lhf;lH.

mk;Ngl;fhpd; jk;k Gul;rp

MrphpaH
guk;G+[;a cUNfd; rq;fuf;\pjh

jphpuj;d fpue;jkhyh
ehf;)H
DR. AMBEDKAR’S DHAMMA
REVOLUTION
© Ven. Urgyen Sangharakshita,

Tamil Translation (2009)

Translation by
Alumni NTI Translation Committee,
Tamil Nadu

Published by
Thriratna Granthamala
Nagpur

Printed for free distribution by

The Corporate body of the Buddha Educational Foundation
11F, 55 Hang chang South Road Sec 1, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Tel: 886-2-23951198, Fax: 886-2-23913415
Email: overseas@budaedu.org
Website: http://www.budaedu.org
This book is strictly for free distributiion, it is not for sale.
 1

Mrphpah; gw;wp……

guk;) [;a cUNfd;; rq;fuf;\pjh> nt];lh;d; Gj;jp];l; Mh;lh;

vd;w rq;fj;jpd; epWtdh; (,e;jpahtpy; j;iuNyhf;a gTj;j k`hrq;f
rfhaf; fz vd mwpag;gl;lJ). 1944 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpw;F
te;jhh;> ,q;NfNa 20 Mz;Lfs; jq;fp Gj;j jk;kj;ij fw;W
filgpbj;J mjid Nghjpf;fTk; nra;jhh;. 'kfhNghjp’ vd;w ,jopd;
Mrphpauhf 14 tUlq;fs; gzpahw;wpdhh;. 1957-y; mtUila 'rh;Nt
Mg; Gj;jprk;' vd;w E}iy cyfk; KOtJk; ntspapl;lhh;.
mtUila kjpg;gpw;Fk; ek;gpf;iff;Fk; chpa ez;guhfTk;> rpwe;j
MNyhrfuhfTk; tpsq;fpa lhf;lh; B.R. mk;Ngl;fh; mth;fshy;
Jtf;fg;gl;l khngUk; gTj;j kjkhw;w ,af;fj;jpy; jd;id
If;fpag;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;. 1956 Kjy; njhlh;e;J xt;nthU tUl
Fsph;fhy nghOijAk; kfhuh\;buhtpy; cs;s Gjpajhf gTj;jk;
Vw;w kf;fSld; fopj;jhh;.
1964 ,y; ,q;fpyhe;jpw;F jpUk;gp nrd;w gpd; 1967 y; gpuz;l;];
Mg; nt];lh;d; Gj;jp];l; Mh;lh; vd;w rq;fj;ij epWtpdhh;
(,e;jpahtpy; j;iuNyhf;a gTj;j k`hrq;f rfhaf; fz vd;w
ngahpy; nray;gl;L tUfpwJ) ,d;W ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; gy
INuhg;gpa ehLfspYk;> ,e;jpah> mnkhpf;fh> ];tPld; kw;Wk;
M];jpNuypah Nghd;w ehLfspYk; ,jd; ikak; gutp nray;gl;L
tUfpwJ. ,e;j ikaq;fs; midj;Jk; guk);[a ; rq;fuf;\pjh
mth;fs; %ykhf jphpruz; kw;Wk; jrrPyj;jpw;F ruzile;j
nt];lh;d; Gj;jp];l; Mh;lh;/ j;iuNyhf;a gTj;j k`hrq;fj;jpd; Mz;
kw;Wk; ngz; mq;fj;jpdh;fshy; elj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
guk;)[;a cUNfd; rq;fuf;\pjh mth;fSf;F jk;kj;jpYs;s
Mo;e;j Qhd mwpTk; mij vLj;Jiuf;Fk; mDgtKk; mtUila
gy nrhw;nghopT kw;Wk; mhpa gy E}y;fs; %ykhf ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
NkYk; mjpfkhd kf;fs; mtUila jk;k Nghjidfis gbj;J
gadila Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ehq;fs;
cUNfd; rq;fuf;\pjh mth;fSila Gj;jfq;fis nkhopahf;fk;;
nra;J ntspapl Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpNwhk;.
 3

cs;Ns........

lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fhpd; jk;k Gul;rp 5

kjKk; kjr;rhHgpd;ikAk; 31

lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fhpd; mUk;ngUikfs; 53

 5

lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fhpd; jk;k Gul;rp

Kk;ig khfhzj;jpy; gTj;j rNfhjuj;Jtj;jpw;fhd khngUk;

,af;fj;jpd; Kd; epfo;j;jg;gl;l NgUiu. ehs;: 03-02-1982.

jk;k rNfhju rNfhjhpfSf;F>

jw;rkak; ehd; %d;W khj fhyk; ,e;jpa Rw;Wg;gazk;
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;Nsd;. ,ilgl;l ,k;%d;W khj fhyj;jpy;
vd;dhy; ,ad;wsT gy ,lq;fSf;F nrd;W gy kf;fis
re;jpj;J> mtHfSld; jk;kj;ij gw;wp ciuahw;wp tUfpNwd;.
jk;k tpthjq;fs;> jk;k cgNjrq;fs; %ykhf ehd; vLf;Fk;
Kaw;rpfs; midj;Jk; ek;Kila jk;k nray;ghLfSf;fhd
xU Jtf;fk; kl;LNk ,J Kbty;y. jw;NghJ ehd;
vd; D ila Rw; W g; g azj; j pd; ngUk; g Fjpia fle; J
te;jpUf;fpNwd;. ,Jtiu ehd; gjpdhd;F Kf;fpa efuq;fSf;F
nrd;W ,Ugj;jp VO NgUiufs; epfo;j;jp cs;Nsd;. ,tw;Wld;
rpy rpw;WiufSk; mlq;Fk;;. ,j;jUdj;jpy; ehd; cq;fis
re;jpj;jjpy; kpfTk; kfpo;r;rpailfpNwd;. gTj;j rNfhjuHfSk;>
gTj; j tuyhw; w py; khngUk; khw; w j; i j Vw; g Lj; j
$batHfSkhd cq; f Sf; f pilapy; ciuahw; W tjpy;
ngUkfpo;r;rp milfpNwd;. rNfhjuj;Jtk; vd;w thHj;ij
vy;yh kdpjHfSf;Fk; ,ilapYk;> mjpYk; vy;yh
 6

gTj;jHfSf;Fkpilapyhd rNfhjuj;Jtk; Gj;j> jk;k

khHfj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;jpYk; mjpKf;fpakhd gq;Ftfpf;fpwJ.
gTj;jHfs; midtUk; rNfhju> rNfhjhpfs; mtHfs;
midtUk; xNu caHe;j gz;ghL epiwe;j FLk;gkhf
,Uf; f pwhHfs; . Mifahy; gTj; j Hfshfpa ekf; F s;
,aw;ifahfNt ‘nkj;jghtdh’ gutpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehk;
xUtH kw;wtUld; el;G (nkj;jghtdh) ghuhl;ltpy;iy vdpy;
ehk; cz;ikahd gTj;jHfshf ,Uf;f ,ayhJ. ePq;fs;
,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;jtHfs;> ehd; ,q;fpyhe;jpypUe;J
te;jtd; vd;gJ Kf;fpaky;y. ehk; midtUk; kdpjHfs;> ehk;
midtUk; gTj;jHfs;> ehk; midtUk; ghghrhNfg;
mk; N gl; f hpd; topapy; elg; g tHfshfTk; mtiu
Nghw;wf;$batHfshfTk; ,Uf;fpNwhk; vd;gNj Kf;fpak;
vd;gij czu Ntz;Lk;. Mifahy; ehk; fz;bg;ghf
xUtUf;F xUtH cjt Ntz;Lk;. ehk; midtUk; ,ize;J
jk;kj;jpw;fhf ciof;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> ehk; midtUk;
re;jpg;gJ xNu tpjkhd gpur;rid. ehk; midtUk; re;jpg;gJ
kdpj gpur;rid. nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; kdpjHfSila gpur;rid
'r%fg; gpur;rid'> 'nghUshjhu gpur;rid' kw;Wk; 'murpay;;
gpur;rid' vd;W gphpf;fKbahJ. Mifahy; ehk; midtUk;
xd;wpize;J midj;J gpur;ridfisAk; fisa Kaw;rp
nra; a Ntz; L k; . cz; i kapy; nrhd; d hy; > cyfk;
KOtjw;Fkhf xNu xU gTj;j ,af;fk; (rq;fk;) kl;LNk
cs;sJ. ehk; midtUk; mjd; mq;fj;jpduhf ,Uf;fpNwhk;.
ehd; ,f;$l;lj;jpy; gTj;jj;ij gw;wp ciuahw;wg; NghtJ>
lhf;lH mk;Ngl;fuhy; Jtf;fp itf;fg;gl;l 'khngUk; gTj;j
kjkhw;w ,af;fk;' gw;wpaJk;> ,t;tpaf;fk; vjpHNehf;fp ,Uf;Fk;
gpur;ridfis gw;wpaJk; MFk;. cq;fspy; mjpfkhdtHfs;
ehd; vijg;gw;wp Ngr Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gfpd;wPHfNsh kw;Wk;
 7

,f;$l;lj;jpd; mikg;ghsH vij kdjpy;

nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfNsh mJ vd; ciuapy; ntspg;gLk; vd ehd;
ek;GfpNwd;> ehd; Ngrg;NghFk; jiyg;ghdJ %d;W ,iz
jiyg;Gfis cl;nfhz;Ls;sJ. vijg;gw;wp ehk; midtUk;
njspthfTk;> kpf ftdkhfTk; rpe;jpf;f Ntz;LNkh mijg;gw;wp
%d;W Nfs;tpfs; vOfpd;wd. mk;%d;W Nfs;tpfNshL vd;
ciuia Jtq;FfpNwd;.
1. Vd; lhfl
; H mkN
; glf
; H gTjj
; ji
; j jOtpdhH ?
2. lhf;lH mk;Ngl;fuhy; Jtf;fp itf;fg;gl;l khngUk; gTj;j
kjkhw;w ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;d ?
3. me;j ,aff
; k; jwN
; ghJ vjpHNehf;fpapUf;Fk; gpur;ridfspd;
mbg;gil fhuzk; vd;d ?
,e;j Kjy; Nfs;tp NkYk; ehd;F Jiz Nfs;tpfis
vOg;GfpwJ . mit
I. Vd; lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH ,e;J kjj;ij tpl;L
ntspNawpdhH?
II. kw;w kjq;fis jtpHj;J Gj;j jk;kj;ij NjHe;njLf;f
fhuzk; vd;d?
III. Vd; ve;j xU kjj;ijAk; rhuhky; kjkw;wtuhf
,Ue;jpUf;ff;$lhJ?
IV. Vd; khHf;rp]j;ij gpd;gw;wpapUf;ff;$lhJ?
,f;Nfs;tpfs; xt;nthd;iwAk; jdpj;jdpahf Muha
Ntz;Lk;. Mjyhy;> ehk; ek;Kila Kjy; Kf;fpa
Nfs;tpapypUe;J gjpiy Jtq;fyhk;.
 8

I. Vd; lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH ,e;J kjj;ij tpl;L

ntspNawpdhH?
,e;j Nfs;tpf;F tpil fhz;gJ kpf Rygk;. ,J xU
fbdkhd tp\ak; my;y. lhf;lH mk;Ngl;fH mtHfspd;
tuyhW ehk; midtUk; mwpe;jNj. mtH jPz;lg;glhj
r%fj;ij rhHe;j xU FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;J> mtH jd; frg;ghd>
jpfpY}l; l f; $baJkhd nrhe; j mDgtj; j pypUe; J
,e;Jf;fshy; jPz;lg;glhj r%f kf;fs; vt;tsT ,opthf
elj;jg;gLfpwhHfs; vd;gij mwpe;jpUe;jhH. mtUf;F Vw;gl;l
,opTfs; jdpg;gl;l xUtDf;F Vw;gl;ljy;y. ,J
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; ,t;thwhf
kdpjj; jd; i kaw; W elj; j g; g LfpwhHfs; vd; g jw; f hd
vLj;Jf;fhl;L. lhf;lH mk;Ngl;fH mtHfs; [hjp ,e;Jf;fspd;
,k; kdpjNeakw;w Nghf;if khw;wp mtHfis rhpahd ghijf;F
nfhz;Ltu gy Kaw;rpfs; nra;jhH. Mdhy;> mtUila
Kaw;rpfs; vJTk; ntw;wpailatpy;iy. Kbthf mtH
,j; j P H khdj; j pw; F te; j hH. mJ ,e; J kjj; i jAk;
jPz;lhikiaAk; gphpg;gJ vd;gJ eilKiwapy; ,ayhj
fhhpak;. xUtH jd;id jz P l
; hikAila gaj;jpypUe;J
tpLtpj;Jf; nfhs;sNtz;Lnkdpy;> [hjpj;Jtk; vDk;
eufjj; pypUeJ; jd;id tpLtpj;Jf; nfhs;sNtz;Lnkdpy; mtH
,e;Jkjk; vDk; gpizg;ig nkhj;jkhf mWj;njwpe;J tpl;L
ntspapy; tuNtz;Lk;. Mifahy; mtH 1935 Mk; Mz;L jd;
ciuapy; “ehd; xU ,e;Jthf gpwe;jpUf;fyhk;> Mdhy;
,e;Jthf rhfkhl;Nld;” vd;W $wpdhH. ,JNt lhf;lH
mk;Ngl;fH Vd; ,e;J kjj;ij Jwe;J ntspNawpdhH
vd;gjw;fhd RUf;fkhd fhuzk;. ,e;J vd;Dk; gpizg;gpy;
jPz;lg;glhj r%fj;jpy; gpwe;j xUtd; kdpjg;gpwtpahf
 9

tho;tnjd;gJ fl;lhakhf elf;fhj fhhpak; mjhtJ kjpg;G

khpahijAld; tho; t J ,ayhJ vd; g ij mtH
czHe;jpUe;jhH.
II. kw;w kjq;fis jtpHj;J Gj;j jk;kj;ij NjHe;njLf;f
fhuzk; vd;d?
,e;j Nfs;tpf;fhd gjpiy ehk; rpwpJ $Ljyhf Muha
Ntz;bAs;sJ. lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH mtHfspd; $w;Wg;gb>
ehd;F Kf;fpa kjq;fs; jw;nghOJ ,tT ; yfpd; ngUthhpahd
kf;fshy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,k;kjq;fs; fle;j
fhyq; f spy; kl; L ky; y hky; ,d; W k; ngUthhpahd
kf;fsplj;jpy; khngUk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,e;j ehd;F kjq;fs; gTj;jk;> fpwp];j;Jtk;>
,];yhk; kw;Wk; ,e;Jj;Jtk; MFk;. ,jd; epWtdHfs;
KiwNa Gj;jH> ,NaR fpwp];j;J> KfkJ egp kw;Wk; fpU\;zH.
,k;khngUk; epWtdHfs; xt;nthUtiug;gw;wpAk; lhf;lH.
mk;Ngl;fH rpy jfty;fis Kd;itf;fpwhH. lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH
mtHfs; ,NaR fpwp];j;Jit gw;wp nrhy;tjhtJ mtH jhk;
flTspd; kfd; vd;Wk; kw;Wk; ahH flTspd; ,uh[;[paj;ij
mila tpUk;GfpwhHfNsh> ahH Kf;jp mila
tpUk;GfpwhHfNsh mtHfs; fz;bg;ghf ,ij Vw;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;Wk>; mt;thW ,y;yhtpby; xUfhYk; Kf;jp fpilf;fhJ.
,J fpwp];j;JtHfspd; mirf;f Kbahj ek;gpf;if vd;W
lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH nrhy;fpwhH. lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH mtHfs;
KfkJ egp gw;wp nrhy;tJ> mtH jd;id flTspd; J}jH vd;W
chpik nfhz;lhLfpwhH. Kf;fpakhf mtNu flTspd; filrp
J}jH mtUf;F gpwF J}jHfs; ahUk; G+kpapy; fpilahJ vd;Wk;
chpik nfhz;lhLfpwhH. NkYk; fpU\;zH gw;wp lhf;lH.
mk;Ngl;fH mtHfs; nrhy;Yk;nghOJ> fpU\;zH vd;gtH
 10

,NaR> KfkJ ,tHfis fhl;bYk; xU gb NkNy nrd;W

jhNd flTs; vd;W chpik nfhz;lhLfpwhH. jd;id
guNk];tH vd;fpwhH. ,JNt %d;W kjq;fspd; epWtdHfisAk;
mtHfspd; chpik Fuy;fisAk; gw;wp lhf;lH mk;Ngl;fH
mtHfs; ek; Kd; itf;Fk; jfty;fshFk;.
lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH mtHfs; Gj;jiu gw;wp MuhAk;
nghOJ mtH $wpaJ. Gj;jH jhd; xU kdpjgpwtp vd;gij
jtpu NtW VJk; chpik Nfhutpy;iy. mtH jd;Dila
mauhj Kaw;rpapd; fhuzkhfNt caHe;j ew;gz;GfisAk;
G+uz caH QhdKk; ngw;whH. lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH ,tHfis
,Utifapy; gphpf;fpwhH. ,NaR> KfkJ kw;Wk; fpU\;zH
,tHfs; midtUk; jq;fis ‘Nkhl;rjj;jh’f;fshf
ntspg;gLj;JfpwhHfs;. ,tHfNs kdpjHfSf;F Kf;jp
nfhLg;gtHfs; my;yJ Kf;jpf;F nfhz;Lnry;gtHfs; vd;W
nrhy;yyhk;. Mdhy; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; Gj;jH jd;id xU
‘khHf;fjj;jh’ vd;Nw NfhUfpwhH. ,jd; nghUs;> Gj;jH
Kf;jpf;fhd ghijia kl;LNk fhz;gpg;gtH. xt;nthU
kdpjDk; jd;Dila nrhe;j Kaw;rpapd; %yk; Kf;jpia
nrd;wila KbAk;. ,jdhy; gTj;jj;ij kdpjapay; kjk;
vd;Nw $wyhk;. kdpjapay; jw;fhy Nkw;fj;jpa Ghpjyhd
kdpjapay; my;y. gTj;jk; kdpjDf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhLf;ff; $ba xU kjk;. mJ flTSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhLg;gJ fpilahJ. cz;ikapy; ve;j tpjj;jpYk; mJ
flTSf;F ,plk; nfhLg;gjpy;iy. NkYk; lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH
kw;w kjq;fis jtpHpj;J gTj;jj;ij NjHe;njLf;f fhuzk;
vd;dntdpy;> mJ kdpj jd;dk;gpf;ifia ikakhf nfhz;L
flTs; ek;gpf;if mw;w kjkhf cs;sJ. ,NaR flTspd;
kfdhf ,Uf;fpwhH. KfkJ egp mtHfs; flTspd; J}jH kw;Wk;;
 11

fpU\;zH mtNu flTs; vd;fpwhh;. Mdhy; Gj;jH ve;j

tpjj;jpYk; flTSld; jd;id njhlHG gLj;jtpy;iy.
gTj;jKk; ve;j tpjj;jpYk; flTSld; njhlHGilaJ my;y.
flTs; vd;w thHj;ijia gTj;j mfuhjpapy; fz;nlLf;f
KbahJ.
,q;Nf Gj;jUf;Fk; kw;w %d;W kjq;fSila
epWtdHfs; my;yJ MrphpaHfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; NtnwhU
tpj;jpahrKk; cs;sJ. ,NaR fpwp];j;J> KfkJ kw;Wk;
fpU\;zH ,tHfs; %tUk; chpik nfhz;lhLtJ ahnjdpy;>
vd;dnty;yhk; mtHfs; Nghjpj;jhHfNsh mJ Fiwaw;wJ
mjdhy; mtw;iw Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;j KbahJ. kdpjHfs;
ed;wpf; fld;gl;ltHfs; Mjyhy; fl;lhakhf mij
Vw;fNtz;Lk;. ,NaR flTspd; kfd;> KfkJ flTspd; J}jH
kw;Wk;; fpU\;zH jhNd flTs; vd;gjhy; mtHfshy; vd;d
Nghjpf;fg;gl;lNjh mJ NeubahfNth kiwKfkhfNth
flTsplkpUe;J te;jJ. flTs; midj;ijAk; mwpe;jtH
MfNt vt;thW mtHfSila Nghjid jtwhdjhf ,Uf;f
KbAk;? Mdhy;> Gj;jH vg;nghOJk; jd; Nghjidfs;
flTsplkpUe;J te;jJ vd;Nwh my;yJ mJ FiwfSf;F
mg;ghw;gl;lJ vd;Nwh chpik nfhz;lhbaJ fpilahJ.
khwhf vd;dnty;yhk; mtH Nghjpj;jhNuh mjid gw;wp mtH
$Wk; nghOJ> ,J vd;Dila nrhe;j mwpTj;jpwd;.
xt;nthU kdpjDf;Fkhd nrhe;j mDgtk; rhHe;j cz;ikNa
vd mwptpj;jhH. kw;wtHfSk; mtHfspd; mwpTj;jpwdhYk;>
nrhe;j mDgtj;jhYk; czHe;J njspT ngw;w gpwNf ,ij
ek;g Ntz;Lk;. xU nghd; tpahghhp nghd;id curp ghHj;J
ghpNrhjpg;gJ Nghy; jd;Dila Nghjidfis ghpNrhjpf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhH. kw;w ve;j NghjfHfSk; ,t;thW xU
 12

NghJk; $wpaJ fpilahJ. Vida kj NghjfHfs; mjhtJ

gTj;jH my;yhj kj NghjfHfs; jq;fs; Nghjidfis ek;g
Ntz;Lk; vd;Nw cq;fis typAWj;JthHfs;. Mdhy;> Gj;jH
jd; thHj;ijfis ekf;Fs; ghpNrhjpj;J ghHf;Fk; gb Nfl;Lf;
nfhz;lhH. mtH jk;Kila mDgtk; vDk; jPapy; mtUila
Nghjidfspd; cz;ikia Kad;wwpa Ntz;Lnkd Nfl;Lf;
nfhz;lhH. MfNt> lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH mtHfs; kw;w
kjq;fSf;F khw;whf gTj;jj;ij NjHe;njLj;jhH.
lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH mtHfs; gTj;jj;ij NjHe;njLf;f
NkYk; rpy fhuzq;fisAk; ,q;Nf Fwpg;gplyhk;. lhf;lH.
mk;Ngl;fH $wpaJ> gTj;jk; xOf;fj;ij mbg;gilahf
nfhz;lJ. ,e;Jj;Jtk; xUtUila [hjp flikfis
mbg; g ilahf nfhz; l J. gTj; j k; vf; f hyj; j pYk;
tpQ;Qhdj;Jld; Kuz;gLtJ fpilahJ. gTj;j E}y;
njhFg;gpDila VjhtJ xU mwpf;if> etPd tpQ;Qhd
mwptpw;F Kuz;gl;L ,Ug;gjhf ehk; fz;Lgpbj;Njhk; vdpy;
mij E}y; njhFg;gpypUe;J tpyf;Ftjw;F ekf;F KO Rje;jpuk;
cs;sJ. kw;w rkaq;fis gpd;gw;WNthUf;F ,e;j Rje;jpuk;
fpilahJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU fpwp];j;JtH iggpspy; cs;s
XH mwpf;if etPd tpQ;Qhd mwptpw;F Kuz;gl;L cs;sJ vd
fz;Lgpbj;jhYk; mjid iggpspy; ,Ue;J ePf;Ftjw;F
cz;ikapy; mtUf;F Rje;jpuk; fpilahJ. Vnddpy; iggpspy;
ve;j jtWk; ,Uf;f KbahJ> iggps; flTSila
thHj;ijfs; vd ek;gg;gLfpwJ. ,JNt> lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH
mtHfs; kw;w vy;yh kjq;fisAk; jtpHj;J Gj;j jk;kj;ij
NjHe;njLj;jhH vd;;gjw;fhd xU fz;Nzhl;lk; MFk;.

III. Vd; ve;j xU kjj;ijAk; rhuhky; kjkw;wtuhf

,Ue;jpUf;ff; $lhJ?
 13

cyfnkq;Fk; ,d;W gy kf;fs; ve;j kjKk; rhuhky;

,Uf;fpwhHfs;> Kf;fpakhf Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfs;;. gpwF Vd;
lhf; l H . m k ; N g l ; f H m t H f S i l a n f h s ; i f f i s
gpd;gw;wtpy;iy?> mtH ,e;J kjj;ij tpl;l gpd; Vd; ve;j
kjj;ijAk; rhuhky; ,Ue;jpUf;ff; $lhJ? Kjy; fhuzk>;
lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH Mo;e;j kj czh;Tila kdpjuhf
,Ue;jhH. mtH kjj;jpd; mj;jpahtrpaj;ij jd;dfj;Nj
czHe;jpUe;jhH. ,uz;lhtJ> ,e;j r%fj;ij
xUq;fpizg;gjw;F xOf;fk; vdg;gLfpw kjk; Njitg;gLfpwJ
vd mth; ek;gpdhh;; . r%fk; mij xUq;fpizg;gjw;F
xOf;fj;ij Kd;dpWj;j Ntz;Lk; vd mth; ek;gpdhh; Vnddpy;
rl;lj;ij Kd;dpWj;JtJ fl;lhaj;ij Kd;dpWj;JtjhFk;.
,J NghJkhdjy;y. mjpfg;gbahd kf;fs; kjj;jpd;
mtrpaj; i j Vw; W f; n fhz; l hh; f s; vdpy ; r%fj; i j
xUq;fpizf;f KbAk; vd mth; $Wfpwhh;. mjhtJ mth;fs;
xOf;fj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. xOf;fk; vd;fpd;w kjk;.
Mjyhy; lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fh;> ,J xU r%fj;jpd; MSik
nfhs;ifahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd jPh;khdpj;jhh;. mth; NkYk;
Kd;Ndhf;fp nrd;W> kjk; r%fj;jpd; MSik nfhs;ifahf
nray;gLk; nghOJ mJ Kf;fpakhd Njitfis )h;j;jp
nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd $wpdhh;. mJ tpQ;Qhdk; my;yJ
fhuzj;jpw;F cl;gl;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ Rje;jpuk;>
rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk; vDk; cahpa mbg;gil
nfhs;iffis rhh;e;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. kw;Wk; mJ Vo;ikia
Gdpjg;gLj;jNth> Nkd;ikg;gLj;jNth $lhJ. lhf;lh;.
mk;Ngl;fhpd; $w;Wg;gb gTj;jNk midj;J NrhjidfspYk;
ntd;wJ. mthpd; $w;Wg;gb me;j xU kjk; kl;LNk midj;J
NrhjidfspYk; ntw;wp ngw;wJ. mjdhy; gTj;jNk xU
r%fj;jpDila MSik nfhs;ifahf ,Uf;f KbAk;.
,Wjpahf> ,e;j cyfpw;Nf kjk; Njit vd ek;gpdhH.
,d;iwa etPd cyfkhd 20 Mk; E}w;whz;by; cs;s cyfpw;F
 14

gioa cyfj;ij fhl;bYk; kpf mjpfkhf kjk;

Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j etPd cyfj;jpy; xU kjk; Ntz;Lk;.
lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH $w;Wg;gb> mk;kjk; Gj;j kjkhf kl;LNk
,Uf;f KbAk;. NkYk; lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fh; $wpaJ> Gj;jH
mfpk;ir jj;Jtj;ij kl;LNk Nghjpf;ftpy;iy mtH Rje;jpu
jj;Jtk;> r%f> fy;tp> nghUshjhuk;> murpay; Rje;jpuk; Nghd;w
nfhs;iffisAk; Kf;fpakhf rkj;Jtj;ijAk; Nghjpj;jhH.
kw; Wk; > mtUila Nghjidfspy; kdpjdpd; r%f
tho;f;ifapDila gy Nfhzq;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd.
Gj;jUila Nghjidfspy; GJik vz;zq;fs; NkNyhq;fp
fhzg;gl;lJ. Gj;jUila Kf;fpa tpUg;gkhdJ kdpjd; jd;
tho;tpd; ,Wjp jPHg;ig G+kpapy; thOk; fhyj;jpNyNa n[apf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj MFk;. mtH kdpjDf;fhd ,Wjp jPHg;G mtd;
,we;j gpwF nrhHfj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; vd thf;fspf;ftpy;iy.
mjdhy; lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH $w;Wg;gb> cyfpw;F Njit kjk;
kl;Lky;y mjd; Njit gTj;jk;;. kdpj rKjhaj;jpw;F kjk;
mtrpak; vd mtH czHe;jhH. lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fh;
,e;Jj;Jtj;ij tpl;L tpyfpa gpwF njhlh;e;J kjkw;wtuhf
,y;yhky; ,Ue;jjw;F ,JNt fhuzk;. cyfk; KOtJk;
Nkk;gLtjw;fhfTk;> rKjhak; epiyj;jpUg;gjw;fhfTk; kjk;
Njit vd;gij mth; fz;lhh;. Mdhy; kjk; vd;gJ gTj;jkhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

IV. Vd; khHfr;p]ji

; j gpdg;ww
; p ,Uf;ff;$lhJ?
lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH mtHfs; khHf;]; jj;Jtj;Jld;
jhd; cld;gLtjhf Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. cyfk; “Ruz;ly;
kakhdJ” vd; g jpy; cld; g LfpwhH. mth; ,e; j
Ruz;lg;gLjiy Gj;jUila 'Jf;fk;' vd;Dk; nfhs;if %yk;
milahsg;gLj;Jfpwhh;. cz;ikapy; lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH
 15

mtHfs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;l fUj;J vd;dntdpy;> mJ

,t;Tyfpy; epytptUk; Ruz;liy jdpahH cilikfis
mopg;gjd; %ykhfNt xopf;f KbAk; vd;gNj> mjdhy;
jdpahH cilikfs; mopf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy;
khHf;];Tld; cld;gLfpwhH. Mdhy; ,ij vg;gb nray;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;? ,jpy; lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH mtHfs; khHf;]; cld;
NtWgl;L Gj;jUld; cld;gLfpwhH. mtH nrhy;fpwhH>
fk;A+dp];Lfs; jdpahH cilikfis mopj;J midthpd;
Jd;gj;ijAk; Nghf;f Ntfj;ij gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs; mjhtJ
td;Kiwia ifahs;fpwhHfs;. Mdhy; Gj;jh; md;G vd;Dk;
NeHikahd NghjidNa rpwe;j top vd;fpwhH. lhf;lH.
mk;Ngl;fH $w;Wg;gb ,JNt Gj;jUf;Fk; fhuy;khHf;];f;Fk;;
,ilapy; cs; s mbg; g il tpj; j pahrk; MFk; .
fk;A+dp];Lfspd; top cldb jPHit nfhLf;fyhk; Mdhy;
mtH re;Njfkpd;wp cWjpahf nrhy;fpwhH Gj;jhpd; topNa
epue;jukhd top. mjdhy; mth; khh;f;]prj;ij Vw;;fhky;
mjw;F gjpyhf gTj;jj;ij Vw;whh;.
ek; K ila Kjy; Nfs; t pf; f hd gjpiy ehk;
ngw;wpUf;fpNwhk;. Vd; lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fh; gTj;jj;ij
Njh;e;njLj;jhh;> Vd; mth; ,e;Jj;Jtj;ij Jwe;jhh;> Vd; mth;
kw;w kjq;fis jtph;j;J gTj;jj;ij Njh;e;njLj;jhh;> Vd; mth;
ve;j kjq;fisAk; rhuhjtuhf ,Ue;jpUf;ff;$lhJ> kw;Wk;
Vd; mth; khh;f;]prj;ij Vw;ftpy;iy vd;gij ehk; ghh;j;Njhk;.

