts;sp
21 Ntfkhd Rw;Wf;fhyk; nfhz;l Nfhs; Gjd;
22 nkJthd Rw;Wf;fhyk; nfhz;l Nfhs; neg;bA+d;
23 Ntfkhd jw;Row;rp fhyk; nfhz;l Nfhs; tpahod;
24 nkJthd jw;Row;rp fhyk; nfhz;l Nfhs; nts;sp
25 G+kpf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s Nfhs; nts;sp
26 G+kpapd; ,ul;il nts;sp
27 G+kpiag; Nghd;W tho;tpay; #oiy nfhz;l ill;ld; (rdpapd; Jizf;
Jizf;Nfhs; Nfhs;)
V^^ fhiyapy; #hpa cjaj;jpw;Fr; rw;W
 Nfhs;fs; rPuhf xsph;e;jgb fhl;rp Kd;G Gyg;gLk; NghJ sk^ vd
jUk;. Nfhs;fs; kpDkpDg;gJ ,y;iy. miof;fpd;wdh;.
 Nfhs;fs; xNu epiyapy; ,Ug;g  kVF, sBVw[, M Mfpa %d;W
jpy;iy Nfhs;fSk; ,uT thdpy; fpof;fpNyh>
 #hpaf; FLk;gj;jpy; 8 Nfhs;fs; jiyf;F NkyhfNth Nkw;fpNyh
cs;sd mit ntWk; fz;fSf;Fj; njhpAk;.
1. Gjd; 2. G+kp  Ie;J Nfhs;fis kl;Lk; ehk; ntWk;
3. tpahod; 4. ANud]; fz;fshy; fhz KbAk;.
5. nts;sp 6. nrt;tha; mit>
7. rdp 8. neg;bA+d; 1. Gjd; 2. nts;sp
 ,e;j 8 Nfhs;fspy; ntWk; fz; 3. nrt;tha; 4. tpahod;
fshy; kw;Wk; njhiy Nehf;fpahy; 5. rdp
ghh;f;ff;$ba Nfhs;fs; fhzg;
,Nj Nghy;> 5 Nfhs;fisAk;> #hpad;
gLfpd;wd.
kw;Wk; re;jpuidAk; ntWk; fz;fshy;
kD V_ VB
ghh;f;f ,aYk;.
V^^
 A>[, k^ Mfpa Nfhs;fs; #hpa >VVBV_ V B
cjaj;jpw;F rw;W Kd;Gk;> khiyapy; V^^
kiwe;j gpd;Gk; Gyg;gLk;. mit rpwpJ 1. ANud]; 2. neg;bA+d;
Neuj;jpw;F njhLthdk; mUNf
kl;Lk; Gyg;gLk; nts;spf;Nfhs;>


 AslB_

 #hpadpd; tlJUtj;jpw;F NkNy

NkYk;> FWq;Nfhs;fisAk;> Fs;sf;
nrd;W> xU gUe;Jg; ghh;it ghh;j;jhy;
Nfhs;fisAk;> thy; el;rj;jpuq;fisAk;>
vy;yhf; Nfhs;fSk; fbfhuj;jpy;
gy Mapuf;fzf;fhd tpz;kPd;fisAk;>
vjph;j; jpirapy; Rw;wp tUtJ Nghyg;
mz;lq;fisAk; njhiyNehf;fp topahf
Gyg;gLk;.
ghh;f;f ,aYk;.  vy;yhf; Nfhs;fSk; xNu jpirapy;
 #hpaf; FLk;gj;jpd; vl;Lf; Rod;whYk;> #hpaidr; Rw;wp tUk; fhyk;
Nfhs;fisAk;> jplf; Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;bUf;Fk;.
thAf;Nfhs;fs; vd ,uz;lhfg;  #hpaidr; Rw;Wk; Nfhs;fs; jk;
gphpf;fyhk;. ghijia tpl;L tpyFtjpy;iy.
]V^ kVV^^ vy;yhf; Nfhs;fSk; ePs;tl;lg;
1. Gjd; 1. tpahod; ghijapy; #hpaidr; rw;Nwwf; Fiwa
xNu rkaj;jpy; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd.
2. nts;sp 2. rdp
mt;thW Rw;wp tUk; ghijiar;
3. G+kp 3. ANud];
u V> vd miof;fpNwhk;.
4. nrt;tha; 4. neg;bA+d;

ve;j Nfhs;fSf;Fk; jhdhf xspia ckpOk; jd;ik ,y;iy. mjhtJ

Nfhs;fSf;F Ra xsp fpilahJ. #hpa xspiaNa mit gpujpgypf;fpd;wd.

V^ >uwuE u VD EA B mV^

V^ (V^)
Gjd; 58-65 88 ehl;fs; - ,y;iy
nts;sp 243 ehl;fs; 224.7 ehl;fs; khiy kw;Wk; ,y;iy
fhiy Nfhs;
G+kp 23 kzp 56 235 ehl;fs; ePyf;Nfhs; epyh(1)
epkplk;
nrt;tha; 24 kzp 37 687 ehl;fs; rptg;G Nfhs; Nghg];> ilNkh]; (2)
epkplk;
tpahod; 9 kzp 55 11 Mz;Lfs; thAf;Nfhs; 63 Jizf;Nfhs;fs;
epkplk; 10 khjq;fs; (ANuhg;gh>
fhyp];Nlh>
fhdpNkL)


 AslB_

rdp 10 kzp 40 29 Mz;Lfs; 5 tisaq;fs; 60 Jizf;Nfhs;fs;

epkplk; khjq;fs; cs;s Nfhs; nghpaJ illd;
ANud]; 17 kzp 14 84 Mz;Lfs; gr;irf; Nfhs; 27 Jizf;Nfhs;fs;>
epkplk; kpuhz;lh>
Vhpay; Mfpad
Kf;fpakhdit.
neg;bA+d; 16 kzpfs; 164 Mz;Lfs; - 13 Jizf;Nfhs;fs;>
9 khjq;fs; Kf;fpakhdit
biul;lhd;> neiua;L

 g| : k^ kw;Wk;  Nfhs;fs;

thdpay; njhiytpw;fhd myF jw;Row;rpapy; wom \uV
xsp Mz;L vdg;gLk;. xU Mz;L u[. Mdhy; kw;w midj;Jf;
fhyj;jpy; xspf;fjph; Vwf;Fiwa 3 × 108 Nfhs;fSk; jw;Row;rpapy; Nkw;fpypUe;J
kPl;lh; / tpdhb Ntfj;jpy; nry;yf;$ba wV nry;fpd;wd.
njhiyT xU xsp Mz;L vdg;gLk;.
1  g| = 9.46 × 1012 .*. z^ V^^ (Dwarf Planets)
 Kjypy; #hpaf; FLk;gj;jpy; 9
kVMB_ z :
Nfhs;fs; ,Ue;jd. 2006Mk; Mz;L
G+kpapypUe;J #hpadpd; njhiyT
midj;Jyf thdpay; xd;wpak;
1.46 × 108 fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk;.
(International Astronomical Unit) G@
,j;njhiyNt thdpay; myF (AU)
l;Nlh xU Nfhs; ,y;iy vdTk;
vdg;gLfpwJ.
AjV xU Fs;sf; Nfhs; vdTk;
\ V^^ \uD \_ tifg;gLj;jpaJ.
\ V^^  AjV, , , \\
 Nfhs;fspd; Rw;Wg;ghij G+kpapd; *B Kjypad 2006k; Mz;L
Rw;Wg;ghijia tpl rpwpajhf Fs;sf;Nfhs;fs; vdg; Gjpajhf
,Ug;gjhy; Gjd; kw;Wk; nts;sp tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
Nfhs;fs; fPo;kl;lf; Nfhs;fs;  ,it #hpaidr; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd.
vdg;gLk;. ,it mstpy; kpfr; rpwpait.
 kw;w Nfhs;fs; Nky; kl;lf; Nfhs;fs; re;jpuid tplr; rpwpait. vdNt
vdg;gLfpd;wd. jhd;> ,it Fs;sf; Nfhs;fs;
vdg;gLfpd;wd.


