gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp

2020/2021

nray;epiy Ma;T
mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

Mrpupau; fy;tpj; Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
2020

1
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

MNyhriz tp\huj Rjj; rkurpq;f> gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

Mrpupau; fy;tp kw;Wk; khw;Wf; fy;tpg; gPlk;

vOj;jhsu; FO jpU. tpuh[pj; fkNf>

rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;>

nry;tp. vy;.vk;. tq;rtjp>

Xa;Tepiy gPlhjpgjp> tak;g Njrpa fy;tpaw; fy;Y}up

jpU. \h[`hd; \p/ghd;

rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> Mrpupau; fy;tpj; Jiw

jkpo; nkhopahf;fk; jpU. vk;.vr;.vk;. ah$j;

Xa;Tepiy nraw;jpl;l mjpfhup
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

© rfy gjpg;GupikAilaJ – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

2
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

cs;slf;fk;
gf;f vz;
01. mwpKfk; 01

02. nray; epiy Ma;T njhlu;ghd tiutpyf;fzq;fs; 02

03. nray;epiy Ma;T Vida Muha;r;rpfspypUe;J NtWgLk; tpjk; 02

04. nray;epiy Ma;Tr; nrad;KiwAk; khjpupfSk; 04

05. nray;epiy Ma;Tr; nrad;Kiw 08

06. Ma;T xOf;ff; Nfhit 21

07. Muha;r;rpapd; tiuaiwfs; (vy;iyfs;) 22

08. mbg;gil nraw;ghl;L jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;; 22

09. gpujpgypg;G (Reflection) 23

10. Kjyhk; kPs; jpl;lkply; 25

11. ,uz;lhtJ kPs; jpl;lkply; 26

12. ,Wjp gpujpgypg;Gf; Fwpg;Gf;fs; 27

13. nray;epiy Ma;Tr; nrad;Kiwapd; fhyr; rl;lfk; 27

14. crhj;Jiz E}w;gl;bay; 28

15. nray;epiy Ma;tpd; Kd;nkhopitj; jahupj;jy; 29

16. nray;epiy Ma;Tf; fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; 30

17. nray;epiy Ma;T mwpf;iff;fhd njhopy;El;g mwpTWj;jy;fs; 32

18. ml;ltizfis cs;slf;fs; 34

19. ,Wjp mwpf;ifapid xg;gilg;gjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; 35

20. Kjw; gf;fj;jpw;fhd khjpup mikg;G 36

21. ntspg;gLj;Jif gf;fj;jpw;fhd khjpup 37

22. ,Wjp mwpf;ifapid xg;gilg;gjw;fhd khjpup 38

3
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

01. mwpKfk;

r%fj;jpy; ghupa gzpia Mw;Wfpd;w Mrpupau; jkJ r%fj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; xU thz;ikahsuhthu;. mjw;fika thz;ik
tfpghfj;Jld; ntw;wpfukhf ,irtiltjw;F> fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwapd;
NghJ Mrpupau; khztu; Mfpa ,U jug;gpdUk; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfisAk;
,lu;ghLfisAk; rupahf ,dq;fhz;gJ mtrpakhFk;. jkJ thz;ikAld;
,izj;j gy;NtW gpur;rpidfisAk; ,lu;ghLfisAk; jPu;g;gij my;yJ
,opthf;Ftij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L jhkhf eilKiwg;gLj;JtJk;>
xOq;fikf;fg;gl;lJkhd Muha;r;rp uPjpahd nrad;KiwNa nray;epiy Ma;T
vdg;gLfpd;wJ. mg;gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; ,lu;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf ntt;NtW
Kiwfs;> cj;jpfs; topNa Muha;r;rp g+u;tkhd ifahz;L ghu;j;jy;fisr;
nra;J mit njhlu;ghd Kd;Ndw;wj;ij guprPypj;J Mrpupaupd; khw;wj;jpDlhf
khztu;fspd; Kd;Ndw;w tpUj;jpAld; njhlu;Gila xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l
njhlu;r;rpahd nray;fis Kd;ndLg;gNj MrpupauJ nray;epiy Ma;tpd;
tfpghfkhFk;. ,t;thW nray;epiy Ma;thsu;;fspilNa MrpupaNu
Kf;fpakhdtuhfpd;whu;. (Cohen & Manion, 1994)
Mrpupa tfpghfj;Jld; njhlu;Gila nray;epiy Ma;Tr; nrad;Kiwapd;
rpwg;gpay;Gfs; gythFk;.

 khw;wkilaf; $ba  tFg;giwf; fUkq;fspd;

tplaq;fs;/ gpur;rpid topNa
MrpupauhNy ,dq;fhzy;.
 gy;NtW %yhjhuq;fspd;
 khw;wkila Ntz;ba jd;ik %yk; ngw;w mDgtq;fspd;
MrpupauhNy jPu;khdpf;fg;gly;. topNa

 khw;wk; MrpupaupdhNyNa  jkJ fw;gpj;jw; ghzpia

Muk;gpf;fg;gly;. nraw;ghLfis
khw;wpaikg;gjd; topNa
 khw;wkhdJ MrpupaupdhNyNa
Muha;r;rp %ykhf
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLly;  gy;NtW jiyaPl;L
nraw;ghLfs; %yk;
 khw;wkhdJ MrpupaupdhNyNa
njhlu;rr
; pahf kjpg;gL
P  ntt;NtW Kiwfspd; topNa
nra;ag;gly; khztuJ Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr;
Nrhjpg;gjd; %yk;

cU 1 Mrpupau; tfpghfj;Jld; njhlu;ghd nray;epiy Ma;T nraw;ghLfs;

nray;epiy Ma;T tfpghfj;jpd; NghJ> Muha;r;rpia elj;JgtUk; Muha;r;rpf;F

cl;gLgtUk; MrpupaNu Mthu;. vdpDk; mjd; tpisTfs; my;yJ ngWNgWfs;
Mrpupau;> khztu; Mfpa ,uz;L jug;gpdUf;Fk; kl;Lkd;wp> xg;ghd
thz;ikahsu;fSf;Fk; kw;iwa nray;epiy Muha;r;rpahsu;fSf;Fk;

4
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fpilf;Fk;. Mrpupa tfpghfj;Jld; njhlu;Gila nray;epiy Ma;tpid

ntw;wpfukhf epiwNtw;w mjDld; ,ize;j vz;zf;fUf;fs;> Nfhl;ghLfs;
kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwfs; njhlu;ghd mwptpidAk; mDgtj;jpidAk; ngw;wpUj;jy;
mtrpakhFk;.

02. nray; epiy Ma;T njhlu;ghd tiutpyf;fzq;fs;

 nray; epiy Muha;r;rp mZFKiwapd;; Nehf;fk; jdpNa mwpitg;
gpwg;gpj;jyd;wp gpuNahfj;jpid Nkk;gLj;jyhFk;. (Elliott,J.1991)
 Action Research is disciplined method for intentional learning from experience.
 A comparative research on the condition and effect to variousforms of social action
and research leading to social action. That uses a spiral of steps, each of which is
composed of circle of planning, action and fact - findingabout the result of the action.
(Lowin, L.1946)
03. nray;epiy Ma;T Vida Muha;r;rpfspypUe;J NtWgLk; tpjk;
Gj;jwpitg; gpwg;gpg;gjpy; Mu;tk; fhl;LNthu; gy;NtW Muha;r;rpfspy;
<LgLgtu;. Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;Jk; Njhw;wg;ghl;bd; jd;ik> ifahSk;
El;gKiw Mfpatw;wpf;fika Xu; Muha;r;rpahdJ kw;WNkhu;
Muha;r;rpapypUe;J NtWgLk; (Nrdhjpu> 2013: g.20). Gj;jwpitg; gpwg;gpg;gpw;fhf
gy;NtW Muha;r;rpfs; elj;jyhk;. mt;thW elj;jg;gLk; Muha;r;rpfis
gpujhdkhf ,uz;L gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.

1. msT uPjpahd Muha;r;rpfs; (Quantitative Research)

2. gz;G uPjpahd Muha;r;rpfs; (Qualitative Research)
msT uPjpahd Muha;r;rpfs;
ngsjpftpay; Jiwapy; elhj;jg;gLk; ngUk;ghyhd Muha;r;rpfs; msT
uPjpahd Muha;r;rpfshFk;. ,t;tif Muha;r;rpfspd; NghJ vz; rhu;e;j
ngWkhdq;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtkspf;fg;gLk;. fy;tpj; Jiw rhu;e;j
Muha;r;rpfSf;fhfTk; ,k;Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
cjhuzk;: fpuhkpag;Gwj;jpy; njupT nra;j ghlrhiynahd;wpy; khztu;fspd;
ehshe;j tuT Fiwthd kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzpfis Ma;jy;

gz;G uPjpahd Muha;r;rpfs;

r%ftpay; Jiw Muha;r;rpfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mZFKiwahFk;.
r%ftpay;> cstpay;> tuyhW Nghd;w JiwfSf;fhf ,jidg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;. jdpahl;fspd; ngWkhdq;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gLk;.
fy;tpj;Jiw Muha;r;rpfSf;Fk;; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
cjhuzk;: rpy khztu;fs; Mq;fpy vOj;Jf;fspy; ngupa vOj;JfisAk;
(Capital Letters) rpwpa vOj;JfisAk; (Simple Letters) jtwhf vOJtjw;F
VJthd fhuzpfis mwpjy;.

nray;epiy Ma;thdJ gz;GuPjpahd Ma;T tifapy; mlq;Fk;. vdpDk;

nray;epiy Ma;it mJ eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; jd;ik> kw;Wk;

5
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,ay;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; Vida Muha;r;rpfspy; ,Ue;J NtWgLj;jp

,dq;;fz;L nfhs;syhk;.
'nray;epiy Ma;T Kiwapaiy Vida Muha;r;rpfspypUe;J Ntwhf;fpf;
fhl;Lk; gpujhd fhuzpahfpa nraw;ghl;bdJ mbg;gilahd Nehf;fkhdJ
jw;NghJ fhzg;gLk; r%f epiyikfis xOq;fikj;j tifapy;
khw;wpaikg;gjw;fhf gpuNahf uPjpapy; nraw;gLj;jyhFk;" (uk;Gf;nty;y> 2011:
g. 6). me;epiyikahdJ xU gpur;rpidahapd; mjid jPu;g;gjw;fhfj;
jw;NghJ fhzg;gLk; epiyikia xOq;fikj;j tifapy; khw;wpaikg;gNj
,jdhy; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
cjhuzk; : - fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd; NghJ mtjhdj;jpid
epiy epWj;Jtjw;fhf khztu;fspd; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
- Mq;fpy vOj;Jf;fspy; ngupa vOj;JfisAk; (Capital Letters)
rpwpa vOj;JfisAk; (Simple Letters) rupahf
gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf khztu;fspd; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
- Xd;gjhk; ju khztu;fspd; tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd mtjhdpg;G
jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

ml;ltiz 1 : nray;epiy Ma;T Vida Muha;r;rpfspypUe;J NtWgLk; tpjk;.

