TNPSC NEWS

    
TNPSC.News
Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp 1757-y; Nkw;nfhz;l gpshrpg; NghhpdhYk;> 1764-y;
eilngw;w gf;] hH NghH %ykhfTk; tq;fhsj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpaJ. mjidj; njhlHe;J fk;

ngdp ifg ;gw;wp Ml;rp nra ;j epyg ;gFjpfspd ; epHthfj ;ij Nkw ;nfhs ;tjw ;fhf Mq ;fpNya
ghuhSkd ;wk; njhlf;fj;jpdpy; fk;ngdpapd ; Ml;rpapd; fPo; cs;sNghJ 5 gl;lar; rl;lq;fis
,aw;wpaJ. gpd;dH Mq;fpNyNa Nguurpd; fPo; Ml;rp nfhz;Ltug;gl;l gpd;dH ,e;jpa muR rl;
lq;fis ,aw;wp gphpl;b\; ,e;jpahit Ml;rp epHthfk; nra;jJ.
xOq;FKiwr; rl;lk; - 1773

 fk;ngdpapd; nray;ghLfis xLf;FKiw nra;tjw;fhf Ntz;b Mq;fpNya
ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l Kjy; rl;lkhFk;.
 ,J 1773-k; Mz;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
 ,J tpy;ypak; Nfhl;ilapd; MSeiu tq;fhsj;jpd; ftHdH n[duyhf epakdk; nra;jJ.
 mtUf;F MNyhrid nrhy;tjw;fhf Ntz;b ehd;F cWg;gpdHfisf; nfhz;l ftHdh;
n[duhy; epHthf FOtpidAk; epHzak; nra;jJ. Kjy; ehd;F cWg;gpdHfshd fp.
fpNshthpq ;> khz;rd;> ghHLty; kw;Wk; gpypg;]; gpuhd;rp]; Nghd;NwhHfs; rl;lj;jpNyNa rl;
lj;jpNyNa nrhy;yg;gl;bUe;jJ.
 epHthf FO cWg;gpdHfspd; gjtpf;fhyk; Ie;J Mz;LfshFk;.
 tq;fhsj;jpd; ftHdh ; n[duypd ; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo ; nkl;uh]; kw;Wk; gk;gha; khfhzq ;fs;
itf;fg;gl;ld. NghH kw;Wk; mikjp Nghd;w tptfhuq;fspy; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik
nra;a ftHdH n[duYf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpahtpw;fhd xU cr;r ePjpkd;wj;ij cUthf;fpaJ. rH vyp[h ,k;Ng vd;gtH ,e;
jpahtpd; Kjy; cr;r ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjpahf epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lhH.
rl;lj;jpd; FiwghLfs;
 ,e;jpahtpw;fhf Mq;fpNyaHfspdhy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l rl;lq;fspd; kpf NkhrkhdJ vd;gJ
nrhy;yj;jf;f tifapdpy; vz;zw;w Fiwfisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
 ftHdH n[duy ; kw; Wk; fTd ; rpy; kw; Wk; cr ; r ePjpkd ; wk; Mfpa ,uz; bw; Fk; ,ilNa
mjpfhu tuk;ngy;iy KOiahf gphpf;fg;glhj fhuzj;jpdhy; ,t;tpuz;Lf;Fk; ,ilNa vg;
nghOJk; xU Nkhjy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 khfhzq;fs; KOikahd fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gltpy;iy.
 ,jd ; tpisthf Fiwfis eptHj ; jp nra ; tjw ; fhf 1781 -k; Mz ; L ePjpr ; rl; lk ;
epiwNtw ;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; %ykhf cr;r ePjpkd ;wk; kw;Wk; ftHdH n[duypd ;
fTd;rpy; ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilNa tuk;ngy;iy njspthf tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ.
 fk;ngdpapd; gFjpfs; Kjd; Kjyhf 1781-k; Mz;L rl;lj;jpdpy;jhd; ,e;jpahtpy;
,q;fpyhe;jpd; gFjpfs; vd;W Kjd; Kjyhf $wg;gl;lJ.
gpl; ,e;jpar; rl;lk; - 1784
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    
 ,q;fpyhe;jpd; gpujkuhd ,isa gpl; -bdhy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l rl;lk; vd;gTNPSC.News

jhy; gpl; ,e;jpa
rl;lk; vdg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; yz;ldpy; cs;s fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; jhaf muR
epHthfk; njhlHghdJ.
 ,J ,q;fpyhe;jpdpy; ,e;jp tptfhuq;fSf;fhdj; Jiwapid cUthf;fpaJ. ,J NghHL M/g;
fd;l;Nuhy; (Board of Control) fl;Lg;ghl;L FOtpidAk ; mjw;fhd jiytH gjtpiaAk ;
cUthf;fpaJ.
 ,af;FdH FOtpw;F fk;ngdp gzpaplq;fis epug;Gtjw;fhd mjpfhujijj; njhFj;jJ. (
Patronage)
 ,e;jpahtpy ; ftHdH n[duypd ; epHthf FO cWg;gpdHfspd ; vz;zpf;ifapid ehd;
fpypUe;J %d;whf Fiwj;jJ. fk;ngdp gilfspd; gilj; jsgjp mjdpy; xUtuhf ,Ug;ghH
.
 ,e;jpahtpdpy ; fk;ngdp tptfhuq ;fis ,af;FdHfs ; FO kw;wk; NghHL M/g; fd;l;Nuhy;
Mfpa ,uz;Lk; xU Nru fl;Lg;ghL nra;jJ. ,J ,ull;ilf; fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiw vd;wiof;
fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Kiwahd 1858-k; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR rl;lk; tiuapYk; ePbj;jJ.
 jiyaplhf; nfhs;ifapid gpd;gw;wTk;> jiyaPl;Lg; NghHfis jLf;fTk; toptif
nra;jJ.
gl;lar; rl;lk; - 1786
 fhud;thyp]; gpuGtpw ;F rpwg;G mjpfhuq ;fis toq;Ftjw;fhf epiwNtw ;wg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb
ftHn[duy; kw;Wk; uhZt gilj; jsgjp Mfpa ,uz;L gjtpf;Fk; ,tH xUth; trk; xg;
gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
 NghHL M/g; fd;l;Nuhypd; jiytH kw;Wk; mjd; cWg;gpdHfs; rk;gs nryTfs; ,e;jpa
tUthapypUe;J nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J gpd;dhspy; 1919 –k; Mz;L epWj;jg;gl;lJ.
 fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rp NkYk; 20 Mz;LfSf;F ePl;bg;G nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rp NkYk; 20 Mz;LfSf;F ePl;bg;G nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; thzpg KW;Whpik xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
 gphpl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s fk;ngdpapd; gFjpfspd; murpay; rhrd hPjpahd epiyapid
Kjd; Kjyhf njspthf tiuaiw nra;jJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; fy;tp tsHr;rpf;fhf Ntz;b Mz;L NjhWk; &.1>00>000/-
xJf;fL
P nra;a toptif nra;jJ.
 fk;ngdp gzpapdpy ; Nru Kd; gapw;rp fl;lhak ; vdf; $wpaJ . uhZt gapw;rpf;fhf mb];
Nfhk;Ng vd;Dk; ,lj;jpdpy; uhZt fy;Y}hpAk;> rptpy; gapw;rpf;fhf n`a;ypGHhpapYk ; xU
rptpy; fy;Y}hpapidAk; epWtpaJ.
 kjg; gpur;rhuk; nra;a fpUj;Jt rka gug;G rq;fq;fSf;F mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.

    
gl;lar; rl;lk; - 1833 TNPSC.News

 rPdhTldhd fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; Njapiy kw;Wk; xgpak; thzpg Kw;Whpik
xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,JtiuapYk; xU thzpg mikg;ghf ,Ue;j rp.rp. fk;ngdp jw;nghOJ Kw;wpYk; xU
murpay; epWtdkhf khwpaJ.
 tq;fhsj ;jpd; ftHdH n[duy; vd;w gjtpapd ; ngaH ,e;jpahtpd ; ftHdH n[duy; vd;W
ngaH khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. mjd;gb tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ftHdH
n[duyhf epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lhH.
 khfhzq ;fs; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuj ;ij ,oe;jd . ,e;jpah KOikf ;Fk; ftHdH n[
duypd ; epHthf FO rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wk;. vdNt khfhzq ;fs; rl;lk; ,aw;Wjypy ; Rje;
jpuj;ij ,oe;jd.
 ,e;jpahtpw ;F rl;lq;fis njhFg;gjw;fhf Ntz;b Xl;Lhpik ,y;yhky; ftHdH n[duypd;
epHthf FOtpdpy ; xU rl;l cWg;gpdH NrHf;fg;gl;lhH. nkf;fhNy gpuG Kjy; rl;l cWg;
gpduhf epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lhH. mtH rl;l Mizaj;jpd; jiytuhfTk ; epakdk; nra;ag;
gl;lhH.
 xw;iwahl;rp Kiw mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 ve;jtpjkhd ghugl;rkpd;wp ,e;jpaHfSf;Fk; fk;ngdpapy; gzpaplq;fs; toq;f toptif
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 kjk;> epwk; Nghd;w fhuzq;fisf; fhl;b fk;ngdpapd; gzpaplq;fSf;F ,e;jpah;fis
ghugl;rk; fhl;lf; $lhJ vd;W $wpaJ.
 mbik Kiwapid xopf;f toptif nra;ag;gl;L mjd;gb gpd;dH 1843-k; Mz;L ,e;
jpahtpy; mbik Kiw xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
gl;lar; rl;lk; 1853
 fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rp ePl;bg;G ve;jtpjkhd fhy epHzak; nrhy;yg;glhky; ePl;bg;G
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 tq;fhs khfhzj;ij epHthfk; nra;tjw;fhf Ntz;b mjd;nfd;W jdpj;j xU ftHdh; n[
duy; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lhH.
 ,jw;fhf ,e;jpahtpd; ftHdH n[duy; $Ljy; gzpahf tq;fhsj;jpd; ftHduhfTk ; nray;
gl;L te;jhH. vdNt Kjd; Kjyhf ftHdH n[duy; vt;tpjkhd $Ljy; nghWg ;
Gfs; ,y;yhky; ntWk; ftHdH n[duyhf kl;Lk; nray;gl;lhH.
 mt;tifapdpy; ly;n`srp gpuG ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ftHdH n[duyhf epakdk;
nra;ag;gl;lhH.
(tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuGtpw;Fk;> ly;n`srp gputpw;Fk; ,ilNa NtWghl;ilf; fhz;f)
 rl;l cWg;gpdH ftHdy; n[duy; epHthf FOtpd; KO cWg;gpduhf epakdk;
nra;ag;gl;lhH.
 ftHdH n[duy; rl;lkpaw;Wk; FOtpid cUthf;fpaJ. ,Jjhd; gpd;dhspy; gbg;gbahf ,e;
jpa rl;lkpaw;Wk; mit (m) ,k;gPhpay; rl;lkd;wk; (m) kj;jpa rl;lkd;wkhf gpd;
dhspy; cUg;ngw;wJ.
    
 fk;ngdpapd; gzpaplq ;fs; ,af;FdH FOtpdhy ; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;L tUk; Kiw xopf;
TNPSC.News
fg;gl;L> mjw;Fg; gjpyhf ,dp tUq;fhyq;fspy; Nghl;bj; NjHtpd; %yk; epakdk; nra;ag;
gLk; vd;W njhptpj;jJ.
 mjw;fhd nkf;fhNy gpuGtpd; jiyikapdpy; xU rptpy; rHtP]; fkp\id epakdk; nra;
jJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; rl;lq;fis kWMa;T nra;tjw;fhf ,q;fpyhe;jpy; xU rl;l fkp\id
epakdk; nra;jJ.
tpf;Nlhhpah Nguurpapd; gpufldk; - 1858
 ,e;jpag;ngUk; Gul;rp 1857 –f;Fg; gpwF fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rp 1858 –y; xopf;fg;
gl;L > gphpl ;b \; Nguurpapd ; fPo ; nfhz ;L tug;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa kf;fs; kw;Wk; RNjr kd;
dHfspd ; ek;gpf;ifapid ngwTk ;> Mq;fpNyaH Ml;rpapd; epiyg;ghl;bid njhptpf ;fTk;
xU gpufldj;ij ntspapl;lhH.
 ,g;gpufldk; 1858 –y; fhdpq; gpuGtpdhy; myfghj; jHghhpy; gpufldk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
 RNjr kd;dh;fspd; jj;Jf; nfhLf;Fk; chpik Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mtHfSld;
nra;Jf; nfhz;l xg;ge;jq;fs; kjpf;fg;gLk; vd;W nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpaHfSf;F gzpaplq;fs; toq;fTk;> kjr; Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gLtJk; mspf;fg;gl;
lJ. ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk; - 1858
 Nguurpapd; fPo; Ml;rp nfhz;Ltug;gl;lg; gpd;dH ,aw;wg;gl;l Kjy; rl;lk;
 ,jd;gb fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rp xopf;fg;gl;L Nguurpapd; fPo;f; nfhz;Ltug;gl;
lJ.  1784 –k; Mz;L Kjyhf ,Ue;J te;j ,ul;ilf; fl;Lg;ghLKiw xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
 NghHL M/g; fd;l;Nuhy; kw;Wk; mjd ; jiytH gjtp Nghd ;wit xopf;fg;gl;L mjw;Fg;
gjpyhf ,e;jpahtpw;fhd ntspAwTr; nrayhsH vd;w gjtp cUthf;fg;gl;L NghHL M/g;
fd ; l; Nuhypd ; filrp jiytuhd rH rhHy ]; Tl ; > ,e; jpahtpw ; fhf Kjy ; ntspAwT
nrayuhf epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lhH.
 ,g;gjtpf;fhd Cjpak; ,e;jpa tUthapypUe;J toq;fg;gLk; (1919 tiu)
 ,af;FdH FO xopf;fg;gl;L mJ ,e;jpa fTd;rpyhf cUkhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,J
,e;jpahtpw;fhd ntspAwT nrayhsUf;F MNyhrid toq;Fk; FOthf nray;gl;lJ.
 muRg; gzpaplq;fs; rptpy; rHtP]; Njh;tpd; %ykhf epakdk; nra;ag;gLk;.
 ftHdH n[duy; gjtpapd; ngaH itrpuha; vd;W khw;wk; ngw;wJ.
,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk; - 1861
 ,J kj;jpapYk;> khfhzq;fspYk; rl;lkd;wq;fis cUthf;fpaJ.
 itrpuhapd; rl;lkd;w FO kj;jpa rl;lkd;w FOthf epakdk; nra;jJ.
 Jiw rhHe;j Kiw my;yJ Nfgpndl; Kiw mwpKfk;.
 mtruepiy ruj;Jfs; Kjd; Kjyhf mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 gl;n[l; Kiw mwpKfk;.
 ml;tNfl; n[duy; gjtp cUthf;fk;.
,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk; - 1892

    
 kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F Kjd; Kjyhf NjHjy; vd;w gjj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jhJ NjHjy;

TNPSC.News
Nghd;w kiwKfkhd ruhk;rj;ij mwpKfk; nra;jJ.
 kj;jpa rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdHfs; epakdk; %ykhf epug;gl;lhh;fs;.
 khfhz rl;lkd;wq;fSf;fhd cWg;gpdHfs; cs;shl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; NjHT
nra;ag;gl;ldH.
,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk; - 1909
 ,J ftHdH n[duy; kpz;Nlh gpuG kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpw;fhd ntspAwTr; nrayhsH khHyp
gpuGtpdhy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. vdNt kpz;Nlh-khHyp rPHjpUj;jq;fs; vdg;gLfpwJ.
 Kjd; Kjyhf Neub NjHjy; Kiw mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 K];yPk;fSf;F tFg;Gthj ,lxJf;fl
P ;L Kiwapid mwpKfk; nra;jJ. vdNt K];yPk;
cWg;gpdHfis NjHT nra;a K];yPk; thf;fhsHfs; kl;LNk thf;fspj;J NjHT nra;tH.
 ftHdH n[duy; kw;Wk; ftHdhpd; epHthf FOtpdpy; Kjd; Kjyhf ,e;jpaHfs; epakdk;
nra;ag;gl;ldH.
 mt;tifapdpy; rj;Nae;jpu gpurhj; rpd;fh ftHdH n[duypd; epHthf FOtpdpy; epakdk;
nra;ag;gl;l Kjy; ,e;jpaH MthH.
,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk; - 1919
 ,r;rl;lkhdJ ftHdH n[duy; nry;k;]; NghHL kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpw ;fhd ntspAwTr ;
nrayhsH khz;NlF Nghd;Nwhuhy ; nfhz ;L tug;gl;lJ. vdNt ,J khz;NlF nry;k;];
NghHL rPHjpUj;jq;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 1917-k; Mz;L khz;NlF gpugptpdhy; gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;l khz;NlF gpufldk; (m) Mf
];l; gpufldk; ,r;rl;lj;jpd; Kd;Nehf;fkhf Vw;fdNt mwptpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
 ,J khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;ilahl;rp Kiwapid mwpKfk; nra;jJ.
 kj;jpapy; <uit rl;lkd;wj;ij mwpKfk; nra;jJ.
 khfhz gl;baypy; cs;s tptfhuq;fs; xJf;fg;gl;lit (khw;wg;gl;lit)> xJf;fg;glhjit
(khw;wg;glhjit) vd ,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpahtpw;fhd ntspAwT nrayhsUf;fhd Cjpak; ,e;jpa tUthapypUe;J
nfhLf;fg;gl;L te;j Kiw epWj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; tptfhuq;fSf;fhf> ,e;jpa murpdhy; yz;ldpy; ,e;jpa i` fkp\dH vd;w
gzpaplk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 Mbl;lH n[duy; vd;w gzpaplk; gjtp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 eNue;jpu kz;ly; vdg;gLk; RNjr kd;dHfspd; mitapid cUthf;f rl;l toptif nra;
ag;gl;lJ.
,e;jpar; muRr; rl;lk; - 1933
 ,e;jr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gLtjw;F Kd;ghf 1919 –k; Mz;L rl;lj;ij kWMa;T nra;tjw;fhf
epakdk; nra;ag;gl;l irkd; fkp\ddpd; mwpf;if> %d;W tl;lNkir khehLfspd ; epfo;
Tfs ;> 1932 g+dh xg;ge;jk;> gl;yH FOtpd ; mwpf ;ifg; Nghd ;w midj ;Jk; xUq;
fpizf;fg;gl;L ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk; 1935 –Mf nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

    
 ,e;jr; rl;lk; 1937 –k; Mz;L eilKiwf;F te;jJ.

TNPSC.News
 ,J khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;ilahl;rp Kiwapid xopj;jJ.
 kj;jpapdpy; ,ul;ilahl;rp Kiwapid mwpKfk; nra;jJ.
 gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa khfhzq;fs; kw;Wk; RNjr kd;dH rk];jhdq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw
cs;slf;fpa xU $l;lhl;rp / $l;likg;G Kiwapid mwpKfk; nra;jJ. Mdhy; RNjr
kd;dHfs; xg;Gjy; nfhLf;fhj fhuzj;jpdhy; ,r;rl;lj;jpd; $l;lhl;rp $W (my;yJ)
kj;jpa muR gFjpahdJ. ,Wjp tiuapYk; eilKiwf;F nfhz;Ltug;gltpy;iy.
 ,e;jpa hprHt; tq;fp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. (1935) $l;likg;gpw;fhd ePjpkd;wk; (Fader Court)
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,Jjhd; gpd;dhspy; cr;r ePjpkd;wkhf cUkhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,J 1937 –
y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb khfhzq;fSf;F jd;dhl;rp toq;fg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb 1937 –k; Mz;L
khfhzr; rl;lkd;wq;fSf;fhd NjHjy; eilg;ngw;wJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; cUthf;fk;

FRAMING OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;ghdJ murpay; eph;za rigahy; cUthf;fg;gl;L Vw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
 ke;jphprigapd; fhhpaj; jpl;lk; (Cabinet Mission) 1946d; gb murpay; eph;za rig 1946-k;
Mz;L etk;gh; khjk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,jd; mq;fj;jpdh;fs; khfhzr;rigfspd; (Provincial Assemblies) %ykhf xU kpy;ypad;
kf;fs; njhiff;F xUth; vd;w tpfjg;gb kiwKfkhf Njh;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;.
 murpay; eph;za rigapy; nkhj;jk; 389 cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Ue;jdh;. mth;fSs; 296 Nghh;
khfhzr; rigapd; cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;e;J vLf;fg;gl;lth;fs;. kw;wth;fs; murh;fshy;
Msg;gl;l khfhzq;fspdhy; (Princley States) epakpf;fg;gl;lth;fs;.
 ,jd; Kjy; MNyhridf; $l;lk; 1946 Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; khjk; 9Mk; ehs; rr;rpjhde;j
rpd;fhit ,ilf;fhyj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L eilngw;wJ.
 1946 Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; 11 Mk; ehs; lhf;lh; uhN[e;jpugpurhj; murpay; eph;zak; rigapd;
jiytuhfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
 tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j „Fwpf;Nfhs; jPh;khdk;‟ (Objective Resolution) gz;bl;
[t`h;yhy; NeU mth;fshy; murpay; eph;za rigapy; 1946k; Mz;L brk;gh; 13k; ehs;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
 murpay; eph;za rig 13 Kf;fpa FOf;fis murpay; mikg;ig cUthf;Ftjw;fhf
mikj;jJ.

    
 1947Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; 29k; ehs; tiuTf;FO lhf;lh; B. R. mk;Ngj;fhh; (gPkhuht; uhk;[p
TNPSC.News
mk;Ngj;fhh;) jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1947k; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; khjk; ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpd; Kjy; tiuT jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 tiuTf;FOtpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; tiuT 1948Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthp
21k; ehs; mitj; jiythplk; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1948k; Mz;L etk;gh; 15 Kjy; 1949k; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 17 tiu ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd;
tiuT xt;nthU \uj;Jf;fshf ghprPyidf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
 1949k; Mz;L etk;gh; 26k; ehs; ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G ,e;jpa kf;fshy; murpay;
eph;za rigapd; %ykhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L rl;lkhf ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G murpay; eph;za rigahy; mjd; filrp ehshd 1950k; Mz;L
[dthp 24k; ehs; mjd; cWg;gpdh;fshy; ifnaOj;jplg;gl;lJ.
 1950Mk; Mz;L [dthp 26k; ehs; ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G KOtJkhf eilKiwf;F
te;jJ.
 ,e;jf;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; murpay; eph;za rig jw;fhypf ghuhSkd;wkhf nray;gl;lJ.
(1947 Mf];l; 15> 1949 etk;gh; 26).
 ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Ng cyfpd; KjyhtJ ePskhd murpayikg;ghf fUjg;gl;lJ.
 Muk;gj;jpy; ,t;turpayikg;G 22 gphpTfisAk; 395 xg;ge;jq;fisAk; 8
ml;ltizfisAk; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
 murpay; Kiw eph;zak; nra;af;$ba rig murpay; mikg;ig cUthf;f 2 tUlq;fs;
11 khjq;fs; kw;Wk; 18 ehl;fis vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
 ,jw;fhf 6.4 Nfhb &gha; muRg;gzk; nrytopf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Njrpaf;nfhbapd; tiuglk; murpay; eph;za rigahy; 1947k; Mz;L [_iy khjk; 22k;
ehs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
 Njrpa fPjk; murpay; eph;za rigahy; 1950Mk; Mz;L [dthp 24k; ehs; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; eph;za rig 1949k; Mz;L etk;gh; khjk; 26k; ehs; ,e;jpa
ghuhSkd;wkhf khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 jdJ nrhe;j murpayikg;igf; nfhz;l xNu ,e;jpa khepyk; [k;K fh\;kPh.;
 1952k; Mz;L ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;fhd Kjy; Njh;jy; eilngw;wJ.
 1951k; Mz;L ,e;jpa murpayikg;G Kjd;Kiwahf jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.
 1991k; Mz;L nly;yp ,e;jpahtpd; jiyefug; gFjpahf;fg;gl;lJ.
 fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapdhy; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; tiuT jahhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w
Nfhhpf;if 1935k; Mz;L murpay; Kiw eph;zak; nra;af;$ba rigapy; vOg;gg;gl;lJ.
 Mq;fpNya muR ,f;Nfhhpf;ifis 1940k; Mz;L Mf];l; nfhilapd; NghJ Vw;Wf;
nfhz;lJ.