 AslB_

z^ V^^
8 V^^ u >VzA:  fpof;fpypUe;J Nkw;fhf Rw;WfpwJ.
A>[  Jizf;Nfhs;fs; ,y;iy.
 #hpaDf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;sJ. As (Earth)
 jd;idj;jhNd Rw;w 59 ehl;fs;.  V^ (Blue Planet) Vnddpy;
 #hpaidr; Rw;w 88 ehl;fs;. Gtpapy; ePh; cs;sJ.
 Jizf;Nfhs; ,y;iy.  5tJ nghpa Nfhs;. xNu xU
 #hpaid Rw;Wk; Nfhspy; kpfNtfkhf Jizf;Nfhs; cs;sJ.
Rw;Wk; Nfhs; MFk;.  jd;idjhNd Rw;w 23 kzp 56 epkplk;
 ,J Ntfkhd Nfhs;. vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ.
k^ (Venus)  #hpaid Rw;w 365.25 ehl;fs;.
 #hpadpypUe;J 2tJ Nfhs; MFk;. kVF (Mars)
 fhiy el;rj;jpuk; kw;Wk; khiy  #hpadpypUe;J 4tJ Nfhs;.
el;rj;jpuk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.  EkA WV^ (Red Planet)
 mjd; mlh;j;jp> epiw Gtpiag;  twz;l MWfs;> nraypoe;j vhpkiy>
Nghd;wJ. ,jdhy; nts;spf; Nfhis ghiytdq;fs;> ghiwfs;> gdp%ba
Asl[  (Earth’s Twin) JUtq;fs; cs;sJ.
vd;fpNwhk;.  Jizf;Nfhs;fs; - 2 (Nfhg];>
 #hpaid mLj;J gpufhrkhf nla;Nkh];)
njhptJ. nrt;tha; fpufj;jpy; caphpdk; ,Uf;
 Gtpf;F mUfpy; cs;sJ. fyhk; vd Muha 1979_ k
 jd;idj; jhNd Rw;w 243 ehl;fs;.
sD mDg;gg;gl;lJ. 1998_
 #hpaidr; Rw;w 224.5 ehl;fs;.
V sD mDg;gg;gl;lJ.



sBVw[ (z) (Jupiter)
 kpfg;nghpa Nfhs;> V> V^
(Giant plant).
 kpfg;nghpa rptg;G Gs;sp
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 jd;idj;jhNd Rw;w 10 kzp Neuk;
vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ.
 #hpaidr; Rw;w 12 Mz;Lfs;.
 Jizf;Nfhs;fs; - 63.
 G+kpia tpl 11 klq;F nghpaJ.
 NfdpNkl; Jizf;Nfhs; kpfg;nghpaJ.
 kw;w Jizf;Nfhs; - VV,
VoV
rdpf;F mDg;gg;gl;l tpz;fyk; -
VEM
M (Saturn)
 2tJ kpfg;nghpa Nfhs;.
 7 tisaq;fs; (Ring) cs;sJ.
 jd;idj;jhNd Rw;w 10.5 kzp
Neuk;.
 #hpaidr; Rw;w 29.5 Mz;Lfs;.
 ntWk; fz;zhy; ghh;j;jhy; kQ;rs;
epwkhfj; njhpAk;.
 Jizf;Nfhs;fs; - 60.
 Kf;fpaj; Jizf;Nfhs; - [
(Titan) kV_ ]D (comet )
 (Uranus)
 Kjypy; njhiyNehf;fp %yk;
fz;lwpag;gl;l Nfhs; 1781 s_oBD
s_[ fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.
 Jizf;Nfhs;fs; - 27
 Kf;fpa Jizf;Nfhs;fs; - cUfp MtpahjyhYk;> #hpa xsp
tVV, B_, DB_, DB_,
VMBV
AslB_
 jd; mr;rpy; 98 bfphp rha;e;Js;sJ.
vdNt cUz;L nfhz;Nl #hpaidr;
Rw;Wk;.
 jd;idj;jhNd Rw;w 17 kzp Neuk;.
 #hpaidr; Rw;w 84 Mz;Lfs;.
 5 Nja;e;j tisaq;fs; cs;sJ.
 fpof;fpypUe;J Nkw;fhf Rw;WfpwJ.
MV[ kB^
 njhiyNehf;fp topNa ghh;j;jhy;>
rdpf;Nfhisr; Rw;wp tisak; Nghd;w
mikg;G fhzg;gLk;. Ez;fw;fSk;>
J}Rk; gdpAk; nfhz;l njhFjpNa ,e;j
tisak;.
 rdpapd; tisak; jhd; vLg;ghdJ
vd;whYk; sBVw[, , R[
Mfpa Nfhs;fSf;Fk; tisaq;fs; cs;sd.
R[ (Neptune)
 1846 - K.G, V (o[)
fz;lwpe;jhh;.
 Jizf;Nfhs; - 13 Kf;fpakhdit :
VF|
 fUg;Gg; Gs;sp Nfhs;.
 jd;idj; jhNd Rw;w - 16 kzp
Neuk;.
 thy; el;rj;jpuk; vd;gJ xU tpz;kPd;
,y;iy.
 gdp> J}R Kjypag; nghUs;fs;
epiwe;j gdpg;ghiwjhd; (fhkl;).
 #hpaDf;F mUNf tUk; NghJ gdp
gpujpgypg;gjhYk; thy;Nghy; ePz;L
Njhd;WfpwJ.


 kV_ ]][ kV_ VmD
Bz ] ]l_ mikAk;.
 #hpadpypUe;J tUk; Ez;Jfs;fs;
thy;el;rj;jpypUe;J ntspg;gLk;
Mtpapd; kPJ NkhJtjhy; thy;gFjp
cUthfpwJ.
zV^^ (Asteroids)
 nrt;tha;f; NfhSf;Fk;> tpahod;
NfhSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,yl;rf; fzf;fhd
FWq;Nfhs;fs; cs;sd.
 rpW rpW fw;fs;> ngUk;ghiw Kjy;
300 - 400 fp.kP tpl;lk; cila
ngUk; thd;nghUs;fs; Mfpatw;wpd;
njhFjpNa ,e;jf; FWq;Nfhs;fs;
 ,tw;wpy; rpytw;Wf;F ,e;jpag;
ngah;fSk; mspj;Js;sdh;
 ,tw;iw gwf;Fk; Nfhs;fs; vdTk;
rpWNfhs;fs; vdTk; miof;fyhk;.
 ,e;jpahtpd; thdpay; mwpQh;
kbVA
 mZrf;jpj; Jiwapd; je;ij
VVVF
 fzpj Nkij - V\VD
u^ (Metors)
 ghiwj;Jz;Lfs; xd;Wld; xd;W
NkhJtjhy; Gtpia Nehf;fp tUk;
ghiwj;Jz;Lfs; tspkz;lyj;jpy;
CLUTk; NghJ cuha;tpdhy; vhpe;;J
••••••
AslB_
tpLfpd;wd. ,jid ]D
(Falling Stars) vdyhk;.
Tu^ (Meteroites)
o kV_ ]D (Halley Comet)
 1862y; vl;kz;l; N`ypahy; fz;lwpag;
gl;lJ.
 76 tUlq;fSf;F xU Kiwj;
Njhd;Wk;.
 ,Wjpahf 1986y; Njhd;wpaJ. ,dp
2062 y; Njhd;Wk;.
 1922 [Piy \P Nkf;fh; nytp - 9
thy;el;rj;jpuk; tpahodpy; NkhjpaJ.
 rpy ghiwj;Jz;Lfs; KOikahf
vhpahky; Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; tpoyhk;.
,it kpfg;nghpag; gs;sq;fis
Gtpapy; cUthf;Fk;.
B z|D]uz K^
] >Vz]
-
 gpuhf;]pkh nrd;lh; p
 My;gh nrd;lh; p
-
][ _
 ,e;jg; gFjp xl;Lnkhj;j
el;rj;jpuq;fspd; mjpfgl;r cau
vy;iy MFk;. ,jw;Fk; Nky; gFjp
apy; el;rj;jpuq;fs; ntbg;gjdhy;
rpwpa msTila el;rj;jpuq;fs;
my;yJ ciltjhy; fUk; Gs;spfs;
cUthfpd;wd.
0
 AslB_