NtWtif Muha;r;rpfs; nray;epiy Ma;T

Gj;jwpT tpUj;jpapy; gq;fspg;G nra;Ak; thz;ikf; fUkq;fs; tpUj;jpailAk;>

tpgupj;jy;> tpsf;Fjy;> tpahf;fpahdk;
nra;jy;
ghlk; rhu;e;j tplaq;fis typAWj;jp
Kiwahd tifapw; Njbawpjy;
VidNahiu Muha;r;rpf;F cl;gLj;jy;
Kiwapiy Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;L
Muhapr;rpia eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
Mo;e;j epfo;Tfis Muha;r;rpf;F
cl;gLj;JtJk; fz;lwpe;J tplaq;fis
ghupa Fbj;njhiff;Fg;
nghJikg;gLj;JtJk;
Muhapr;rpapd; mbg;gil tpQ;Qhd
G+u;tkhdJ
%yk; :Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> (2003) nray;epiy Ma;T epfo;r;rp : Muk;g fzpjg; gpupT
mjw;fika Gj;jwpT gutyhf;fj;jpy; gq;fspg;G
nra;Ak;
tpgupj;jy;> tpsf;Fjy;> tpahf;fpahdk; nra;jy;>
khw;wpaikj;jy;
jdpahs; rhu;e;j mDgtj;jpd; %yk; mwpitg;
ngw;W Kiwikahd tifapw; Njbawpjy;
jhNk jkJ gpuNahfj;Jld; njhlu;GilNahiu
Muha;r;rpf;F cl;gLj;jy;
nefpo;thd> ,irthd nrad;Kiwapd; topNa
Muhapr;rpia eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
jdpahd xU re;ju;g;gj;jpid Mokhd
Muha;r;rpf;F cl;gLj;jYk; ngWNgWfs;
jdpahspd; tpUj;jpf;Fg; gad;glYk;
Muhapr;rpapd; mbg;gil gpujpgypg;ghFk;

6
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

04. nray;epiy Ma;Tr; nrad;KiwAk; khjpupfSk;

nray;epiy Ma;tpd;; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis Fwpg;ghf Nehf;fj;jf;fjhf ,Ue;j
NghjpYk; eilKiwg;gLj;jypd; NghJ gy;tifikiaf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.
ntt;NtW jug;gpdu;> ntt;NtW ,lq;fs;> ntt;NtW epWtdq;fspy; Fwpg;ghd
tifapy; Njhd;Wk; gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;T fhZk; Nehf;fpy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
NtWgl;l Nfhl;ghLfs;> jj;Jtq;fs;> nrad;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; ngWNgWfis
vjpu;g;ghu;j;J nraw;gLfpd;wikNa nray;epiy Ma;tpd; rpwg;ghd jd;ikahFk;.
1. gpuNahfj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mbj;js kl;lj;jpy; (Grassroot
Level) ,Ue;j mk;kl;lq;fSf;Fj; jdpj;Jtkhd nray;uPjpahd
jPu;Tfisf; fz;lwpaj;jf;f tifapy; ,Uj;jy;.

2. Vida Muha;r;rpfisg; Nghd;W nghJthd mwpitj; Njbr;

nry;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf mbkl;lj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; gpur;rpidfisj;
jPu;g;gjw;fhf eilKiwj; jPu;Tfis toq;Fjy;.

3. thz;ikahsu;fSf;F mika ahNjDk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; thz;ikg;

gpd;dzpia khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;> mjd; tpisthf thz;ik
epiyikia Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk; KbAk;.

gy;NtW Jiwapy; nray;epiy Ma;tpid Nehf;Fifapy;> nray;epiy Ma;tpidj;

njhlq;FtjpYk; mjpy; <LgLtjw;Fk; thz;ikr; nrad;Kiwia
mbg;gilahfpd;wJ. thz;ik tpUj;jpia vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; ve;j xUtUk; jkJ
gpuNahfq;fs; njhlu;ghf gFj;jwpTld; gpujpgypg;gpy; (Mo;rpe;jid ntspg;ghl;by;)
<LgLtJ Kf;fpakhdJ.

nray;epiy Ma;tpd;; NghJ :-

 gpujpg;gypg;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhs;sYk;> gpur;rpidiag; gFg;gha;T
nra;jYk;.
 gpur;rpidf;Fupa jPu;Tfis vjpu;ghu;j;J jpl;lq;fs; tFj;jy;.
 jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
 gpujpgypg;gpd; %ykhf kPs; jpl;lkplypid Nkw;nfhz;L nraw;ghl;bid
Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

mjw;fika nray;epiy Ma;thdJ xU rf;fur; nrad;Kiw vd;gJ

njspthfpd;wJ. mr;rf;fur; nrad;Kiw gpd;tUk; cUtpy; njspthff;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

7
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

cU 2 : nray;epiy Ma;tpd; rf;fur; nrad;Kiw

nytpd; (Lewin,1946) vLj;Jf; fhl;Ltjw;fpzq;f nray;epiy Ma;thdJ> ahjhapDk;

xU gpur;rpidia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl Muk;gkhfpd;wJ. gpur;rpidAld;
njhlu;Gila fhuzpfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf> gpd;dzpf; Nfhyq;fisf; ftdkhf
mtjhdpj;JNkYk; gpur;rpid njhlu;gpy; epjKk; tplaq;fisj; Njbawpjy;
mtrpakhFk;.

mjd; gpd;du; gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf jpl;lnkhd;wpidj; jahupj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

mj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jpg; gpujpgypg;ig Nkw;nfhs;tJld; mjd; %yk;
ngwg;gLk; fz;lwpjy;fspd; topNa Njitnadpy; KjyhtJ jpl;lj;ij khw;wp kPs;
jpl;lj;jid Nkw;;nfhs;syhk;. ,e;j RUspr; nrad;Kiwapd; ntw;wpf;F gpujpgypg;G
,d;wpaikahj xU nraw;ghlhFk;. nytpd; Kd;;itj;Js;s khjpupf;fikthf
jahupf;fg;gl;l nray;epiy Ma;tpd;; mbg;gil mk;rq;fSk; mit xOq;fike;Js;s
tpjKk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

khw;wj;jpw;F ,Uf;Fk; Gjpa

Njitahd elj;ijfis elj;ijfis
mwpT+l;lk; khw;WjYk; cWjpg;gLj;jy;
Nrhjpj;jYk;

kPs; jpl;lkply; 01 kPs; jpl;lkply; 02

kPs; jpl;lkply; 03
Source: www.y30x action research - 2
cU 3 : nray;epiy Ma;tpd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fs;

8
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

1Mk; tl;lk; 2 Mk; tl;lk; 3 Mk; tl;lk;

fw;wwpjYk; fw;wwpjYk; fw;wwpjYk;

jpl;lkplYk; jpl;lkplYk; jpl;lkplYk;

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL
nraw;ghL

rhd;Wfs; rhd;Wfs; rhd;Wfs;

jpul;lYk; jpul;lYk; jpul;lYk;
gFj;jwpjYk; gFj;jwpjYk; gFj;jwpjYk;

gpujpgypg;G gpujpgypg;G gpujpgypg;G

Source: Reil's Action Research Model (Mertler,2000)

cU 4 : nray;epiy Ma;tpd; mbg;gilfs; xOfike;Js;s tpjk;.

nytpdpd; khjpupf;F mikthf nray;epiy Ma;tpd; tl;lr; (RUspr;) nrad;Kiw

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
 rfy nraw;ghLfisAk; xNuabahfj; jpl;lkplhik
 xt;nthU nraw;ghLk; jpl;lkplg;gl;bUj;jy;
 xt;nthU nraw;ghl;ilAk; eilKiwg;gLJk; NghJ mJ njhlu;ghf
rhd;Wfisj; jpul;LtJk; gFg;gha;T nra;tJk;
 xt;nthU nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghfTk; gpujpg;gypg;Gr; nra;tjd; %yk; mLj;j
tl;lj;jpid jpl;lkpLtjw;F Njitahd mbg;gilia cUthf;fpf; nfhs;sy;
 Gjpa elj;ijnahd;wpid my;yJ khztuJ fw;wy; nrad;Kiwapy;
Neu;tifahd khw;wnkhd;wpid vjpu;ghu;j;jy;

fy;tpj; JiwapYk; nray;epiy Ma;thdJ ntt; NtWgl;l rpy tbtq;fspd;

topNa eilKiwg;gLj;jyhk;.

9
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ml;ltiz 2: nray;epiy Ma;tpd; gy;NtW tbtq;fs;

vjpu;ghu;g;G / eilKiwg;gLJ tif

gpur;rpid jd;ik
,yf;F gtu;
rpy khztu;fs; ghlj;jpy; ftdk; tFg;giwapy; tFg;ghrpupau; jdpahs;
ghlj;jpy; ftdQ; nrYj;Jk; cs;s xU ghl Mrpupau; nray;epiy
nrYj;jhjpUg;gJ jpwid tpUj;jp gpur;rpidia Ma;T
nra;jy; mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L
fzpjg; ghlj;jpy; fzpj ghlk; rpy tFg;ghrpupau;fs; $l;lhd
toq;fg;gLk; njhlu;ghd tFg;giwfspy; ghl Mrpupau;fs;; nray;epiy
gapw;rpfisg; gapw;rp nra;Ak; fhzg;gLk; Ma;T
g+uzg;gLj;jhjJ jpwid tpUj;jp nghJthd xU
nra;jy; gpur;rpidia
mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L
rpy khztu;fs; ghlrhiy ghlrhiyapy; ghlrhiyapd; $l;lhd
ghlrhiyapy; khztu;fs; cs;s xU rfy nray;epiy
eilKiwapy; guPl;ir nghJg; Mrpupau;fSk; Ma;T
cs;s xOq;F tpjpKiwfis gpur;rpidia my;yJ njupT
tpjpfis rupahfg; mbg;gilahff; nra;j Mrpupau;
gpd;gw;whjJ gpd;gw;wy; nfhz;L FO
njupT nra;j xU tyaj;jpy; khtl;lj;jpy;/ khtl;lj;jpy;/ $l;lhd
khtl;lj;jpy; khztu;fspd; tyaj;jpy; tyaj;jjpy;; nray;epiy
rhjhuz ju Mq;fpy ghl fhzg;gLk; njupT Ma;T
Mq;fpyg; ghlj;jpy; fw;wy; jpwid fy;tp rhu;e;j nra;ag;gl;l xU
khztuJ milT tpUj;jp nra;jy; xU FOtpdu;fs;
kl;lk; jho;thf gpur;rpidia Mrpupau;fs;/
,Ug;gJ mbg;gilahff; mjpfhupfs;
nfhz;L
Sourse: Action Research Problam Indentification, Ottwa-Caleton Catholic Board. 2004-2005

gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifapid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ePq;fs;> cq;fsJ tFg;giw

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;Lld; njhlu;Gila gpujpgypg;gpd; Clhd mDgtj;jpidg;
ngw;W khztu;fsJ elj;ij khw;wj;jpid ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l jdpahs;
nray;epiy Ma;nthd;wpid Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jdpahfNth $l;lhfNth
nray;epiy Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk; gy;NtW egu;fspdJk; xd;wpize;j
nraw;ghlhfNt (Colloborative) ,lk;ngWtJld;> gpd;tUgtu;fs; ,jw;F gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;a KbAk;.

10
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

 vdJ tFg;gpy; cs;s khztu;fshfpa ,yf;Ff; FO.

 vdJ tpku;rd uPjpahd ez;gu;fs; (Critical Friends)
 vdJ ghlrhiyapd; / NtW ghlrhiyfspd; Mrpupau;fs;
 Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fs; / vdJ fw;if newpiag; gapYk; Vida Mrpupa
khztu;fs;.

05. nray;epiy Ma;Tr; nrad;Kiw

5.1 Muha;r;rpg; gpur;rpidia ,dq;fhzy;.

tFg;giwapy; Xu; Mrpupau; jkJ fw;gpj;jy; nrad;KiwiaAk; khztu;fsJ

fw;ww; nrad;KiwiaAk; ntw;wpfukhf eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghf
ntt;NtW Jiwfspd; topNa> gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; ,lu;ghLfis ,dq;fz;L
nfhs;syhk;. mt;thwhd rpy gpur;rpidfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
ghlj;jpy;
ftdk; cupa
tsq;fis nrYj;jhik gapw;rpfis
tpidj;jpwdhfg; nra;ahik
gad;gLj;jhik

fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy;
xOf;fr; rPuN
; fL nrad;Kiwapd; nraw;ghLfspy;
NghJ Njhd;Wk; <Lglhik
gpur;rpidfSk;
vOj;Jg; ,lu;ghLfSk;
gpur;rpidfs;

khztu;-khztu;
vz;zf;fUf;fisr; njhlu;Gfs; FiwT
rupahf Qhgfj;jpy;
,dq;fhzhik itj;jpUj;jy;
njhlu;ghd
gpur;rpidfs;

cU 5 : fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jypd; NghJ Njhd;Wk; gpur;rpidfSk; ,lu;ghLfSk;

5.1.1 gpur;rpidfis ,dq;fhZjy;

tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jypd; NghJ vjpu;g;gLk; rfy gpur;rpidfisAk; epidtpy;

itj;jpUg;gJ fbdkhFk;. mj;Jld; Kd;Dupik toq;f Ntz;ba fhj;jpukhd
Jiwfisj; jPu;khdpg;gJk; fbdkhFk;. vdNt ,g;gpur;rpidfis tpidj;jpwdhf
,dq;fhz gpujpgypg;Gf;fisg; gjpT nra;tJ Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gjid gpd;tUkhU
fhl;lyhk;.

