Modern Automotive Technology

CHAPTER (8)
FASTENERS, GASKETS, SEALS AND SEALENTS

'Dtcef;udk avhvmNyD;aemufrSm em;vnfoabmaygufvmrnfhtaMumif;t&mawGuawmh

 um;rSmtoHk;NyKwJh bkwfewfuJhodkh Fasteners awG b,fvdktoHk;NyKvJ em;vnfvmygrnf/
 Fasteners awGudk a&G;cs,ftoHk;NyKwwfvmygrnf/
 Gasket, seals and sealants awGudk NzKwfwmawG? a&G;cs,fNyD; toHk;NyKwmawG em;vnfvmygrnf/
 Gasket, seals and sealants awGudk toHk;NyKwJhtcg tNccHvdkufem&rnf tEÅ&m,fuif;&Sif;a&;awG vdkuf
emvkyfaqmifwwfvmygrnf/

Fastener qdkwm pufrSkenf; (bkwfewf? uvpf)awGNzihfvnf;aumif;? "mwkenf; (aumfuyfNcif;)awG

Nzifh vnf;aumif; puffrSkypönf;awGudk aygif;pyfwnfaqmufNcif; Nzpfygonf/
um;NyKNyifolawGonf Fastener aygif;pHk? *pfpuwfawG? seals awGESifh sealant awGudk toHk;NyKxdawGh
ae&ygonf/ tJh'gawGtoHk;rNyKyJ tpdwftydkif;ESpfckudk aygif;pyfvdkh&rSm r[kwfygbl;/

8.1. Fasteners
Fastenerqdkwm um;&Jhtpdwftydkif;awGudk wpfckESifhwpfckaygif;pyfum wnfaqmuf&ef toHk;NyKaom
ypönf;awG Nzpfygonf/ um;wpfpD;rSm axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom owÅKESifh yvyfpwpfawG yg&Sdygonf/

yHk(8-1) ypönf;ESpfckudk wGJpyfay;wJhrnfonfht&mrqdk Fastener vdkhowfrSwfygonf/

8.1.1. Bolts and Nuts

bkwfacsmif;qdkwm owÅKacsmif;wGif wpfzufrSm t&pfawG&pfxm;NyD; tNcm;wpfzufrSm bkwfacgif;yg
wmudk ac:ygonf/ bkwfacsmif;udk ewfNzifhwGJum toHk;NyK&ygonf/ ewfqdkwmu twGif;&pf&pfxm;aom aNcmuf
aNrSmifhygwJht&mNzpfygonf/ bkwfewfNzifhwGJumwyfqifygu tawmfudk cdkifcefhvSygonf/

yHk(8-2) bkwfewfNzifhwGJumwyfqifygu tawmfudk

cdkifcefhvSygonf/ *wfpuwfawG? 0g&SmawGvnf; twlw
uG toHk;NyKMuygonf/

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 Modern Automotive Technology
um;wGif bkwfewfawGudk toHk;NyKaomae&mudkvdkufNyD; ac:wJhemrnfawG uGJNym;ygonf/ tif*sifb
avmufay:rSm qvif'g[wfESifhwGJpyfzdkh toHk;NyKaombkwfewfawGudk Cylinder Head Bolt vdkhac:ygonf/ tif*sif
uGefwyfwD;a&mhrSm&SdwJh bkwfewfawGudk Connecting rod bolt vdkhac:ygonf/

8.1.2. Bolt and Nut Terminology

bkwfewfawGonf t&G,ftpm;rsdK;pHk? *&dwfrsdK;pHkESifh o&uf&pfrsdK;pHk &Sdygonf/ tJh'DrwlwmawGudk
&if;ESD; usGrf;0ifzdkh vdktyfvSygonf/

yHk(8-3) bkwfewfawGrSmvnf;
Customary System ESifh rufx&pfpepfqdk
NyD; ESpfrsdK;&Sdygonf/ aemufvmwJhum;awG
rSmawmh rufx&pfpepfudkyJ toHk;NyKvmMu
wmudk awGh&ygonf/

 Bolt size – bkwfacsmif;t&G,ftpm;qdkwm bkwfacsmif;udk t&pf&pfxm;wJhae&m&JhtNyifzuf tcsif;Nzpfygonf/

 Bolt head size – bkwfacgif;&JhaNcmufaNrSmifhwGif tNydKifNzpfaeaomtydkif;udkwdkif;wmNyD; pyefemqdkufeJhtwlwlyif
Nzpfygonf/
 Bolt length - bkwfacsmif;t&Snfudk bkwfacgif;uae bkwfacsmif;tqHk;txdwdkif;wmygonf/
 Thread pitch – o&uf&pfwGifvnf; ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm;&Sdygonf/ Customary System wGif wpfvufrwGif &pfxm;
aomt&pfta&twGuf (Threads per inch) Nzifhwdkif;wmNyD; rufx&pfpepfwGif o&uf&pfwpfckESifhwpfcktMum;
u tuGmtao;udk wdkif;wmowfrSwfygonf/

