jkpo;ehL muR

Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rpj;Jiw

gphpT : TNPSC Group II Njh;T

ghlk; : nghJj;jkpo; (,yf;fpak;)
gFjp : rpwe;j njhlh;fs; - rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs;

fhg;Ghpik

jkpo;ehL muRg; gzpahsh; Njh;thizak; F&g; - 2 Kjy;epiy kw;Wk; Kjd;ik

Njh;TfSf;fhd fhnzhyp fhl;rp gjpTfs;> xypg;gjpT ghlf;Fwpg;Gfs;> khjphp Njh;T
tpdhj;jhs;fs; kw;Wk; nkd;ghlf;Fwpg;Gfs; Mfpait Nghl;bj; Njh;tpw;F jahuhFk;
khzt> khztpfSf;F cjtpLk; tifapy; Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rpj; Jiwahy;
nkd;nghUs; tbtpy; jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,k;nkd;ghlf; Fwpg;GfSf;fhd fhg;Ghpik
Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rpj; Jiwiar; rhh;e;jJ vd njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ve;j xU jdpegNuh my;yJ jdpahh; Nghl;bj; Njh;T gapw;rp ikaNkh

,k;nkd;ghlf; Fwpg;Gfis ve;j tifapYk; kWgpujp vLf;fNth> kW Mf;fk; nra;jplNth>
tpw;gid nra;Ak; Kaw;rpapNyh <LgLjy; $lhJ. kPwpdhy; ,e;jpa fhg;Ghpik rl;lj;jpd;
fPo; jz;bf;fg;gl VJthFk; vd njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J Kw;wpYk; Nghl;bj;
Njh;TfSf;F jahh; nra;Ak; khzth;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; fl;lzkpy;yh NritahFk;.

Mizah;>
Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rpj; Jiw
 rpwe;j njhlh;fs;- rpwg;Gg;
ngah;fs;
ghujpahh;
,aw;ngah; - Rg;gpukzpad;
Ch; - vl;ilaGuk; (J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lk;)
ngw;Nwhh; - rpd;drhkp, ,yf;Fkp mk;ikahh;
fhyk; - 11-12-1882 Kjy; 11-09-1921 tiu (39 taJ)
kidtp - nry;yk;khs;
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; - Gjpa Mj;jp#b (mr;rk; jtph;), ghQ;rhyp rgjk;, Fapy;ghl;L,
ghg;ghghl;L, jkpo;j;jha;, RNjr fPjq;fs;, ghujehL,
nre;jkpo; ehL, KUfd;ghl;L, tpehafh; ehd; kzpkhiy,
fz;zd;ghl;L, Qhdujk;, re;jphpifapd;fij, juhR,
Mwpy; xU gq;F> etje;jpuf; fijfs;> jpUf;FwSf;F ciu

ciueil E}y;fs;- jpz;bk rh];jphp, nrhh;zFkhhp

rpwg;G ngah;fs; - Njrpaftp, kfhftp, tpLjiyf; ftp> ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytd;

ghujp, ePLJapy; ePf;fg;ghb te;j epyh, jw;fhy
,yf;fpaj;jpd; tpbnts;sp, jdf;F jhNd itj;J nfhz;l
ngah; n\y;ypjhrd;, fhspjhrd;,rf;jpjhrd;,
epj;jpajPuh;, rhtpj;jphp Xh; cj;jk Njrhgpkhdp,
Kd;dwpg; Gyth;> GJf;ftpijapd; je;ij> rPl;Lf;ftp>
mkuftp> ige;jkpo; Njh;g;ghfd;> nre;jkpo;j; NjdP>
rpe;Jf;Fj; je;ij

 fiykfs; vDk; nghUs; jUk; ghujp vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngaiug; ngw;wth;; - ghujpahh.;
 1893 y; vl;ilag;Gu rk];jhd Gyth;fshy; 11Mk; tajpy; ghujp vd;w gl;lk;
ngw;wth; - ghujpahh;.
 jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> ,e;jp> rk];fpUjk;> tq;fhsk;> gpnuQ;R> muG Nghd;w
nkhopfspy; Gyik ngw;wth; -ghujpahh;.
 1898 Kjy; 1902 tiu fhrpapy; tho;e;jhh;.
 Qhdujk; jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; ciueil fhtpak; MFk;.
 Fapy; ghl;L ,irg;ghly; E}yhFk;.
 ghujpahh; 7 taJ KjyhfNt ftpijfs; vOjj; njhlq;fpdhu;.