As (Earth)
 Gtpapd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa nfhs;ifiaf;
$wpath; - vl;tpd; ^  ""
kA V^'' ehk; ,tuJ
nfhs;ifia ek;gp tUfpNwhk;.
 G+kpahdJ #hpadplkpUe;J 149.5
kpy;ypad; fpNyhkPl;lh; njhiytpy;
#hpaf; FLk;gj;jpy; %d;whtJ
,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
As k>VuD  G+kpapy; eP&k; (71%)> epyKk; (29%)>
fhw;Wk; fhzg;gLtjhy; caph;fs;
Asl[ >VuD thoj; jFjpahd Nfhshf cs;sJ.
 4.6 gpy;ypad; tUlk; Kd;
 fhw;W kz;lykhdJ Gtpiar;
Njhd;wpapUf;ff; $Lk; .
 #hpaidr; Rw;wpapUe;j J}Rf;fs; Rw;wpYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
kw;Wk; thA mlq;fpa Nkff;$l;lk;  G+kpapy; kl;LNk ePUk;> fhw;Wk;> cfe;j
(neGyh) RUq;fp Jfshf khwpaJ. ntg;gepiyAk; ,Ug;gjhy; caph;fs;

 kA V^


 AslB_

Asl[ c^\A

cUthfpg; ngUFfpd;wd. #hpaf;

fphpg;lhd;> epahd;) kw;Wk; kPjKs;s
FLk;gj;jpy; G+kpapy; kl;Lk; caph;fs;
thAf;fSk; cs;sd.
cs;sd.
>uwuE (Rotaion)
 G+kpiaj; jtpu> kw;w Nfhs;fspy;
 Rkhh; 23 kzp 56 epkplj;jpw;F
caph;fs; ,y;iy. vdNt G+kp
xUKiw G+kp jd;idj;jhNd Rw;wpf;
gy;Yaph;fSk;> gy;fpg; ngUFk;
nfhs;fpwJ. mijNa G+kpapd;
caph;Nfhskhf tpsq;FfpwJ. vdNt
jw;Row;rp vd;fpNwhk;.
G+kpia clVD (Biosphere)
 ,jd; fhuzkhfj;jhd; _, 
vd;Wk; miog;gh;.
khw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 kA V^  G+kpapd; vy;yhg; gFjpfspYk;
xU kpfg;nghpa neUg;Gg; ge;jpypUe;J xNu Neuj;jpy; gfy; my;yJ ,uT
ntbj;Jr; rpjwpa gy Jz;Lfspy; xd;Nw Vw;glhJ.
#hpad;. ,e;j #hpaidr; Rw;Wk;  #hpaid Nehf;fp cs;s g+kpapd;
kw;w Jfs;fs; Fsph;e;J Nfhs;fshf ghjpg;gFjp gfy; nghOjhfTk;
cUg;ngw;wd. #hpaDf;F kWGwk; cs;s g+kpapd;
kPjpg;gFjp ,uthfTk; mikAk;.
 G+kpapy; iel;u[d; 78.09%, Mf;]p[d;  vdNtjhd; ,e;jpahtpy; gfyhf
20.95% cs;sJ. Mh;fhd;> fhpa kpy ,Uf;Fk;NghJ> G+kpapd; kWgf;f cs;s
thA> ke;j thAf;fs; (n[dhd;> mnkhpf;fhtpy; ,uTg; nghOjhf
,Uf;Fk;.


 AslB_

G+kpj; jd;idj; jhNd Rw;WfpwJ vd;W ,uT 12 kzp tiu xU ehs; vdf;
fzf;fpLNwhk;.
mwptpay; topapy; tpsf;fpf; $wpath;
 G+kp jd;idj; jhNd Rw;WtJ
gB Mthh;.
kl;Lky;yhky;> #hpaid ePs; tl;l
 g|: tbtg; ghijapy; Rw;wp tUfpwJ.
 nkhj;jKs;s 365.24 ehl;fspy;  G+kp> #hpaid xU Kiw Rw;wp tu
vLf;Fk; fhy ,ilntspiaj; jhd;
kPjKs;s 0.24 ehs; my;yJ ¼ ehs;
Xh; Mz;L vdf;Fwpf;fpNwhk;. Rkhh;
ehd;F Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw
365.24 ehs;fs; nfhz;lJ xh; Mz;L
$l;b xU ehis $Ljyhf Nrh;jj
; y;
MFk;. ekJ trjpf;fhf 365 ehs;fs;
yPg; Mz;L vd;fpNwhk;.
vd mikj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;.
 yPg; Mz;by; kl;Lk; gpg;uthp khjj;jpy;
 G+kpapd; kPJ jw;nghOJ cs;s epy
29 vd;w Njjpiaf; $Ljyhff; kw;Wk; ePh; gutyhdJ vg;nghOJk;
nfhs;fpNwhk;. mjhtJ Fwpg;gpl;l xNu epiyapy; ,Ue;jjpy;iy.
Mz;il kPjpapd;wp ehd;fhy; tFf;f jw;nghOJ cs;s midj;J fz;lq;
KbAkhdhy; mJ yPg; Mz;L fSk; njd;JUtj;jpy; xd;wp ize;J
vd;fpNwhk;. ,g;gb nra;jhYk; rpW ,Ue;jJ. me;epyg;gug;G ghd;[pah
jtW NehpLfpwJ. (Pangea) vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
 ; V
,jidAk; jtph;ff V ghd;[pah vd;gJ xU fpNuf;fr; nrhy;.
vd;gth; 16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,jd; nghUs; ‘_V WxD”; (All
xU jpUj;jk; nra;jhh;. ,jd;gb Earth) vd;gjhFk;.
E}w;whz;Lfspy; (1800> 1900> 2000)
Nghd;w Mz;Lfs; yPg; tUlk; vd
vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjhy; mJ ehd;fhy;
tFgl;lhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ> 400 MYk;
tFgl Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpsf;fpdhh;.

 Kw;fhyj;jpy; #hpadpd; Kjy; ehs;

cjaj;jpypUe;J mLj;j ehs; cjak;
tiuapyhd fhy ,ilntspiaj;
jhd; xU ehs; vdf; fzf;fpl;ldh;.
Mdhy;; ,g;NghJ ehk; es;spuT V[BV \A
12 kzp Kjy; njhlq;fp kW ehs;


 AslB_

Asl[ xB >|^

 grpgpf; jl;L jhd; kpfg;nghpa jl;L

 ghd;[pahit #o;e;j Nguhop >VV
MFk;. ,J 1/5 gq;F Gtp Nkw;gug;ig
(Panthalassa) my;yJ D\V\V
cs;slf;ff; $bajhf cs;sJ.
Va vdg;gLk;. ,jd; fpNuf;fg;
>|^: (Bm)
nghUs; _V D MFk;. gpwF
1. ANurpah (INuhg;gh)
ghd;[pah gy jl;Lfshf cile;jJ.
2. mz;lhh;bfh
,t;thW cile;j ,j;jl;LfNs
3. tl mnkhpf;fh
WV^ >|^ (lithosphere plate)
vd mwpag;gLfpd;wd. 4. njd; mnkhpf;fh
 ,j;jl;Lfs; nkJthf xU rpy 5. grpgpf;
kpy;ypkPl;lh; Kjy; nrd;b kPl;lh; tiu 6. Mg;gphpf;fh
xt;nthU Mz;Lk; efh;fpd;wd. 7. ,e;Njh - M];jpNuypah
^ jw;NghJ Gjpa fz;lk; xd;W ,Ug;gjhf
 ghd;[pah VO nghpa jl;Lf;fshfTk;> $wg;gLfpwJ ‘[pyhe;jh”
gy rpwpa jl;Lf;fshfTk; cil
gl;Ls;sJ.