(2). lhf;lH mk;Ngl;fuhy; Jtf;fp itf;fg;gl;l

khngUk; gTj;j kjkhw;w ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;d?
cz;ikapy; ,e;j ,af;fj;jpd; kfj;Jtk; kpfTk;
 16

caHthdJ. xUNtis ,jd; rpwg;G vd;d vd;gij

f\;lg;gl;L Ghpe;J nfhs;s Muk;gpj;J ,Uf;fpNwhk;. lhf;lH.
mk;Ngl;fH xU rpwe;j kdpjuhf ,Ue;jhH. mjhtJ> rpwe;j
kdpjHfs; kiyf;F xg;ghdtHfs;. mth;fs; vt;tsT
rpwg;Gkpf;fth;fs; vd;gij ek;khy; J}}ujj
; pypUeJ
; kl;LNk czu
KbfpwJ. nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; mth;fSila kiwtpw;F
ntFehl;fSf;F gpwNf. lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fUf;F ,J kpfTk;
nghUe;Jk;. jw;nghOJjhd; ehk; mthpd; mUk;ngUk;
nray;fspd; rhjidfspd; tPhpaj;ij> kjpg;gpid Ghpe;J
nfhs;s Muk;gpj;jpUf;fpNwhk;. mtH jd;dpiyapy; xU rpwe;j
kdpjuhfTk;> mtuhy; Jtf;fp itf;fg;gl;l ,k;khngUk; gTj;j
kjkhw;w ,af;fk;> mjd; nray;ghLfSk; rpwg;ghdjhf
jpfo;fpwJ. ,t;tpaf;fk; kiyapypUe;J cUthff; $ba
ejpfSf;F xg;ghdJ. Muk;gj;jpy; ejpfs; kpf rpwpa Cw;whf
cUthfp fhyg;Nghf;fpy; tphptile;J xU nghpa Mwhfp gy
iky;fis flg;gjw;F> gy tUlq;fis fle;J tpl;bUf;Fk;.
mijNghy lhf;lh;. ghghrhNfg; mk;Ngl;fh; mth;fshy;
Jtf;fpitf;fg;gl;l gTj;j jk;kj;ij jOTk;; khngUk;
,t;tpaf;fKk;. rkPgfhykhfj;jhd;, cz;ikapy;
,t;tpaf;fj;jpDila Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vt;tsT rpwg;G tha;e;jJ
vd;gij czu Muk;gpj;jpUf;fpNwhk;. ,g;nghOJjhd; mJ
vt;tsT mtrpak; tha;e;jjhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij czu
Muk;gpj;jpUf;fpNwhk;. lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fuhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l
,e; j ngUikf; F hpa khngUk; gTj; j kjkhw; w
,af;fj;jpDila Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ehd;F jiyg;Gfspd; fPo;
Muha NghfpNwd;.
(i) lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fiu gpd;gw;Wgth;fSf;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
mjhtJ ehf;)h; efhpy; mtUld; jk;k jPf;ir vLj;Jf;
 17

nfhz;lth;fSf;fhfTk; my;yJ mjd;gpd; ahh; kpf

tpiutpy; jk; k jP f ; i r vLj; J f; n fhz; l hh; f Nsh
mth;fSf;fhfTk;.
(ii) ,e;jpahtpw;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;. mjhtJ ,e;jpahtpYs;s
gTj;jh; my;yhj kf;fSf;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtkhf ,J
fhzg;gLfpwJ mjpYk; Kf;fpakhf ,e;Jf;fSf;fhdJ.
(iii) gTj;jj;jpw;fhd mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
(iv) cyfj;jpw;fhd mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

(i) lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fh; mth;fshy; Jtf;fp itf;fg;gl;l

khngUk; gTj;j jk;kk; jOTk; ,af;fj;jpdhy; mtUila
topelg;gth;fSf;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
,jid Ghpe;J nfhs;tjpy; ve;j rpf;fYk; ,y;iy. 1957
Kjy; 1967 tiu cs;s ,ilg;gl;l fhyq;fspy; gyKiw ehd;
kfhuh\;buhtpw;F tUif je;Js;Nsd;. gy kf;fis re;jpj;Jk;>
gy ciufs; epfo;j;jpAk; cs;Nsd;. ehd; vg;nghOnjy;yhk;
kf;fis re;jpf;fpd;NwNdh mg;nghOJ ehd; vOg;Gk; Nfs;tp,
'ePq;fs; jk;k jPf;i\ vLj;j gpwF ,g;nghOJ vt;thW
czh;fpwPh;fs;? ePq;fs; xU gTj;juhf ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy;
,g;nghOJ vg;gb czHfpwPh;fs;? cq;fsplj;jpy; vd;d
tpj; j pahrj; i j ,J Vw; g Lj; j p cs; s J ? '; mth; f s;
gbj; j th; f shfNth my; y J gbf; f hjth; f shfNth
,Uf;fyhk;. tajhdth;fs; my;yJ ,isQh;fs; rpyh;
efuj;jpy; tho;e;J nfhz;L ,Uf;fyhk;. my;yJ rpyh;
fpuhkj;jpy; tho;e;J nfhz;L ,Uf;fyhk; Mdhy; mth;fs;
midthplKk; ehd; Nfl;gJ ,itfisj;jhd; fpl;lj;jl;l
vg;nghOJk; ehd; xNu gjpiyNa ngw;wpUf;fpNwd; kf;fs;
 18

$WtJ. ,g;nghOJ ehq;fs; gTj;jh;fs;, ehq;fs; Rje;jpuj;ij

czHfpd;Nwhk;. [hjp vDk; mbikj;jdj;jpypUe;Jk;>
jPz;lhik vDk; eufj;jpypUe;Jk; tpLjiy mile;jjhf
czh;fpd;Nwhk;. kdpj caph;fshf tho> tsh;r;rpaila>
cah;tila> tpLjiy ngw;wjhf czh;fpNwhk; ,JNt lhf;lh;.
mk;Ngl;fh; mth;fshy; Jtf;fp itf;fg;gl;l khngUk; gTj;j
jk;kk; jOTk; ,af;fj;jpdhy; mtUila
topelg;gth;fSf;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; MFk;. mth;fis
nghUj;jkl;by; ,J mth;fSf;F xU Gjpa tho;f;if
mth;fs; Gjpa gpwg;G vLj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs; vd nghUs;
nfhs;syhk;. ,q;F vdf;F ,ijg;gw;wp mjpfkhf Ngr Ntz;ba
mtrpak; ,Uf;fhJ vd;W epidf;fpNwd;. cq;fspy; ahh;;
jq;fis gTj;jh; vd;W epidf;fpwPh;fNsh mth;fs; jq;fspd;
nrhe;j mDgtj;jpy; ,ij czh;e;jpUg;gPh;fs;. xU Ntiy
,J cq;fSila nrhe;j mDgtkhf ,yi ; ynadyp ; eq
Pf
; s;
cz;ikahfNt jk;kjPf;ir vLj;Jf; nfhz;Bh;fsh? ePq;fs;
cz; i kapy; jk; k j; i j filgpbf;fpd;wPh;fsh? vd; W
cq;fSf;Fs;shfNt Nfl;Lg;ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

(ii) khngUk; jk;kg; Nghpaf;fj;jpdhy; ,e;jpahTf;fhd

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfg;gbahf ,Uf;Fk; kf;fs; ,e;Jf;fs;
Mth;, ,e;jpa kf;fs; njhifapy; gTj;jh;fs; kpfTk;
FiwthfNt cs;sdh;. ,Ug;gpDk; lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fuhy;
Jtf;fg;gl;l Gj;j jk;kj;ij jOTk;; khngUk; ,af;fkhdJ>
,e;J r%fj;jpd; ,ilNa Fwpg;gplj;jf;f kpfg;nghpa tpisit
Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,J ,e;Jf;fSf;F ngUk; mjph;r;rpia
nfhLj;Js;sJ vdyhk;> kw;Wk; mth;fspy; rpyiu ,ijg;gw;wp
kpfTk; rpe;jpf;fTk; itj;jpUf;fpwJ. mth;fsps; gTj;jk; Vw;w
 19

gpwF> me;j Gjpa gTj;jh;fs; jq;fis jPz;lg;glhjth;fshf

elj;jg;gLtij Vw;f kWj;jdh.; mth;fs; jq;fis
kdpjh; f shf kjpf; f Ntz; L nkd; g ij typAWj; j pdh; .
Xustpw;fhtJ ,e;Jf;fs; jq;fSila nray;fis khw;wpf;
nfhs;Sk; fl;lhaj;jpw;F cs;shfpapUf;fpd;wdh;. rpy
,e;Jf;fs; jw;nghOJ [hjp vd;gijAk; jPz;lhik xU
nfhLikahd nray; vd;gijAk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s
Muk;gpj;Js;sdh;. ,Ue;jhYk; mth;fs; ,e;JthfTk; ,e;J
rhj;jpuq;fspy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;lth;fshfTk; njhle;J ,Uf;f
Ntz;b cs;sJ. ,r;#oy; mth;fSf;F kpfTk; rpf;fyhd
epiyahfNt ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. Vnddpy; rpy ,e;J
rh];jpuq;fs; [hjpj;Jtj;ijAk;> mjDld; jPz;lhikiaAk;
jhq;fpgpbf;fpd;wd. cz;ikia nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; gf;Ftg;gl;l
rpe;jidAila ,e;Jf;fs; ,j;jifa rh];jpuq;fis xJf;fp
itj;J tpl;L gTj;jj;jpDila jpirapy; efh;e;J tu
Muk; g pj; J s; s dH> kw; W k; rpyh; cz; i kia czu
Muk;gpj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;;. ,JNt gTj;jk; Vw;Fk; khngUk;
,af;fj;jhy; ,e;jpah KOtjw;Fkhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; MFk;.
,t;tpaf;fk; ,e;J r%fj;jpd;Nky; xU <h;g;ig Vw;gLj;jp
,Uf;fpwJ. ,jdhy;> ,e;Jf;fSf;F xU Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;jjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,t;tpaf;fk; ,e;jpa r%fj;ij xU
kdpjNeakpf;f kw;Wk; cz;ikahd kjrhh;gw;w r%fkhf
cUthf;Ftjw;F cjtp nra;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
(iii) gTj;jj;jpw;fhd mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;;
tuyhw;W mbg;gilapy; NgRk; nghOJ> gTj;jk; kpfTk;
goikahd kjk; kw;Wk;;> 2500 tUlq;fis fle;J te;jpUf;Fk;
fhyr;Rowr;a
p y
p ; ghpkhw;wq;fSf;Fl;gl;L ,Uf;fpwJ. rpy
fhyq;fs; ,k;kjk; kpfg; gpufhrkhfTk;> rpy fhyk; Kw;wpYk;
 20

tPo;r;rpaile;j epiyapYk; fhzg;gl;lJ. jk;kk; czi ; kapy;

fhyjj ; hy; mopff ; KbahjJ vd $wyhk.; Mdhy; gTjj ; k; vdg;J
fhyjj ; hy; to
P r
; r
; pailej
; pUej
; J. MW VO E}ww;hzL
; fSfF ; Kd;G
gTj;jk; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J KOtJk; kiwe;jJ tpl;lJ
vdyhk;. ,t;tPo;r;rp me;j kjj;jpw;f;F kl;Lk; my;y mk;kjk;
Njhd;wpa ,e;ehl;Lf;Fk; xU ngUk; ,og;ghfNt ,Ue;jJ.
gTj;jk; kj;jpa Mrpa ehLfspypUe;Jk;> [hth kw;Wk;
Rkj;jpuhtpypUe;Jk; kiwe;jJ. kpf mz;ikapy; gTj;jk; kw;w
ehLfspYk; vz; z pf; i fapy; Njha; e ; J k; > kiwe; J k;
te;jpUf;fpwJ. Kf;fpakhf fk;A+dprj;jpd; CLUty; fhuzkhf
gTj;jk; Kw;wpYk;; kq;NfhypahtpypUe;J kiwe;J tpl;bUf;fpwJ
kw;Wk; jpngj;> tpal;ehk;, fk;Nghbah, yhth]; Nghd;w
ehLfspy; Njha;e;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. rpy E}w;whz;Lfshf
gTj;jk; Njha;e;Jnfhz;Nl te;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gij ehk;
ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. XUNtis ,e;j E}w;whz;by; ,jd;
Ntfk; mjpfhpj;jpUf;fpwJ.
jw;rkak; cz;ikapNyNa cyfpd; ,uz;L gFjpfspy;
kl;Lk; gTj;jj;jpd; tsh;r;rp fhzg;gLfpwJ. mitfs; Nkw;fpy;>
Kf; f pakhf ,q; f pyhe; J k; > ,e; j pahtpy; Kf; f pakhf
kfhuh\; b uhTk; MFk; . kfhuh\; b uhtpd; tsh; r ; r p
,q;fpyhe;ij fhl;bYk; kpifahdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,q;F
kfhuh\;buhtpy; cs;s ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; gTj;jj;ij
Vw;Wf;nfhz;L tUtjw;F fhuzkhd lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fuhy;
Jtf;fp itf;fg;gl;l ,e;j khngUk; kjkhw;w ,af;fj;jpw;F
vdJ ed;wpia cupj;jhf;FfpNwd;. ,e;j epfo;T ,e;jpahtpw;F
kl; L ky; y hky; cyf gTj; j r%fk; KOikf; F k;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. MW my;yJ VO
E}w;whz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF gTj;jk; ,e;jpahtpy; kWkyh;r;rp
 21

mile;jpUg;gij rhjhuzkhf mh;j;jk; nfhs;sf; $lhJ.

,jd; nghUs; ntF fhyj;jpw;F gTj;jj;jpd; tPo;r;rp
epiyj;jpuhJ vd;gJ MFk;. tPo;r;rpapd; Nghf;F epWj;jg;gl;L
jiyfPohfp ,Uf;fpwJ vdyhk;. gTj;jk; kPz;Lk; gpufhrpf;f
Jtq;fpAs;sJ. MfNt lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fuhy; Jtf;fp
itf;fg;gl;l ,k;khngUk; gTj;jk; jOTk; ,af;fkhdJ
gTj;jk; jd;dfj;Nj Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jhf ,Ug;gJld;;
,g;gTj;j cyfk; KOtjw;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jhf
cs;sJ. gTj;j cyfpw;Nf ek;gpf;if juf;$ba xU Kof;fkhf
,J ntspg;gLfpwJ. gy E}w;whz;Lfshf gTj;jk; kiwe;J
fhzg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> kPz;Lk; kWkyh;r;rpaila KbAk;
vd;gijNa ,J czh;j;JfpwJ. ,J ,e;jpahtpy; kWkyh;r;rp
mila Kbe;jpUf;fpwJ. ,J jpngj;jpy; kWkyh;r;rp mila
Kbe;jpUf;fpwJ. cz;ikapy; mJ vy;yh ,lq;fspYk;
kiwe;Jk;> nehWf;fg;gl;Lk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,Ue;jhYk; mNj
jk;kkhf rpy khWgl;l tbtj;jpy; kWkyh;r;rp milaf; $Lk;.
lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fhpd; khngUk; gTj;jk; jOTk; ,af;fk; gTj;j
tuyhw;wpy; xU Kf;fpa ,lj;ij Ml;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,J
xU rpwe;j jpUg;GKidia Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. mjhtJ
cz;ikapy; kWkyh;r;rp nray;gl Muk;gpj;jpUf;fpwJ> vd;gij
Rl;bfhl;LfpwJ. gTj;jk; kPz;Lk; gpufhrpf;f Muk;gpj;Js;sJ
vd;gijNa ,J Rl;bf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,J tuyhw;W
epfo;TfspNyNa xU Gjpa tbtj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j
tbtkhdJ Ke;ija tbtj;ijf; fhl;bYk; gpufhrkhf
,Uf;ff; $baJ.
(iv) khngUk; gTj;jk; jOTk; ,af;fk; ,e;j cyfpw;Nf
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fuhy; Jtf;fp itf;fg;gl;l khngUk;

 22

gTj;jk; jOTk; ,af;fk; ntWk; kjkhw;wk; vd;Dk; FWfpa

Nehf;fKs;s ,af;fk; my;y> mjhtJ ntWkNd kj
ek;gpf;ifia khw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf my;y. kjk;> fyhr;rhuk;>
fy;tp> mwpT, r%fk;> murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuk; Nghd;w
tho;f;iff;F Njitahd midj;J epiyapYk; )uz khw;wk;
fhzNtz;Lk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ. nrhy;yg;Nghdhy;
,e;j khw;wkhdJ> xU jdpg;gl;l kdpjDf;fhf my;y KO
r%fj;jpw;fhd khw;wk;. lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fuhy; Jtf;fp
itf;fg;gl;l gTj;jk; jOTk; khngUk; ,af;fk; KOikahd
khw;wj;ij vLj;J $WtJld;> NkYk; rpwg;G ngWtjw;fhd
khw;wq;fis vLj;J $WfpwJ. mJ midj;J tifahd
Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk; tsh;r;rpiaAk; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. ,jdhy;
ehk; ntWkNd lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fuhy; Jtf;fg;gl;l gTj;jk;
jOTk; ,af;fj;ijg; gw;wp kl;Lk; Ngrhky; mtUila jk;kg;
Gul;rpia vLj;Jiuf;f Ntz;Lk;.
cyfpd; gy gFjpfspYk; cs;s kf;fspd; tho;f;if
epiy rpwf;f xU khw;wk; Ntz;bAs;sJ. Mdhy; mth;fSf;F
mij miltjw;fhd rhpahd ghij njhpatpy;iy. rpyh;
td;Kiw %yk; khw;wj;ij nfhz;Ltu Kaw;rpf;fpwhh;fs;.
kw;wth;fs; gzk; %ykhf my;yJ mwptpay; njhopy; El;gk;
my;yJ fy;tp %ykhf mila epidf;fpwhh;fs;. Mdhy;
mth;fshy; rhpahd ntw;wpia milaKbatpy;iy. rpy
Neuq;fspy; mth;fs; ntw;wpailahjJ kl;Lky;yhky;
nray;ghLfspYk; jtWfis Vw;gLj;jp tpLfpwhh;fs;. lhf;lh;.
mk;Ngl;fhpd; gTj;jk; jOTk; ,af;fk; xU ntw;wpfukhd
Gul;rpia cyfpw;Nf nra;J fhl;bapUf;fpwJ. jk;k Gul;rpf;F
xU ngUk; cjhuzkhf tpsq;FfpwJ. KO mikjpf;fhd
Gul;rpia nfhz;L te;jpUf;fpwJ. ,g;nghOJ ehd; jk;k Gul;rp
 23

ntw;wpaile;J tpl;lJ vd $Wk; nghOJ mJ KOtJkhf

ntw;wpaile;J tpl;lJ vd;W mh;j;jk; my;y. mJ ntw;wpapd;
Muk;gkhf ,Uf;fpwJ vdyhk;. ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fspd;
tho;f;ifia KO mikjpahd jk;kj;jpDila ghijf;F khw;wp
,Uf;fpwJ. lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fuhy; Jtf;fp itf;fg;gl;l
khngUk; gTj;jk; jOTk; ,t;tpaf;fk; ,t;Tyfpw;F
gpukpf;fj;jf;f Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf ,Uf;f fhuzk;> ,J
cyfk; KOtjw;Fk; rhpahd jpiria fhl;bapUg;gij
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
,uz; l htJ Kf; f pa Nfs; t pia ehk; ,q; F
Muha;e;jpUf;fpNwhk;. (lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fuhy; Jtf;fp
itf;fg;gl;l khngUk; gTj;j kjkhw;w ,af;fj;jpd; rpwg;G
vd; d ? ,e; j ,af; f j; j hy; lhf; l h; . mk; N gl; f hpd;
topelg;gth;fs;> ,e;jpa> gTj;jk; jd;dfj;Nj kw;Wk; cyfpw;fhd
Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis ehk; ghh;j;jpUf;fpNwhk;)

(3) ,d;W ,t;tpaf;fk; vjph; Nehf;fp cs;s gpur;ridfspd;

mbg;gil fhuzk; vd;d?
gpur;ridfs; gy tifg;gLk; mit xw;Wikapd;ik>
Mh;tkpd;ik> Njhy;tpahy; Jtz;L tpLjy; Mdhy;
midj;jpw;Fk; mbg;gil fhuzk; %d;W mLf;Ffshf cs;sJ
mit.
(I) Vd; lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fh; gTj;jij jd; tho;f;if newpahf
Njh;e;njLj;jhh; vd;gij rhpahf czh;e;J nfhs;shik.
(ii) khngUk; kjkhw;w ,af;fj;jpd; jdpr;rpwg;ig Ghpe;J
nfhs;tjpy; Njhy;tp.
 24

(iii) nray;gLj;Jtjw;F rhpahd ghijia Njh;e;njLg;gjpy;

Njhy;tp.