11
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

mLj;j ghlj;ij ntw;wpfukhdjhf;fpf;

nfhs;tjw;fhf nraw;gly;

ghlj;jpl;lkplypy; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; gpur;rpidfis

fhzg;gLk; gpujpgypg;Gf; ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf
Fwpg;Gfs;

jkJ fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bid Ra

gpujpgypg;Gr; nra;tjw;F

cU 6 : MrpupaUf;F gpujpgypg;Gf; Fwpg;Gfspd; Njitg;ghL

NkNy fhl;lg;gl;lthW cq;fsJ ghlj; jpl;lkplypy vOjg;gl;Ls;s gpujpgypg;Gf;

Fwpg;Gfspd; topNa gpur;rpidiaj; njupT nra;J nfhs;syhk;. mg;gpur;rpidahdJ
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;> fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; Jizr; rhjdq;fs;> kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs;>
Cf;fy;> xOf;fk;> fw;wy; ,lu;ghLfs;> ftdk;> FOTzu;T> vz;zf;fU milT>
nrayilT> ngsjPfts Kfhik> kdpjts Kfhik Nghd;wnjhU Jiwiar;
Nru;e;jjhf ,Uf;fyhk;. gpur;rpidia ,dq;fhzg; gpd;tUk; khjpupapidg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
ml;ltiz 3: gpujpgypg;G mbg;ilapw; gpur;idg; gFjpapid mwpjy;
(N[u;dy; khjpup 01)
mtjhdpj;j ghlf;Fwpg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if :
mtjhdpj;j gpujpgypg;G Fwpg;Gfis tuTf;Fwp ,Ltjpd;
ghlf;Fwpg;Gfspd; ghlKk; juKk; %yk; mwpag;gl;l gpujhd gFjp
,yf;fq;fs;

Nkw;ghu;itahsu; Fwpg;G :
Nkw;ghu;itahsu; xg;gKk; jpfjpAk; :

[u;dy; khjpup 01 ,id G+uzg;gLj;Jk; NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff;

ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.
 fw;gpf;Fk; ghlq;fspw; xU ghlj;jpid kl;Lk; njupT nra;jy;.
 fw;gpf;Fk; tFg;Gfspy; xU tFg;gpid kl;Lk; njupT nra;jy;

ml;ltiz 4: gpujpgypg;G %ykhf gpur;rpidg; gFjpapid mwptjw;fhd khjpup

mtjhdpj;j ghlf; Fwpg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if :
mtjhdpj;j ghlf; ghlKk; gpujpgypg;G Fwpg;Gfis tuTf;Fwp ,Ltjpd; %yk;
Fwpg;Gfspd; vz;fs; juKk; mwpag;gl;l gpujhd tplak;
1>3>4>5>6>14>15>16>20 fzpjk; ghlj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;jhik
1>3>5>6>7>8 juk; 4 FO nraw;ghLfspy; <Lglhik
2>3>4>5>6>7>8>10 rpy khztu;fs; Nrhu;thf ,Uj;jy;
1>2>3>4>8>9>10>12>13 khztu;-khztu; rz;il
7>8>12>13>15>17>19>20 vOj;Jf;fis tpl;L tpl;L thrpj;jy;
6>7>10>11>14>15>16>17>18>19>20 vOj;Jf;fis vOJtjpy; rpukk;

12
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

gpujpgypg;G Fwpg;Gfis tuTf;Fwp ,Ltjpd; %yk; mwpe;J nfhz;l jiyg;Gfspy;

xU jiyg;gpid Kjypy; njupT nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gpd;du; mj;jiyg;gpid
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpNrl gpur;rpid my;yJ khw;wk; ,lk; ngw Ntz;ba
re;ju;g;gk; xd;wpidj; njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf [u;dy; khjpup 02 ,idg;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

ml;ltiz 5 : gpur;rpidia tpNrlkhf mwpe;J nfhs;sy; (N[u;dy; khjpup 02)

mtjhdpj;j ghlf; Fwpg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if :
njupT nra;j jiyg;gpd; fPo; mt; tpNrl gpur;rpid gpur;rpidapd; nray;epiy
jiyg;G ,dk; fz;l Njhd;wpa jlitfs; Kd;Dupik Ma;tpw;fhf
tpNrl (tuTf; Fwp) xOq;F njupT nra;j
gpur;rpidfs; jiyg;G

ml;ltiz 6: gpur;rpidia tpNrlkhf mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd cjhuzk;.

mtjhdpj;j ghlf;Fwpg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if :
mt; tpNrl nray;epiy
njupT gpur;rpid Ma;tpw;fhf
Njhd;wpa Kd;Dupik njupT
nra;j jiyg;gpd; fPo; ,dk; fz;l tpNrl gpur;rpidfs; jlitfs; xOq;F nra;j
jiyg;G
(tuTf; jiyg;G
Fwp);
 ehd;F khztu;fs; NtW Ntiyfspy;
\\\\ \\ 5
ghlj;jpw; <Lgly;
F rpy  vl;L khztu;fs; ghlj;jpd; NghJ Nfw;Fk;
khztu;f \\\\ 8
spd; Nfs;tpfSf;F tpil mspf;fhik. ghlj;jpy;
ftdk;  %d;W khztu;fs; nraw;ghLfspy; rupahf Fiwthd
Fiwthf \\\\ \\\\ 3 ftdk;
,Uj;jy; <Lglhik nrYj;JtJ
 %d;W khztu;fs; Gj;jfj;jpy; gapw;rpfis
G+uzg;gLj;jhik
\\\\ \\\\ \\\\ 1

 ghlg; Gj;jfj;jpid rupahf thrpj;J \\\\ \

gapw;rpfis nra;a Kbahik 7

 rpy khztu;fSf;F mbf;fb Qhgf kwjp \\\\ \\ 5

 rpy khztu;fs; mikjpapd;ik \\\\ \\\ 4

 ,uz;L khztu;fs; ghlj;jpy; Fiwthd

\\\\ \\\\ \\\ 2
ftdk; nrYj;JtJ

13
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

5.1.2 gpur;rpidapd; Kd;Dupikapidj; jPu;khdpj;jy;

,jw;fhf rpy epakq;fis gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
 khztdpd; ghlf; fw;wYf;F Vw;gLk; ,ilA+U my;yJ jlq;fs;
 gpur;rpid mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l jlitfs;
 Mrpupaupd; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bw;F Vw;gLk; ,ilA+U my;yJ jlq;fs;
 tFg;gpy; Vida khztu;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ,ilA+U my;yJ jlq;fs;
 Ma;tpw;F cl;gLj;jf; $ba gpur;rpid

Kd;Dupik xOq;fpw;F mika mjpf jlitfs; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l gpur;r pidia

njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ fl;lhak; ,y;iy. njupT nra;j jiyg;gpd; fPo;
cs;s NtW gpur;rpidiaAk; njupT nra;a KbtJld; mt;thW njupT
nra;jikf;fhd fhuzj;jpid njspthf Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk; vy;yhg;
gpur;rpidfSk; Muha;r;rp g+u;tkhdjhf ,y;yhikapdhy; Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jj;jf;f
xU gpur;rpidiaj; njupT nra;Jnfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;. tpNrl gpur;rpidf;F
mbg;gilahd Fiwe;jJ %d;W ghlj;jpl;lkplypd; gpujpgypg;G Fwpg;Gfis
Ma;twpf;ifapw; vLj;Jf; fhl;LtJ mtrpakhFk;.

gpur;rpidnahd;wpid njupT nra;Ak; NghJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba gbKiwfis

gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;.

gbKiw 01 gpujpgypg;G Fwpg;gpd; mbg;gilapw; gpur;ridg;

gFjpfisj; njupT nra;jy;

gbKiw 02 mg;gpur;rpidg; gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J xU

gFjpid kl;Lk; njupT nra;J tpNrl
jd;ikapid mwpe;J nfhs;sy;
gbKiw 03 epakq;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L gpur;rpidj; njupT nra;jy;

gbKiw 04 gpur;rpidf; $w;wpid

vOJjy;
gbKiw 05 gpur;rpidapd; mbg;gilapw;
Ma;Tj; jiyg;gpid
njupT nra;jy;

gbKiw 06 jiyg;gpid
Mf;fG+u;tkhf
mikj;jy;

cU 7 : gpur;rpidnahd;wpid mwpe;J nfhs;stjw;fhd gbKiw

14
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

5.2 Ma;Tr; #oikT

nray;epiy Ma;tpd; NghJ jkJ gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd gpd;dzpia ,dq;fhz;gJ
,d;wpaikahjJ. mjw;fhf gpur;rpid njhlu;ghf Mokhff; fw;wha;tJ
mtrpakhFk;. ,f;fw;wha;thdJ gpujhdkhf ,uz;L #oikTfspd; topNa
eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
1. gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd Muk;g Njly; (Close Context) –gpur;rpidiaAk; mjd;
gpd;ddpiaAk; ,dq;fhzy;.
2. fy;tprhu; Njly; (Academic Context) -gpur;rpid rhu;e;j vz;zf;fUg; gpd;ddpAk;
mjid jPu;g;gjw;F nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfisAk; ,dq;fhZjy;.

5.2.1 gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd Muk;g Njly; (Close Context)

Mrpupau; mDkhdkhf ,dq;fz;l gpur;rpid rhu;e;j fhuzpfs; njhlu;ghf NkYk;
KiwikahfTk;> xOq;fhfTk; tplaq;fisj; NjbawpjNy gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd
Muk;g Njlypd; NghJ epfOk; gpujhd nrad;KiwahFk;. gpur;rpid rhu;e;j Kf;fpa
fhuzpfspd; topNa kpfr; rpwg;ghfTk; jpl;ltl;lkhfTk; juTfisg; ngWjy; vd;gJ
Muk;g Njly; vDk; gjg;gpuNahfj;jpd; %yk; njspthfpd;wJ.
gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd Muk;g Njlypd; NghJ gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd fhuzpfs; gw;wp
Njbawptjw;fhf gy El;gq;fs; ifahsg;gLk;. ,jw;fhfg; gpujhdkhf mtjhdpg;G>
Neu;fhzy;> kw;Wk; gy;NtW Mtzq;fs; gad;gLj;jyhk;. gpur;rpidg; gw;wp
Njbawptjw;fhf ,e;j vy;yh KiwfisAk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;gjpy;iy. jkJ
gpur;rpid njhlu;ghfg; rupahd jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F gad;gLj;jf; $ba kpfg;
nghUj;jkhd Kiw vJ vd;gjid Muha;r;rpahsu; jPu;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;tJld; mjd;
%yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; jfty;fis (juTfs;) Kf;Nfhzg;gLj;jy; (Tarngulation)
%ykhf fz;lwpjiy ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ kpfTk; gaDWjp tha;e;jjhf mikAk;.;.

5.2.1.1 mthjdpg;G
'mtjhdpg;G vd;gJ ahjhapDk; epfo;T cs;sij cs;sthNw epfo;tijf;
fhZjyhFk;." ([a#upah> 2003). mtjhdpg;G vd;gJ vtNwDk; jdpahs;> ahNjDk;
re;ju;g;gk;> ahNjDk; epfo;T njhlu;ghf Mo;e;Jk; EZf;fkhfTk; NjbawpayhFk;.
mtjhdpg;ig ntt;NtW Kiwfspy; eilKiwg;gLj;jyhk;.