Page 1
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

 11 taJ epuk;gpa Rg;igah> vl;laGuk; rk];jhdg; Gytu;fspd; gw;gy

Nrhjidfspy; ntw;wp ngw;wjhy;> mg;Gytu;fs; tpae;J mspj;j gl;lk; ghujp.
 ghujp vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ru];tjp (fiykfs;) vd;W nghUs;. mwptpy; rpwe;j
,y;ywj;jhu;f;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gLk; gl;lk; ghujp.
 1894-1897 tiu jpUney;Ntyp `pe;J fy;Yhhp cau;epiyg; gs;spapy; 5-k; tFg;G
tiu gbj;jhu;. gbf;Fk;NghJ 14 tajpNyNa> mf;fhy tof;fg;gb> 7 taJ
epuk;gpa nry;yk;khis jpUkzk nra;J nfhz;lhu;.
 tWik fhuzkhf fhrpf;Fr; nrd;W myfhghj; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Nru;e;J
rk];fpUjj;ijAk;> ,e;jpiaAk; fw;whu;.
 fhrpapy; jhd; ghujpahUf;F jiyg;ghif fl;Lk; gof;fKk;> kPir itj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; tof;fKk; Vw;gl;lJ.
 gpd; vl;laGuk; kd;dhpd; miog;ig Vw;W> rpy fhyk; muz;kidf; ftpQuhfg;
gzpahw;wpdhu;.
 mg;NghJ jhd; kJiuapy; ,Ue;J ntspte;J nfhz;bUe;j tpNtf ghD vd;w
gj;jphpifapy; ,tuJ Kjy; ghly; jdpik ,uf;fk; mr;rhfp ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
 1904-y; kJiuapy; cs;s NrJgjp cau;epiyg; gs;spapy; Mrphpauhfg; (2
khjq;fs;) gzpahw;wpdhu;.
 etk;gu; 1904-y; nrd;diapy; ,Ue;J ntsptUk; RNjrkpj;jpud; gj;jphpiff;F
cjtp Mrphpauhdhu;. gpd;G rf;futu;j;jp gj;jphpifapd; Mrphpauhf Mdhu;.
 1905 Kjy; ghujpahu; murpaypy; jPtpukhf <Lgl;lhu;. 1906-y; nrd;diapy;
,Ue;J ,e;jpah vd;w thug; gj;jphpif Jtq;fp jdJ murpay; fUj;Jf;fis
kf;fspilNa gug;gpdhu;.
 fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod; t.c.rp.Ald; ghujpf;F neUq;fpa njhlu;G Vw;gl;lJ.
rNfhjhp epNtjpjhitr; re;jpj;j ghujp> mtiuNa jdJ Qhd FUthf Vw;Wf;
nfhz;lhu;.
 1907-y; r+uj; gpsTf;Fg; gpd; fhq;fpurpy; jPtputhjpfSf;Fk; kpjthjpfSf;Fk;
,ilNa fUj;J NtWghl;by;> jpyfu; jiyikapyhd jPtputhjpfs; gf;fk; epd;W
ghujp gzpahw;wpdhu;.
 jpyfu;> yhyh y[gjp uha;> mutpe;ju; KjypNahiu ghujp re;jpj;jhu;.
 1908-y; fpU\;zrhkp ma;au; vd;gtu; ntspapl;l RNjr fPjq;fs; vd;w jiyg;gpy;
ftpijj; njhFg;G xd;iw ghujpahu; ntspapl;lhu;.
 ,e;jpah gj;jphpifapy; ntspte;j Ml;Nrgfukhd fl;Liufs; fhuzkhf
,e;jpah gj;jphpifapd; rl;lhPjpahd Mrphpau; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L> ghujpahu; kPJ
thuz;l; Nghlg;gl;lJ. ghujp jiykiwthdhu;. GJr;Nrhp jiykiwthf
tho;e;jhu;.
 1910-y; ,e;jpah gj;jphpif jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 1917-y; guyp R.ney;iyag;gh mtu;fs; fz;zd; ghl;L Kjw;gjpgig
nrd;diapy; ntspapl;lhu;.

Page 2
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

 GJr;Nrhp tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gl;l rypg;G czu;thy; ghujpahu; 1918-y; mq;fpUe;J

ntspNawpdhu;. vdpDk; flYhUf;F mUNf ifJ nra;ag;ggl;L 34 ehl;fs;
rpiwthrj;jpw;Fg; gpd; tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
 1918 Kjy; 1920 tiu filaj;jpy; tho;e;jhu;. gpd; nrd;id te;jhu;.
nrd;diapy; ,uh[h[p mtu;fs; tPl;by; kfhj;kh fhe;jpiar; re;jpj;jhu;.
 1920-y; kPz;Lk; RNjkpj;jpuDf;F cjtp Mrphpauhdhu;.
 jpUty;ypf;Nfzpapy; Nfhapy; ahid xd;wpdhy; Jhf;fp vwpag;gl;L mjpu;r;rpAw; W>
Neha;tha;gg; l;l ghujpahu;> 1921 nrg;lk;gu; 11-y; jkJ 39-k; tajpy;> cyf tho;tpy;
,Ue;J tpLjiy ngw;whu;.