8.1.3. Thread Types

taNccHtm;Nzifh o&uf&pftrsdK;tpm;oHk;rsdK;&Sdygonf/
 Coarse threads (UNC-Unified National Coarse)
 Fine threads (UNF-Unified National Fine)
 Metric threads (SI) wdkh
Nzpfygonf/
bkwfewfawGrSm nm&pfESifhb,f&pfqdkNyD; ESpfrsdK;&Sdygonf/ nm&pfudkyJ toHk;trsm;qHk; Nzpfygonf/
b,f&pfudk roHk;oavmufygyJ/

8.1.4. Bolt Grade

bkwf*&dwfqdkwm bkwfacsmif;&JhpGrf;tm;Nzpfygonf/ Bolt’s strength udk tensile strength udk wdkif;wm
ygonf/ Tensile strength qdkwm bkwfewfwpfpHkudk qGJwJhtcg MudK;NywfroGm;ciftxd&SdaeaompGrf;tm; Nzpfyg
onf/ bkwfawGudk rwlnDaomowÅKawGeJhvkyfxm;wmaMumifh wcsdKhu ydkNyD;awmifhwif;cdkifrmygonf/
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 Modern Automotive Technology
Tensile strength awGuvnf; trsdK;rsdK;aNymif;vJEdkifygonf/ Bolt head making udk grade making vdkh
vJac:NyD; bkwf&Jh Tensile strength awGudk owfrSwfygonf/ Customary System bkwfwGif bkwfacgif;ü trSwf
vdkif;awGyg&SdNyD; vdkif;rsm;ygu ydkNyD;cdkifrmawmifhwif;ygonf/ rufx&pfbkwfwGif eHygwfwyfxm;ygonf/
eHygwfMuD; avav ydkNyD;cdkifrmawmifhwif;av Nzpfygonf/
Warning
High grade steel bolt ae&mrSm low grade steel bolt Nzifh b,fawmhrS tpm;xdk; toHk;rNyKygeJh/ tm;enf;wJh
bkwfacsmif;awGu ysufpD;vG,fygonf/

8.1.5. Bolt Description

Bolt Description qdkwm bkwftaMumif;tao;pdwfaz:Nyxm;wJh pmaMumif;wdkav; Nzpfygonf/ bkwf
acsmif;topf0,fygu tJh'D Bolt Description twdkif; 0,f&ygrnf/

yHk(8-4) Bolt Description qdkwm bkwftaMumif;tao;pdwfaz:Nyxm;wJh pmaMumif;wdkav; Nzpfygonf/

8.1.6. Nut Types

um;wGif toHk;NyKaom ewftrsdK;rsdK; &Sdygonf/ ewfawGudk &if;ESD;atmif avhvmxm;oifhygonf/
slotted nut or castle nut udk safety twGuf cotter pin NzifhwGJum toHk;NyKygonf/ tJhvdktoHk;NyKwJhtwGuf ewf
uaemufudkvnfNyD;xGufvmwmrsdK; rNzpfawmhygbl;/

yHk(8-5) um;wGif toHk;NyKaom ewftrsdK;rsdK;udk awGh&yHk

yHk(8-6) cotter pin Nzifh bkwfacsmif;wGif taygufazmufxm;aom tayguftwGif;xnfhum toHk;NyKwmaMumifh

ewf u aemufbufudkvnfum xGufvmwmrsdK; rNzpfawmhygbl;/
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 Modern Automotive Technology
Self-locking nut onf bkwaf csmif;(odkh) Stud bkwfwGifwyfaomtcg bkwf&Jht&pfESifh ewf&JhtwGif;&pf
awGu NyefrvnfEdkifatmif friction fit Nzpfaeygonf/ tcsdKhewfawGrSm twGif;zufwGif yvyfpwpfxnfhay;xm;wm
rsdK; &Sdygonf/ 'Dvdk Self-locking nut udk NzKwfNyD;ygu topftpm;xdk;zdkh vdktyfygonf/
Jum ewfqdkwm ygvTmaomewftrsdK;tpm;NzpfNyD; ewftMuD;udk vnfrxGufatmif xdef;xm;ay;zdkh
toHk; NyKygonf/ Jum ewfudk ydkNyD;Muyfay;&ygonf/
Wing ewfqdkwm NzKwfvdkhwyfvdkhvG,fulatmif ewf&Jhtay:zufrSm vufvSnfhvdkh&atmif aocsm'DZdkif;
xkwfum awmifyHvdk vufudkifESpfckyg&Sdygonf/ tJh'grsdK;ewfawGudk rMumcP tNzKwftwyfvkyf&wJhae&mawGrSm
toHk;NyKygonf/ Oyrm/ /avppfvdkae&mrsdK;awGrSm Wing ewfudk toHk;NyKygonf/
Acorn ewfqdkwm wpfzufydwfyg&SdaomewfNzpfNyD; t&pfawGtwGif; a&awG? tnpftaMu;awG r0ifap
&ef umuG,fay;xm;ygonf/
txl;pyg,f&S,fewfawGvnf; toHk;NyKygonf/ wcsdKhewfawGrSm 0g&SmyHkpHyg yg&Sdatmif NyKvkyfxm;um
ewfudk toHk;wmeJh 0g&Sm&Jhtvkyfygvkyfay;wJhewfrsdK;vnf; &Sdygonf/ tJhvdkewfrsdK;udk yg;vTmNyD; ewfu Muyftm;udk
nDrQaeap&ef toHk;NyKygonf/