 Neub mtjhdpg;G
 kiwKf mtjhdpg;G
gpur;rpidapd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g mtjhdpf;fg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; gythFk;.
 ghlj;jpidf; fw;gpf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy;
 gpupnjhU Mrpupau; fw;gpf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy;
 ,ilNtisapd; NghJ
 RahjPdkhf tpisahLk; Ntisapy;
 ez;gu;fSld; goFk; Ntisfspy;
 tPl;by;

15
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,t; mtjhdpg;G re;ju;g;gq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gpur;rpidapd; jd;ikapidg;

nghUj;J NtWglyhk;. mtjhdpg;Gf;fhf mtjhdpg;G gupkhzg; gl;banyhd;wpidg;
gad;gLj;Jtjhy; rupahd jfty;fisg; ngwyhk;. ghlj;jpy; Fiwthd ftdk;
nrYj;Jk; khztu;fs; njhlu;ghf gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtjhdpg;ig elj;jyhk;.

 ghlj;jpy; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspw; khztid mtjhdpj;jy;

- fw;gpf;Fk; NghJ
- jdpahfg; gapw;rpfis nra;Ak; NghJ
,jw;nfd mtjhdpg;Gg; gj;jpuk; xd;wpidg; gad;gLj;j KbtJld; mjw;fhd
cjhuzk; tUkhW;

ml;ltiz 7: ghlj;jpw;F ftdj;jpid nrYj;JtJ njhlu;ghd jfty;

mtjhdpg;G ,yr;rzq;fs; mtjdpg;G jfty;
ghlj;jpid Nfw;Fk; tpjk;
gapw;rpid jdpahf nra;jy;
FOr; nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgly;
cly; mq;f mirTfs;

5.2.1.2 Neu;fhzy;
ahNjDk; Njhw;wg;ghL njhlu;ghf Ml;fspd; ek;gpf;iffs;> kdg;ghq;Ffs; kw;Wk;
Nehf;F njhlu;ghf juT ngwj;jf;f xU KiwNa Neu;fhzy; MFk;. (Boudah, 2011).
Neu;fhzy;fis elj;Jk; NghJ ePq;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; jfty;fis ngWtjw;fhf
mjid newpg;gLj;JtJ Kf;fpakhdJ. nray;epiy Ma;Tfspd; NghJ
Neu;fhzy;fs; elj;jj;jf;f rpy re;ju;g;gq;fs; tUkhW:-
 khztu;fs; / khztUld;
 tFg;gpy; khztdpd; ez;gu;fs; / Vida khztu;fSld;
 ghlj;ijf; fw;gpf;Fk; NtW Mrpupau;fSld;/Kd;da tFg;ghrpupau;fSld;
 ngw;whUld;
 ghl epGzu;fSld;
Neu;fhzy; xd;iw newpgLj;Jk; NghJ Neu;fhzy; gpukhzg; gl;bay; xd;wpidg;
gad;gLj;JtJ mjd; tpidj;jpwDf;F VJthf mikAk;.

5.2.1.3 Mtzf; fw;wha;T

vOjp itf;fg;gl;lit kw;Wk; mwpf;iffis Jizahff; nfhz;L jfty;
jpul;LjyhdJ nray;epiy Ma;Tfspd; NghJ gpur;rpidj; njhlu;ghf
Njbawptjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f kw;WnkhU KiwahFk;. ,jw;fhf gy;NtW
Mtzq;fisf; fw;wha;e;J mtw;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s juTfis EZfpaha;e;J
gpur;rpidia NkYk; vspjhf ,dq;fz;L nfhs;syhk;. gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd
jfty;fis ngWtjw;fhfg; gy;NtW Mtzq;fis fw;whuhayhk;.
 gpujpgypg;Gf; Fwpg;Gf;fs; / gpujpgypg;G N[u;dy; (gjpNtL)
 tuT ,lhg;G

16
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

 Gs;spg;gl;bay;fs; (jtiz / Mz;bWjpg; guPl;irfs;)

 kjpg;gPl;L mwpf;iffs; (ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL / Muk;g ju Nju;r;rp
mwpf;if)
 Kd;Ndw;w mwpf;if
 gapw;rp nfhg;gpfs; (Fwpj;j ghlj;Jld; / Vida ghlj;Jld;)
 tpilj;jhs;fs; (Fwpj;j ghlj;Jld;)
 mYtyf Mtzf; Nfhitfs; / Rw;Wep&gq;fs;
jkJ gpur;rpidj; njhlu;ghf jfty; ngWtjw;fhf kpfg;nghUj;jkhd gad;kpf;f
Mtzq;fis ,dq;fhz;gJ Muha;r;rpahsupd; nghWg;ghFk;. mtw;wpd; %yk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; jfty;fis gpd;tUk; khjpupapy; fhl;lyhk;.

ml;ltiz 8: gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd mbg;ilj; jfty;fs;. (N[u;dy; khjpup 03)

jfty; Nrfupg;G
rhd;Wfs; / jfty;fs; fz;lwpjy;fs;
Kiwfs; / fUtpfs;

Nkw;ghu;itahsu; Fwpg;G :
Nkw;ghu;itahsu; xg;gKk; jpfjpAk; :

,k; khjpupapid G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; NghJ rhd;Wfs; / jfty;fs; gFjpapw; ngw;Wnfhd;l

juTfis gjpa Ntz;baJld;> jpfjp> Neuk;> rhd;WfSld; tpsf;fkhff; fhl;lg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. [u;dy; khjpup 03 ,idg; G+uzg;gLj;Jtw;fhd cjhuzj;jpid fPNo
fhzyhk;.

17
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ml;ltiz 9: gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd mbg;ilj; jfty;fs; jpul;Lf;fhd cjhuzk;

jfty; Nrfupg;G Kiwfs; / rhd;Wfs; / jfty;fs; fz;lwpjy;fs;

fUtpfs;
mtjhdpg;G ,d;W ehd; vz;fspd; ,lg;  toq;fg;gl;l
jpfjp : 09.08.2018 ngWkhdj;jpid fzpf;Fk; mwpTWj;jy;fSf;F
Neuk;: K.g 8.20 - 9.05 ghlj;jpidf; fw;gpj;Njd;. ftdk; nrYj;jhik
,uz;lhk; ghlNtis <u;f;fps; fl;Lk; ml;ilfisAk;  mLj;jtu;fspd;
gad;gLj;jpa mtjhdpg;Gg; gad;gLj;jp fw;gpj;j NghJ nraw;ghLfSf;Fk;
Fkhu; <u;f;fps;fisg; ngw;Wf; ftdk; nrYj;jhik
gbtk;
nfhs;stpy;iy. tFg;G
re;ju;g;gk; rhd;Wfs;  nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl
khztj; jiytDlhf
/ tpUg;gkpd;ik
<u;f;fps;fisf; nfhLj;Njd;.
jfty;fs;  mUfpy; mioj;Jf;
mij mk;khztd; Nkirapd;
ghlj;jpid nfhz;lhYk;
%iyapw; itj;jhd;. Rw;Wk;
jiyahl;Ltjd;
Nfl;ly; Kw;Wk; ghu;j;jhd;. K.g. 8.30
%ykhf kl;LNk gjpy;
gapw;rpid f;F fjpiuapy; ,Ue;J vOe;J
$wy;
jdpahf tFg;gpd; fjtUfpy; nrd;W
nra;jy; jpUk;gp te;jhd;. <u;f;fps;
fl;bidAk; ml;ilfisAk;
FOr;
vLj;Jf; nfhz;L vd;dplk;
nraw;ghLfspy;
tUkhW $wpNdd;. cldbahf
<Lgly;
tuhky; <u;f;fps; fl;bdhy;
Nfs;tpfSf;F
Nkirapy; jl;bf;
gjpyspj;jy;
nfhz;bUe;jhd;. gyKiw
fl;lisfSf;F mioj;j gpd;du; te;jhYk;
mikthf mtd; vd;d nra;tJ vd;W
nraw;gly; njupahjpUe;jhd;.

5.3 juT Kf;Nfhzg;gLj;jy;

xU epfo;T my;yJ tplak; njhlu;ghf ntt;NtW El;g Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp
fpilf;Fk; jfty;fis xg;gPL Kiwapy; gFg;gha;T nra;J gpujhd fhuzpia
mwpe;J nfhs;tjhFk;. ,q;F mtjhdpg;G> Neu;fhzy; kw;Wk; Mtzf; fw;wha;T
%ykhfg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l juTfis xg;gPL nra;J gpur;rpidAld; njhlu;ghd
fhuzpfisAk; fhuzq;fisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. juT
Kf;Nfhzg;gLj;jypd; NghJ mbg;gilf; fhuzpfis mwptjw;fhd xt;nthU
El;gq;fspd; fPo; gpujpgypg;G [u;dy; khjpup 03 y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
fz;lwpjy;fspidg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk; : fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd; NghJ khztu;fs; mtjhdk;
nrYj;jhik njhlu;ghf ngw;w juTfis Kf;Nfhzg;gLj;jy;.

18
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ml;ltiz 10 : juT Kf;Nfhzg;gLj;jYf;fhd cjhuzk;

mtjhdpg;G juTfs; Neu;fhzy; juTfs; Mtzf;fw;wha;T juTfs;
 ghlj;Jld; njhlu;G  FLk;gj;jpy; fw;wYf;fhd  tuTg; gpur;rpid
,y;yhjpUj;jy; #oy; fhzg;glhik  vy;yhg; ghlq;fspYk;
 Nehf;fk; ,d;wp ,Uj;jy;  cw;rhfkpd;ik milT kl;lk;
 jdpr; nraw;ghLfspy;  ngw;Nwhu;fSf;F fPo;g; Fiwthff; fhzg;gly;
<Lglhik gbahik  gapw;rpfis
 FOr; nraw;ghLfSld;  nkJthf nraw;gly; KiwahfTk;
,izahik  tpiutpy; Ntz;lhk; xOq;fhfTk; nra;ahik
 epjhdk; ,d;ik vd;w kdg;ghd;ik  gapw;rpg; Gj;jfq;fs;
 nray;fspy; <Lglhik  tFg;giwapy; ntspr; mOf;fhff; fhzg;gly;

 tpisahLtjw;fhd nry;y mjpf tpUg;gk;

tpUg;gk;  tFg;gpy; Gw Ntiyfspy;
Kd;tUjy;
 MNuhf;fpakhf
fhzg;gly;

nghJthd fz;lwpjy; : ghlj;jpw;F mtjhdk; nrYj;Jk; NghJ tplaq;fis

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;shik> Nehf;fj;Jld; nraw;gl Kbahik> njhlu;r;rpahf xU
nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl Kbahik.

5.4 Ma;Tg; gpur;rpidAld; njhlughd fhuzpfs; gw;wpa fy;tprhu; Njly;

Muk;g Njbawpjypy; NkYk; njspthf ,dq;fz;l gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd fhuzpfs;

gw;wp gy;NtW Muha;r;rpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; fy;tpapayhsu;fs; Kd;itj;Js;s
fz;lwpiffis EZfpaha;tNj fy;tprhu; Njly; vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
Muha;r;rpj;Jiwapy;. nray;epiy Ma;tpd; NghJ Njhd;Wk; fhuzpfs;
rpwg;ghditahFk;. mt;thwhd fhuzpfs; Xu; Muha;r;rpahsUf;Fk; kw;nwhU
Muha;r;rpahsUf;Fk; ,ilNa NtWglyhk;. vdpDk; fy;tprhu; Njlypd;; %yk;
cq;fsJ Muha;r;rpr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhfg; gpd;tUkhW topfhl;liyg; ngwyhk;.
 gpur;rpidapy; mlq;fpAs;s vz;zf;fUf;fs; nfhs;iffs; njhlu;ghf
Nkd;NkYk; Nfhl;ghL uPjpapy; jfty;fisg; ngWjYk; mjd; topNa jkJ
Muha;r;rpapy; mlq;fpAs;s vz;zf;fUf;fSf;Fg; nghUs; tpsf;fkspj;jYk;
 gpur;rpidj; njhlu;ghf Nkw;nfhs;sj;jf;f jiyaply; nraw;ghLfisAk;
mtw;iw newpg;gLj;jj;jf;f re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; ,dq;fhzy;
 Muha;r;rpf;fhfj; juT Nrfupf;Fk; fUtpfisr; rupahfj; jahupj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;
 jkJ Muha;r;rp njhlu;ghf jd;dk;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;

19
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fy;tprhu;; #oiktpd; NghJ gad;gLj;jf; $ba%y Mtzq;fs; cs;sd.