(I) Vd; lhf;lh; Mk;Ngl;fh; gTj;jij jd; tho;f;if newpahf

Njh;e;njLj;jhh; vd;gij rhpahf czh;e;J nfhs;shik
Vd; lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fh; gTjj
; ji
; j Njh;e;njLj;jhh;
vd;gjpy; rhpahd Ghpjy; ,y;iynadpy; (Vd; lhf;lH.
mk;Ngl;fH ,e;J kjj;ij Jwe;J ntspNawpdhH? kw;w
kjq;fis jtpHj;J Gj;j jk;kj;ij NjHe;njLf;f fhuzk;
vd;d? Vd; ve;j xU kjj;ijAk; rhuhky; kjkw;wtuhf
,Ue;jpUf;ff; $lhJ? Vd; khHf;rp]j;ij gpd;gw;wp
,Uf;ff;$lhJ?) ek;khy; Vd; ehk; ekf;fhf gTj;jj;ij
Nje;njLj;Njhk; vd;gijAk; my;yJ> ,ij Kd;Ng nra;ahj
gl;rj;jpy; Vd; NjHe;njLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; Ghpe;J
nfhs;s ,ayhJ. ehk; gTj;jk; xU ey;y tp\ak; vd;w xU
nghJthd njsptw; w fUj; N jhl; l j; j pNyNa ,Ue; J
tpLtjw;F gjpyhf gTj;jj;ij jOTjNy kpf;f ed;ik
juf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
(ii) khngUk; kjkhw; w ,af; f j; j pd; jdp rpwg; i g
Ghpe;Jnfhs;tjpy; Njhy;tp
ehk; gTj;jk; jOTk; khngUk; kjkhw;w ,af;fj;jpd;
ekf;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Ghpe;jpUf;fyhk; rw;W $Ljyhf
,e; j pahtpw; f hd Kf; f paj; J tj; i jAk; Ghpe; j pUf; f yhk;
gTj;jj;jpw;fhd my;yJ ,t;Tyfpw;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
ehk; mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; ,t;tpaf;fj;jpd;
gue;j Nehf;fj;ij ehk; czutpy;iy. ,jd; fhuzkhfNt ehk;
 25

,jpy; <LghL fhl;ltpy;iy. mjhtJ rpwg;ghd nray;ghLfs;

nra;J fhl;lNtz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; ekf;F Vw;gltpy;iy.
MfNt jk;kGul;rpf;fhf gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;gijNa ehk;
Nahrpf;ftpy;iy. ,dp ehk; jpUk;gTk; nrhe;j <Lghl;Lld;
rPuhdNehf;fpy; ,ij vLj;J nry;y Ntz;Lk;. mij
ek;Kila gFjp myy ; J ek;Kila nrhe;j efhpypUe;J
Muk;gpj;NjhNkahdhy; kpf;f kfpo;r;rpf;FwpaJ.
(Iii)jk;kg; gzp nra;tjw;fhd rhpahd ghijia Njh;e;njLg;gjpy;
Njhy;tp.
gzpahw;Wtjw;;fhd rhpahd topia ehk; ,d;Dk;
fz;Lgpbf;ftpy;iy vd;gNj ,jd; nghUs;> ehk; ,Jtiuapy;
gzpahw;Wtjw;;fhd Gjpa topKiwia fz;lwpatpy;iy. khwhf
,d;Dk; gioa topapNyNa Kaw;rp nra;J nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;.
lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fuhy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l ,k;khw;wkhdJ xU
jk;k khw;wkhFk;> xU jk;k Gul;rpahFk; kw;Wk; ehk;
jk;kj;jpw;fhf kl;LNk gzpahw;w KbAk;. mjhtJ jk;kj;jpw;F
Vw;g. cyf mDgtq;fshYk;> murpay; mDgtq;fshYk;
,q;F rpW gaNd cs;sJ ehk; jk;kj;ijg; gw;wp mwpe;jpUg;Nghk;
vd;why; mjid filgpbf;fpNwhk; vd;why; ehk; jk;k
Gul;rpf;fhf kl;LNk gzpahw;w KbAk;. NkYk; ,g;Gul;rpapy;
jd;id KOtJk; mHgzpj;jtuhfTk;> ek;Kila tho;f;if
KOtJk; ,g;gzp nra;gtuhfTk; ,Ug;Nghk; kw;Wk; ,JNt ek;
tho;f;ifapd; Mjhukhf ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk; $wpdhy;>
kjkhw;wj;jpw;F gpwF VjhtJ khw;wk; cz;ik vdpy; ehk; jk;k
Gul;rpf;fhf kl;LNk gzpahw;w KbAk;. ek;Kila nrhe;j
tho;f;ifapd; xt;nthU ghpkhzq;fspYk; KO khw;wj;ijAk;>
xU vOr;rpiaAk; czHe;jpUg;NghNkahdhy; ehk; Gjpjhf
gpwe;J Gjpa tho;f;if Jtq;Ftij czh;e;jpUg;NghNkahdhy;
 26

kl;LNk ehk; jk;kg;Gul;rpf;fhf gzpahw;w KbAk;. ntWkNd

jphpruzj;ijAk;, gQ;rrPyq;fisAk; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;L ePq;fs;
lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fhpd; topelg;gth;fs;/Kjd;ik njhz;lh;fs;
vd;W nrhy;tJ kl;LNk NghjhJ. nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; ehk;
jk;kGul;rpf;fhf gzpahw;Wtjw;F Gjpa topia fz;Lgpbg;gJ
kl;Lkpd;wp Gjpa tpjkhd gTj;j gzpfisAk; fz;nlLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fh; ,ij kpf $h;e;J Nehf;Ffpwhh;;.
,f;fhuzj;jpdhNyNa mth; jw;NghJ cs;s gpf;F rq;fk;
gTj;jj;ij gug;Gtjw;F gad;glf;$bajhf ,y;iy vd;W
$wpdhh;. lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fh; vd;d Njit vd;fpwhh; vd;why;>
ekf;F Njit Gjpa tif gpf;FfNs.
Gjpa tpjkhd gTj;j gzpahsh;fs; gpf;F vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwth;fshfj;jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
mtrpak; ,y;iy. mth;fs; vg;gb Ntz;LkhdYk; mioj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;. Mdhy; mth;fis miof;Fk; tpjk; vd;dthf
,Ue;jhYk; mth;fs; 100 rjtPjk; gTj;jh;fshf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. 75 rjtPjk; gTj;jh; kPjp 25 rjtPjk; ,e;J vDk;
mstpNyh> my;yJ 99 rjtPjk; gTj;jh; kPjk; 1 rjtPjk; ,e;J
vDk; mstpNyh ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. ,jd; nghUs;
vd;dntd;why; mth; xU gTj;juhf Nahrpf;f Ntz;Lk;> xU
gTj;juhf Ngr Ntz;Lk;. xU gTj;juhf nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mth; jdpj;Jtk; tha;e;J cil mzpa Ntz;Lk; vd;Nwh,
ntspj;Njhw;wk; ghh;g;gjw;F kw;wth;fsplkpUe;J NtWgl
Ntz;Lk; vd;Nwh ehd; mh;j;jk; nfhs;stpy;iy. Mdhy;
mth; Gjpa gpwg;G vLj;jpUf;Fk; xU kdpjidg; Nghy Gjpa
tpjkhd tho;f;if Jtq;fpapUf;Fk; xU kdpjDf;F cz;lhd
Njhw;wj;jpy; ntspg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ahutJ cq;fSf;F gj;J
yl;r&ghia nfhLj;jhy; cq;fSila epiy jw;Nghija
 27

epiyapypUe;J khWgl;L ePq;fs; tpj;jpahrkhf njhptPh;fs;

fhuzk;> ePq;fs; tpj;jpahrkhf czh;tPh;fs;. ek;Kila Gjpa
gTj; j gzpahsh; f Sk; ,J Nghyj; j hd; ekf; F
nfhLf;fgl;bUf;Fk Gj;j, jk;k, rq;fk; vDk; %d;W
uj;jpdq;fs; gj;J yl;r &ghia tpl kjpg;Gtha;e;jJ. MfNt
mth;fs; fz;bg;ghf tpj;jpahrg;gl;L njhpa Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;
etPd gTj;j gzpahsh; jq;fis Gj;j, jk;k, rq;fk; vDk; %d;W
uj;jpdq;fSf;Fk; KOtJkhf mh;gzpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,k;%d;W uj;jpdq;fs; mtUila tho;f;ifapd; Kf;fpakhd
tp\akhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtUila Ntiyia tpl>
kidtp kw;Wk; FLk;gj;ij tpl> cyfj;jpd; kw;w ntw;wpfis
tpl> Rfk; kw;Wk; Xa;ittpl ,J mjpKf;fpakhdjhFk;.
jd;Dila tho;f;ifia tplTk; mjpKf;fpakhdjhFk;.
Kbe;jhy;; etPd gTj;j gzpahsh;fs; KK
Neug;gzpahsh;fshfTk;> mth;fSila KO Neuj;ijAk;>
rf;jpiaAk; jk;kg; Gul;rpf;fhfNt mh;g;gzpg;gth;fshfTk;
,Uf; f yhk; . NkYk; mth; jk; k j; i j gw; w p ed; F
mwpe;jtuhfTk;> jk;kj;ij gpd;gw;WgtuhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mth; rPyj;ij filgpbg;ghh;. Kf;fpakhf jrrPy jk;kh
vdg;gLk; gj;J rPyq;fis newpgl filgpbg;ghh;. kw;Wk;
jpahdj;ij filgpbj;J xOFthh;. mth; fbdkhd
ciog;ghspahf ,Ug;ghh;. Njitf;Nfw;g mth; jdJ ,U
iffisAk; nfhz;L ciof;ff;$bath;. mth; kw;wth;fs;
vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W cj;juT kl;Lk; NghLfpw xU
jiytuhf nray;glkhl;lhh;. mth; jd;dfj;Nj xU yl;rpa
kdpjdhf jpfo;thh;. mjdpDk; Nkyhf jk;kg;Gul;rpf;fhf
gzpahw;Wfpd;w etPd gTj;j gzpahsh; jk;kj;jpw;F cfe;j
ghijapNyNa jd; gzpia njhlh;thh;;. ikj;hp (md;G), fUzh
(fUiz), gpuf;Qh (Qhdk;) ,t;topfisNa Mjuhkhf
 28

nfhz;L jd; gzpfis njhle;J nra;thh;. NkYk; etPd gTj;j

gzpahsh; Vida etPd gTj;j gzpahsh;fSld; xd;wpize;J
gzpahw;Wthh;fs;. $l;lzpapy; mth;fs; xU FOthf
,ize;J gzpahw;Wthh;fs;. ,e;jf;FO xU rq;fkhf
cUthFk;> mJNt k`hrq;fk; my;yJ rpwe;j Md;kpf r%fk;.
,J ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lkpd;wp cyfpd; gyjug;gl;l ehLfspYk;
jk; gzpapid nra;Ak;. vyy ; h caphf
; spDila kfpor
; r
; pff
; hfTk;,
ed;ikf;fhfTk; mJ jk;Kila gzpia nra;Ak;. ehk; ,J
Nghdw ; xU k`h rqf ; ji
; j cUthf;FNthNkahdhy; lhf;lh;.
mk;Ngl;fh; mth;fshy; Jtf;fp itf;fg;gl;l ,k; khngUk;
gTj; j k; jOTk; Nghpaf; f j; j pd; %yk; midj; J
gpur;ridfSf;Fk; xU ey;y jPh;T fpilf;Fk.; Vnddpy; ehk;
jk; k Gul; r pf; f hf gzpahw; w xU Gjpa topia
filgpbj; j pUf; f pNwhk; . Gjpa ,t; t opapy; gzpahw; w
xUq;fpize;jpUf;fpNwhk;.
,q;fpyhe;J ehl;by; Vw;fdNt ehk; ,J Nghd;W xU
kfh rq;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jpUg;gij mwpe;jhy; ePq;fs; kpfTk;
kfpo;r;rp miltPh;fs;. mJ 1967 Mk; Mz;L vd;dhy;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J ,q;fpyhe;jpy; gTj;jk; typikaila
Mukg;pjJ; ss
; ij vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,e;j kfh
rq;fk; nt];;lh;d; Gj;jp];l; Mh;lh; vd;w ngahpYk;> ,e;jpahtpy;
j; i uNyhf; a gTj; j kfh rq; f k; vd; w ngahpYk;
miof; f g; g LfpwJ. jw; n ghOJ ,jd; cWg; g pdh; f s;
,e;jpahTld; Nrh;j;J cyfpd; vl;L ehLfspy; ikak;
mikj;J gzpfis nra;J tUfpwhh;fs;. ,J 100 rjtPjk;
gTj;jh;fisNa cl;nfhz;l rq;fkhFk.; mjhtJ ahh; Gj;j
jk;k rq;fj;jpw;F jq;fis KOtJk; mh;g;gzpj;Js;sdNuh> ahh;
gj;J rPyq;fshd jrrPy jk;kj;ij filgpbf;fpwhh;fNsh
 29

mth;fNs ,r;rq;fj;jpd; mq;fkhf cs;sdh.;

,j;jiyg;G njhlh;ghf ,d;Dk; epiwa tp\aq;fis
Ngr vdf;F tpUg;gNk> xUNtis ePq;fSk; ,Jj;njhlh;ghf
epiwa njhpe;J nfhs;s tpUk;gyhk.; Mdhy; ,d;W ,uT
mjw;fhd Neuk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjpy; vdf;F tUj;jNk.
,Ue;jhYk; cq;fsplj;jpy; ciuahw;Wtjw;F tha;g;G
fpilj; j jpYk; vd; D ila vz; z q; f spy; rpytw; i w
cq;fSld; gfph;e;J nfhs;tjpYk; vdf;F ngUk; kfpo;r;rpNa.
lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fh; Vd; gTj;jk; jOTk; xU khngUk;
Nghpaf;fj;ij Jtf;fp itj;jhh; vd;gjpy; ePq;fs; xU njspthd
fUj;jpw;F te;jpUg;gPh;fs; vd ehd; ek;Gfpd;Nwd.; mJ Nghy
mt; t paf; f j; j pDila Kf; f paj; J tk; > ,J jw; r kak;
vjph;nfhz;bUf;Fk; rpf;fy;fSf;fhd %y fhuzj;ijAk;
njspthf Ghpe;J nfhz;bUg;gPh;fs;. cq;fSf;fhd xU khw;W
top gTj;jk; kl;LNk ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij ePq;fs; czh;fpwPh;fs;
vd ek;GfpNwd;. gTj;jk; ,e;J kjj;jpw;fhd xNu khw;W top>
Jf;fj;jpw;fhd khw;W top> Ruz;lYf;fhd khw;W top> ,J
,e;jpahtpw;F kl;Lk; my;yhky; ,t;Tyfpw;Nf nghUe;Jk;.
lhf;lh;. ghghrhNfg; mk;Ngl;fuhy; Jtf;fg;gl;l jk;k Gul;;rp
njhlh;e;J guTk; vd;gjpYk>; j;iuNyhf;a gTj;j k`h rq;fk;
njhlh;e;J tsUk; vd;gjpYk; NkYk; ,k;khngUk;; gTj;jk;
jOTk; ,af;fk; kw;Wk; gTj;j rNfhjuj;Jtk; njhlh;e;J
ntw;wp fhZk; vd;gjpYk; vdf;F ghp)uz ek;gpf;if ,Uf;fpwJ.
jk; k j; j pDila ed; i kf; f hfTk; gTj; j j; j pDila
ed;ikf;fhfTk; ehk; midtUk; xd;wpizNthkhf.
********
 31

kjKk; kjr;rhHgpd;ikAk;

(tpRt ,e;J ghp\j; mikg;gpdHfshy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;l

$l;lj;jpy; ,e;j ciu epfo;j;jg;gl;lJ ehs; 23.02.82)

rNfhju rNfhjhpfNs>
,e;j khiyg;nghOjpy; ,e;epfo;r;rpia Vw;ghL nra;j
tpRt ,e;J ghp\j;jpDila gFjp fpis cWg;gpdHfSk;>
ez;gHfSkhfpa> cq;fspilNa ciuahw;Wtjpy; ehd; kpf;f
kfpo;r;rp milfpNwd;. rpy ehl;fSf;F Kd;Gtiu> ehd; tpRt
,e;J ghp\j;jpd; nray;ghLfis gw;wp Nfs;tpg;gl;ljpy;iy.
Mdhy;> ,t;tpaf;fk; ,UgJ Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G
,e;jpahtpy; epWtg;gl;lJ vd;Wk; cyfstpy; ,UgJ
NtWgl;l ehLfspy; mJ nray;gl;L tUfpwJ vd;Wk; Ghpe;J
nfhz;Ls;Nsd;. NkYk;> mJ %d;W Kf;fpa nray;jpl;lq;fis
nfhz;Ls;sJ. mr;nray; jpl;lq;fs;.
1. gy gphpTfshf rpjhpf;fplf;Fk; midj;J
,e;Jf;fisAk; xUq;fpizg;gJ.
2. jw;fhy ,e;J r%fj;jpd; Nky; cs;s fsq;fk; kw;Wk;
,opit fisjy;.
3. Vio kw;Wk; xLf;fg;gl;l gphptpdhpd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf
gzpahw;Wjy;.
 32

,itfs; Gfoj;jf;f nray;jpl;lq;fNs> cz;ikahfNt

mUikahd nray; j pl; l q; f s; > vtwhYk; Gwk; j s; s
KbahjJk;> midtuhYk; tuNtw;fg;gl $baJkhFk;.
,j;jpl;lq;fis nray;ghl;Lf;F nfhz;L tUtjpy; ghp\j;
mikg;gpdH Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ntw;wpAk; mile;jpUf;fpwhHfs; vd
ehd; ek;GfpNwd;. ,J ghuhl;LjYf;Fwpajhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
vd; i dg; g w; w pa mwpKf Fwpg; g pypUe; J eP q ; f s;
mwpe;jpUg;;gPHfs;. ehd; ,e;jpahtpy; ,UgJ tUlj;jpw;F
mjpfkhd fhyq;fis nrytpl;bUf;fpNwd;. 1944 Kjy; 1964
tiu njhlh;e;J ,q;F ,Ue;Njd;. ,ilapy; rpNyhd;> rpq;fg;)h;
kw;Wk; Neghs; Nghd;w ehLfSf;F nrd;W te;j ehl;fspy;
kl;Lk; ,q;F jq;FtJ jilg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy;
vdf;F epiwa ,e;Jf;fspd; mwpKfk; fpilj;jJ gy khWg;gl;l
ek;gpf;ifAk;> Md;kPf kuGtopAk; cila gy ,e;Jf;fspd;
mwpKfk; fpilj;jJ> kw;Wk; gy ,e;J ez;gh;fSk;
fpilj;jhh;fs;. ,jpy; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ vd;dntd;why;, Gfo;
ngw;w ,e;J Mrphpah;fSk; kuGtop FUf;fSkhd Mde;jkhap
md;id, fd;dq;fhL Rthkp uhkjh]; kw;Wk; ukz kfhp\p
Nghd;wth;fis re;jpg;gjw;Fk; xt;nthUtUlDk; rpy
thuq;fis fopg;gjw;Fkhd tha;g;gpid fpilf;fg; ngw;Nwd;.
NkYk; NtnwhU re;jh;g;gj;jpy; \;uq;Nfhp klk; rq;fuhr;rhhpahh;
kw;Wk; )hp rq;fuhr;rhhpahiu re;jpg;gjw;fhd tha;g;gpid
fpilf;fg;ngw;Nwd;. ,e;j midj;J rpwe;j kdpjh;fSlDk;
rkak; rhh;e;j tpthjq;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;Nsd;.
ehd; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j nghOJ vdf;F gy
,e;Jf;fspd; mwpKfk; fpilj;jJ kl;Lky;yhky;. ,J
xUNtis ,aw;ifahdJ. kw;w kjq;fis rhh;e;j
kdpjh;fisAk; re;jpj;Njd;. cz;ikapy; gy;NtWgl;l
 33

kjq;fis rhh;e;j kdpjh;fSld; vdf;F el;G tsh;e;jJ>

,e; e pfo; r ; r p kfpo; r ; r p juf; $ bajhfNt ,Ue; j J.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf vdf;F epiwa rPf;fpa ez;gHfs; ,Ue;jhHfs;.
rPf;fpaHfis gw;wp cq;fSf;F njhpAk; mtHfs; FUehdf;
kw;Wk; NtW rpy FUf;fis gpd;gw;WgtHfs;. rPf;fpaHfis
mtHfs; mzpAk; lHgd; kw;Wk; jhb rpyNeuq;fspy; mtHfs;
itj;jpUf;Fk; Gdpj ths; ,itfs; %ykhf Rygkhf
milahsk; fz;Lnfhs;syhk;> ,q;fpyhe;jpy; $l mtHfs;
vspjpy; milahsk; fz;Lnfhs;sg;gLfpwhHfs;. vdf;F epiwa
ghHrp ez;gHfs; ,Ue;jhHfs;> Fwpg;ghf Kk;igapy;> ,e;j
ghHrpfs>; ngUikf;Fwpa jPHf;fjhprp rhuhJ\;l;u mtHfis
gpd;gw;WgtHfSk; jPia tzq;ff; $batHfSk; MtH. NkYk;
vdf; F n[apd; ez; g HfSk; ,Ue; j hHfs; > mtHfs;
rd;dpahrpfSk; FLk;g];jHfSk; MtH. n[apd;fis gw;wp
ePq;fs; mwptPHfs; mtHfs; jPHj;jq;fuHfis gpd;gw;WgtHfs;>
Fwpg;ghf ,Wjp jPHj;jq;fuH kfhtPuH. ,JNghyNt vdf;F
epiwa fpwp];j;jt ez;gHfSk; ,Ue;jdH. mtHfs;
fj;Njhypf;f kw;Wk; Gul;nlh];ld;l; vd;w ,Ugphpit
rhh; e ; j th; f shf ,Ue; j dh; mth; f s; jq; f Sf; F s;
rz;ilapl;Lf; nfhz;l NghjpYk; vd;dplk; ahUk; rz;il
Nghl;lJ fpilahJ. vdf;F rpy A+j ed;gHfSk; ,Ue;jdH. A+j
ez;gHfspy; xUtH A+j kjj;jpDila FU> my;yJ
mikr; r huf ,Ue; j hH. Mdhy; mtH jd; D ila
rkaNgUiuapy; fpU\; z %Hj; j p vd; g tUila rpy
fUj;Jfis mwpKfk; nra;jjw;fhf mtUila gf;j
$l;lj;jpd; kdf;frg;ig ngw;whH. mLj;jgbahf> vdf;F
gfha;fsplj;jpYk; ez;gHfs; ,Ue;jdH> mtHfs; gfha;
ek;gpf;ifia gpd;gw;wf; $batHfs;. gy;NtWgl;l kjq;fis
gpd;gw;wf; $ba ,e;j midj;J ez;gHfSk; vdf;fhf
 34

$l;lq;fisAk;, nrhw;nghopTfisAk; Vw;ghL nra;Js;sdH.

cz;ikapy; ,UgJ Mz;Lfshf ,e;jpahtpy; fopj;j
fhyj;jpy; vdf;F gy gTj;j ez;gHfSk; ,Ue;jdH.
,e;jpahtpy; gTj;jHfs; vz;zpf;ifapy; kpff;Fiwthf ,Ue;j
NghjpYk;> ehl;bd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspYk; vdf;F rpy gTj;j
ez;gHfs; ,Ue;jhHfs;.
MfNt ,q;F vOfpd;w Nfs;tp vd;dntdpy; vg;gb ,J
Nghd;wit rhj;jpakhf ,Ue;jJ? vd;dhy; gy;NtWgl;l
kjj;ij rhHe;jth;fs; midtUlDk; el;G ghuhl;Ltnjd;gJ
vg;gb rhj;jpag;gl;lJ? Kjypy; ,J rhj;jpag;gl;ljw;F
fhuzk; mtHfs; midtUk; xNu ehl;by; tho;e;J
tUfpwhh;fs>; mjd; ngaH ,e;jpah. ,e;jpahtpy; gy;NtWgl;l
kjq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,e;J kw;Wk; gTj;jk; ePq;fyhf ,q;F
n[apd;> nrsuh\;bhpad;> rPf;fpak;> ,];yhk;> fpwp];j;Jtk;;
kw;Wk; [{lhap]Kk;; mtHfSila NtWgl;l cl;gphpTfs;
kw;Wk; mtHfSila E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd khWgl;l guk;giufSk;
,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j midj;J kjq;fSk; ,q;F epWtg;gl;L
,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;jpah cz;ikapy; kjq;fspy; nropj;J
,Uf; f pwJ, ,jpy; ,q; N fNa cUthd kjq; f Sk; >
ntspehLfspypUe; J mwpKfg; g Lj; j g; g l; l kjq; f Sk;
mlq;Fk;. nkhj;jj;;jpy;> ,e;jpahtpy; midj;J kjj;jtHfSk;
xd;wpize;J epk;kjpahf tho;fpwhh;fs;. rpy Neuq;fspy;>
cz;ikapy;> ,q;F Ghpe;Jnfhs;shik ,Uf;fpwJ> rpwpa
rr;ruTfSk; Vw;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; nghJthf nrhy;y
Ntz;Lnkdpy;> mth;fs; ,g;nghOJ mikjpahd Kiwapy;
,ize;J tho;tjw;F jq;fis jahh;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwhh;fs;.
,J vg;gb rhj;jpag;gLfpwJ? ,e;jpah vd;fpw xUehl;by;
gy;NtWgl;l kjj;ij rhh;e;jth;fs; mikjpAld; ,ize;J
tho; t J vd; g J vg; g b rhj; j pag; g LfpwJ? ,J
 35

rhj;jpag;gLtjw;fhd fhuzk; vd;dntdpy; ,e;jpah xU

kjr;rhh;gw;w ehL vd;gNj Mfk;.
mg;gbnad;why; kjr;rhh;gw;w ehL vd;why; vd;d?
kjr;rhh;gw;w ehL vd;gJ ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l kjj;jpw;Fk;
kw;wtw;iw fhl;bYk; Kd;Dupik nfhLf;fhky; ,Ug;gJ
mjhtJ murhq;fj;jhy; nfhLf;fg;gLk; Kd;Dupik. xU
kjr;rhh;gw;w ehL vd;gJ ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l kjj;ijAk;
xLf;Ftjhf ,Uf;f$lhJ> kw;Wk; xt;nthU jdpg;gl;l
kdpjUk; mth; Njh;e;njLf;Fk; ve;j kjj;ijAk; gpd;gw;w KO
chpik ,Uf;fpwJ. NkYk; kjr;rhh;gw;w ehl;by; cs;s
ahtUf;Fk; jq;fSila nrhe;j kjj;ij gpur;rhuk; nra;a
chpik ,Uf;fpwJ> mtUila nrhe;j kjj;ij filgpbj;J
gpur;rhuk; nra;tjpy; ftdpf;f Ntz;baJ vd;dntdpy; mJ
rl;l xOq;F kw;Wk; nghJ xOf;fj;jpw;F fl;Lg;gl;L ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;> mth; kw;wth;fspd; chpikia jilgLj;jf; $lhJ.
,JNt kjr;rhh;gw;w ehL vd;gjhf ehk; nghUs; nfhs;fpNwhk;.
,g;nghOJ> ehd; ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;by; gpwe;J tsh;e;jtd;.
mJ KOtJkhd xU kjr;rhh;gw;w ehlhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
ehlhSk; kd;dh; fpwp];j;Jtj;ij gpd;gw;wf;$bath;. Nuhkd;
fj;Njhypf;fj;ij my;yhky; Gul;nlh];ld;il
gpd;gw;wf;$bath; kw;Wk; vz;Z}W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
Gul;nlh];ld;l; gphpTfspy; xd;iw rhh;e;jtuhf ,Uf;fpwhh;.
mjhtJ ,q;fpyhe;jpDila rh;r;ir (Church of Christ) mth;
rhh;e;jpUg;ghh;. xUNtis mth; jd;Dila kjj;ij khw;wpf;
nfhz; l hy; mhpaizapy; njhlh; e ; j pUf; f KbahJ.
,q;fpyhe;J ehl;by; ,e;j rh;r; Mg; ,q;fpyhe;J vd;gJ
gy;NtW rpwg;G rYiffis mDgtpj;J tUfpwJ. rh;r; Mg;
,q;fpyhe;jpd; rka NghjfHfSf;F rpiwr;rhiyapy; cs;s
 36

ifjpfisAk;, kUj;Jtkidapy; cs;s NehahspfisAk;

re;jpf;f nry;gth;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; cs;sJ. rpy
Neuq;fspy; fpwp];j;Jt kjj;ijr;rhuhj rka NghjfHfs;
,JNghd;w ,lq;fSf;F nry;y mDkjp ngWtJ fbdkhd
nrayhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,Uf;ff;$ba ek;Kila
nrhe;j gTj;j mikg;ghd FWBO ,e;j tifapy; rpy
rpf; f y; f is mDgtpj; j pUf; f pwJ. Mifahy; ehk;
,q;fpyhe;ij KOikahd xU kjr;rhh;gw;w ehL vd
$wKbahJ.
mNjNghd;W> Nrhtpaj;u\;ahTk; kjr;rhh;gw;w ehL
fpilahJ. Fiwe;jJ ehd; ,e;j khiyg; nghOjpy;
gad;gLj;jpa Fwpg;Gfspd; mbg;ilapy; Nrhtpaj;u\;ahtpy;
khh;f;rp]Kk;-nydpdp]Kk; mjpfhug;)h;tkhd kjq;fshf
cs;sJ vd nrhy;yhk;. kw;w ek;gpf;iffspd; nray;KiwfSk;
filgpbf;fg;glyhk;, Mdhy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;L kl;LNk> cjhuzkhf kjj;jpDila
ngauhy; elj;jg;gLfpw gpur;rhuq;fs; mDkjpf;fg;glkhl;lhJ.
kjk; rhh;e;j Gj;jfq;fs;> ,jo;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw fpwp];j;jtNuh
my;yJ fpwp];j;Jtk; rhuhj kw;w ve;j kjj;jtuhapDk;
ntspapl ,ayhJ. Nrhtpaj;u\;ahtpy; mr;rpj;Jiw kw;Wk;
ntspaPl;L Jiw vy;yh tifapYk; murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F
cl;gl;lJ. khh;f;rprk; rhHghd Gj;jfq;fs; kl;LNk
ntspaplyhk;. ,Ue;jhYk; ,d;Wk; Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpy; mjpf
fpwp];j;Jth;fs;; cs;sdh;> mth;fSf;F iggps; fpilf;fg;
ngWtnjd;gJ kpf fbdkhd nrayhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. mq;F
cz;ikapy; iggpshdJ fs;sr;re;ijapy; tpw;fg;gLfpwJ.
ntspapypUf;Fk; fpwp];j;Jth;fs; Nrhtpaj;u\;ahtpw;Fs;
iggpis jpUl;Lj;jdkhf nfhz;LtUfpwhh;fs;. ,t;thW
nra;Ak; nghOJ mth;fs; gpbgl;lhy; cldbahf rpiwf;F
 37

mDg;g KbAk;. MfNt Nrhtpaj;u\;ah cz;ikapy; xU

kjr;rhh;gw;w ehL fpilahJ kjj;jpw;fhd KO Rje;jpuk; mq;F
ntspg;gltpy;iy.
Neghs; ,e;jpahtpw;F mUfhikapy; cs;s xU ehL> mJ
xU kjr; r hh; g w; w ehL fpilahJ Mdhy; ,e; J
kd;duhl;rpf;Fl;gl;lJ. 1949 kw;Wk; 1952 ,y; ehd;
mt;tplq;fSf;F nrd;wpUe;j nghOJ (,g;nghOJ mq;Fs;s
#o;epiy vd;dntd;W ehd; mwpatpy;iy) [hjpj;Jtk; vd;gJ
mq;F KOtJkhf epytp ,Ue;jJ kl;Lkpd;wp rl;lg;)h;tkhf
nray;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. ePq;fs; [hjpj;Jtj;ij filgpbf;f
jtwpdhy; cq;fis fhty;Jiwapdh; ifJ nra;J mguhjk;;
tpjpf;fNth my;yJ rpiwf;F mDg;gNth KbAk;. ,jw;F
cjhuzkhf nrhy;yf;$ba gy rk;gtq;fis ehd; fle;J
te;jpUf;fpNwd;. rpy Neuq;fspy; xU tpgj;jhf kf;fs;
jq;fSila [hjpia ,of;f NehpLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf> xU
Kiw ehd; gy;gh lhd;nrdpy; cs;s Gj;j tp`hupy; jq;fpapUe;j
nghOJ xU ehs; ,uT nghOjpy; fjT jl;lg;gl;lJ fjitj;
jpwe;j nghOJ xU ,e;J kdpjh; ntspapy; epd;Wf;
nfhz;bUg;gij ehq;fs; fz;Nlhk; mq;F fPo;fhDk;
ciuahly; epfo;Tw;wJ.
“ehd; ,d;W ,uT tp`hupy; jq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAkh? ”
“Vd; eP ,q;F jq;fNtz;Lk;?”
“ehd; vd;Dila [hjpia ,of;f $ba jtWjis
,ioj;Jtpl;Nld; mjdhy; ehd; vdJ tPl;bw;F Nghf
KbahJ. vd;Dila kidtp vd;id tPl;bw;Fs;
mDkjpf;f khl;lhs; Vnddpy; mts; mt;thW
nra;jhy;, mtSk; jd;Dila [hjpia ,of;f
 38