8.1.7. Washers
0g&SmawGudk bkwfacgif;ESifhewfawGtMum;wGif xnfhNyD; toHk;NyKygonf/ flat washer ESifh lock washer
qdkNyD; taNccHtm;Nzifh ESpfrsdK;toHk;NyKygonf/ flat washer udk bkwfewfawGu zdxm;onfhae&mudk us,fNyefhzdkh
toHk; NyKygonf/ lock washer udk wkefcgrSkaMumifh? wif;tm;awGaMumifh bkwfewfawG acsmifrvmap&ef
toHk;NyKygonf/ lock taps or lock plates awGudk toHk;NyKygu lock washer uJhodkh tvkyfvkyfay;ygonf/

yHk(8-7) 0g&SmawGudk EdSkif;,SOfavhvmMunhfyg/

8.1.8. Machine Screws

Machine screw qdkwm bkwfacsmif;uJhodkh yHkpHwlNyD; screw-type head awG yg&Sdygonf/ t&pfawGudk
tqHk;txd&pfxm;ygonf/ Machine screw awGudk tm;enf;enf;om vdktyfwJhae&mawGrSm toHk;NyKygonf/ acgif;
awGuawmh trsdK;rsdK;&Sdygonf/

8.1.9. Sheet Metal Screws

Sheet Metal Screws or tapping screw awGudk yvyfpwpfvdkh yg;vTmaomowÅKNym;vdk ae&mawGrSm
toHk;NyKygonf/

yHk(8-8) Sheet Metal Screws

8.1.10. Nonthreaded Fasteners

Nonthreaded Fasteners qdkwm t&pfrygwJh Fasteners awGNzpfNyD; trsdK;tpm;awG trsm;MuD; &Sdyg
onf/ Oyrm/ /snap rings and adhesive awGudk um;wGif toHk;rsm;ygonf/

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8.1.10.1. Snap Rings
Snap Rings qdkwm &SyfawG? b,f,m&ifawG? *D,mawG? pin awGESifh tNcm;pufypönf;awGrSm aNrmif;t
wGif;xnfhum toHk;NyKygonf/ Snap Rings awGudk NzKwfzdkhwyfzdkh yvm&mudk toHk;NyK&ygonf/ Snap Rings Plier
wGif Snap Ring udk udkifwG,fzdkh aocsmNyKvkyfxm;wJh special jaw awG yg&Sdygonf/

yHk(8-9) Snap Rings rSmvnf; tNyifoHk;ESifh twGif;oHk;

ESpfrsdK;&Sdygonf/ yHkwGif b,fbufyHku External snap
ring udk Nyxm;NyD; nmbufyHku Internal snap ring udk
Nyxm;ygonf/

8.1.10.2. Keys and Set Screws

*D,mawG? ylvDawGudk &SyfrSm wyfqifwJhtcgrSm keyway ESifh keyseat awG aNrmif;az:um wyfqifwJht
cgrSm key udk xnfhoGif;wnfaqmufygonf/ tJh'DuD;u *D,mawGudk &Syfacsmif;ay:rSm vnfxGufroGm;apyJ
*D,mESifh &Syfudk wGJNyD;vnfap&ef toHk;NyKygonf/ Set screw udk &Syfacsmif;ay:rSm pufypönf;udk wyfqifwJhtcgrSm
toHk;NyK ygonf/ twGif;rSm uD;xnfhay;p&m rvdktyfawmhyg/ Set screw udk twGif;aNcmufaNrSmifhacgif;Nzifh
NyKvkyfum Allen wrench Nzifh tNzKwftwyfvkyf&ygonf/

yHk(8-10) key ESifh Set screw udk

&Syfacsmif;ay:rSm pufypönf;udk wyfqifwJhtcgrSm
toHk;NyKygonf/
8.1.10.3. Splines
Splineqdkwm &Syfwpfacsmif;ay:rSm aNrmif;awGxGif;xm;NyD; wGJzuftoHk;NyKrnfhpufypönf;udkvnf; t
wGif;aNrmif;awG az:xm;um wGJzuftoHk;NyK&ygonf/ Spline &Jhaumif;usdK;uawmh &Syfay:rSm
qvdkufaNy;Edkifygonf/ Spline awGudk *D,maAmufawG? uvyfawGESifh drive shaft yokes awGrSm toHk;NyKygonf/

yHk(8-11) Spline &Jhaumif;usdK;uawmh

&Syfay:rSm qvdkufaNy;Edkifygonf/

8.1.10.4. Adhesives
Adhesive qdkwm um;wGif aumfuyfNyD; wGJpyfwJhae&mawGrSm toHk;NyKwmudk qdkvdkygonf/ tcsdKhaumf
awGonf puúefhydkif;ESifh aNcmufoGm;aomfvnf; tcsdKhaumfawGonf aNcmufzdkh em&DeJhcsDNyD; apmifh&ygonf/ aumfawG
Nzifh tvkyfvkyfr,fqdk&if nTefMum;xm;wJh Safety Precaution awGudk vdkufem&ygrnf/
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8.2. Torquing Bolts and Nuts
bkwfewfawGudk aocsmMuyfzdkh ta&;MuD;ygonf/ tJhvdkMuyfwmudk Torquing vdkhac:ygonf/ ydkNyD;Muyf
vdkuf&if bkwfacsmif;usdK;oGm;Edkifygonf/ o&uf&pfawG NyKef;oGm;apygonf/ avsmhNyD;Muyfyguvnf; bkwfewfawG
acsmifum NyKwfxGufukefEdkifygonf/ tJhvdkacsmifxGufvmygu bkwfewfawG? *wfpuwfawGudk ysufpD;apygonf/
um;xkwfvkyfolawGu b,fae&mqdk b,favmuftm;eJhMuyf&r,fqdkwmudk aocsmnTefMum;xm;yg
onf/ tJh'Dtwdkif;Muyfzdkh vdktyfygonf/