    
 K];yPk; rPf;fpah;fs; kw;Wk; nghJg;gphptpdh; MfpNahUf;F mth;fspd; kf;fs; njhif tpfpjg;

TNPSC.News
gb ,lq;fs; xJf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1947k; Mz;L [_d; 3k; Njjpapy; nksd;l;ghl;ld; gpuGtpd; jpl;lg;gb ghfp];jhd; ehl;bd; gphpTk;
me;ehl;bw;fhd jdpahd murpay; Kiw eph;zak; nra;af;$ba rigAk; mwptpf;fg;gl;
ld.
 ,jd; njhlh;r;rpahf ghfp];jhd; ehl;bw;Fl;gl;l gFjpfshd fpof;F tq;fk;> tlNkw;F vy;iy
khfhzk ;> Nkw;F gQ;rhg;> rpe;J > gYrp ]; jhd ;> m];] hkpd ; rpy;nfl ; khtl ;lk; Mfpatw ;
wpypUe ;J Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fs; ,e;jpa murpay ; Kiw eph;zak; nra;af;$ ba
rigapd; cWg;gpdh;fshf fUjg;gltpy;iy.
 tlNkw;F vy;iy khfhzk; kw;Wk; rpy;nfl; Mfpait nghJ [d thf;nfLg;gpd; %yk; ghfp
];jhdplNk ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Mifahy; gphptpidf;F gpwF ,e;jpa murpay; Kiw eph;zak; nra;af;$ba rigapd;
cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 299 Mf Fiwe;jJ.
 Murpay; Kiw eph;zak; nra;af;$ba rigapd; Kjy; MNyhridf; $l;lk; K];yPk; yPf;
fhy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 jpU. B. N. uht; murpay; Kiw eph;zak; nra;af;$ba rigapd; rl;l MNyhrfuhf epakpf;
fg;gl;lhh;.
 tiuTf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; N. NfhghyRthkp Ia;aq;fhh;> my;yhjp fpU\;zRthkp Ia;ah;
K. M. Kd;\p KfkJ rJy;yh P. L. kpl;lh; (gpd;dh; ,tUf;Fg;gjpyhf N. khjt;uht; epakpf;fg;
gl;lhh;) kw;Wk; T. P. nfa;jhd; (,th; 1948y; ,we;jjhy; ,tUf;Fg; gjpyhf T. T. fpU\;zkhr;
rhhp epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.)
 lhf;lh; B. R. mk;Ngj;fhh; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; je;ij vd;wiof;fg;gl;lhh;.
 394k; xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb> FbAhpik > Njh;jy;> ghuhSkd ;wk;> jw;fhypf kw;Wk; khwf;$ba cld;
gbf;iffis nfhz;l tpjpfs; (Articles) 5> 6> 7> 8> 9> 60> 324> 366> 367> 379> 380> 388> 391>
392 kw;Wk; 393 Mfpait ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G Vw;W;f nfhs;sg;gl;l ehs; Kjy; (1949
etk;gh; 26) mkYf;F te;jd. kw;w cld;gbf;iffs; ,e;jpa murpayikg ;G njhlq;fg;gl;l
ehs; Kjy; (1950 [dthp 26) mkYf;F te;jd.
 395tJ xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb ,e;jpa muRr;rl;lk; 1935 kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Rje;jpur; rl;lk; 1947
Mfpatw;Wf;F gjpyhf murpay; mikg;G nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ,ay;G (NATURE OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION)
1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G xU KO $l;lhl;rp ehL my;y
2. ,J xU miuFiw $l;lhl;rp
murpay; mikg;gpd; Mjhuq;fs;

SOURCE OF THE CONSTITUTION

    
,e;jpa muRr;rl;lk;: 1935 (GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1935)

TNPSC.News
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gFjpf;F Nky; ,e;jpa muRr;rl;lk; 1935y;
,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
 murpaypd; mbg;gil mikg;G> khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspilNaahd cwT>
mtru epiyg;gpufldk;> $l;lhl;rp Kiw> $l;lhl;rp jj;Jtj;Jld; $ba ePjpj;Jiw kw;Wk;
MSehpd; mYtyfk; njhlh;ghd cld;gbf;iffs; ,r;rl;lj;jpypUe;J vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
mnkhpf;f murpayikg;G (THE US CONSTITUTION)
 FbauRj; jiytiu KbTfs; vLf;ff;$ba jiytuhfTk; Kg;gilfspd; jiytuhfTk;
epakpj;jy;> Jizf; FbauRj;jiytiu khepyq;fs; mitapd; MNyhrid
rigj;jiytuhf epakpj;jy;> mbg;gil chpikfspd; kPjhd kNrhjh> ePjpj;Jiwapd;
Rje;jpuk;> rl;lk; njhlh;ghd kW ghprPyid> KfTiu kw;Wk; cr;rePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk;
cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjpfis ePf;Fjy; Mfpait njhlh;ghd cld;ghLfs;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;
Mq;fpNya murpayikg;G (BRITISH CONSTITUTION)

 rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; eilKiwfs;> rl;lj;jpd; tpjpKiwfs;> xw;iw FbAhpik Kiw kw;Wk;
mikr;rh;fSf;fhd nghWg;Gfisf; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiw
fdlhtpd; murpayikg;G (CANADIAN CONSTITUTION)
 khepyq;fs; ,ilNaahd cwT> kj;jpa muRf;Fk; khepyq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa
mjpfhuq;fis gfph;e;jspg;gJ> (Residuary List) typikahd kj;jpa muRld; $ba
$l;likg;G kw;Wk; vQ;rpa mjpfhuq;fis kj;jpa murplNk xg;gilg;gJ Mfpait
njhlh;ghd cld;gbf;iffs;.
Ihp\; murpayikg;G (IRISH CONSTITUTION)
 murhq;fj;jpd; topfhl;Lk; newpKiwfs;> FbauRj;jiytiu Njh;e;njLf;Fk; Kiw>
khepyq;fsitapd; cWg;gpdh;fis FbauRj;jiyth; epakpj;jy;.
n[h;kdpapd; nta;kh; murpayikg;G (WEIMAR CONSTITUTION OF GERMANY)
 mtru epiy gpufldj;jpd; NghJ mbg;gil chpikfis jw;fhypfkhf ePf;Fk;
cld;ghLfs;.
M];jpNuypa murpayikg;G (AUSTRALIAN CONSTITUTION)
 xd;Nwhnlhd;W xj;Jg;Nghfpd;w nghJg;gl;bay; kw;Wk; tpahghuk; tzpfk; kw;Wk; ghpkhw;wk;>
xj;Jiog;NghL $ba $l;lhl;rp kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;w Kd;Dhpikfs; Mfpait njhlh;ghd
cld;gbf;iffs;.
Kd;Diu
    
(THE PREAMBLE) TNPSC.News
 murpayikg;gpd; Kd;Diu murpay; eph;za rigahy; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;ba Kf;fpa

Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mikj;J nfhLj;jJ.
 gz;bl; NeU mth;fshy; njhptpf;fg;gl;l Fwpf;Nfhs; jPh;khdNk murpayikg;gpd;
Kd;diuahdJ.
 cr;r ePjp kd;wj;jpd; ghh;itapy; ,k;Kd;DiuahdJ> ,e;jpa murpayikg;ig
cUthf;fpath;fspd; kdq;fis jpwe;J njhpe;J nfhs;s cjTk; rhtp Nghd;W
fUjg;gl;lJ.
 ,J ,e;jpa kf;fspd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; (Ideals)> MirfisAk; (Aspirations)
cs;slf;fpaJ.
 Murpayikg;G (42tJ jpUj;jk;) rl;lk; 1976 ,e;j Kd;Diuia khw;wp „rkj;Jt‟
kjr;rhh;gw;w kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j vd;Dk; thh;j;ijfis mjDld; Nrh;j;jJ.
 Kd;Diu ePjpf;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ MFk;.
 ,k;Kd;Diu murpayikg;gpd; Fwpg;gpl;l cld;ghLfis myl;rpak; nra;a KbahJ.
Kd;Diu:
,e;jpa kf;fshfpa ehq;fs; ,e;jpahit ,iwahz;ik kpf;f> rkj;Jt>
kjr;rhh;gw;w> [dehaf Fbaurhf fl;b vOg;GNthk; vd;W cWjp nfhs;fpNwhk;.
NkYk; r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay;> ePjp> fUj;Jr;Rje;jpuk;> fUj;ij
ntspapLk; Rje;jpuk;> ek;gpf;if ve;j kjj;ijak; gpd;gw;Wk; kw;Wk; topgLk;
Rje;jpuk;> midtUf;Fk; rk me;j];J kw;Wk; tha;g;G Mfpait midj;J
Fbkf;fSf;Fk; toq;fg;gLk;. jdpkdpj khpahijia kjpf;Fk; xw;WikAk;>
xUikg;ghLk; rNfhjuj;JtKk; cila ,e;jpahit cUthf;FNthk;. vq;fsJ
murpay; eph;za rigapy; nra;af;$ba ,e;j 1949Mk; Mz;L etk;gh; 26Mk; ehs;
,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L rl;lkhf ,aw;wg;gl;L vq;fSf;F
toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;jpa khepyq;fSk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk;

(THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY: PART – I)
 ghujkhfpa ,e;jpahthdJ khepyq;fspd; If;fpakhFk; (Union of States) vd;w tpjp 1

$Wfpd;wJ.
 ,e;jpahthdJ $l;lhl;rp mjpfhuj;ij kj;jpa muRld; gfph;e;J nfhs;Sk; khepyq;fis
cs;slf;fpaJ.

    
 ,e;jpahtdJ rpijaf;$ba khepyq;fisf; nfhz;l rpijf;f Kbahj If;fpak; MFk;. 

TNPSC.News
tpjp - 3> Gjpa khepyq;fspd; cUthf;fk; khepyq;fspd; vy;iyfs;> gug;gsT> kw;Wk;
ngah;fis khw;wp mikg;gNj gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wJ.
 ghuhSkd ;wk; rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ik ngWtjd ; %yk; Gjpa khepyq ;fis cUthf ;fTk;
Vw; fdNt ,Uf; Fk; khepyq ; fspd ; vy; iyfs ; > gug ; gsT kw; Wk; ngah ; fis khw ;
wpaikf;fTk; KbAk;.
 FbauRj;jiyth; rpghhpR> nra;jhyd;wp Gjpa khepyq;fis cUthf;fNth Vw;fdNt ,
Uf;Fk; khepyq ;fspd ; vy;iyfs ;> gug;gsT > ngah ;fs; Mfpatw ;iw khw;wp mikf ;fNth
NfhUk; kNrhjhit ghuhSkd;w mitfspy; mwpKfg;gLj;j KbahJ.
 jw;NghJ 28 khepyq;fSk;> 7 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk; cs;sd.
 1952 k; Mz ;L etk ;gh; 17Mk; ehs; Kjy ; mkYf ;F te;j tpjp -370d; gb [k;K fh\;kPh ;
khepyk ; rpwg;G me;j]; J ngw;Ws;sJ. ,k;khepyj ;jpd; jdpahd murpayikg ;G [k;
Kfh\;kPhpd; murpay; eph;za rigahy; tiuag;gl;L 1957> [dthp 26 Kjy; mkYf;F te;
jJ.
khepyq;fspd; kW fl;likg;G
 Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpwnkhop thhpahf khepyq ;fis kWfl ;likg ;G nra;a Ntz;Lnkd ;w
Nfhhpf;if gy gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; vOk;gpaJ. Nkhopthhpahf khepyq;fis khw;wpaikf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;w Nfhhpf;ifia Ma;T nra;tjw;fhf 1947 Mk; Mz;L etk;gh; khjk; SK jhh;
fkp\id kj;jpa muR mikj;jJ.
 jhh ; fkp \ dpd ; ghpe ; Jiufis ghprPyid nra ; a 1948 Mk ; Mz ; L n[a; g; G+h; efhpy ;
eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpd; NghJ %d;W cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz;l FO xd;W mikf;
fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j FOtpd; %d;W cWg;gpdh;fspd; ngauhy; ,f;FO n[tpgp (JVP) FO vd;
W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ([t`h;yhy; NeU> ty;yggha; gNly;> gl;lhgp rpj;juhikah).
 khepyq;fis kWfl;likg;G nra;a nkhopapid mbg;gilahf nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w
Nfhhpf;ifia ,f;FO epuhfhpj;jJ.
 NkYk; ,f;FO ghJfhg ;G> xw;Wik kw;Wk; nghUshjhutsh ;r;rp MfpaitNa kWfl;
likg;gpw;fhd Nehf;fq;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $wpaJ. ,jd; ghpe;Jiufis fhq;
fpu ]; nraw ; FO 1949 Mk ; Mz ; L Vw; Wf ; nfhz ; lJ . Mdhy ; nkhopthhpahf
khepyq;fis gphpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhhpf;if njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Fwpg;ghf njYq;F NgRk;
gFjpfspy; typAWj;jg;gl;lJ.
 njYq;F NgRk; gFjpfspy; Vw;gl;l Gul;rpapd; tpisthf njYq;F NgRk; gFjpfis kWfl;
likg;G nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhhpf;ifia fhq;fpu]; Vw;W Me;jpug;gpuNjr khepyj;ij
1953Mk; Mz;L mikj;jJ.
 ,g;gpur;rpidia KOikahf Ma;R nra;a ,e;jpa muR jpU. /ghry; myp vd;gthpd;
jiyikapy; khepy kWfl;likg;G Ma;Tf;FOtpid 1953Mk; Mz;L mikj;jJ.
 `hpjaehj;Fd;]; U kw;Wk; Nf. vk;. gdpf;fh; MfpNahh; ,f;FOtpd; kw;w cWg;gpdh;fshth;.
1955Mk; Mz;L rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;l ,f;FOtpd ; mwpf ;ifapy ; nkhopthhpahf khepyq ;fis
khw;wpaikf;Fk; Nfhhpf;if Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
    
 gy;NtW tiffspyhd 27 khepyq;fis 16 khepyq;fshfTk; 3 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fshfTk;

TNPSC.News
khw;wpaikf;f ,f;FO ghpe;Jiu nra;jJ.
 ,f;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufis mkyhf;Ftjw;fhf ,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wk;> khepy
kWf;fl;likg;Gr; rl;lk;> 1956 vd;Dk; rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpaJ.
,e;jpa khepyq;fSk;> A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk;

(THE STATES AND THE UNION TERRITORIES OF INDIA)
khepyk; / kf;fs; fy;tp khepyj;jpd;

jiyefuk;
A+dpad; gpuNjrk; njhif mwpT nkhop
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; i`juhghj; 75727541 61.11 njYq;F> cUJ
mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk; <lhefh; 1091117 54.74 nkhdgh> mfh> kprp
m];]hk; jp];g+h; 26638407 64.28 m];]hkpd; gq;fyh
gPfhh; ghl;dh 8287179 47.33 ,e;jp
rl;b];fh; uha;G+h; 20795956 65.18 ,e;jp
Nfhth ghdh;[p 1343998 82.32 nfhq;fdp> Nghh;j;Jfyp
F[uhj; fhe;jpefh; 50596992 69.97 F[uhj;jp
`hpahdh rz;bfh; 21082989 68.59 ,e;jp
`pkhryg;gpuNjrk; rpk;yh 6077248 77.13 ,e;jp> gfhhp
[k;Kfh\;kPh; =efh; 10069917 54.46 fh\;kPhp> lhh;fp> cUJ>
ylhf;fp
[hh;fz;l; uhQ;rp 26909428 54.13 ,e;jp
fh;ehlfh ngq;fSh; 52733958 67.04 fd;dlk;
Nfush jpUtde;jGuk; 3183619 90.92 Kiyahsk;
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; Nghghy; 60385118 64.11 ,e;jp
kfhuh\;buh Kk;ig 96752247 77.27 kuhj;jp
kzpg;G+h; ,k;ghy; 2388634 68.87 kzpg;G+hp
Nkfhyah \py;yhq; 2306069 63.31 fhrp> fhNuh> n[ae;jpah
kpNrhuk; ma;];thy; 891058 88.49 kpNrh> Mq;fpyk;
ehfhye;J Nfh`pkh 1988636 67.11 M];]hkP];> ehfh>
Mq;fpyk;
Xhprh GtNd];th; 36706920 63.61 Xhpah
gQ;rhg; rz;bfh; 24289296 69.95 gQ;rhgp> ,e;jp
uh[];jhd; n[a;g;G+h; 56473122 61.03 ,e;jp> uh[];jhdp
rpf;fpk; fhq;lhf; 540493 69.68 Nyg;fh> G+l;bahNeghyp
jkpo;ehL nrd;id 62110839 73.47 jkpo;

    
jphpGuh mfhjyh 3191168 73.66 gq;fyh> kzpg;G+hp

TNPSC.News
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; yf;Ndh 166052859 57.36 ,e;jp
cj;juhQ;ry; Nluh^d; 8479562 72.28 ,e;jp
Nkw;Ftq;fk; nfhy;fj;jh 80221171 69.72 gq;fsh
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs;
(UNION TERRITORIES)
khepyk; / kf;fs; fy;tp khepyj;jpd;

jiyefuk;
A+dpad; gpuNjrk; njhif mwpT nkhop
me;jkhd; Nghh;l/
; gpNsh; 356265 81.18 me;jkhdp
epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs;
rz;bfh; rz;bfh; 900914 81.76 ,e;jp> gQ;rhgp
jhj;uhehfh;`Ntyp Rpy;t];]h 220451 60.03 kuhj;jp> F[uhj;jp>
nfhq;fdp> &yp
lhkd;> ilA+ lhkd; 158059 81.09 kuhj;jp> F[uhj;jp
nly;yp (Njrpa nly;yp 13782976 81.82 ,e;jp> cUJ> gQ;rhgp
jiyefh;
gpuNjrk;)
yl;rj;jPTfs; ftuj;jp 60595 87.52 kiyahsk;> k`hy;yk;
ghz;br;Nrhp ghz;br;Nrhp 973829 81.49 jkpo;> gpnuQ;R
,e;jpah GJnly;yp 1027015247 65.38 Ml;rpnkhop ,e;jp
FbAhpik
(CITIZENSHIP – PART – II)
gpd;tUk; Ie;J Kiwfspd; %yk; ,e;jpa FbAhpikiag; ngwyhk;
 gpwg;gpd; %yk; (By Birth)
 guk;giuapd; %uk; (By Desent)
 gjptpd; %yk; (By Registration)
 Fbkf;fshf Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; (By Naturalisation)
 gpuNjrq;fspd; xd;wpizg;gpd; %yk; (By incorporation of Territories)
FbAhpikia ,of;Fk; %d;W Kiwfs; (Three modes of losing Citizenship)

 Jwj;jy; (Renunciation): FbAhpikia jhdhf Kd;te;J Jwg;gJ
 KbTf;F tUjy; (Termination): rl;lj;jpdhy; FbAhpik KbTf;F tUjy;

    
 ePf;Fjy; (Deprivation): jtwhd topfis gpd;gw;wp gjpT Kiwapd; %yNkh

TNPSC.News
my;yJ Fbkf;fshf Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Kiwapd; %yNkh ngw;w FbAhpikia
fl;lhakhf KbTf;F nfhz;L tUjy;
mbg;gil chpikfs;
(FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS (PART – III)
1. murpayikg;gpd; %d;whk; gFjp (PART – III) mbg;gil chpikfspd; gl;baiy

nfhz;bUf;fpwJ
 ,e;jpa muRr;rl;lk; 1935 f;Fk; jw;nghOJs;s murpay; mikg;gpw;Fk; cs;s kpf
Kf;fpakhd tpj;jpahrk; ,e;j mbg;gil chpikfNs MFk;.
 Murpayikg;gpd; ,e;j mj;jpahakhdJ ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gilfSs;
xd;W. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; %d;whk; gFjp murpayikg;gpd; %iyf;fy;
(Cornerstone) vd;Wk; ehd;fhk; gFjpNahL (murhq;fj;jpd; topfhl;Lk; newpKiwfs;)
Nrh;j;J murpayikg;gpd; kdrhl;rp (Conscience) vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 kf;fshy; muRf;F toq;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fspd; Mf;fpukpg;gpy; ,Ue;J kf;fspd;
chpikfisAk;> Rje;jpuq;fisAk; fhg;ghw;w mbg;gil chpikfs; mtrpakhdit
MFk;.
 ,t;tbg;gil chpikfshdJ murpd; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; kw;Wk; KbntLf;Fk;
mjpfhuq;fspd; vy;iyfshFk;.
 ,e;j chpikfs; jdpkdpjdpd; mbg;gil chpikfshf fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
 Vnddpy;> ,it xU kdpjd; mwpT> xOf;fk; kw;Wk; Md;kh Mfpait rhh;e;j
me;j];jpid mila ,it mtrpaj;NjitahFk;.
 mbg;gil chpikfspd; mwptpg;ghdJ kf;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;L cs;s rpy
Rje;jpuq;fis kjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W muRf;F epidT+l;LfpwJ.
 Kdpjdpd; muir tpl rl;lj;jpd; muir mikg;gNj mbg;gil chpikfisg;
gw;wpa mj;jpahaj;ij ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;NghL Nrh;jjjd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
 mbg;gil chpikfshdJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l chpikfs; MFk;. mit jdp
kdpjh;fSf;F kpifg;gbahd mjpfhuq;fis toq;Ftjpy;iy.
 17-tJ kw;Wk; 24-tJ tpjpfs; tiuaiwaw;w chpikfs; MFk;. mjhtJ
KOikahd chpikfs; (Absolute Rights)
 ghugl;rj;jpw;F vjpuhd chpik (tpjp 15 (2) jPz;lhikf;F vjpuhd chpik (tpjp 17)
kw;Wk; Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd chpik (tpjp 23 kw;Wk; 24) Mfpait
jdpkdpjh;fSf;F vjpuhfTk; epiwNtw;wg;glf; $bait mFk;.
 ,e;jpahtpd; midj;J rl;lq;fisAk;> rl;l rk;ge;jkhd kWghprPyid nra;a tpjp
13 toptFf;fpd;wJ (Judicial Review)

    
 rl;lg;G+h;tkhd kWghprPyid (Judicial Review) vd;gJ ve;j rl;lkhtJ ,e;jpa

TNPSC.News
murpayikg;gpd; %d;whtJ gphptpypUe;J NtWgl;L my;yJ Kuz;gl;L ,Ue;jhy;
mr;rl;lj;ij murpay; mikg;G rhuhjJ vd;W mwptpf;f cr;r ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk;
cah;ePjp kd;wq;fSf;Fk; cs;s mjpfhukhFk;.
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rpy Fwpg;gpl;l #o;epiyfspy; jhdhfNt mbg;gil
chpikfis jw;fhypfkhf ePf;Ftjw;F Njitahd cld;gbf;iffisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. cjhuzkhf tpjp 352d; fPo; mtru epiy gpufldj;jpd; nghJ
mbg;gil chpikfis jw;fhypfkhf ePf;fpf; nfhs;syhk; (mjhtJ Nghh; my;yJ
ntspehLfspd; Mf;fpukpg;G)
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; tpjp 359d; fPo; FbauRj; jiyth; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l my;yJ
midj;J mbg;gil chpikfisAk; mtru epiy gpufldj;jpd; NghJ xU
ntspg;gilahd mwptpg;gpd; %yk; jw;fhypfkhf epWj;jp itf;f KbAk;.
 44tJ jpUj;jr;rl;lk; (1978): mtru epiy gpufldj;jpd; NghJ $l tpjp 20 kw;Wk;
21 Mfpatw;iw jw;fhypfkhf uj;J nra;tij (Fw;wj;jpw;fhfj;
jz;bf;fg;gLtjpypUe;J fhj;jy; kw;Wk; thOk; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l chpikfis
fhj;jy;) jilnra;fpd;wJ.
1. rkj;Jt chpik: (RIGHT TO EQUALITY: 14-18)
tpjp 14: EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW & EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAW.
 xU murhdJ ve;j xU jdp kdpjDf;Fk; “rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk;”
vd;gijNah midj;J rl;lq;fSf;Fk; ghJfhg;G mspg;gijNah kWf;f KbahJ vd;W
$WfpwJ.
mbg;gil chpik tiffs;: (Classification of Fundamental Rights):

mbg;gil chpikfspy; 6 FOf;fs; cz;L: * rkj;Jt chpik (tpjp 14-18) * Rje;jpu
chpik (tpjp 19-22) * Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd chpik (tpjp 23 & 24) * kj chpik
(tpjp 25 – 28) * gz;ghL kw;Wk; fy;tp chpikfs; (tpjp 29 kw;Wk; 30) * rl;lg;gb
ghpfhuk; NjLk; chpik (tpjp 32)
tpjp 15: (PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINTION ON THE GROUNDS OF RELIGION,

RACE, CASTE,
SEX OR PLACE OF BIRTH)
15(1) ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 15k; tpjp kjk;> ,dk;> [hjp> ghypdk; kw;Wk; gpwg;gplk;
Mfpatw;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ghugl;rj;ij jilnra;fpd;wJ.
 tpjp 15> xU muR ve;j xU FbkfidAk; kjk;> [hjp> ghypdk; kw;Wk; gpwg;gplk;
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; kl;Lk; ghugl;rkhf elj;jf;$lhJ vd;W mwpTWj;Jfpd;wJ.
tpjp tpyf;Ffs;:
    
15 (3) Foe;ijfSf;fhfTk;> ngz;fSf;fhfTk; rpwg;G rYiffs; toq;fyhk;.

TNPSC.News
15 (4) r%fk; kw;Wk; fy;tp hPjpahf gpd;jq;fpath;fSf;fhf [hjp mbg;gilapy; ,l
xJf;fL
P toq;fyhk;.
tpjp 16: (EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY IN MATTERS OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT)
 nghJ Ntiy tha;g;G njhlh;ghd tp\aq;fspy; midtUf;Fk; rk tha;g;G
16 (1) ve;j xU FbkfDk; kjk;> [hjp> ghypdk;> guk;giu> gpwg;gplk; my;yJ trpg;gplk; Mfpatw;
wpd;
mbg;gilapy; khepy murpd; Ntiy tha;g;GfSf;F jFjpapy;yhjtuhf fUjg;glNth my;
yJ
ghugl;rkhf elj;jg;glNth $lhJ.
tpjp tpyf;Ffs;:
16 (3) ,Ug;gplj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,lxJf;fL
P Ntiy thag;Gfspy; mspf;fg;glyhk;
(Residence)
16 (4) r%f kw;Wk; fy;tp hPjpahf gpd; jq;fpath;fSf;F [hjpthhpahf ,lxJf;fPL toq;fyhk;
(Reservation)
16 (5) kjj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Ntiytha;g;Gfspy; ,lxJf;fPL toq;fyhk; (Religion)
tpjp 17: jPz;lhik xopg;G (ABOLITION OF UNTOUCHABILITY)
 jPz;lhik xopf;fg;gl;L> mij ve;j tbtpYk; nray;gLj;JtJ jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
 rl;lj;jpd;gb jPz;lhik vd;gJ jz;lidf;Fhpa Fw;wkhFk;
 murpayikg;Ng ,e;j tpjpapd; fPo; ve;j xU jz;lidiaAk; eph;zapf;ftpy;iy
 jPz;lhikf;fhd tuaiw ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; ,y;iy
 jPz;lhik xopg;Gr; rl;lk; 1955> ,J 1976-y; jpUj;jg;gl;L ,e;jpa FbAhpikapay; rl;lk;
vd;W $wg;gl;lJ
tpjp 18: gl;lq;fspd; xopg;G (ABOLITION OF TITLES)
 ,uhZtk; my;yJ fy;tpapy; rpwg;G epiy Mfpait jtpu NtW ve;j gl;lq;fisAk; -
muR mspf;f KbahJ
 ,e;jpahtpd; ve;j FbkfDk; may;ehLfspd; gl;lq;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$lhJ
 murpd; fPo; Ntiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; may;ehLfisr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; me;ehLfspy; ,Ue;J
mDkjpapd;wp gl;lq;fs; ngWtijAk; ,J jil nra;fpd;wJ
 tpjp 18> Fw;wj;jpw;fhd ve;j jz;lidiaAk; eph;zapf;ftpy;iy
 jz;lidf;fhd rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F cs;sJ
 ghuj uj;dh> gj;k tpG+\d;> gj;k= Nghd;w gl;lq;fs; mspg;gJ tpjp 18I kPwpajhfhJ
2. Rje;jpu chpik: tpjp 19 : [dehaf chpikfs; (DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS)
 murpayikg;gpd; 19k; tpjp ,e;jpa Fbkf;fSf;F gpd;tUk; 6 mbg;gil chpikfs; / Rje;
jpuq;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
 Ngr;Rhpik kw;Wk; fUj;ij ntspapLk; chpik
 Mikjpahf MAjq;fspy;yhky; $Lk; chpik
    
 Fofk; my;yJ FOf;fis cUthf;Fk; chpik

TNPSC.News
 ,e;jpa gpuNjrj;jpd; ve;j gFjpf;F Ntz;LkhdhYk; NghFk; chpik
 ,e;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpd; vg;gFjpapy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; trpf;Fk; my;yJ FbNaWk; chpik
 nrhj;Jhpik (44tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1978 My; ePf;fg;gl;L tpjp 300 Af;F khw;wg;gl;lJ)
 ve;j tpj Ntiy> tpahghuk; kw;Wk; njhopy; elj;Jk; chpik
tpjp 19y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s 6 mbg;gil Rje;jpuq;fSk; KOikahdit my;y. ehl;bd;

ghJfhg;G> may;ehLfSld; el;GwT> nghJ xOq;F> khpahij> xOf;fKiw> ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;G>
mguhjk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; epahakhd epge;jidfis muR tpjpf;f KbAk;.
tpjp 20 : Fw;wq;fSf;fhf jz;bf;fg;gLtjpypUe;J ghJfhg;G