 AslB_

xB EB >|^  G+kpahdJ kpfg; nghpa Nfhsk;.

1. fhPgPad; gpypg;igd;]; epyeLf;Nfhl;Lg; gFjpapy; tphpe;Jk;>
2. NfhNfh]; tl njd; JUtq;fspy; Ftpe;Jk;
3. eh];fh rw;W jl;ilahfTk; cs;s Xh; tbtk;
,e;Njh M];jpNuypad; jl;L 67 kpy;yp jhd; G+kp. ekJ G+kpapd; tbtk;
jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jJ. Mq;fpyj;jpy;
kPll
; h; mstpw;F xt;nthU Mz;Lk;
mij BV (Geoid) vd;fpwhh;fs;.
cah;fpwJ. mLj;j 10 kpy;ypad;
Mz;Lfspy; ,it 1500 fp.kP mstpw;F
Mrpahtpw;Fs; gazpf;ff; $Lk; vd
mwpQh;fs; vjph;ghh;ff
; pd;whh;fs;.

xB \uD EB >|^


 AslB_

tB uB E >k_^

G+kpapd; taJ 4.5 -4.6 gpy;ypad; tUlq;fs;
G+kpapd; Rw;wsT 40075.16 fp.kP
tl kw;Wk; njd;JUtk; ,ilNa 40008 fp.kP
cs;s G+kpapd; Rw;wsT
G+kj;jpaNuifg; gFjpapy; 12> 756 fp.kP
G+kpapd; tpl;lk;
G+kpf;Fk; #hpaDf;Fk; ,ilNa 1.49 kpy;ypad; fp.kP
cs;s ruhrhp njhiyT
G+kpf;Fk;> re;jpuDf;Fk; ,ilNa 384>403.1 fp.kP
cs;s ruhrhp njhiyT
G+kpapd; kpf cah;e;jg; gFjp vntu];l; rpfuk; (8850 kP)
Mopapd; kpf Mokhd gFjp khpahd gs;sk; (Nkw;F grpgpf;
G+kpapd; fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J nksdhfpah (`tha;)
caukhd kiy
G+kpapd; kpf Mokhd gFjp rtf;fly; (Dead Sea) 417.27 kP
cyfpNyNa mjpf ntg;gepiy my;.m]p[ah (ypgpah) 57.70nr.bfphp
gjpthd ,lk;

 G+kp VO fz;lq;fisAk;> Ie;J G+kpapd; Kf;fpa epy mikg;Gfs;

ngUq;fly;fisAk; nfhz;L cs;sJ. MFk;.
,ijg;Nghy; G+kpapy; kiyfs;>  fly;fs; ,d;wp njhlh;r;rpahd
gPlG+kpfs;> rkntspfs; Mfpait mfz;l epyg;gug;Gfs; jhd;
fz;lq;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.

^
gEBV  kpfg;nghpa fz;lk;
 ehk; thOk; ,e;jpah ehL Mrpaf; fz;lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
 V, >V - Fsph; kw;Wk; ntg;g ghiytdq;fs;
 ,kakiyj; njhlh;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.


 AslB_

gV  gug;gstpy; ,J ,uz;lhtJ kpfg;nghpa fz;lk;

 tl miuf;Nfhsj;jpYk;> njd; miuf;Nfhsj;jpYk;
gutpAs;sJ.
 epy eLf;NfhL ,e;j fz;lj;ij ,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fpwJ.
 cyfpy; kpf ePskhd_] (6695.*) gha;fpwJ.
 kpfg;nghpa ghiytdkhd VVD ,f;fz;lj;jpy;
cs;sJ.
 mlh;e;j fhLfs; kw;Wk; fdpk tsq;fspd; nrwpTkpf;fJ.
k \V  ml;yhz;bf;> grpgpf; kw;Wk; Mh;bf; ngUq;fly;fshy;
#og;gl;l fz;lk; ,J.
 ,jd; Nkw;F gFjpapYs;s V \>V kpf ePz;l
kiyj; njhlh;
>[ \V  ,f;fz;lk; ngUk; msT njd; miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; mike;J
cs;sJ.
 cyfpd; kpf ePskhd g \>V ,e;jf; fz;lj;jpy;
jhd; cs;sJ.
 cyfpd; kpf mfd;w \V[ g (6586)fp.kP ePsk;
,f;fz;lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
nV  Mrpahtpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; mike;Js;s fz;lk; ,J.
My;g;]; kiyj;njhlh; INuhg;ghtpy; cs;sJ.
g]oBV  ehd;F gf;fKk; fly;fshy; #og;gl;l xU jPTf; fz;lk;
MFk;.
 ,f;fz;lk; epA+rpyhe;J> gp[p Nghd;w jPTfisf; nfhz;lJ.
 gp[pj;jPTfs;> ghg;Gth> epA+fpdpah Kjypa jPTfs; nghJthf
{EBVMB y^ vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd
  VB vdg;gLk; cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa gtsg;ghiw
cs;sJ.
VV  njd; JUtg; gFjpapy; ,f;fz;lk; KOtJk; gy glh;e;J
cs;sJ.
 ,J kpff; Fsph;e;jg; gFjp ngd;Fapd; gwit> rPy; Nghd;w
caphpdq;fspd; tho;tplkhf tpsq;FfpwJ.


 AslB_

_^  ngUq;fly;fis mtw;wpd; gug;gstpd;

 G+kpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; Rkhh; 71 mbg;gilapy; vspjhf epidtpy;
rjtPjk; (%d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F) ePh; itj;J nfhs;s fPo;f;fz;ltw;iw
cs;sJ. ngUe;jpushd ePh;g;gug;Gj; cgNahfpj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.
njhFjpiag; ngUq;fly; vd;fpNwhk;. ‘PAISA’
 rkntspiag; Nghy; G+kpapd; P – Pacific (grpgpf; ngUq;fly;)
Nkw;gug;gpy; mike;Js;s kw;nwhU A – Atlantic (ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;fly;)
$W fly; gFjpahFk;. I – Indian (,e;jpag; ngUq;fly;)
 ngUq;fly;fis trjpf;fhff; fly;fs; S – South Antartica
vdg;gphpj;J tFj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwhk;. (njw;F mz;lhh;bf; ngUq;fly;
A – Artic (Mh;bf; ngUq;fly;)

nm _^
E _  cyfpd; kpf Mokhd ngUq;fly; MFk;
 ,q;Fj; njhlh;r;rpahd> jPTf; $l;lq;fs; mike;Js;sd.
 ngUk;ghd;ikiaj; jPTfs; nray;gLk; vhpkiyfs; neUg;Gf;
Fok;igf; ff;Ftjhy; ,g;gFjp E >VzA kBD
(Pacific Ring of Fire) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 cyfpd; kpf Mokhd \BVV a (Mariana Trench)
vDk; fly;gFjp ,g;ngUq;flypy; jhd; cs;sJ.
V  ,J cyfpd; ,uz;lhtJ ngUq;fly;
_  kpf typikf; nfhz;l #whtspfs; ,g;ngUq;flypy; jhd;
mjpfkhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ.
 gy gFjpfs; gdpfshy; glh;e;Js;sJ.
]B  ,J cyfpd; %d;whtJ nghpa ngUq;fly;
_  ,g;ngUq;flypy; cUthFk; gUtf;fhw;W kioapdhy; jhd;
,e;jpah tsk; ngWfpwJ.