yHk(8-12) Bolt torque chart udk tMurf;avhvm

Edkifygonf/ um;xkwfvkyfolawGay:rlwnfNyD;
aNymif;vJEdkifygonf/ torque value onf bkwf
t&G,ftpm;ESifh trsdK;tpm;ay:rlwnfaNymif;vJ
ygonf/

Service manual awGrSm b,ftpdwftydkif;udk b,favmuftm;NzifhMuyf&r,fqdkwmudk tao;pdwfaz:

Nyavh&SdNyD; torque-to-yield processes Nzifh NyefNyD; reassembly vkyf&ygonf/ torque-to-yield processes qdkwm
owfrSwfxmonfhMuyftm;tNyif aemufxyf'D*&Db,favmufMuygqdkwmudk qdkvdkygonf/ torque wrench ESifh
socket Mum;rSm degree wheel adapter xnfhNyD; toHk;NyKygu 'D*&Dudk twdtusMuyfay;Edkifygonf/ tJhvdkMuyfay;
Ncif;Nzifh rSefuefwJh yield point udk a&mufapygonf/
Torque stretch qdkwm bkwfacsmif;udk Muyfvdkh aNymif;vJoGm;wJhbkwfacsmif;t&Snf Nzpfygonf/ bkwf
wpfacsmif;udk rMuyfrD bkwfacsmif;t&Snfudk wdkif;wmxm;&NyD; owfrSwfxm;wJhtm;NzifhMuyfNyD;ygu bkwfacsmif;t
&Snfudk xyfNyD; wdkif;wm&ygonf/ t&rf;&SnfxGufvmygu bkwfacsmif;tm;aysmhwmudk Nyygonf/ vHkavmufwJht
&SnfrxGufyguvnf; o&uf&pfawGraumif;wmudk Nyygonf/

8.2.1. Bolt Torquing Sequence

qdkwm bkwfawGMuyfonfhtcg nDnDrQrQMuyfEdkif&ef rQNyD; MuyfapwJhoabm
Bolt Torquing Sequence
Nzpfygonf/ MuyfonfhpepfrrSefuefygu ,dkpdrfhrSkawG Nzpfapwwfygonf/ xdkaMumifh Muyfonfhtcg
owfrSwfxm;wJh enf;vrf;twdkif;Muyfzdkh vdktyfygonf/

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yHk(8-13) crisscross patten enf;vdkhac:NyD;

bkwfewfMuyfonfhtcg owfrSwfxm;wJhenf;
twdkif;Muyfoifhygonf/

8.2.2. Using a Torque Wrench

Torque wrench wpfckudk toHk;NyKNyD;MuyfwJhtcg atmufygpnf;urf;awGudk vdkufemaqmif&Guf oifhyg
onf/
 Torque wrench NzifhMuyfonfhtcg Nznf;Nznf;csif; Muyfyg/ NrefNrefqefqefqGJMuyfwmrsdK;udk a&Smifyg/
 o&uf&pfawGudk oefh&Sif;aeygap/
 NzpfEdkifr,fqdk&if swivel joint udk a&SmifNyD;oHk;yg/ Torque wrench &JhwdusrSkudk avsmhapygonf/
 Torque wrench ay:upau;udk MunfhwJhtcg wnfhwnfhMunfhyg/ apGapmif;Munfhygu zwfwm rSm;Edkifyg
onf/
 um;xkwfvkyfolawGu nTefMum;xm;wJh Specification r&Sdygu general torque chart udk Munfhyg/
 um;xkwfvkyfolawGu nTefMum;xm;wJh Torque patten r&Sdygu general crisscross patten udk Munfhyg/
 Torque wrench udk vlbufudkom qGJMuyf&ygrnf/
 bkwfewfawGudk Muyfonfhtcg av;MudrfMuyf&ygrnf/ yxrqHk; Torque value &Jhwpf0ufMuyfyg/ 'kwd,
av;yHkoHk;yHkMuyfyg/ wwd,ESifh pwkw¬udk Torque value tNynfh ESpfMudrfMuyfay;yg/
 vdktyfwJhae&mawGrSm NyefMuyfay;&ygonf/ cylinder head, intake manifold and exhaust manifold
awGudk tif*sifvnfywfNyD; vnfywfrSkESifhtylaMumifh aNymif;vJoGm;EdkifwmaMumifh xyfNyD;
Muyfay;&ygonf/

8.3. Thread Repairs

o&uf&pfawGysufpD;wJhtcgrSm NyefNyifay;&ygonf/ um;NyifolawGonf o&uf&pfysufpD;wmrsdK;udk
vG,fulvsifNrefpGm NyKNyifwwf&ygonf/