Nehplf;$Lk;”.
“Mdhy; vt;thW eP cd;Dila [hjpia ,oe;jha;?”
“mJ ,t;thwhf ele;jJ: ehd; tpahguj;jpw;fhf Glhypy;
jq;f Ntz;b NeHe;jJ> ehd; ,q;F jpUk;gp te;Jf;
nfhz;be;j nghOJ topapy; Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L xU
tpLjpapy; jq;f Neh;e;jJ. mq;F vd;id ftdpj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;F xU jho;e;j [hjp kdpjiuj; jtpu NtW
ahUk; Kd;tutpy;iy> me;j kdpjuhy; rikf;fg;gl;l
czit cl;f;nfhz;ljpypUe;J ehd; vd;Dila
[hjpia ,oe;Njd;. jaTnra;J ehd; ,d;W ,uT ,q;F
jq;Ftjw;F mDkjpAq;fs; fhiyapy; ehd; fhty;
epiyaj;jpw;F nrd;W, vd;d ele;jJ vd;gij $wp>
mjw;fhd mguhjj;ij nrYj;JNtd; . mth;fs; ehd;
vdJ [hjpia jpUk;g ngw;Wf; nfhz;ljhf nrhy;yp
vdf;F rhd;wpjo; nfhLg;ghh;fs;. mjd; gpwF ehd; vdJ
,y;yj;jpw;F NghfKbAk;> NkYk; vdJ kidtpAk;
vd;id Vw;Wf;nfhs;thh;”.
ehd; Neghspy; gy Neuq;fspy; re;jpf;f NeHe;j
rk;gtq;fspy; ,JTk; xU cjhuzkhFk;. mq;F [hjpj;Jtk;
kpf Mokhff; filgpbf; f g; g l; l J. cz; i kapy; >
[hjpj;Jtj;ij tpkHrpg;gJ $l rl;lj;jpw;F Gwk;ghd
nrayhFk;. rpy tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G xU Neghs Gj;j gpf;F
gHkhtpy; gapw; r p vLj; j pUe; j hH> mtH gTj; j Hfs;
[hjpj; J tj; i j filgpbf; f f; $lhJ vd $wp
[hjpj;Jtj;jpw;F vjpuhf Fuy; vOg;g Muk;gpj;jpUe;jhH. mjd;
tpisthf mtH fhty; Jiwapduhy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L
ghuk;ghpa gpujk ke;jphpaplk; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lhH. gpd; mtH
vd;d Ngrpdhh; vd;gij Nfl;L jhNd me;j gpf;Ftplk;
 39

“,t;thwhf Neghspy; NgRtij vq;fshy; mDkjpf;f

KbahJ;” vd;W $wp rhl;ilahy; mbj;J jz;lid
toq;fpdhH. ,J Neghspy; ed;F mwpag;gl;l fij> rpy
tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G ehd; gpf;Ff;fspd; thapypUe;Nj ,ij
Nfl;lwpe;Njd;. ehd; Neghs; nrd;wpUe;j nghOJ mJ
cz;ikapy; xU kjr;rhHgw;w ehlhf ,y;iy.
jha;yhe;J kjr;rhHgw;w ehL fpilahJ. jha;yhe;jpy;
gTj;jNk mjpfhug;)h;tkhd kjkhf cs;sJ> kw;Wk; gpf;F rq;fk;
my;yJ gpf;Ffspd; FO fy;tpj;Jiwahy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. gTj;jk; mjpfhug;)h;tkhd kjkhf
,Ue;j NghjpYk; midj;J kjq;fSk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ld
kw;Wk; gTj;jk;; my;yhj midj;J kjq;fSk; KO
Rje;jpuj;ij mDgtpf;fpwJ. jha;yhe;J murhpd; rpwg;G
ngaHfspy; xd;whf 'midj;J kjq;fSila ghJfhtyH'
vd;gJ ,Uf;fpwJ. murH jhd; xU gTj;juhf ,Ue;j
NghjpYk;. gTj;jj;jpw;F kl;Lk; ghJfhtyH fpilahJ> mtH
,e;J> fpwp];jtk;> kw;Wk; ,];yhkpw;Fk; ghJfhtyuhthH.
kNyrpahTk; kjr;rhHgw;w ehL fpilahJ.
me;ehl;bDila mjpfhug;)h;tkhd kjk; ,];yhk; kw;Wk;
tiuaiwf; F l; g l; l msNt kjq; f spd; rfpg; G jd; i k
ntspg;gLfpwJ. kNyrpahtpy;> xU K];yPk; cz;ikapy;
jd;Dila kjj;ij khw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F
mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy> mjdhy; mtH jhd; K];yPkhf
,Ug;gjpypUe;J tpyf Ntz;Lk; vd;whYk; mJ KbahJ.
fz;bg;ghf> ,J Nghd;w rl;ljpl;lq;fs; K];yPk; ehLfspy;
,ay; g hf cs; s J. ,]; y hkpaj; j py; ,Ue; J kjk;
khWgth;fSf;F ghuk;gupakhf kuz jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfs; mjpfhug;)h;tkhd xU
 40

kjr;rhHgw;w ehL> Mdhy; mJ KOikahf kjr;rhHgw;wjhf

,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,e;j tifapy; mJ ,q;fpyhe;Jld; rpwpjsT
xj;Jg;NghfpwJ. Rje;jpuj;jpDila mwptpg;gpy; gilg;ghsH
mjhtJ flTs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwhH> kf;fs;
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; rhl;rpaspf;Fk; nghOJ kjr;rhHghd rj;jpak;
nra;tJ Kjd;ik gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. kw;Wk; If;fpa ehLfspd;
gs;spfspy; fpwp];j;Jtk; Nghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. kw;w kjq;fs;
Nghjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
,e;j mbg;gilapy; ,d;Dk; gy ehLfis Fwpg;gpl;L
vd;dhy; ,d;Dk; gy cjhuzq;fis nfhLf;f KbAk;. ehd;
Vw;fdNt nfhLj;jpUf;Fk; cjhuzq;fs; NghJkhdNj. ehd;
Muk;gj;jpy; Fwpg;gl;lJ Nghy> ,e;jpah xU kjr;rhHgw;w ehL.
,e; j pahtpy; xUtH jhd; NjHe; n jLf; F k; kjj; i j
gpd;gw;Wtjw;F KO Rje;jpuk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j ehL ve;j xU
kjj;jpw;Fk; MjuthfTk; ,y;iy ve;j xU kjj;ijAk;
xJf;fTk; ,y;iy. Fiwe;jgl;rkhf ,J rl;l khfthtJ
,Uf;fpwJ. mjdhy; ,e;jpahtpy; gy khWgl;l kjq;fs;
,Ug;gjw;F rhj;jpakhfpwJ. mjhtJ> gy khWgl;l kjq;fis
gpd;gw;WgtHfs;> xd;wpize;J mikjpahf tho;tjw;F
rhj;jpakhfpwJ. ,jdhy; ,e;jpa r%fj;ij ehk; gd;Kf r%fk;
vd;W miof;fhyk;; gy NtWg;gl;l kjq;fSk; fyhr;rhu
KiwfSk; fye;J ntspg;gLfpw xU r%fk;. ,e;Jj;Jtk;
vd;gJ fz;bg;ghf kpf Mjpf;f kdg;ghq;Fld; ,Uf;fpwJ.
Mdhy; mjd; fhuzkhf ve;j xU rpwg;G mjpfhu)h;tkhd
mq; f P f huq; ; f isAk; mJ mDgtpf; f tpy; i y. ,e; J
kjj;jpDila vz;zpf;if mstpyhd Nky;epiyia kl;LNk
mJ fUj;jpy; nfhs;fpwJ.
,e;j ,lj;jpy; ehd; xU Nfs;tp vOg;g Ntz;b cs;sJ.
 41

,e;j kjr;rhHgw;w ehlhdJ ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l kjj;jpw;Fk;

MjuthfNth my;yJ vjpHg;ghfNth ,y;yhkYk; kw;Wk;
,e;j kjr;rhHgw;w ehl;by; NtWgl;l kjj;jtHfs; ,ize;J
mikjpahf tho;tijAk; ehk; ghHf;fpNwhk;. Mdhy; ,t;thW
xUq;fpize;J mikjpahf tho;tJ vd;gJ rhj;jpakhf
,Ug;gjw;F fhuzkhf ,Ug;gJ vd;d? mJ rhjhuzkhf
ehl;bDila fl;lhaj;jhy; kl;LNk epfo;e;J tpl KbahJ.
mJ kl;LNk NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;f ,ayhJ. Vnddpy; kj
czh;r;rpahdJ kpfTk; jPtpukhf ,Uf;f$baJ. gpwF
NtWgl;l kjq;fis rhHe;j midtUk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;l
nghJthd me;j nfhs;if vd;dthf ,Uf;fpwJ. xNu ehl;by;
xd;Wgl;L tho;tjw;F vij mtHfs; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhHfs;?
NtW thHj;ijapy; nrhd;dhy;;; mth;fSila mikjpahd
xd;Wgl;l tho;f;iff;fhd nfhs;if vd;dthf ,Uf;fpwJ?
,JNt ,e;j khiy Neuj;jpy; ehd; rpwpjsT Muha Ntz;b
vLj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w Nfs;tp.
,e;j fUj;ij gw;wp epiwa nrhy;y KbAk;> Mdhy; ehd;
xU Kf;fpa mk;rj;ij kl;Lk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;s NghfpNwd;>
my;yJ midj;jpYk; Kf;fpakhdjhf ehd; fUJfpd;w> xU
Kf;fpa nfhs;ifia gw;wp ehd; njspTgLj;j tpUk;GfpNwd;.
me;j Kf;fpa nfhs;ifahfg;gl;lJ xNu ehl;by; NtWgl;l
kjq;fis xd;W gl;L tho mDkjpf;fpd;w nfhs;ifahf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. mJ kdpj ,dj;jpw;F KjYk;
Kf;fpaj;JtKkhdJ xU kdpj ,dk; jhd; vd;gjhFk;.
midj;J kjq;fSk; xNu ehl;by; xd;Wgl;L thoNtz;Lk;
vd;why; mth;fs; ,e;j nfhs;ifia Vw;Wf; nfhz;Nl Mf
Ntz;Lk; mth;fs; njspthf my;yJ re;Njfkw;W
Vw;wpUf;fyhk;> tpUk;gpNah my;yJ tpUk;ghkNyh ,Uf;fyhk;.
Mdhy; mij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; mtrpak>; mth;fs; xU
 42

kdpjd; KjYk; Kf;fpaj;JtKkhd xU kdpj ,dkhf

,Uf;fpd;whd; vd;gij Vw;wpUj;jy; mtrpak;. NkYk; mjdhy;
mth;fs; ,uz;lhk; gl;rkhfNt xU ,e;JthfNth> ,uz;lhk;
gl;rkhfNt xU K];yPk;> fpwp];j;jtuhfNth ,Uf;fpwhh;. ehk;
KjYk; Kf;fpaKkhf xU kdpj ,dkhf ,Uf;fpNwhk; vd;gij
ehk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy; gpwF ehk; kw;wtNuhL kdpjd; vd;fpw
Kiwapy; njhlHG nfhs;s KbAk;. ehk; xUth; kw;wtiu xU
kdpj capuhfNt ghtpf;fTk; KbAk;> xU kdpj ,dkhf
xd;Wgl;L thoTk; KbAk;. ehk; ,e;J> K];yPk; kw;Wk; ,ju
kjj;ij rhHe;jth;fshf ,Ue;jhYk; ehk; xNu ehl;by;
xd;Wgl;L tho KbAk;. kdpjd; KjYk; Kf;fpakhfTk; xU
kdpj ,dkhf ,Uf;fpd;whd; vd;fpw ,e;j Nahrid
xg;gpLifapy; kpf FWfpa fhyj;jpw;F cl;gl;lJ. ntFfhykhf
xU kdpjd; mtd; rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; ,dj;jpd; KjYk;
Kf;fpaKkhd xU mq;fkhf ,Ug;gjhfNt vz;zg;gl;lJ.
NtW xU ,dj;ij rhh;e;j kdpjid kdpj ,dkhf
fUJtjpy;iy> nrhy;yg;Nghdhy;, mth;fis nfhiy
nra;tJ jtwhf fUjg;gltpy;iy. jtW vJntd;why;
jd;Dila nrhe;j ,dj;ijr; rhh;e;j xUtid nfhiy
nra;tNj. ,j;jifa goq;Fbapdhpd; vz;zNthl;lk; ,d;Wk;
rpy kjq;fspy; kpf Mokhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
xU kdpj ,dj;jpw;F KjYk; Kf;fpaj;JtKkhdJ xU
kdpj ,dk;jhd; vd;fpw ,e;j nfhs;ifia ehk; Vw;Wf;
nfhz;Nlhkhdy; mjd; tpistpd; njhlh;r;rpahf> ,e;j
cyfpy; ,Uf;fpw NtWgl;l kjj;jth;fs; xd;Wgl;L
tho;thh;fs;. kdpj ,dj;jpw;F KjYk; Kf;fpaj;JtKkhdJ
xU kdpj ,dkhf ,Ue;J> ,e;J> gTj;jh;> K];yPk;>
fpwp];j;JtH vd;gJ Nghd;wit ,uz;lhk;gl;rkhf kl;LNk
,Ue;jhy; mjd; nghUs; kdpjd; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 43

nfhz;Lk;> kjk; Fiwe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhz;Lk; ,Uf;fpwJ>

mjd; nghUs; kjk; kdpjdpd; ed;ikf;fhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;>
kdpjd; kjj;jpd; ed;ikf;fhf fpilahJ vd;gjhFk;.
kjj;jpDila cz;ikahd mtrpak; vd;gJ kdpjdpd;
Nkk;ghl;bw;F cjTtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> mjhtJ mtid
xU NeHj;jpahd kdpjdhf cUthf;Ftjw;F> rpwe;j kdpjdhf
cUthf;Ftjw;F> gTj;jj;jpy; ehk; Gj;jH my;yJ caH
nka;Qhdk; ngw;w xUtH vd;W nrhy;fpw xU epiyia
miltjw;F cjt Ntz;Lk;.
kdpj ,dj;jpw;F KjYk; Kf;fpaj;JtKkhdJ xU kdpj
,dkhfj;jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. kw;Wk; kjj;ijf;fhl;bYk;
kdpjDf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;-kjk; kdpjdpd;
ed;ikf;fhfNt ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ehk; nrhy;yf;$ba
,j;jifa kdpjNeak; kpf;f nray;ghLfis midj;J
kjq;fSk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ ,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; ,j;jifa
kdpjNeakw;w kjq;fs; kw;w kdpjNeak; nfhz;l my;yJ
kdpjNeakw; w kjq; f Sld; > ,ize; J kjr; r hHgw; w
ehl;bDila fl;likg;gpw;Fs; tUk; nghOJ vd;d elf;fpwJ?
vd;d elf;Fk; vd;why; mJ khw;wj;jpw;F
fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,ij rpwpJ ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l kjq;fs; vt;thW khw;wj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd
vd;gij xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L topfspy; ghHf;fyhk;.
Kjypy; fpwp];j;Jtk;> xUtH fpwp];j;Jtj;ij gw;wp
NgrpdhYk; ntUkNd fpwp];j;jtH vd;gJ rhj;jpag;glhJ.
ePq;fs; mt;thW ,Uf;f Kaw;rp nra;ayhk; Mdhy; KbahJ.
ePq;fs; xU Gunlh];nld;l;lhfNth my;yJ Nuhkd;
fj;Njhypf;fuhfNth jhd; ,Uf;f KbAk;> my;yJ NtW rpy
fpwp];j;jt tifia rhHe;jpUf;fyhk;-vt;thW ePq;fs;
 44

ntUkNd ,e;Jthf ,Uf;f KbahNjh Mdhy; gpuhkz

,e;JthfNth> my;yJ Fk;gp ,e;JthfNth> my;yJ rkhH
,e;JthfNth mJ Nghy; vjhtJ xd;whfNthj;jhd; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. (ntWkNd ,e;Jthf ,Ug;gtiu fhl;Lq;fs;
vdf;F vd;Dila ,UgJ tUl ,e;jpa mDgtj;jpy; ehd;
mJNghd;w xUtiu re;jpj;jJ ,y;iy.) Nuhkd; fj;Njhypf;
vd;gJ Gul;nlh];ld;il tpl goikahdJ. cz;ikapy;>
Nkw;fj;jpa INuhg;gpa fpwp];j;jtHfs; midtUk; Nuhkd;
fj;Njhypf;fHfshf ,Ue;jdH. Gul;nlh];ldp]k; gjpdhwhk;
E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapNyNa njhpate;jJ. mjw;F Kd;G
Nkw;fj;jpa INuhg;gpaHfs; Nuhkd; fj;Njhypf;fj;jhy; Mjpf;fk;
nrYj;jg;gl;ldH. Nuhkd; fj;Njhypf;fj;ij nghUj;jkl;by;
Kjypy; ePq;fs; xU fpwp];j;jtuhf (Nuhkd; fj;Njhypf;fH.)
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd; gpwNf ePq;fs; xU kdpj ,dk; MFk;.
fpwp];j;jHfs; kl;Lk; cz;ikapy; kdpj ,dk; MtH kw;wtHfs;
ntWk; ghtpfs; MtH. ePq;fs; mj;jifatHfis nfhd;why;
mJ ghtkhfhJ. cz;ikapy;> mJ xU ey;y nray;. Vnddpy;
KjYk; Kf;fpaKkhf eP xU fpwp];j;jtd; MfNt
fpwp]; j ; J tj; i j jtpu vijAk; mDkjpf; f f; $ lhJ.
fpwp];j;Jtj;ij tpLtjw;Nfh my;yJ NtW xU kjj;ij
Vw;gjw;Nfh eP mDkjpf;fg;glkhl;lha;;> ePq;fs; ,JNghd;w
nray; f spy; <LgLtJ ntspg; g l; l hy; capUld;
nfhSj;JthHfs;. ,JNghd;w rk;gtk; Mapuj;jpy; gj;J
NgUf;F ele;jpUf;fpwJ> mJ Mapuj;jpy; EhW Nguhff;$l
,Uf;fyhk;> Vnddpy; me;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; Nuhkd;
fj;Njhypf;f rh;r;RfNs Nkw;fj;jpa INuhg;gpa ehLfspd;
murpay; mjpfhuj;ijAk; kw;Wk; fpwp];j;JtNk midj;J
ehLfSila kjkhfTk; ,Ue;jJ.
,j;jifa ehl;L eltbf;iffs; gy EhW Mz;Lfshf
 45

mopahjpUe;jd ,g;nghOJ #o;epiy khwp ,Uf;fpwJ. gy

Nkw;fj;jpa INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; rh;r;Rfs; ntFfhyj;jpw;F
murpay; mjpfhuj; i j itj; j pUf; f tpy; i y> kw; W k;
fpwp];j;Jtk; ntFfhyj;jpw;F murpd; kjkhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
,g;nghOJ fpwp];j;Jth;fs; jhq;fs; tpUk;gpdhy; kjj;ij
khw;wpf;nfhs;s KO chpik cz;L. rh;r;Rfshy; mt;thW
nra;tjpypUe;J mth;fis jLf;f KbahJ. NtW thh;j;ijapy;
nrhd;dhy;> fpU];j;JtkhdJ kdpj ,dj;jpw;F KjYk;
Kf;fpaj;JtKkhdJ xU kdpj ,dk;jhd; vd;gij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ> fpwp];j;Jtk;
kdpjNea kjkhf Mf;fg;gl;Ltpl;bUf;fpwJ. mJ khw;wk;
miltjw;F fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwJ. Vnddpy;
jw;nghOJ kjr;rhh;gw;w ehl;bw;Fs; ,Uf;fpwJ.
,];yhkpw;Fk; ,J nghUe;Jk;. ,e;jpahtpy; thof;$ba
xU K];yPk; jd;Dila kjj;ij khw;wpf; nfhs;s chpik
cz;L mtH ,];yhik tpl;Ltpl;L NtW ve;j kjj;ijAk;
Njh;e;njLf;f cupik ,Uf;fpwJ, Vnddpy; ,e;jpah
kjr;rhh;gw;w ehL. Mdhy; ,];yhkpa ehl;by; thof;$ba xU
K];yPk; jhd; kjk; khWtjw;F chpik fpilahJ . mt;thW
nra;tjw;F mth; Kaw;rp nra;jhy; mtUf;F kuz jz;lid
tpjpf;fg;gLk;. ,J Nghd;W ,d;Wk; rpy kj;jpa fpof;F K];yPk;
ehLfspy; eilKiwapy; cs;sJ. ,e;jpahtpy; ,];yhk;
khw;wj;jpw;F fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwJ. ,J Nkyhd
kdpj Nea nray;fis Njh;e;njLf;Fk; fl;lhaj;jpw;F cl;gl;L
,Uf;fpwJ. Vnddpy; ,e;jpah xU kjr;rhh;gw;w ehlhf
,Uf;fpwJ.
,e;J kjj;jpd; epiy vd;d? ehd; Kd;Ng nrhd;dJ Nghy>
xUth; ntWkNd xU ,e;Jthf ,Uf;f KbahJ. ePq;fs;
 46

VjhtJ Fwpg;gpl;l xU [hjpia rhh;e;jtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;>

mjhtJ xU gpuhkz ,e;Jthf my;yJ xU Fk;gp ,e;Jthf
my;yJ xU rkhh; ,e;J Nghd;w VjhtJ xU gpupit rhh;e;J
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. [hjp gpwg;ghy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwJ. eP
xU gpuhkzdhf ,Uf;fpwha; Vnddpy; cz;Dila ngw;nwhh;
gpuhkzHfshf ,Ue;jdh;> cd;Dila ngw;Nwhh; Fk;gp Mjyhy;
eP Fk;gpahf ,Uf;fpwha;> cd;Dila ngw;Nwhh; rkhh; Mjyhy; eP
rkhuhf ,Uf;fpwha;. ,t;tpjj;jpy; ,e;Jf;fs; gphpf;fg;gl;L
,Uf;fpwhh;fs; kw;Wk; ,e;J r%fk; mjpfhu tHf;fj;jpw;F Vw;g
gw;gy [hjpfshf gpupf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwJ, ,J ,uz;lhapuk;
[hjpfSf;F Fiwahky; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j [hjpiaAk; kw;Wk;
mth;fSf;fpilapy; cs;s NtWgl;l cwT KiwfisAk;
nfhz;L ehk; mtw;iw [hjp Kiw vd;W miof;fpNwhk;. ,e;j
Kiwapd; mbg;gilahf ,Ug;gJ rkj;Jtkpd;ik. xt;nthU
[hjpAk; kw;w rpy [hjp my;yJ [hjpfis tpl cah;e;jjhf
,Uf;fpwJ> xt;nthU [hjpAk; kw;w rpy [hjp my;yJ
[hjpfis tpl jho;e;jjhf ,Uf;fpwJ – midj;ijAk; tpl
cah;e;j Nky; [hjp kw;Wk; midj;ijAk; tpl jho;e;j fPo; [hjp
,tw;iw jtpu. filrp mk;rj;ij Fwpj;J> mjhtJ ahh; kpfTk;
cah;e;j [hjp ahh; kpfTk; jho;e;j [hjp vd;gjpy; ve;j
cld;gbf;ifAk; fpilahJ. Vnddpy;> vtUk; kpf cah;e;j
[hjpahfNt ,Uf;f tpUk;Gth;. vtUk; kpf jho;e;jtuhf
,Uf;f cld;gl khl;lhh;fs;. [hjp Kiwia gw;wp lhf;lH.
mk;Ngl;fh; vd;d nrhy;fpwhh; vd;why; mJ rkj;Jtkpd;ikapd;
gbepiy Kiw MFk; vd;gNj.
,g;nghOJ> ,e;j Ntiyapy;> [hjpKiw vd;gJ
cz; i kapy; ,e; J rh]; j puq; f is mbg; g ilahf
nfhz;Ls;sjh ,y;iyah vd;fpw gpur;rid Fwpj;J ehd;
mDfg;Nghtjpy;iy [hjpKiw cz;ikapy; eilKiwapy;
 47

,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij gw;wpAk; kw;Wk; mJ cz;ikapy; ghuhk;gupa

jj;Jtj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;Lk;, rkj;Jtkpd;ik
gbepiy KiwapYk; eilKiw gLj;jg;gLfpwJ vd;gij
gw;wpAk; ehd; ftiyg;gLfpNwd;. ,e;j rkj;Jtkpd;ik %ykhf
vd;d nra;ag;gLfpwJ? cq;fSf;F rpy cjhuzq;fis
Kd;itf;f Ntz;bAssJ. rpy kf;fs; fy;tp ngWtjw;F
mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy fhuzk; mth;fSila gpwg;G>
mth;fs; nrhe;jkhf nrhj;J rk;ghjpf;f
mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy> mth;fs; nghJ fpzw;wpypUe;J ePh;
vLf; f mDkjpf; f g; g Ltjpy; i y. mth; f spy; rpyh;
jPz;lj;jfhjth;fshf elj;jg;gl;lhHfs;. ehd; ,jw;F
mLf; f Lf; f hd cjhuzq; f s; ju Njitapy; i y.
rkj;Jtkpd;ikf;fhd ,j;jifa vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfis ePq;fs;
xt;nthUtUk; ed;fwptPh;fs;. vy;yh tpjj;jpYk;, ,it
midj;Jk; tpUk;gj;jfhjJk;, typkpf;fJkhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ>
NkYk; vth; xUtUk;; mjpy; Njitapy;yhky; FbapUf;f
tpUk;;gkhl;lhh;fs;.
kjr;rhh;gw;w ehl;by;, cz;ikapy; kjr;rhh;gw;w [dehaf
ehl;by;, midtUk;; rkkhdth;fs;, nrhy;yg;Nghdy;>
midtUf; F k; xNu murpay; kw; W k; FbAhpik
,Uf; f Ntz; L k; . rl; l j; j pd; ghh; i tapy; midtUk;
rkkhdth;fs;. fy;tp fw;gjw;Fk; nrhj;J NrHg;gjw;Fk;> nghJ
fpzw;wpypUe;J ePh; vLg;gjw;Fk; vy;NyhUf;Fk; chpik
,Uf;fpwJ. vtiuAk; jPz;lg;glhjth; vd milasg;gLj;jf;
$lhJ. ,g; n ghOJ rkj; J tKk; rkj; J tkpd; i kAk;
xd;Wf;nfhd;W Kuz;ghlhdJ. mitfs; Nrh;e;jpUf;f KbahJ.
Mjyhy; [hjpKiw vd;gJ xU kjr;rhh;gw;w ehl;by;
epiyj;jpUf;f KbahJ–me;j ehL cz;ikapy;
kjr;rhHgw;wjhf ,Ue;jhy;. NtW thh;j;ijapy; ,e;Jj;Jtk;
 48

kjrhh;gw;w ehl;by; ,Uf;Fk;nghOJ mJ khWtjw;F

ce;jg;gLk;. kdpj ,dj;jpw;F KjYk; Kf;fpaj;JtKkhdJ xU
kdpj ,dkhfj;jhd; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;> Fwpg;gpl;l kjj;ij
gpd;gw;Wgth;fs; vd;gJ ,uz;lhk; epiy> Fwpg;gpl;l [hjpapd;
mq;fj;jpdh; vd;gJ ,uz;lhk; epiy vd;fpd;w ce;Jjy; Vw;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,it midj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhf kjr;rhh;gw;w ehl;by;
,e;J kjkhdJ [hjp Kiwia Kw;wpYkhf iftpLtjw;F
ce;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xUth; xNu rkaj;jpy; rkkhdtuhfTk;
rkkw;wtuhfTk; kf;fis elj;j KbahJ. kjr;rhh;gw;w ehL
kf;fis rkkhf elj;Jtij cq;fs; flikahf;FfpwJ. mJ
[hjpKiwia filgpbf; f hky; ,Ug; g ij cq; f s;
flikahf;FfpwJ. ,e;jpah KOikahd xU kjr;rhh;gw;w ehL
vdpy; [hjp Kiw filgpbf;fg;gl $lhJ. khwhf> [hjp Kiw
filgpbf;fg;gl;lhy; ,e;jpah xU kjr;rhh;gw;w ehL fpilahJ.
tpRt ,e;J ghp\j;jpd; mq;fj;jpdh;fs; ,it midj;jpYk;
kpf ftdkhf ,Uf;fpwPHfs; vd ehd; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpNwd;.
Muk;gj;jpy; ehd; Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghy, ePq;fs; %d;W Kf;fpa
nray; jpl;lq;fis itj;jpUf;fpwPh;fs;. mjpy; ,uz;lhtjhf
tUtJ jw;fhy ,e;J r%fj;jpypUe;J fsq;fk; kw;Wk;
,opit ePf;FtJ vd;gjhFk;. NkYk; ghuk;ghpa [hjp KiwAk;,
rkj;Jtkpd;ik gbepiy Kiw kpf Kf;fpakhd fsq;fkhfTk,;
,opthfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
Mjyhy;> ,f;Fwpg;gpl;l fsq;fj;ij xUtH vt;thW
Jilj;njwpa Nghfpwhh;? vd;Dila mgpg;uhaj;jpy; mjw;F
xNu xU top ,Uf;fpwJ. [hjp vd;gJ ghuk;gupa jj;Jtj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;LbUf;fpwJ: gpuhkz FLk;gj;jpy;
gpwe;J ,Ug;gjhy; eP gpuhkzdhf ,Uf;fpwha;. Mjyhy;>
ghuk;ghpa jj;Jtk; jd;id cilg;gjd; %ykhfNt [hjp
Kiwia cilj;njhpa KbAk;. Mdhy;> ,J vt;thW
 49

nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;? mjw;F xNu xU top ,Uf;fpwJ.