 AslB_

V  njd;JUtg; gFjpapy; cs;s mz;lhh;bfh fz;lj;ijr;

_ Rw;wpg; gue;Js;s ,f;fly; ‘>[ _;” vdg;gLfpwJ.
 ,jid mz;lhh;bf; ngUq;fly; vd;Wk; miog;ghh;.
g  tlJUtg; gFjpapy; mike;J cs;s kpfr;rpwpa ngUq;fly;
_ MFk;.
 ,q;Fg; gdpg;ghiwfs; kpFe;Js;sd.

mz;lhh;bf; ngUq;fly; gFjpfspy; Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf; V,

\l \uD V] vDk; Ma;T FbapUg;Gfis ek; ehL epWtpAs;sJ. Mz;L
KOtJk; ,e;jpa tpQ;Qhdpfs; gyh; ,q;F Ma;T nra;J tUfpd;wdh;.

D 2.8 Asl[ _^


 AslB_

][ njhpfpwJ. re;jpudpd; kWgf;fj;ij

Y}dh 3 vd;w nraw;iff;Nfhs;
jhd; 1959y; Kjd;Kjypy; Gifg;glk;
vLj;jJ.
 G+kpapy; cs;sJ Nghd;w tspkz;lyk;
re;jpudpy; ,y;iy re;jpudpy; <ug;gir
cs;sJ. Mdhy; jput epiyapy; ePh;
,y;iy. G+kpapy; cs;sJ Nghy kiyfs;>
][ rkntspfs;> gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; vdg;
 epyT> epyh> kjp> jpq;fs; gy epyj;Njhw;wq;fs; re;jpudpy;
vdg; gy ngah;fspy; re;jpud; cs;sd.
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. re;jpud; xU ]M[ V VD:
Nfhs; ,y;iy.  ek; #hpaf; FLk;gj;jpy; #hpad;
 re;jpud; Neubahf #hpaidr; kl;LNk xspUk; thd; nghUs; ,uT
Rw;Wtjpy;iy. mJ G+kpiaj; jhd; thdpy; re;jpud; xsph;tJg; Nghyj;
Rw;wp tUfpwJ. vdNt re;jpuidj; Njhd;wpdhYk; cz;ikapNyNa
Jizf;Nfhs; vd miof;fpd;wdh;. #hpadpd; xspiaj; jhd; re;jpud;
 re;jpud;> G+kpapd; tpl;lj;jpy; Rkhh; gpujpgypf;fpwJ.
fhy; gq;F msT kl;LNk cs;s
\VkV \uD t
NfhskhFk;. Vnddpy; g+kpf;F
 re;jpuDk;> G+kpiag; NghyNt Nfhs
kpf mUNf cs;sjhy; jhd; mJ
nghpjhfg; Gyg;gLfpwJ. mJ 3>84>401 tbtk; nfhz;lJ. vdNt #hpaid
fp.kP njhiytpy; G+kpiar; Rw;wp Nehf;fpag; gFjp xsp glh;eJ
; k;
tUfpwJ. #hpaDf;F vjph; jpirg; gFjp ,Us;
 re;jpud;> G+kpiar; Rw;wptu Vwj;jho #o;eJ
; k; fhzg;gLk;.
27.3 ehs;fs; vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ.  re;jpud;> G+kpiar; Rw;wp tUk; NghJ
 re;jpud; jd;idj; jhNd mjd; ,Us; gFjp G+kpia Nehf;fp
Rw;wpf;nfhs;s Vwj;jho 27.3 ehs;fs; miktNj mkhthir MFk;.
vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ.  mjd; xspglh;ej
; gFjp KOikahfg;
 vdNt jhd; G+kpapypUe;J ghh;j;jhy; G+kpia Nehf;fp miktNj KOre;jpud;
re;jpudpd; xU gf;fk; kl;LNk (ngsh;zkp) MFk;.

0

]M[  za^
 njhiyNehf;fpapy; ghh;j;jhy; ,it
njhpAk;
 tpz;fw;fs; re;jpudpy; Nkhjp Nkhjp
,e;jf; Fopfs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd.
 vhpkiy ntbg;Gf;fshYk; gy Fopfs;
Vw;gl;Ls;sd.
Revolution (B u k>_)
 G+kp #hpaid ePs;tl;lg; ghijapy;
Rw;wp tUfpwJ. nghJthf
[Piy khjj;jpy; G+kp #hpaDf;F
ntFnjhiytpy; ,Uf;Fk;. [dthp
khjj;jpy; kpf mUNf ,Uf;Fk;.
••••••
AslB_
,jdhy; jhd; gUtfhyk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
vdpy; [Piy khjk; Fsph;fhykhfTk;>
[dthp khjk; Nfhilf;fhykhfTk;
mika Ntz;Lk;.
 G+kp KOtJk; xNu gUtf;fhyk;
vg;NghJk; miktjpy;iy.
 G+kpapd; Roy; mr;R G+kp #hpaidr;
Rw;wp tUk; jsj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;F
23 ½ o rha;eJ
; s;sJ.
 ,g;gb rha;thf ,Ug;gjdhYk; gUt
fhy khw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ.

 AslB_

Asl[ \A

 G+kp> Gtp> cyfk;> cyF> Qhyk; vdg;  G+kpapd; nkhj;jf; Nfhz msT 360o
gy ngah;fspy; miof;fg;gLtJ MFk;.
,e;jg; g+kpf;Nfhsk;.  epyeLf;NfhL 0o ml;rf;Nfhlhf
mikfpwJ. ,J Kf;fpa ml;rf;NfhL
 0oml;rf; Nfhl;Lf;F tlf;Nf cs;s
G+kpg;gug;ig k VD vd;gh;.
 njw;Nf G+kpg;gug;igj; >[VD
vd;gh;.

Asl[ xBV|^

 G+kpapd; fpiltrkhf my;yJ

fpof;F Nkw;fhfr; nry;Yk;
fw;gidf; Nfhl;bw;F V|
(latitude) vd;W ngah;.
 G+kpapy; nrq;Fj;jhf my;yJ njw;F
tlf;fhfr; nry;Yk; Nfhl;bw;Fj;
yV| (longitude) vd;W
ngah;.
Z[T yV|
 G+kpapd; ikaj;jpy; fpof;F Nkw;fhfr;
nry;Yk; NfhL W|V| [s yV|
(Equator) (m) G+kj;jpa Nuif  ,yz;ldpy; cs;s fPhpd;tpr; vd;fpw
,lj;jpy; xU thdtpay; Muha;r;rpf;
vdg;gLk;.
$lk; mike;Js;sJ. mjd; topNa
nry;Yk; jPh;f;ff;NfhL 0o jPh;f;ff;NfhL