(PROTECTION IN RESPECT OF CONVICTION FOR OFFENCES)
,e;j ghJfhg;G gpd;tUk; 3 tifahd jz;lidfSf;F vjpuhdjhFk;.
fle;j fhy epfo;rr
; pfSf;Fk; nghUe;jf;$ba rl;lk; (EX-POST FACTO LEGISLATION)
 ,jw;F xU rl;lk; ,aw;wp mij Kd; Njjpapl;L mky; gLj;JtJ vd;W nghUs;
 ,e;j mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F murpayikg;ghy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ
 ,J r%ftpay; rl;lq;fSf;F kl;Lk; nghUe;Jk;> Fw;wtpay; rl;lq;fis Kd; Njjpapl;L
mky;gLj;j KbahJ
,ul;il jz;lid (DOUBLE JEOPARDY)
 xU kdpjd; xU Fw;wj;jpw;fhf xNu xU Kiw kl;LNk jz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; NkYk;
mjpfhuj;jpy; ,Ug;gthpdhy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpw;F kl;LNk jz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
 xU r%f mYtyh; Fw;wj;jpw;fhf Ntiyapy; ,Ue;J epue;jukhf ePf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; mJ
,ul;il jz;lidapd; fPo; tuhJ. NkYk; mth; kPJ ePjp kd;wj;jpYk; tof;F njhluyhk;
jd;id rk;ge;jg;gLj;Jtjw;F my;yJ cl;gLj;Jtjw;F vjpuhd jil
(PROHIBITION AGAINST SELF NATION)
 Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l vtUk; mtUf;F vjpuhfNt rhl;rp nrhy;y fl;lhag; gLj;jg;glf;$lhJ
 Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l vtUk; mf;Fw;wk; ep&gpf;fg;gLk; tiu epuguhjpahfNt fUjg;gLthh;
vd;gNj Fw;wtpay; rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gil nfhs;ifahFk;
tpjp 21: thOk; chpik kw;Wk; jdpkdpj Rje;jpuk; (PROTECTION OF LIFE AND
PERSONALIBERTY)
 rl;lj;jhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l eilKiwfspd; gb my;yhky; vthplk; ,Ue;Jk; thOk; chpik
kw;Wk; jdpkdpj Rje;jpuq;fis gwpf;f ,ayhJ
tpjp 22: ifJ kw;Wk; fhtypy; itg;gjw;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;G
(PROTECTION AGAINST ARREST AND DETENTION IN CERTAIN CASES)

    
 xU mjpfhhp ve;j xU egiuAk; ifJ nra;tjw;fhd my;yJ fhtypy; itg;gjw;fhd

TNPSC.News
rhpahd fhuzj;ijj; njhptpf;fhky; ifJ nra;aNth my;yJ fhtypy; itf;fNth
KbahJ.
 ifJ nra;ag;gl;l> fhtypy; itf;fg;gl;l egh; mUfpy; cs;s ePjpgjp Kd;
ifJnra;ag;gl;l 24 kzp Neuj;jpw;Fs; M[h; gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; (tpLKiw ehl;fisAk;>
gazj;jpd; Neuj;ijAk; jtpu)
 ePjpgjp $wpa fhyf;nfLtpw;F Nky; fhtiy ePl;bf;f KbahJ
3. Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd chpik (RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION)
tpjp 23: kdpjh;fspd; rl;l tpNuhjkhd th;j;jfk; kw;Wk; fl;lhaj; njhopyhsh; Kiwia
jilnra;jy;
 kdpjh;fspd; rl;l tpNuhjkhd th;j;jfk; kw;Wk; nfhj;jbik kw;Wk; fl;lhaj; njhopyhsh;
Kiwapd; gpw tbtq;fs; Mfpait jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
 ,e;j cld;gbf;ifia kPWk; ve;jr; nraYk; rl;lj;jpd;gb jz;lidf;Fhpa Fw;wkhFk;.
kdpjh;fspd; rl;l tpNuhjkhd th;j;jfk; vd;why; Mz;fisAk;> ngz;fisAk; nghUl;fis
tpw;gJ Nghy; tpw;gid nra;tJ kw;Wk; ngz;fisAk;> Foe;ijfisAk; xOf;fkw;w
fhhpaq;fSf;fhf tpw;gJ vd;gJ nghUs;.
tpjp 24: njhopyfq;fspy; Foe;ijfis gzpakh;j;Jtij jil nra;jy;
(PROHIBITION OF EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN IN FACTORIES etc.,)
 14 taJf;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfis jPq;F tpistpf;ff; $ba gzpfspy; gzpakh;j;Jtij
jil nra;tNj tpjp 24d; rhuk; MFk;
 ,e;j cld;gbf;if Foe;ijfspd; tho;tpd; eydpYk;> ghJfhg;gpYk; mf;fiw
nfhz;Ls;sJ
4. kj chpik (25 – 28) (RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION)
 ,e;jpah kjr; rhh;gw;w ehL. Kj ek;gpf;ifapy;yh ehNlh my;yJ ehj;jpf ehNlh my;y.
 muR vy;yh kjq;fisAk; ghJfhf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; vjpYk; jiyapLtjpy;iy. ,J rh;t
jh;k rk;gth vd;Dk; goikahd ,e;jpaf; Nfhl;ghl;by; ek;gpf;if nfhz;Ls;sJ.
tpjp 25: kdrhl;rpg;gb elg;gjw;F kdjpy; epidj;jij ntspapy; $Wtjw;F> kjj;jpy; cs;s
tp\aq;fis nra;tjw;F kw;Wk; kjj;ij gug;Gk; Rje;jpuk; (FREEDOM OF
CONSCIENCE, PROFESSION, PRACTICE AND PROPAGATION OF RELIGION)
 nghJ xOq;F> xOf;f Kiw kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; ,g;gFjpapd; kw;w
cld;gbf;iffs; Mfpatw;Wf;F cl;gl;L midtUf;Fk; kdrhl;rpapd; gb elf;Fk; ve;j
njhopYk; nra;Ak; kw;Wk; kjj;ij gug;Gfpd;w chpik cz;L.
 kjj;ij gug;Gk; chpik vd;gJ kw;w egh;fis xU Fwpg;gpl;l kjj;jpy; NrUkhW
J}z;Ltij Fwpf;fhJ
tpjp 26 : kjr;rk;ge;jkhd tptfhuq;fis eph;tfpf;Fk; chpik (FREEDOM TO MANAGE
RELIGIOUS
AFFAIRS)
    
 nghJ xOq;F xOf;fKiw kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpak; Mfpatw;wpw;F cl;gl;L midj;J

TNPSC.News
kjj;jpdUk; gpd;tUk; chpikfis ngWfpd;wdh;
 kjr;rk;ge;jkhd kw;Wk; Nrit Ghpfpd;w fhuzq;fSf;fhf ];jhgdq;fis mikj;J
eph;tfpf;Fk; chpik
 kjr;rhh;ghd mjd; nrhe;j tp\aq;fis eph;tfpf;Fk; chpik
 mirAk; kw;Wk; mirah nrhj;Jf;fis itj;Jf; nfhs;s kw;Wk; thq;Fk; chpik
 rl;lj;jpd; gb mr;nrhj;ij eph;tfpf;Fk; chpik
kdrhl;rp (CONSCIENCE): XU Fbkfd; my;yJ Fbkfs; jhd; tpUk;Gk; topapy;
,iwtDldhd cwit tsh;j;J nfhs;s toq;fg;gl;Ls;s
tiuaiwaw;w cs;Rje;jpuk;
ntspaply; (PROFESS): xUtUila ek;gpf;iffis gfpuq;fkhfTk; Rje;jpukhfTk;
ntspapLjy;
mDrhpj;jy; (PRACTICE): kjj;jhy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l flikfs;> kw;Wk; rlq;Ffis mDrhpj;jy;
kw;Wk; kj ek;gpf;iffis ntspf;fhl;Ljy;
gug;Gjy; (PROPAGATE): jdJ kjj;jpd; fUj;Jf;fis gug;Gjy; ,J ahiuAk; fl;lhag;
gLj;jhky; jdJ fUj;Jf;fis ntspapLtJk; kw;wth;fis
J}z;LtJk; kl;LNk MFk;.
tpjp 27: xU Fwpg;gpl;l kjj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;fhf thp nrYj;Jk; chpik
(FREEDOM AS TO PAYMENT OF TAXES FOR PROMOTION OF ANY
PARTICULAR
RELIGION)
 kjr;rk;ge;jkhd fhuzq;fSf;fhf thp nrYj;Jk;gb ve;j xU egiuAk; fl;lhag;gLj;j
KbahJ
 ve;j kjj;jpw;fhtJ muR Nrit Ghpe;jhy; mr; Nritf; fl;lzj;ij gf;jh;fsplkpUe;J
t#ypf;f muRf;Fr; Rje;jpuk; cz;L.
tpjp 28 : rpy fy;tp epiyaq;fspy; elf;Fk; kjg; NghjidfspYk; kj topghl;bYk; fye;J
nfhs;Sk;
Rje;jpuk;
fy;tp epiyaq;fis ehd;F tiffshf gphpf;fpwJ.
o KOtJk; murhy; tiffshf gphpf;fpwJ
o Murhy; mq;ff
P hpf;fg;gl;lit
o murplkpUe;J cjtp ngWk; gs;spfs;
o kjj;jpduhy; mikf;fg;gl;L murhy; eph;tfpf;fg;gLk; gs;spfs;
 Kjy; tifiar; Nrh;e;j gs;spfspy; kj Nghjidfs; elj;jf;$lhJ
 ,uz;lhk; kw;Wk; %d;whk; tifiar; Nrh;e;j gs;spfspy; kjg; Nghjidfs; elj;jyhk;.
Mdhy; khzth;fis fl;lhak; tUk;gb tw;GWj;jf;$lhJ

    
 ehd;fhk; tifiar; Nrh;e;j gs;spfspy; kjg; Nghjidfs; elj;j ve;j epge;jidfSk;

TNPSC.News
,y;iy
kj chpikf;fhd epge;jidfs; my;yJ

fl;Lg;ghLfs;
(RESTRICTIONS ON FREEDOM OF RELIGION)
 kj chpikahdJ nghJ xOq;F> xOf;fk; kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpak; Mfpatw;wpw;Fl;gl;lJ.

cjhuzkhf kjj;jpd; ngauhy; ahUk; jPz;lhikiaf; filgpbf;f KbahJ
 ehfhpfkw;w Kiwapy; cilazpaf; $lhJ
 xUth; kw;nwhUtiu fl;lhakhf kjk; khw;wf;$lhJ
 jiyg;ghif mzptJ rPf;fpa r%fj;jpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; vt;tsT
nghpa jiyg;ghif Ntz;LkhdYNkh my;yJ vj;jid jiyg;ghif Ntz;LkhdhYNkh
mzpaf;$lhJ
 kj eilKiwfSld; $ba nghUshjhu> epjp> murpay;> kjr;rhh;gw;w nray;fis
xOq;FKiwg;gLj;Jjy;> cjhuzkhf gf;hj P ; gz;bifapd; NghJ gRf;fisg; gyp
nfhLg;gJ kjj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpa mq;fk; my;y.
 r%f ey;tho;T kw;Wk; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpw;Fk; kj eilKiwfSf;Fk; ,ilNa Kuz;ghJ
Vw;gl;lhy; kjk;jhd; ,zq;fp my;yJ fPo;g;gbe;J nry;y Ntz;Lk;
 kjj;jpd; ngauhy; r%f mePjpfs; filgpbf;fg;glf;$lhJ. gyjhug; gof;fk; ,e;J kjj;jpd;
Kf;fpa mq;fk; my;y. vdNt ,ij xOq;FKiwg;gLj;j ,aYk;.
5. fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; fy;tp chpikfs; (29 & 30) (CULTURAL & EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS)
tpjp 29: gz;ghL> fy;tp> chpikfs;> rpWghd;ikahpd; eyd;fhj;jy;
,e;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy; my;yJ mjd; gFjpfspy; trpf;Fk; ntt;NtW ,dq;fis Nrh;e;j
Fbkf;fs; mth;fSf;nfd;W jdpahd nkhop> vOj;JKiw kw;Wk; gz;ghL Mfpatw;iwf;
nfhz;bUg;gh;. mtw;iwg; ghJfhf;Fk; chpik mk;kf;fSf;F cz;L.
tpjp 30: rpWghd;ikapdh; fy;tp epiyaq;fis mikf;fTk; eph;tfpf;fTk; chpik cz;L
 kjk; kw;Wk; nkhopapd; mbg;gilapyhd midj;J rpWghd;ikapdUk; jq;fspd; tpUg;gg;gb
fy;tp epWtdq;fis mikf;fTk; eph;tfpf;fTk; KbAk;
 NkYk;> ,J kjk;rhh;e;j> fy;tp kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L epWtdq;fSf;F mirah nrhj;Jf;fis
thq;fTk;> itj;jpUf;fTk; tpw;fTk;> chpik mspf;fpd;wJ
6. rl;lg;gb ghpfhuk; NjLk; chpik (RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES)
tpjp 32: rl;lg;gb ghpfhuk; NjLk; chpik
,J mbg;gil chpikfis mkyhf;Ftjw;fhf cr;r ePjp kd;wj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l
tiuaiwfis tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

    
 ,ij lhf ;lh; gp. Mh;. mk;Ngj ;fhh; mth ;fs; mbg ;gil chpikfspd ; mbg ;gil (
TNPSC.News
Fundamental of Fundamental Rights) vd;Wk; murpay; mikg;gpd; ,jaKk;> Md;khTk; vd;
W $Wfpd;whh;.
 mbg;gil chpikfis mkyhf;Ftjw;fhf gytifahd cj;juTfis ntspapLk; chpik
(Writ) 32MtJ tpjpapd; fPo; cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpw;F cs;sJ.
 cj;juTfis ntspapLk; chpik (Writ) ,q;fpyhe;jpd; murpayikg;gpypUe;J vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;l KiwahFk;.
gpd;tUtd cj;juTfspd; Ie;J tiffshFk;: (WRIT):
1. ePjpkd;wq;fspd; Kd; epWj;jy; cj;juT> my;yJ Ml;nfhzh; ePjpg; Nguhiz (HABEAS
CORPUS)
(mjhtJ ePjp kd;wj;jpd; Kd; xUtiu M[h; gLj;jNtz;Lk; vd;gJ ,jd; fUj;jhFk;)
o ,t;tifahd cj;juT muR kw;Wk; jdp kdpjh;fspd; jd;dpr;irahd nray;fspy; ,Ue;J
xUtiu fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf toq;fg;gLk;
o ghjpf;fg;gl;lth; my;yJ ghjpf;fg;glhjth; ahh; Ntz;LkhdhYk; ,e;j tof;if Nghlyhk;
o ghjpf;fg;gl;lth; ,j;jifa eltbf;iff;F vjpuhf e\;l <L Nfhu KbAk;
2. nghJf;flik nra;aitj;jy; cj;juT my;yJ fl;lis ePjpg; Nguhiz (MANDAMUS)
o ,t;tifahd cj;juthdJ nghJ mjpfhhpf;Nfh my;yJ mYtyUf;Nfh my;yJ fPo; ePjp
kd;wq;fSf;Nfh rl;l chpikfis mkyhf;Ftjw;fhf toq;fg;gLk;
o ,e;j cj;juit FbauRj; jiyth; kw;Wk; MSeh;fSf;F vjpuhf toq;fKbahJ
o ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; kl;Lk; muR mjpfhhpfis vjph;j;J kl;Lk; Nghl KbAk;
o ,t;Tj;jutpdhy; jd;Dhpikfis mkyhf;f KbahJ
3. jil ePjpg; Nguhiz (PROHIBITION)
o ,t;tifahd cj;juTfs; fPo; ePjp kd;wq;fs; jdJ mjpfhu tuk;ig kPWk; NghJ Nky;
ePjp kd;wq;fspdhy; fPo; ePjp kd;wq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk;
o ,e;j cj;jutpd; Nehf;fk; fPo; ePjp kd;wq;fis mtw;wpd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;Fs;
itj;jpUg;gNj MFk;
o Jil ePjpg ; Nguhizf ;Fk;> fl;lis ePjpg ; Nguhizf ;Fk; ,ilNa cs ;s NtWghL vd;
dntdpy ; fl;lis ePjpg; Nguhizia eph;thf kw;Wk; rl;l mjpfhhpfSf ;F toq ;
fKbAk ;. Mdhy ; jil ePjpg ; Nguhizia rl; l mjpfhhpfSf ; F kl; LNk toq ;
fKbAk;.
4. Mtz Nfl;G ePjp Nguhiz (CERTIORARI)
o ,J jil ePjpg; Nguhiziag; Nghd;wNjahFk;
o ,e;j cj;juthdJ fPo; ePjp kd;wq;fs; jdJ mjpfhu tuk;gpid kPwp toq;fpa jPh;g;gpid
uj;J nra;tjw;fhf ntspaplg;gLk;
o ,e;j cj;jutpd; Nehf;fk; fPo; ePjpkd;wq;fis mtw;wpd; mjpfhuq;fis rhpahfg; gad;
gLj;jr; nra;tJk; mtw;Wf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;glhj mjpfhuq;fis mit gad;gLj;jhky; ghh;j;
Jf; nfhs;tJNk MFk;
    
5. mjpfhuj;ij tpsq;f itj;jy; cj;juT my;yJ chpik tpdh (QUO WARRANTO)

TNPSC.News
,t;tifahd cj;juT mjpfhuj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; xUth; mj;jifa mjpfhuj;jpw;F
jFjpAilath; jhdh vd Muha;tjw;fhf ntspaplg;gLk;.
Fwpg;G: ,e;j cj;juTfis ntspapl fhyf;nfL vJTk; murpay; mikg;ghy;
eph;zapf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,J ePjpkd;wq;fspd; KbTf;Nf tplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Fbkf;fSf;Fhpa mbg;gil chpikfs; (Fundamental Rights Exclusive to the Citizens)

tpjp 15: ,dk;> kjk;> [hjp> ghypdk; & gpwg;gplk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; kl;Lk;
NtWghl;bid
jilnra;jy;
tpjp 16: nghJ Ntiytha;g;G rk;ge;jkhd tptfhuq;fspy; midtUf;Fk; rktha;g;G
tpjp 19: Ngr;Rhpik njhlh;ghd rpy chpikfis ghJfhj;jy;
tpjp 30: rpWghd;ikapdh; fy;tp epiyaq;fis mikf;fTk; eph;tfpf;fTk; chpik
,e;jpa kz;zpy; cs;s midtUf;Fk; cz;lhd chpikfs; (tpNuhj ehLfis

Nrh;e;jth;fis jtpu)
tpjp 14: rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk; kw;Wk; midtUf;Fk; rkkhd rl;lg;ghJfhg;G
tpjp 20: Fw;wq;fSf;fhf jz;bf;fg;gLtjpypUe;J ghJfhg;G
tpjp 21: thOk; chpik kw;Wk; jdp kdpj Rje;jpuq;fspd; ghJfhg;G
tpjp 23: kdpjh;fspd; rl;l tpNuhjkhd tpahghuk; kw;Wk; fl;lha njhopyhsh; Kiwia
jil nra;jy;
tpjp 25: kjr;Rje;jpuk;
tpjp 27: xU Fwpg;gpl;l kjj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf thp nrYj;Jk; Rje;jpuk;
muRf; nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;b newpfs;

(DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY)
PART – IV
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 36ypUe;J 51tJ tpjpfs; tiu topfhl;b newpfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ,e;j mk;rk; mah;yhe;jpd; murpayikg;gpy; ,Ue;J Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
 ,J cyfk; KOtJk; cs;s muRfshy; r%f eyj;ij fUj;jpf; nfhz;L Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;ljhFk;
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; topfhl;b newpfs; rkj;Jtk;> fhe;jpak;> Nkw;fj;jpa gz;ghl;L
kak;> kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpd; nfhs;iffs; Mfpatw;wpd; fyitNaahFk;
 ,it muRf;F topfhl;Lk; newpfshfNth> mwpTiufshfNth ,Uf;Fk;

    
 36tJ tpjp kf;fs; ey;tho;tpw;F Njitahd r%f xOq;fpizg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
TNPSC.News
$Wfpd;wJ
 topfhl;b newpfs; murhq;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jgit my;y. Mdhy; mit xU ehl;b;d
muRf;F mbg;gilahFk;. muR topfhl;b newpfis gpd;gw;Wk; flik cilajhFk;
 muR topfhl;b newpfis nray;gLj;jtpy;iy vdpy; kf;fs;> ePjpkd;wq;fis mZf
KbahJ
 topfhl;L newpfis ePjpj;Jiwapd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;F mg;ghw;gl;litahf cUthf;f
fhuzk; vd;dntd;why; mtw;Wf;F murplNk ,y;yhj rpy tsq;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd
 topfhl;b newpKiwfis fPo;f;fz;l 3 jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; tifg;gLj;jyhk;
rkj;Jt newpfs;: (SOCIALIST PRINCIPLES)
1. tpjp 38: kf;fspd; eytho;fpid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf r%f xOq;fpid ghJfhj;jy;
2. tpjp 39 : tUkhd cah;T jho;Gfis Fiwf;f Kidjy;
3. tpjp 39 (a): rk ePjp kw;Wk; vspjhd rl;l cjtp
4. tpjp 39 (b): xU r%fj;jplk; ,Uf;Fk; %yg;nghUs; tsq;fis midj;J r%fj;jpw;Fk;
gadspf;Fk;
tifapy; gfph;e;jspj;jy;
5. tpjp 39 (c): rpyhpd; ifapNyNa vy;yh nrhj;Jf;fSk; ,Ug;gij jLj;jy;
6. tpjp 39 (d): rkkhd Ntiyf;F rkkhd Cjpak;
7. tpjp 39 (e): njhopyhsh;fspd; MNuhf;fpak; cly; typik kw;Wk; Foe;ijfspd; ,sk;
gUtk;
Mfpait J\;gpuNahfg;gLj;jf;$lhJ
8. tpjp 42 : NtiyfSf;F epahakhd kw;Wk; kdpjhgpkhdKs;s epge;jidfs;
kw;Wk; gpurtfhy tpLg;G
9. tpjp 43(a): njhopw;rhiyfspd; eph;thfj;jpd; njhopyhsh;fSk; gq;Nfw;gJ
fhe;jpa newpfs;: (THE GANDHIAN PRINCIPLES)
1. tpjp 40: fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fis mikg;gJ
2. tpjp 46: jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk; r%fj;jpd; gpw eyptile;j gphpTfis
Nrh;e;Njhhpd; fy;tp kw;Wk; nghUshjhu eyidf; fhj;jy;
3. tpjp 48: gRf;fs; fd;Wf;Fl;bfs; kw;Wk; ghy; nfhLf;Fk; kw;Wk; ghuk; Rkf;Fk; tpyq;Ffis
nfhy;tij jilnra;Ak; nghUl;L fhy;eil guhkhpg;igAk;
gaph;j;njhopiyAk; tpQ;Qhd Kiwapy; khw;wp mikj;jy;
4. tpjp 43: Fbirj; njhopy;fis Nkk;ghL milar; nra;jy;
5. tpjp 47: cly; eyj;jpw;F CWtpistpf;ff;f$ba Fb> Nghijg;nghUs;fs; kUe;Jfs;
Kjypatw;iw tpyf;Fjy;
Nkw;fj;jpa jhuhska nfhs;iffs;: (THE WESTERN LIBERAL PRINCIPLES)
1. tpjp 44: midj;J Fbkf;fSf;Fk; nghJthd r%f tpjpfs;
2. tpjp 45: 14 taJf;Fl;lg;l Foe;ijfSf;F ,ytr fl;lha fy;tpaspj;jy;

    
3. tpjp 50: eph;thfj;JiwapypUe;J ePjpj;Jiwia gphpj;jy;

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4. tpjp 51: cyf mikjpiaAk; ghJfhg;igAk; fhj;jy;
mbg;gil chpikfSf;Fk; muR nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;L newpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s
NtWghLfs;:
(DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES)
1. mbg;gil chpikfs; ,e;jpa “murpay;” [dehafj;jpd; mbg;gilia mspf;fpd;wd.
Mdhy; muRf;nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;b newpfs; “r%f” kw;Wk; “nghUshjhu” [dehafj;jpd;
,ay;Gfis vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.
2. mbg;gil chpikfs; murpd; vjph;kiwahd flikfshFk;. mjhtJ murpd;
eltbf;iffSf;F vjpuhdit. Mdhy; muRf; nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;b newpfNsh
murhdJ Fbkf;fSf;F nra;a Ntz;ba Neh;kiwahd flikfshFk;
3. mbg;gil chpikfs; ePjpj;Jiwapd; mjpfhutuk;gpw;Fl;gl;lit. murpd; topfhl;b newpfs;
ePjpj;Jiwapd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;F mg;ghw;gl;litahFk;
DPSPs ADDED BY 42ND AMENDMENT ACT (1976)

1. 39A – rkePjp - rkePjp> ,ytr rl;l cjtp
2. 48A - Rw;Wg;Gwj;ij ghJfhj;jy;
3. 43A - njhopw;rhiy eph;thfpj;jy; njhopyhsh;fSk;
gq;nfLj;jy;
4. 45A - Foe;ijfspd; eyidf; fhj;jy;
DPSPs ADDED BY 44th AMENDMENT ACT (1978)

1. 38 (2) - tUkhdk;> jFjp> me;j];J> tha;g;G ,it midtUf;Fk; rkkhf fpilg;gJ
mbg;gil flikfs;
(FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES)
PART – IV - A
1. ,it ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; 42-tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1976d; %yk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ

2. ,J u\;a Kiwia mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ
3. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; gFjp IV A-y; Gjpjhf Nrh;f;fg;gl;l 51-a tpjpa;d fPo; ,e;jpa
kf;fSf;Fhpa 11 flikfs; tphpthf $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
4. cyfpd; NtW ve;j [dehaf ehLk; mbg;gil flikfsif; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy [g;ghd;
kl;Lk; rpy flikfis Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ
5. chpikfSk; flikfSk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlh;Gilait. ,f;flikfs; murpayikg;G
Fbkf;fSf;F Fwpg;gpl;l rpy mbg;gil chpikfis toq;Fk; mNj Neuj;jpy;

    
[dehafj;jpd; rpy tpjpfis mth;fs; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wJ vd;W

TNPSC.News
Fbkf;fSf;F epidT+l;Lfpd;wd.
nfhbg;gpur;rpid kw;Wk; Gjpa nfhb tpjpfs;: (FLAG CONTROVERSY AND THE NEW FLAG
CODE)
1. gioa nfhb tpjpfs; goikahd rpy cld;ghLfis nfhz;bUe;jd. NkYk; mit
nfhbapid Vw;Wk; chpikia rpy egh;fSf;F kl;LNk chpj;jhdjhf $wpaJ
2. [pz;lhy; epWtdj;jpd; Jizj;jiytuhd etPd; [pz;lhy; jdJ nfhbNaw;Wk; chpik
kPjhd fl;Lg;ghl;il vjph;j;J 7 tUlq;fSf;F Kd; nly;yp cah; ePjp kd;wj;jpy; nghJ
ey tof;F njhlh;e;jhh;
3. nly;yp cah;ePjp kd;wk; %th;zf;nfhbapid Vw;Wk; chpik mbg;gil chpik vd;W
$wpaJ. ,jd; njhlh;r;rpahf cr;r ePjpkd;wk; nfhb tpjpfis jsh;j;Jk; Nfhhpf;ifia
Ma;T nra;tjw;fhf FO xd;wpid mikf;FkhW ghpe;Jiuj;jJ
4. ,jd; tpisthf muR xU FOtpid mikj;J mf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufspd; mbg;gilapy;
,e;jpa mikr;ruit %th;zf;nfhbapid Vw;Wtjpy; cs;s Njitaw;w fbdkhd
tpjpfisj; jsh;j;jpaJ
nfhbtpjpfs;:
1. #hpa cjaj;jpypUe;J kiwAk; tiu kl;LNk nfhb gwf;f Ntz;Lk;
2. fpoe;j nfhbfs; gwf;ff; $lhJ
3. jiuapy; gLkhW nfhb gwf;ff; $lhJ
4. murhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lth;fisj; jtpu kw;w ahUila ,Wjp Ch;tyj;jpYk; gad;gLj;jf;
$lhJ
5. kw;w fl;rp nfhbfis tpl NkNy gwf;f Ntz;Lk;
6. kw;w ehl;Lf; nfhbfSf;F rkkhf gwf;fyhk;
7. I. eh. nfhb kl;LNk ek; Njrpa nfhbia tpl NkNy gwf;f KbAk;
8. Clfq;fspy; mr;rplf;$lhJ
9. ePs> mfyq;fs; 3:2 vd;w Kidapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
Fbkf;fSf;Fhpa II mbg;gilf; flikfs;

(Eleven Fundamental Duties for Citizens)
1. murpayikg;gpd; topepw;fTk;> Njrpaf; nfhbiaAk;> Njrpa fPjj;ijAk; kjpj;J
elf;f Ntz;Lk;
2. ek;Kila Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd Njrpag; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F Cf;fkspj;j cah;e;j
Nehf;fq;fis Nghw;wp tsh;j;J gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;
3. ,e;jpahtpd; ,iwikiaAk;> xw;WikiaAk;> KOikiaAk; Mjhpj;J jq;fp
fhg;ghw;w Ntz;Lk;
4. Njitg;gLk; Nghnjy;yhk; ehl;il ghJfhf;fTk; Njrpa Nrit nra;aTk;
Ntz;Lk;
5. ,e;jpa kf;fs; vy;Nyhhplj;Jk; NghJkhd rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

    
ngz;fSf;F ,opT cz;lhFk; nray;fis mwNt iftpl Ntz;Lk;

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6. ek;Kia gyjug;gl;l ehfhpfj;jpd; rpwe;j kuig> kjpj;J Ngz Ntz;Lk;
7. ,aw;ifr; #oy;fis Nghw;wp ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;
8. tpQ;Qhd Nehf;F> kdpjhgpkhdk; Muha;e;J rPh;jpUj;jk; nra;Ak; kdepiy
Kjypatw;iw tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
9. nghJ nrhj;Jf;fis ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. td;Kiwia iftpl Ntz;Lk;
10. jdpj;j kw;Wk; $l;lhd nray;fspy; rpwg;ghf nrayhw;Wk; jd;ik %ykhf
cah;e;j epiyfisAk; rhjidfisAk; epfo;j;jp> ehlhdJ njhlh;e;J
Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk;
11. midtUf;Fk; fl;lha fy;tp (Gjpjhf ,izf;fg;gl;lJ)
FbauRj;jiyth;: (THE PRESIDENT)