gj;jphpf;ifg; gzpfs;:-
 etk;gh; 1904 Kjy; Mf];l; 1906 tiu RNjrkpj;jpud; vd;w ehspjopy;
cjtpahrphpauhf gzpahw;wpath; - ghujpahh;.
 rf;futh;j;jpdp vd;w kfsph; khj ,jio rPdpthr;rhhpNahL ,ize;J
elj;jpath; - ghujpahh;.
 ,th; RNjrkpj;jpud; gj;jphpf;ifapy; cjtp MrphpauhfTk;, rf;futh;j;jpdp (1905)
gj;jphpf;ifapy; MrphpauhfTk;, ,e;jpah tuhg; gj;jphpf;ifapy; MrphpauhfTk;
gzpahw;wpdhh;.
 #h;Nahjak;> tp[ah> jh;kk; Mfpa ,jo;fspy; Mrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpath; -
ghujpahh;.
 fh;kNahfp, ghyghuj; (m) aq; ,e;jpah Nghd;w Mq;fpy ,jo;fisAk; elj;jpdhh;.
 ,th; ,e;jpah, tp[ah vd;w ,jo;fis ntspapl;L;ss ; hh;.
 ghujp vOjpa Kjy; ghly;> tpNtf ghD vd;w ,jopy; 1904 Mk; Mz;L
ntspahdJ.
 Nfypr;rpj;jpuk; vdg;gLk; fhh;l;^d; tiuAk; Kiwia jkpopy; Kjd; Kjypy;
GFj;jpath; - ghujpahh;.
 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpf;F tpj;jpl;lth; ghujpahh;.
 ftpijapy; Rarhpij vOjpa Kjy; ftpQh; - ghujpahh;.
 jk; ghlYf;F jhNk nkl;birj;j Kjy; ftpQh; - ghujpahh;.
 vl;ilaGuk; muritf; ftpQuhf gzpahw;wpath; - ghujpahh;.
 kJiu NrJgjp cah;epiyg;gs;spapy; jkpohrphpauhfTk;, nrd;idapy;
,johrphpauhfTk; gzpahw;wpath; - ghujpahh;.
 nrd;id [d rq;fk; mikg;ig Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
 rNfhjhp epNtjh Njtpia re;jpj;jgpd; ghujp jPtputhjpahdhh;.
 jk;gp vd;W ghujpahuhy; miof;fg;gl;lth;-guypney;iyag;gh;.
 ghujpahh; xH; mtjhug; GU\h;> ,th; E}iy jkpoh; Ntjkhff; nfhs;f vdf;
$wpath; - guyp ney;iyag;gh;.
 ghujp ghly;fis ehl;Lilik Mf;fpath; - Xke;J}h; gp. uhkrhkp nul;bah;.
 ghujpf;F kfhftp gl;lk; toq;fpath; - uhkrhkp Iaq;fhh;.

Page 3
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

 ghujpapd; glj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; tiue;jth; - gh\;ak;.

 ghujpahhpd; ghly;fis Kjd; Kjypy; ntspapl;lth; - fpU\;z rhkp Iah;.
 ghujpia epidj;J tpl;lhy; Rje;jpuj;jpd; jhfk; RUf;nfd;W VWk; vdf;
$wpath; - ehkf;fy; ftpQh;.
 jkpOf;F njhz;L nra;Nthd; rhtjpy;iy> jkpo;j; njhz;ld; ghujpjhd;
nrj;jJz;Nlh vdf; $wpath; - ghujpjhrd;
 jkpOf;F tsQ;Nrh;f;Fk; ,yf;fpaq;fis gilj;jth; ghujpahh;.
 ghujpahh;fPijia nkhopngah;j;Js;shh;.
 ghujpahhpd; Kg;ngUk; fhtpaq;fs; fz;zd; ghl;L, Fapy; ghl;L, ghQ;rhyp
rgjk;
rpwg;Gfs;:
 fhL fko te;j fw;G+ur; nrhw;Nfh vd;W ghujpahiu Gfo;;e;J ghbath; -
ghujpjhrd;.
 ePLJapy; ePf;f ghb te;j epyh vd;W ghujpahiu ghujpjhrd; ghuhl;bAs;shh; .
 jkpo;ehl;by; jkpo;;g;Gytd; xUtd; ,y;iynad tir ePq;f Njhd;wpath; ghujp
vd;W $wpath; -ghujpjhrd;.
 fw;gid Cw;whq; ftpijapd; Gijay;> jpwk;gl te;j kwtd;> mwk; gl te;j
mwpQd;> vd;dntd;W nrhy;Ntd;> vd;dntd;W nrhy;Ntd; jkpohy; ghujp
jFjp ngw;wJk;> jkpo; ghujpahy; jFjp ngw;wJk; vd ghujpiaf; $wpath; -
ghujpjhrd;.
 mnkhpf;f ftpQh; thy;l;tpl;kd;, fyPy; fpg;uhd; rhaypy; ghujpahh; trd ftpij
vOjpdhh;.
 gz;bjh;fspd; fuLKulhd eilapy; Njq;fpf;fple;j jkpio gyUk; gbj;jwpAk;
tifapy; ,dpa ghf;fshf tbj;J cyttpl;lth; ghujpahh;.
 jkpo;nkhop gutpl tpise;j jkpo;g;ghtyh; ghujpahh;.
 njUnty;yhk; jkpo; Kof;fk; nropf;fr; nra;jth; NjkJu jkpNohir
cyfnky;yhk; guTjy; tifnra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;wth; ghujpahh;.
 Md;kPf tpLjiy ngz; tpLjiy rKjha tpLjiy Kjypatw;iw cs;slf;fpa
ehl;L tpLjiyia tpise;j ftpQh; ghujpahh;.
 Fapy; ghl;L ,irapd; ngUikia nrhy;Yk; E}y; .
 ghQ;rhyp rgjk; tpahrh; vOjpa kfhghujj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ .
 fl;Liu kw;Wk; fUj;J glq;fshy; Mq;fpy muir jpzwr;nra;jth; ghujpahh;.
 jkpOf;Fhpa tuyhw;wpy; xU Gjpa gFjp ghujpNahL njhlq;FfpwJ .
 cyfk; epuk;gpapUg;gJ ,irahy; vd;wth; ghujpahh;.
 ,yf;fpa kWkyh;r;rpapd; fhyk; ghujpahh; fhyk; MFk;.
 kWkyh;r;rp ghly;fspd; Kd;Ndhb khDlk; ghLk; newpNa MFk;.
 ehL, nkhop, ,iw, ngz;ik Kjypa jiyg;Gfspy; ghly;fis ,aw;wpath;
ghujpahh;.
 ekf;F njhopy; ftpij, ehl;bw;F cioj;jy;, ,iknghOJk; NrhuhjpUj;jy;
vd;wth; ghujpahh;.