NtWgl;l [hjpfSf;F ,ilapy;-midj;J NtWgl;l
[hjpfSf;F ,ilapYk; fyg;G jpUkzk; nra;tjhy; kl;LNk
,e;j ghuk;ghpa jj;Jtj;ij cilj;njhpa KbAk;. gpuhkz
FLk;gk; vd;fpw mikg;G ,y;iynadpy;> gpwF gpuhkz
FLk;gj;jpy; xUth; gpwg;gjw;fhd rhj;jpak; ,y;yhky; NghfpwJ>
kw;Wk; gpuhkz FLk;gj;jpw;Fs; xUtUk; gpwf;ftpy;iy vdpy;
mq;F gpuhkzH vtUk; ,Uf;fkhl;lhh;. ,NjNghd;W kw;w
[hjpfspYk; ,e;j topapy;- kl;LNk-[hjp Kiw xopf;fg;gLk;.
tpRt ,e;J ghp\j;jpypUf;Fk; vd;Dila ez;gh;fs; fyg;G
jpUkzj;jpd; ,e;j tptuj;ij rPhpa ghprPyidf;F cl;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk; vd Ntz;LNfhs; tpLf;fpNwd;.
ehd; kjr;rhh;gw;w ehl;by; fpwp];Jtj;jpw;fhd njhlh;ig
gw;wp Ngrp ,Uf;fpNwd;. mNj Nghd;W ,];yhk; kw;Wk; ,e;J
kjk; gw;wpAk;. Mdhy; gTj;jjpd; epiy vd;d? gTj;jj;ij
nghUj;jtiu xU kjr;rhh;gw;w ehl;by; ,Ug;gjpy; ve;j xU
rpf;fYk; fpilahJ. cz;ikapy; gTj;jk; kjr;rhh;gw;w
ehLfspNyNa nropj;J Xq;FfpwJ. Vnddpy; gTj;jk;
vg;nghOJk; kdpjid Kd;dpUj;jp kjj;ij gpd; epUj;JfpwJ.
gTj;jj;ij nghUj;jtiuapy;> jk;kk; vd;gjd; nghUs; kdpj
Nkk;ghNl MFk;. mjd; nghUs; kdpjh;fs; rpwe;jth;fshf
cUthtJ> mth;fs; KOikg; ngw;wth;fshf cUthtJ
my;yJ ehk; Gj;jH vd;W nrhy;yf; $ba epiyia miltJ.
gTj;jk; murpd; kjkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; fpilahJ,
jha;yhe;jpy; cs;sJ Nghy;. gTj;jj;jpw;F mjpfhuj;jpd;
cjtpNah my;yJ Cf;fNkh Njitapy;iy. cyfpy;
jw;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gLk; #o;epiyapd; fhuzkhf, Fiwe;jgl;r
mjpfhu cjtp mJ itj;jpUg;gJ ey;yJ. xU kjr;rhh;gw;w
ehL nfhLf;f Kbe;j Rje;jpuk; kl;LNk gTj;jjpw;F Njit-
 50

,e;jpah Nghd;w xU kjrhh;gw;w ehL. cz;ikapy;> ,e;jpah

cz;ikahd kjr;rhh;gw;w ehlhf cUthdhy; gTj;jk; tsh;r;rp
miltij ehk; ghh;f;f KbAk;. mNj Nghd;W gTj;jk; tsu
,e;jpah cz;ikahd kjr;rhh;gw;w ehlhf cUthFk;. ,JNt
xUNtis ,e;jpa Njrpaf; nfhbapy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s-
jk;krf;fuk;-mNrhfrf;fuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; MFk;.
gTj;jk; kdpjDf;fhd kjkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. Rje;jpuj;jpd;
kjkhfTk;> rkj;Jtj;jpd; kjkhfTk;> rNfhjuj;Jtj;jpd;
kjkhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ. MfNt> tpLjiy ngw;w Rje;jpu
,e;jpah gTj;jj;jpd; jpir Nehf;fp jpUk;GtJ jtph;f;f
Kbahjjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;J rpe;jidahsHfs; midtUk;
gTj;jjpd; jpir Nehf;fp efuNtz;bapUg;gJ jtph;f;f
Kbahjjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. Fwpg;ghf vtnuhUtH jw;fhy ,e;J
r%fj;jpy; epytpapUf;Fk; fsq;fk; kw;Wk; ,opit
ePf;fNtz;Lk; vd;wpUf;fpwhHfNsh-Kf;fpakhf vtnuy;yhk;
tpRt ,e;J ghp\j;jpd; ez;gh;fshfTk;, mq;fj;jpdh;fshfTk;
,Uf;fpd;wth;fSk;> ,d;W ,uT ,e;j epfo;r;rpia kpf
mUikahd Kiwapy; Vw;ghL nra;jpUf;ff; $bath;fSk;.

******
 51

lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fhpd; mUk;ngUikfs;

gTj;jk; etPdfhy kjr;rhh;gw;w rpj;jhe;jq;fSld; xg;gpLjy;:-

jk;k rNfhju rNfhjhpfNs, “fle;jfhy epfo;Tfs;

kPz;Lk; tUk;” vd;W nrhy;yg;gLtJ cz;L. mJ vd;Dila
tifapy; cz;ikahfp cs;sJ. ,d;W ,uT fle;jfhy
epfo;Tfs; kPz;Lk; epfo;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,jw;fhd
fhuzk;, Kd;G ehd; gyKiw Kk;ig te;jpUf;fpNwd;> ,q;F
kPz;Lk; tUif je;jpUg;gjpYk;> ,j;jUzj;jpy; cq;fs;
midtiuAk; re;jpg;gjpYk; ehd; kfpo;r;rp milfpd;Nwd;. ehd;
Kk;igapy; gyKiw ,Ue;jJkl;Lkpd;wp vd;Dila ,j;jifa
tUif ,dpa gy epidTfshfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j
epidTfs; kpf ePz;lghijapy; gpd; Nehf;fp nry;fpd;wd>
cz;ikahfNt, mitfs; ehw;gJ tUlk; gpd;Nehf;fp
nry;fpd;wJ kw;Wk; cWjpahf mjpfg;gbahd vd;Dila
Kk;ig epidTfs; gTj;j epidTfshfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd. nghpa
Xl;ly;fs; my;yJ jpiug;gl njhopw;$lq;fs; nghUl;L ehd;
,q;F te;jjpy;iy. ehd; vg;nghOnjy;yhk; ,q;F te;NjNdh
mj;jifa vd; tUif jk;kj;jpd; nghUl;lhfTk;> gTj;jj;jpd;
nghUl; l hfTk; ,Ue; j J, ,t; t ifapy; > vd; D ila
epidTfs; midj;Jk; gTj;j epidTfshfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ehd; gioa Mde;jtp`hiu epidj;J

ghh;f;fpNwd;. yPkpq;ld; rhiyapy; ehah; kUj;JtkidapDila
 52

kjpy; Rtiu xl; b mJ mikf; f g; g l; b Ue; j J.

JujpH\;ltrkhf, mJ ,g;nghOJ ,y;iy. ehd; gF[d
tp`hh; gNuy;I epidT nfhs;fpNwd;. ,q;F vd; ePz;l ehs;
ez;gh; gpf;F H. jk;khde;jh tho;e;jpUe;jhh;> JujpH\;ltrkhf
,g;nghOJ mtH ,q;F ,y;iy. jw;NghJ mth; Xa;T
ngw;Wf;nfhz;L ,yq;ifapy; tho;fpwhh;. Mdhy; ,d;Wk; mth;
Neuj;jpw;F Neuk; vdf;F fbjk; vOjpf;nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhh;.
,q;Nf tNuhypapy; [g;ghdpa Gj;jtp`hiu ehd; epidT
nfhs;fpNwd;. [g;ghdpa gpf;F jpdKk; khiyapy; nghpa Nksj;ij
mbj;Jf;nfhz;Nl 'ek;NahN`h nuq;Naf;Nah' it rj;jkhf
gbg;gij ehd; epidT nfhs;fpNwd;. mth;fs; ,g;nghOJk;
me;j nghpa Nksq;fis thrpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;fs;>
Mdhy; mJ Kd;G Nghy; mt;tsT rj;jkhf ,y;iy vd;W
ehd; epidf;fpNwd;.

kw;nwhU kfpo;r;rp juf;$ba, gTj;j epidthf ,Ug;gJ

Kk;igapd; fd;Nfhp Fiffis ghHg;;gjw;F nrd;wJ. ehd; kl;Lk;
nry; y tpy; i y> Gjpjhf gTj; j k; jOtpa IE}W
egh;fisf;nfhz;l mikg;Gld; ehd; nrd;Nwd; kw;Wk;
FiffspNyNa kpfg;nghpajhf ,Ue;j xU ];J}ghit Rw;wp
“eNkhj];] gftNjh mw`Njh rk;khrk;Gj;j];]”–vd;W
nrhy;ypf; nfhz;L ehq;fs; tyk; te;jij ehd; epidT
nfhs;fpNwd;. ,e;j tifapy; vq;fSf;F kpf kfpo;r;rpahd xU
Neukhf ,Ue;jJ. me;j Fiff;F te;j kw;w ghh;itahsh;fs;
vq;fis ghh;j;J Mr;rhpag;gl;ldh;. Vnddpy; mth;fs;
ntWkNd Rw;wpg;ghh;f;f nrd;wth;fs;, mq;Nf ehq;fs;
gTj;jh;fshf nrd;Nwhk;. Kk;igapd; gy gFjpfspy; ehd;
ciuahw;wp ,Ug;gij epidj;Jg;ghh;f;f KbfpwJ. ,itfs;
ahTk; vdf;F epiwa kfpo;r;rpahd Kk;ig epidTfis
 53

Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

Mdhy; ,d;Dk; Kk;igapy; vd;Dila mstw;w

kfpo;r;rpf;Fhpa Kf;fpa epidit Fwpg;gplhky; ,Uf;fpNwd;> mJ
ghghrhNfg; mk;Ngl;fh; mth;fSld; Vw;gl;l ,uz;L
re;jpg;Gfspd; epidTfs;. cz;ikapy;> ,J vd;Dila
KOtho;ehspy; kpfg;nghpa kfpo;r;rpf;Fhpa xd;Wk; mhpanjhU
epidTkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. Kjy; re;jpg;G ‘uh[fpu`h' tpy;
ele;jJ> jhjhpy; cs;s lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fhpd; ,y;yk;>
kw;nwhU re;jpg;G Nfhl;il gFjpapy; cs;s rpj;jhHj;jh
fy;Y}hpapd; Mde;j Gj;jtp`hhpy; epfo;e;jJ. ,e;j ,uz;L
re;jpg;Gfspy; Fwpg;ghf ,uz;lhtJ re;jpg;G kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;jjhf ,Ue;jJ> ehf;)hpy; ele;j rpwg;G kpf;f khngUk;
gTj;jk; jOTk; epfo;r;rpf;F gj;Jkhjj;jpw;F Kd; ,r;re;jpg;G
epfo;e;jJ. cz;ikahfNt> ,uz;lhtJ re;jpg;gpy; lhf;lh;.
mk;Ngl;fh; mth;fSk; ehDk; kjk; khWk; epfo;r;rp rk;ge;jkhd
midj;J gpur;ridfisAk; tpthjpj;Njhk;. ,e;j tpthjj;jpd;
tpisthf lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fh; mth;fs; vd;dplk; xU
nrhw;nghopT epfo;j;Jk;gb Ntz;LNfhs;tpLj;jhh;. jphpruzk;>
gQ;rrPyk; kw;Wk; gTj;jj;ij jOTtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp
mtUila kf;fSf;F tphpthf vLj;Jiuf;Fk;gb mth;
vd;dplk; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhh;.

,ay;ghfNt mtUila Ntz;LNfhSf;F rk;kjpf;f

cz;ikapy; ehd; kpf;f kfpo;r;rp mile;Njd;. J. [djh
thr;rdhyahtpd; Mjutpd; fPo; xU $l;lk; Vw;ghL
nra;ag;gl;lJ. mJ ,q;Nf tNuhypapy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;L
,Ue;jJ. lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH Vd; tNuhypia Njh;T nra;jhH
vd;gij ehd; mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. mJ mtUila nrhe;j
tpUg;gkhf ,Ue;jJ> vd;DilaJ my;y. tNuhyp kf;fs;
 54

Nky; ey;y mgpg;uhaKk;> Fwpg;ghf mth;fs; jk;kj;jpw;F

kjpg;gspg;ghh;fs; vd;w vz;zKk; mth; nfhz;bUe;jpUf;fhyk;.
vJthf ,Ug;gpDk;> 1956 [dthp 1 md;W $l;lk; Vw;ghL
nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,e;j $l;lj;ij NghyNt mJTk;
jpwe;jntspapy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j $l;lj;ijg;Nghy
my;yhky; mJ ,uT ntFNeuk; fopj;J Jtq;fpaJ> ,uT 11
kzp ,Uf;Fk; mq;F gdp nghope;Jf;nfhz;L ,Ue;jJ.
,q;fpyhe;J Nghd;w Fsph; gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J ehd; te;jpUe;j
NghjpYk;> nky;ypa rPtu Milapy; ehd; Fspuhy;
eLq;fpf;nfhz;L ,Ue;jJ vdf;F epidT ,Uf;fpwJ. 3000
kf;fs; fye;J nfhz;L ‘gTj;jdhf cUthtjd; nghUs;
vd;d’ vd;w jiyg;gpy; ehd; Mw;wpa nrhw;nghopit Nfl;ldH>
me;j ciu Kk;ig n\l;A+y;L fh];l; nglNu\d; jiytH
jpU. gd;lhhp mtHfshy; rpwe;j Kiwapy; khuhl;bapy;
nkhopngah;g;G nra;ag;gl;lJ. lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fh; mth;fs;
me;j nrhw;nghopit Nfl;L kfpo;r;rpAk; jpUg;gjpAk; mile;jhh;
vd;gij ehd; gpd;dhspy; Nfs;tpg;gl;Nld;. mJNt tNuhypapy;
ehd; epfo;j;jpa Kjy; nrhw;nghopthf mike;jJ. mJ 1956d;
Muk;gj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;wJ> rhpahf 28 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G. ,J
jhd; tNuhyp kf;fSld; vd;Dila Kjy; njhlh;ghf
,Ue;jJ.

md;W Kjy; ehd; tNuhypapy; vz;zw;w gy

nrhw;nghopTfs; epfo;j;jp ,Uf;fpNwd;> mit jpwe;jntspapYk;
cs; muq;fq;fspYk;; Mdhy; tNuhypapy; ehd; Mw;wpa
midj; J nrhw; n ghopTfspYk; Kjy; epfo; r ; r p mjp
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;J ,Ug;gjhf ehd; epidf;fpNwd;. lhf;lh;.
mk;Ngl;fh; %ykhfNt tNuhyp kf;fis ehd; re;jpf;f
Neh;e;jJ> kw;Wk; tNuhyp kf;fSf;F vd;id
 55

mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfNt me;j $l;lk; lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fh;

mth;fshy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;Wk; vz;z Njhd;WfpwJ>
tNuhyp kf;fSld; vdf;F cs;s njhlh;G mjdhNyNa kpf
neUf;fkhf cs;sJ, ,e;j fhuzj;jpw;fhfNt ehd; cq;fis
kPz;Lk; re;jpg;gjpy; ngUkfpo;r;rp milfpNwd;.

,uz;L Mz;LfSf;F Kd; filrpahf ehd; Kk;ig

te;Njd;. ,e;j mUikahd ,lj;jpy; ePq;fs; vdf;F xU
mw;Gjkhd tuNtw;G nfhLj;jPh;fs;. ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;F
Kd; ele;j me;j epfo;r;rpapy;> ehd; uj;jpdq;fis gw;wp NgrpNdd;.
Fwpg;ghf jd;Dila Ntl;bapd; xuj;jpy; xU uj;jpdk;
itf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;Jk;> Mdhy; mJ mq;F ,Ug;gij mwpahj
xU kdpjid gw;wpa Gj;jhpd; fijia gw;wp ehd; NgrpNdd;. ehd;
vd;d NgrpNdd; vd;gij ePq;fs; kwe;jpUf;f khl;BHfs; vd
ehd; ek;GfpNwd;> xUNtis ePq;fs; kwe;Jtpl;L ,Ue;jhy;, kpf
tpiutpy; me;j nrhw;nghoptpd; nkhopngah;g;ig ePq;fs; gbf;f
KbAk; vd vjph; g hh; f ; f pNwd; > mJ Gj; j ahdpy;
ntspaplg;gLk;nghOJ. Nyhfkpj;uh my;yJ t[;uNfJ ,jd;
gpujpia tpw;gjw;F Vw;ghL nra;thh;fs; vd cWjpaspf;fpNwd;>
NkYk; ePq;fs; mjph;\;lrhypahf ,Ue;jhy; mNj Neuj;jpy;
mth;fs; jq;fs; ifnaOj;ijAk; cq;fSf;F nfhLf;fyhk;.

tNuhyp kf;fis kPz;Lk; re;jpg;gjpy; kfpo;r;rp milAk;

,e;j Neuj;jpy;> ,e;j $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhs;tjw;fhf
kw;wg;gFjpfspypUe;J te;jpUf;Fk; kf;fisAk; ghh;j;J
kfpo;r;rpf;nfhs;fpNwd;. kfhuh\;buhtpd; kw;w gFjpfspypUe;Jk;
gyh; te; j pUg; g ij ehd; mwpNtd; - )dhtpypUe; J >
mTuq;fhghj;jpypUe;J> ehrpf;fpypUe;J kw;Wk;
ntFnjhiytpy; ,Uf;Fk; ehf;)hpypUe;Jk;. mth;fs;
midtiuAk; ghh;g;gjpy; ehd; kfpo;r;rp milfpNwd;.
 56

cz;ikapy; ,e;jpa gTj;jh;fs; midtiuAk; re;jpg;gjpy;

ngUkfpo;r;rp milfpNwd.; lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH mtHfis
gpd;gw;wp elg;gth;fs; midtiuAk; re;jpg;gjpy; ngUkfpo;r;rp
milfpNwd;. mJkl;Lky;yhky; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; cs;s
gTj;jh;fsplkpUe;J> cz;ikapy;> Nkw;fj;jpa
gTj;jh;fsplkpUe;J. mjhtJ INuhg;gpa kw;Wk; mnkhpf;f
gTj;jh;fsplkpUe;J cq;fSf;F xU jfty; nfhz;L te;J
,Ug;gjpy; ehd; ngUkfpo;r;rp milfpNwd;.

ehd; nfhz; L te; j pUf; F k; me; j jftyhdJ

ikj;hpAila jftyhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mJ rNfhjuj;Jtk; kw;Wk;
xw;Wikf;fhd jftyhfTk;> mJ xUikg;ghl;Lf;fhd xU
jftyhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ. midj;J gTj;jh;fSk; rNfhju
rNfhjhpfs;, midtUk; xNu Md;kpf FLk;gj;jpd;
mq;fj;jpdh;fs;, Mjyhy; midtUk; xd;wpide;J jk;kj;jpd;
nghUl;L gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk;. ehk; ,q;fpyhe;J my;yJ
,e;jpah my;yJ gpw ehl;il rhh;e;jth;fs; vd;gij
nghUl;gLj;jhky;, ehk; midtUk; ,ize;J Viofs; kw;Wk;
xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk;.

,g;nghOJ> Nkw;fj;jpa gTj;jh;fs; cq;fis gw;wp

mwpe;jpUf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gij Nfl;L ePq;fs; Mr;rhpak;
mile;jpUf;fyhk;; Mdhy; mth;fs; cq;fis gw;wp ed;F
mwpe;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;> Fwpg;ghf ,q;fpyhe;jpy;. kfhuh\;bu
gTj;jh;fis gw;wp mth;fs; mwpe;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;> Kk;ig
gTj;jh;fis gw;wp mth;fs; mwpe;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;> tNuhyp
gTj;jh;fis gw;wp mth;fs; mwpe;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. ,it
midj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhf, lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fh; gw;wp mth;fs;
mwpe;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. ,J vg;nghOJk; ,Ue;jJ fpilahJ. rpy
tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G tiu mth;fs; cq;fs; midtiuAk;
 57

gw;wp vJTk; mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; ,g;nghOJ mth;fs;

ed;fwpthHfs;. rpwg;G kpF gTj;jk; jOTk; khngUk; ,af;fk;
gw;wp mth;fs; mwpthh;fs;> kw;Wk; Vd; lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fh;
,jpy; mb vLj;J itf;f nrhd;dhh; vd;gij mth;fs;
mwpe;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;.

cz;ik vd;dntdpy; j;iuNyhf;a gTj;j k`hrq;f

rfhaf; fz nra;fpd;w gzpfs; %ykhf ,itfs;
midj;ijAk; mth;fs; mwpe;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. TBMSGapd;
fsg;gzpfSf;F ed;wp njhptpf;fpNwd;, lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fh;
mth;fspd; ngaUk; mth; Mw;wpa gzpiaAk; cz;ikapy;
Nkw;fj;jpa gTj;jh;fs; kpf ed;whf mwpe;jpUf;fpd;wdh;,
Nkw;fj;jpa gTj;jh;fs; ,g;nghOJ lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fhpd;
tho;f;ifia gbj;Jf;nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;> mijg;Nghy
mtUila vOj;Jf;fis gbj;Jf;nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;,
kw;Wk; mtUila tho;f;ifAk; vOj;Jf;fSk; cz;ikapy;
kpfTk; <h;f;f$bajhf cs;sJ vd mth;fs; czh;e;Js;sdh;.

,t;tUl Muk;gj;jpy;, jk;kr;rhhp Nyhfkpj;uh xU rpy

khjq;fs; ,q;fpyhe;J nrd;wpUe;jhh;. mth; me;j rkaq;fspy;
epiwa kf;fis re;jpf;fTk;> midj;J TBMSG ikaq;fis
ghh;itaplTk; nra;jhh;. vq;nfy;yhk; mth; nrd;whNuh
mq;fpUe;j Mq;fpNya gTj;jh;fs; mtUf;F kpfg;nghpa
tuNtw;G mspj;jdH> NkYk; nrd;w ,lq;fspy; vy;yhk; mth;
,e;jpa gTj;jh;fs; gw;wpAk;-Fwpg;ghf kfhuh\;buh gTj;jh;fs;
kw;Wk; lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fiu gw;wpAk; ciuahw;wpdhh;. ,jpy;
Rthu];ak; vd;dntd;why; me;j Fwpg;gpl;l rkaj;jpy;
,q;fpyhe;J kf;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jpdhHfs;.
mjw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d vd;gjpy; ePq;fs; Mh;tkhf
,Ug;gPh;fs;.
 58

ey;yJ> mjd; fhuzk; jk;kr;rhhp Nyhfkpj;uh

,q;fpyhe;J te;jpUe;j rkaj;jpy; jhd; 'fhe;jp' jpiug;glk;
ntspaplg; g l; L > ehL KOtJk; cs; s midj; J
jpiuauq; F fspYk; jpiuaplg; g l; l J. kf; f s; gyH
mj;jpiug;glj;ij fhz nrd;wdh;, Mq;fpNya gTj;jh;fs;;
cl;gl Mdhy;> mij ghh;j;j gpwF mth;fs; me;j glj;jpy;
lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fh; ve;j xU fhl;rpapYk;
fhz; g pf; f g; g ltpy; i y vd; w jq; f spd; Mr; r hpaj; i j
ntspg;gLj;jpdh;. jpl;lkpl;L jtph;f;fg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwhh; vd
mth;fs; epidj;jdh;. me;jg;glj;jpy; fhe;jp[pAld; gz;bl;
NeU> ty;ygha; gl;Nly;, uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; kw;Wk; NtW gy
Njrpa jiyth;fSk; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jdh;.

ehDk; $l 'fhe;jp' glk; ghh;f;f nrd;Nwd; ty;ygha;

gl;Nly; kw;Wk; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; Nghd;NwhH jpiuapy; Njhd;wpa
nghOJ vd;Dld; te;j rpy ez;gh;fs; ‘,e;j kdpjh;fs; ahh;?’
vd;W Nfl;ldh;> Vnddpy; mth;fSf;F ,th;fis njhpahJ.
mNjNghd;W mth;fs; nksyhd fyhk; Mrhj;> KfkJ myp
[pd;dh kw;Wk; jpiuapy; Njhd;wpa midtiuAk; gw;wpf;
Nfl;ldh;. Mdhy; mjpy; lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fh; xU fhl;rpapy;
$l Njhd;wtpy;iy. ,jw;fhd fhuzj;ij ehd;; mwpatpy;iy.
cWjpahf lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fUf;F mh;gzpf;Fk; tifapy; xU
KOg;glj;ijAk; vLf;Fk; jpl;lk; ,Uf;fyhk;. mt;thW jpl;lk;
vJTk; ,y;iy vdpy; vd;Dila mgpg;uhak;, mJ fz;bg;ghf
elf;f Ntz;Lk;.

fhe;jp[p mth;fs; re;Njfkpd;wp etPd ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy;

xU Kf;fpa mq;fk; tfpf;f $bath;. mNjNghd;W xU rpwe;j
kdpjh; kw;Wk; ehd; mtiu Fiwj;J kjpg;gpl tpUk;g tpy;iy.
Mdhy; etPd ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fhpd; ,lk;
 59

ve;j tpjj;jpYk; Fiwe;jJ fpilahJ. mJ kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;jjhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W rpy kf;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdH.
vJthapDk; ehd; vd;Dila ciuia khw;w tpUk;GfpNwd;.
Vnddpy; cq;fSf;fhf rpy ey;y nra;jpfis ehd;
itj;jpUf;fpNwd;- me;j nra;jpfs; lhf;lh; mk;Ngl;fh;
Nkw;fj;jpa gTj;jh;fshy; ve;jsT Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh; vd;gJ.

cq;fspy; rpyh; ek; TBMSGapd; Mq;fpy nra;jpkliy

ghh;j;jpUf;fyhk;. ,J yz;ldpy; ntspaplg;gl;L cyfk;
KOtJk; nry;fpwJ> Kf;fpakhf gTj;j cyfk;. mJ jk;kr;rhhp
ehfNghjpahy; njhFf;fg;gLfpwJ> cq;fspy; rpyh; mtiu
re;jpj;jpUg;gPh;fs; vd;gij ehd; mwpNtd;> Vnddpy; ,uz;L
tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G mth; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;jhh;> ehDk;
,q;Nf ,Ue;jnghOJ. ,jpy; ey;y nra;jp jk;kr;rhhp ehfNghjp
kPz;Lk; ,e;jpah tUfpwhh;. mth; xU tUl fhyj;jpw;F jq;f
tUfpwhh;> NkYk; mth; xU Njitf;fhf tUfpwhh;. mth;
(Dr.Ambedkar and The Movement of mass conversion) lhf;lH.
mk;Ngl;fUk; khngUk; kjkhw;w ,af;fKk; vd;w Gj;jfj;ij
vOjg;Nghfpwhh;. NkYk; mtUf;F mij ,e;jpahtpy; vOj
Ntz;Lk;. me;j Gj;jfk; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;L cyfk;
KOtJk; tpepNahfpf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j tifapy;> Kd;igtpl
gutyhf lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fUk; mtUila gzpfSk;
Nghw;wg;gLk; vd;W ehk; ek;GfpNwhk;.