1. ,e;jpaf; FbauRj;jiytuhf xUth; ,Ug;ghh; vd;W tpjp 52 $Wfpd;wJ
2. tpjp 53> eph;thf mjpfhuq;fs; FbauRj;jiythplk; ,Uf;Fk; vd;fpd;wJ
3. FbauRj;jiytNu ,e;jpa ehl;bd; jiyth; Mdhh;
4. mth; ngausTf;F kl;LNk ehl;bd; jiytuhf tpsq;Ffpwhh;
5. FbauRj;jiytiu Njh;e;njLg;gJ njhlh;ghd cld;ghLfs; tpjpfs; 54 kw;Wk; 55> NkYk;
FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; Jiz FbauR jiyth; (Njh;jy;) rl;lk; 1952 (1974 Mk; Mz;L
jpUj;jg;gl;lJ) Mfpatw;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ
6. kj;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U rigfspd; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fSk;> khepy
rl;lrigfSf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fSk; mlq;fpa Njh;jy; FOtpdhy; ,e;jpa
FbauR jiyth; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;
7. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfs; khepyj;jpd; fPo;rig rl;lg;Nguitf;Fk; Nky;rig
rl;lNkyitf;Fk; (,U rigfs; nfhz;l rl;lkd;wq;fspy;) epakpf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fs;
(Nominated Members) FbauRj; jiytiu Njh;e;njLf;Fk; Njh;jypy; gq;Nfw;f khl;lhh;fs;.
8. FbauRj;jiyth; Njh;jy; ufrpa> xw;iw khw;W xl;nlLg;gpd;> %yk; rkr;rPuhd (Proportional Representation)
gq;fspg;G Kiwapd; gb eilngWk;.
khepyj;jpd; kf;fs; njhif 1
9. xU vk;. vy;. V. Xl;L kjpg;G = ------------------------------------------------------------------------- X ------------
rl;lrigapd; vk;.vy;.Vf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 1000
khepy rl;lrigfspd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspd; Xl;L kjpg;G
10. xU vk;.gp.apd; Xl;L kjpg;G = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspd;

    
vz;zpf;if
11. FbauRj;jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtjw;F 50% Nkyhf nry;yj;jTNPSC.News
f;f Xl;Lf;fis
ngwNtz;Lk;
12. FbauRj;jiyth; Njh;jy; kiwKfkhdjhd xd;whFk;
13. FbauRj;jiyth; Njh;jypy; VNjDk; gpur;rpid Vw;gl;lhy; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F kl;LNk
jiyapl mjpfhuk; cz;L
14. ,g;gpur;rpidia Njh;jy; Kbtile;j gpd;dNu cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpd; Kd; nfhz;L tuKbAk;
15. Njh;jy; FOtpy; ,Uf;Fk; fhypaplq;fisg; gw;wp ve;j kDTk; gjpT nra;a KbahJ
16. FbauRj;jiytuhf Njh;e;jnjLf;fg;gLk; egUf;F gpd;tUk; tpjpfis murpayikg;G
tpjpf;fpd;wJ
o ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpduhfNth khepy el;lkd;w cWg;gpduhfNth ,Uf;ff; $lhJ
o murhq;f Cjpak; ngWk; Ntiyg;ghh;f;ff; $lhJ
o mtuJ Cjpak; kw;Wk; rYiffs; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;
o mtuJ Cjpak; kw;Wk; gbfs; mtuJ gjtpf;fhyj;jpy; Fiwf;fg;glf;$lhJ
17. ghuhSkd;wk; kw;Wk; khepy rl;lrigfspd; cWg;gpduhf ,Ug;gth; FbauRj; jiytuhf
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhy; mth; cWg;gpdh; gjtpia ,of;f Ntz;Lk;
18. FbauRj; jiyth; jdJ mYtyf trpg;gplj;jpy; ,ytrkhf jq;f chpik cz;L
19. ,e;jpa jiyika ePjpgjp FbauRj; jiytUf;F gjtpg;gpukhdk; nra;J itg;ghh;
20. FbauRj; jiyth; 5 tUl fhyk; gjtp ePbg;ghh;
21. mth; jdJ gjtpia uh[pdhkh nra;tjw;fhd fbjj;ij Jizf; FbauR jiythplk;
mspg;gjd; %yk; jdJ gjtpia vg;nghOJ Ntz;LkhdhYk; uh[pdhkh nra;ayhk;
22. Jizf; FbauRj;jiythplk; mspf;fg;gLk; ve;j uh[pdhkh gw;wpa tptuKk;> kf;fsit
rghehafUf;F njhptpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;
23. murpayikg;ig kPwpa Fw;wj;jpw;fhf FbauRj;jiyth; mtuJ gjtpf;fhyk; KbAk;
Kd;dNu gjtpapypUe;J tpyf;fg;glyhk; (Impeachment)
24. ,U ghuhSkd;w rigfspd; ve;j rigapy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; ,f;Fw;wr;rhl;il njhlq;fyhk;
25. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ehd;fpd; xU gq;fpw;F Fiwahj cWg;gpdh;fs; ifnaOj;jpl;L 14
ehl;fSf;F Kd;djhf FbauRj;jiyth; kPjhd Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis jPh;khd tbtkhf
rkh;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;
26. Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fis njhlq;Fk; rigapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; %d;wpy; xU gq;F
cWg;gpdh;fs; mtw;iw Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy; kW rigapy; mf;Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fs; Muhag;gLk;
27. Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; Muhag;gLk; nghOJ FbauRj; jiyth; rigapy; ,Uf;f chpik cz;L
28. me;j rigAk; %d;wpy; ,U gq;F ngUk;ghd;ikahy; Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fis Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy;
Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fis Vw;Wf; nfhz;l ehspypUe;J FbauRj;jiyth; gjtpapypUe;J
ePf;fg;gLthh;
29. FbauRj;jiyth; gjtp ePf;fk; XusT rl;leilKiwiaf; nfhz;ljhFk;. (Quasi Judicial)
30. FbauRj;jiyth; gjtpapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,we;J tpl;lhNyh my;yJ uh[pdhkh nra;J
tpl;lhNyh my;yJ Fw;w tprhuiz nra;J tpyf;fg;gl;L tpl;lhNyh my;yJ Ntnwe;j

    
fhuzj;jpw;fhfNth jiyth; gjtp ntw;wplkhdhy; Jizf;FbauRj;jiyth; FbauRj;

TNPSC.News
jiytuhf nray;gLthh;
31. Jizf;FbauR jiyth; FbauRj; jiytuhf nray;gLk; NghJ mtUf;F FbauRj;
jiytUf;Fz;lhd vy;yh mjpfhuq;fSk;> CjpaKk;> nryTg;gbfSk;> rpwg;G rYiffSk;
cz;L
32. rhjhuz #o;epiyfspy; FbauRj;jiyth; gjtp ntw;wplkhdhy; mg;gjtpapd; fhyk;
Kbtjw;Fs; Gjpa FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;
33. FbauRj;jiythpd; ,wg;G> uh[pdhkh> gjtp ePf;fk; kw;Wk; Ntnwe;j fhuzq;fshYk; gjtp
ntw;wplkhdhy; 6 khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; Gjpa FbauRj;jiyth; Njh;e;njLf;fg;glNtz;Lk;
FbauRj;jiythpd; eph;thfj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;: (EXECUTIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT)

1. ,e;jpa murpd; midj;J eph;thfj;Jiw nray;fSk; mthpd; ngauhNyNa eilngWfpd;wd
2. mthpd; ngauhy; toq;fg;gLk; cj;juTfs; vt;tifapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mth;
tpjpKiwfs; tFf;fyhk;
3. FbauRj;jiyth; murpd; nray;fis NkYk; vspikahf khw;wTk;> mjw;fhf
mikr;rh;fis epakpf;fTk; tpjpKiwfis tFf;f KbAk;
4. FbauRj;jiyth;> gpujkiuAk;> gpujkhpd; MNyhridapd; Nghpy; kw;w mikr;rh;fisAk;
epakpf;fpd;whh;
5. mth; ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik tof;fwpQiu (Attorney General) epakpj;J mtUf;fhd
Cjpaj;ij eph;zak; nra;fpd;whh;
6. jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp (Comptroller & Auditor General) jiyik Njh;jy;
Mizah; kw;w Njh;jy; Mizah;fs;> nghJg;gzpfofj;jpd; jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fs;
khepy MSeh;fs;> epjpf;FOtpd; jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fs; Nghd;wth;fisAk;
FbauRj; jiyth; epakpf;fpd;whh;
7. eph;thfk;> rl;lq;fs; Mfpait gw;wp ve;j nra;jpfisAk; mth; gpujk ke;jphpaplk; Nfl;L
njhpe;J nfhs;syhk;
8. mikr;ruitapdhy; Muhag;glhky; jdp xU mikr;ruhy; vLf;fg;gl;l KbtpidAk;>
mikr;ruitapd; Ma;Tf;F tplg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W FbauRj;jiyth; Nfhuyhk;
9. jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;> goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhhpd; epiyia Ma;t nra;a xU
FOtpid mth; mikf;fyhk;
10. mth; kj;jpa khepy kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd xj;Jiog;ig Nkk;gLj;j
khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd xU FOtpid mikf;fyhk;
11. mth; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fis MSeh; my;yJ Mizah; my;yJ eph;thfp MfpNahhpd;
%yk; Neubahf eph;tfpf;fyhk;
rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;: (LEGISLATIVE POWERS)
1. FbauRj; jiytUk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Xh; mq;fkhfNt tpsq;Ffpwhh; (tpjp – 79) ,jd;
mbg;gilapy; mtUf;F gpd;tUk; rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; cz;L

    
2. FbauRj;jiyth; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfisAk; $l;lTk; my;yJ xj;jp itf;fTk;

TNPSC.News
kw;Wk; kf;fsitia fiyf;fTk; ,aYk;
3. kf;fsit rghehafh; jiyikapy; ,U mitfSk; ,ize;j $l;L $l;lj; njhliuf;
$l;lTk; KbAk;
4. mth; Gjpjhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; Kjy; $l;lj;njhlhpd; njhlf;fj;jpYk;> xt;nthU Mz;Lk;
$Lk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Kjy; $l;lj;njhlhpd; njhlf;fj;jpYk; ciu epfo;j;jyhk;
5. kf;fsitapd; rghehafh; kw;Wk; Jiz rghehafh; Mfpa ,U gjtpfSk; fhypahf
,Uf;Fk; Neuj;jpy; mitapd; nray;fis jiyik tfpj;Jr; nry;y kf;fsit
cWggpduhf cs;s xUtiu FbauRj;jiyth; epakpf;fyhk;
6. ,yf;fpak;> mwptpay;> fiy kw;Wk; r%fg;gzpfs; Mfpatw;wpy; ey;y mwpTk; mDgtKk;
cila 12 egh;fis mth; khepyq;fsitf;F epakpf;fyhk;
7. Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa r%fj;jpdh; ,Utiu kf;fsitf;F epakpf;fyhk;
8. mth; Njh;jy; Mizaj;Jld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfis
eph;zapf;fyhk;
9. rpy tifahd kNrhjhf;fis mwpKfg;gLj;j FbauRj;jiythpd; Kd; mDkjp Njit.
Cjhuzk; ,e;jpa njhFg;G epjpapy; ,Ue;J nryTnra;Ak; kNrhjh> ,e;jpa khepyq;fspd;
vy;iyfis khw;wp mikj;jy; my;yJ Gjpa khepyq;fis cUthf;Fk; kNrhjh
10. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjh> FbauRj; jiythplk; mDg;gg;gLk; NghJ
mth;
 mk;kNrhjhtpw;F mDkjp mspf;fyhk;
 mDkjp mspf;fhky; epWj;jp itf;fyhk;
 jpUg;gp mDg;gyhk; (mJ epjp kNrhjhthfNth my;yJ murpayikg;G jpUj;j
kNrhjhfNth ,y;yhtpby;) ghuhSkd;w kW ghprPyizf;fhf jpUg;gp mDg;g KbAk;
11. Mdhy; mt;thW mDg;gg;gLk; kNrhjh jpUj;jg;gl;Nlh my;yJ jpUj;jg;glhkNyh kPz;Lk;
,U rigfshYk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L FbauRj; jiytUf;F mDg;gg;gl;lhy; mth; mDkjp
mspj;jhf Ntz;Lk;
12. ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; kNrhjhf;fis jil nra;Ak; my;yJ epuhfhpf;Fk;
chpik FbauRj;jiytUf;F cz;L. epuhfhpf;Fk; chpik gpd;tUk; 4 tifg;gLk;. (Veto
Powers)
 KOikahd epuhfhpg;G: mjhtJ kNrhjhtpw;F mDkjp mspg;gij epWj;jp itg;gJ
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epuhfhpg;G: rl;lrigfspy; mjpfgl;r ngUk;ghd;ik ngWtjd;
%yk; uj;J nra;ag;glf;$baJ
 jw;fhypf epuhfhpg;G: ,J rl;lrigapy; rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ik ngWtjd; %yNk
uj;J nra;ag;glf;$baJ
 jhkjg;gLj;Jk; epuhghpg;G: mDkjp toq;f jhkjpj;jy; MFk; (Pocket Veto)
13. ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiythpd; ,e;j mjpfhukhdJ KOikahd> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk;
jhkj epuhfhpg;gpd; fyitahFk;. RUf;fkhf $wpdhy; ,e;jpa FbauR jiytUf;Fk;
tPl;Nlh mjpfhuk; vd;gJ ghf;nfl; tPl;Nlh mjpfhuk; kl;LNk
    
14. Khepy rl;lrigahy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjh khepy MSeuhy; FbauRj;jiythpd;

TNPSC.News
ghh;itf;F mDg;gg;gLk; NghJ mth;
 kNrhjhtpw;F mDkjpaspf;fyhk;
 mDkjpaspg;gij epWj;jp itf;fyhk;
 khepy rl;lrigapd; kW ghprPyidf;F mDg;Gk;gb MSeUf;F topfhl;lyhk; (mJ
gz kNrhjhthf ,y;yhtpby;)
Fwpg;G: khepy rl;lrigapdhy; kPz;Lk; mk;kNrhjh epiwNtw;wg;gl;L FbauRj;jiythplk;
mDg;gg;gl;lhy;> mth; xg;Gjy; toq;fhkYk; ,Uf;f KbAk;. vdNt khepy kNrhjh jhf;fy; kPJ
FbauRj;jiytUf;F KOikahd epuhfhpg;G chpik cz;L.
15. ghuhSkd ;w $l;lj;njhlh ; eilngwhj fhyq ;fspy ; 123tJ tpjpg ;gb FbauRj ;jiyth ;
mturr; rl;lq;fisg; gpwg;gpf;fyhk;. ghuhSkd ;wk; kPz ;Lk; $ba 6 thuq;fSf;Fs; ,e;j
mtrur;rl;lq;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;
16. FbauRj;jiyth; mtru rl;lj;ij jpUk;gg;ngwTk; KbAk;
17. mtrur; rl;lq;fis ghuhSkd;wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;shtpl;lhy; mit mjpfgl;rkhf 6 khjq;
fs; kw;Wk; 6 thuq;fs; tiu nry;Yk; (Voiu khjq;fsy;y)
18. jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp> nghJg;gzpf;FO epjpf;FO Nghd;w rpytw;wpd;
mwpf;iffis FbauRj;jiyth; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Kd; rkh;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;
murpayikg;gpy; FbauRj;jiythpd; epiy: (CONSTITUTIONAL POSITION OF
THE PRESIDENT)
1. kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepyq;fsit Mfpatw;NwhL Nrh;e;J FbauRj;
jiytUk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xU mq;fkhthh;
2. FbauRj;jiyth; Njh;jYf;F Nghl;bapLk; eghpd; ngaiu Njh;jy; FOtpid Nrh;e;j 50
Ngh; Kd;nkhopaTk;> 50 Ngh; topnkhopaTk; Ntz;Lk;
3. xUth; vj;jid Kiw Ntz;LkhdhYk; FbauRj;jiytuhfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;glyhk;
4. FbauRj; jiyth; 50>000 &gha; khjr;rk;gskhf ngWfpd;whh;. jw;nghOJ &.1>50>000.00
5. FbauRj;jiyth;> Jizf;FbauRj;jiyth; Mfpa ,uz;L gjtpfSk; xNu Neuj;jpy; ntw;
wplkhdhy ; cr;r ePjp kd;w jiyik ePjpgjp (mtUk ; ,y;yhj NghJ mLj ;j ePjpgjp )
Gjpa FbauRj;jiyth; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; tiu FbauRj;jiythpd ; gzpfis Nkw;
nfhs;thh;
6. ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; ,Jtiu xNu xUKiw jiyik ePjpgjp M. ,jaj;Jy;yh FbauRj;
jiythpd; gzpfis [Piy 20> 1969 Kjy; Mf];l; 20> 1969 tiu Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
7. ePjpgjp M. ,jaj;Jy;yh mth;fs; xUth;jhd; FbauRj;jiythpd; gzpfis ,UKiw ,U
NtW mjpfhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L Nkw;nfhz;l xNu egh; Mthh;. Kjy; Kiw 1969k;
Mz;L cr;r ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjpahfTk ; ,uz;lhtJ Kiw 1982 Mk; Mz;L mf;
Nlhgh ; khjk ; Jizf ; FbauRj ; jiytuhfTk ; ,Ue; J nfhz ; L FbauRj ; jiythpd ;
gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
8. FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy; tuyhw;wpy; tp. tp. fphp mth;fs; jhd; RNar;ir Ntl;ghsuhf
epd;W 1969 Mk; Mz;L ntw;wp ngw;w xNu FbauRj;jiyth; Mthh;

    
9. 1977 Mk; Mz;L [Piy khjk; ePyk; rQ;rPt nul;b mth;fs; ahUk; vjph;j;J kDjhf;fy;
TNPSC.News
nra;ahjjhy; Nghl;bapd;wp FbauRj;jiyth; gjtpf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;
10. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gLk; ve;j kNrhjhTk; FbauRj;jiythpd; mDkjp ngw;w
gpwNf rl;lkhf ,aw;wg;gLk;
11. 1986 Mk; Mz;L mQ;ry; top kNrhjh jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;L FbauRj;jiyth; fpahdp
nrapy; rpq; mth;fshy; epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;L gpd;dh; 1989 Mk; mz;L jpUk;gg; ngwg;gl;lJ
12. r%f Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j tp\aq;fspy; FbauRj;jiyth; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
mwpTiuiaf; Nfhuyhk;. Mdhy; mt;twpTiu FbauRj;jiytiuf; fl;LgLj;jhJ.
FbauRj; jiythpd; rkNahrpj mjpfhuq;fs; (Directionary owers of the President)
1. FbauRj; jiyth; vg;NghJk; mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridg;gbNa
nray;gLthh;. Mdhy; gpd;tUk; #o;epiyfspd; NghJ kl;Lk; mth; jdJ
rkNahrpj mwptpd;gb nray;glyhk;
2. ve;j fl;rpf;Fk; kf;fsitapy; ngUk;ghd;ik fpilf;fhj Neuq;fspy; gpujkh;
gjtpf;F Nghl;bapLgth;fspy; xUtiu gpujkuhf epakpf;Fk; NghJ
3. mikr;ruit ngUk;ghd;ik ngw ,ayhjjhfp tpl;l gpd;dh; mikr;rh;fs;
uh[pdhkh nra;Jtpl;L mikr;ruitia fiyj;J tpl;L Gjpa Njh;jy;
elj;Jk;gb FbauRj;jiytUf;F MNyhrid $Wk; nghOJ mth; jdJ
Kbtpd; gb nray;glyhk;. Mdhy; mth; kf;fsitapd; tho;ehs; mg;gbNa
,Uf;Fk;gbAk;> kw;nwhU muR mikf;f tha;g;gspf;Fk; tpjkhfTk; ele;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
4. ghf;nfl; tPl;Nlh mjpfhuj;ij cgNahfpf;Fk; nghOJ mikr;ruitapd;
mwpTiuia kPz;Lk; xUKiw kWghprPyidf;F mDg;gyhk;
5. ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjhf;fis kPz;Lk; xUKiw
kWghprPyidf;F mDg;gp itf;fyhk;
FbauRj; jiytUf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba jFjpfs;

(Qualification for the Election to the Office of the President)
1. ,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
2. 35 taJ epuk;gpatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
3. kf;fsit cWg;gpduhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl jFjpAilatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
4. kj;jpa my;yJ khepy muRfspd; fPo; Cjpak; ngWk; Ntiy ghh;gg ; tuhf
,Uf;ff; $lhJ
5. Mdhy; gpd;tUk; egh;fs; muR Cjpak; ngWgth;fshf fUjg;glkhl;lhh;fs;
vdNt mth;fs; FbauRj; jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl chpik cz;L
1. jw;Nghija FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth;
2. khepy MSeh;
3. kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy mikr;rh;fs;

    
,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytu;fs; TNPSC.News

vz; ngau;fs; gjtpf;fhyk; rpwg;Gfs;
,U Kiw [dhjpgjpahf ,Ue;j
1 lhf;lu;.uhN[e;jpugpurhj; 26.01.1950 – 13.05.1962
xNu egu; ,tNu
Mrpupauhf ,Ue;J FbauRj;

2 lhf;lu; S. uhjhfpU~;zd; 13.05.1962 – 13.05.1967
jiytu; gjtp tfpj;jtu;
13.05.1967 – 03.05.1969
3 lhf;lu;. [hfPu; cNrd; Kjy; K];yPk; FbauRj; jiytu;
(,wg;G tiu)
fhq;fpu]; rhu;gpy; Nghl;baplhky;

03.05.1969 – 20.07.1969
4 tp.tp.fpup Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ll Kjy;
(nray;gLjy;) FbauRj;jiytu;
cr;rePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjpahf

20.07.1969 – 24.08.1969
5 ePjpgjp vk;.,jaj;Jy;yh ,Ue;J FbauRj; jiytu; gjtp
(nray;gLjy;) tfpj;jtu;
6 tp.tp.fpup 24.08.1969 – 24.08.1974 RNal;ir Ntl;ghsu;
7 gf;UjPd; myp mfkJ 24.08.1974 – 11.02.1977 gjtpapy; ,Ue;j NghNj kuzk;
8 B.D.[hl;b 11.02.1977 – 25.07.1977 jw;fhypf FbauRj; jiytu;
Nghl;bapd;wp Nju;;e;njLf;fg;gl;l xNu

9 ePyk; rQ;rpt nul;b 25.07.1977 – 25.07.1982 FbauRj; jiytu; kw;Wk;
,sikahdtu;
10 fpahdp n[apy; rpq; 25.07.1982 – 25.07.1987 Kjy; rPf;fpa FbauRj; jiytu;
11 vk;.,jaj;Jy;yh 06.10.1982 – 31.10.1982
12 Mu;.ntq;fl;uhkd; 25.07.1987 – 25.07.1992 KJikahd FbauRj; jiytu;
lhf;lu; rq;fu; jahs;

13 25.07.1992 – 25.07.1997
ru;kh
14 Nf.Mu;.ehuhazd; 25.07.1997 – 25.07.2002 Kjy; jypj; FbauRj; jiytu;
15 A.B.J. mg;Jy;fyhk; 25.07.2002 – 25.07.2007 Kjy; mwptpay; tpQ;Qhdp
16 M.S.gpujPgh ghl;By; 25.07.2007 – 25.07.2012 Kjy; ngz; [dhjpgjp
25.07.2012 Kjy;
17 gpuzhg; Kfu;[p
njhlu;fpwhu;
Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth;

    
(THE VICE PRESIDENT)

TNPSC.News
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 63tJ tpjp FbauRj;jiytUf;F mLj;jgbahf xU

Jizf;FbauRj; jiyth; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpd;wJ
 mth; khepyq;fsitapd; jiyth; Mthh;
 Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; khepyq;fsitapd; cWg;gpduy;y. vdNt mtUf;F
Xl;lspf;Fk; chpik fpilahJ
 Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; vd;w Kiwapy; mth; Cjpak; vJATk; ngw ,ayhj> Mdhy;
khepyq;fsitapd; jiyth; vd;w Kiwapy; mth; Cjpak; kw;Wk; nryT gbfs; ngwyhk;
 97tJ tpjpapd; fPo; Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; FbauRj; jiytuhf nray;gLk; NghJ
khepyq;fsit jiytUila gzpfis Mw;wkhl;lhh;. vdNt mg;NghJ mtUf;F
khepyq;fsitapd; jiytUf;Fz;lhd CjpaKk; nryTg;gbfSk; toq;fg;glhJ. Mdhy;
mg;NghJ mtUf;F FbauRj; jiytUf;Fhpa Cjpak; nryT gbfs; kw;Wk; vy;yh
tpjkhd rYiffSk; toq;fg;gLk;
 Jizf; FbauRj; jiytiu ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L rig cWg;gpdh;fSk; mlq;fpa
Njh;jy; FOtpdh; Njh;e;njLg;ghh;fs;. me;j Njh;jy; tpfpjhr;rhu Kiwg;gbAk;> xw;iw khw;W
thf;fpd; mbg;gilapYk; ,ufrpakhfTk; elf;Fk;
 Jizf; FbauRj; jiytUf;fhd gjtpf; fhyk; KbAk; Kd;dNu Njh;jy; elj;jp
Kbf;fg;gLk;
 Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; gjtp mtuJ ,wg;G> uh[pdhkh kw;Wk; gjtp ePf;fk; Mfpa
fhuzq;fspdhy; ntw;wplkhdhy; vt;tsT tpiutpy; ,aYNkh mt;tsT tpiutpy; Njh;jy;
elj;jg;gLk;. mj;Njh;jypy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; egh; FbauRj; jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
ehs; Kjy; 5 tUlq;fs; gjtpapy; ePbf;fyhk;
 FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jypy; cs;sijg; Nghy 6 khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; Gjpa Jizf;
FbauRj; jiytiu Njh;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ve;j epge;jidAk; ,y;iy
 Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jiyg; gw;wpa toq;Ffs; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
tprhpf;fg;gl;L jPh;g;G nrhy;yg;gLk;. ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;Ng ,WjpahdJ
 Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy; nry;yhJ vd;W ePjpkd;wk; mwptpj;jhy; mth; jdJ
flikfis Mw;Wtjw;fhf nra;j nray;fSk; nry;yhjit MfhJ
 Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy; njhlh;ghd tptfhuq;fis> xOq;F gLj;j
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F chpik cz;L
 xU egh; Jizf; FbauRj; jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lij Njh;jy; FOtpy; ,Uf;Fk;
ntw;wplj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; vjph;j;J thjhl KbahJ (tpjp 71)
 ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lk; 1998d;gb khepyq;fsit jiythpd; khj rk;kgsk; 40>000 &gha;
MFk;. jw;nghOJ &.1>25>000

    
mrhjhuzkhd #o;epiyfspy; Jizf;FbauRj; jiythpd; flikfs;

(Duties of the Vice-President in Extra ordinary circumstances)
TNPSC.News
 65-tJ tpjpapd;gb FbauRj; jiyth; gjtp mtuJ ,wg;G> uh[pdhkh> gjtp ePf;fk;
Mfpa fhuzq;fspdhy; ntw;wplkhdhy; Gjpa FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk;
tiu Jizf; FbauR jiyth; mtuJ gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;thh;
 FbauRj; jiyth; Neha; tha;g;gl;lbUe;jhNyh my;yJ ntspehLfSf;F
nrd;wpUe;jhNyh mtw;iw Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;thh;
 FbauRj; jiytuhf gzpahw;Wk; fhyj;jpy; jiythpd; vy;yh mjpfhuq;fisAk; jdp
chpikfisAk;> Cjpak; kw;Wk; nryTg; gbfisAk; Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth;
ngWthh;
 mth; ,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
 35 taJ epuk;gpatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
 khepyq;fsitf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtjw;fhd jFjpfs; cilatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
 murhq;fj;jpy; yhgk; jUk; ve;j gjtpapYk; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ
 FbauRj; jiyth;> Jizf;FbauRj; jiyth;> khepy MSeh;> kj;jpa> khepy

mikr;rh;fs;> Mfpa gjtpfs; yhgk; jUk; murhq;f gjtpfshf
fUjg;glkhl;lhJ
 Jizf;FbauRj; jiyth; jhd; gjtp Vw;w ehspypUe;J 5 tUlk; tiu
gjtpapy; ePbf;fyhk;. mtuJ gjtpf;fhyk; Kbe;j gpwFk; mtUf;Fg; gpwF
nghWg;Gf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth; gjtp Vw;Fk; tiuapy; Jizj;jiyth;
mg;gjtpapy; ePbg;ghh;
 Jizf;FbauRj; jiytiu gjtpapypUe;J tpyf;Ftjw;fhf nfhz;Ltug;gLk;
jPh;khdk; khepyq;fsitapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ik MjuTld;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy; Jizf;FbauRj;jiyth; gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ePf;fg;gLthh;.
khepyq;fsitapd; jPh;khdj;jpw;F kf;fsitapd; xg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;
,e;jpa Jizf; FbauRj; jiytu;fs;

vz; ngau; gjtpf;fhyk;
1 lhf;lu; S.uhjhfpU~;zd; 1952 – 1966
2 lhf;lu; [hfPu; cNrd; 1966 – 1967
3 thuffpup ntq;flfpup 1967 – 1969
4 Nfhghy; ];t&g; gjf; 1969 – 1974
5 B.D.[hl;b 1974 – 1979