8.3.1. Monor Thread Reapirs

omrmefo&uf&pfysufpD;wmrsdK;udk Thread chaser udk toHk;NyKNyD; Nyif&ygonf/ Thread chaser onf
o&uf&pfawG&Jh tNyifbuft&pfawGESifh twGif;buft&pfawGudk oefh&Sif;ay;um enf;enf;yg;yg;ysufpD;wmudk Nyef
aumif;atmif NyifEdkifygonf/

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yHk(8-14) omrmefo&uf&pfysufpD;wmrsdK;udk Thread

chaser udk toHk;NyKNyD; Nyif&ygonf/

8.3.2. Major Thread Reapirs

o&uf&pfawG qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm;ysufpD;aeygu tap or die Nzifh Nyif&ygonf/ tap qdkwm twGif;&pfawGudk
NyifzdkhNzpfNyD; die qdkwm tNyif&pfawGudk NyifzdkhNzpfygonf/

yHk(8-15) o&uf&pfawG qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm;ysuf

pD;aeygu tap or die Nzifh Nyif&ygonf/

tap or die udk pyg,f&S,f[ef',frSmwyfum NyKNyifrnfhypönf;ESifh axmifhrSefus vkyfaqmifay;&ygonf/

90 'D*&DavmufvSnfhNyD;&if Muyfaeygu aemufNywfvSnfhum qGJxkwfNyD; oefh&Sif;a&;vkyf&ygrnf/ tJhvdk
oefh&Sif;ay; Ncif;Nzifh owÅKpawGudk z,f&Sm;ay;&ygonf/ Nznf;Nznf;csif;vSnfhum NyefxkwfNyD;
oefh&Sif;a&vkyfumNzihf tvkyfNyD; atmif qufvkyfoGm;&ygonf/

yHk(8-16) tap or die udk pyg,f&S,f[ef',frSmwyfum

NyKNyifrnfhypönf;ESifh axmifhrSefus vkyfaqmifay;&ygonf/
aemufudk NyefvSnfhxkwfum oefh&Sif;ay;&ygonf/

8.3.2.1. Tap and Die Rules

 Tap handle udk tvGeftrif;rvSnfhygeJh/ Tap usdK;oGm;wwfygonf/
 Tap & die udk qDokwfvdrf;um odrf;qnf;&ygrnf/
 taygufESifh Tap t&G,ftpm;ukd rSefatmiftoHk;NyKyg/
 rSefuefwJho&ufudk toHk;NyKyg/ vdktyfygu Thread gauge Nzifh t&ifwdkif;Munfhyg/
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8.3.2.2. Tapping Oversize
Thread chaser or tap awGeJhNyifvdkhr&avmufatmif ysufpD;aeygu tayguftopfxyfazmuf&ygrnf/
rSefuefwJh drill bit ESifh tap size udk odzdkh atmufygZ,m;udk toHk;NyKEdkifygonf/ Oyrmtm;Nzifh 27/64” qdk&if ½”
coarse tap udk toHk;NyK&ygrnf/ yxr rlvtaygufxuf wqifhMuD;wJhtayguft&G,ftpm;udk taygufazmufyg/
NyD;&if rSefuefwJh tap size Nzifh t&pf&pfyg/ o&uf&pfxm;wJhtaygufrSm ydkNyD;MuD;wJhbkwfacsmif;udk wyfEdkifygonf/

yHk(8-17) tap drill chart uae b,ftaygufqdkufqdk&if b,fwufudktoHk;NyK&rvJ &SmazGEdkifygonf/

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8.3.2.3. Thread Repair Insert
Thread Repair Insert udk taygufus,faeNyD; bkwfo&uf&pfNzifh rudkufygu xnfhoGif; toHk;NyKyg
onf/ Insert onf ysufpD;oGm;aomtwGif;&pfae&mrSm ae&m,lNyD; rlvbkwfacsmif;qdkufESifh udkufnDapygonf/
Thread Repair Insert udk toHk;NyK&ef yxrqHk; Insert xkwfvkyfolawGnTefMum;onfhtwdkif; tayguf
azmufyg/ tap Nzifh t&pf&pfyg/ aemufqHk; Insert udk &pfNyD;xnhfay;yg/ Insert onf
ysufpD;oGm;aomo&uf&pfae&m rSm tpm;0ifum ae&m,lay;ygonf/

yHk(8-18) ysufpD;aeaomtwGif;&pfudk Insert xnfhNyD;

NyKNyifyHk

8.3.2.4. Removing Damaged Fasteners

um;NyifolawGonf aqG;aNrhysufpD;aewJh bkwfewfuJhodkh fastener awGudk z,f&Sm;zdkh vdktyfygonf/
wduswJhwl;awGESifh wduswJhenf;vrf;awGNzifh z,f&Sm;enf;awG az:Nyvdkufygonf/
 Locking pliers enf;vrf;Nzifh qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm;ysufpD;aeaombkwfewfawGudk z,f&Sm;zdkh toHk;NyKygonf/

 Stud Puller or Stud Remover enf;vrf;Nzifh Stud or bolt awGudk z,f&Sm;&mwGif tohk;NyKygonf/