,g;nghOJ, Vd; Nkw;fj;jpa gTj;jh;fs; lhf;lh;.

mk;Ngl;fiu ,e;jsT Nghw;Wfpwhh;fs; vd;gij njhpe;J
nfhs;s cq;fspy; rpyh; Mh;tkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. mth;fs;
mthplk; fhz;gJ vd;d vd;W njhpe;J nfhs;tjpy; ePq;fs;
Mh;tkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. njspthf> ePq;fs; mtiu ghHf;fpd;w
tpjj;jpy; mth;fs; mtiu ghh;f;ftpy;iy. ePq;fs; rpytw;wpf;F
 60

nfhLf; f pd; w Kf; f paj; J tj; j py; mth; f s; cld; g hL

nfhs;stpy;iy ,ijg;gw;wp cq;fSf;F xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L
cjhuzq;fs; nfhLf;f tpUk;GfpNwd;.

,e;jpahtpy;, lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fhpd; topNjhd;wy;fs;

mjpfk; Nerpg;gjw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;gJ mth; fy;tpapw;
rpwe;j kdpjuhf ,Ue;jhh; vd;gjhFk;> mth; M.A Phd, D.Sc kw;Wk;
ghuj;-,d;-yhthf ,Ue;jhh; vd;W mth;fs; cq;fsplk;
nrhy;thh;fs;. mth;fs; cq;fsplk; vd;d nrhy;Yfpwhh;fNsh
mJ Kw;wpYk; cz;ikahfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy; Nkw;fj;jpa
gTj;jh;fs; fy;tp jFjpf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;gjpy;
cld;ghL ,y;yhjtHfs;> Vnddpy; Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfspy;
fy;tpahdJ ngUksT gutp cs;sJ. cz;ikapy;> kdpj
Nkk;ghl;bw;Fk;> kdpj kfpo;r;rpf;Fk; etPd fy;tp kpf Fiwe;j
gaid juf;$bajhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W Nkw;fj;jpa
gTj;jh;fs; gyH vz;Zfpwhh;fs;. ,J kl;Lkpd;wp, lhf;lh;.
mk;Ngl;fh; mth;fs; kj;jpa murpy; xUKiw mikr;ruhf
,Ue;jhh; vd;gjw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;gjpy; $l
mth;fSf;F cld;ghL ,y;iy. mtH ,e;jpa murpay;
mikg;G rl;lj;ij tbtikj;jhH vd;gjw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhLg;gjpy; $l mth;fSf;F cld;ghL ,y;iy. ,it
midj;ijAk; mth;fs; ,uz;lhtJ rpwg;GfshfNt
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.

gpwF> Nkw;fj;jpa gTj;jh;fs; lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fiu Fwpj;J

Nghw;WtJ vd;dthf ,Uf;fpwJ?. Kjypy;> mtUila
Mw;wy;kpf;f Fzj;jpw;fhf mth;fs; mtiu Nghw;Wfpwhh;fs;.
mtUila fyg;glkw;w Neh;ikf;fhf mth;fs; mtiu
Nghw;Wfpwhh;fs;. cz;ikapy;-ahuhYk; tpiyf;F thq;f
Kbahj xU kdpjdhf mth; ,Ue;jhH. mtUila
 61

Neh;ikahd> ntspg;gilahd Ngr;Rf;fhfTk; mtiu mth;fs;

Nghw;Wfpwhh;fs;. mtUila gakpd;ikf;fhfTk; mtUila
cWjpg;ghl;bw;fhfTk; mth;fs; mtiu Nghw;Wfpwhh;fs;. ,it
midj;jpw;fhfTk; mth;fs; mtiu Nghw;Wfpwhh;fs;.

Mdhy; Nkw;fj;jpa gTj;jh;fs; mjpfkhf Nghw;Wfpd;w

lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fhpd; kw;nwhU FzKk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
mtUila fUiz ghtidf;fhf> mtiu mth;fs;
Nghw;Wfpwhh;fs;. ePq;fs; ed;whf mwpe;jpUg;gPHfs;, lhf;lh;.
mk;Ngl;fhpd; ehf;F rpy Neuq;fspy; fbe;J nfhs;tjhfTk;
fLikahdjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; mtUila ,jak;
kpfTk; nkd;ikahfTk; kpf fdpthfTk; ,Ue;jJ. mtUila
,jak; Jbj;jJ, cz;ikapy; mtUila kf;fs; gLk;
Jd;gj;jpw;fhf. mtUila kf;fis Jd;gj;jpypUe;J>
E}w; w hz; L fhy mbikj; j dj; j pypUe; J tpLtpg; g Nj
mtUila Nkyhd flikahf ,Ue;jJ. mJ kl;LNk
lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fUf;F cWjpahf Njitg;gl;lJ, mtUf;F
Gfo; Njitapy;iy> mtUila RaNjitf;fhf mtH gzk;
NrHf;ftpy;iy> mtUila kf;fSf;fhf gzpahw;WtJk;
mtHfis Nkd;ik gLj;JtJNk mthpd; Njitahf
,Ue;jJ.

rpy kf;fs; lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fh; xU kpfg;nghpa mwpQuhf

,Ue;jhh; vd epidf;fpwhh;fs; mJ cz;ikNa. Mdhy; mth;
xU czh;Tg;)h;tkhd kdpjuhf Mokhd jplkhd czh;Tfis
nfhz;l xU kdpjuhf ,Ue;jhH. cz;ikapy; mth;
fUizapd; KO cUtkhf ,Ue;jhh;, mjdhNyNa ehk;
mtiu etPdfhy Nghjprj;Jth vd;W miof;fpNwhk;.

lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fhpd; ,j;jifa midj;J tpjkhd

 62

khWgl;l Fzq;fisNa Nkw;fj;jpa gTj;jh;fs; Nghw;Wfpwhh;fs;.

Mdhy; mtUila Fzj;jpw;fhf kl;Lk; mth;fs; mtiu
Nghw;Wtpy;iy. mth; nra;jpUf;fpd;w mhpa gzpfSf;fhf
mth;fs; Nghw;Wfpwhh;fs;. mtUila rhjidfSf;fhf
mth;fs; Nghw;Wfpwhh;fs;. lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fhpd; rhjidfspy;
kpfg;nghpa mstpyhdJ. ,d;W ,uT ehd; mitfspy; xd;iw
kl;Lk; Fwpg;gpl;L nrhy;yg;NghfpNwd;. Mdhy; mJ kpf
Kf;fpakhd xd;Wk; Nkw;fj;jpa kf;fshy; mjpfk; Nghw;wg;gl;l
xd;Wk; MFk;. ,e;j rhjidahdJ mtiu gw;wp E}w;whz;Lfs;
$Ljyhf Mapuk; Mz;Lfs; fle;Jk; epidT $wf;$baJ
MFk;. lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fhpd; kpfr;rpwe;j mr;rhjidahdJ 1956
mf;Nlhgh; 14y; ehf;)hpy; eilngw;w khngUk; rpwg;G kpf;f gTj;j
kjkhw;wNk. me;j tuyhw;W rpwg;G kpf;f epfo;r;rpapy;, lhf;lH.
mk;Ngl;fh; mth;fs; Gj;j> jk;k> rq;fj;jpy; ruzile;jhh;
njhlHe;J yl;rf;fzf;fhd mtUila topj;Njhd;wy;fs;
mtUld; ruzile;jdh;. jw;nghOJ kfhuh\;buhtpYk;
,e;jpahtpd; kw;w gFjpfspYk; ehw;gJ yl;rk; gTj;jh;fs;
cs;sdH. nrhy;yg;Nghdhy;> ,e;j ehw;gJ yl;rk; kf;fs;
jq;fis gTj;jh;fs; vd;W csg;)h;tkhf mwptpj;jth;fs;.

,JNt lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fhpd; kpfr;rpwe;j rhjid MFk;.

,ijNa lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fhpd; jk;k Gul;rp vd;W ehd;
nrhy;fpNwd;. ,e;E}w;whz;by; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;f $ba
midj;J tpjkhd Gul;rpfspYk;. Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf
,Ug;gJ jk;k Gul;rpNa. Vw;fdNt> ,J lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fh;
mth;fspd; topj;Njhd;wy;fs; ,ilNa khngUk; khw;wj;ij
Vw;gLj;jp ,Uf;fpwJ. tUq;fhyj;jpy;, mJ ,d;Dk; kpfr;rpwe;j
khw;wq;fis nfhz;L tuf;$baJ-mJ kfhuh\;buhtpy;
kl; L ky; y hky; > ,e; j pahtpy; kl; L ky; y hky; cyfk;
 63

KOtJkhf.

JujpH\;ltrkhf, rpy kf;fs; lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fhpd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Nghw;wtpy;iy. mtUila kpfr;rpwe;j
rhjidapd; cz;ik jd;ikia mth;fs; Nghw;wtpy;iy.
ehf;)hpy; eilngw;w rpwg;GkpF khngUk; kjkhw;w tpohit
mth; f s; Nghw; w tpy; i y. jk; k Gul; r pia mth; f s;
Nghw;wtpy;iy. Mifahy;, mij Fwpj;J ehd; rpy
thh;j;ijfs; Ngr Ntz;Lk;.

cq;fspy; rpyUf;F njhpe;jpUf;fyhk;, ehf;)hpy; rpwg;GkpF

khngUk; kjkhw;w tpoh ele;j rkaj;jpy; ehDk; ,e;jpahtpy;
,Ue;Njd;. gy;NtWgl;l jfty;fs; nra;jpj;jhs;fspy;
ntspahdJ vd; epidtpy; ,Uf;fpwJ kw;Wk; gytpjkhd
tpkh;rdq;fSk; vOe;jd> Fwpg;ghf ek;Kila ,e;J
ez;gh;fsplkpUe;J. lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fhpd; kjkhw;wk; xU
murpay; gfl;L vd;W rpy kf;fs; $wpdhh;fs;. NtWrpyh; ,J
xU kjj;jpypUe;J NtW kjj;jpw;F khWfpd;w xU rhjhuz
gadw;w nray; vd;W $wpdh;> mjhtJ ,e;Jkjj;jpypUe;J
Gj;j kjj;jpw;F khWtJ. mth;fis nghUj;jtiu, mJ xU
milahs ml;ilia khw;wpf;nfhs;tjhf ,Ue;jJ> ahUf;Fk;
cz;ikapy; ve;j khw;wj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jf;$baJ my;y.
ve;j kf;fs; ,J Nghd;W tpkHrdq;fis vOg;gpdhh;fNsh
mth;fs; kjj;jpDila cz;ikahd jd;ikia Ghpe;Jnfhs;s
jtwptpl;lhh;fs;. kjk; vd;gJ VNjh ntspj;Njhw;wKk;>
Nkk;Nghf;fhdjhfTk; kl;LNk ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W mth;fs;
epidj;jdh;. kjk; vt;tsT MokhdJ vd;gij mth;fs;
czutpy;iy.

rpwpJ Mo;Nehf;fp ghh;f;fyhk;> kjk; vd;gJ ntWk; Mil

 64

myq;fhuKk; tpohf;fSk; kl;Lk; my;y vd;gij czh;e;J

nfhs;tJ kpf Kf;fpakhFk;, xU jdpg;gl;l Nahrid my;yJ
Fwpg;gpl;l rpj;jhe;jj;jpd; gpbg;Ngh my;y. kjk; vd;gJ cdf;F eP
vd;dthf ,Uf;fpwha;, cd;Dila ,jaj;jpy; cz;ikahfTk;
MokhfTk; ek;gg;gLtJ> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;baJ. kjk;
vd;gJ mjw;fhf ,wg;gjw;Fk; cd;id jahh;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ
eP mjw;fhf ,wg;gjw;F jahh; nra;ag;gLfpwha; Vnddpy; eP mJ
,y;yhky; tho KbahJ. cd;Dila kjNk cz;ikapy; cd;
tho;f;if. eP vd;dthf ,Uf;fpwha; vd;gij mJNt
jPHkhdpf;fpwJ-mJ cd;id nray;gl itf;fpd;w topapy; eP
nray;gLfpwha;.

,J kjj;jpd; ,ay;ghd nfhs;if fpilahJ> ehd;

nrhy;tjd; mh;j;jk; Ghpa xU rpwpa cjhuzk; nfhLf;f
tpUk; G fpNwd; . me; j cjhuzk; vd; D ila nrhe; j
mDgj;jpypUe;Jk;> kw;Wk; ehd; vt;thW gTj;jdhf khwpNdd;
vd;gjpy; njhlh;GilajhfTk; ,Uf;ff;$baJ.

ePq;fs; midtUk; mwpe;jpUg;gPHfs;, ehd; ,q;fpyhe;jpy;

gpwe;J tsh;e;jtd; vd;gij. ehd; rpWtdhf ,Ue;jnghOJ
Gj;jfk; thrpg;gjpy; kpfTk; gphpakhf ,Ue;Njd;. ntWkNd
Gj;jfk; thrpg;gjpy; vd;Dila Neuk; KOtijAk;
nrytpl;Nld;, vtUk; vd;id gbf;Fk;gb tw;GWj;jpajpy;iy.
cz;ikahf rpy Neuq;fspy; vd;id gbf;fhNj vd;W nrhy;yp
,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. me;j rkaj;jpy; Kf;fpakhf ehd; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
gbg;gjpy; mjpf MHtkhf ,Ue;Njd;. ,g;NghOJk; rpy rkak;
gbf;f tpUk;GfpNwd;> vd;dhy; Neuk; xJf;f KbAk; nghOJ.
ehd; rpWtdfhf ,Ue;jnghOJ, midj;J rpwe;j Mq;fpy
ftpQh;fisAk; gbj;Njd;, mth;fs; Nrf;];gpah;> kpy;ld;,
Nthh;l;];nthh;j; kw;Wk; n\y;yha;.
 65

Mq;fpy ftpQh;fis kl;Lk; gbg;gNjhL my;yhky;>

rpwe;j gpuhd;];> n[h;kd; kw;Wk; ,j;jhyp ftpijfis $l
gbj;Njd;. cz;ikahfNt me;j Neuj;jpy;> ehd; rpWtdhf
,Ue;j nghOJ> INuhg;gh mnkupf;fhtpd; midj;J rpwe;j
ftpQh;fisAk; ehd; gbj;Njd;. ,j;jifa nray;fspy; ehd;
KOikahf %o;fp ,Ue;Njd;. rpyNeuq;fspy; ehd; vd;Dila
miwapy; gbj;Jf; nfhz;L ,Ug;Ngd;> vd;Dila jhahh;
te;J czit vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;gb miog;ghh;. Mdhy; ehd;
mij ftdj;jpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;s khl;Nld;. ehd;
gbg;gjpNyNa mf;fiw nrYj;JNtd;. ,uz;lhtJ Kiw
czT Mwpf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwJ> vd;W $wpf; nfhz;Nl vd;
jhahh; vd;id miog;ghh;. Mdhy; mg;nghOJk; ehd;
ftdpf;fkhl;Nld;. ,Wjpapy; mth; czit vd;Dila
miwf;F vLj;J te;J vd; Kd;dhy; fPNo itj;J tpLthh;. gpd;
xU ifahy; czit rhg;gpl;Lf; nfhz;Nl kWifapy; vd;
Gj;jfj;ij itj;Jf; nfhz;L gbg;gij njhlh;Ntd;. ehd; xU
rpWtdhf ,Ue;jnghOJ ,J ele;jJ. jpUk;gp ghh;f;ifapy;
,d;W mJ ey;yjh, nfl;ljh vd;W nrhy;tjpy; vdf;F
rpf;fyhfNt gLfpwJ.

,Ug;gpDk;, xU ehs; xU vz;zk; jpBnud;W vd;id

jLj;jJ. ehd; epidj;Njd;; vy;yh Neuq;fspYk; ehd; ,yf;fpa
Ehy;fis kl;LNk gbj;Jf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpNwd;> ‘Kf;fpakhf
Nkw;fj;jpa ftpijfs;’. Mdhy; fpof;fpYk; rpwe;j ftpijfs;
,Uf;fpd;wd. ehd; mjdhy; mtw;iwAk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Nahrpf;f Muk;gpj;Njd;. ,t;thwhf ehd; muG kw;Wk; ghurPf
ftpijfs;, irdh kw;Wk; [g;ghdpa ftpijfs; kw;Wk;
rk];fpUj ftpijfs; Mfpatw;iw gbf;f Muk;gpj;Njd;-
midj;Jk; Mq;fpy nkhopngah;g;gpy;. vd;dhy; fpof;fj;jpa
 66

ftpijfis Ghpe;Jnfhs;sTk; kw;Wk; ehd; Nkw;fj;jpa

ftpijfis mDgtpg;gijg; Nghy mijAk; mDgtpj;J czu
KbAk; vd;W czHe;Njd;. fpof;fpd; rpwe;j vOj;jhsh;fs;
Nkw;fj;jpa ftpQh;fsplk; cs;s mNj czh;r;rpfisAk;, mNj
czu;r;rp Ntfj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;shh;fs; vd;gij ehd;
fz;Nld;. gjpdhd;F taJ rpWtdhf ,Ue;j nghOJ ehd;
,ij fz;Lgpbf;f nra;Njd;. cyfj;jpd; xU gFjpapy; cs;s
xU kdpjd; vd;dnty;yhk; epidf;fTk;, czuTk;
nra;fpwhNdh mij cyfpd; kWGwj;jpYs;s xU kdpjdhy;
Ghpe;J nfhs;sTk;> Nghw;wTk; KbAk; vd ehd; czu
Muk;gpj;Njd;.

,it midj;ijAk; tpl, rk];fpUj ftpijfspd;

nkhopngah;g;igAk; kw;Wk; nghJthd rk];fpUj ghyp
,yf;fpaq;fisAk;;, ftpij eilapy; vOjg;gl;l rka E}y;fs;
gbj;jjpy;> ehd; filrpapy; ,e;jpa rpj;jhe;jk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa
kjj;jpd; njhlHGf;Fs; te;Njd;> filrpahf gTj;jj;jpd;
njhlHGf;Fs; te;J gTj;jdhNdd;. my;yJ mjw;F gjpy;> ehd;
mij czHe;Njd;> vd;Dila ,jaj;jpd; Moj;jpy; vg;gbNah
Vw;fdNt ehd; xU gTj;jdhfNt ,Ue;Njd;. ehk;
nrhy;tnjd;why;> ,J kw;nwhU fij, ,g;nghOJ ehd;
mjw;Fs; nry;yg;NghtJ ,y;iy.

mq;Nf rpykdpjh;fs; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs; mth;fs; cyfj;jpy;

khWgl;l ,uz;L tpjkhd kdJilath;fs; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;
vd;W ek;Gfpwhh;fs;. xd;iw mth;fs; fpof;fpw;Fhpa kdk; vd;W
$Wfpwhh;fs;. kw;nwhd;iw mth;fs; Nkw;fpw;Fhpa kdk; vd;W
$Wfpwhh;fs;. ,e;j ,uz;L kdKk; me;j kdpjh;fspd;
$w;Wgb, xd;iw xd;W Ghpe;Jnfhs;s KbahjJ. kw;Wk;
Nkw;fj;jpa kdk; fpof;fpw;Fhpa kdij Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbahJ.
 67

jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; ehd; ,ij ek;gtpy;iy vd;Dila

tho;ehspy; ehd; gy;NtW Njrq;fspypUe;J gw;gy ez;gu;fis
ngw; w pUf; f pNwd; . fpof; F kw; W k; Nkw; F ,uz; b Yk.;
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ehd; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd ,e;jpa ez;gHfisAk;
mJNghyNt, rP d h; f s; > jpngj; j pah; f s; kw; W k; gh; k pa
ez; g HfisAk; ngw; w pUf; f pNwd; . ehd; mth; f is
Ghpe;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;, mth;fs; vd;id Ghpe;Jf;nfhs;fpwhh;fs;.
ehq;fs; njhlh;G itj;jpUf;f ,ay;fpwJ. ,J Vd;? ehk;
xUth; kw;wtiu Ghpe;Jf;nfhs;s ,ay;tJ Vd;? vt;thW ehk;
njhlHG itj;Jf;nfhs;s ,ay;fpwJ?

mJ Vnddpy; ehk; midtUk; kdpj capHfshf

,Uf;fpNwhk;> kdpj capH midj;Jk; mbg;gilapy; xd;whfNt
,Uf;fpwJ. ekf;F xNu tpjkhd GyDk;, xNu tpjkhd
czh;r;rpAk;, czh;Tk;, xNu tpjkhd nray;ghLk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
fz;bg;ghf r%f, fyhr;rhu tpj;jpahrk; ,Uf;fyhk;> fy;tpapy;
tpj;jpahrk; ,Uf;fyhk;. Gj;jprhypjdj;jpy; tpj;jpahrk;
,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; xg;gpl;L ghh;f;ifapy; ,e;j midj;J
tpj;jpahrq;fSk; NkNyhl;lkhdNj. Mokhf nrd;W ghHj;jhy;,
ehk; midtUk; xd;Nw: ehk; midtUk; rhjhuz kdpj
capHfs;. mjdhNyNa ehk; xUth; kw;wtiu Ghpe;Jf;nfhs;s
KbfpwJ. ehk; ez;gh;fshf ,Uf;f KbfpwJ.

gTj;jk; ntWk; fpof;fpw;Fhpa kjk; vd;W rpy kdpjh;fs;

nrhy;fpwhh;fs;. ,t;thW Nkw;fj;jpa fpwp];j;Jth;fs; rpyuhy;
nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. mth;fs; NkYk; nrhy;fpwhh;fs; gTj;jk;
fpof;fpw;Fhpa kjkhf ,Uf;fpd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; Nkw;fj;jpa
kf;fshy; mij Ghpe;J nfhs;sNth, filgpbf;fNth KbahJ
vd;W. mj;jifa fpwp];j;Jth;fs;, fpwp];j;Jtk; jd;dpy;
fpof;fpy; Njhd;wpa kjk; vd;gij kwe;Jtpl;lhh;fs;. Mdhy;
 68

gTj;jk;, cz;ikapy; xU fpof;fpw;Fhpa kjk; my;y. mJ ,e;j

gpugQ;rj;jpw;fhd kjk;. gTj;jk; ,e;jpahtpy; Njhd;wp
,Ue;jhYk;> mJ ,e;j )kp KOtJk; guTfpwJ. cyfpy; vq;Fk;
cs;sth;fshy; gTj;jj;ij Ghpe;Jf;nfhs;sTk;, filgpbf;fTk;
KbAk;. Vnddpy; gTj;jk; xt;nthU jdpkdpjDf;fhfTk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mJ ,dk;> Njrpak;> [hjp> ghypdk; my;yJ
taJ ,itfis nghUl;gLj;JtJ ,y;iy mjdhy;
gTj;jk; kdpjdpd; kjkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

ehd; Vd; gTj;jdhf ,Uf;fpNwd; vd;gjw;F ,JTk; xU

fhuzk;. kdpjNeakhdJ mbg;gilapy; xd;whf ,Uf;fpwJ
vd;W ehd; ek;GfpNwd;. ve;j kdpjDk; NtW ve;j kdpjUlDk;
njlh;Gf;nfhs;s, NtW ve;j kdpj capHf;fhTk; czh;r;rpia
ntspg;gLj;j> NtW ve;j kdpj capUlDk; el;Gld; ,Uf;f
rhj;jpag;gLk; vd;W ehd; ek;GfpNwd;. ,JNt ehd;
cz;ikahfTk; MokhfTk; ek;Gtjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ, ,e;j
ek;gpf;if vd; nrhe;j mDgtj;jpd; mq;fkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mJ
vd; tho;f;ifapd; mq;fkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j ek;gpf;if
,y;yhky; vd;dhy; thoKbahJ, mij iftpLtjw;F
gjpyhf ehd; ,we;JtpLNtd;. vdf;F, tho;f;if vd;gJ ,e;j
ek;gpf;ifia gpd;gw;WtNj. mjdhy; ,e;j ek;gpf;if
vd;Dila kjj;jpd; mq;fkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ehd; ve;j
cilapy; ,Uf;fpNwd; vd;gJ xU nghUl;ly;y, vd;id ehd;
vd;dntd;W miof;fpNwd; vd;gJ xU nghUl;ly;y. ehd;
,Uf;fpw tpjk; ehd; tsHfpw tpjk; xU nghUl;lhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
,e;j cyfpy; ehd; ,ay;ghf nray;gLk; tpjkhf mJ
,Uf;fpwJ. ,JNt cz;ikapy; kjkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ePq;fs;
cz; i kahfTk; MokhfTk; ek; g Ntz; b ajhf mJ
,Uf;fpwJ. ePq;fs; vd;dthf ,Uf;fpwPHfs;, vjw;fhf rhtjw;F
 69

jahHnra;fpwPHfs; vd;gjhFk;, mJ cq;fSila tho;f;ifahf

,Uf;fpwJ. ePq;fs; vd;dthf ,Uf;fpwpHfs;, vJ ePq;fs;
nra;fpd;w nraiy nra;tpg;gjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mjdhNyNa kjk;
kpf Kf; f pakhdjhf ,Uf; f pwJ. cz; i kapy; mJ
mjpfKf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

eP xU kdpjid khw;wNtz;Lk; vd;why;, eP fz;bg;ghf

mtd; kjj;ij khw;wNtz;Lk;. eP xU r%fj;ij khw;wNtz;Lk;
vdpy;, eP fz;bg;ghf mjDila kjj;ij khw;wNtz;Lk;. kjk;
khw;wg;gltpy;iy vdpy;, gpd; vJTk; khw;wg;glhJ. kjk;
khw;wg;gl;lhy; gpd; vy;yhKk; khw;wg;gLk;> kjkhw;wk; vd;gjd;
nghUs; xU Gjpa tho;f;if. mJNt lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fH
fz;lJ. mJNt Vd; mth;jhk; kjk; khwpdhH, Vd; mth;
jd;Dila topNjhd;wy;fisAk; $l mtHfSila kjj;ij
khw;Wk;gb mioj;jhH vd;gJ. mJNt Vd; ehf;)hpy; eilngw;w
rpwg;GkpF khngUk; kjkhw;w ,af;f tpohthdJ lhf;lH.
mk;Ngl;fhpd; ngUikf;Fhpa rhjidahf ,Ue;jJ vd;gjhFk;.
Vnddpy; ,yl;Nrhgyl;r kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; khw;wij
mJ Vw; g Lj; j papUf; f pwJ. ,JNghd; w khw; w q; f is
nfhz;LtUtJ vspjy;y. rpwe;j kdpjHfshy; kl;LNk mij
rhjpf;fKbAk;. lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH ,j;jifa khw;wj;ij
nfhz;Lte;jhH, ,j;jifa nray;fs; tuyhw;wpy; xU rpy
kdpjHfshy; kl;LNk nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