Page 4
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

 ghujpahh; chpikf;fhg;gpakhf tbj;jJ ghQ;rhyp rgjk;.

 rhjp Ntiu KisapNyNa fps;sp va;jpl tpUk;gpath; ghujpahh;.
 ghujp rq;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth; fy;fp .

ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrd;
,aw;ngah; - fdf Rg;Guj;jpdk;
Ch; - GJr;Nrhp
ngw;Nwhh; - fdfrig, ,yf;Fkp
kidtp - godp mk;ikahh;
fhyk; - 29. 04 . 1891 Kjy; 21 . 04 . 1964 tiu
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; - rQ;rPtp gh;tjj;jpd; rhuy;, ,iraKJ, mofpd; rphpg;G,
ghz;bad; ghpR, ,Uz;l tPL, FLk;g tpsf;F, Nru
jhz;ltk;, jkpor;rpapd; fj;jp, gprpuhe;ijahh;,
FwpQ;rpjpl;L, jkpopaf;fk;, ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs;,
kzpNkfiy ntz;gh, fz;zfp Gul;rpf; fhg;gpak;, gbj;j
ngz;fs;, ,isQh; ,yf;fpak;, jpUf;Fws; ciu, Gj;jf
rhiy
rpwg;Gngah;fs; - ghNte;jh;, Gul;rpf; ftpQh;, jkpo;ehl;bd; ,u#y;
fk;rNjht;> ,aw;iff; ftpQh;> jkpo; ftp> jkpohpd; ftp>
jkpopd; kWkyh;r;rpf;fhf Njhd;wpa ftp> jkpohpd; Gfo;
NkjpdpNahq;f gpwe;j ftp.
,jo; - Fapy;
gj;jphpf;if - gFj;jwpT> FbauR

rpwg;Gfs;:
 jdJ 16 tJ tajpy; eputp muR gs;spapy; Mrphpauhf gzpiaj; Jtq;fpdhh;.
gpd;G GJit murpdh; fy;Y}hpapy; (fhy;Nt fy;Y}hp) Nguhrphpauhfg;
gzpahw;wpath; - ghujpjhrd;.
 1938 y; ,e;jp vjph;g;G Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;L rpiw nrd;w ftpQh; -
ghujpjhrd;.
 cUrpa ehl;bd; khf;ftpQh; - ,u#y; fk;rNjt;

 jd; ,dj;ijAk; nkhopiaAk; ghlhj ftpij

Nthpy;yhj kuk;, $by;yhj gwit - ,u#y; fk;rNjht;
 ehis vd; jha;nkhop rhFkhdhy; -,d;Nw
ehd; ,we;J tpLNtd; - ,u#y; fk;rNjht;

 ,u#y; fk;rNjht; Nghy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpath; - ghujpjhrd;

 ghujpapd; kPJ nfhz;l gw;wpd; fhuzkhf jdJ ngaiu ghujpjhrd; vd khw;wpf;
nfhz;lhh;.

Page 5
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ftpij thdpy; xspepytha; gtdp te;j ngUq;ftpQd; -

ghujpjhrd;.
 mwpahik ,Uspy; Klq;fpf; fple;j fUj;Jf; FUlh;fis xspngw;W tpopg;Gwr;
nra;j ftpQd; - ghujpjhrd.;
 nfhs;ifaw;w $dh;fis nfhs;if cuk; ngw;W epkph;e;J epw;fr; nra;j Gul;rpf;
ftpQd; - ghujpjhrd;.
 jk; tho; ehs; KOtijAk; jkpopd; kWkyh;r;rpf;fhfTk; tPo;r;rpAw;w jkpofj;jpd;
Gj;njOr;rpf;fhTk; jkpohpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F jilf;fw;fsha; epd;w
mwpahikiaAk;> %lg;gof;ftof;fq;fisAk; cilj;njwpe;j ftpQd; -
ghujpjhrd;.
 tPnly;yhk;> ehnly;yhk; kf;fspd; ,jaf;$nly;yhk;> Vnly;yhk; ,d;gj;jkpo;
kzf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W my;Yk; gfYk; mauhJ jkpo;g;gzpahw;wpa ftpQd; -
ghujpjhrd;.
 GJitapy; ntspahd VLfspy; jd;id fpz;ly;fhud;> fpUf;fd; vd;w Gidg;
ngah;fspy; ftpij vOjpath; - ghujpjhrd;.
 rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp tpUJ ngw;w ghujpjhrdpd; E}y; - gprpuhe;ijah; ehlfk;.
 jkpo;, gpnuQ;R, Mq;fpyk; nkhopfspy; Gyik ngw;wth; - ghujpjhrd;.
 ghujpjhrid “Rg;Guj;jpdk; xU ftp” vd;wth; - ghujpahh;.
 kWkyh;r;rp fUj;Jf;fis jk; ghly;fspd; %yk; gug;gpath; - ghujpjhrd;.
 =Rg;gpukzpa ghujpapd; ftpjh kz;lyj;ijr; rhh;ej ; th; Rg;Guj;jpdk; vd;W
ghujp ghujpjhrid Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;.
 vq;nfq;F fhzpDk; rf;jpalh-jk;gpvd;wth; ghujpjhrd;.
 VOfly; mts; tz;zklh vd;w ghly; ghujpapd; ftpjh kz;lyj;ijr; rhh;e;j
fdfRg;Guj;jpdk; vOjpaJ vd;W RNjrpakpj;jpudpy; ntspahdJ.
 ghujpjhrd; guk;giu ftpQh;fs; - Kbaurd;, thzpjhrd;, fk;gjhrd;,
Rg;Guj;jpdjhrd;.
 gpw;fhyj;jpy; rpwfbj;j thdk;ghbfSf;F KjnyOj;Jk;, jiynaOj;Jk; -
ghujpjhrd;.
 jkpof muR ghujpjhrd; gilg;Gfis1990 y; ehl;Lilikahf;fpAs;sJ .
 jkpof murhy; ghujpjhrd; gy;fiyf;fofk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lk; -
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp.
 FLk;gf;fl;Lg;ghL gw;wp ,e;jpahtpNyNa Kjd; Kjypy; ghl;nlOjpath; -
ghujpjhrd;.
 ,uth ,d;g fsQ;rpaq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLgit - ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs;
 nre;jkpio nrOe;jkpohf fhz tpUk;gpath; - ghujpjhrd;.
 vd;dUk; jkpo; ehl;bd; fz; vy;NyhUk; fy;tp fw;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; $wpath; -
ghujpjhrd;
 gz;il eyk; GJg;Gyik, gok;ngUik mj;jidAk; gilg;gha; ,e;ehs; njhz;L
nra;tha; jkpOf;F JiwNjhWk; Jbj;njOe;J Jbj;njOe;J vd;wth; -
ghujpjhrd;.