 AslB_
MFk;. mijf; fphpd;tPr; jPh;f;ff;
NfhL vd;Wk; $Wth;.
23½o tl 23 ½o njd;
ml;rf;NfhL - mlrf;NfhL -
flfNuif kfuNuif
66 ½o tl 66 ½o njd;
ml;rf;NfhL - ml;rf;NfhL-
Mh;bf; tl;lk; mz;lhh;bf; tl;lk;
90 tlf;F (Gs;sp 90 njw;F
kl;Lk;) - tlJUtk; (Gs;sp kl;Lk;) -
njd;JUtk;
Asl[ c^\A
 Kjd;Kjyhf tiuglj;jpy; ml;rf;
 G+kpapd; Nkw;gFjpia cl;fUtj;NjhL
NfhL> jPhf
; f
; f;NfhLfis tiue;jth; xg;gpLk; nghOJ kpf nkypjhd
Vt Mthh;. gFjpahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 fp.gp. 2k; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j  G+kpapd; cl;gFjpahdJ Ntjpg;
fpNuf;f thdtpay; mwpQh;. nghUl;fspd; fl;likg;G kw;Wk;
gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; %d;W
 epyeLf;NfhL gFjpapy; Mz;L
mLf;Ffshfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
KOtJk; ,uTk;> gfYkhf (12 kzp
Neuk;) ,Uf;Fk;. 1. NkNyhL (Crust)
2. ftrk; (Mantle)
 flfNuif> kfuNuif> G+kj;jpa
3. fUtk; (Core) MFk;
NfhL %d;Wk; nry;Yk; fz;lk; -
\V| : (Crust)
gV
 G+kpapd; Nkw;gug;G NkNyhL my;yJ
 ,U Kf;fpa ml;rf;NfhLfs; kl;Lk;
epyf;Nfhsk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
nry;Yk; ehL- E_  fz;lj;jpd; Nky; mLf;fhdJ rpahy;
 ,e;jpahtpy; nry;Yk; Kf;fpa vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
mr;rf;NfhL - 
rpahy; - rpypf;fh + mYkpdpak;
tl[ c^\A
 flyb NkNyhL grhy;l; mLf;Ffshy;
 Gtp %d;W mLf;Ffshf my;yJ
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J E\V vd;W
xLfshf cs;sJ.
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 G+kp (cs;sikg;G) mikg;Gg; gw;wpa
rpkh - rpypf;fh + nkf;dPrpak;
Nfhl;ghl;il Kjypy; cUthf;fpath;
n WR[ Mthh;.

 AslB_

Asl[ |z^

Asl[ |z^

\V| kD kD

EBV_ kkD kkD

E\V ckD ckD

 G+kpapd; NkNyhL fz;lg;gFjpapy; kD (Mantle)

jbkdhfTk; kw;Wk; fly; gFjpapy;  ftrk; G+kpapd; NkNyhl;bw;Fk;>
nkypjhfTk; cs;sJ. fUtj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; mike;Js;sJ.
 rpahy; mLf;fhdhJ rpkh mLf;fpd;  ,f;ftrk; G+kpapd; vilapy; 83
kPJ kpje;J nfhz;L cs;sJ. rjtPjj;ij nfhz;Ls;sd. ,it gy
jl;Lfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
rpahypd; ruhrhp Mok; - 20 fp.kP  ,it fz;l efh;it cUthf;F
rpahypd; ruhrhp Mok; - 25 fp.kP fpd;wd. ,t;tLf;F 900 fp.kP mg;ghy;
 NkNyhl;bd; ruhrhp mlh;j;jp vz; 3 xNu khjphpahf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
g/cm MFk;.  ,t;tLf;fpd; Nky; gFjp
]VB vd;W miof;fg;
gLfpwJ.


 AslB_
 ,J 700 fp.kP Mok; tiu gutpf;  ntspf; fUtkhdJ jput epiyapYk;>
fhzg;gLfpwJ. cs; fUtkhdJ Rw;wpAs;s mLf;F
 ,f;ftr mLf;fpd; fPog; g
; Fjp Fok;G fspd; mOj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf
epiyiaAk; kw;Wk; nefpOk; jplepiyapYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;
jd;ikiaAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ruhrhp mlh;j;jp vz;  g/cm MFk;.
 ,jd; ruhrhp mlh;j;jp vz;  g/cm As \B z]l[ kW
MFk;.  Gtpapd; NkNyhl;bypUe;J fPo;Nehf;fpr;
kD (Core) nry;y nry;y ntg;gk; mjpfhpj;Jf;
 G+kpapd; cs; ika mLf;F fUtk; nfhz;Nl nry;fpd;wd.
my;yJ B (Barysphere) vd  Gtpapd; ikag;gFjpapy;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ntg;gepiyahdJ 5000oC ,Uf;Fk;.
 epf;fy; kw;Wk; ,Uk;G ,Ug;gjd;
B_V  s>D (Normal
fhuzkhf ,J  vdTk;
Gain Rate) : xt;nthU 32 kPl;lh;
$wg;gLfpwJ.
Moj;jpw;Fk; 1oC mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
 ,t;tLf;F G+kpapd; fhe;j tpiria
cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ. V ] :
 ,jpy; ,uz;L gphpTfs; cs;sd  NkNyhL (Crust) : 3 g / cm
1. ntspf; fUtk; 2. cl;fUtk;  ftrk; (Mantle) : 8 g / cm
 fUtk; (Core) : 12 g /cm

••••••


 >tV| 
kkVFA \uD luEm

 : TNPSC Group II >

VD : AslB_
z] : J AslB_  \^ >V ] \uD k_

VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z2 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
sV>V^^ \uD \[VzA^ gBk V >suz >BVVzD
\Vk, \Vsz c>s|D kl_ kkVFA \uD luE mBV_
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
kkVFA \uD luE mB V>m  >s|m.
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV, su
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z
>BV FD \Vkz kw|D t_V kBVzD.

gB,
kkVFA \uD luE m
 ]B AslB_

J AslB_

]BV - \^ >V

nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gJ

njhopy;Jiw kw;Wk; Ntshz; Jiwapy;
Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rpahFk;.

\^ >V w

||]Bk
1. kUj;Jteyk;
2. cly; eyk;
3. nts;sj;jLg;G
4. jP tpgj;JfspypUe;J ghJfhg;G
Nghd;wtw;wpy; Vw;gLk; Kd;Ndw;wk;
,aw;ifapy; Vw;gLk; kf;fspd; ,og;igf;
fl;LgLj;JfpwJ.
 kf;fs;njhif tsh;r;rp my;yJ
\^ >V kE ,aw;ifahf Vw;gLk; kf;fs;njhif
 cyf kf;fs;njhif 1650 Mk; Mz;L mjpfhpg;ghdJ gpwg;G tpfpjk; kw;Wk;
Rkhh; 500 kpy;ypaid vl;baJ. tpfpjj;jpidg; nghWj;Nj mikAk;.
mg;nghOJ Kjy; kf;fs;njhif
A s>D
mjpfkhf tsh;r;rpailaj;
nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; 1000
njhlq;fpaJ. cyf kf;fs;njhif
ngz;fSf;F Xh; Mz;by; gpwf;Fk;
Kjd;Kjypy; 1804 Mk; Mz;L
Foe;ijfspd; vz;zpf;if MFk;.
xU gpy;ypaid vl;baJ. 1927 Mk;
Mz;L ,uz;L gpy;ypadhf 123
A s>D
Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF mjpfhpj;jJ. nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; 1000
1950 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; kf;fs;njhif kf;fspy; Xh; Mz;by; Vw;gLk; ,wg;gpd;
tsh;r;rp njhlh;e;J mjpfhpj;Jf; vz;zpf;if MFk;.
nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ.

 ]B AslB_

\^>V kE s>D \^ >Vl[ u

 gpwg;G tpfpjj;jpw;Fk;> ,wg;G [ WBD
tpfpjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s  gpwg;G tpfpjk; ,wg;G tpfpjj;jpy;
NtWghL kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rp Vw;gl;l khw;wepiy kf;fs; njhifapy;
tpfpjk; MFk;. ,J rjtpfpjj;jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tsh;rr
; papid Vw;gLj;jp
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. As;sJ.