,JNt Vd; lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH Nkw;fj;jpa gTj;jHfshy;

kpfg;nghpJk; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhH vd;gjw;Fk;> ,JNt Vd; mth;
,e;jpa gTj;jHfshy; kpfg;nghpJk; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhH vd;gjw;Fk;
kw;Wk; cyfk; KOtJk; cs;s rpe;jidahsHfshy;
Nghw;wg;gLtjw;F xU Muk;gkhf ,Ug;gjw;Fk; fhuzk;.
jw;nghOJ> rpy kdpjHfs; lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fhpd; kjkhw;wj;ij
 70

Vw;ftpy;iy. ehf;)hpy; ele;j rpwg;GkpF khngUk; kjkhw;w

epfo;r;rpahdJ kpfg;nghpa jtW vd;W mth;fs; epidj;jhHfs;.
kjk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mw;wJ vd;W ,d;Wk; rpyH epidf;fpwhHfs;.
vd;Dila fUj;Jg;gb> ,j;jif kf;fs; jtW nra;fpwhHfs;.
mth;fs; jtW nra;tJ kl;Lkpd;wp, Kf;fpaj;Jtk;tha;e;j
mbg; g il nfhs; i fapypUe; J mth; f s; Neubahf
Kuz;ghLfpwhHfs;. mth;fs; lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fhpd; ngUikia
Nghw;wTk; mthpd; ngUikkpf;f rhjidapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sTk; jtwptpl;lhHfs;. mjdhy; mth;fs; lhf;lH.
mk;Ngl;fH mth;fspd; topNjhd;wy;fshf ,Uf;f ,ayhJ.

ehd; ,jd; mLj;jf;fl;lj;jpw;F nry;yg;NghfpNwd;. ehd;

,jw;F Nkyhf nrhy;yg;NghtJ> ahnuhUtH jk;k jPf;ir
vLf;ftpy;iyNah mth; lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fiu gpd;gw;WgtH
fpilahJ. ,q;F vd;id jtWjyhf Ghpe;Jf;nfhs;s
Ntz;lhk;. ePq;fs; fz;bg;ghf jk;kjPf;ir vLf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W ehd; nrhy;ytpy;iy, mij vLg;gjw;Fk; vLf;fhky;
,Ug;gjw;Fk; cq;fSf;F KO Rje;jpuk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
jk;kjPf;ir vLg;gJ vd;gJ xUthpd; jdpg;gl;l tpUg;gk;. mJ
cq;fs; nrhe;j mwpitf;nfhz;L jPh;khdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba xU
tp\ak;. ehd; vd;d nrhy;fpNwd; vd;why;> mJ ePq;fs;
cq;fis lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fhpd; topia gpd;gw;wp elg;gth;fs;
vd; W nrhy; y pf; n fhz; L jk; k jP f ; i r vLg; g jpypUe; J
tpsfpr;nry;y KbahJ. jd;id lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fhpd; topia
gpd;gw;Wth;; vd;W nrhy;Yfpwth; njhlh;e;J xU ,e;Jthf
,Uf;f KbahJ. jhd; lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fhpd; topia
gpd;gw;Wth;; vd;W nrhy;fpwth; xU K];yPkhf ,Uf;f KbahJ.
jhd; lhf;lh;. mk;Ngl;fhpd; topia gpd;gw;WtH vd;W
nrhy;fpwth; xU fk;A+dp];lhf ,Uf;f KbahJ.
 71

lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH jpBnud;W kjk; khwtpy;iy; mtH

jpBnud;W gTj;jk; Vw;ftpy;iy. xU nghUg;Gs;;s kdpjuhf
,Ue;J> ,ijg;gw;wp gy tUlq;fshf rpe;jpj;jhH. mtH gTj;jk;
njhlHghd gy Gj;jfq;fis Ma;T nra;jhH kw;Wk; mtUila
cd;dj gilg;ghd “Gj;jUk; mtH jk;kKk;” ( Buddha and His
Dhamma) vd;w E}iy njhFj;J toq;f mtH gy tUlq;fis
nrytopj;jhH. ehf;)hpy; ele;j rpwg;G kpF khngUk; kjkhw;w
epfo;r;rpahdJ lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH mtHfs; jk; tho;ehs;
KOtJk; nra;j gzpfspNyNa kpfTk; caHe;j epiyia
tfpf;ff;$baJ. mJ mthpd; ngUik kpf;f rhjidahf
,Ue;jJ. mtH jhk; jk;k jPf;ir vLj;jhH> NkYk; jd;id
gpd;gw;wp elf;ff; $batHfisAk; jPf;ir vLf;Fk; gb
mwpTUj;jpdhH. ey;yJ> ePq;fs; jPf;ir vLg;gjw;Fk;
vLf;fhky; ,Ug;gjw;Fk; cq;fSf;F KO chpik ,Uf;fpwJ;
Mdhy; ePq;fs; jPf;ir vLf;ftpy;iy vdpy;> cq;fis ePq;fs;
lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH mtHfspd; topia gpd;gw;wp elg;gtHfs; vd
mioj;Jf; nfhs;sf;$lhJ. Vnddpy;> midj;ijAk; tpl kpf
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j mk;rj;jpy; ePq;fs; Neubahf lhf;lH.
mk;Ngl;fUld; Kuz;gLfpwPHfs;.

ehd; ,e;j tptfhuj;ij gw;wp kpfTk; Mdpj;jukhf $wp

,Ug;gJ Vnddpy; mJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
NkYk; lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH mtHfspd; ngUikkpf;f ,e;j
rhjidia kf;fs; Nghw;wNtz;Lk;. lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH
mtHfspd; mUk;ngUikfis mtHfs; czuNtz;Lk;. Gj;jH
$wpdhH “ kf;fs; vd;id vd;Dila ed;newp ( rPyk;) my;yJ
xUepiy kdk; ( rkhjp) gw;wp Nghw;wpdhy; mtHfs; cz;ikapy;
vd;id Nghw;wtpy;iy. vd;Dila caHnka;Qhdk; gw;wp
mtHfs; vd;id Nghw;Wk; nghOJ kl;LNk vd;id
 72

cz;ikahf Nghw;WfpwhHfs;.” mNjtopapy;> ehk; lhf;lH.

mk;Ngl;fiu mtUila gbg;gpw;fhfNth my;yJ mtH rpwe;j
tof;fwpQH my;yJ kj;jpa mikr;rH my;yJ rpwe;j
fy;tpahsH vd;gjw;fhfNth Nghw;Wk; nghOJ mJ
mtUf;fhd cz;ikahd Nghw;Wjy; fpilahJ. rpwg;G tha;e;j
gTj;jj;jpw;fhd khngUk; kjkhw;wj;ij nfhz;Lte;jjw;fhf
ehk; lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fiu Nghw;Wk; nghOJ mJ mtUf;fhd
cz;ikahd Nghw;Wjyhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

rpykdpjHfs; kjj;jpDila Kf;fpaj;Jj;ij

ek;gtpy;iy> vd;W ehd; rpy epkplq;fSf;F Kd; $wpNdd;.
mtHfsplk; jtW ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gNj vd; fUj;J. mNj
Neuj;jpy;> mj;jifa kdpjHfSf;fhf ehd; mDjhgg;gLfpNwd;.
mtHfs; nfl;l kdpjHfs; fpilahJ. Mdhy; mtHfSila
vz;zk; jtwhdJ. xUtpjj;jpy; ,jpy; Mr;rhpak; vJTk;
,y;iy. jw;nghOJ kjj;jpd; ngauhy; gytpjkhd Fog;gq;fs;
epytp tUfpd;wd> ,q;F ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lk; my;yhky;
Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfspYk;> kf;fs; gytpjkhd jtwhd
fUj;Jf;fis nfhz;Ls;;sdH.

,it midj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhf> Kw;fhyj;jpy;> mjp

Kf;fpakhd rpj;jhe;jq;fs; midj;Jk; kjk; rhHe;j
rpj;jhe;jq;fshfNt ,Ue;jd. kdpjd; kjj;jpd; tiuaiwf;Fs;
kl;LNk rpe;jpj;jhd;. mtDila ek;gpf;ifAk;> eilKiwAk;
kjj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy;> fle;j ,UE}W
Mz;L fhyj;jpy; mjpKf;fpakhd khw;wq;fs; ,lk; ngw;W
,Uf;fpwJ. ,g;nghOJ ehk; ,e;j cyfpy; vz;zw;w kjk;
,y;yhj rpj;jhe;jk; my;yJ kjr;rhHgw;w rpj;jhe;jk; vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;w gy rpj;jhe;jq;fs; itj;jpUf;fpNwhk;.
cz;ikapy;> ,e;j kjr;rhHgw;w rpj;jhe;jq;fspy; rpy
 73

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhfTk; nry;thf;F kpFe;jjhfTk;

,Uf;fpd;wd. mtHfSf;F ,ilNa cyfk; KOtjpYk; cs;s
ngUthhpahd kf;fspd; vz;zj;jpYk; tho;f;ifapYk; mtHfs;
nry;thf;F ngw;wpUf;fpwhHfs;. kjj;ij gw;wp kf;fs; rpe;jpf;Fk;
tpjj;jpy; $l mtHfs; nry;thf;F ngw;wpUf;fpwhHfs;.
mitfspy; %d;W Kf;fpakhd rpj;jhe;jq;fs; gw;wp ehd; xU
rpy thHj;ijfs; nrhy;yg; NghfpNwd;. Fwpg;ghf mtHfSila
nry;thf;F vt;thW kjj;ij gw;wp rpe;jpf;f itj;jpUf;fpwJ
vd;gij gw;wp. ehk; mjd;gpwF lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fh; rj;jk;kj;jpd;
ngahpy; vd;d nrhy;ytpiofpwhh; vd;W ghh;g;Nghk;. mjhtJ
jk;kk; rj;jkkhFk; nghOJ vd;d nra;fpwJ. mjd; gpwF ehk;
epiwT nra;Nthk;. jaT nra;J KOftdj;Jld; Nfl;fTk;,
Vnddpy; cq;fspy; rpyUf;F gof;fkpy;yhj xU cyfj;jpw;Fs;
ehk; Eioa NghfpNwhk;.

%d;W rpwe;j kjr;rhh;gw;w rpj;jhe;jq;fs; KiwNa %d;W

kdpjh;fspd; ngah;fSld; rk;ke;jg;gLfpwJ. ahUila
rpe;jidapypUe;J mitfs; Njhd;wpaNjh me;j kdpjh;fs;
KiwNa rhh;y]; lhh;tpd;> fhuy; khHf;]; kw;Wk; rpf;kz;L
gpuha;l; MtH. lhh;tpd; kw;Wk; khHf;]; ,UtUk; fle;j
E}w;whz;by; tho;e;jth;fs;. gpuha;l; fle;j E}w;whz;bd;
gpw;ghjpapYk; ,e;j Ew;whz;bd; Kw;ghjpapYk; tho;e;jhh;. lhh;tpd;
,q;fpyhe;jpy; gpwe;jth;> khh;f;]; n[h;kdpapy; gpwe;jhh; Mdhy;
mtUila tho;f;ifapy; ngUk;gFjpia ,q;fpyhe;jpy;
fopj;jhh; kw;Wk; gpuha;l; M];jpNuypahtpy; gpwe;jhh;. khh;f;];
kw;Wk; gpuha;l; ,UtUk; [{tp]; FLk;gj;jpypUe;J te;jth;fs;.

lhh;tpd; ,aw;ifapd; ghpzhktsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghl;il

(Evolution Theory) njspT gLj;jpdhh;> khh;f;]; khh;f;]prj;jpd;
epWtduhf ,Ue;jhh;> ehk; nghJthf fkpA+dp];l; vd;W
 74

miof;fpNwhk;, kw;Wk; gpuha;l; csepiy gFg;gha;T

(Psychoanalysis) I Njhw;Wtpj;jtH. %d;W kdpjh;fSk; etPd
rpe; j idapy; kpfg; n ghpa nry; t hf; F ngw; w pUe; j dH.
mth;fSila vz;zj;Jld; Kuz;gl;L ,Ug;gth;fsplk; $l
mth; f s; nry; t hf; F ngw; w pUe; j dH. ntspg; g ilahf>
mth;fSila rpj;jhe;jq;fis tptukhf myRtJ vd;gJ
jw;NghJ rhj;jpakpy;yhky; ,Uf;fpwJ. (Vndd;why; ehk; KO
,uTk; ehis KO gfYk; ,q;NfNa ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehd;
,q;fpyhe;J nry;Yk; vd;Dila tpkhdj;ij jtwtpLNtd;.)
mth;fSila rpe;jidapd; rhpahd jpl;l tiuaiwia
nfhLg;gjw;Fk; rhj;jpakpy;iy. mjdhy; ehd; xt;nthU
rpj;jhe;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fspd; ghy; ftdk; nrYj;j
NghfpNwd;. Kf;fpakhf Kbe;j tiu kjk; rk;ge;jkhf.
RUf;fkhf> xt;nthU rpj;jhe;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rKk; vt;thW
gTj;ij ghjpf;fpwJ kw;wk; gTj;jk; vt;thW mtw;Wlk; xd;wp
epw;fpwJ vd;gij ghHf;fg;NghfpNwd;.

1). lhh;tpDk; ghpzhk tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghLk;.

lhh;tpd; xU fpU];j;Jt ehl;by; gpwe;J tsh;e;jth;>

mjhtJ ,q;fpyhe;jpy;. fpwp];j;jth;fspd; ek;gpf;ifia
nghUj;jkl;by; midj;Jk; flTshy; gilf;fgl;lit
mtNu KO gpugQ;rj;ijAk; kw;Wk; mjpypUf;Fk; midj;ijAk;
gilj;jpUf;fpwhh;. fpwp];j;Jt iggpspy; Fwpg;gpl;lgb flTs;
,e;j gpugQ;rj;ij MW ehl;fspy; (n[drp]; mj;jpahak; I)
gilj;jhH VohtJ ehs; mth; Xa;ntLj;jhh; (mj;jpahak; ii).
fpwp];j;jth;fs; mjdhy; kdpjH kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffis flTs;
gilj;jhh; vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdh;. rpq;fk;, Gyp, eha;, )id, vyp,
rpye;jp, kw;Wk; midj;ijAk; flTNs gilj;jhh; vd;W
mth;fs; ek;Gfpwhh;fs;. flTNs ,itfs; midj;ijAk;
 75

gilj;jhh;. mtNu vy;yh ,dq;fisAk; gilj;jhh;.

fpwp];j;Jth;fs; NkYk; ek;GtJ flTs; xt;nthW ,dj;ijAk;
jdpj;jdpahf, xd;wd; gpd; xd;whf gilj;jhh; vd;gJk; kw;Wk;
mitfs; midj;ijAk; xU rpy jpdq;fspNyNa gilj;jhh;
vd;gJk; MFk;. NkYk;, ,it midj;Jk; fpK.4004 Mk;
Mz;by; ele;jJ vd;W E}W Mz;Lfs; Kd;Gtiu
fpwp];j;Jth;fs; ek;gpdhh;fs;.

,e;j vz;zq;fs; jtW vd;gij lhh;tpd; Kd;itf;fpwhH.

tpyq;Ffs; jpBnud flTshy; gilf;fg;gltpy;iy vd
ep&gpj;jhh;. tpyq;Ffs; ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd tUl fhyj;jpy;
gbg;gbahf khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gl;L te;jpUf;fpwJ. vd;W mth;
ep&gpj;jhh;. midj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhf, cah;e;j ,d tpyq;Ffs;
jho;e;j ,dj;jpypUe;J tsh;r;rpaile;J te;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;W
mth; ep&gpj;jhH. ,e;j nray;KiwiaNa ehk; ghpzhk tsh;r;rp
vd;fpNwhk;. mjhtJ caphpaiy rhh;e;j gupzhk tsh;r;rp.

Mdhy; lhh;tpd; mij kl;Lk; ep&gpf;ftpy;iy. mth;

kdpjDk; ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd tUl fhykhw;wj;jpy; gbg;gbahf
khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gl;L te;jpUf;fpwhd; vd;W ep&gpj;jhh;.
kdpjDk; jho;e;j ,dj;jpypUe;J tsh;r;rp ngw;wpUf;fpd;whd;
vd;W lhh;tpd; ep&gpf;fpwhh;, mjhtJ tpyq;fpypUe;J,
Fiwe;jJ mtDila cly; mikg;G rk;ke;jkhf. Fwpg;ghf,
kdpjd; cah; t if Fuq; F ,dj; j pypUe; J tsh; r ; r p
ngw;wpUf;fpd;whd; vd;W lhh;tpd; ep&gpf;fpwhh;.

ghpzhk tsh;r;rp vt;thW epfo;fpwJ vd;gij njspthf

tpsf;f lhh;tpd; Kad;whh;. mth; ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapd;
,af;ftpaiy tpsf;Ftjw;F Kad;whh;. mtiu
nghUj;jkl;by;, ,aw;if vd;W mth; nrhy;fpw nray;
 76

khw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhf ghpzhk tsh;r;rp tpise;jJ; Mdhy;

mjw;Fs; nry;y vdf;F Neukpy;iy. ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapy;
cs;s epahaj;Jld; ehd; xj;Jg;NghfpNwd;> mjhtJ cah;e;j
tbtk; jho;e;j tbtj;jpypUe;J tsh;r;rp milfpwJ vd;fpw
cz; i kAld; . jw; n ghOJ fpl; l j; j l; l midj; J
fy;tpahsh;fshYk; ghpzhktsh;r;rpapd; cz;ik
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. fpwp];j;jth;fs; iggpis jpUj;jp
mikg;gjpYk; ghpzhk tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghl;bYk; epiwa
Kuz;ghLfs; nfhz;bUe;j NghjpYk; mth;fSk; mij
Vw;fpd;wdh;.

Nkw;fpy;, ghpzhk tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghl;il gutyhf

Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjhy; xl;L nkhj;j kf;fspd; kdepiyia
ghjpj;jpUf;fpwJ. mth;fSila rpj;jhe;jj;ij ghjpj;J
,Uf;fpwJ. ehd; ,uz;L mk;rq;fis gw;wp Fwpg;gpl
tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;.

Kjypy;, tpyq;Ffspd; kPjhd mth;fspd; kdepiyia

mJ ghjpj; j pUf; f pwJ. Kd; n gy; y hk; fpwp]; j ; J tj; j pd;
nry;thf;fpd; fhuzkhf, Nkw;fj;jpa kf;fs; kdpjDf;Fk;
kpUfq;fSf;Fk; ve;j xU njhlh;Gk; fpilahJ vd;W
epidj;jdH> Vnddpy; flTs; mitfis jdpahf
gilj;jpUe;jjhf mth;fs; ek;gpdh;. cz;ikapy;, flTs;
tpyq;Ffis kdpjHfspd; mtrpaj;jpw;fhfNt gilj;jpUg;gjhf
fpwp];j;Jth;fs; ek;gpdh;. mjhtJ> mth; mitfis
kdpjDf;fhf gzp nra;tjw;fhfTk;, kdpjd;
cz;Ztjw;fhfTk; gilj;jpUe;jhh;. fpwp];j;jt Nghjidfspd;
tpisthf, Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfspy; kpUfq;fs; ,uf;fkw;W
elj;jg;gl;ld. kdpjh;fis Nghd;W tpyq;Ffs; Kbtpy;yhj
Mj;khit nfhz;bUf;f tpy;iy mjdhy; mitfis
 77

fhag; g Lj; J tJk; Jd; G Wj; J tJk; jtwpy; i y vd; W

fpwp];j;jth;fs; ek;gpdh;.

lhh;tpdpd; ghpzhk tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghl;bd; fhuzkhf>

,j;jifa kdepiy XusT khwp ,Uf;fpwJ. kf;fs; jw;NghJ
ekf;F tpyq;FfSld; uj;j rk;ke;jk; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij
czh;fpd;wdh;. ehk; mtw;wpypUe;J kuG topapy; Njhd;wp
,Uf;fpNwhk;; mjdhy;, ve;j tifapYk; ehk; mtw;iw
Jd; G Wj; j f; $ lhJ. mitfSk; ek; i k NghyNt
kfpo;r;rpiaAk; typiaAk; czuf;$baJ> ,e;j fhuzj;jpdhy;
ehk; mtw;iw nfhs;sNth cz;zNth $lhJ> kw;Wk; ehd;
cq;fsplk; nrhy;tjpy; kfpo;r;rp miltJ vd;dntd;why;
Nkw;fpy; ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; jw;NghJ irtkhf khwp
,Uf;fpwhh;fs;.

,e;jtpjj;jpy; Nkw;fj;jpa kf;fspd; kdepiyapy; ghpzhk

tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghL ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jp ,Uf;fpwJ. cz;ikapy;
midj;J caph;fspd; tho;f;ifapd; kPjhd mth;fSila
kdepiyia mJ ghjpj;jpUf;fpwJ. caHe;j epiyapy; ,Ue;J
jho;e;j epiyapy; cs;s midj;J caph;fSk; xd;Wld; xd;W
gpizf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;gij Nkw;fj;jpa kf;fs;
jw;nghOJ czHfpwhh;fs;.

,uz;lhtjhf, lhh;tpdpd; ghpzhk tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghL

Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd ek;gpf;ifia vq;Fk; gutr;nra;tjw;F
toptFf;fpwJ. jho;e;j epiy tho;tpy; ,Ue;J cah;e;j epiy
tho;tpw;F vt;thW tsh;r;rp milfpwJ vd;gijAk; kw;Wk;
vg;gb kdpjd; jhd; cah;e;j Fuq;F ,dj;jpypUe;J
tsh;r;rpngw;whd; vd;gijAk; lhh;tpd; Rl;bfhl;Lfpwhh;.
ehfhPfkdpjd; ehfhPfkw;w kdpjdpypUe;J tsh;r;rp milfpwhd;.
 78

,e;j tpjj;jpy; lhh;tpdpd; $w;Wg;gb. E}W Mapuk; Mz;Lfs;,

,yl;rf;fzf;fhd Mz;Lfspd; fhy Row;rpapy; rpwe;jjhf
khwpf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jJ. ,J NkYk; rpwg;G ngw;W tUk; vd;W
A+fpf;fhyk;.

Jujph;\;ltrkhf, nghUl;fs; tiuaiu mw;W,

kdpjh;fspd; RaKaw;rpapd; mtrpak; mw;W rpwg;G jd;ik ngWk;
vd;W rpyh; epidf;f Muk;gpj;jdh;, Kd;Ndw;wkhdJ
jd; d pr; i rahf elf; f pwJ vd; W mth; f s; epidf; f
Muk;gpj;jdh;. NkYk;> jdpg;gl;l ngsjpf Kd;Ndw;wj;ij
mth;fs; kdjpw;nfhs;s Muk;gpj;jdh;> mjhtJ njhopy;Jiw
tpQ;Qhdk; rhh;e;j Kd;Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; tpiy nghUl;fspd;
jahhpg;G ngUfptUjiyAk; Fwpf;Fk; epiy.

,e;j Ghpjypd;ikahdJ lhh;tpdpd; gpio fpilahJ.

Kd;Ndw;wk; jd;dpr;irahdJ> vd;Nwh my;yJ mJ jdpg;gl;l
ngsjpfk; rhh;e;jJ vd;Nwh lhh;tpd; Nghjpf;ftpy;iy.
,Ue;jNghjpYk;> rpyfhyj;jpw;F Kd; kf;fs; epidj;jhh;fs;.
Mdhy; ,g;nghOJ NtW gy fhuzq;fshy;, mth;fs;
NtWtpjkhf Nahrpf;f Muk;gpj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. Kd;Ndw;wk;
jd;dpr;irahf ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;gijAk;, ,aw;ifahdJ
xU Fwpg;gpl;l msT tsh;r;rpf;F kdpjid nfhz;Lte;j
NghjpYk;, mjd; gpwF mtDila Kd;Ndw;wk; mtdJ nrhe;j
Kaw;rpiaNa rhh;e;J ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gijAk; czu Muk;gpj;J
,Uf;fpwhh;fs;> ,ijNa gTj;jk; Nghjpf;fpwJ. cq;fSila
tsh;r;rp, xU kdpjdhf, cq;fSila nrhe;j Kaw;rpiaNa
rhh;e;jpUf;fpwJ vd;W Gj;jh; vg;nghOJk; typAWj;jpdhh;.
cq;fSf;fhf ahh; xUtUk; gzpahw;w KbahJ. cq;fSf;fhf
mij cq;fs; FU nra;a KbahJ; cq;fSf;fhf mij flTs;
nra;a KbahJ. NkYk; Gj;jh; $wpdhH> Rj;jKk; mRj;jKk;,
 79

xUthpd; nrhe;j jdpg;gl;l Kaw;rpia rhh;e;jNj (jk;kgjk; 165).

cah;epiy czh;T Mw;wiy tsh;j;jy; xUthpd; nrhe;j
Kaw;rpiaNa rhh;e;jJ. cah;nka;Qhdk; xUthpd; nrhe;j
Kaw;rpia rhh;e;jJ.

xUth; ngsjpfk; rhh;e;j Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nahrpf;fhky;

,Ug;gpDk;, ngsjpf Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gJ nfl;l nray; my;y.
khwhf mJ xU ey;y nrayhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ; Mdhy;
mJkl;Lk; nray; my;y. Md;kpf Kd;Ndw;wNk kpf
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j tifapy; gTj;jk;
,uz;L kpjkpQ;rpa epiyfSf;F ,ilapy; kj;jpa khh;f;fj;ij
filgpbf;fpwJ. xU kpjkpQ;rpa ek;gpf;ifahdJ jdpjd;ikia
ntspgLj;jf;$ba kdpj Kd;Ndw;wk; rhj;jpak; ,y;iy vdpy;>
kdpjd; cz;ikapy; vijAk; Nkw;nfhz;L tsh;f;f KbahJ
vd;gJ MFk;. kw;nwhU kpjkpQ;rpa ek;gpf;ifahdJ Kd;Ndw;wk;
jd;dpr;rpahdJ, xUth; jdpg;gl;l ve;j Kaw;rpAk; nra;a
,ayhJ vd;gJk; MFk;. kj;jpa khh;f;fkhdJ kdpj
Kd;Ndw;wk; rhj;jpak; vd;Wk;, mJ kdpjdpd; Kaw;rpia
rhh;e;jJ vd;Wk;> kdpj Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gJ ngsjpfj;jpw;F
gjpyhf Md;kpfNk vd;Wk; ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

2). fhuy; khh;f;]{k; fk;a+dprKk;.

fhuy; khh;f;]; mth;fs; nghUshjhuj;Jiwapy;

mtUila gzpapd; fhuzkhf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wpUf;fpwhH,
mtUila murpay; Nfhl;ghL Nehpilahf mtUila
nghUshjhu Nfhl;ghl;bypUe;J Muk;gpf;fpwJ. mtUila
murpay; Nfhl; g hlhdJ mtUila nghUshjhu
Nfhl;ghl;bd; xU Neub tpz;zg;gkhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W ehk;
$w KbAk;. jw;nghOJ nghUshjhuj;Jiwapd; epGzh;fs; gyh;
 80

khh;f;]pd; nghUshjhu Nfhl;ghLfs; rpytw;Wld; fUj;J

NtWghL nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;fs;> kw;Wk; cz;ikahf mitfs;
jtW vd;Wk; jPHkhdkhf njhptpf;fpwhh;fs;. cz;ikapy;
tuyhw;W uPjpapYk; me;j Nfhl;ghLfs; rpy jtW vd
ep&gpf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy; ,it midj;jpw;Fs;Sk;
nry;tjw;F vdf;F ,g;nghOJ NghJkhd Neuk; ,y;iy.

mtUila jtWfis fle;J, khh;f;]; xU rpwe;j kw;Wk;

nry;thf;F epiwe;j rpe;jidahsuhf ePbj;J epw;fpwhh;> NkYk;
mth; Kf;fpakhf xU tp\aj;jpy; rpwg;Gk; nry;thf;Fk;
ngw;wpUf;fpwhh;. mJ Vnddpy; mth; kdpjDila tho;tpy;
nghUshjhuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij njhptpj;jhh; kw;Wk; mij
tptukhfTk; mwptpay; )h;tkhfTk; tpsf;fpdhH. khh;f;];f;F
Kd;, kf;fs; jpl;lk; kl;LNk Kf;fpakhdJ vd;w rpe;jidapy;
%o;fp ,Ue;jdh;. mth;fSila mf czh;T rhh;e;j
kdepiyahdJ ntspAyf ngsjpf #oiy tpl kpfTk;
Kf;fpakhdJ vd;w vz;zj;jpy; mth;fs; %o;fp ,Ue;jdh;.
Mdhy; khh;f;]; mth;fs; ntspAyf ngsjpfepiyAk; $l
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhz;lJ vd;Wk; kw;Wk; ghprPyidf;F
vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ntz;baJ vd;Wk; njhptpj;jhh;.
Kf; f pakhf mth; ,ij nghUshjhu epiyAld;
njhlh;Gg;gLj;jpNa njhptpj;jhh;. nghUshjhu epiyAk; mjd;
fhuzpfSk;> mjhtJ jahhpg;GfspDila Kjyhspfs; kdpj
tho;f;ifapy; KOikahf Mjpf;fk; nrYj;JfpwhHfs; vd;W
khh;f;]; njhptpj;jhh;. mth;fs; murpay; tho;f;ifapy;
nry;thf;F nrYj;jpdh;> r%f tho;f;ifapy; nry;thf;F
nrYj;jpdh;> kw;Wk; kf;fs; rpe;jpf;Fk; tpjj;jpYk; mjhtJ
mth;fspd; kdtpopg;GzHtpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpdh; vd;W
mth; njhptpj;jhh;.
 81

,j;jifa Nghjid khh;f;i] fpwp];j;Jtj;Jld;

Neubahf Nkhjitj;jJ. fpwp];j;Jtj;ij nghUj;jtiu
kdpjdpd; Kf;fpa flik flTis gw;wp rpe;jpg;gjhfTk; my;yJ
flTis njhOtjhfTk; kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ. ehk; ngsjpf
Njitfs; gw;wpNah my;yJ. nghUshjhuk; Nghd;w Njitfs;
gw;wpNah rpe;jpf;ff;$lhJ vd;W fpwp];j;Jtk; typAWj;JfpwJ.
ehk; flTis gw;wp kl;LNk rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ePq;fs; Vioah
my;yJ gzf;fhuh vd;gJ xU nghUl;ly;y, cz;ikapy;,
ePq;fs; Vioahf ,Ue;jhy; mJ ey;yJ, ,jd; fhuzj;jhy;
ePq;fs; flTis gw;wp rpe;jpg;gjpypUe;J tpyfpr;nry;y topNa
,Uf;fhJ. Mdhy; ,q;Fk; $l khh;f;]pd; ntspg;ghl;bd;
tpisthf fpwp];j;Jtk; jd; ,ay;gpypUe;J khWtjw;F
ce;jg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwJ. fpwp];j;Jtk; r%f mf;fiwia xU
Fwpg;gpl;l mstpw;fhtJ tsh;j;Jf;nfhs;s ce;jg;gl;L
,Uf;fpwJ.