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 Modern Automotive Technology

yHk(8-19) usdK;usefaecJhaom
bkwfacsmif;udk z,fxkwfenf;
trsdK;rsdK;udk az:Nyxm;ygonf/
 tcsdKhusdK;NywfoGm;wJhbkwfacsmif;awGu nSyfNyD;vSnfhp&m bmrSrusefawmhwmrsdK;awG &Sdwwfygonf/ tJh'g
rsdK;qdk&if 'dkif;vTeJhaNrmif;azmfNyD; NzKwfEdkifovdk tNcm;bkwfacsmif;wpfckudk 0&defaqmfNyD; vSnfhNzKwfwmrsdK;awG
vkyf&ygonf/
 wcgw&H usdK;usefaewJh bkwfacsmif;udk aqmufoGm;eJhwludk toHk;NyKNyD; vSnfh&dkufum NzKwfwmrsdK;
&Sdygonf/
 Screw extractor udk toHk;NyKNyD;vnf; twGif;ydkif;rSm usdK;usefcJhwJhbkwfacsmif;udk xkwfEdkifygonf/
 wcsdKhusawmh usdK;usefaecJhwJhbkwfacsmif;udk taygufazmufum z,f&Sm;ypfwmrsdK;vnf; &Sdygonf/

yHk(8-20) Screw extractor udk toHk;NyKNyD;

usdK;usefaecJhaom bkwfacsmif;udk z,fxkwfyHk

Tech Tip
twGif;&pf&pfaepOf Tap usdK;oGm;ygu oHacsmif;ESpfacsmif; (odkh) cotter pin tydkif;eSpfckudk xnfhum ESpfydkif;vHk;
udk NyefxkwfEdkifygonf/ yHk(8-21)udk Munfhyg/

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 Modern Automotive Technology

yHk(8-21) twGif;&pf&pfaepOf Tap usdK;oGm;yg

u oHacsmif;ESpfacsmif; (odkh) cotter pin tydkif;
eSpfckudk xnfhum ESpfydkif;vHk;udk NyefxkwfEdkifyg
onf/
8.3.2.5. Rust Penetrant
Rust Penetrant qdkwm oHaMu;awGudk z,fxkwfay;wJh "mwkaq;&nfwpfrsdK; Nzpfygonf/ NzKwfzdkh cuf
cJaom bkwfewfawGudk "mwkaq;&nfNzef;ay;Ncif;Nzifh oHaMu;awGz,f&Sm;um bkwfewfawGudk tvG,fwul NzKwf
Edkifygonf/ rNzKwfcif q,frdepfavmufMudKNyD; Nzef;ay;xm;ygu NzKwfwJhtcg tvGefvG,fulapygonf/

yHk(8-22) oHaMu;wufaeaombkwfewfawGudk "mwkaq;&nf

wpfrsdK;Nzef;umNzKwfygu bkwfacsmif;rusdK;apyJ tvG,fwul
NzKwfEdkifygonf/

8.4. Gaksets and Seals

Gaksets and Seals awGudk tpdwftydkif;ESpfcktMum;wGif wyfqiftoHk;NyKNyD; tif*sif0dkif? ul;vefh?
transmission oil ESifhtNcm;t&nfawG r,dkpdrfhap&eftwGuf Nzpfygonf/ *wfpuwfESifhqD;awGudk toHk;NyKwwfzdkh
pnf;urf;tcsdKhudk vdkufemaqmif&Gufoifhygonf/ tu,fí *wfpuwfESifhqD;awGudk aocsmvHkatmif rvkyfygu t
Ncm;oufrSkypönf;awGudkyg ysufpD;apygonf/

8.4.1. Gaksets
*wfpuwfwpfckonf aysmhaysmif;NyD; flexible Nzpfaom material Nzifh NyKvkyfxm;um tpdwftydkif;ESpfck
tMum;wGif r,dkpdrfhap&eftwGuf toHk;NyKygonf/ *wfpuwfawGudk zdkufbm? &mbm? neoprene (synthetic
rubber), cork, treated paper or thin steel awGNzifh NyKvkyfygonf/
tpdwftydkif;ESpfcktMum;wGif *wfpuwfwyfNyD; bkwfewfawGudkMuyfvdkuf&if *wfpuwfonf
tzdcH&NyD; Nym;oGm;ygonf/ tJh'Dzdtm;u *wfpuwf material Nzifh rsufESmNyifESpfcktMum;rSm NynfhoGm;NyD;
vHkoGm;apygonf/

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 Modern Automotive Technology