    
6 KfkJ ,jaj;Jy;yh 1979 – 1984

TNPSC.News
7 Mu;;. ntq;fl;uhkd; 1984 – 1987
8 lhf;lu; rq;fu; jahs; ru;kh 1987 – 1992
9 Nf.Mu;.ehuhazd; 1992 – 1997
10 fpU~;zfhe;j; 1997 – 2002
11 igNuhd; rpq; n~fhtj; 2002 – 2007
12 `kPJ md;rhup 2007 – 2012
13 `kPJ md;rhup 2012 Kjy;

    
FbauRj; jiyth;> Jizf;FbauRj; jiyth; Xh; xg;gPL TNPSC.News

(Comparison between the President and the Vice – President)
1. FbauRj; jiyth; ghuhSkd;w ,U mitfSf;Fk; kw;Wk; rl;lNguitfSf;Fk;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Nominates cWg;gpdh;fslq;fpa Njh;jy; FOtpdhy;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;. Jizf;FbauRj;jiyth; ghuhSkd;w ,U mitfSf;Fk;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; epakpf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fslq;fpa Njh;jy; FOtpdhy;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;
2. FbauRj; jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizf;FbauRj;jiyth; ,UtiuAk; Njh;e;njLf;Fk; Njh;jy;
tpfpjhr;rhu Kiwg;gbAk; xw;iw khw;W thf;fpd; mbg;gilapYk; eilngWk;
3. ,uz;L gjtpfSf;Fk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; egh;fs; ,e;jpaf; FbkfdhfTk;> 35 taJ
epuk;gpatuhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
4. FbauRj; jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtjw;F> kf;fsit cWg;gpduhf
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtjw;fhd jFjpfSilatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Jizf;FbauRj;
jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l khepyq;fsit cWg;gpduhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtjw;fhd
jFjpfs; cilatuhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;
5. ,uz;L gjtpfSf;Fk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtjw;F murhq;fj;jpy; yhgk; jUk; ve;j gjtpapYk;
,Uf;ff; $lhJ. Mdhy; FbauRj;jiyth;> Jizf;FbauRj;jiyth;> khepy MSeh;>
kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy mikr;rh; Mfpa gjtpfs; murhq;fj;jpd; yhgk; jUk; gjtpfshf
fUjg;glkhl;lhJ
6. ,uz;L gjtpfSf;fhd fhyKk; gjtpNaw;w ehspypUe;J 5 tUlq;fshFk;
7. FbauRj;jiyth; jk; ifg;gl xU fbjj;ij Jizf;FbauRj;jiytUf;F vOjpf;
nfhLg;gjd; %yk; gjtp tpyfyhk;. Jizf;FbauRj;jiyth; jk; ifg;gl xU fbjj;ij
FbauRj;jiytUf;F vOjpf; nfhLg;gjd; %yk; gjtp tpyfyhk;
8. FbauRj;jiytiu gjtpapy; ,ue;J ePf;f mjw;fhd jPh;khdj;ij ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,U
mitfspYk; jdpj;jdpahf %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F ngUk;ghd;ikAld; epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.
Mdhy; Jizf;FbauRj; jiytiu gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ePf;f mjw;fhd jPh;khdj;ij
khepyq;fsitapy; rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ikAld; epiwNtw;wp kf;fsitapd; xg;Gjiyg;
ngwNtz;Lk;
9. FbauRj; jiyth; ,y;yhj Neuq;fspy; mtuJ gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;fpwhh;.
10. FbauRj;jiyth; khjk; &gha; 50>000 rk;gskhf ngWfpd;wdh;. Jizf;FbauRj;jiyth;
khepyq;fsitapd; jiyth; vd;w Kiwapy; khjk; 40>000 &gha; rk;gskhf ngWfpd;wdh;.
mth; FbauRj;jiytuhf nray;gLk; NghJ khjk; 50>000 &gha; rk;gskhfg; ngWthh;
,e;jpahtpd; jiyik tof;fwpQh;: (ATTORNEY – GENERAL OF INDIA)
 76tJ tpjp cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjpahtjw;F jFjpfis ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
xUtiu ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik tof;fwpQuhf FbauRj;jiyth; epakpf;fyhk; vd;W
$Wfpd;wJ
 mth; ,e;jpa murpd; Kjy; rl;l mjpfhhp Mthh; (First Legal Officer of the Country)

    
 muR khWk; nghOJ jiyik tof;fwpQh; uh[pdhkh nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Gjpjhf

TNPSC.News
nghWg;Ngw;Fk; muR> jhd; tpUk;Gk; xUtiu jiyik tof;fwpQuhf epakpf;Fk;
 rl;lk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpur;rpidfs; gw;wp ,e;jpa muRf;F mwpTiu $WtJ FbauRj;
jiytuhYk; murpayikg;ghYk; mtUf;F xJf;fg;gLk; flikfisAk; gzpfisAk;
nra;tJ Nghd;wit mtuJ gzpfshFk;
 mj;jifa flikfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf ,e;jpahtpYs;s vy;yh ePjpkd;wq;fspYk;
Kd;dpiyg;gLtjw;fhd chpik jiyik tof;fwpQUf;F cz;L
 jiyik tof;fwpQh; ,e;jpa muRf;F vjpuhf MNyhrid $wNth my;yJ thjhlNth
$lhJ. mNjNghy; murpd; mDkjp ,y;yhky; xU Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l egUf;F Mjuthf
thjhlf;$lhJ.
 mth; ve;j xU epWtdj;jpYk; ,af;Feuhf nghWg;Ngw;f $lhJ
 jiyik tof;fwpQh; kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fhf ePjpkd;wq;fspy; thjhLthh;. mth; NtW
rpy jdp tof;FfspYk; M[uhfyhk; Mdhy; mt;tof;Ffspy; vjph;jug;G murhq;fkhf
,Uf;ff; $lhJ
 mtUf;F rk;gsk; toq;fg;glhJ. Mdhy; mtuJ gzpfSf;fhf FbauRj;jiytuhy;
eph;zapf;fg;gLk; fl;lzk; toq;fg;gLk; (Retainer of the Government)
 jiyik tof;fwpQh; ghuhSkd;w ,U mitfspYk; cWg;gpduhf ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jhYk;>
mtUf;F ,U rigfspYk; eilngWk; MNyhridfspYk; $l;lq;fspYk; fye;J nfhs;s
chpik cz;L. Xl;lspf;f chpik ,y;iy
 mth; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; cWg;gpdh; vd;w Kiwapy; midj;J rYiffSf;Fk;
ghJfhg;gpw;Fk; jFjpAilatuhthh;
 jiyik tof;fwpQUf;F fPo; ,uz;L rl;l MNyhrfh;fSk; ehd;F cjtp rl;l
MNyhrfh;fSk; ,Ug;gh; (4 Additional Solicitor Generals)
 jiyik tof;fwpQh; FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;L mtuhy; eph;zapf;fg;gLk;
Cjpaj;ij ngWthh;
 jw;nghOija jiyik tof;fwpQh; ahh; vd;gij njhpe;Jf; nfhs;sTk;
 jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp gw;wpa cld;ghLfs; 148 Kjy; 151 tiuapyhd
tpjpfspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd
 mth; 6 tUlq;fs; my;yJ 65 taJ ,uz;by; vJ Kd;dNjh mJ tiu gjtpapy; ePbg;ghh;
jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhpapd; flikfs;: (Duties of CAG)
 kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspd; fzf;Ffis jzpf;if nra;J FbauRj;jiytUf;Nfh
my;yJ MSeUf;Nfh mwpf;if mspj;jy;
 ,e;jpa kw;Wk; khepyq;fspd; njhFg;G epjpapypUe;J nra;ag;gl;L ,Uf;Fk; midj;J
nrytpdq;fSk; rl;lg;gb jhd; nra;ag;gl;L cs;sd vd cWjp nra;jy;
    
 ghuhSkd;wk; my;yJ khepy rl;lrigfspdhy; xJf;fL

P nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk; epjp mjw;fhd
TNPSC.News
fhuzj;jpw;fhf kl;LNk gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjh vd Nkw;ghh;itapLjy;
 muR epWtdq;fs;
 murpd; tUthapypUe;J epjp cjtp ngWk; mikg;Gfs; Mfpatw;
wpd; fzf;FfisAk;
 NkYk; rl;lg;gb Njitg;gLk; nghOJ gpw epWtdq;fspd; fzf;
FfisAk; jzpf;if nra;jy;
 jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp (flikfs; kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs;) rl;lk; 1976 ,aw;
wg;gl;ljpypUe ;J kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspd ; fzf ;Ffis jahhpg ;gij tpl;Ltpl;L
mt;tuRfs; kw;Wk; nghJj;Jiw epWtdq ;fspd; fzf;Ffis jzpf;if nra;tJ kl;Lk;
njhlug;gl;lJ
 khepy murpd; fzf;Ffis jzpf;if nra;J jahhpf;fg;gLk; mwpf;ifia
khepy MSehplk; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. mth; mjid khepy rl;lrigapd; Kd; itg;ghh;
 mt;twpf;if cldbahf ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; nghJ fzf;F FOtplk; mDg;gg;gl;L mf;FO
kPz;Lk; xU mwpf;if jahh; nra;J mjid ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Kd; rkh;g;gpf;Fk;
 nghJ fzf;F FOtpdhy; mDg;gg;gl;l ,uz;lhk; mwpf;ifapd; kPjhd
tpthjk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; eilngWk;
 jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xU mjpfhhpahthh;. NkYk;
mth; nghJ fzf;F FOtpd; fz;fSk; fhJfSk; vd;Wk; $wg;gLthh;
 jiyik jzpf;if mjpfhhp khepyj;jpd; njhFg;G epjpapypUe;J gzj;ij vLj;
J tpepNahfk; nra;tij ve;j tpjj;jpYk; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbahJ
 jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhpahy; Vw;fdNt nra;ag;gl;l nrytpdq;fis jzpf;
if nra;a kl;LNk KbAk;
 jw;nghOija CAG ahh; vd;gij njhpe;Jf; nfhs;sTk;
mikr;ruit: (COUNCIL OF MINISTERS)

 FbauRj;jiyth; jdJ mjpfhuj;ij nrYj;Jk;NghJ mtUf;F mwpTiu $wp Jiz nra;
tjw;F gpujkhpd; fPo; cs;s mikr;ruit ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W 74(1)k; tpjp $Wfpd;wJ
 75k; tpjp FbauRj;jiyth; gpujkiu epakpj;J mtuJ mwpTiuapd; Nghpy;
gpw mikr;rh;fis epakpg;ghh; vd;W $Wfpd;wJ
 gpujkh; gjtpNaw;w clNdNa mikr;ruit mikf;fg;gLk;
 mikr ;ruitapy ; ,Uf;f Ntz ;ba mikr ;rh;fspd ; vz;zpf;if murpay ; mikg ;ghy; eph;
zak; nra;ag;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; nly;yp khepy rl;lrigapd; mikr;ruitapy; kl;Lk; rl;
lrig cWg;gpdh;fspy; 10y; 1 gq;Ff;F Fiwthd mikr;rh;fNs ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;nghOJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; ,e;j rl;lk; te;J tpl;lJ

    
 75(3) tpjpapd;gb mikr;ruit kf;fsitf;F $l;Lg; nghWg;GilajhFk; (Collective

TNPSC.News
Responsibility)
 mjhtJ xU jPh;khdk; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhy; mikr;ruit KOikAkhf
rPh;FiyAk;
 muRf ; F xj; Jtuhj mikr ; rh; fis ePf ; Fk; NghJ gpujkh ; FbauRj ; jiytUld ; fye ; J
MNyhrpf;fyhk;. Vnddpy; mikr;rh;fs; xt;nthUtUk; FbauRj; jiyth;fSf;Fj; jdpg;
nghWg;Gilath;fs; Mth;
 ,e;jpa mikr;ruit %d;W tifahd mikr;rh;fisf; nfhz;lJ. Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fs;>
,iz mikr;rh;fs; (Minister of States) Jiz mikr;rh;fs; (Deputy Ministers)
 Nfgpdl; jFjpAila mikr;rh;fs; xU Jiwapd; jiytuhth;
 Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fs; gpujkuhy; elj;jg;gLk; Nfgpdl; $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;s
chpikAilath;fs;
 Nfgpdl; vd;w thh;j;ij 42tJ jpUj;jr;rl;lj;jpd;gb murpay; mikg;gpd; 352 tJ tpjpapy;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
 Nfgpdl; vd;gJ mikr;ruitapd; rpwpa mikg;ghFk;
 ,iz mikr;rh;fs; vd;gth;fs; Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fSf;F fPo; cs;sth;fSk; mth;fSf;F
cjtp nra;gth;fshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;
 ,iz mikr ;rh;fSk;> Nfgpdl ; mikr ;rh;fSf;F ,izahd Cjpak ; ngWfpd ;wdh;. ,th;
fSf;nfd;W jdpahf Jiwfs; vJTk; fpilahJ . Mdhy; gpujkh; tpUk;gpdhy; ,th;fis
VNjDk; JiwfSf;F nghWg;ghf epakpf;fyhk;
 ,iz mikr;rh;fs; miof;fg;gl;lhyd;wp mikr;ruit $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;s
KbahJ
 Jiz mikr;rh;fSf;F jdpahf Jiwfs; vJTk; fpilahJ. mth;fs; vg;NghJ Nfgpdl;
mikr;rh;fSf;Nfh> ,iz mikr;rh;fSf;Nfh my;yJ ,UtUf;FNkh cjtp nra;thh;fs;
 Mth;fs; mikr;ruit $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;s KbahJ
 mth;fSf;F Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fistpl Fiwthd Cjpak; toq;fg;gLk;
 Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fNs ehl;bd; nfhs;iffis cUthf;Ffpd;wdh;
 Nfgpdl; vd;gJ mikr;ruit $l;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; murpayikg;gpy; Vw;gl;l $Ljy;
tsh;r;rpahFk;
Fwpg;G: midj;J Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fSk; Nfgpdl; cWg;gpdh;fs; my;yh;
 xU mikr;rh; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspy; vjpy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;
fyhk;. Mdhy; mtUf;F> ve;j rigapy; cWg;gpduhf cs;shNuh mr;rigapy; kl;LNk Xl;
lspf;Fk; chpik cz;L
 xU mikr;rh; ghuhSkd;w ,UrigfspYk; cWg;gpduhf ,y;yhtpby; gjtpNaw;w 6 khj
fhyj;jpw;Fs; ghuhSkd;w rig xd;wpy; cWg;gpduhf Ntz;Lk;
 Njh;e;njLf;fg;glhky; cWg;gpduhf ,y;yhj xUtiu kPz;Lk; mikr;ruhf epakpf;f
KbahJ

    
 tpjp 75 (2)d; gb FbauRj;jiyth; tpUk;Gk;tiu mikr;rh;fs; gjtpapy; ePbg;ghh;fs;

TNPSC.News
 ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp Kiwapy; FbauRj;jiyth; ngaustpy; mjpfhuKilath;. Mdhy;

gpujkh; cz;ikapNyNa mjpfhuk; cilath;
 FbauRj;jiyth; ehl;bd; jiyth; Mdhy; gpujkh; murhq;fj;jpd; jiyth; Mthh;
 ,e;jpa murpayikg ;gpd; fPo; cs;s xUtiu mnkhpf;f FbauRj; jiytNuhL xg;gpl Ntz;
Lnkd ;why; gpujkiuj ; jhd; xg;gpl Ntz ;Lk;. ,e;jpa FbauRj ; jiytiu my;y vd;W
lhf;lh; mk;Ngj;fhh; $Wfpd;whh;
 gpujkNu MSk; fl;rpapd; jiyth; Mthh;
 mtNu gzpfspd; murpay; jiyth; Mthh;
 neUf;fb epiyapd; NghJ gpujkNu murpay; epiyfspy; jiyth; Mthh;
 mth; kj;jpa murpd; jiyik nra;jp njhlh;ghsh; Mthh;
 ehl;bd; may;ehl;Lf; nfhs;iffis tFg;gjpy; gpujkh; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wfpd;whh;
 ehl;bd; jiyth; vd;w Kiwapy; gy khepyq;fspd; gy gphpTfis Nrh;e;j kf;fis re;jpj;
J mth;fspd; Fiwfs; gw;wpa kDf;fis ngWfpd;whh;
 mth; jpl;l FO> Njrpa Nkk;ghl;L Mizak; Njrpa xUq;fpizg;G FO> khepyq;fSf;F
,ilNaahd FO Mfpatw;wpd; jiyth; Mthh;
 ehl;bd; murpay; eph;thf Kiwapy; gpujkh; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpwhh;
gpujkhpd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;: (POWERS AND FUNCTIONS)
 jdJ mikr ;ruitapd ; mikr ;rh;fis KbT nra;tJ gpujkhpd ; rpwg;GhpikahFk ;.
mjhtJ gpujkuhy; ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; egh;fis kl;LNk FbauRj;jiyth; mikr;rh;fshf
epakpf;f KbAk;
 mikr;rh;fsplk; gy;NtW Jiwfis xJf;fp nfhLg;gJk; gpujkhpd; gzpahFk;
 fUj;J NtWghl;bd; fhuzkhf xU mikr;riu gjtp tpyfNth> my;yJ FbauRj;
jiytiu mt;tikr;ruit gjtp ePf;fk; nra;Ak; gbNah Nfhuyhk;
 gpujkNu mikr;ruit $l;lq;fSf;F jiyikNaw;fpwhh;. NkYk; mjd; KbTfis
eph;zapf;fpd;whh;
 midj;J mikr;rh;fspd; eltbf;iffisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jp xOq;F gLj;Jfpd;whh;
 gpujkh; gjtp tpyFtjd; %yk; mikr;ruitia fiyj;J tpl KbAk;
 mth; mikr;ruit $l;lj;ij vg;nghOJ Ntz;LkhdhYk; $l;lyhk;
 Nfgpdl; mikg;gpd; mbg;gil gpujkNu Mthh;
 mikr;ruitapy; gpujkhpd; epiy rkkhdth;fSf;nfy;yhk; Kjyhdth; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ
 MSk; fl;rpapd; tho;Tk;> ,wg;Gk; gpujkNu vd;Wk; $Wfpd;whh;

    
 Nfgpdl; $l;lq;fis $l;lTk; epfo;rr

; p epuiy KbT nra;aTk;> $l;lk; elf;Fk;
TNPSC.News
,lq;fis Njh;e;njLf;fTk; $l gpujkUf;F chpik cz;L
 mth; ve;j mikr;rfj;jpd; ve;j Nfhg;gpid Ntz;LkhdhYk; Nfhu chpik cz;L. ,e;j
chpik gy mikr;rfq;fspd; xUq;fpizg;ghsh; vd;Dk; Kiwapy; gpujkUf;F cz;L
FbauRj; jiytUld; njhlh;Gila mjpfhuq;fs;: (IN RELATION TO THE PRESIDENT)
 ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik tof;fwpQh;> jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp> nghJg;gzp
Mizaj;jpd; jiyth;> Njh;jy; Mizah;fs; epjpf;FOtpd; jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fs;
Nghd;w Kf;fpa gjtpfspy; Ml;fis epakpj;jy; njhlh;ghf FbauRj;jiytUf;F gpujkh;
MNyhrid $wyhk;.
 FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; mikr;ruit ,ilNaahd jfty; njhlh;G ghykhf gpujkh;
nray;gLfpd;whh; (tpjp 78)
 rl;lkpaw;Wjy; kw;Wk; eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd mikr;ruitapd; KbTfis
FbauRj;jiytUf;F njhptpf;fpd;whh;
 mikr;ruitapy; fye;jhNyhrpf;fg;glhky; gpujkh; jhdhf vLj;j Kbtpid
mikr;ruitapd; ghprPyidf;F mDg;g Ntz;Lk; vd;W FbauRj;jiyth; Nfhhpdhy;
mt;thNw gpujkh; nray;gLthh;
gpujkhpd; epakdk; (Appointment of the Prime Minister)

 gpujkh; FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLthh; (tpjp 75 (1))
 rhjhuz #o;epiyfspy; FbauRj; jiyth; jdJ tpUg;gg;gb gpujkiu
epakpf;fyhk;. Mdhy; FbauRj;jiyth; ghuhSkd;w kf;fsitapy;
ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;w fl;rpapd; jiytiuNa gpujkuhf epakpf;f KbAk;
 ve;j fl;rpAk; ngUk;ghd;ik ngwhky; $l;lzp Ml;rp mike;jhy; FbauRj;
jiyth; jdJ tpUg;gg;gb gpujkiu Njh;e;njLf;fyhk;
 FbauRj; jiyth; mtuJ fUj;Jg;gb ve;j fl;rp epiyahd muir
mikf;FNkh mjd; jiytiu Njh;e;njLf;fyhk;
xU jiytiu miof;Fk; NghJ gpd;tUk; eilKiwfis FbauRj; jiyth;

gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;
1. ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPh;khdj;jpy; muR Njhy;tpaile;jpUe;jhy; vjph; fl;rpj;
jiytiu FbauRj; jiyth; miof;f Ntz;Lk;
2. Njh;jYf;F Kd;G cUthd $l;lzpapd; jiytiu miof;f Ntz;Lk;
3. jdpg;ngUk;ghd;ik fl;rpapd; jiytiu miof;f Ntz;Lk;
Njh;jYf;Fg; gpd;G cUthd $l;lzpapd; jiytiu miof;f Ntz;Lk;
fpr;rd; Nfgpdl; - mLg;gb ke;jphp rig (Kitchen Cabinet)

 ,e;jpahtpd; midj;J gpujkh;fSk; fpr;rd; Nfgpdl; itj;J ,Ue;jdh;.

    
tl;lj;jpw;Fs;shd tl;lk; vd;W mh;j;jk;

TNPSC.News
 cs;Nfgpdl; my;yJ fpr;rd; Nfgpdl; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l rpwpa mikg;Ng
cz;ikahd mjpfhu ikakhFk;
 ,J gpujkiuAk; mtuJ ek;gpf;iff;F ghj;jpukhd ,uz;L Kjy; ehd;F rf
cWg;gpdh;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhFk;
 ,J Nfgpdl; cWg;gpdh;fs; kl;Lky;yhky; gpujkhpd; ez;gh;fs; FLk;g
cWg;gpdh;fs; cs;spl;l ntspahl;fisAk; nfhz;ljhFk;
 [t`h;yhy; NeUtpd; cs; Nfgpdl; gNly;> Mrhj;> Ia;aq;fhh; kw;Wk; fpj;tha;
MfpNahiuf; nfhz;lJ
 yhy;gfJ}h; rh];jphpapd; cs;Nfgpdl; Y. B. rthd;> ];tud;rpq; kw;Wk; G. I.
ee;jh MfpNahiuf; nfhz;lJ
 jpUkjp ,e;jpuh fhe;jpapd; fhyj;jpd; cs;Nfgpdl; kpfTk; rf;jp tha;e;jjhf
,Ue;jJ. mJ Y. B. rthd;> ckh> rq;fh; jPl;rpj;> gf;UjPd; myp mfkJ> lhf;lh;
ruz;rpq; Nghd;wth;fisf; nfhz;lJ
vz; gpujkh; fl;rp fhyk;

1 gz;bl; [t`h;yhy; NeU ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; (Mf];l; 15> 1947 – Nk 27>
(1889 – 1964) 1964)
2 Fy;rhhpyhy;ee;jh (nray;) ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; (Nk 27> 1964 – [_d; 9> 1964)
(1898 – 1998)
3 yhy; gfJ}h; rh];jphp ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; ([_d; 9> 1964 – [dthp 11>
(1904 – 1966) 1966)
4 Fy;rhhpyhy;ee;jh (nray;) ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; ([dthp 11> 1966 – [dthp
(1898 – 1998) 24> 1966)
5 ,e;jpuhfhe;jp (1917 – 1984) ,e;jpuh fhq;fpu]; ([dthp 24> 1966 – khh;r; 24>
1977)
6 nkhuhh;[p Njrha; [djh fl;rp (khh;r; 24> 1977 – [_iy 28>
(1896 – 1995) 1979)
7 nrsj;hp ruz;rpq; [djh fl;rp (S) ([dthp 28> 1979 – [dthp
(1902 – 1987) 14> 1980)
8 ,e;jpuh fhe;jp ,e;jpuh fhq;fpu]; ([dthp 14> 1980 –
(1917 – 1984) mf;Nlhgh; 31> 1984)
9 uh[Pt; fhe;jp ,e;jpuh fhq;fpu]; (mf;Nlhgh; 31> 1984 – brk;gh;
(1944 – 1911) 1> 1989)

    
10 tp];tehj; gpujhg; rpq; [djhjsk; (brk;gh; 2> 1989 – etk;gh; 10>

TNPSC.News
(1931 - ) 1990)
11 re;jpu Nrfh; (1927 - ) rkh[;thb [djh jsk; (etk;gh; 11> 1990 – [dthp
21> 1991)
12 P. V. eurpk;kuht; (1921 - ) ,e;jpuh fhq;fpu]; ([_d; 21> 1991 – Nk 16> 1996)
13. mly; gpfhhp th[;gha; ghujpa [djh (Nk 16> 1996 – Nk 31> 1996)
(1926 - )
14. H. D. Njtnfslh (1933 - ) [djh jsk; ([_d; 1> 1996 – Vg;uy; 20>
1997)
15. I. K. F[uhy; (1919 - ) [djh jsk; (Vg;uy; 21> 1997 – khh;r; 18>
1998)
16. mly; gpfhh; th[;gha; ghujpa [djh (khh;r; 19> 1998 – mf;Nlhgh;
(1926 - ) 13> 1999)
17. mly; gpfhh; th[;gha; ghujpa [djh (mf;Nlhgh; 13> 1999 – 2004)
(1926 - )
18. Dr. kd;Nkhfd; rpq; fhq;fpu]; (2004 – 2009)
19 Dr. kd;Nkhfd; rpq; fhq;fpu]; 2009 – 2014
20 eNue;jpu Nkhb ghujpa [djh 26.05.2014 Kjy; njhlu;fpwhu;
,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wk; (THE PARLIAMENT)

tpjp 79: ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mikg;G (Constitution of the Parliament)
 FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; kf;fsit> khepyq;fsit vd;w ,U mitfisf; nfhz;l
ghuhSkd;wk; ,Uf;Fk;
 FbauRj;jiyth; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspYk; cWg;gpduhf ,y;yhtpbYk; mth;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xUq;fpize;j gFjpahthh;
 NkYk; mjd; eilKiwfNshL njhlh;Gila rpy gzpfisAk; Mw;Wthh;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mitfs;: khepyq;fsit (The Rajya Sabha or the Council of States)
 khepyq;fsit Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lth;fs;> epakpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; vd;w 2 tifahd
cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,th;fsJ gjtpf; fhyk; 6 tUlq;fshFk;. ,th;fs; khepy
rl;lrig cWg;gpdh;fshy; kiwKfkhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;
 2 tUlq;fSf;F xU Kiw ,r;rigapd; %d;wpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; Xa;G ngWk;
tifapy; Njh;jy; elj;jg;gLk;
 khepyq;fsit ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; $l;lhl;rpapd; ,ay;Gfis gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ
tpjp 80: khepyq;fsitapy; gpd;tUgth;fs; cs;slq;fpapUg;gh; (The Council of States shall
consists of)

    
 12 Ngh; FbauRj;jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLth;

TNPSC.News
 238 Ngh;fSf;F kpfhky; khepy muRfs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspdhy; gpujpepjpfshf
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;
 (nly ; yp kw; Wk ; ghz ; br; Nrhp Mfpa A+dpad ; gpuNjrq ; fs ; kl; LNk khepyq ; fsitapy ;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;sd) jw;NghJ khepyq;fsitapd ; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if
245 MFk;. ,th;fSs; 233 Ngh; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lth;fs;. 12 Ngh; epakpf;fg;gl;lth;fs;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtj;wfhd jFjpfs;: (Criteria of nomination)
 FbauRj;jiytuhy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdh;fs; ,yf;fpak;> mwptpay;> fiy> r%f
Nrit Mfpa Jiwfspy; mwpTk; mDgtKk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; ,lq;fis fhyp nra;jy;: (VACATION OF SEATS)
 cWg;gpdh; ,lq;fis fhyp nra;tJ njhlh;ghd tptuq;fs; tpjp 101y; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
Mitahtd:
 ,uz;L mitfspYk; xU egh; cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. xNu egh; ,uz;L
mitfSf;Fk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhy; mth; xU cWg;gpdh; gjtpia Jwf;f Ntz;Lk;
 Tpjp 102 (1) kw;Wk; (2)d; fPo; ,uz;L rig cWg;gpdh;fSs; vtNuDk;
xUth; jFjpapoe;jhy; ,lk; fhypahFk;
 cWg;gpdh;> rghehafh; my;yJ mitj;jiytUf;F uh[pdhkh fbjk; mspj;J mf;fbjk;
mth;fshy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lhy; ntw;wplk; cUthFk;
 ve;j cWg;gpduhtJ mitapd; mDkjp ,y;yhky; 60 ehl;fSf;Fk; Nky; mitf;F
tuhky; ,Ue;jhy; mtuJ ,lk; fhypahdjhf muR mwptpf;Fk;
khepyq;fsit cWg;gpduhtjw;fhd jFjpfs;: (Qualification for the Membership of Rajya Sabha
)  ,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
 30 taJf;Fl;gl;ltuhf ,Uf;f $lhJ
 mth; xU rhjhuz Fbkfd; - ve;j khepyk; my;yJ A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl cs;shNuh mjd; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l thf;fhsuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
 muR Cjpak; ngWk; Ntiyapy; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ
khepyq;fsitapd; mjpfhhpfs; (Officers of the Raja Sabha)
 jiyth ;: ,e; jpa Jizf ; FbauRj ; jiytNu khepyq ; fsitapd ; jiytuhthh ;.
FbauRj;jiyth; gjtp ntw;wplkhf ,Ue;J mg;gjtpapid ,th; Vw;Wf;nfhs;shky;
,Uf;Fk; tiu khepyq;fsitapd; eilKiwfSf;F jiyikNaw;fyhk;
 Jizj;jiyth;: Jizj;jiytuhf khepyq;fsit cWg;gpdh;fSs; xUth; Njh;e;njLf;
fg;gLthh;. jiyth; ,y;yhj Neuq;fspy; Jizj;jiyth; mitf;F jiyikNaw;ghh;
kf;fsit: (Lok Sabha or the Lower House)
 ,e;jpa Fbkf;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy; kf;fsit
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gpugykhd mit MFk;.