JujpH\ltrkhf, khh;f;i] gpd;gw;wf; $bath;fs; rpyh;

mtUila Nghjidfis kpjkpQ;rpa epiyf;F vLj;Jr;nrd;W
,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. mj;jifa gpd;gw;whsHfs; ntspg;gilahd
ngsjpfepiy kl;LNk Kf;fpakhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;Wk;> kw;Wk;
tho;f;ifahdJ nghUshjhuj;jhy; KOtJk;
jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;Wk; nrhy;fpwhh;fs;. kdtpopg;Gzh;T
vd;gJk; nghUshjhuj;jhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;Wk; $l
mth;fs; nrhy;fpwhh;fs;. gTj;jk; ,jid Vw;ftpy;iy. gTj;jk;
xUthpd; mf czh;T rhh;e;j kdepiyAk; Kf;fpakhdjhf
,Uf;fpwJ vd;Wk; ngsjpf nghUshjhu fhuzpfNs
KOtJkhf jPh;khdpf;fg;gLgitfs; my;y vd;Wk; epiyg;ghL
nfhs;fpwJ. ,q;Fk; gTj;jk; kj;jpa khh;f;fj;ijNa
filgpbf;fpwJ.
 82

gTj;jj;ij nghUj;jtiu> ek; tho;tpy; ,e;j ngsjpf

epiy cz;ikapy; ek;Kila kdepiyia ghjpf;fpwJ.
gTj;jj;jpw;F ,jid Nghjid nra;a khHf;]prk; Njit
,y;iy! mNj rkaj;jpy;> ek; tho;tpy; ek;Kila kdepiyAk;
ngsjpf epiyia ghjpf;fpwJ ,e;j topapy; gTj;jk; kj;jpa
khu;f;fj;ij filgpbf;fpwJ. cz;ikapy; ehk; fz;bg;ghf
ek;Kila kdepiyia khw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W mJ nrhy;fpwJ.
Mdhy; fz;bg;ghf ek;Kila ngsjpf epiyiaAk; khw;w
Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mJ nrhy;fpwJ. ,e;j tifapy; gTj;jk;
fpwp];j;Jtk; Nghy; ,Uf;ftpy;iy> ehk; Kd;khjphpahd xU
jdpj;Jtj;ij cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W gTj;jk; $WfpwJ>
Mdhy; mJ ehk; xU Kd;khjphpahd r%fj;ij cUthf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $WfpwJ. ,JNt Gj;jh; rq;fj;ij
cUthf;fpajw;fhd fhuzk; rq;fk; Kd;khjpup r%fj;jpw;F xU
milahskhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mjdhy; ePq;fs; xU Kd;khjpup
r%fj;ij cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vdpy; mjw;fhf fk;A+dpr;rj;jpd;
ghy; jpUk;g Ntz;Lk; vd;w mtrpak; fpilahJ. ePq;fs; mij
gTj;jj;jpd; %ykhfNt kpFe;j Mw;wYld; nra;a KbAk;.
ePq;fs; mij eLepiyikAld; NkYk; td;Kiwapd; cjtpia
ehlhky; nra;a KbAk;.

3). gpuha;Lk; csepiy gFg;gha;Tk;.

rpf;kz;L gpuha;l; kd,ay; Jiwapd; Kd;Ndhbahf

,Ue;jhh;. gpuha;l; czu;tw;w kdij (Unconsious mind)
fz;Lgpbj;jhh;> mjhtJ Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfs; ,ij
fz;lwptjpy; kpFe;j mf;fiw fhl;baJ. gTj;jk; cWjpahf
czu;tw;w kdij fz;Lgpbj;jpUe;jJ- gTj;j VLfs; rpy
gtq;f Rj;jh vd;Wk; kw;wit Mya tpQ;Qhdh vd;Wk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ-gy E}W Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ghf; Mdhy;
 83

gpuha;l; mth;fNs Kjd;Kjypy; czu;Tw;w kdk; ,Uf;fpwJ

vd;gij tptukhfTk;> mwptpay; )h;tkhfTk; ep&gpj;jhh;.

xU czu;tw;w kdij Gupe;Jnfhs;tij vt;thW

gy;NtW Neha;fis Fzg;gLj;Jtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl
KbfpwJ vd; g ij gpuha; l ; ep&gpj; j hh; . Mifahy;
gpuha;l;bDila gzp kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf
,Uf;fpwJ. kdpjd; Kf;fpakhf ,uz;L NtWgl;l epiyfspy;
,Uf; f pwhd; vd; W mth; njhptpj; j hh; > mjhtJ
czh; T g; ) h; t khd epiy kw; W k; czh; t w; w epiy.
czh;Tg;)h;tkhd kdk; czh;tw;w kdjpd; Nky; nry;thf;F
nrYj;JtJ xU kpfr;rpwe;j eltbf;if. ,jdhy; ehk;
rpytw;iw rpy Fwpg;gpl;l fhuzq;fSf;fhf nra;fpNwhk; vd;W
epidf; f yhk; - mij nrhy; t njd; w hy; > ehk; ,e; j
fhuzj;jpw;fhf nra;Jnfhz;bUf;fpNwhk; vd;W
czu;Tg;)h;tkhd kdk; epidf;fpwJ-eilKiwapy; ehk;
NtWgl;l fhuzj;jpw;fhf mij nra;J nfhz;L ,Uf;fyhk;>
mij ehk; czuhky; ,Uf;fpNwhk;.

cjhuzkhf> xU nry;te;jh; NfhtpYf;F mjpfg;gbahd

gzj;ij nfhLf;fpwhH. mth; kjj;jpd; Nky; cs;s KOikahd
gf;jpapd; ntspg;ghlhf me;j gzj;ij nfhLf;fpwhH vd;W
epidf; f yhk; . -mij nrhy; y g; N ghdhy; > mtUil
czh;Tg;)h;tkhd kdk; mt;thW epidf;fyhk;-Mdhy;
eilKiwapy; ,J mg;gb ,y;iy. mtH cz;ikapy; Gfopd;
Nky; cs;s Mirapd; ntspg;ghlhfNth> my;yJ kf;fs;
mtUila Gfo;ghLtijAk; mth; vt;tsT fUizahsH>
rpwe;j gf;jpahsH vd;W nrhy;tijAk; Nfl;gjw;fhfNth me;j
gzj;ij nfhLj;jpUf;fyhk;. mijg;gw;wpa czHT ,y;yhky;
,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; GfOf;fhd Mir vd;gJ mtUila
 84

nraYf;fhd czu;T jhz;ba J}z;Ljyhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W

ehk; nrhy;yyhk;.

,JNt czu;Tg;)h;tkhd kdjpw;Fk; cztw;w kdjpw;Fk;

,ilapy; cs; s NtWghLfs; my; y J rpytw; i w
nra;tjw;fhd ek;Kila czu;T )h;tkhd fhuzj;jpw;Fk;>
cztw;w fhuzj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s NtWghLfs;.
mNjg;Nghy ehk; vd;d nra;fpNwhk; kw;Wk; ehk; cz;ikapy;
vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F ,ilapy; cs;s NtWghL.
rpy Neuq;fspy; ,e;j NtWghLfs; kpfr; rpwe;jjhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
czh;Tg;)h;tkhd kdjpw;Fk; czh;tw;w kdjpw;Fk; ,ilapy;
epfOk; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tsh;r;rp kpfr;rpwg;ghf ,Uf;fyhk;. ,e;j
Nghuhl;lk; cr;r epiyia milaf;$Lk;> ,J eilngWk;
nghOJ mjpy; mf;fiw nfhz;l kdpjd; Nehahy; tpof;$Lk;.
gpuha;il nghUj;jtiu ek;Kila kdjpy; Gije;Js;s
rpytw;iw nra;jy; my;yJ nra;ahky; tpLtjw;fhf czu;T
jhz;ba fhuzj;ij fz;Lgpbg;gjd; %yk;. NtWtpjkhf
nrhy;tnjd;why;> kdjpy; Gije;Js;s czHtw;w kd
Mirfis fz;Lgpbg;gjd; %yk; Neha;fis Fzg;gLj;j
KbAk;.

nghJthf nrhy; t njd; w hy; > czu; t w; w kdk;

czu;Tg;)h;tkhd kdjpd; kPJ nrYj;Jk; Mjpf;fk; ehk;
Ghpe;Jf;nfhz;lij tpl mjpfkhdNj vd;W gpuha;l; ek;gpdhu;.
ek;Kila cau;e;j ,yl;rpaq;fs; kWGwj;jpy; jho;e;j
Rghtq;fshfTk; MirfshfTk; kl;LNk ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;W
mth; ek;gpdhh;. ,jd; njhlh;rpahf ghYzh;thdJ Fwpg;ghf kpf
Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ vd;gij gpuha;l; ek;gpdhh;.

gpuha;il gpd;gw;WgtHfs; rpyh; lhHtpd; kw;Wk; khh;f;]pd;

 85

gw;whsh;fs; rpyh; nra;jJ Nghd;Nw kpjkpQ;rpa epiyf;F

nrd;wdh;. ek;Kila Fzq;fSf;fhd czh;Tg;)h;tkhd
fhuzk; xd;Wk; fpilahJ. Mdhy; mit ek;Kila
czh;tw;w Mirfspd; mwpTg;)h;tkhd tpsf;fq;fNs vd;Wk;>
ek;Kila midj;J caupa ,yl;rpaq;fisAk; ,e;j topapy;
tpsf;Ftjw;F rhj;jpag;gLk; vd;Wk; mth;fs; ek;gpdhh;fs;.
kjj;ijAk; ,e;jtopapy; tptupf;f KbAk;. gTj;jk; cWjpahf
,jDld; cld;gltpy;iy.

Kjyhtjhfh> gTj;jk; kdjpd; %d;W NtWgl;l epiyfs;

,Ug;gij mq;fPfhpf;fpwJ> ,uz;L epiyfs; my;y.
mitfis (1). czh;tw;w kdepiy (2). czh;Tg;)h;tkhd
kdepiy (3). mjPj czHTg;)h;tkhd kdepiy vd ehk;
miof;fyhk;. czh;Tg;)h;tkhd kdJ czh;Ttw;w kdjhy;
nry; t hf; F nrYj; j g; g l KbAk; vd; g ij gTj; j k;
mq;fPfhpf;fpwJ> Mdhy; czh;tw;w kdjpd; cs;slf;fj;ij
Fwpf;Fk; tifapy; czh;Tg;)h;tkhd kdij KOtJkhf
tpthpf;f KbAk; vd;gij mJ Vw;ftpy;iy. ,jdhy; ,q;Fk;
gTj;jk; kj;jpa khh;f;fj;ij filgpbf;fpwJ.

czh;Tg;)h;t kdkhdJ jd;id czh;tw;w kdjpd;

Mjpf; f j; j pypUe; J tpLtpj; J f; nfhs; S k; rf; j pia
nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gij gTj;jk; mq;fPfhpf;fpwJ. ,jd;
fhuzkhfNt gTj;jk; xUepiy kdJld; ,Uf;f Nghjpf;fpwJ.
NkYk; gTj;jj;jpd; Md;kpf Ra Nkk;ghl;bd; xUepiy kdk;
my;yJ ftdj;ij filgpbg;gJ vd;gJ Kf;fpa ,lk;
tfpf;fpwJ. NkYk; kdpjd; czh;Tg;)h;t kdepiyapypUe;J
mjPj czh;Tg;)h;t kdepiyia milAk; jFjp cilatdhf
,Uf;fpwhd; vd;W gTj;jk; Nghjpf;fpwJ. mjhtJ mtd; ehd;F
&g jpahdq;fis mDgtj;jpy; czuTk; midj;jpw;Fk;
 86

Nkyhf cah; nka;Qhdj;ij milATk; jFjp cilatdhf

,Uf;fpwhd;. ,jdhy; gTj;jk; csepiy gFg;gha;itAk; fle;J
cs; nry;fpwJ. ,Ue;jNghjpYk;, csepiy gFg;gha;T gw;wpa
mwpT rpyrkak; gTj;j khHf;fj;jpDila Muk;g epiyia
Ghpe;Jf;nfhs;sTk; filgpbf;fTk; cjtpahf ,Uf;fpwJ.

,itfs; %d;Wk; etPd Afj;jpd; kpfr;rpwe;j kjr;rhh;gw;w

rpj;jhe;jq;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ghpzhktsh;r;rp> rhh;y];
lhh;tpd; vd;w ngaUld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. fk;A+dprk;>
fhuy; khh;f;]; vd;w ngaUld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ kw;Wk;
csepiy gFg;gha;T> rpf;kd;L gpuha;l; vd;w ngaUld;
,izf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. cWjpahf> ,e;j %d;W rpwe;j
kjr;rhh;gw;w rpj;jhe;jq;fspd; Kf;fpa mk;rj;ij Fwpj;J kl;Lk;
vd;dhy; njhptpf;f ,ad;wpUf;fpwJ. Kf;fpakhf ,e;j mk;rk;
kjj;ij ghjpf;fpwJ; Mdhy; xU tp\ak; kpf njspthf
,Uf;fpwJ: mJ Nkw;fj;jpa kjk;-mjhtJ fpwp];j;Jtk;-
,e;j etPd kjrhh;gw;w rpj;jhe;jq;fshy; mjpf nry;thf;F
ngw;wpUf;fpwJ> Kf;fpakhf ghpzhk tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; fk;A+dprk;.
fpwp];j;Jtk; cz;ikapy;> gytifapy; mjd; kdg;ghd;ikia
khw;wpf;nfhs;s ce;jg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy; gTj;jj;jpw;F
,e;j rpf;fy; ,y;iy. gTj;jk; ,jdhy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy mjd; kdg;ghd;ikia
khw; w pf; n fhs; s ce; j g; g ltpy; i y. cz; i kapy; > ,e; j
kjr;rhh;gw;w rpj;jhe;jq;fSila nry;thf;F gTj;jij
gykilar; nra;aNt Kidfpd;wd.

gTj;jk;> fpwp];j;Jtj;jpypUe;J Kw;wpYk; khWgl;l xU

kjkhf ,Ug;gNj ,jw;F fhuzk;. mJkl;Lky;y. mJ
,]; y hj; j pypUe; J k; Kw; w pYk; khWgl; L ,Uf; f pwJ>
,e;Jj;Jtj;jpypUe;J Kw;wpYk; khWgl;L ,Uf;fpwJ.
 87

cz;ikapy;> kw;w midj;J kjq;fspypUe;Jk; Kw;wpYk;

khWgl;L ,Uf;fpwJ. ehk; NkYk; cl;nrd;W ghh;j;jhy; kjk;
vd;fpw thh;j;ijf;F gTj;jHfs; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mh;j;jKk; kw;w
kjq; f is rhHe; j th; f s; , kw; w ek; g pf; i fahsh; f s;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; mh;j;jKk; NtWgl;lJ. Jujph;\;ltrkhf ehk;
gTj;jj;jpw;Fk; kw;w kjq;fSf;Fk; xNu thh;j;ijia
gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;> mjhtJ Mq;fpyj;jpy;, hpyp[d;, (kjk;)
vd;w thh;j;ijiaAk; ,e;jpa nkhopapy; ‘jHkh’ vd;w
thh;j;ijiaAk;. ,jdhy; ehk; gTj;jk; xU kjk; vd;W
nrhy;fpNwhk;. ehk; fpwp];j;Jtk; xU kjk; vd;W nrhy;fpNwhk;>
mNjNghd;W ehk; gTj;jk; xU jh;kh vd;fpNwhk;. NkYk; ehk;
fpwp];j;Jtk; xU jh;kh vd;fpNwhk;. kpfg;nghpa Fog;gk;
cz;lhtjw;F ,J tha;g;ghf mikfpwJ. xUNtis jd;id
lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fh; mth;fspd; topelg;gth; vd;W nrhy;fpd;w
rpy kf;fs; jk;kjPf;ir vLg;gjw;F tpUk;ghkhy; ,Ug;gjw;F
,JNt fhuzkhfNth my;yJ fhuzj;jpd; xU mq;fkhfNth
,Uf;fyhk;.

mj;jifa kf;fs; tptuj;ij rhpahf Ghpe;Jf;nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;. fpwp];j;Jtk; ,e;Jj;Jtk; kw;Wk; gy kjq;fSf;F
nghUe;jf;$ba tpkh;rdq;fs;> gTj;jjpw;F nghUe;jhJ
vd;gij mth;fs; Ghpe;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gTj;jk;
KOtJkhf khWgl;l kjkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mjdhy;>
vt;thNwDk; ehk; ,e;j etPd kjr;rhh;gw;w rpj;jhe;jj;jhy;
<Hf;fgl;L ,Uf;fyhk;> Mdhy; ehk; jk;kjPf;ir Ntz;lhk;
vd;gjw;F mJ xU fhuzk; fpilahJ. Mdhy; ,ij
Ghpe;Jf;nfhs;tJ kl;Lk; NghJkhdJ my;y> mjhtJ kjk;
gw;wpa gTj;j nfhs;iff;Fk; kw;w ek;gpf;ifapy; kjj;jpd;
nfhs;iff;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s tpj;jpahrk; Fwpj;j Ghpjy;.
 88

jk;kj;jpw;Fk; rj;jk;kj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s NtWghl;il

ehk; Ghpe;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; mij Ghpe;Jf;nfhs;;s
ehk; lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fh; mtHfspd; rpwg;G kpF 'Gj;jUk; mtH
jk;kKk;' vd;w Gj;jfj;ij jpUg;gp ghHg;Nghk;. (Book III part V)

jk;kk; ,uz;L nray;ghLfis nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;W

lhf; l H. mk; N gl; f h; nrhy; f pwhh; . kdij mjd;
mRj;jj;jpypUe;J J}a;ikg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; ,e;j cyif
Neh;ikahd uh[;akhf mikj;jy;. gTj;jk; vt;thW kj;jpa
khu;f;fj;ij gpd;gw;WfpwJ vd;gijAk; vg;gb kpjkpQ;rpa
epiyia jtpu;f;fpwJ vd;gijAk; kPz;Lk; xUKiw ehk;
ghh; f ; f pNwhk; . mjhtJ ntWkNd kdij mjd;
mRj;jj;jpypUe;J J}a;ikg;gLj;JtJ NghJkhdJ my;y.
,e;j cyfj;ij Neh;ikahd uh[;akhf mikg;gJ kl;LNk
NghJkhdJk; my;y. ehk; ,uz;ilAk; nra;aNtz;Lk;. ehk;
khdpl jdpj;jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;jNtz;Lk;> mNjrkaj;jpy; ek;
r%fj;ijAk; Kd;Ndw;w Ntz;Lk;. cz;ikapy; ehk; xd;iw
nra;ahky; tpLj;J kw;nwhd;iw nra;a KbahJ.

NkYk;> jk;kk; rj;jk;kkhf gpuf;ahit tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;W lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fh; nrhy;fpwhh;. jk;kk; mwpahik kw;Wk;
%lek;gpf;ifAld; cld;ghlw;wJ. lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fh;
nrhy;fpwhh;> fy;tp midtUf;Fk; fpilf;fNtz;Lk;. Mdhy;>
ntWkNd fy;tp kl;Lk; NghJkhdJ my;y> mJ gfl;L
E}ywptpw;F toptFj;JtpLk;. mjdhy; g;uf;ah mtrpakhFk;.
vdNt NjitahdJ g;uf;ahNt vd;W Nghjpf;Fk; nghOJ
jk;kk; rj;jk;kk; MfpwJ vd;W lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fh; nrhy;fpwhh;.
mjhtJ g;uf;ah> rPyk; kw;Wk; fUizAld; ,ize;jpUf;fpwJ.
midj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhf> mq;F ikj;up ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 89

,Wjpahf> jk; k k; rj; j k; k khf r%fj; j ilfs;

midj;ijAk; jfh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ [hjpfSf;F
,ilapyhd jilfis cilf;f Ntz;Lk;> mNjNghy xU
,dk; my;yJ xU Njrj;jpw;Fk;> kw;wjw;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s
jilfis cilf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ Viog; gzf;fhuh;fSf;F
,ilapy; cs;s jilfis jfh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. cz;ikapy;>
mq;F ve;j gzf;fhuUk; ve;j VioAk; ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. jk;kk;
rj;jk;kkhf kdpjdpd; msTNfhs; gz;Ng md;wp gpwg;gy;y vd
Nghjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ xU kdpjDf;Fk; kw;w kdpjDf;Fk;
,ilapy; rkj;Jtj;ij tsh;f;fNtz;Lk;.

,JNt gTj;jk; vd;d nra;fpwJ vd;gjhFk;. ,JNt

rj;jk;kk; vd;d nra;fpwJ vd;gjhFk;. ,JNt Gj;jupd;
NghjidahfTk; lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fhpd; NghjidahfTk;
,Uf;fpwJ. xU epahakhd kdpjdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahjJ
vd;W ,q;F vJTk; ,y;iy. cz;ikapy;> ,ij cd;dhy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahtpl;lhy; eP xU epahakhd kdpjd;
fpilahJ. cz;ikahd kjkhf ,J ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j
fUj;jpy; xU kjj;ij vw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; fz;bg;ghf ve;j
rpf;fYk; ,Uf;fhJ. mjhtJ jk;kjPf;ir vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy;
rpf;fy; ,Uf;fhJ. ePq;fs; jk;kjPf;ir vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy;
cq;fSila nrhe;j tho;f;ifapy; khw;wk; Vw;gLj;j ,aYk;
kw;Wk; ePq;fs; tho;fpd;w cq;fs; rKjhaj;ij khw;Wtjw;F
cq;fshy; ,aYk;. NtW thh;j;ijapy; nrhd;dhy;> lhf;lH.
mk;Ngl;fhpd; jk;k Gul;rpapy; gq;nfLf;f cq;fshy; ,aYk;.

vdf;F njhpe;J cq;fspy; gyh; Vw;fdNt jk;kjPf;ir

vLj;J ,Uf;fpwPh;fs;, ePq;fs; vLj;J ,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhfNt
,d;W ,uT ehk; ,q;Nf xd;whf $b ,Uf;fpNwhk;. ,JNt
ePq;fs; Vd; vd;id re;jpf;f tpUk;GfpwPHfs; ehd; Vd; cq;fis
 90

re;jpf;f tpUk;GfpNwd; vd;gJ MFk;. gTj;jNk ek;ik xd;W

$l itj;jpUf;fpwJ. lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH mth;fs; ek;ik
xd;W $l itj;jpUf;fpwhH. ehk; midtUk; jk;kj;jpd;
rNfhju rNfhjupfshf ,Uf;fpNwhk;.

JujpH\;ltrkhf> ,e;j Kiw ehd; ntFehl;fSf;F

,e;jpahtpy; jq;fp ,Uf;f KbahJ. ehd; tpiutpy; ,q;fpyhe;J
jpUk; g Ntz; b apUf; f pwJ> Vnddpy; mq; N f ehd;
nra;aNtz;ba gzpfs; epiwa ,Uf;fpwJ. %d;W thu fhy
gazkhf ,q;F ehd; Vd; te;Njd; vd;gjw;fhd Kf;fpa
fhuzkhf ,Ug;gJ> vl;L egh;fis j;iuNyhf;a gTj;j
kfhrq;fj;jpd; jk;kr;rhhpfshf Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhfNt
vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j Gjpa jk;kr;rhhpfspy; %d;W Ngu; Kk;igapy;
,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gij mwptjpy; ePq;fs; kfpo;r;rp
miltPh;fs;. mtHfspy; xUth; tNuhypapy; ,Ue;J
te;jpUf;fpwhh;-kw;Wk; mtu;fs; jk;kr;rhhp t[;uNfJTld;
,ize;J jk;kr;rhhp Nyhfkpj;uhtpd; topfhl;LjYld;
Kk;igapy; jk;kj;jpw;fhf gzpahw;Wthh;fs;. jaTnra;J
cq;fSila KO cjtpiaAk; xj;Jiog;igAk; mth;fSf;F
nfhLf;fTk;.

Kk; i gahdJ kfhuh\; b uhtpd; jiyefukhfTk;

,e;jpaNjrj;jpd; kpfKf;fpa efuq;fspy; xd;whfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
mJ mjpfg;gbahd gTj;j kf;fs;njhifia nfhz;Ls;sJ.
NkYk;> mJ lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fhpd; nray; eltbf;iffs;
gytw;wpw;F fskhf ,Ue;jJ. ,jd; tpisthfNt njhlh;e;J
lhf;lH. mk;Ngl;fH mth;fSf;F khpahij nrYj;Jk; tifapy;
ehk; ,q;Nf gTj;j ,af;fj;ij nropj;Njhq;f nra;aNtz;baJ
kpf Kf;fpak; MFk;.
 91

,JNt ehd; nrhy;y flikg;gl;bUg;gJ. ,d;W ,uT

,q;F cq;fSld; ,Ug;gjpy; ehd; ngUkfpo;r;rp milfpNwd;.
NkYk; cq;fs; midtiuAk; ehd; kPz;Lk; re;jpg;Ngd; vd
vjph;ghh;f;fpNwd;.

***********