 E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;> N[u;dy;fs;
 ,izak;
 NtW Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liufs;
 nra;jpj;jhs; fl;Liufs;> Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liufs;

fy;tprhu;; #oiktpd; NghJ E}y;fs;> ,izak; Nghd;wtw;wpd; topNa jfty;fisg;

ngWk; NghJ gpd;gw;wj;jf;f rpy top Kiwfs; cs;sd.
 E}nyhd;wpypUe;J xU ge;;jpia my;yJ rpy thf;fpaq;fisg;

gad;gLj;Jjy;.
 ge;jpapy;> mj;jpahaj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s fUj;Jf;fis ,irTg;gLj;jp
Kd;itj;jy;.
 ge;jpapy;> mj;jpahaj;jpy; mlq;fpa fUj;Jf;fis tpku;rduPjpapy;
Kd;itj;jy;.
E}y;fis crhTk; NghJ gpd;tUk; jfty;fisg; gjpT nra;tJ crhj;Jizg;
gl;baypidj; jahupg;gjw;F Kf;fpakhdJ.
 E}yhrpupaupd; ngau; (Gz;zpa%u;j;jp> f.)

 ntspaPl;L Mz;L

 E}ypd; ngau;

 ntspaPl;lhsupd; Kftup
 ntspaPl;lhsupd; ngau;

,e;j jfty;fisj; Jizahff; nfhz;L fy;tprhu;; Njlypid fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F

Njitahd juTfisr; Nrfupj;J gpd;tUk; khjpupapy; gjpT nra;J nfhs;tJ
Kf;fpakhFk;.
ml;ltiz 11: gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd fy;tprhu;; Njlypw;fhd jfty; Fwpg;Gfs;.
(N[u;dy; khjpup 04)
ntspapl;l nghUj;jg;ghlhd
Mf;fpNahd; ntspapl;l E}ypd; ,lKk; cs;slf;fk; fz;lwpjy;fs;
ngau; Mz;Lk; ngau; ntspaPl;lhsUk; (gf;f
,yf;fj;Jld;

Nkw;ghu;itahsu; Fwpg;G :
Nkw;ghu;itahsu; xg;gKk; jpfjpAk; :

5.5 vz;zf;fUg; glk;

VNjDk; xU vz;zf;fU> tplag;gug;G> jiyg;G vd;gtw;Wld; njhlu;ghd
fhuzpfs;> cg gpupTfs;> nrhw;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fs; vd;gtw;iw glf;
FwpaPLfSld; nghUj;jp Kd;itg;gJ vz;zf;fU glkhFk;. (Mapping Concept)
,jd; %yk; gpujhd vz;zf;fUtpw;Fk; cg vz;zf;fUf;fSf;Fkpliahd
,ilj; njhlu;Gfs; tpsf;fg;gLk;. vz;zf;fU glkhdJ KOikahd xU
Nehf;fpid cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s mbg;gilahf mikAk;.

20
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

nray;epiy Ma;tpd; NghJ gpur;rpid njhlu;;ghf mbg;gilj; Njlypy; mwpe;J

nfhz;l fhuzpfis> fy;tprhu; Njly; %ykhf Njbawpe;J nfhz;l
tplaq;fSld; ,izj;Jg; nghWj;jg;ghl;bid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F VJthf
vz;zf;fUg; glj;jpid mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;nfd ePq;fs; tpUk;gpa
khjpupapidg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. fw;wYf;F Fiwe;j mtjhdk; cila
khztd; njhlu;ghf mbg;gilj; Njlypy; mwpe;J nfhz;l fhuzpfisAk;
fy;tprhu; Njlypy; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l tplaq;fSk; gpur;rpidAld; njhlu;GgLk;
tpjj;jpid gpd;tUk; vz;zf;fU glk; %yk; fhl;lyhk;.
vz;zf;fU glk;:

Vw;Wf;
nfhs;s
y;
FiwT
ntspg; tFg;giwapy;
nghWg;Gfis mbf;fb
Vw;wy; ntspNaWjy; tutpd;ik

fw;wy; ghlj;Jl
ghzpapy; d;
NtWghL tpyfpapU
j;jy; tpisahl; nkJthf
by; nraw;wgly;
milt
tpUg;gk;
Fiwthf nraw;ghLfi
,Uj;jy; s nra;ahik

gapw;rpfi
Nehf;fkpd; s
kfpo;r;rpfu wp ,Uj;jy; gapw;rpfis gpioahf
khd nra;ahik nra;jy;
fw;wy;
kwjp ghlj;jpy; ftdk;
nrYj;jhik
mikjpapd; ngw;Nwhu;f
ik Sf;F
fPo;gbahik
Vw;Wf; ez;gu;fs; jdpahf
nfhz;L Fiwjy; Ntis
fw;wYf;F nra;jy;
topg;gLj;jy; FLk;g
ngw;Nwhu; fw;w tpiuthf
cjtp #oy; ntWg;G
tWik
,d;ik

mwpT
Fiwjy; cil>
fw;wy; Gj;jfq;fs;
Neha; mOf;fhfap
cgfuzq;fs; Uj;jy;
FiwT

cU 08 gpur;rpid njhlu;ghf mbg;gil NjlYk; fy;tprhu; NjlYf;Fkhd

njhlu;gpid tpsf;Fk; vz;zf;fUg; glk;.

21
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

5.6 mbg;gil nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;

nray;epiy Ma;Tr; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ fy;tprhu; NjbawpjypYk;
mDgtj;jpd; ClhfTk; ,dq;fz;l jkJ gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;g;gjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd topfSs; kpfg; nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfis ,dq;fz;L
mtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; tpjk; njhlu;ghfj; jahupf;fg;gLk; Kd; Maj;jf;
Fwpg;Ng mbg;gilr; nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. nray;epiy Ma;tpd;
gpujhd Fwpf;NfhshdJ ,r;nraw;ghl;L jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; epyTfpd;w gpur;rpid
epiyikia khw;wpaikj;jy;> jPu;j;jy;> ,opthf;fy; vd;gtw;iw ,yf;fhff;
nfhz;l kpfg; nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjhFk;. Mugk;g Njly;
%yKk; fy;tprhu; Njly; %yKk; fz;lwpe;j jfty;fisj; Jizahff; nfhz;L
nraw;ghLfisj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhf Fwpf;Nfhs; / Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mikj;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk; : juk; 2 khztd; ghlj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;jhik
Fwpf;Nfhs;:- fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bw;F ftdj;Jld; gq;Fgw;WjYf;fhd
jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;

fy;tprhu; Njlypd;; topNa E}y;fs; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; jkJ

mDgtq;fspd; JizAld; jiyaply; nraw;ghLfs; gytw;iw ,dq;fz;gjw;F
Muha;r;rpahsUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;Fk;. me;j Muha;r;rp juTfis
mbg;gilahff;; nfhz;L jkJ gpur;rpidf;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfisj;
jPu;khdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mbg;gil nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpidj; jahupf;Fk; NghJ
Muha;r;rpahsu; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba gy Nfs;tpfs; cs;sd.
nraw;ghL %yk;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; tpNrl
,yf;F/milTf; fhl;bfs;
nraw;ghl;Lj; vit? mbg;gil nraw;ghl;Lj;
jpl;lkplypd; mbg;gil jpl;lj;jpid cUthf;FtJ
mk;rq;fs; vit? vt;thW?

nraw;ghL njhlu;ghd
juTfisg; ngWtJ
vt;thW? nraw;ghl;Lj; mbg;gil nraw;ghL
jpl;lk; gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;g;gjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhdjh?
nraw;ghLfs;
njhlu;ghf fhyj;jpid nraw;ghl;by; cs;slq;f
jpl;lkpLtJ vt;thW? Ntz;ba cg nraw;ghLfs;
ahit?

nraw;ghl;bw;F Njitahd
tsq;fs; ahit? cj;Njrpj;j cg nraw;ghLfs;
cg nraw;ghLfspd; eilKiw uPjpahdjh?
xOq;if Nkw;nfhs;tJ
vt;thW?
cU : 09 nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lkplypd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fs;

22
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,f;fhuzpfisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L mbg;gilahd nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lkplYf;fhf

gpd;tUk; khjpupiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mbg;gilahd nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lkplypd;
cj;Njr ,yf;Ffis va;Jtjw;fhf jiyaply; nraw;ghLfs; cs;slf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
ml;ltiz 12: mbg;gil nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lkply; khjpup (N[u;dy; khjpup 05)
cj;Njr nraw;ghLfSk; gad;gLj;Jk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; cj;Njr fhy
,yf;Ffs; xOq;FKiwAk; tsq;fs; elj;ij rhu;e;j tiuaiw
khw;wq;fs;

Nkw;ghu;itahsu; Fwpg;G :
Nkw;ghu;itahsu; xg;gKk; jpfjpAk; :

Vw;fdNt njupT nra;j juk; 2 khztdpd; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;by;

Fiwthd ftdk; vDk; gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd mbg;gil nraw;ghl;Lj;
jpl;lkplYf;fhd Xu; cjhuzk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
ml;ltiz 13: mbg;gil nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lkplYf;fhd cjhuzk;
Fwpf;Nfhs;:- fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bw;F ftdj;Jld; gq;Fgw;WjYf;fhd
jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;
cj;Njr nraw;ghLfSk; gad;gLj;Jk; cj;Njr fhy
elj;ij rhu;e;j
,yf;Ffs; xOq;FKiwAk; tsq;fs; tiuaiw
khw;wq;fs;
tpisahl;L nraw;ghL 01 ge;J jd;id
2018-09-05
kw;Wk; tpNdhj xw;Wikahd Nehf;fp tUk; Kjy; 2018-09-
nraw;ghLfs; tpisahl;L kw;Wk; tpjj;jpid 12 tiu.
%yk; tpNdhj nraw;ghLfs; ftdkhf ghlrhiy
ftdj;jpid %yk; rupahd ge;J mtjhdpg;ghu; Neuj;jpd;
nrYj;Jk; ftdj;jpid gpd;du;
jpwid tpUj;jp njhlu;rr
; pahf jf;f toq;fg;gl;l
nra;jy; itj;Jf; mwpTWj;jy;fSf;F
nfhs;tjw;fhfg; mikthf
01
gapw;rpaspj;jy; nraw;gly; kzpj;jpahsak;
gbKiw 1
Muk;gj;jpy;
xw;Wikahd ge;jpid gupkhw;wpf;
tpisahl;L xd;wpid nfhs;Sk;
Muk;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;by;
gbKiw 2 xw;Wikahf
Mrpupau; khztu;fis <LgLtu;.
tl;lkhf epWj;jp
xOq;fw;w Kiwapw;
ngau;fis mioj;J
ge;jpid tPRjy; FO
gbKiw 3 mwpTWj;jy;fSf;F

23
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

rpwpa FOf;fshf gpupe;J rupahd

ngau; Fwpj;J Xbr; Jyq;fs;fisf;
nrd;W ge;jpid fhl;Lthu;fs;
tPRjYk; gpbj;jYk;.
nraw;ghL 02
$l;Lf; fij
gbKiw 1
khztu;fis tl;lkhf
epw;fr; nra;J Mrpupau;
fijapid
trdnkhd;wpd; %yk;
Muk;gpj;jy;. Kiwahf
xt;nthW khztDk;
fijapid
fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.
gbKiw 2
rpwpa FOf;fshf
fijapid
fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.