    
 FbauRj;jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa r%fj;ijr;rhh;e;j 2 cWg;gpdh;

TNPSC.News
fis jtpu kw;w midtUk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lth;fshth
 Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa r%fj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;fs; ve;j njhFjpapYk; mjpf mstpy; ,Ug;
gjpy ; iy . vdNt mth ; fSf ; F Kiwahd gpujpepj ; jJtk ; fpilg ; gjpy ; iy vd ; gNj
FbauRj; jiythpd; fUj;jhFk;
 murpayikg ; gpd; gb kf; fsitapd ; nkhj ; j cWg ; gpdh ; vz ; zpf ; if 552 ,jpy;
khepyq;fspypUe;J 530 Ngh;> A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J 20 Ngh; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa
r%fj;jpypUe;J epakpf;fg;gl;l 2 Ngh; MfpNahh ; cs;sdh;. Mdhy; murpayikg ;G
kf;fsitf;F mjd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;ifia 545Mf (KiwNa 530 + 13 + 2)
eph;zapj;Js;sJ
kf;fsitapd; gjtp fhyk;: (Tenure of the Lok Sabha)
 kf;fsitapd; nghJthd gjtp fhyk; 5 tUlq;fshFk;. Mdhy; ,jd; gjtpf;fhyk;
KbAk; Kd;ghfNt ,jidf; FbauRj;jiyth; fiyf;fyhk;
 352tJ tpjpapd ; fPo ; Njrpa neUf ;fb epiy gpufldg ;gLj;jg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kf;
fsitapd ; gjtp fhyj ; ij 5 tUlq ; fSf ; Fk; Nky ; ghuhSkd ; wk; ePl ; bf; f KbAk ;.
Mdhy; ,e;j ePl;bg;G xU jlitapy; xU tUl fhyj;jpw;Fs; Fiwthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
(vj;jid jlitfs; Ntz;LkhdhYk; ePl;bf;fyhk;)
 neUf;fb epiy jpUk;gg;ngwg;gl;l gpwF 6 khj fhyj;jpw;F me;j ePl;bg;G mkypy; ,Uf;
Fk;
 tpjp 83d; fPo; kf;fsitapd; gjtpf;fhyk; 5 tUlq;fshFk;. Mdhy; 52tJ jpUj;jj;jpd;gb
,jid ghuhSkd ;wk; 6 tUlq ;fshf ePl ;bj;jJ. Mdhy ; 55tJ jpUj;jr;rl;lk; ,jid
kPz;Lk; 5 tUlq;fshf eph;zapj;jJ
kf;fsitapd; cWg;gpdh; Mtjw;fhd jFjpfs;: (Qualifications for the membership of the Lok
Sabha)
 ,e;jpaf; Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
 25 taJf;Fl;gl;ltuhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ
 VNjDk; xU ,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;njhFjpapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l thf;fhsuhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;
 Murhq;f Cjpak; ngWk; gjtpapy; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ
kf;fsit rghehafh; kw;Wk; Jiz rghehafh;:
(The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha)
 rghehafNu kf;fsitapd; jiyth; Mthh;
 ,t;tpUtUk; Gjpa kf;fsit mikf;fg;gl;lgpd; kf;fsit cWg;gpdh;fSs; ,Ue;J Njh;
e;njLf;fg;gLth;
 rghehafh; mit eltbf;iffis jiyikNaw;W elj;Jthh;. Mit eltbf;iffspy;
rghehafhpd; KbNt ,WjpahdJ

    
 rghehafUf;F mitapd; khpahijiaAk; Kd;DhpikfisAk; epiyepWj;Jk; flik

TNPSC.News
cs;sJ
 rghehafh; ,y;yhj Neuq;fspy; Jiz rghehafh; rghehafhpd; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;fpwhh;
 kf;fsit fiyf;fg;gl;L Gjpa kf;fsit mikf;fg;gLk; tiu rghehafh; gjtpapy;
ePbg;ghh;
 rghehafiuNah JizrghehafiuNah gjtpapypUe;J ePf;f 14 ehl;fs; jtzif;Fg;gpd;
rigf;F te;Js;s nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ik> ngWk; jPh;khdj;jpid
epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;
 rghehafh; ghugl;rkpd;wp ele;J nfhs;thh;. VNjDk; xU thf;nfLg;gpy; ntw;wp my;yJ
Njhy;tp Vw;glhky; thf;Ffs; rkkhf gjpthFkhdhy; rghehafh; jdJ thf;if mspj;J
Njf;fepiyia KbTf;F nfhz;L tUthh;
ghuhSkd;w $l;lj;ij elj;Jtjw;F tuNtz;ba Fiwe;j gl;r cWg;gpdh;fspd;

vz;zpf;if
(Quorum)
 ghuhSkd;w ,U mitfspYk; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; gj;jpy;
xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; te;jhy; kl;LNk $l;lj; njhliu elj;j ,aYk;
 $l;lj;njhlhpd; ,ilapy; vg;nghOjhtJ Fiwe;j gl;r cWg;gpdh;fspd;
vz;zpf;if tuhtpl;lhy; rghehafh; Fiwe;jgl;r cWg;gpdh;fs; $l;lj;jpw;F
tUk;tiu mitia xj;jpitf;f Ntz;Lk;
khepyq;fsitapd; rpwg;G mjpfhuq;fs; (Special power of the Rajya Sabha)

rpy Fwpg;gpl;l mjpfhuq;fs; khepyq;fsitf;F toq;fg;glhky; kf;fsitf;F kl;LNk
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mitahtd:
 gz kw;Wk; ePjp kNrhjhf;fis kf;fsitapy; kl;LNk njhlq;f KbAk;
 gz kNrhjhtpd; ngahpy; khepyq;fsit ghpe;Jiufis mspf;f kl;LNk
,aYk;. mtw;iw kf;fsit Vw;Wf; nfhs;syhk; my;yJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;shkYk;
,Uf;fyhk;. gz kNrhjhit khepyq;fsit 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; epiwNtw;w
Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynadpy; mJ jhdhf epiwNtwpajhf fUjg;gLk;. vdNt gz
kNrhjhf;fis epiwNtw;Wtjpy; kf;fsit mjpfhuk; ngw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wJ
 mikr;ruit kf;fsitf;F nghWg;GilajhFk;. vdNt ek;gpf;if my;yJ
ek;gpf;if ,y;yh jPh;khdj;ij ,r;rigapy; jhd; nfhz;L tu KbAk;
 tpjp 352d; fPo; kf;fsit jdJ rpwg;Gf; $l;lj;jpy; FbauRj; jiytuhy;
nfhz;L tug;gl;l Njrpa neUf;fb epiyia khpeyq;fsit xj;Jf;
nfhs;shtpl;lhy; $l epuhfhpf;f KbAk;

    
TNPSC.News
rghehafhpd; rpwg;G epiy (Special Postition of the Speaker)
 rghehafh; gjtpF;F rpwg;G epiyia murpayikg;G toq;fpAs;sJ
 mth; kf;fsitf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhYk; kf;fsit
fiyf;fg;gl;L Gjpa kf;fsit mikf;fg;gLk; tiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;
 mth; ghuhSkd;w gzpfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjhy; kl;Lkpd;wp kf;fsit
fiyg;Gf;F gpd;dUk; nray;gLk; kf;fsit jiyik nrayfj;jpd;
jiytuhfTk; nray;gLtjhy; Gjpa kf;fsit mikf;fg;gLk; tiu gjtpapy;
,Ug;ghh;
 rghehafUf;F kf;fsitapd; khpahijiaAk;> Kd;DhpikfisAk;
Nkk;gLj;Jk; flik cz;L. Vnddpy; mth; kf;fsitapd; gpujpepjpahf
nray;gLfpd;whh;
ghuhSkd;w $l;lj;njhlh;fs; (Session of the Parliament)

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xU $l;lj;jpw;Fk; kw;nwhU $l;lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; 6 khj
fhyj;jpw;F Nky; ,ilntsp ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. %d;W tifahd $l;lj;njhlh;fs;
cz;L
gl;n[l; $l;lj;njhlh; (Budget Session): ,J gpg;uthpf;Fk; Nk khjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy;
elf;Fk;.
,J kpf Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk; ePz;l
$l;lj;njhluhFk;
gUtf;fhy $l;lj;njhlh; (Monsoon Session): [_iy Kjy; Mf];l; tiu
Fsph;fhy $l;lj;njhlh; (Winter Session): etk;gh; Kjy; brk;gh; tiu. ,J kpf
FWfpa fhy
$l;lj;njhlh;
 murpayikg;gpy; rpwg;G $l;lj;njhlUf;Fk; ,lk; cz;L
 ,r;rpwg;Gf; $l;lk; mikr;ruitapd; ghpe;Jiufspd; Nghpy; rghehafh; my;yJ
khpeyq;fsit jiytUf;F 14 ehl;fSf;F Kd;djhf njhptpf;fg;gl;lgpd;
FbauRj;jiytuhy; $l;lg;gLk;
 kf;fsit $l;lj;njhlh; eilngwhj NghJ Njrpa mtru epiyia uj;J
nr;atjw;fhf ,f;$l;lj;ij $l;Lk;gb gj;jpy; xU gq;F kf;fsit
cWg;gpdh;fs; FbauRj;jiytUf;F Nfhhpf;if tpLf;fyhk; (tpjp 352)
 ,jpy; mikr;ruitapd; gq;F vJTk; ,y;iy
jw;fhypf rghehafh; (Speaker Pro-Term)

    
 Gjpa kf;fsit mikf;fg;gl;l clNdNa mDgtj;jpd; %j;j cWg;gpdh;

TNPSC.News
(kf;fsit cWg;gpduhf mth; gzpGhpe;Js;s tUlq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapd;
mbg;gilapy;) FbauRj;jiytuhy; rghehafuhf epakpf;fg;gLthh;
 ,U cWg;gpdh;fs; rkkhf jFjp ngw;wpUg;gpd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; taJf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gLk;. kf;fsit cWg;gpdh;fSf;F cWjpnkhop
toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; Gjpa rghehafhpd; Njh;jiy jiyikNaw;W elj;Jjy;
Mfpait ,tUila gzpfshFk;
 jw;fhypf rghehafhpd; gjtpf;fhyk; Gjpa rghehafh; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
clNdNa KbTf;F te;JtpLk;
vjph;fl;rpj; jiyth; (Leader of the Opposition)

 goikahd murpayikg;gpy; vjph;f;fl;rpj;jiytUf;nfd;W ve;j ,lKk;
toq;fg;gltpy;iy
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rl;lg;gb ,J cUthf;fg;gl;L Nfgpdl; me;j];J
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
 mjpf ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;l> Fiwe;jgl;rk; gj;jpy; xU gq;F
kf;fsit cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;l fl;rp (MSk; fl;rpia jtpu)
vjph;fl;rpahf khWfpwJ
kf;fsitapd; fiyg;G (Dissolution of the House)

 kf;fsitapd; fiyg;G mjd; tho;ehis KbTf;F nfhz;LtUk; Gjpa
kf;fsitia Njh;e;njLf;f nghJj;Njh;jy; elj;jg;glNtz;Lk;
 kf;fsit fiyg;Gf;F cl;gl;lJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;
 khepyq;fsit fiyg;Gf;F cl;glhj epue;ju mikg;ghFk;
Fwpg;G: fiyg;G kf;fsitapd; tho;ehis KbTf;F nfhz;L tUk;. Mdhy;
xj;jpitg;G kf;fsitapd; $l;lj;njhliu KbTf;F nfhz;L tUk;.
ghuhSkd;wf; FOf;fs; (PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES)

1. ghuhSkd;wk; gy fbdkhd Ntiyfis nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ
2. fhyg;gw;whf;Fiw fhuzkhf ,t;Ntiyfspd; njhlf;f epiyfs; ,jw;nfd epakpf;fg;gl;l
FOf;fspdhy; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ
3. ,f;FOf;fs; kf;fsitiar; rhh;e;J rghehafhpd; fPo; ,Ug;git
4. ,f;FOf;fis epiy FOf;fs; kw;Wk; jw;fhypf FOf;fs; vd 2 tifg;gLj;jyhk; epiyf;
FOf;fs; epiyahditahFk;. jw;fhypf FOf;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy fhuzq;fSf;fhf
mikf;fg;gl;L mit epiw NtwpaTld; fiyf;fg;gl;LtpLk;

    
5. Kf;fpakhd FOf;fs; mitfspd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifNahL gpd;tUkhW

TNPSC.News
$wg;gl;Ls;sd
6. rig eltbf;iffisg; gw;wpa mwpTiu FO (15)> kjpg;gPl;Lf;FO (30)> nghJf;fzf;F
FO (22)> kDf;fis gw;wpa FO (15) jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf;fhd
eytho;T FO (30)
7. kjpg;gPl;L FOitj;jtpu kw;w FOf;fspd; khepyq;fsit cWg;gpdh;fSf;F %d;wpy; xU
gq;F> gpujpepjpj;Jtk; toq;fg;gLk;
8. ,f;FOf;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fs; xU tUl fhyj;jpw;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;fs; my;yJ
epakpf;fg;gLthh;fs;. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; cs;s fl;rpfs; midj;jpw;Fk; mitfspd;
cWg;gpdh;fSila vz;zpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; ,f;FOf;fspy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
toq;fg;gLk;
9. ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; rk;gsk; kw;Wk; nryTg;gbfspd; kPjhd $l;Lf; FOitj;jtpu
midj;J FOf;fspd; jiyth;fisAk;> kf;fsit rghehafNu epakpg;ghh;. ,f;FOtpd;
jiyth; kl;Lk; ,f;FOtpdhNyNa Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;
10. ve;nje;j FOf;fspy; vy;yhk; rghehafh; cWg;gpduhf cs;shNuh mf;FOf;fSf;nfy;yhk;
mtNu jiyth; Mthh;
11. nghJf;fzf;F FOtpd; jiytuhf kf;fsit cWg;gpdh;fSs; xUtiu rghehafh;
epakpg;ghh;. mth; nghJthf vjph;f;fl;rp cWg;gpduhf ,Ug;ghh;.
fl;rpj;jhtypw;F vjpuhf rl;lk; (Anti-Defection Law)

 fl;rp jhTk; murpay; ,e;jpa murpaypd; xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhf 1967y; ,Ue;J (4-
tJ nghJj;Njh;jy;) ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ
 1985y; 52-tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; ghuhSkd;wk; ,ijf; ftdpj;Jf;
nfhz;lJ
 ,r;rl;lk; mitapd; cWg;gpdh;fs; jFjpapof;fTk; tif nra;fpwJ
 ,r;rl;lj;jpd; gb gpd;tUk; mbg;gilapd; fPo; xUth; cWg;gpdh; jFjp ,of;fyhk;
1. xU cWg;gpdh; ve;j fl;rp toq;fpa ,lj;jpd; %yk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhNuh
mf;fl;rpapypUe;J jhdhf Kd;te;J tpyFjy;
2. xU cWg;gpdh; jhd; rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; fl;rpf;F FbauRj;jiyth; toq;fpa nfhulhtpw;F
vjpuhf Xl;lspj;jy;> mth; rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; fl;rp $Wk; tifapy; Xl;lspf;fhky; ,Uj;jy;
kw;Wk; mt;thW mth; Xl;lspf;fhky; ,Ue;jij mf;fl;rp Xl;nlLg;G ele;j 15
ehlf;Sf;Fs; kd;dpf;fhky; ,Uj;jy;. 1992y; cr;rePjpkd;wk; ek;gpf;if kw;Wk;
ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPh;khdk;> gzkNrhjhf;fs; kw;Wk; ed;wpAiu Mfpatw;Wf;F kl;LNk
nfhulhtpd; gq;F mtrpak; vd;W $wpaJ. mjhtJ kw;w Neuq;fspy; cWg;gpdh;
nfhulhtpw;F vjpuhf thf;fspf;fyhk;. cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd;gb cWg;gpdUf;F mgpg;gpuha
Ngjk; nfhs;s chpik cz;L
3. xU RNar;ir cWg;gpdh; ve;j fl;rpapyhtJ Nrh;jy;

    
4. mitf;F epakpf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh; epakpf;fg;gl;l 6 khj fhyj;jpw;F gpwF ve;j

TNPSC.News
fl;rpapyhtJ Nrh;jy;. mjhtJ mth; 6 khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; ve;j fl;rpapyhtJ Nrh;e;jhy;
jFjpapof;f khl;lhh;
5. fl;rpapy; gpsT Vw;gLk;NghJ jdpNa Nghd FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy;
%d;wpy; xU gq;if tpl Fiwthf ,Uj;jy;
6. xU fl;rpNahL kw;nwhU fl;rp ,izf;fg;gLk;NghJ ,izf;fg;gLk; fl;rpapd;
cWg;gpdh;fspy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F Ngh; ,izg;gpw;F xj;Jf; nfhs;shjpUj;jy;
 kf;fsit rghehafh; my;yJ Jiz rghehafh;> khepyq;fsitj; Jizj;jiyth;> tpjhd;
rghtpd; rghehafh; my;yJ Jiz rghehafh; kw;Wk; tpjhd; ghp\j;jpd; jiyth;
Nghd;Nwhh; jdJ gjtpfis tpl;Ltpl;L kPz;Lk; jq;fsJ fl;rpfspy; ,ize;jhYk;
jFjpapof;fkhl;lhh;fs;.
 ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb fl;rpj;jthy; njhlh;ghd tptfhuq;fspy; rghehafh; my;yJ khepyq;fsit
jiythpd; KbNt ,WjpahdJ
 ,ij tprhhpf;f ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F ve;j chpikAk; fpilahJ. 1991 etk;ghpy; murpayikg;G
ngQ;r; toq;fpa cr;rePjpkd;w jPh;gg ; py; murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gil fl;likg;ghd
ePjpg;Gduha;T nra;Ak; chpik vLf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ vd;W $wpaJ. vdNt
ePjpg;Gduha;Tf;Fl;gl;L rghehafh; my;yJ khepyq;fsitj; jiythpd; jPh;g;Ng ,WjpahdJ
Cjpaf; FOf;fs; (PAY COMMISSIONS)
Cjpaf; FO jiyth; epakdk; mwpf;if

Kjy; Cjpaf;FO S. tujhr;rhhpahh; 1946 1947
,uz;lhk; Cjpaf;FO [fd;dhj;jh]; 1957 1959
%d;whk; Cjpaf;FO uFgph;jahs; 1970 1973
ehd;fhk; Cjpaf;FO P. N. rpq;fhy; 1983 1986 &1987
Ie;jhk; Cjpaf;FO uj;dNty;ghz;bad; 1994 1997
MwhtJ Cjpaf;FO B. N. =fpU\;zh 2006 2008
MwhtJ Cjpaf; FOtpy; jpUj;jk; re;jpuNrfh; 2014 2015
nra;jth; Ashok Kumar
Mathur
1. [k;K fh\;kPiuj; jtpu kw;w midj;J khepyq;fSk; kj;jpa muirg;Nghd;w Ml;rp

Kiwiaf; nfhz;Ls;sd

    
2. Khepy murpd; mjpfhuq;fs; mk;khepyj;jpw;Fl;gl;l gFjpfSf;F kl;LNk nghUe;Jk;.

TNPSC.News
Mdhy; kj;jpa murpd; mjpfhuk; ,e;jpah KOikf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;
khepy MSeh; (THE GOVERNOR)
1. Murpayikg;gpd;gb khepyq;fSf;nfd;W MSeh; ,Ug;ghh; (tpjp 153)
2. nghJthf xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; xU MSeh; ,Ug;ghh;. Mdhy; murpayikg;G (VohtJ
jpUj ; jr;) rl; lk; 1956 d; gb xNu egiu ,U khepyq ; fSf ; Nfh > A+dpad ; gpuNjr
MSeuhfNth epakpf;fyhk;
3. MSeNu khepy eph;thfj;jpd; jiytuhthh;. Mdhy; mth; ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytiu
Nghd;Nw ngaustpw;F kl;LNk mjpfhuk; cilatuhf cs;shh;
4. xU MSeh; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fSf;F MSeuhf nray;gLk; NghJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l
mikr;ruitfspd; MNyhridapd; NghpNyNa nray;gLthh;
5. MSeh; kj;jpa murpd; gpujpepjahf nra;gLfpd;whh;. vdNt MSeh; ,uz;L tifahf
nray;gLthh;
epakdk; kw;Wk; tpjpfs;: (APPOINTMENT AND CONDITIONS)
1. mikr;ruitapd; ghpe;Jiufspd; Nghpy; xU khepyj;jpw;F MSeiu FbauRj;jiyth;
epakpg;ghh;
2. MSeh; kj;jpa murpd; Kftuhf nray;gl;L khepy tptfhuq;fspd; kPJ 15 ehl;fSf;
nfhU Kiw kj;jpa muRf;F mwpf;ifaspg;ghh;
3. nghJthf MSehpd; gjtpf;fhyk; 5 tUlq;fshFk;. Mdhy; mth; FbauRj;jiyth; tpUk;
Gk; tiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;
4. mLj;j MSeh; gjtpNawFk; tiu MSeh; gjtpapy; ePbf;FkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;
glyhk; 5. MSeh; FbauRj;jiytuhy; xU khepyj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU khepyj;jpw;F khw;wg;
glyhk;
6. mth; FbauRj;jiytUf;F jdJ ifg;gl xU fbjj;ij mspg;gjd; %yk; gjtpapypUe;J
tpyfpf; nfhs;syhk;
7. MSeiu gjtp ePf;fk; nra;tjpy; khepy rl;lrigf;Nfh cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpw;Nfh ve;j tpj
gq;fKk; ,y;iy
8. xU egh; vj;jid Kiw Ntz;LkhdhYk; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;glyhk;
9. xU egh; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gLtjw;F> mth; ,e;jpaf; FbkfdhTk;> 35 taJf;F Nkw;
gl;ltuhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
10. murpay; mikg;G MSeh; gjtpf;F gpd;tUk; tpjpfis tpjpf;fpd;wJ
 mth; ghuhSkd;w ,U mitfspYk; khepy rl;lrigapYk; cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;ff;
$lhJ
 murhq;f Cjpak; ngWk; Ntiyapy; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ
 MSehpd; rk;gsk;> nryTg;gbfs; kw;Wk; rYiffs; Mfpait ,e;
jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; eph;zapf;fg;gLk;
 xNu egh; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fSf;F MSeuhf epakpf;
fg;gl;lhy; mtuJ rk;gsKk;> nryTg;gbfSk; mk;khepyq;fspilNa FbauRj;
jiyth; eph;zapf;Fk; tpfpjg;gb gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLk;
    
11. mtuJ rk;gSKk;> nryTg;gbfSk; gjtpf;fhyj;jpd; ,ilNa Fiwf;fg;glf;$lhJ

TNPSC.News
12. khepy cah;ePjp kd;w jiyik ePjpgjp my;yJ mth; ,y;yhj Neuq;fspy; %j;j ePjpgjp
MSeUf;F gjtp gpukhzk; nra;J itg;ghh;
MSehpd; rk;gsk;> nryTg;gbfs; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G: (SALARY, ALLOWANCES
& IMMUNITIES TO THE GOVERNOR)
1. MSehpd; rk;gsKk; nryTg;gbfSk; khepy njhFg;G epjpapy; ,Ue;J toq;fg;gLk;
2. MSeh; (rk;gsk; kw;Wk; kw;w nryTg;gbfs;) rl;lk; 1982d; gb MSeUf;F khjr;
rk;gskhf 36>000 &ghAk ;> thlif ,y;yhj murhq ;f khspifAk ; toq ;fg;gLk ;. jw;
nghOJ &.75>000
3. 1987y; ,Ue;J MSehpd; rk;gsKk; nryTg;gbfSk; mtuJ gjtpf;fhyj;
jpy; Fiwf;fg;glf; $lhJ vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ
4. 361tJ tpjpa;d fPo; MSeh; jdJ mjpfhuq;fis gad;gLj;jpajw;fhfTk;> flikfis
nra;jjw;fhfTk; ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fk; gjpyspf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy
5. MSeUf;F vjpuhf ve;j tpj Fw;wtpay; eltbf;ifAk; vLf;f KbahJ. Mdhy; ,
j;jifia ghJfhg;G r%ftpay; eltbf;ifsfpy; MSeUf;F toq;fg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy;
,U khjq;fSf;F Kd;ghf Fw;wr;rhl;bid jPh;khd tbtj;jpy; MSeUf;F mspf;f Ntz;
Lk;
6. MSehpd; gjtpf;fhyj;jpy; mtUf;F vjpuhf ifJ cj;juNth my;yJ gpw jz;
lidfNsh mspf;f KbahJ
mjpfhuq;fSk;> gzpfSk;: (POWERS AND FUNCTIONS)
1. MSeh; FbauRj;jiytUf;F ,izahd eph;thf> rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; epjp rhh;e;j kw;Wk; rl;
lj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fis ngw;Ws;shh;
2. Mdhy; mth; FbauRj;jiytiug;Nghy; ntspAwT> ,uhZt my;yJ neUf;fb epiy
mjpfhuq;fis ngwtpy;iy
3. FbauRj;jiytUf;F ,y;yhj rpy rkNahrpj mjpfhuq;fs; MSeUf;
F nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
eph;thf mjpfhuq;fs;: (EXECUTIVE POWERS)
1. khepyj;jpd; midj;J eph;thf eltbf;iffSk; MSehpd; ngauhNyNa vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd
2. mtuJ ngauhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; cj;juTfs; vt;tifapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W rpy
tpjpfis MSeh; tpjpf;fyhk;
3. khepy murpd; nray;ghLfis NkYk; trjpahf khw;wTk;> mr;nray;ghLfSf;
fhd mikr;rh;fis epakpf;fTk; mth; rpy top Kiwfis tFf;fyhk;
4. mth; Kjyikr;riuAk;> Kjyikr;rhpd; MNyhrid Nghpy; kw;w mikr;rh;
fisAk; epakpf;fpd;whh;. mth;fs; MSeh; tpUk;Gk; tiu gjtpapy; ePbf;fyhk;
5. gPfhh;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; xhp];]h Mfpa khepyq;fspy; MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l
goq;Fbapdh; ey;tho;T mikr;rh; xUth; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
6. MSeh; khepy jiyik tof;fwpQiu epakpj;J mthpd; Cjpaj;ij eph;zak; nra;thh;.
,th; MSeh; tpUk;Gk; fhyk;tiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;