]BVs_ \^ >V D


 ]B AslB_

 kEB> V|[ gpwg;G \^>V ]

tpfpjk; kw;Wk; ,wg;G tpfpjk;  xU gug;gpy; cs;s kf;fspd;
Fiwthf cs;sJ. ruhrhp vz;zpf;ifia mstpLtJ
 kmkD V|[ ,wg;G MFk;. xU rJu fpNyhkPl;lUf;Fs;
tpfpjk; zkVD, gpwg;G tpfpjk; thOk; kf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia
mjpfkhfTk; ,Ug;gjhy; mjpf mstpLtJ MFk;.
kf;fs;njhif fhzg;gLfpwJ.
\^>V ]l[ E
 rpy ehLfspy; gpwg;Gfistpl
,wg;Gfs; mjpfkhfTk; my;yJ
zA^
gpwg;Gfs; kw;Wk; ,wg;Gfs; rkkhf 1. \VVV vdg;gLk; tEB
,Ug;gjhYk; kf;fs;njhif tsh;r;rp V[ \^ ] xU rJufpNyh
aB\V _m ]\l_ kPl;lUf;F 16>779 kf;fs; MFk;.
epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;. nkdhNfh kpfr;rpwpa ehlhf (1.95) rJu
 gpwg;G tpfpjk; kw;Wk; ,wg;G tpfpjk; fp.kP ,Ug;gpDk;> mjd; kf;fs; mlh;j;jp
Mfpa ,uz;LNk mjpfkhf kpfTk; mjpfkhFk;.
,Ug;gpd; kf;fs; njhif mjpfstpy; 2. kf;fs;njhif mlh;j;jp kpf mjpfkhf
tsh;r;rpailahJ. cs;s ehL kV >\VzD. ,q;F
 ,wg;G tpfpjj;jpid tpl gpwg;G 1 rJu fpNyhkPll
; Uf;F 1069 kf;fs;
tpfpjk; mjpfkhfTk; ,Ug;gpd;
tho;fpd;wdh;.
kf;fs;njhif mjpfhpf;Fk;.
3. kf;fs; njhif mlh;j;jp kpff; Fiwthf
 gpwg;G tpfpjk; FiwthfTk;> ,wg;G
tpfpjk; mjpfkhfTk; ,Ug;gpd; cs;s ehL \VoBV MFk;. ,q;F
kf;fs;njhif FiwAk;. rJu fpNyh kPl;lUf;F 1.7 kf;fs;
tho;fpd;wd.
\^>V k_ 4. ,uz;lhtJ kf;fs;njhif mlh;j;jp
 Gtpapy; > kf;fs; gutpf; fhzg;gLk;
Fiwthf cs;s ehL g]oBV
epiyapidNa kf;fs;njhifg;
MFk;. xU rJu fpNyh kPl;lUf;F 2.9
guty; vd;fpNwhk;. ,it xNu rPuhff;
kf;fisf; nfhz;L cs;sJ.
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
\^ >VlV_ k
xU ehl;bd; kf;fs; njhif
g>V[ V]A^
vz;zpf;ifia> me;ehl;bd;
gug;gstpdhy; tFj;J fzf;fpLtjd; mjpf kw;Wk; tsh;e;JtUk; kf;fl; njhif
%yk; mwpayhk;. Fiwe;j msT ts Mjhuq;fs; kPJ mjpf


 ]B AslB_

mOj;jj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. tsq;fspd; 3. ghiytdkhjy;

mjpfsT Ruz;lypd; tpisthy; gpd;tUk; 4. czTg; gw;whf;Fiw
ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gLfpwJ. 5. fdpkq;fs; jPh;e;JNghjy;
1. ePh;g;gw;whf;Fiw 6. khR Vw;gLj;Jjy;
2. fhLfspd; mopT

\^>V k_ \uD ]l V]zD V^:

Bu V^:
Bu ] ] z> ]
V^
1. Gtpj;Njhw;wk; rkkhd epyg;gug;G (,e;jpahtpd; kiyfs; (,kakiy)
fq;ifr; rkntsp)
2. fhyepiy gaph;fs; tsh;tjw;Fg; NghJ jPtpukhd fhyepiyg; gFjpfspy;
khd kioasT kw;Wk; ntg;gk; kf;fs; mlh;j;jp neUf;fkw;W
epyTk; fhyepiy kf;fs; mlh;j;jp fhzg; gLk;. v.fh. kpf mjpf
mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjw;F VJthf ntg;g Ks;s rfhuh ghiytdk;
cs;sJ. v.fh. ,e;jpah kw;Wk; mjpff; Fsph; gFjpahf
fphPd;yhe;J
3. ts Mjhuq;fs; tsq;fs; mjpfkhff; tsq;fs; Fiwthd gFjpfspy;
fhzg;gLk; kf;fs; neUf;fkw;W fhzg;gL
fpd;wdh;. v.fh. Mg;gphpf;fhtpy;
cs;s rhN`y; gFjp
\M> V^:
\M> V^ ] ] z> ]
1. murpay; epiyahd murhq;fk; cs;s epiyaw;w murhq;fk; eilngWk;
ehLfspy; kf;fs; mlh;jj
; p ehLfspypUe;J kf;fs; ,lk;
mjpfkhf cs;sJ. v.fh. ngau;e;J nry;tjhy; mlu;j;jp
rpq;fg;G+h; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
v.fh. Mg;fhdp];jhd;
2. rKjhak; jq;fs; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf kf;fs; kf;fSs; rpy $l;lq;fs; jdpj;J
FOf;fshf neUf;fkhf tho tho tpUk;Gth;. v.fh. ];fhz;b
tpUk;Gth;. v.fh. mnkhpf;f Netpah;fs;
If;fpa ehLfs;


 ]B AslB_

3. nghUshjhuk; ey;y Ntiytha;g;Gfs; Fiwthf Ntiytha;g;Gfs;

cs;s ,lq;fspy; Fwpg;ghf gFjpfspy; kf;fs; mlh;j;jpf;
nghUshjhuk; mjpfkhf Fiwthff; fhzg;gLk;. v.fh:
tsh;r;rp mile;Js;s (Kk;ig) mNkrhd; kiof; fhl;Lg;gFjpfs;.
ehLfspYs;s efuq;fspy;
kf;fslh;j;jp mjpfkhff;
fhzg;gLk;.

\uV|[xB>VOb transmission) Kjy; fl;lj;jpy;

BuV^^ ,Ue;jJ.
V|^ BuV^  mjhtJ mjpf gpwg;G tPjk;> mjpf
1. mnkhpf;f yhz;l; rhl; ,wg;G tPjk;. vdNt kf;fs; njhif
If;fpa ehLfs; tsu;r;rp FiwT.
2. gpuhd;R ];ghl;  mjpfkhd ,wg;gpdhy; jhd; 1921y;
3. nfhhpah fpl;rhl; kf;fs; njhif Fiwe;jJ.
4. rPdh ahq;fhd; VD D (192151)
 ,f;fl;lj;jpy; kf;fs; njhif tsu;r;rp
,e;jpa kf;fs; njhif tsu;r;rpapid 4
251kpypUe;J 361kp mjhtJ 110kp.
fl;lq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ. mit.
Mf cau;e;jJ.
Kjy; fl;lk; - 1891 - 1921 epiyahdJ
 kf;fspay; gz;Gfs; khWghLfspd;
2-tJ fl;lk; - 1921 - 1951 epiyahd
,uz;lhk; epiyia ,e;jpah milaj;
tsu;r;rp
njhlq;fpaJ.
3-tJ fl;lk; 1951 - 1981 mjpNtf  ,f;fl;lj;jpy; ,wg;G tpfpjk; 49/1000
tsu;r;rp ypUe;J 27/1000 Mf Fiwe;jJ.
4-tJ fl;lk; 1981 Fiwthd tsu;r;rp  ,jNdhL xg;gpLk; NghJ kf;fspd;
tpfpjk; gpwg;G tpfpjk; FiwahJ ,Ue;jJ
x>_ D vdyhk;.
 ,f;fl;lj;jpy; kf;fs; njhif 236 J[VD D (192151)
kpypUe;J 251 kpy;ypad;fshf  1951-apypUe;J kf;fs; njhif
cau;e;jJ. msthd 360kp. 1991-k; Mz;by;
,ul;bg;gpw;Fk; Nkyhfg; ngUfp 844kp
 15kp mjpfupg;G kl;LNk
MdJ.
 ,f;fl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpah kf;fspay;
khWghLfspd; (Demographic