06. Ma;T xOf;ff; Nfhit

nray;epiy Ma;Tfs; ep[ cyfpy; elj;jg;gLfpd;wikahy; jfty; Nrfupf;Fk;
NghJk; ngw;w jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJk; jPu;tpid toq;fj; jiyapLk;
NghJk; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw gfpUk; NghJk; Muha;r;rpahsu;fs; gpd;gw;wNtz;ba
tpQ;Qhd g+u;t eilKiwNa xOf;ff; NfhitahFk;. mt;thwhd Kf;fpakhd rpy
xOf;fq;fs; fPo;tUk; cUtpy; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

me;juq;fj;jd;ikiag;
ghJfhj;jy;
gq;Fgw;WNthupd; cupa Ml;fspd;
ghJfhg;G mDkjp ngwy;

Muha;r;rp
xOf;fq;fs;
,yf;F FOf;fsplkpUe;J
Muha;r;rp gupfhuq;fSf;Fk;> kw;Wk;
nrad;Kiwapd; khw;wq;fSf;F tpUg;gk;
ntspg;gilj; ngWjy;
Fwpj;j Mtzq;fs;>
jd;ik %yfq;fisg;
gad;gLj;j mDkjp
ngwy;
cU : 10 Ma;T xOf;ff;Nfhit

24
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

07. Muha;r;rpapd; tiuaiwfs; (vy;iyfs;)

nray;epiy Ma;Tfs; cz;ik cyfpy; elj;jg;gLfpd;wikahy; cs;sij

cs;sthNw fhl;LtJ xU gpur;rpidahf mika ,lKz;L. vdNt
Muha;r;rpahsu;fs; jkJ Muha;rp nraw;ghLfspd; NghJ tpjpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
tiuaiwfNs Muha;r;rpapd; tiuaiwfs; MFk;. Muha;r;rpahsu;fs; tpjpj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; mt;thwhd tiuaiwfs; fPNo tifg;gLj;jpf; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

Muha;r;rpapd; tiuaiwfs;

,yf;Ff; FO Muha;r;rpg; gug;gpd; elj;ij fhy vy;iy

jd;ik khw;wjjpd;
rpwg;Gj; jd;ik

cU : 11 Muha;r;rpapd; tiuaiwfs;

08. mbg;gil nraw;ghl;L jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;

Muha;r;rpahsu; jahupj;j mbg;gil nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lj;ij Neutiuaiwf;F
mikthf eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jpl;;lj;jpid
eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ ,lk;ngWk; midj;J tplaq;fisAk; mtjhdpj;J
gpujpgypg;Gf; Fwpg;G ,lNtz;baJld;> mjd; %ykhf ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
fz;lwpjy;fspd; mbg;gilapw; kPs; jpl;lkply; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gpujpgypg;Gf;
Fwpg;gpid Nkw;nfhs;s gpd;tUk; khjpupia mbg;ilahff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

ml;ltiz 14:; mbg;gilj; jiyaPl;Lr; nrad;Kiw njhlu;ghd gpujpgypg;Gf;

Fwpg;Gf;fs;. (N[u;dy; khjpup 06)
nraw;gLj;Jk;
vjpu;ghuf;fg;gLk; Nghjhd ntw;wpj; jd;ik
,yf;Ffs; gbKiw fz;lwpjy;fs; njhlu;ghd Ra
mDgtq;fs;/ fzpg;gL P
mtjhdpg;Gf;fs;

Nkw;ghu;itahsu; Fwpg;G :
Nkw;ghu;itahsu; xg;gKk; jpfjpAk; :

25
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

09. gpujpgypg;G (Reflection)

gpujpgypg;G vd;gJ “kdpjdJ rpe;jidr; nrad;Kiwapd; xU jd;ikahFk;”.
ePq;fs; cq;fSf;F fpilf;Fk; mDgtq;fs;> vjpu;Nehf;f NeupLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;
kw;Wk; Gyf;fhl;rp ngWk; Gjpa jfty;fs; njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ cs;sk;
nraw;gLk; tpjk; njhlu;ghf ePq;fs; mwpe;j epiyapy; nra;Ak; tpku;rd uPjpahd
Ez;zha;thFk;. mjhtJ cq;fsJ vz;zq;fis ePq;fNs ,dq;fhzyhFk;.
kdpjdJ rpe;jpf;Fk; jd;ik gy;NtWgl;lJ. rpe;jpf;Fk; nrad;KiwahdJ
gpujhdkhf ,uz;L mZFKiwfspd; topNa ,lk;ngWfpwJ. mt; ,uz;L
mZFKiwfSf;Fk; ,ilNa neUq;fpa njhlu;G cz;L.

1. gpujpgypg;Gr; rpe;jid (ReflectiveThinking)

2. gFj;jwpTr; rpe;jid (Critical Thinking)
elj;ijapid khw;wy;

vdJ gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;g;gjw;F

nraw;ghLfisj; jPu;g;Gr; nra;J
nghUs; tpsf;fk; mspj;jy;
vdJ ek;gpf;if kdg;ghq;F gFj;jwpT rpe;jid
mwpe;J nfhs;sYk; khw;WjYk;

mDgtj;jpid
kPs; tprhuiz
gpujpgypg;Gr; rpe;jid
ehd;

; from Mezirow 1990, Schon 1987, Brookfield 1987]

%yk;: The Thinking Process [adapted

cU 12: gpujpgypg;Gr; rpe;jid

26
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

gpujpgypg;Gr; rpe;jidapd; jd;ik :

nraw;ghL nraw;ghl;bd;
,r;nraw;ghl;by;
njhlu;ghf vdJ tfpghfk; NghJ ,lk;
vdJ ngw;wJ vd;d?
ahJ?
kjpg;gL
P
ahJ?

nraw;ghL ehd;
njhlu;
10. kP ghf
sj;jpl; lkply; mDgtpg;gitAk;
vdJ mtjhdpg;gitAk;
czu;Tfs; ahit?
ahit?

ehd; ,e;j mjpy; ehd;

mDgtj;jpd; ve;jf;
%yk; fw;Wf; Nfhl;ghl;il
nfhs;tJ my;yJ
vt;thW? fUj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;?

cU 13: gpujpgypg;Gr; rpe;jidapd; jd;ik

gpujpgypg;G mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ ahJ?

gpujpgypg;G mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ ePq;fs; jpl;lkpl;l nraw;ghl;bid nraw;gLj;Jk;
gazj;jpy; ePq;fshfNt kPsj; Njbg;ghu;g;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Fwpg;GfshFk;.
gpujpgypg;G mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy; %yk; ePq;fs; cq;fsJ mDgtq;fspd; eilKiwj;
jd;ikAld; Nfhl;ghl;Lf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpid xg;gpLtJld; ePq;fs; Vw;fdNt
mwpe;J itj;Js;stw;wpw;Fk; fw;wy; nrad;Kiwapd; %yk; nray; uPjpapy; ngWk;
mwpTf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;igf; fhz;gPu;fs;.
gpujpgypg;G mwpf;ifg;gLj;jypd; jd;ikfs;
 ePq;fs; ngWk; mDgtq;fs;> mwpthw;wy;fs;> jfty;fs; njhlu;ghd
Jyq;fy;fs;
 cq;fsJ vz;zq;fs;> czu;Tfs; njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ Jyq;fy;fs;
 cq;fsJ fw;wYf;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd rupahd top gw;wpr; rpe;jpj;jy;
 Ra mwpit miltjw;fhf re;ju;g;gq;fisf; fhZjy;
 ePq;fs; fw;gitg; gw;wpa njspthd tpsf;fk;

27
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

gpujpgypg;Gf; Fwpg;G vOJjy; Ma;tpid Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;dUk;> Ma;T ,lk;

ngWk; NghJk;> Ma;tpd; gpd;dUk; njhlu;r;rpahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;baJ
fl;lhakhFk;. ,jw;nfd nray;epiy Ma;T N[u;dy; cq;fSf;F
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nray;epiy Ma;T N[u;dypy; 01- 11 tiuahd
khjpupfs; fhzg;gLtJld; mit Ma;tpid Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;dUk;> Ma;T ,lk;
ngWk; NghJk;> Ma;tpd; gpd;dUk; Mfpa gpujhd fl;lq;fs; %d;Wld; ,ize;jjhf
gpujpgypg;Gf; Fwpg;G vOJtjw;fhf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cjhuzk;: Ma;T N[u;dypd; jd;ik

Kjw; gf;fk; Mrpupa khztupd; tpguq;fs;

khjpup 01 gpujpgypg;G mbg;ilapw; gpur;idg; gFjpapid mwpjy;
khjpup 02 gpur;rpidia tpNrlkhf mwpe;J nfhs;sy;
khjpup 03 gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd mbg;ilj; jfty;fs;
khjpup 04 gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd fy;tprhu;; #oiktpd; jfty; Fwpg;Gfs;
khjpup 05 mbg;gil nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lkply; khjpup (Ma;tpd; Kjw; Rw;W)
khjpup 06 mbg;gilj; jiyaPl;Lr; nrad;Kiw njhlu;ghd gpujpgypg;Gf;
Fwpg;Gf;fs;.
khjpup 07 Kjyhk; kPs;jpl;lkply; (Ma;tpd; ,uz;lhk; Rw;W)
khjpup 08 Kjyhk; kPs;jpl;lkplypd; nraw;ghL njhlu;ghd gpujpgypg;Gf;
Fwpg;Gf;fs;.
khjpup 09 ,uz;lhtJ kPs;jpl;lkply; (Ma;tpd; %d;whk; Rw;W)
khjpup 10 ,uz;lhtJ; kPs;jpl;lkplypd; nraw;ghL njhlu;ghd gpujpgypg;Gf;
Fwpg;Gf;fs;.
khjpup 11 ,Wjp gpujpgypg;Gf; Fwpg;Gf;fs;.

10. Kjyhk; kPs; jpl;lkply; (Ma;tpd; ,uz;lhk; Rw;W)

mbg;gilahd jiyaply; nraw;ghl;L jpl;lj;jpd; KjyhtJ nraw;ghL
njhlu;ghf Muha;r;rpahsupdhy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpgypg;G N[u;dy;
Fwpg;Gf;fs; %yk; mg;gpur;rpidapid jPu;ff
; g;glhj> XusT jPu;f;fg;gl;l> NkYk;
jPu;ff
; Ntz;ba re;ju;g;gq;fis ,dq;fz;L nfhs;syhk;. mjw;fika kPz;Lk;
jpl;lkpl;L eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;nfd fPo;tUk; khjpup 07 ,idg;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mbg;gil nraw;ghl;L jpl;lkplYf;F jPu;khdpj;j Nehf;fk; /
Nehf;fq;fs; vd;gtw;iw njhlu;r;rpahf mile;J nfhs;s vjpu;ghu;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

28
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ml;ltiz 15 : Kjyhk; kPs;jpl;lkply; (N[u;dy; khjpup 07)

Nehf;fk; :
cj;Njr nraw;ghLfSk; gad;gLj;Jk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; cj;Njr fhy
,yf;Ffs; xOq;FKiwAk; tsq;fs; elj;ij rhu;e;j tiuaiw
khw;wq;fs;

Nkw;ghu;itahsu; Fwpg;G :
Nkw;ghu;itahsu; xg;gKk; jpfjpAk; :

Kjyhk; kPs;jpl;lkplypid nraw;gLj;jpa gpd;du; mJ njhlu;ghd gpujpgypg;G

Fwpg;Gfs; khjpup 08 ,y; ,lg;;gl Ntz;Lk;.

ml;ltiz 16 : Kjyhk; kPs;jpl;lkplypid nraw;gLj;jpajw;fhd gpujpgypg;G Fwpg;Gfs;

(N[u;dy; khjpup 08)
nraw;gLj;Jk;
vjpu;ghuf;fg;gLk; Nghjhd ntw;wpj; jd;ik
,yf;Ffs; gbKiw fz;lwpjy;fs; njhlu;ghd Ra
mDgtq;fs;/ fzpg;gL P
mtjhdpg;Gf;fs;

Nkw;ghu;itahsu; Fwpg;G :
Nkw;ghu;itahsu; xg;gKk; jpfjpAk; :

11. ,uz;lhtJ kPs; jpl;lkply; (Ma;tpd; %d;whk; Rw;W)

Kjyhk; kPs;jpl;lkplYld; njhlu;ghd gpujpgypg;G Fwpg;Gfspd; mbg;gilapw;
Nkw;nfhz;l jPu;khdq;fSf;F mika ,uz;lhk; kPs;jpl;lkplypid Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;baJld;> ,jw;nfd fPo;tUk; khjpup 09 ,idg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

ml;ltiz 17 : ,uz;lhk; kPs;jpl;lkply; (N[u;dy; khjpup 09)

Nehf;fk;:

cj;Njr nraw;ghLfSk; gad;gLj;Jk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; cj;Njr fhy

,yf;Ffs; xOq;FKiwAk; tsq;fs; elj;ij rhu;e;j tiuaiw
khw;wq;fs;

Nkw;ghu;itahsu; Fwpg;G :
Nkw;ghu;itahsu; xg;gKk; jpfjpAk; :

,uz;lhk; kPs;jpl;lkplypid nraw;gLj;jpajw;fhd gpujpgypg;G Fwpg;Gfs;

,uz;lhk; kPs;jpl;lkplypid nraw;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd mDgtq;fs;> mtjhdpg;G

fz;lwpjy;fs; kw;Wk; Ra fzpg;gPL vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
Fwpg;Gfisg; NgZtjw;fhf khjpup 10 ,idg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mbg;gil
nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lkplypd; NghJ jPu;khdpj;j Nehf;fk; / Nehf;fq;fs; NkYk; milag;
ngWtJ ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;.