yHk(8-23) *wfpuwfonf wnfNidrfaeaom tpdwft

ydkif;ESpfcktMum;wGif vHkapzdkhNzpfNyD; qD;onf a&Ghvsm;ae
aomtpdwftydkif;awGtMum;wGif vHkap&ef
Nzpfygonf/
8.4.2. Using Gaksets
*wfpuwfudk toHk;NyKonfhtcg disassembly rvkyfcifrSm vHkrvHkppfaq;&ygrnf/ ,dkpdrfhrSk&Sdygu NzKwf
NyD; rsufESmNyifESpfckvHk;udk aocsmpGm ppfaq;&ygrnf/ NzKwfpOfrSm pufypönf;rsufESmNyifawGudk ysufpD;rSk? yGef;wdkufrSk
awG rNzpfatmif *&kpdkuf&ygonf/ Ncpf&myGef;&mawGu enf;enf;av;yifNzpfapumrl ,dkpdrfhwwfygonf/ *wfpuwf
awGESifh tvkyfvkyfwJhtcg atmufygpnf;urf;awGudk vdkufemoifhygonf/
1) *wfpuwfta[mif;udk oefh&Sif;ypf&ygrnf/ *wfpuwfta[mif;uae uyfNyD;usefcJhwJhtydkif;tpawGudk
Ncpf csoefh&Sif;ypf&ygrnf/ tvlrDeD,rfrsdK;qdk&if *&kwpdkufoefh&Sif;&ygonf/ aysmhaysmif;aomowÅKawGu
ysuf pD;vG,fygonf/ Scraper ESifh 0g,mb&yfawGNzifh Ncpf&mwGif Nznf;Nznf;csif; vkyfaqmif&ygrnf/
2) Solvent Nzifh aq;aMumNyD;aNcmufatmifvkyfyg/ rsufESmNyifoefh&Sif;ap&ef t0wfNzifh okwfyg/
3) *wfpuwftopfNzifh rsufESmNyifudk udkufnDrSk&Sdr&Sd ppfaq;yg/ taygufawG? rsufESmNyifawG udkufnDrSk&Sdae&
ygrnf/
4) vdktyf&if Sealer udk toHk;NyKyg/
5) *wfpuwfudk rsufESmNyifESpfckMum;rSmxnfhNyD; bkwfewfawGudk vufNzifh Muyfyg/
6) bkwfewfawGMuyfonfhtcg crisscross tightening procedure twdkif;Muyfyg/

Tech Tip
aemufqHk;ay:um;awGrSm fiber or treated paper *wfpuwftpm; synthetic rubber O-ring *wfpuwfudk
tpm; xdk; toHk;NyKvmygonf/ tJh'D*wfpuwftopfwGif tvHk;yHkpH? D-shaped, or old-shaded yHkpHNzifh
NyKvkyfxm;yg onf/ onfvdk*wfpuwfrsdK;wyfwJhtcgrSm xkwfvkyfolawG&Jh nTefMum;csuftwdkif;
wyfqifoifhygonf/ yHk(8-23) udk Munfhyg/

yHk(8-24) aemufq
ring *wfpuwfudk
uwfwyfzdkh aNr
*wfpuwf udk xn

8.4.3. Sealers
pufypönf;tpdwftydkif;awG NyefwyfqifwJhtcg *wfpuwfudk xdef;ay;xm;zdkh sealer udk toHk;NyK&yg
onf/ sealer awGuvnf; trsdK;tpm;trsm;MuD; &Sdygonf/

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 Modern Automotive Technology
Hardening sealer awGudk fittings ESifh Threads awGudk wyfqifwJhtcg rnDnmwJhae&mawGudk
Nznfhum wyfqif&ef toHk;NyKygonf/ tylESifh"mwkt&nfawGudk cHEdkif&nf&Sdygonf/
Nonhardening sealer awGudk cover plates, flanges, threads ESifh hose connection awGrSm
toHk;NyKyg onf/ Shellac sealer onf Nonhardening sealer trsdK;tpm;NzpfNyD; fiber gasket awGESifhwGJum
toHk;NyKygonf/ Sealer awGudk toHk;rNyKcifrSm um;xkwfvkyfolawG&Jh nTefMum;csufudk avhvmoifhygonf/

yHk(8-25) Sealer trsdK;tpm;awGudk az:Nyxm;ygonf/

8.4.3.1. Form-in-Place Gaskets
Form-in-Place *wfpuwfawGudk fiber or rubber *wfpuwfawGtpm; toHk;NyKEdkifygonf/
trsdK;tpm; ESpfrsdK;&SdNyD; Room Temperature Vulcanizing (RTV) sealer ESifh Anaerobic sealer wkdh Nzpfygonf/
Form-in-Place *wfpuwfawGudk a&G;cs,fwJhtcg um;xkwfvkyfolawG&Jh nTefMum;csufudk avhvmoifh
ygonf/ Sealer awGudk rxnfhcifrSm pufypönf;rsufESmNyifawGudk oefh&Sif;awmufaNymifaeatmif uyfaewJh tnpf
taMu;tm;vHk;udk z,f&Sm;oefh&Sif;ay;&ygrnf/ qDawGESifh trJqDawG ayaeygu shop towel ESifh solvent udk toHk;
NyKNyD; oefh&Sif;ay;&ygrnf/ Form-in-Place *wfpuwfawGudk toHk;rNyKcifrSm pufypönf;rsufESmNyifawGonfh
oefh&Sif; awmufaNymifaNcmufaoGhae&ygrnf/
RTV sealer awGudk Silicone sealer vdkhvnf; ac:MuNyD; avESifhxdawGhygu aNcmufvG,fygonf/ 'Dvdk
sealer awGudk vufnSpfAl;av;taeeJh xkwfvkyfMuygonf/