    
7. MSeh; khepy Njh;jy; Mizaiu epakpj;J mthpd; gzpf;fhd

TNPSC.News
tpjpfisAk; gjtpf;fhyj;ijAk; eph;zapg;ghh;
8. MSeh ; khepy nghJg ;gzp Mizaj ;jpd; jiytiuAk ; cWg;gpdh;fisAk ; epakpg ;ghh;.
Mdhy ; mth ; fis FbauRj ; jiyth ; jhd ; gjtp ePf ; fk; nra ; a ,aYk ;. MSeuhy ;
KbahJ.
9. khepy eph;thfj;ijg;gw;wpAk; nfhz;L tug;Nghfpw kNrhjhf;fisg;gw;wpAk; tptuq;fis
Kjyikr;rhplkpUe;J MSeh; Nfl;Lg; ngwyhk;
10. mikr;ruitahy; ghprPypf;fg;gl;lhy; jdp xU mikr;ruhy; vLf;fg;gl;l Kbtpid
mikr;ruitapd; ghprPyidf;F mDg;Gk;gb Kjyikr;riu MSeh; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;syhk;
11. xU khepyj ;jpy; mtru epiy nfhz ;LtUkhW FbauRj ;jiytUf ;F khepy MSeh ;
mwpTWj;jyhk;. NkYk; xU khepyj;jpy; FbauRj;jiyth; Ml;rp eilngWk; NghJ
MSeUf ;F FbauRj ;jiythpd ; gpujpepjp vd;w Kiwapy ; mjpf eph;thf mjpfhuq ;fs;
cz;L
12. khepy nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdh;fis gjtp ePf;fk; nra;a muRf;F mjpfhuk;
cz;L
13. MSeUf ; F cah ; ePjpkd ; w ePjpgjpfis epakpf ; Fk ; mjpfhuk ; ,y; yhtpl ; lhYk ;
FbauRj ;jiyth ; cah ;ePjpkd ;w ePjpgjpfis epakpf ;Fk; NghJ MSeUld ; fye ;
jhNyhrpg;ghh;
14. MSeh; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa r%fj;jpdUf;F tpjhd rghtpy; NghJkhd gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ,
y;iynad;W epidj;jhy; mth; NkYk; xUtiu epakpf;fyhk;
15. tpjhd ; ghp\j;Jk; khepyj ;jpy; ,Ue;jhy; ,yf;fpak ;> mwptpay ;> fiy $l;LwT r%f
Nrit Mfpa Jiwfspy; mwpTk;> mDgtKk; nfhz;l egh;fis MSeh; epakpf;fyhk;.
mtUf;F tpjhd; ghp\j;jpd; cWg;gpdh;fspy; Mwpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fis epakpf;f
mjpfhuk; cz;L.
Kjyikr;rh;
(THE CHIEF MINISTER)
1. Kjyikr;rNu cz;ikapy; eph;thf mjpfhuk; cilath; NkYk; mth; khepy murpd;

jiytuhthh;
2. khepy mstpy; Kjyikr;rhpd; epiy kj;jpa mstpy; gpujkhpd;
epiyf;F ,izahdjhFk;
3. kw;w mikr;rh;fs; Kjyikr;rhpd; mwpTiwapd; Nghpy; MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gLthh;fs;
4. nghJthf tpjhd; rghtpy; ngUk;ghd;ik cila fl;rpapd; jiytNu Kjyikr;ruhf
epakpf;fg;gLthh;
5. mikr;rh;fSf;F MSh; gjtpg;gpukhzk; kw;Wk; ,ufrpa fhg;G gpukhzj;ij elj;jp
itg;ghh;
6. mikr;rh;fspd; rk;gsKk;> nryTg;gbfSk; rl;lrigapy; eph;zapf;fg;gLk;
mjpfhuq;fSk;> gzpfSk;: (POWERS AND FUNCTIONS)
    
mikr;ruitf;F njhlh;Gilait:
TNPSC.News
1. mikr;rh;fshf epakpf;gg;gl Ntz;bath;fis MSeUf;F ghpe;Jiug;gJ
2. mikr;rh;fSf;F ,yhf;fhf;fis xJf;fL P nra;tJ
3. fUj;J NtWghL Njhd;Wk; NghJ xU mikr;riu gjtp tpyf nrhy;yNth> me;j mikr;
riu gjtp ePf;fk; nra;Ak;gb MSeUf;F ghpe;Jiuf;fNth KbAk;
4. mikr;ruit $l;lq;fSf;F jiyikNaw;fTk;> mjd; KbTfspy; jiyaplTk; KbAk;
5. midj;J mikr;rh;fspd; eltbf;iffisAk; topelj;jTk;> xUq;fpizf;fTk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; KbAk;
6. jhd; gjtp tpyFtjd; %yk; mikr;ruitia fiyf;f KbAk;
MSeUf;F njhlh;Gilait (IN RELATION TO THE GOVERNOR)
1. Kjyikr;rNu MSeUf;Fk; mikr;ruitf;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlh;G ghykhf
tpsq;Ffpwhh;
2. khepy eph;thfk; njhlh;ghf mikr;ruit vLf;Fk; KbTfis MSeUf;F njhptpf;fpwhh;
3. khepy eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd tptuq;fis MSeh; NfhUk; NghJ Kjyikr;rh; mspg;ghh;
4. mikr ; ruitapy ; tpthjpf ; fg; glhky ; jdp xU mikr ; ruhy ; vLf ; fg; gl; l Kbtpid
mikr ;ruitapd ; ghprPyidf ;F mDg ;Gk;gb MSeh ; Nfhhpdhy ; mt ;thNw Kjyikr ;rh;
nray;gLthh;
5. jiyik tof;fwpQh;> khepy nghJg;gzp Mizak; kw;Wk; khepy Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd;
jiyth;> cWg;gpdh;fs; MfpNahiu epakpg;gjpy; MSeUf;F MNyhrid toq;Fthh;
rl;l rigf;F njhlh;Gilait: (IN RELATION TO THE STATE LEGISLATURE):
1. khepy rl;lrig $l;lj;njhliu $l;Ljy; kw;Wk; js;spg;NghLjy; njhlh;ghf MSeUf;F
MNyhrid toq;Fthh;
2. rl;l rigapy; murpd; nfhs;iffis mwptpg;ghh;
3. Kjy;th; mjpfhuj;jpy; cs;s fl;rpapd; jiyth;> khepyj;jpd; jiyth;> khepyg;gzpfspd;
murpay; jiyikahthh;
jiyik tof;fwpQh;: (ADVOCATE GENERAL)
1. ,tNu khepyj;jpd; Kjy; rl;l mjpfhhpahthh;
2. ,tuJ gjtpAk; gzpfSk; ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik tof;fwpQNuhL xg;gplg;glf;$bait
3. ,th; MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;L mth; tpUk;Gk; tiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;
4. ,tuJ CjpaKk; MSeuhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;
5. jiyik tof;fwpQuhf epakpf;fg;gLtjw;F cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahtjw;F Njitahd
jFjpfis ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
6. ,tUf;F rl;lrig $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;sTk; ciu epfo;j;jTk; chpik cz;L.
Mdhy; Xl;Lhpik fpilahJ
7. khepyj;jpy; cs;s vy;yh ePjpkd;wq;fspYk; Kd;dpiyg;gLtjw;fhd chpik ,tUf;F cz;
L
8. jw;Nghija ml;tNfl; n[duy; ahh; vd;gij njhpe;J nfhs;sTk;

    
MSehpd; rkNahrpj mjpfhuq;fs;: (Discretionary Powers of the Governor)

TNPSC.News
 xU kNrhjhit FbauRj;jiythpd; ghh;itf;F mDg;Gjy;
 xU khepyj;jpy; FbauRj;jiythpd; Ml;rpia mky;gLj;j ghpe;Jiu nra;jy;
 (A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpd; eph;thfpahf flikahw;Wjy; $Ljy; nghWg;G)
 rl;lrigapy; ve;j xU fl;rpf;Fk; ngUk;ghd;ik fpilf;fhjNghJ Kjy;tiu epakpj;jy;
 eph;thf kw;Wk; rl;ltptfhuq;fspd; jfty;fis Kjy;thplk; Nfl;Lg;ngWjy;
 khepy rl;lrigapd; ek;gpf;ifia ep&gpf;fhj NghJ khepy mikr;ruitia
fiyj;jy;
 goq;Fbapdh; khtl;l FOtpw;F Ruq;fk; Njhz;Ljy; njhlh;ghd chpkj;jpw;F m];]hk;
khepy muR toq;f Ntz;ba gq;Fj; njhifia eph;zapj;jy;
 MSeUf;F FbauRj; jiythpd; topfhl;Ljypd;gb nray;gl Ntz;ba rpy
rpwg;Gf;flikfs; cz;L. ,jdbg;gilapy; MSeh; mikr;ruitAld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J>
,Wjpapy; mtuJ Kbtpd;gb nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mitahtd:
1. kfhuh\;buh : tpjh;gh kw;Wk; kuj;thlhtpw;nfd jdpahf Nkk;ghl;L thhpaq;fis
2. mUzhr;ry : mikj;jy;
gpuNjrk; : khepyj;jpd; rl;lk; xOq;Fld; njhlh;TilaJ
3. m];]hk; : goq;Fbapd gFjpfspd; eph;thj;NjhL njhlh;GilaJ
4. ehfhyhe;J : khepyj;jpd; rl;lk; xOq;Fld; njhlh;GilaJ
5. kzpg;G+h; : khepyj;jpd; kiyg;gpuNjrq;fpd; eph;thfj;Jld; njhlh;GilaJ
6. rpf;fpk; gy gphpTfis rhh;e;j kf;fspd; mikjp kw;Wk; r%f nghUshjhu
: Nkk;ghl;bid cWjp nra;jy;
7. F[uhj; nrsuh\;buh kw;Wk; fl;rp Mfpatw;Wf;F jdpahd Nkk;ghl;L
thhpaq;fis mikj;jy;
khepy rl;lrig
(THE STATE LEGISLATURE)
1. xt;nthU khepy rl;lrigAk; xU MSeiuAk;> xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L mitfisAk;

nfhz;lJ
2. [k;K fh\;kPh>; gPfhh;> kfhuh\;buh> fh;ehlfh kw;Wk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; Mfpa khepyq;fspd;
rl;lrigfs; ,U mitfis nfhz;ljhFk;. kw;w khepyq;fs; xNu mitiaf;
nfhz;litahFk;.
Nky;rig rl;l Nkyit (tpjhd; ghp\j;): THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL (VIDHAN
PARISHAD)
1. Nky;rig rl;l Nkyit cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if khepy rl;lrig cWg;gpdh;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifapy; %d;wpy; xU gq;Ff;F kpfhkYk; 40f;F FiwahkYk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

    
2. ,jd; cWg;gpdh;fs; r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW gphpTfis Nrh;e;jth;fshf ,Ug;gh;

TNPSC.News
1. ,th;fSs; %d;wpy; xU gq;Ff;F Fiwahky; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; efuhl;rpfs; kw;Wk;
khtl;l thhpaq;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
2. %d;wpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; fPo;rig rl;lg;Nguitapdhy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;
3. 1/12 gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; %d;whz;LfSf;F Kd;djhf gjpT nra;ag;
gl;l gl;ljhhpfslq;fpa Njh;jy; FOtpdhy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;
4. 1/12 gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; fy;tp epiyaq;fspy; %d;whz;LfSf;F Nky; gzpGhpe;J
tUk; Mrphpah;fslq;fpa Njh;jy; FOtpdhy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;
5. kPjpAs ; s 1/6 gq; F cWg ; gpdh ; fs; ,yf; fpak ; > mwptpay ; > fiy > $l; LwT > kw; Wk;
nghJr;Nrit Nghd;w Jiwfspy; mDgtKs;s egh;fSs; ,Ue;J Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;L
MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gLth;
3. kj;jpapYs ;s khepyq ;fsitiag ; Nghd ;Nw ,jidAk ; fiyf ;f KbahJ . ,jd;
cWg;gpdh;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; 6 tUlq;fshFk;. xt;nthU 2 Mz;LfSf;nfhU KiwAk;
1/3 gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; Xa;TngWth;
FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; MSeh; - Xh; xg;gPL
(POWERS AND POSITION OF THE PRESIDENT AND THE GOVERNOR: A COMPARISON
) 1. FbauRj;jiythpd; gjtp> gzp rhh;e;jij tpl rk;gpujhakhdjhFk;. Mdhy; MSehpd;
gjtp rk;gpujhakhdhYk; gzp rhh;e;jJk; MFk;
2. murpayikg ;G MSeUf ;F rpy rkNahrpj mjpfhuq ;fis ntspg;ilahf toq;Ffpd;wJ.
Mdhy ; FbauRj ;jiytUf ;F mj;jifa ntspg ;gilahd rkNahrpj mjpfhuq ;fs;
fpilahJ
3. gpd;tUk; FbauRj;jiytUf;F ,y;yhj mjpfhuq;fs; MSeUf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd
4. tpjp 163(1) d;gb MSeh ; jdJ Kbtpd ; gb nray;gl Ntz;ba Neuq;fis jtpu kw;w
Neuq ;fspy ; mtUf ;F MNyhrid toq ;f mikr ;ruit ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt tpjp 163 y;
MSehpd; rkNahrpj mjpfhuq;fs; ntspg;gilahf $wg;gl;Ls;sd
5. tpjp 163(2)d; gb ve;j tptfhukhtJ rkNahrpjkhdjh ,y;iyah vd;w Nfs;tp vOe;jhy;
> MSeh; jdJ mwptpd;gb vLf;Fk; KbNt ,WjpahdJ
6. tpjp 200 d; fPo ; mjpfhuq ; fis gad ; gLj ; Jk; NghJ khepy rl; lrig epiwNtw ; wpa xU
kNrhjhit FbauRj ; jiythpd ; ghprPyidf ;F MSeh ; mDg ;gKbAk ;. Mdhy ; ,e;j
mjpfhuk; FbauRj; jiytUf;F fpilahJ
7. tpjp 356d; fPo ; murpayikg ;gpd;gb xU khepyj ;jpy; murpayikg ;gpd;gb muR elj;j ,
ayhj NghJ> MSeh; khepy eph;thfj;jpid Vw;wf;nfhs;s FbauRj; jiytUf;F miog;
G tpLf;fyhk;. vdNt khepy eph;thfk; MSehpd ; fPo; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; eph;thfj;
jpid Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; chpik FbauRj;jiytUf;F fpilahJ
8. MSeh; mikr;ruitapd; MNyhrid ,y;yhky; nray;glKbAk;

    
9. (FbauRj ; jiyth ; Ml ; rpapd ; NghJ ) Mdhy ; FbauRj ; jiyth ; mikr ; ruitapd ;

TNPSC.News
MNyhrid ,y;yhky; nray;glKbahJ . mjhtJ kj;jpapy; FbauRj ;jiyth; Ml;rpia
nfhz;Ltu ,ayhJ
10. rpy khepyq ;fspd ; MSeh ;fSf ;F rpwg;Gf;flikfs ; toq ;fg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk; (tpjp 371).
Cz;ikapy; ,f;flikfs; FbauRj;jiytUf;F toq;fg;gl;L mtuhy; khepy MSeh;
fSf;F toq;fg;gl;litahFk;
11. ,r;rpwg;G flikfs; KOtJkhf MSehpd; mwpTilikia rhh;e;jjhFk;. mthpd; nrhe;j
Kbtpd; Nky; ve;j ePjpkd;wKk; Nfs;tp vOg;g KbahJ . ,r;rpwg;G flikfspd ; fPo; gy;
NtW khepyq;fspd; MSeh;fSf;F gytpjkhd flikfs; ,Uf;Fk;
 kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk; F[uhj; khepyq;fspd; MSeh;fSf;F KiwNa tpjh;gh kw;Wk;
nrsuh\;buh kz;lyq;fspd; Nkk;ghL njhlh;ghd rpwg;Gf; flikfs;
 ehfhyhe;jpd; MSeUf;F ehfhf;fspd; gpur;rpidahy; khepyj;jpd; rl;lk; xOq;if
ghJfhf;Fk; rpwg;Gf;flik
 kzpg;G+h; khepy MSeUf;F kiyg;gpuNjrq;fspd; FOtpd; gzpfis rhpahd
Kiwapy; ghJfhf;Fk; rpwg;Gf;flik
 rpf;fpk; khepy MSeUf ;F khepyj;jpd; mikjpaif ; fhj;jy; kw;Wk; gy;NtW ,d kf;
fis r% f nghUshjhu epiyia Nkk ; ghL mila nra ; jy ; Mfpa rpwg ; Gf ;
flikfs;
 gPfhh;> kj;jpa gpuNjrk ; kw;Wk; xhp];] h khepy MSeh ;fSf;F goq;Fbapdhpd ;
Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf jdpahf xU mikr ;rfk; mikf ;fg;gl;Ls;sjh vdf; fz;fhzpf ;Fk;
rpwg;Gf;flik
 vdNt MSeh; gjtp khpahij nfhz;lJk;> mjpfhuk; gilj;jJk; MFk;. Mdhy;
FbauRj;jiythpd; gjtp khpahij nfhz;lJk; nfsutk; gilj;jJNk MFk;
Nky;rig rl;l Nkyitapd; cUthf;fKk; fiyg;Gk;
(CREATION AND ABOLITON OF LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL)
1. tpjp 169d; fPo; Nky;rig rl;l Nkyitia mikf;fTk;> fiyf;fTk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
chpik cz;L
2. Nky; rig rl;l Nkyitia cUthf;fNth> fiyf;fNth NfhUk; jPh;khdj;ij fPo;rig rl;
lg;Nguit $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;L Xl;nlLg;gpy; gq;Nfw;Fk; cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;
zpf;ifapy; 2:3 gq;F ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;W epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;
3. ,jd; gpwF ,k;kNrhjh ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xg;gjYf;fhf mDg;gg;gLk;. ghuhSkd;wk; ,ij
epiwNtw;wyhk;. epiwNtw;whkYk; ,Uf;fyhk;
4. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,j;jPh;khdk; rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ikapy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk;
fPo;rig rl;lg;Nguit (tpjhd; rgh): THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (VIDHAN SABHA)
1. ,r;rigNa khepy rl;l rigapd; gpugykhd rigahFk;. ,jd; cWg;gpdh;fs; kf;fshy;
Neubahf 5 tUl fhyj;jpw;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;
2. ,jd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 60f;F FiwahkYk; 500f;F kpfhkYk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

    
3. Mdhy; FbauRj;jiytUf;F ,r;rigapd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia khw;wpaikf;f

TNPSC.News
mjpfhuk; cz;L. Nfhth kw;Wk; rpf;fpk; khepyq;fspd; rl;lrigfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if
60-I tpl FiwthdjhFk;
4. MSeh; ,r;rigapy; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa r%fj;jpdUf;F NghJkhd gpujp epjpj;Jtk; ,y;iy
vdf; fUjpdhy; mr;r%fj;jpdh; xUtiu ,r;rigf;F epakpf;fyhk;
5. khepy rl;lrigapd; $l;lj;njhlh;fs; mjpfhhpfs; kw;Wk; gzpfs; Mfpait kj;jpa

ghuhSkd;wj;jij xj;jpUf;fpd;wd
MSehpd; gjtp kPjhd rh;f;fhhpa FOtpd; mwpf;if:
(SARKARIA COMMISSION REPORT ON THE OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR)
1. xU egiu MSeuhf epakpf;Fk; NghJ gpd;tUtdtw;iw kj;jpa muR gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;
vd;W rh;f;fhhpah FO $wpaJ
2. MSeiu epakpf;Fk; Kd; rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepy muir fye;J MNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk;
3. MSeh; me;j khepyj;ijNa Nrh;e;jtuhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ
4. Mth; xU cah;e;j ];jhdj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; eguhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;
5. mth; jd;id khepy fl;rpfspy; ,Ue;J Jz;bj;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;
6. mth; rkPg fhyj;jpy; murpaypy; jPtpukhf <Lgl;bUf;ff;$lhJ
7. mth; khepyj;jpy; NtW fl;rpfs; Ml;rp GhpAk; NghJ kj;jpapy; cs;s MSq;fl;rpapid
Nrh;e;j murpay;thjpahf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ
8. rpWghd;ikapdj;ij rhh;e;jth;fSf;F tha;g;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;
9. 15 ehl;fSf;nfhUKiw MSeh; FbauRj;jiytUf;F mwpf;if mspf;Fk; Kiwia
njhlu Ntz;Lk;
10. xU kNrhjhit FbauRj;jiythpd; ghh;itf;F mDg;g MSeUf;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
njhlug;glNtz;Lk;
rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; Kiw: (LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE)
1. xU mitiaf; nfhz;l rigapy; rl;lkpaw;Wk; Kiw kpfTk; vspjhdjhFk;. Midj;J
kNrhjhf;fSk; tpjhd; rghtpy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;L> epiwNtw;wg;gl;L> MSehpd;
xg;GjYf;fhf mDg;gg;gLk;
2. Mdhy; ,U mitfs; nfhz;l rigapy; ,e;j eilKiw fbdkhdjhFk; gz
kNrhjhf;fSf;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; cs;s eilKiwiag; Nghd;w eilKiwia gpd;gw;w
Ntz;Lk;
tpjhd; rghtpd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if (milg;Gf; Fwpf;Fs;):

(Strength of Vidhan Sabha in the States)
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; (294)> mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk; (60)> gPfhh; (243)> Nfhth (40)> F[uhj;
(182)> `hpahdh (90)> ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; (68)> [k;Kfh\;kPh; (76)> fh;ehlfh (224)>
Nfush (140)> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; (230)> kfhuh\;buh (288)> kzpg;G+h; (60)> Nkfhyah (60)>

    
kpNrhuhk; (40)> ehfhyhe;J (60)> xhp];]h (147)> gQ;rhg; (117)> uh[];jhd; (200)>
TNPSC.News
rpf;fpk; (32)> jkpo;ehL (234)> jphpGuh (60)> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; (404)> Nkw;Ftq;fk; (294)>
rl;b];fh; (90)> [hh;fz;l; (81)> cj;juhQ;ry; (70)> A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs;: ghz;br;Nrhp
(30)> nly;yp (70)
 [k;Kfh\;kPhpd; tpjhd; rghtpw;F 100 ,lq;fs; cs;sd. Mdhy; mtw;Ws; 24

,lq;fs; ghfp];jhd; Mf;fpukpg;G fh\;kPiur; rhh;e;jit
 midj;J A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; fPo;rig rl;lg;Nguit ,y;iy
 nkhj;jKs;s 7 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSs; nly;ypf;Fk;> ghz;br;Nrhpf;Fk; kl;LNk
cs;sJ
cs; ehl;L murhq;fk;

(LOCAL GOVERNMENT)
gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pak;: (PANCHAYAT RAJ)

1. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pak; vd;Dk; nrhy; fpuhkg;Gw cs;ehl;L Ra murpid Fwpf;fpd;wJ
2. Nth; (mb kl;l mstpy; ,Ue;J) mstpypUe;J [dehafj;ij mikg;gjw;fhf ,it
me;je;j khepy rl;lrigfs; ,aw;wpa rl;lq;fspd; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;ld
m) gy;te;j;uha; Nkj;jh FO (Balwantray Mehta Committee)
M) mNrhf; Nkj;jh FO (Ashok Mehta Committee)
,) G. V. K. uht; FO (G. V. K. Rao Committee)
<) L. M. rpq;tp FO (L. M. Singhvi Committee)
c) murpayikg;G jpUj;j kNrhjh (Constitutionalisation)
C) 73tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk; (73rd Amendment Act of 1992)
fpuhk rgh (GRAM SABHA)
 ,r;rl;lk; fpuhk rigNa gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa Kiwapd; mbg;gil vd;W $wpaJ
 ,J fpuhk mstpyhd gQ;rhj;Jf;Fl;gl;l fpuhkqf;spy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l thf;fhsh;fis
nfhz;l mikg;ghFk;
 gQ;rhaj;J gFjpapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l thf;fhsh;fis nfhz;l fpuhk rigahFk;
 ,J khepy rl;lrigahy; eph;zapf;fg;gLk; fpuhk mstpyhd mjpfhuq;fisAk;>
gzpfisAk; nfhz;L tpsq;Fk;
gQ;rhj;Jf;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; (DURATION OF PANCHAYATS)
 ,r;rl;lk; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fSf;F 5 tUl gjtpf;fhyj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ
 MdhYk; ,g;gjtpf;fhyk; KbAk; Kd;dNu ,jid fiyf;fyhk;
 Gjpa gQ;rhaj;Jf;fhd Njh;jy;
1. Mjd; gjtpf;fhyk; KbAk; Kd;dh; my;yJ

    
2. fiyf;fg;gl;l ehspypUe;J 6 khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; elj;jp Kbf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

TNPSC.News
jFjp ,og;Gfs; (DISQUALIFICATIONS)

 xU egh; khepy rl;lrigf;fhd Njh;jYf;fhf mkypy; ,Uf;Fk; rl;lj;jpd; fPNoh> my;yJ
khepy rl;lrigahy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; fPNoh jFjpapoe;jhy; mth; gQ;rhaj;J
cWg;gpduhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl KbahJ
 21taJ epuk;gpa xU egiu 25 taJf;Fl;gl;ltuhf ,Uf;fpwhh; vd;w mbg;gilapy;
jFjpapoe;jtuhff; fUjKbahJ
 jFjpapog;G njhlh;ghd midj;J Nfs;tpfSk; khepy rl;lrigahy; epakpf;fg;gLk;
mjpfhhpaplk; mDg;gg;gLk;
,l xJf;fPL (RESERVATION OF SEATS)
 ,r;rl;lk; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf;fhd ,lq;fis mth;fsJ kf;fs;
njhifapd; mbg;gilapy; midj;J epiyfspYk; cs;s gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspy; xJf;fPL
nra;Js;sJ
 khepy rl;lrig gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspy; cs;s jiyth; gjtpfis jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk;
goq;FbapdUf;fhf xJf;fPL nra;ayhk;
 ,r;rl;lk; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspy; cs;s nkhj;j ,lq;fspy; %d;wpy; xU gq;F ,lq;fis
ngz;fSf;F xJf;fL P nra;Js;sJ (jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdj;ij Nrh;e;j
ngz;fSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lq;fSk; ,jpy; cs;slq;fpAs;sJ)
 ,r;rl;lk; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;GfSf;fh gQ;rhaj;J ,lq;fisAk; mjd; jiyth;
gjtpfisAk; xJf;fL P nra;a khepy rl;l rigf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fpAs;sJ
khepy Njh;jy; Mizak; (STATE ELECTION COMMISSION)
 gQ;rhaj;J Njh;jy;fis elj;JtJk;> mjw;fhd thf;fhsh; gl;bay; jahhpg;gij
fz;fhzpg;gJk;> fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk;> khepy Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd; gzpfshFk;
 ,J MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l khepy Njh;jy; Mizaiu nfhz;bUf;Fk;
 mtuJ gzpfSf;fhd epge;jidfSk;> gjtpf;fhyKk; MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk;
 khepy cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpapid gjtp ePf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiw kw;Wk; fhuzq;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; kl;LNk khepy Njh;jy; Mizaiu gjtp ePf;fk; nra;a KbAk;
 ,th; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;l gpd;dh; ,tuJ gzpfSf;fhd epge;jidfis khw;wf;$lhJ
MSehpd; gjtp kPjhd rh;f;fhhpa FOtpd; mwpf;if

(SARKARIA COMMISSION REPORT ON THE OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR)
xU egiu MSeuhf epakpf;Fk; NghJ gpd;tUtdtw;iw kj;jpa muR gpd;gw;w
Ntz;Lk; vd;W rh;f;fhhpah FO $wpaJ
1. MSeiu epakpf;Fk; Kd; rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepy muir fye;J MNyhrpf;f
Ntz;Lk;