 ]B AslB_

 kf;fspay; gz;Gfspd; khWghLfspd; 9. 2011-y; nrd;r]pd; hp[];lh; n[duy;

kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G epiyia
kw;Wk; nrd;r]; fkp\dh;: jpU.
va;jpaJ.
C.re;jpunksyp.
 tUl mjpfupg;G tPjk; 2%
 kUj;Jtj; Jiwapy; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; 10. 2011-y; ,e;jpa kf;fs;njhif
,wg;G tPjk; 27/1000 ypUe;J 10/1000 1210 kpy;ypad; (m) 1.21 gpy;ypad;
Mff; Fiwe;jJ.
(m) 121 Nfhb
 Mdhy; gpwg;G tpfpjk; kpjkhfNt
Mz;fs; - 623.7 kpy;ypad; (51.54%)
Fiwaj; njhlq;fpaJ.
ngz;fs; - 586.5 kpy;ypad; (48.46%)
 V[VD D (1981)
 gpwg;G tpfpjk; Ntfkhf Fiwe;jJ.
,wg;G tpfpjk; FiwfpwJ.
]BVs[ [ sk^
(2011)
1. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; nrd;r]; : 1872>
NkNah gpuG
2. ,e;jpahtpd; KOikf;fhd Kjy;
KOikahd nrd;r];: 1881> hpg;gd;
gpuG
3. nrd;r]; rl;lk;: 1948.
4. 2011-tJ nrd;r];: 15tJ nrd;r];
MFk;. Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg;gpd; 7tJ
nrd;r]; MFk;.
5. 2011-tJ nrd;r]; ikaf;fUj;J
‘OUR CENSUS OUR FUTURE’
6. nrd;r]; kj;jpa gl;baypy; (CENTRE
LIST) cs;sJ.
7. nrd;r]; tpjp: 246 (Article 246)
8. ,e;j nrd;r]; ,uz;L gFjpfis
cilaJ.
1. tPLfs; gw;wpaJ (House Listing and
Housing Census)
]BVs_ \^ >V k
2. kf;fs; njhif (Population
Enumeration)


 ]B AslB_

\^ D () \^ ]

(2011)
]BVs[ \] (382)
]x^ zkV \VWD
\VWD
1. gPfhh; 1. mUzhryg;gpuNjrk;
2. Nkw;Ftq;fk; 2. kpNrhuhk;
3. Nfush 3. rpf;fpk;

11. gj;jhz;L tsh;r;rp tPjk;: 17.64% - UT Nrh;j;J State + UT Nrh;j;J

(2001-2011) 1. nly;yp 1. mUzhryg;gpuNjrk;
12. cyf kf;fs; njhifapy; ,e;jpa 2. rz;bfh; 2. me;jkhd; epNfhghh;
kf;fs; njhif: 17.5% g   s>VD / Vo
13. Njrpa kf;fs;njhif nfhs;if - s>D (Sex ratio) 2011
]BVs[ (Sex ratio) (940)
2010.
]x^ \VWD zkV \VWD
\^ >V (2011)
1. Nfush (1084) 1. `hpahdh (877)
]BVs[ \^ >V
2. jkpo;ehL (995) 2. [k;K-fh\;kPh;
]x^ \VWD zkV \VWD 3. Me;jpuh (992) 3. rpf;fpk;
1.cj;jpug; gpuNjrk; 1. rpf;fk;
2. kfhuh\;buh 2. kpNrhuhk; (State + UT) (State + UT)
1. Nfush 1. lhkd;-ilA+ (618)
3. gPfhh; 3.mUzhryg; 2. ghz;br;Nrup 2. jhj;uh efh; (775)
4. Nkw;Ftq;fk; gpuNjrk; 3. jkpo;ehL 3. rz;bfh; (818)
State + UT Nrh;j;J 4. Me;jpuh 4. nly;yp (866)
1. yl;rj;jPT 
2. lhkd; kw;Wk; ilA+ ]BV \VW[ 
3. jhj;uh B \VWD EB \VWD
4. me;jkhd; 1. uh[];jhd; 1. Nfhth
2. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 2. rpf;fpk;
5. rpf;fpk; 3. kfhuh\;buh 3. jphpGuh


 ]B AslB_

_sB (2011) kVV^ \]|

]BVs[ \V> _sB (\) g^  xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j
_sB kf;fspd; tho;ehs; fhyj;ijf;
]x^ \VWD zkV \VWD fzf;fpy; nfhz;L xU egh; ruhrhp
1. kpNrhuk; 1. gPfhh; ahf thOk; fhyj;ijf; fzf;fpLtJ
2. Nfush 2. mUzhryg; MFk;.
3. jphpGuh gpuNjrk; Vo s>D
4. Nfhth 3. uh[];jhd;
(State + UT) 4. [hh;fz;l;  kf;fs;njhifapy; Xh; Mapuk;
1. kpNrhuk; 5. Me;jpuh Mz;fSf;F cs;s ngz;fspd;
2. Nfush vz;zpf;ifNa ghypd tpfpjkhFk;.
3. ,yl;rj;jPT jkpo;ehl;by; jh;kGhp khtl;lk; (946)
4. jphpGuh
kpff;Fiwe;j ghypd tpfpjk; MFk;.
5. Nfhth
k s>D
zw>^ VoD zw> VoD  Ie;J tajpw;F cl;lgl;l Foe;ijfspd;
(06kBm) (06 kBm) vz;zpf;iff;Fk;> gjpide;J Kjy;
]x^ \VWD zkV \VWD ehw;gj;jp Ie;J tiuAs;s (,d
1. kpNrhuk; (971) 1. `hpahdh (830) tpUj;jpf;fhd taJ) ngz;fSf;Fk;
2. Nkfyhah (970) 2. gQ;rhg; (846) ,ilNaAs;s tpfpjj;ij Mapuk;
3. rl;b];fh; (864) 3. [k;K - fh\;kPh;
NgUf;F vdf; fzf;fpLtNj fUts
(859)
V A s>D tpfpjkhFk;. jkpo;ehl;bd; fUts
 Mapuk; kf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; tpfpjk; 2 MFk;.
capUld; gpwe;j Foe;ijfspd;  kfsph; Racjtpf;FO jkpofj;jpy;
vz;zpf;ifNa fr;rh gpwg;G tpfpj 1989-k; Mz;L jh;kGhp
khFk;. khtl;lj;jpy; jhd; Kjd; Kjypy;
V A s>D njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
 Mapuk; kf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy;  ghypdr; rkj;Jtk; vd;gNj Xh;
caph; ,oe;jth;fspd; vz;zpf;ifNa ,yf;F vd;gij If;fpa ehl;Lr;
fr;rh ,wg;G tpfpjkhFk;. rigapd Kd;dhs; nrayhsh; ghd;
zw> A s>D fP %d; $wpdhh;.
 Xh; Mz;by; gpwe;j Mapuk; Foe;ij
fspy; xU tajpw;Fs; ,we;j Foe;ij
fspd; vz;zpf;ifNa Foe;ij ,wg;G
tpfpjkhFk;.
••••••