yHk(8-26) RTV sealer awGudk *wfpuwftqufawGrSm vHk

ap&ef xnfhoGif;toHk;NyKygonf/

Tech Tip
Sealer xkwfvkyfolawGtay:rSmrlwnfNyD; oufwrf;&Sdygonf/ wcsdKh Sealer awGu wpfESpfuaeESpfESpftwGif;yJ
toHk;NyKvdkh&ygonf/ Sealer udk toHk;NyKr,fqdk&if Al;rSmygwJh Expiration date udk Munfhyg/ RTV sealer awG
oufwrf;Mumaeygu *kPfowÅdusqif;um tvHkawmhwmrsdK;awG Nzpfwwfygonf/
RTV sealerawGudk pufypönf;rsufESmNyifay:rSm okwfvdrf;wJhtcg 1/8” (3mm) tus,fudk wquf
wnf; okwfvdrf;oGm;&ygrnf/
Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 14
 Modern Automotive Technology
Tech Tip
*wfpuwfxkwfvkyfolawGu precut *wfpuwfawGudkvnf; xkwfvkyfMuygonf/ precut
*wfpuwf&Edkifygu Form-in-Place *wfpuwfawGtpm; toHk;NyKEdkifygonf/ um;rSmwyfxm;wJhtif*sifudk
NyKNyifwJhtcg sealing rsufESmNyifawGudk aocsmoefh&Sif;&ef rvG,fulwmaMumifh precut *wfpuwfawGudk
toHk;NyKwm ydkaumif;yg onf/

8.4.4. Seals
Seal awGudk wnfNidrfaewJhae&mESifh a&Ghvsm;vnfywfaeaom pufypönf;awGtMum;rSm ,dkpdrfhrSk
r&Sdap&ef toHk;NyKygonf/ Seal awGudk tif*sif? transmission, power steering units ESifh t&nfawG&SdaeNyD;
vnfywfaewJh tpdwftydkif;awGrSm wyfqif&ygonf/ Seal awGonf &Syfacsmif;awGudk vnfywfap&mwGif
t&nfawGudk ,dkpdrfhrSkr&Sd apyJ vnfywfapEdkifygonf/ Seal awGudk pufypönf;udk,fxnftwGif;rSm synthetic
rubber udk yHkpHrdkavmif;um NyK vkyfxm;ygonf/

yHk(8-27) Oil seal udk wnfNidrfaewJh pufypönf;rSm wyfqifxm;

NyD; seal lip awGu twGif;ydkif;u t&nfawGudk xdef;ay;xm;yg
onf/ &SyfESifh seal awG xdawGhyGef;pm;rSkoufomap&ef twGif;
zufu t&nfu acsmqDtNzpf vkyfaqmifay;aeygonf/
8.4.4.1. Seal Rules
Seal awGeJhtvkyfvkyfwJhtcg vdkufemaqmif&Guf&rnfh ta&;MuD;onfh enf;vrf;rsm;rSm
atmufygtwdkif; Nzpfygonf/
 pufypönf;awG rNzKwfcifrSm Seal uae t&nfawG,dkpdrfhrSk &Sdr&Sdppfaq;yg/ ,dkpdrfhrSk&Sdygu Seal rSm ysufpD;
rSkawG &SdaeygNyD/ &Syfaumufaevm;? Seal udk wyfxm;onfh txdkifESifh tvdkif;refhvGJaeovm;? 'grSr[kwf
tpdwftydkif;awG ysufpD;aeovm; ppfaq;&ygrnf/
 Seal ta[mif;udk *&kwpdkufNzKwfcsyg/ wcgw&H pyg,f&S,fylvmawGNzifh qGJxkwf&ygonf/
 &Syfay:u yGef;pm;rSkawGudk ppfaq;yg/ &SyfrSm oHpawG&Sdaeygu wHpOf;Nzifh aocsmwdkufum acsmrGwfnDnm
atmif vkyfaqmifay;&ygrnf/

yHk(8-28) &Syfacsmif;wGif yGef;pm;rSkawG &Sdr&Sd ppfaq;

&ygrnf/ Ncpf&mav;awG enf;enf;yif&Sdapumrl ,dk
pdrfhwwfygonf/

 SealtopfvJrnfqdkygu topfESifhta[mif;udk ESdif;,SOfMunhfyg/ twGif;ESifhtNyiftcsif;awGudk ESdkif;,SOf

Munfhyg/ tm;vHk;wlae&ygrnf/ twGif;ydkif;udk aocsmppfaq;yg/ Seal onf &Syfacsmif;ay:rSm
wif;wif;&if; &if;&Sdaeygom t&nfawGudk vHkaprSm Nzpfygonf/
 Seal topfwyfqifonfhtcg rSefuefatmif wyf&ygrnf/ Approved sealer Nzifh Seal housing
&JhtNyifzuf udk aocsmokwfvdrf;yg/ twGif;zufydkif;u t&nfESifhxdawGhrnfh Seal lip ae&mawGudk
aocsmokwfvdrf;ay;yg/ Seal lip awGonf twGif;ydkif; t&nf&SdwJhzufudk rsufESmrlNyD; wyf&ygrnf/
aNymif;Nyefwyfvdkufygu t&nf awGtrsm;MuD; usvmygvdrfhrnf/ Seal onf &Syfay:rSm axmifhrSefusNyD;
aocsmtxkdifusrus ppfaq;ay;& ygrnf/

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8.4.4.2. O-Ring Seals
O-Ring seal awGuawmh wnfNidrfaeaom tpdwftydkif;ESpfcktMum;wGif az:xm;aomaNrmif;twGif;
wyf qiftoHk;NyK&ygonf/

yHk(8-29) O-Ring seal awGudk rsufESmNyifawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm ,dkpdrfhrSk r&Sdap&ef wyfqiftoHk;NyKygonf/

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 16