Page 6
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

 ,d;gj;jkpo; fy;tp ahtUk; fw;why; Jd;gq;fs; ePq;Fk; Rfk; tUk; vd;W $wpath;
- ghujpjhrd;.
 ,uth GfOila vz;zw;w fhg;gpaq;fis gilj;jth; - ghujpjhrd;.
 tWikapdhy; jkpod; xUtDf;F fy;yhj epiy Vw;gLkhdhy; ,q;Fs;Nshh;
ehzpl Ntz;Lk; vd;wth; - ghujpjhrd;.
 jkpOf;Fj; njhz;Lnra;Nthh; rhtjpy;iy vd;W ghujpiag; ghbath; -
ghujpjhrd;.
 nts;sk; Nghy; jkpo;f; $l;lk; - ghujpjhrd;.
 ghNte;jh; ghlypd; tpe;ij vdg;gLtJ epiyahik Ngrg;gLtJ .
 nghJTilikia typAWj;Jk; E}y; -rQ;rPtp ghh;tjj;jpd; rhuy;.
 ,aw;ifia th;zpf;Fk; E}y; - mofpd; rphpg;G .
 fy;tp fw;w ngz;fspd; rpwg;ig $Wk; E}y; - FLk;g tpsf;F.
 fy;yh ngz;fspd; ,opitf; $Wk; E}y; - ,Uz;l tPL.
 gpy;fzpaj;jpd; jOty; - Gul;rpf; fhg;gpak;.

ghz;bad; ghpR
 fjph;ehl;L kd;dd;- fjpiuNtyd;
 kidtp - fz;Zf;fpdpahs;
 kfs;- md;dk;
 fz;Zf;fpdpahspd; mz;zz; - ehpf;fz;zd; (gilj; jiytd;)
 fz;Zf;fpdpahs; Njhop - Mj;jh fpotp
 md;dj;jpd; Njhop - ePyp
 tPug;gdpd; kidtp - Mj;jhf;fpotp> kfd; - Ntyd;
 Mj;jhf;fpotpapd; kfd; - Ntyd;
 ehpf;fz;zdpd; #o;r;rpahy; gilnaLj;J te;jtd; - Nto kd;dd;
 ehpf;fz;zd; jdJ ifahs; vdf; fUjp kzpKb, ehl;bd; gl;lak; ,Ue;j
Ngioia tPug;gdplk; nfhLj;jhd;.
 Ntoehl;L kwthplkpUe;J md;dj;ij fhj;jtd; - Ntyd;.

Nkw;Nfhs;:
 “vid <d;w je;ijf;Fk;, jha;f;Fk; kf;fs;
,dkpd;w jkpo;ehL jdf;Fk; vd;dhy;
jpidasTeyNkDk; fpilf;Fnkd;why;
nrj;njhopAk; ehSk; vdf;Fj; jpUehNs”
 “kioNa kioNa th th, ey;y thdg;GdNy th th
jfug;ge;jy; jzjz vd;d, jhOk; $iu rsrs vd;d”

 “,dpik jkpo;nkhop vkJ - vkf;F

,d;gk; jUk;gb tha;j;j ey; mKJ !”