29
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ml;ltiz 18 : ,uz;lhk; kPs;jpl;lkplypid nraw;gLj;jpajw;fhd gpujpgypg;G

Fwpg;Gfs; (N[u;dy; khjpup 10)

nraw;gLj;Jk;
vjpu;ghuf;fg;gLk; Nghjhd ntw;wpj; jd;ik
,yf;Ffs; gbKiw fz;lwpjy;fs; njhlu;ghd Ra
mDgtq;fs;/ fzpg;gL P
mtjhdpg;Gf;fs;

Nkw;ghu;itahsu; Fwpg;G :

Nkw;ghu;itahsu; xg;gKk; jpfjpAk; :

12. ,Wjp gpujpgypg;Gf; Fwpg;Gf;fs;

KO Ma;T njhlu;ghfTk; ,Wjp gpujpgypg;G Fwpg;GfisAk; khjpup 11 ,y; gjpT

nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
ml;ltiz 19 : ,Wjp gpujpgypg;Gf; Fwpg;Gf;fs; (N[u;dy; khjpup 11)

Ma;thsu; vd;w ehd; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l

,yf;Ff; FOtpy;
tifapw; vd;dpy; Gjpa mwpT / KbTfs;
Vw;gl;l khw;wk;
Vw;gl;l khw;wk; mDgtk;

13. nray;epiy Ma;Tr; nrad;Kiwapd; fhyr; rl;lfk;

xl;Lnkhj;j Muha;r;rp nrad;Kiwapd; gbKiwfis fhyr; rl;lfnkhd;wpd;

topNa eilKiwg;gLj;JtNj Muha;r;rp nrad;Kiwapd; fhyr; rl;lfk;
vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLk;. fhyr; rl;lfj;Jf;fhf fhd;l; ml;ltiziag; (Gant chart)
gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,q;F rpy nraw;ghLfis xNu fhy vy;iyapy;
eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; ,jpy; fhl;lyhk;. Muha;r;rpahsu; jkJ
Neuj;ij Kfhik nra;J Muha;r;rp nrad;Kiwia newpgLj;Jk; tpjk; fhy
rl;lfj;jpdhy; fhl;lg;gLk;. cj;Njr fhyr; rl;lfj;jpy; khw;wq;fs; ,lk; ngw;why;
mk;khw;wq;fis NtW epwj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fhyr; rl;lfj;jpw;F
gpd;tUk; khjpupapid gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

30
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ml;ltiz 20: nray;epiy Ma;tpd; KOikahd fhyr; rl;lfk;

nrg;jk;gu;

Xf;Nlhgu;

ngg;utup
bnrk;gu;
etk;gu;

[dtup
nraw;ghL

Vg;upy;
khu;r;
 Muha;r;rp KidT
ghlf; Fwpg;Gfspy; cs;s gpujpgypg;Gf;
Fwpg;Gf;fis nfhz;L gpur;rpidia gFjpid
,dq;fhzy;.
 gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd Muk;g Njly;
 fy;tprhu; Njly; %yk; gpur;rpidia Fwpg;ghf
njspTg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;.
 mbg;gil nraw;wpl;lj;ij jahupj;jy;.
 Muha;r;rp Kd;nkhopitj; jahupj;jYk;
Kd;itj;jYk;.
 mbg;gil nraw;ghl;bid nraw;gLj;jy;
 jiyaPl;L tl;lr; (RUspr;) nrad;Kiw
 gUkl;lhd mwpf;if jahupj;jy;.
 ,Wjp mwpf;if jahupj;jy;

14. crhj;Jiz E}w;gl;bay;

cq;fsJ Muha;r;rpfSf;fhf crhtpa E}y;fs;> E}yhrpupau;fs;> Mz;L>

ntspaPl;lhsu; Mfpa jfty;fs; cs;slq;fpa tifapy;> mfu tupirg;gb
crhj;Jiz E}w;gl;bay; jahupf;fg;glNtz;Lk;;. (crhj;Jiz E}y; gl;bay;
khjpupf;fikthf) ,g;gl;bayhdJ mnkupf;f cstpay; rq;fj;jpdhy; (APA)
Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s epakq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

rpy cjhuzq;fs; tUkhW:

 jdp egupdhy; vOjg;gl;l E}ypid fhl;ly;.;

jp]hehaf> N[.gP.(2005). khDl nkhopg; gpuNtrk;> fSNghtpiy> Rkpj
ntspaPl;lhsu;
Burns, R.B. (1996). Introduction to Research Methods, South Melbourne, Longman
 gyupdhy; vOjg;gl;l E}ypid fhl;ly;;.
Kemmis, S. and Mctaggart, R.C. (1998). Action Research Planner, Victoria,
Denkin University

 epWtdk; xd;wpd; %ykhf ntspaplg;gl;l E}ypid fhl;ly;;.

Elliott, J. (1991). Action Research for Educational Change, Milton Keynes, Open
University
 ,izak; %ykhf ngw;Wf; nfhz;l %yj;jpidf; fhl;ly;.
Hampe, N. (2013). Reflective Practice and Writing Guide to Getting Started,
Retrieved April 9, 2015, from
http://www.alia.org.au.sites/default/files/documents/Reflective Practice and Writing
Guide 20130409JB.P&F

31
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

15. nray;epiy Ma;T Kd;nkhopitj; jahupj;jy;

nray;epiy Ma;itj; njhlq;f Kd; Kjypy; me;j Ma;it elj;Jk; tpjk;
njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW Ma;T Kd;nkhopit jahupj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. rupahf jahupj;j Ma;T KdnkhopthdJ nray;epiy Ma;tpd;
mikg;ig ,dq;fz;L ghu;g;gjw;F Jizahf mikAk;. gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp
bg;Nshkh fw;if newpapd; nray;epiy Ma;T Kd;nkhopit vOJtjw;fhfg;
gpd;tUk; khjpupia gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

nray;epiy Ma;T Kd;nkhopit vOJtjw;Fupa khjpup

1. gpur;rpidia ,dq;fhzy;.

2. #oikit tpgupj;jy;.

 gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd Muk;g Njly;

 fy;tprhu; Njly;

3. jiyaPl;Lf;fhd mbg;gilr; nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;

4. Muha;r;rp xOf;fq;fs;.

5. Muha;r;rpapd; tiuaiwfs;.

6. fhyr; rl;lfk;.
7. crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;

vdJ nray;epiy Ma;Tf;Fupa Kd;nkhoptpid mDkjpf;fhf Kd;itf;fpd;Nwd;.

…………………………
Mrpupau; khztuJ ifnahg;gk;

nray;epiy Muha;r;rp Kd;nkhopTf;F mDkjp toq;FfpNwhk;.

1. ngau;:…………………… xg;gk; : ……………………….. jpfjp: ………………..

2. ngau;:…………………… xg;gk; : ……………………….. jpfjp: ………………..

3. ngau;:…………………… xg;gk; : ……………………….. jpfjp: ………………..

(Nkw;gb khjpupf;fika nray;epiy Ma;T Kd;nkhoptpid %d;W gf;fq;fspy;

Kd;itf;Ff.)

32
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

16. nray;epiy Ma;Tf; fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

nray;epiy Ma;it Xu; KOikahd nrad;Kiwahf fUjp njhlu;r;rpahd
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; elj;jg;gLk;. mJ gpd;tUk; tifapy; ,lk; ngWk;.

01. Ma;T Kd;nkhopit Kd;itj;jy;

02. gpujpgypg;G N[u;diy fzpg;gPL nra;jy;.
03. ,Wjp mwpf;ifia kjpg;gPL nra;jy;.

16.1 Ma;T Kd;nkhopit Kd;itj;jy;

 Ma;T Kd;nkhopit vOj;J %yk; Kd;itg;gNjhL mjid ePq;fs;
tha;nkhop %yKk; Kd;itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 tpupTiuahsu; FO xd;wpd; %ykhf cq;fsJ vOj;J %y kw;Wk;
tha;nkhop %y Ma;T Kd;nkhopT kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 Ma;T Kd;nkhopit tha;nkhop %yk; Kd;itf;Fk; NghJ gpd;tUk;
tplaq;fis ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
- Fiwe;jg;gl;rk; xU Jizr; rhjdj;ijNaDk; gad;gLj;jp kw;iwa
khztu;fspd; Kd;epiyapy; Kd;itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
- gad;gLj;Jk; Jizr; rhjdq;fs; rupahditahfTk; njspthditahfTk;
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
- Ma;T Kd;nkhopit Kd;itf;Fk; NghJ Neu;Kfg; tpupTiuahsu; FO
Nfl;Fk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspg;gJ mtrpakhFk;.
- Vidatu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; Njit fUjp tpdtyhk;.
- Kd;itg;Gr; nra;Ak; NghJ kjpg;gPl;L epakq;fSf;F mikthf
tplaq;fis Kd;itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
- N[u;dy; Fwpg;Gfs; / Mjhuq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

ml;ltiz 21 : nray;epiy Ma;T Kd;nkhoptpd; tha;nkhop %yk;

Kd;itg;gpw;fhd kjpg;gPL khjpup

,y kjpg;gL
P epakq;fs; Gs;spfs;
1. gpur;rpidj; njhlu;ghd Muk;g jfty;fis Kd;itj;jy; 15
2. Muha;r;rpf;Fupa fy;tp rhu; Njlypy; jug;gl;Ls;s jfty;fs; 15
3. gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPu;tpid NjLtjw;fhf Muk;g jiyaPl;L
15
nraw;ghl;L jpl;lk;
4. Ma;T Kd;nkhoptpidj; njspthf Kd;itj;jy; 15
5. nghUj;jkhd Kiwfs; / Mjhuq;fSld; Kd;itj;jy; 20
Kd;itg;G njhlu;ghd tpdhf;fSf;F rpwg;ghd Jyq;fy;
6. 20
fhl;ly;
nkhj;jg; Gs;spfs; 100

33
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

16.2 gpujpgypg;G N[u;dy;fs; fzpg;gPL nra;jy;

Muha;r;rp nrad;Kiw epfOk; Ntisapy; cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s

gpujpgypg;G N[u;dypy; cupa Fwpg;Gf;fs; vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mf;Fwpg;Gf;fs;
Nkw;ghu;itahsupd; fzpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;.