Page 7
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

 vspa eilapy; jkpo; E}y;fs; vOjplTk; Ntz;Lk;

,yf;fz E}y;fs; GjpJ Gjpjha; <w;wYk; Ntz;Lk;
 capiu czh;it tsh;g;gJ jkpNo

 jkpnod;W Njhs;jl;b ML
jkpo; ey;yjkpo; nty;f vd jpdk; ghL

 vq;fs; tho;Tk; vq;fs; tsKk;

kq;fhj jkpnod;W rq;Nf Koq;F

 nre;jkpNo eWe;NjNd nraypid

%r;rpid cdf;fspj;NjNd

 jkpNo ePNahh; G+f;fhL ehNdhh; Jk;gp

cs;Ns njhl;lhy; crphpy; ,dpf;Fk; jkpo;

 “jkpOf;F mKnjd;W Ngh; - me;jj;

jkpo; ,d;gj; jkpo; vq;fs; capUf;F Neh;”

 “,Ul;liwapy; cs;sjlh cyfk;”

 “GjpaNjhh; cyF nra;Nthk; nfl;l

NghhpLk; cyfj;ij NtnuhL rha;gN ; ghk;”

 “J}yk; Nghy;tsh; fpisf;F

tpOJfs; J}z;fs; ! J}z;fs;” - mofpd; rphpg;G

 “cyfpaypd; mlq;fYf;Fk; JiwNjhWk; E}y;fs;

xUj;jh;jia ,y;yhky; CuwpAk; jkpopy; - jkpo; tsh;r;rp

 “rpw;W}Uk; tug;ngLj;j taYk; MW

Njf;fpaey; tha;f;fhYk; tifg;gLj;jp”

 tho;tpdpy; nrk;ikia nra;gts; ePNa

(GJitapd; jkpo;jha; tho;j;J ghlyhFk;)
 vq;fs; gifth; vq;Nfh kiwe;jhh;
,q;Fs;s jkpoh;fs; xd;whjy; fz;Nl

 vy;yhh;f;Fk; vy;yhk; vd;wpUg;gjhd

,lk; Nehf;fp elf;fpd;w jpe;jitak;
fy;yhiuf; fhZq;fhy; fy;tp ey;f

Page 8
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

frlh;f;Fj; J}f;Fkuk; mq;Nf cz;lhk;

 nfhiythspid vLlh kpF

nfhbNahh; nray; mwNt

 jkpoha;e;j jkpod;jhd; jkpo;ehl;bd;

Kjyikr;ruha; tUjy; Ntz;Lk;

 vspikapdhy; xU jkpod; gbg;gpy;iy vd;why;

,q;Fs;s vy;yhUk; ehzplTk; Ntz;Lk;

 NjNdhf;Fk; nre;jkpNo eP fdp ehd; fpsp

Ntnwd;d Ntz;Lk; ,dp

 cWjp cWjp xd;Nw r%fk;

vd;W vz;zhh;f;F ,Wjp ,Wjp

 fd;dy; nghUs; jUk; jkpNo eP Xh; G+f;fhL

ehNdhh; Jk;gp - ghujpjhrd;

 cly; kz;Zf;F caph; jkpOf;F

 jkpiog; gopj;jtidj; jha; jLj;jhYk; tplhNj

 ey;yNjhh; FLk;gk; gy;fiyf;fofk;

 ts;Stidg; ngw;wjhy; ngw;wNj Gfo; itafNk

 fy;tpapy;yhg; ngz;fs; fsh; epyk;

 ngz;fSf;F fy;tp Ntz;Lk; Fbj;jdk; NgZtjw;Nf

 mfu Kjyp cd;iw ehSk; eP gbj;JtUtha;
 epfupy;yh nrhw;fs; epidtpy; ed;F ngWtha;
 “fpisapdpw; ghk;G njhq;f
tpOnjd;W Fuq;F njhl;L
tpsf;fpidj; njhl;l gps;is” - mofpd; rphpg;G

 ,izapy;iy Kg;ghYf;Nf ,e;epyj;Nj

Page 9
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

 njhz;Lnra;J gOj;j gok;

J}ajhb khh;gpy; tpOk; - nghpahiug; Gfo;e;J ghujpjhrd; ghbaJ
ghujpjhridg; gw;wpa gpw ftpQh;fspd; GfOiu:-

 mwpTf;Nfhapiyf; fl;b mjpy; ek;ikf; FbNaw;w tpUk;Gfpd;w NguwpQd; -

GJikg;gpj;jd;.
 ghujpf;F gpwF jkpo; ehl;by; xU cz;ikahd ftp vd;W $wpath-F.g.uh.
 ghujpjhrd; ghly;fisg; gbf;fpd;w me;epaDk; jkpodhfptpLthd; -
m. rpjk;guehj nrl;bahh;.
 1946 [{iy 29 y; NrhkRe;ju ghujpahh; jiyikapy; mwpQh; mz;zh
mth;fshy; ghujpjhrDf;F Gul;rpf; ftp vDk; gl;lKk;> 25000 &gha; nuhf;fKk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 ghujpjhrDf;F ghNte;jh; vd;w gl;lk; toq;fpath; - nghpahh;.
 1954 y; GJr;Nrhp rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
 ,tuJ ghly;fs; nrf;(gpnuQ;R) nkhopapy; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

ehkf;fy; ftpQh; nt.,uhkypq;fk;

,aw;ngah; - ,uhkypq;fk;
Ch; - NkhfD}h; ehkf;fy; khtl;lk;
ngw;Nwhh; - ntq;fl;uhkd;, mk;kzp mk;khs; (8 tJ kfd; ,th;)
tsh;g;Gj;jha; - gJyhgPtp (Kfkjpa ngz;)
fhyk; - 19.10.1888 - 24.08.1972
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; - ehkf;fy; ftpQh; ghly;fs;, jkpod; ,jak;, rq;nfhyp,
jkpo;j; Njh;, ftpjhQ;ryp, gpuhh;j;jid, jhahh; nfhLj;j
jdk;, NjkJuj; jkpNohir, mtDk; mtSk;,
kiyf;fs;sd;, ,yf;fpa ,d;gk;.
rpwg;Gfs; - tpLjiy Nghuhl;l tPuh;, jkpo; ehl;bd; Kjy; muritf;
ftpQh;, fhe;jpaf;ftpQh;> Ml;rp nkhopf;ftpQh;>
fhq;fpu]; ftpQh;
tpUJ - gj;kG+\d;
,jo; - Nyhfkpj;jpud;

rpwg;Gfs;:

 ,irehty;fs;-3, jd;tuyhW-3, nkhopngah;g;Gfs;-4, Gjpdq;fs;-5,

rpWfhg;gpaq;fs;-5, ,yf;fpaj;jpwdha;Tfs;-7, ftpijj;njhFg;Gfs;-10,
fl;Liufs;-12 Mfpatw;iw ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
 ,th; jkpo;ehL murpd; muritf; ftpQuhfTk;, rl;l Nkyit cWg;gpduhfTk;
gjtp tfpj;jhh;.

Page 10
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

 “vd; fij” vd;W Ra rhpij vOjpa ftpQh; - ehkf;fy; ftpQh;.

 “,e;jpa ehbJ vd;Dila ehNl, vd;W jpde;jpdk; ePaijg; ghL” - ehkf;fy;
ftpQh; ghly;fs;.
 ehkf;fy; ftpQh; ghly;fs; E}yhdJ nja;tj; jpUkyh;, jkpo;j; Njd;kyh;,
fhe;jpkyh;, Njrpa kyh;, rKjha kyh;, nghpNahh; Gfo; kyh;, jpUehs; kyh;,
rpWfhg;gpa kyh;, ,ir kyh;, mwpTiu kyh;, gyRit kyh;vd;w 11 jiyg;Gfspy;
njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Kj;jkpopYk; Xtpa fiyapYk; ty;yth; - ehkf;fy; ftpQh; nt. ,uhkypq;fdhh;.
 Kjd;Kjyhf tiue;j Xtpak; -,uhk fpU\;z guk`k;rh;.
 Ie;jhk; [hh;[; kd;dDf;F ghuj khjh Kb#l;LtJ Nghy; Xtpak; tiue;J
jq;fg; gjf;fk; ntd;wth; - ehkf;fy; ftpQh;.
 1932y; cg;G rj;jpahfpufj;jpy; gq;F ngw;W Xuhz;L rpiw jz;lid ngw;wth; -
ehkf;fy; ftpQh;.
 rhfpj;jpa mflhkpapy; jkpo; gpujpepjpahf gzpahw;wpaf; ftpQh; - ehkf;fy;
ftpQh;.

Nkw;Nfhs;:
 fj;jpapd;wp uj;jkpd;wp Aj;jk; xd;W tUFJ
rj;jpaj;jpd; epj;jpaj;ij ek;Gk; ahtUk; NrUtPh; - cg;G rj;jpahfpufg; ghly;

 jkpod; vd;Nwhh; ,dKd;L

jdpNa mtw;nfhU FzKz;L
mkpo;jk; mtdJ nkhopahFk;
md;Ng mtdJ topahFk;

 ,e;jpa ehbJ vd;Dila ehNl

vd;W jpdk;jpdk; ePaijg; ghL

 ghl;lhsp kf;fsJ grp jPu Ntz;Lk;

gznkd;w Nkhfj;jpd; tpirjPu Ntz;Lk;

 ifj;njhopy; xd;iwf; fw;Wf;nfhs;

ftiy cdf;fpy;iy xj;Jf;nfhs;
 md;Gk; Mh;tKk; mlf;fKk; Nrh;e;Jk;
cz;ikj; jd;ikAk; cWjpAk; kpFe;Jk;

 $l;Lwtpy; NrUq;fs; $b tho goFq;fs;

 jkpod; vd;W nrhy;ylh jiyepkph;eJ

; epy;ylh

Page 11
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

 Gul;rp Ntz;Lk; Gul;rp Ntz;Lk;

 fhe;jpia kwf;fhNj vd;Wk;
rhe;jpia ,of;fhNj
fhe;jpak; ek; clik
mijf; fhg;;gJ ek; flik

GfOiu:
 jkpo;ehL muR ,tuJ epidtpy;yj;ij ehkf;fy;ypy; epWtpAs;sJ.
 jiyikr; nrayfj;jpd; gj;Jkhbf; fl;blj;jpw;F ,tuJ ngaiuj; jkpof muR
#l;bAs;sJ.
 jpyfh; tpijj;j tpij ghujpahf Kisj;jJ> fhe;jp J}tpa tpij ehkf;fy;
ftpQuhf Njhd;wpaJ -,uh[h[p.

ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is

Ch; - Nj&h; fd;dpahFkhp
ngw;Nwhh; - rptjhZgps;is, Mjpyl;Rkp
fhyk; - 27.08.1876 Kjy; 26.09.1954 tiu
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; - kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak;, Mrpa N[hjp, ciukzpfs;,
kyUk; khiyAk;, ckh;fa;ahk;, Foe;ijr; nry;tk;,
fhe;jSh; rhiy, Njtpapd; fPhj; ;jidfs;> kNdhd;kzpak;
kWgpwg;G jpwdha;T fl;Liu (1922y; ntspahdJ)
rpwg;G ngah;fs; - ftpkzp> Njtp
kidtp - cikak;ik
Mrphpah; - rhe;jypq;f jk;gpuhd;
gzp - njhlf;fg;gs;sp Mrphpah;> fy;Y}hpg; Nguhrphpah;

rpwg;Gfs;
 jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> kiyahsk; Mfpa Kk;nkhopfspy; Gyikg;ngw;wth; -
ftpkzpNjrpa tpehafk; gps;is.
 ntz;gh ,aw;Wtjpy; ty;yth;. rpwe;j Foe;ijf; ftpQh;.
 24.12.1940 y; nrd;id khepy jkpo;r; rq;fj;jhy; ckh kNfRtudhh; jiyikapy;
ftpkzp vd;w gl;lk; toq;fp nfsutpf;fg;gl;lth; - Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is.
 jkpopd; Kjy; Foe;ijf; ftpQuhd ,th; Njtp vd;Dk; Mq;fpy ghliy jkpopy;
Foe;ij vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; nkhop ngah;j;jth; - Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is.
 kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak; - eifr;Rit ghly; MFk;.
 ckh;f;fa;ahkpd; ftpijfs; kf;fs; milAk; ,d;gJd;gq;fisAk; , ,iwtdJ
gilg;igAk; ghLnghUshf nfhz;L ,aw;wg;gl;l E}yhFk;.
 ckh;fa;ahk; 11 Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j ghurPff; ftpQh; Mthh;.
 ckh;fa;ahk; KOg;ngah; - fpahRjPd; mGy;ghj; ckh;fa;ahk;.

Page 12
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

 fzpjk;, thdtpaypy; Gyik kpf;f ghurPff; ftpQh; - fpahRjPd; mGy;ghj;

ckh;fa;ahk;.
 ckh;fa;ahkpd; ghurPf ftpijfis Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngah;j;jth; - gpl;
n[uhy;L.
 vl;th;l; gpl; n[uhy;lhy; nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;l Mq;fpy ftpijfisj; jkpopy;
ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fs; vd nkhop ngah;j;jth; - ftpkzp.
 ,k;ik kWik gw;wp &ghaj; vd;w ngahpy; ckh;fa;ahk; vOjpa nra;Aspd;
nkhopngah;g;G E}y; - ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fs;.
 &ghaj; vd;why; ehd;fbr; nra;As; vd;W nghUs;.
 ftpkzp vOjpa ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fs; vd;w E}ypy; cs;s ghly;fspd;
vz;zpf;if - 115 ghly;fs;.
 vl;tpd; mh;dhy;L vOjpa The light of Asiavd;w E}ypid Mrpa N[hjp vd;Dk;
ngahpy; nkhop ngah;j;jth; - Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is.
 ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is vOjpa ftpijj; njhFg;G - kyUk; khiyAk;.
 ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is vOjpa vs;sy; E}y; - kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak;.
 ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is vOjpa tuyhw;W E}y; - fhe;j@h; rhiy.
 ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is vOjpa ,irg; ghly; - Njtpapd; fPhj
; ;jidfs;.

Nkw;Nfhs;:

ftpkzpapd; ftpijfs; :
 kq;ifauha; gpwg;gjw;Nf ey;y
khjtk; nra;jpl Ntz;Lkk;kh - ftpkzp

 rhiyfspy; gy njhopy;fs; ngUfNtz;Lk;

rigfspNy jkpnoOe;J Koq;f Ntz;Lk; - ftpkzp

 “ahUk; rpwpah; ahd; nghpad;

vjpYk; rpwe;jJ vd;dykhk; - ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fs;

 md;G nra;apd; mayhUk;

mz;b neUq;Fk; cwtpduhk; - ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fs;

 Mop #Ok; cyfhSk;

murdhf Ntz;Lnkdpy; - ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fs;

 ‘cs;sj;Js;sJ ftpij -cz;ik

cUntLg;gJ ftpij
njs;sj; njspe;j jkpopy; -cz;ik

Page 13
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

njhpe;Jiug;gJ ftpij” - ftpkzp ftpijfs;

 nre;jkpo;r; nry;tj; jpUf;Fwis

neQ;rfNk rpe;jid nra;tha; jpdk;
ePjpj; jpUf;Fwis neQ;rhuj; jk; tho;tpy;
Xjpj; njhOJ vOJ Xh;e;J - ftpkzp

 XLk; cjpuj;jpy; - tbe;J

xOFk; fz;zPhpy;
Njbg; ghh;j;jhYk;- rhjp njhptJz;Nlh - ftpkzp

 ghl;Lf;Nfhh; Gytd; ghujpalh mtd;

ghl;ilg; gz;NdhL xUtd; ghbdhdlh - ftpkzp

 Njhl;lj;jpy; NkAJ nts;isg; gR

mq;Fj; Js;spf; Fjpf;FJ fd;Wf; Fl;b - ftpkzp

 nta;apy; Nfw;w epoYz;L tPRk; njd;wy;

fhw;Wz;L fk;gd; ftpAz;L ifapy; - kJTz;L - ftpkzp

ftpkzp Njrpak; tpehafk; gps;isg; gw;wpa GfOiu:-

 Njrpa tpehafj;jpd; ftpg;ngUik> jpdKk; Nfl;gJ vd nrtpg; ngUik -
ehkf;fy; nt. ,uhkypq;fk; gps;is.
 ftpkzpapd; ftpijfis Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;F gz;bjuha; ,Uf;f
Ntz;bajpy;iy> gbf;fj; njhpe;jpUe;jhy; NghJk;> vtUk; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk;
vspa eil - b.Nf.rz;Kfk;.

Page 14