16.3 ,Wjp mwpf;ifia kjpg;gPL nra;jy;.

nray;epiy Ma;T mwpf;ifapd; ,Wjp kjpg;gPL Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd;
Mrpupa fy;tpj; Jiwapdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhf gpd;tUk;
epajpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
ml;ltiz 22: Ma;T mwpf;ifapd; ,Wjp kjpg;gPL epakq;fs;
,y. kjpg;gL
P epakq;fs; Gs;spfs;
01 gpur;rpidiaj; njupT nra;jy; 05
02 gpur;rpidia njhlu;ghd Muk;g Njly; 15
03 fy;tprhu; Njly; 10
04 Muk;g nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; 15
05 gpujpgypg;G Fwpg;G ,ly; 15
06 kPs; jpl;lkplYk; nraw;gLj;jYk; ( 2>3 Rw;W) 10
07 fz;lwpjy;fSk; KbTk; (,Wjp gpujpgypg;G) 10
08 njhopy;El;g epiwT 05
09 fhyr; rl;lfk; 02
10 mwpf;ifaplYk; rupahd nkhopg; gpuNahfKk; 07
11 njupT nra;j nghUj;jkhd ,izg;Gf;fisg; gad;gLj;jy; 03
12 mwpf;ifapd; KOikj; jd;ik 03
nkhj;jg; Gs;spfs; 100

ml;ltiz 23 : nray;epiy Ma;tpd; ,Wjpg; Gs;spapid fzpg;gply;

re;ju;g;gk; nkhj;jg; Gs;sp ,Wjpg; Gs;sp
Ma;T Kd;nkhoptpid tha; %yk;
Kd;itj;jy; 100 30
,Wjp mwpf;if kjpg;gL P 100 70

nkhj;jg; Gs;spfs; 100

34
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

17. nray;epiy Ma;T ,Wjp mwpf;ifia Kd;itg;gjw;Fupa njhopy;El;g

mwpTWj;jy;fs;

jsf; Nfhyj; jd;ik (Layout)

17.1 mbg;gilahd tplaq;fs;

 mwpf;ifia mr;rpLtjw;fhf (A4) ntz;zpw mr;Rf; fljhrpfis
(80gsm) khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 cs; gf;fq;fspd; vy;iyfs; (Margins) gpd;tUkhW mikjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
- NkNy 1 inch ,lg;Gwj;jpy; 1.5 inch
- fPNo 1 inch tyg;Gwj;jpy; 1 inch
 NkYiw (Cover Page)
 gpd;dzp epwk; : Maroon
 fljhrp : ru;tNjr epak msTfspd; gb A4 msthd
mr;Rf; fljhrp
NkYiwf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jbj;j ml;il
(Hard Binding)
 vOj;JU tif : Kalaham / Times New Roman
 vOj;jpd; epwk; : Golden colour
 vOj;J msT (Font size)
- Muha;r;rp mwpf;ifj; jiyg;G : 28
(NkNy eLg; gFjpapy; mikAkhW)
- Muha;r;rpahsu; ngau; : 18
- gjptpyf;fk; : 16
(eLg; gFjpapy; mikAkhW)
- fw;ifnewpapd; ngau; : 16
- fw;if Mz;L : 16
(eLg; gFjpapy; mikAkhW)
Mrpupau; fy;tpj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> fy;tp Mz;L
vd;gd fPo eLg;gFjpapy; mika Ntz;Lk;.

17.2 mwpf;ifapd; gpujhd gFjpfSf;Fupa jsf;Nfhs mwpTWj;jy;fs;

17.2.1 Kw;gf;fq;fisj; jahupj;jy;

 gf;fq;fSf;F ,yf;fkply; : cNuhk ,yf;fq;fs;

(gf;fj;jpd; fpNoAs;s eLg;gFjpapy;)
- gf;f ,yf;fk; I : Ma;tpd; jiyg;G> khztu; tpguk;>
fw;ifnewpAk; fw;if Mz;Lk;> epWtdk;
Mfpa tplaq;fs; mlq;fpa gf;fk;

35
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

- gf;f ,yf;fk; II : ntspg;gLj;Jif

- gf;f ,yf;fk; III : ed;wp etpyy;
- gf;f ,yf;fk; III : nghUslf;fk;
- gf;f ,yf;fk; V : ml;ltizg; gl;bay;
- gf;f ,yf;fk; VI : cUg; gl;bay;
- gf;f ,yf;fk; VII : rhuhk;rk; (xU gf;fj;jpw;F kl;Lg;gLj;Jf)

17.2.2 cl;Gw gf;f mikg;G

 gf;f ,yf;fk; : ,e;J-muG ,yf;fq;fs;

(gf;fj;jpd; fPNo eLg;gFjpapy;)
 jiyg;Gf;fs; ,ly; :
- gpujhd jiyg;Gf;fs;:
vOj;J msT 16>vOj;J tif– Kalaham / Bold
- cg jiyg;Gf;fs; :
vOj;J msT 14> vOj;J tif– Kalaham / Bold
- cg>cg jiyg;Gf;fs;:
vOj;J msT 12> vOj;J tif–Kalaham / Bold
 cs;slf;fk; : vOj;J msT 12> vOj;j tif – Kalaham
 ,uz;L tupfSf;fpilahd ,ilntsp : 1.5 (Line Space)
 ge;jpfSf;F ,ilNa ,ilntsp,y;iy. (No Space)

17.2.3 mwpf;ifapd; cs;slf;fk; (,e;J-muG ,yf;fq;fspy; ,yf;fkpLf)

01. mwpKfk;
1.1 gpur;rpid
1.2 gpur;rpidia tpsf;Fjy;
1.3 gpur;rpidAk; njhopy;rhu; tfpgq;Fk;
1.4 gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd Nehf;F

02. gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd mbg;gil tplaq;fisj; Njbawpjy;

2.1 gpur;rpid njhlu;ghd Muk;g jfty;fs;
2.2 juT Kf;Nfhzg;gLj;jy; %yk; fhuzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;
2.3 fhuzpfSld; njhlu;ghd fy;tprhu; Njly;
2.4 Ma;tpw;F mbg;gilahd vz;zf;fU tiuglk;

03 Ma;Tr; nrad;Kiw
3.1 nraw;ghLfSf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j Nehf;fq;fs;
3.2 jiyaplypd; mbg;gil nraw;ghl;L jpl;lkply; (N[u;dy; khjpup 05)

36
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

3.3 Ma;T xOf;f Nfhit

3.4 Muha;r;rpapd; tiuaiwfs;
3.5 jiyaplypd; Muk;g jpl;lj;jpid nraw;gLj;jpa tpjKk;
gpujpgypg;Gk;
3.6 Kjyhk; kPs; jpl;lk;> nraw;gLj;jpa tpjKk; gpujpgypg;Gk;
3.7 ,uz;lhk; kPs; jpl;lk;> nraw;gLj;jpa tpjKk; gpujpgypg;Gk;
3.8 ngw;Wf; nfhz;l Gjpa mwpTk; KbTfSk; (,Wjp gpujpgypg;G)
(3.2> 3.5> 3.6> 3.7 vd;gtw;iw nghUj;jkhd khjpupfis
nfhz;L Kd;itf;f Ntz;Lk;)

- crhJiz E}y;fs; (,yf;fkplj; Njitapy;iy)

- ,izg;Gf;fs; (cNuhk ,yf;fq;fs; ,Lf)
- fhyr;rl;lfk;
- Nkw;ghu;itahsu; mwpf;if
- Muha;r;rp mwpf;ifia xg;gilf;Fk; gj;jpuk;

17.2.4 ,Wjpg; gf;fq;fspd; mikg;G

- crhj;Jiz E}w;gl;bay; -mnkupf;f cstpaw; fof mbg;il (APA)

- ,izg;Gf;fs;
- fhyr;rl;lfk;
- Nkw;ghu;itahsu; mwpf;if
 gf;fq;fSf;F ,yf;fkply; - cl;gf;fj;jpy; gf;f ,yf;fk; Kbtile;j gf;fk;
njhlf;fk; cNuhk ,yf;fq;fs; ,lg;gl Ntz;Lk; (gf;fj;jpd; fPNo
eLg;gFjpapy; mikAkhW)

Muha;r;rp mwpf;ifapy; vt;tifahd Gj;jf

milahsq;fSk; (Book Mark) ,Uj;jyhfhJ.

18. ml;ltizfis cs;slf;fy;

Ma;T mwpf;ifapy; ml;ltizfis cs;slf;Fk; NghJ gpd;tUk;
epakq;fspidg; gpd;gw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.

ml;ltiz ,y : 1.1: ,yq;ifapy; ghlrhiyg; ghFghL

Font: Kalaham 14
Bold
ghlrhiy tif 1AB 1C 2 3

Font: Kalaham 12
%yk; : fy;tp mikr;R> 2013;:14

37
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

19. nray;epiy Ma;tpd; ,Wjp mwpf;ifapid xg;gilg;gjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;

o ,g;Gj;jfj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s mwpTWj;jy;fSf;F mikthf ,Wjp

mwpf;if jahupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk.;
o Ma;T mwpf;ifAld; KOikahfg; G+u;j;jp nra;ag;gl;l nray;epiy
Ma;T N[u;dYk; xg;gilf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
o mwpf;ifapid xg;gilf;f Kd;du; Kjd;ik Nkw;ghu;itahsu; kw;Wk;
FO Nkw;ghu;itahsuplk; ,Ue;J rku;g;gpg;gjw;fhd rpghuprpid ngw
Ntz;Lk;.
o Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; my;yJ mjw;F Kd;du; mwpf;ifapid epiya
,izg;ghsuplk; xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;.

38
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

20. Kjw; gf;fj;jpw;fhd khjpup mikg;G:

jiyg;G Font: Kalaham 28

Bold

Font: Kalaham 18
Muha;r;rpahsu; ngau; Bold

Font: Kalaham 16
gjptpyf;fk; Bold

fw;ifnewpg; ngau; Font: Kalaham 16

Bold

Font: Kalaham 16
fw;if Mz;L Bold

Mrpupau; fy;tpj;Jiw
Font: Kalaham 15
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Bold

kfufk
2019

39
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

21. ntspg;gLj;Jif gf;fj;jpw;fhd khjpup:

ntspg;gLj;Jif

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd;gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewpapd;; Njitiag;

g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gLk; ,t; nray;epiy Ma;T mwpf;ifahdJ>
vdJ thz;ik tfpghfj;jpid Mw;Wk; NghJ Njhd;wpa xU gpur;rpidia
jPu;g;gjw;fhf vLf;fg;gl;l Kaw;rpapd; ngWNgwhFk;.

,e;j mwpf;ifapy; mlq;fpAs;s tplaq;fs; ahTk; ,jw;F Kd; Njrpa fy;tp

epWtfj;Jf;F my;yJ NtW ahNjDk; epWtdj;Jf;F rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l Ma;Tf;
fl;Liuapy; mlq;fpAs;sitfs; my;y vd;gjidAk;; %yhjhuj;jpd; ngau;
Fwpg;gpl;litad;wp NtW %yhjhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J my;yJ E}y;fspypUe;J vJTk;
ngauj;njLf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gijAk;> ,J ehd; Rakhf Mf;fpa Xu; Ma;Tf;
fl;LiuahFk; vd;gjidAk; cWjpg;gLj;JfpNwd;.

ifnahg;gk; :

ngau; :

gjptpyf;fk; :

mYtyf Kftup :

jdpg;gl;l Kftup :

njhiyNgrp ,y :

jpfjp :

40
 gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;Nshkh fw;ifnewp – Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

22. nray;epiy Ma;tpd; ,Wjp mwpf;ifapid xg;gilg;gjw;fhd khjpup

01. Kjd;ik Nkw;ghu;itahsupd; rpghupR :

.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................

ifnahg;gk; :

ngau;:

jpfjp:

02. FO Nkw;ghu;itahsupd; rpghupR :

.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................

ifnahg;gk; :

ngau;:

jpfjp:

03. epiya ,izg;ghsupd; cWjpg;gLj;jy;:

...................................................... gpuNjr epiyaj;jpy; ............................................ gjpT

,yf;fj;jpidAila tz/jpU/jpUkjp/ nry;tp ...................................................................

mtu;fspd; nray;epiy Ma;T ,Wjp mwpf;ifapidAk; N[u;dypidAk;

............................................... jpfjp ngw;Wf; nfhz;Nld; vd cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;Nwd;.

epiya ,izg;ghsu; xg;gk; :

jpfjp :
gjtp Kj;jpiu :

41