    
2. MSeh; me;j khepyj;ijNa Nrh;e;jtuhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ

TNPSC.News
3. mth; xU cah;e;j ];jhdj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; eguhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
4. mth; jd;id khepy fl;rpfspy; ,Ue;J Jz;bj;Jf;nfhs;sf; $lhJ
5. mth; rkPf fhyj;jpy; murpaypy; jPtpukhf <Lgl;bUf;ff;$lhJ
6. mth; khepyj;jpy; NtW fl;rpfs; Ml;rp GhpAk; NghJ kj;jpapy; cs;s
MSq;fl;rpapid Nrh;e;j murpay;thjpahf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ
7. rpWghd;ikapdj;ij rhh;e;jth;fSf;F tha;g;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;
8. 15 ehl;fSf;nfhUKiw MSeh; FbauRj;jiytUf;F mwpf;if mspf;Fk;
Kiwia njhlu Ntz;Lk;
9. xU kNrhjhit FbauRj;jiythpd; ghh;itf;F mDg;g MSeUf;Fs;s
mjpfhuk; njhlug;glNtz;Lk;
rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; Kiw (Legislative Procedure)

 xU mitiaf; nfhz;l rigapy; rl;lkpaw;Wk; Kiw kpfTk; vspjhdjhFk;. midj;J
kNrhjhf;fSk; tpjhd; rghtpy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;L> MSehpd;
xg;GjYf;fhf mDg;gg;gLk;
 Mdhy; ,U mitfs; nfhz;l rigapy; ,e;j eilKiw flbdkhdjhFk; gz
kNrhjhf;fSf;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; cs;s eilKiwiag; Nghd;w eilKiwia gpd;gw;w
Ntz;Lk;
epjp kw;Wk; rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fs; (Financial and Ordinary Bills)
1. ,k; kNrhjh ,U mitfshYk; epiwNtw;wg;glNtz;Lk;. Mdhy; tpjhd; ghp\j;jpw;F
tpjhd; rghtpw;F ,izahd me;j];J ,y;iy. Mdhy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; kf;fsit
khepyq;fsit ,uz;bw;FNk rkkhd me;j];J cz;L
2. fPo;rig rl;lg;Nguitapdhy; xU kNrhjh epiwNtw;wg;gl;L Nky; rig rl;l Nkyitf;F
mDg;gg;gl;lhy; mr;rig
 mr;rig kNrhjhit epuhfhpf;fyhk;
 kNrhjhit rkh;gpj;j ehspypUe;J 3 khjq;fSf;F Nky; mij epiwNtw;whky;
itj;jpUf;fyhk;. my;yJ
rpy jpUj;jq;fSld; kNrhjhit epiwNtw;wp kPz;Lk; fPo;rig rl;lg;Nguitf;F
mDg;gp itf;fyhk; fPo; rig> mj;jpUj;jq;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;sNth>
Vw;Wf;nfhs;shky; ,Uf;fNth KbAk;
3. ,uz;lhk; KiwAk; xU kNrhjh fPo; rigapdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L Nky; rigf;F mDg;gp
itf;fg;gl;lhy;
 kNrhjh Nky;rigapdhy; epuhfhpf;fg;glyhk;
 xU khjj;jpw;F Nky; kNrhjhit epiwNtw;whky; epWj;jp itf;fyhk;
 fPo;rig Vw;Wf;nfhs;shj jpUj;jq;fSld; mjid epiwNtw;wyhk;

    
4. Nky; rigapdhy; ,uz;lhk; Kiw ve;j tbtpy; ,k;kNrhjh epiwNtw;wg;gl;lNjh mNj

TNPSC.News
tbtpy; ,U rigfshYk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ljhf fUjg;gLk;
5. xU rhjhuz kNrhjhit jhf;fy; nra;a Nky; rigf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L. Mdhy; mij
tpjhd; rgh epuhfhpj;jhy; mk;kNrhjh KbTf;F tUk;
6. xU kNrhjhit jhf;fy; nra;Ak; NghJ ntw;wp Njhy;tp fzpf;f Kbahj msTf;F rkkhd
thf;Ffs; gjpthdhy;> kj;jpapy; cs;sijg; Nghy; ,U mitfspd; ,izg;Gf; $l;lj;ij
elj;j KbahJ
7. tpjhd; rghtpw;F nghJj;Njh;jy; eilngw;W Kbe;jTld; elf;Fk; MSehpd; ciu my;yJ
xt;nthU tUlj;jpd; Kjy; $l;lj;njhlh; Mfpa xNu xU Kiw kl;LNk ,U mitfspd;
,izg;Gj;njhlh; eilngWk;
khepy eph;thfk; (STATE ADMINISTRATION)
1. xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; xU jiyikr; nrayfk; cz;L
2. ,JNt khepy eph;thfj;jpd; euk;G kz;lykhFk;
3. ,J khepy murpd; gy Jiwfis cs;slf;fpaJ
4. ,j;Jiwfs; murpay; mikr;rh;fshYk;> eph;thfj;jpd; nrayh;fshYk;
jiyik tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd
5. Khepy jiyik nrayfj;jpd; jiyth; jiyik nrayh; Mthh;
6. xU nrayh; xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L jiyth;fspd; jiyth; Mthh;
7. tof;fkhf xU nrayh; %j;j I. V. v]; mjpfhhpahf ,Ug;ghh;.
Mdhy; nghJg;gzpj;Jiwf;F kl;Lk; jiyikg;nghwpahsh; jiytuhf ,Ug;ghh;
8. xU nrayh; khepy muRf;fhd nrayh; Mthh;. mth; jdpg;gl;l xU mikr;rUf;fhd
nrayh; Mthh;
mikg;G (Organisation)
jiyik nrayf Jiwfspd; vz;zpf;if khepyj;jpw;F khepyk; NtWgLk;. midj;J
khepyq;fspYk; nghJthf ,Uf;Fk; Jiwfshtd:
nghJ eph;thfk ;> cs;Jiw > epjp> Rfhjhuk ;> tUtha ;> tdj ;Jiw > fy;tpj;jpl;lk;> rpiw >
Ntshz ;ik> gQ;rhaj ;J uh[;[ pak;> njhopyhsh ; kw;Wk; Ntiytha ;g;G > nghJg ;gzp > $l;LwT >
njhopy ;> Rq;fk; kw;Wk; thptpjpg ;G> ePh;ghrdk;> kw;Wk; kpd;rhuk; rl;lk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J > tpsk;guk;>
kw;Wk; jfty;> cs;ehl;L muR> rptpy;rg;is];> tPl;Ltrjp kw;Wk; r%f tho;T.
Copah;fs; (Personnel)
1. xU jiyikr; nrayfj;Jiw Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F epakpf;fg;gl;l Copah;
fisf; nfhz;lJ. jiyikr; nrayf mYtyh;fspd; mLf;FKiw gpd;tUkhW
2. nrayh;
3. rpwg;G nrayh; my;yJ $Ljy; nrayh;
4. ,izr;nrayh;
5. Jizr;nrayh;
6. fPo;rnrayh;
7. cjtpr; nrayh;
jiyikr; nrayf mYtyfk; gpd;tUk; Copah;fis cs;slf;fpaJ
    
1. gphpT mYtyh; my;yJ fz;fhzpg;ghsh;
2. cjtp mYtyh; my;yJ Jizf;fz;fhzpg;ghsh; TNPSC.News
3. Nky;gphpT Fkh];jh
4. fPo;gphpT Fkh];jh
5. jl;lr;rhsh;
6. Copah;fs;
gzpfs; (Functions)
1. jiyikr; nrayfk; xU mYtyh;fspd; epWtdkhFk;
2. ,jd; Kf;fpa gzp mikr;rh;fSf;F mth;fspd; gzpfspy; cjTtNj MFk;
3. ,jd; Kf;fpa gzpfshtd
4. Khepy murpd; nfhs;iffisAk; jpl;lq;fisAk; tFj;jy;
5. murpd; nfhs;iffisAk;> jpl;lq;fisAk; xUq;fpizj;jy;
6. rl;lq;fisAk; tpjpfisAk; xOq;F KiwfisAk; tFj;jy;
7. kj;jpa> khepy muRf;fpilNaahd njhlh;igAk;> xUq;fpizg;igAk; ghJfhj;jy;
8. gl;n[l; jahhpg;gJk; nghJr;nryTfis fl;Lg;gLj;jYk;
9. nfhs;iffisAk;> jpl;lq;fisAk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jjiy Nkw;ghh;itapLjy;
10. nfhs;iffisAk;> jpl;lq;fisAk; eilKiwg;gLj;jpajd; KbTfis ghprPyid nra;jy;
11. mikg;G rhh;e;j Nghl;bia Nkk;gLj;j eltbf;iffis vLj;jy;
12. Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpy; mspj;jy; cs;spl;l mikr;rh;fspd; flikfis rhptu epiwNtw;w
mth;fSf;F cjtp nra;jy;
13. Jiwj;jiyth;fis epakpj;jYk;> rk;gs eph;thfj;jpid ftdpj;jYk;
14. khepy muRf;F Nahridj;njhl;bahf nray;gLjy;
15. khepyj;jpd; epjp epiyia Nkk;gLj;j tha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;Fjy;
16. nghJkf;fspd; kDf;fis ngw;W mth;fspd; Fiwfisj; jPh;j;jy;
17. gzpfspd; tpjpfisAk;> mtw;wpd; jpUj;jq;fisAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;
jiyikr; nrayh; (Chief Secretary)
1. jiyikr; nrayhpd; gjtp ,q;fpyhe;jpd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; kj;jpa murpy; Njhd;wpaJ
2. ,J ,e;jpahtpd; MSeh; nty;y];yp gpuG mth;fshy; 1799Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;
lJ 3. ,g;gjtpapy; Kjd; Kjypy; [p. n`r; ghh;Nyh epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;
4. ,g;gjtp Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd; kj;jpa murplkpUe;J khepy muRfshy; Vw;
Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
5. jiyikr; nrayNu khepy jiyikr; nrayfj;jpd; eph;thfj; jiytuhthh;
6. ,tNu khepy eph;thfj;jpd; jiytUk;> khepy eph;thf mLf;FKiwapd; rpfuKk; Mthh;
7. ,tuJ epiy kw;w nrayh;fspd; epiyfis tpl KjyhdjhFk;
8. ,th; midj;J nrayh;fSf;Fk; jiytuhthh;. ,th; midj;J jiyikr; nrayf
JiwfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuKilath;
9. ,th; khepy eph;thfk; KOtijAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jp jiyik jhq;fp top elj;Jfpd;whh;
10. 1973y; ,Ue;J jiyik nrayNu midtUf;Fk; %j;j r%fg;gzpahsh; Mthh;
11. ,g;gjtpf;F ve;j tpj fhy eph;zaKk; fpilahJ
    
12. jiyikr; nrayhpd; gjtpf;fhyk; 3ypUe;J 4 tUlq;fs; tiu ,Uf;fTNPSC.News

Ntz;Lk; vd;W
,e;jpa eph;thf rPh;jpUj;jf;FO ghpe;Jiu nra;jJ
mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; (Powers and Functions)
1. jiyikr; nrayh; khepy eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd midj;J tptfhuq;fspYk;
Kjyikr;rUf;F MNyhrid toq;Fk; Kjy; MNyhrfuhf cs;shh;
2. khepy Nfgpdl;bw;F nrayuhf nray;gLthh;
3. ,th; Nfgpdl; jiyikr; nrayfj;jpd; jiytuhthh;. NkYk; Njitg;gl;lhy; Nfgpdl;
kw;Wk; mjd; cl;FOf;fspd; $l;lq;fspYk; fye;J nfhs;thh;
4. Nfgpdl; $l;lq;fspd; epfo;rr
; p epuiy jahhpg;gNjhL mf;$l;lq;fspd; eilKiwfisAk;
gjpT nra;thh;
5. Khepy r%fg;gzpfspd; jiytuhf nray;gLthh;. %j;j khepy r%fg;gzpahsh;fspd;
epakdk;> gzpaplkhWjy;> kw;Wk; gjtp cah;T njhlh;ghd tptfhuq;fis ifahSjy;
6. midj;J r%fg; gzpahsh;fisAk; kdrhl;rpg;gb nray;glitj;jy;
7. khepy eph;thfj;jpd; jiyik xUq;fpizg;ghsh; Mthh;
8. JiwfSf;fpilNaahd xj;Jiog;ig cWjp nra;jy;
9. JiwfSf;fpilNaahd xj;Jiog;gpw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l FOf;fspd; jiytuhthh;
10. gy Jiwfspd; nrayh;fspd; $l;lq;fis jiyikNaw;W elj;Jthh;
11. kz;ly Mizahsh;fs; khtl;l Ml;rpahsh;fs; khtl;l eph;thf Jiwfspd; jiyth;fs;
gq;Nfw;Fk; $l;lq;fSf;F jiyikNaw;ghh;
12. rpy jiyikr; nrayfj;Jiwfspd; eph;thf jiytuhf nray;gLthh;
13. nghJthf nghJ eph;thfj;Jiw> njhopyhsh; Jiw> jpl;lj;Jiw> eph;thf rPh;jpUj;j Jiw
Nghd;wit jiyikr;nrayhpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk;
14. nghJ eph;thfj;Jiwjhd; jiyik nrayf JiwfSs; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,jd;
murpay; jiyth; khepy Kjyikr;ruhthh;
15. midj;J khepyq;fspYk; njhopyhsh; Jiw jiyikr;nrayhpd; Neubj;jiyikapd; fPo;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,e;jpa eph;thf rPh;jpUj;jf;FO ghpe;Jiu nra;jJ
16. ,th; neUf;fbahd #o;epiyfspy; cah;epiy nfhs;if KbTfis vLg;gjw;fhf
mikf;fg;gl;l FOf;fspd; jiytuhfNth my;yJ Kf;fpa cWg;gpduhfNth ,Ug;ghh;
17. ,th; epthuzg;gzpfspy; midj;J mYtyh;fSf;Fk; khepy murpd; gpujpepjahf
nray;gLthh;
18. kw;w nrayh;fspd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;Fs; tuhj tptfhuq;fis jiyik nrayNu ftdpg;ghh;
19. rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepyk; ve;j kz;lyf;FOtpy; cWg;gpduhf cs;sNjh mf;FOtpd;
nrayuhf $ow;rp Kiwapy; nray;gLthh;
20. ,th; khepy murpd; jiyik kf;fs; njhlh;G mjpfhhpahf nray;gLthh;
21. ,th; Njrpa Nkk;ghl;L FOtpd; $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;thh;
22. ,th; khepy murpd; rhh;ghf NgRgtuhf nray;gLthh;
23. rl;lk; xOq;F kw;Wk; jpl;leph;thfj;jpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;whh;
24. khepy jiykr;nrayfk; KOtJkhf ,tuJ Nkw;ghh;it kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk;

    
25. jiyikr; nrayf fl;blk;> mikr;rh;fspd; Copah;fs;> kj;jpa Nfhg;G gphpT>

TNPSC.News
jiyikr;nrayf E}yfk;> ghJfhg;G> fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; thh;L mYtyh;fs; kPJ
,tUf;F eph;thf fl;Lg;ghL cz;L
26. ,th; rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepy muRf;F kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; kw;w khepy muRfSf;F ,ilNa
xU njhlh;G ghykhf tpsq;Ffpd;whh;
27. Nfgpdl; nrayuhy; jiyik tfpj;J elj;jg;gLk; jiyikr;nrayh;fspd;
Mz;Lf;$l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhs;thh;
28. kj;jpa MNyhrfh;fs; epakpf;fg;glhj NghJk; FbauRj;jiythpd; Ml;rpapd; NghJk; ,th;
MSeUf;F MNyhrfuhf nray;gLthh;
29. khepy jiyikr; nrayUld; xg;gplf;$ba ve;j gjtpAk; kj;jpa murpy; ,y;iy
30. kj;jpapy; cs;s Nfgpdl; nrayiu khepy jiyikr;nrayUld; XusT xg;gplyhk;
31. khepy jiyik nrayhpd; gzpfSk; gq;Fk; kpfTk; mjpfkhdJk;> mfykhdJk;>
NtWgl;lJk; MFk;. Mdhy; kj;jpapy; mit Nfgpdl; nrayh;> cs;Jiw nrayh;
epjpr;nrayh;> kw;Wk; njhopyhsh; nrayh; Mfpath;fshy; gfph;e;J nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd
32.
jiyikr; nrayUf;Fk; Nfgpdl; nrayUf;FKs;s xw;Wikfs;
(Similarities between the Chief Secretary and the Cabinet Secretary)
1. ,UtUk; jq;fsJ eph;thfj;jiyikf;F jiyik MNyhrfh;fshth;
2. ,UtUk; jq;fsJ eph;thfj;jpw;F jiyik xUq;fpizg;ghsh;fshth;
3. ,UtUk; jq;fsJ Nfgpdl;bw;F nrayh;fshth;
4. ,UtuJ gjtpfSk; kj;jpa murpy; cUthdit
5. ,UtUk; jq;fsJ r%fg; gzpfSf;F jiyth;fshth;
6. ,UtUk; jq;fsJ Nfgpdl; nrayh;fSf;F eph;thj;jiyth;fshth;
,UtUk; jq;fsJ Nfgpdl; vLf;Fk; KbTfs; mkyhf;fg;gLtij Nkw;ghh;itapLth;
jiyikr;nrayUf;Fk; Nfgpdl; nrayUf;FKs;s NtWghLfs;

(Differences between the Chief Secretary and the Cabinet Secretary)
1. jiyikr;nrayh; khepy nrayh;fSf;F jiytuhthh;. Mdhy; Nfgpdl; nrayh;
kj;jpa nrayh;fspd; jiyth; my;y
2. jiyikr; nrayhpd; mjpfhuq;fSk;> gzpfSk; Nfgpdl; nrayhpd;
mjpfhuq;fisAk;> gzpfisAk; tpl mjpfkhditahFk;
3. jiyikr; nrayh; khepy jiyik nrayfj;jpd; eph;thfj; jiytuhthh;.
Mdhy; Nfgpdl; nrayh; kj;jpa jiyik nrayfj;jpd; eph;thf jiytuy;y
4. jiyikr; nrayh; khepy mstpy; kPjkha; ,Uf;Fk; mjpfhuq;fis jd;dplNk
itj;jpUg;ghh;. Mdhy; kj;jpapy; ,Uf;Fk; Nfgpdl; nrayh; mg;gb ,Uf;f
KbahJ. khepyj;jpd; rpy Jiwfs; jiyikr;nrayhpd; Neub fl;Lg;ghl;bd;
fPo; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; Nfgpdl; jiyikr; nrayfj;ij jtpu ve;j xU
JiwAk; Nfgpdl; nrayhpd; Neub fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Uf;fhJ

    
TNPSC.News
khtl;l Ml;rpah; (DISTRICT COLLECTOR)
1. khtl;l Ml;rpah;> khtl;l eph;thfj;jpd; jiytUk;> khepy murpd; gpujpepjpAkhthh;
2. khtl;l Ml;rpah; gjtp xg;gw;wjhFk;. gpuhd;]; ehl;bd; perfect gjtpiaj; jtpu NtW ve;j
eph;thf KiwiaAk; ,jDld; xg;gpl KbahJ
3. khtl;l Ml;rpah;> cj;jug;gpuNjrk;> gPfhh;> kw;Wk; Nkw;F tq;fk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy;
khtl;l ePjpgjp vd;Wk; m];]hk;> [k;K fh\;kPh; gQ;rhg;> mhpahdh kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh
Mfpa khepyq;fspy; Jiz Mizah; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;whh;
4. nghJeph;thfj; Jiwfs; khtl;l Ml;rpahpd; Neubf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Uf;Fk;
5. ,tiur; Rw;wpNa khtl;l eph;thfk; KOtJk; RoYk;
6. khtl;l Ml;rpah;> murpay; Kiwapy; Kjy;tuhYk;> eph;thf Kiwapy; jiyikr;
nrayuhYk; jiyik tfpf;fg;gLthh;. khepy murpd; nghJ eph;thfj;Jiwia Nrh;e;jth;
Mthh;
7. khtl;l Ml;rpah;fis kz;ly Mizah;fs; fl;Lg;gLj;jp Nkw;ghh;itapLth;
Njhw;wk; (Evolution)
1. khtl;lk; vd;gJ ,e;jpahtpd; eph;thfj;jpDila mbg;gil Gtpapay; myF MFk;
2. khtl;lk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F eph;thf fhuzj;jpw;fhf Fwpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrk; vd;W
Mf;];.Nghh;L mfuhjp nghUs; $Wfpd;wJ
3. nkhfyha eph;thfj;jpd; NghJ khtl;lk; rh;f;fhh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;L RNgjhhpd; khtl;l
fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; gzpGhpAk;> fNuhhp/gh[;jhh; vdg;gLk; uhZt mjpfhhpapd; jiyikapy;
fPo; ,Ue;jJ
4. jw;nghOJ cs;s khtl;l Ml;rpah; gjtp 1772 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa MSeuhf ,Ue;j
thud; n`];bq;]; gpuG mth;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
5. mth; kpfTk; mjpfhuk; cilatuhf ,Ue;J rpwpa neg;Nghypad; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;
gzpfs; (Role and Functions)

1. tUthah; eph;thfk;: tuyhw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; tUtha; t#ypg;gNj khtl;l Ml;rpahpd;
Kjy; k;wWk; Kf;fpag;gzpahd ,Ue;jJ
2. Mdhy; mth; ,g;nghOJk; khtl;l tUtha; eph;thfj;jpd; jiytuhthh;
3. kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk; F[uhj;jpy; cs;s tUtha; thhpak; my;yJ tUtha; Mizak;
my;yJ gQ;rhg;> mhpahdh> kw;Wk; [k;Kfh\;kPhpy; cs;s epjp Mizah; %yk; tUtha;
t#ypf;f khepy muRf;F khtl;l Ml;rpah; nghWg;Gilatuhthh;
4. khtl;l tUtha; eph;thfj;jpd; jiyth; vd;w Kiwapy; khtl;l Ml;rpaUf;F gpd; tUk;
gzpfs; cz;L
5. epy tUtha; t#ypj;jy;
6. murhq;fj;jw;F tuNtz;ba kw;w tUtha;fis t#ypj;jy;
7. epy tUtha; t#ypj;jy;

    
8. murhq;fj;jpw;F tuNtz;ba kw;w tUtha;fis t#ypj;jy;

TNPSC.News
9. TACCAVI fld;fis toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; jpUk;gg;ngWjy;
10. epy Nfhg;Gfis guhkhpj;jy;
11. fpuhkg;Gw Gs;sp tptuq;fis Nrfhpj;jy;
12. njhopy; epWtdk; mikj;jy; fl;Lkhdk;> Nrhp xopg;G Nghd;w fhuzq;fSf;fhf epyq;fis
ifafg;gLj;Jjy;
khepy muR  Kjyikr;rh;
 
khepy jiyik nrayfk;  jiyik nrayh;
 
kz;lyk;  kz;ly Mizah;
 
khtl;lk;  khtl;l Ml;rpah;
1. epyr;rhP ;j;jpUj;jq;fis mky;gLj;Jjy;

2. tptrhapfspd; eytho;tpid ftdpj;jy;
3. neUg;G> gQ;rk; kw;Wk; nts;sk; Nghd;w ,aw;if rPw;wq;fspd; NghJ toq;fNtz;ba
epthuzk; Fwpj;J ghpe;Jiu nra;jy; kw;Wk; gaph; ,og;gpid kjpg;gPL nra;jy;
4. fUT+yj;ijAk;> Jizf;fUT+yj;ijAk; Nkw;ghh;itaply;
5. ];lhk;g; rl;lj;ij mkyhf;Fjy;
6. Gydha;G khdpaq;fis toq;Fjy;

7. Murpd; v];Nll;Lf;fis eph;tfpj;jy;
8. fPo; mjpfhhpfshy; toq;fg;gl;l cj;juTf;F vjpuhd tUtha; KiwaPLfis Nfl;ly;
9. [kPd;jhh; Kiw xopg;gpw;fhd e\;l<l;bid toq;Fjy;
rl;lk; xOq;F (Law and Order)
1. khtl;lj;jpy; rl;lk; xOq;if epiyehl;LtNj khtl;l Ml;rpahpd; Kjy; flikahFk;
2. ,jw;fhf fhty; Jiw fz;fhzpg;ghsh;fspd; jiyikapy; khtl;l fhty; Jiw> khtl;l
Ml;rpahpd; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;itapd; fPo; ,aq;Fk;> Rje;jpuj;Jf;F Kd; khtl;l
Ml;rpah; eph;thf kw;Wk; rl;l kh[p];l;Nul;lhf nray;gl;lhh;
3. eph;thf kh[p];l;Nul; vd;w Kiwapy; mtUf;F rl;lk; xOq;if ghJfhf;Fk; flik
cs;sJ
4. rl;l kh[p];l;Nul; vd;w Kiwapy; mth; r%f kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; tof;FfSf;F
nghWg;gilatuhth;
5. Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpwF muRf; nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;b newpfspy; cs;s tpjp 50d; gb
eph;thfk; kw;Wk; rl;lk; jdpj;jdpahf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ
6. ,jd; njhlh;r;rpahf rl;l kh[p];l;Nul; vd;Dk; khtl;l Ml;rpahpd; gq;F Kbtile;jJ

    
7. khtl;l kh[p];l;Nul; vd;Dk; Kiwapy; khtl;l Ml;rpah; gpd;tUk;

TNPSC.News
gzpfis ftdpf;fpd;whh;
8. jdf;F fPo; cs;s ePjpgjpfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;tiapLjy;
9. Fw;wtpay; eilKiwr;rl;lj;jpd; 144tU tpjpapd; fPo; r%f mikjpf;Fk;> rl;
lk; xOq;fpw;Fk; Mgj;J Vw;gLk; NghJ cj;juTfis ntspapLjy;
10. murplkpUe;Jk; kw;wth;fsplkpUe;Jk; ngw;w kDf;fspd; kPjhd Nfhhpf;
ifis epiwNtw;Wjy;.
11. ifjpfis gNuhypy; tpLtpj;jy;
12. rpiwfspy; Ma;T elj;Jjy;
13. muRf;F Mz;L Fw;wtpay; mwpf;if mspj;jy;
14. MAjq;fs;> czTtpLjp> ntbnghUl;fs; ngl;Nuhypak; Nghd;w gy tifahd chpkq;fis
toq;Fjy;> jw;fhypfkhf epWj;jp itj;jy; kw;Wk; uj;J nra;jy;
15. rpiwf; ifjpfSf;F trjpahd tFg;Gf;fis toq;Fjy;
16. cs; mikg;Gf;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;itapLjy;
17. Nfspf;if thp kw;Wk; gj;jphpf;if rl;lq;fis mkyhf;Fjy;
18. mrhjhuzkhd #o;epiyfspy; r%f eph;thfj;jpy; cjt MAjg; gilfis mioj;jy;
19. njhopw;rhiyfs; rl;lk; kw;Wk; th;j;jf FwpaPL rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Fw;wthspfSf;F vjpuhf
eltbf;if vLj;jy;
20. ahUk; chpik Nfhuhj nrhj;jpid tpw;f cj;jutply;
21. fhLfis Nkk;gLj;Jk; jpl;lq;fis ghpe;Jiu nra;jy;
Nkk;ghl;L eph;thfk; (Development Administration)
1. Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpd; Nkk;ghl;Lj;jpl;lq;fs; njhlq;fg;gl;l gpd;dh; mj;jifa jpl;lq;fis
mkyhf;Ftjpy; khtl;l Ml;rpaUf;F Kf;fpa gq;F cz;L
2. gy khepyq;fspy; khtl;l Ml;rpah; khtl;l Nkk;ghl;L mjpfhhpahf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;
3. ,th; ,e;jpa rq;fq;fs; gjpT rl;lj;jpd; fPo; xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; 1980 Mk; Mz;L
mikf;fg;gl;l khtl;l fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghl;L mikg;gpd; jiytuhthh;
4. Nkk;ghl;L eph;thfj;jpy; khtl;l Ml;rpahpd; Kf;fpa gq;F xUq;fpizg;Ng MFk;
5. 73tJ murpayikg ;G jpUj;jr;rl;lk; 1992 kw;Wk; 1993 kw;Wk; 1994Mk; Mz;Lfspd ; gQ;
rhaj;J uh[;[pa rl;lq;fs; Nkk;ghl;L eph;thfj;jpy; khtl;l Ml;rpahpd; gq;fpid Fiwj;jd
kw;w mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; (Other Powers and Functions)
1. khtl;l jpl;l mkyhf;f FOtpw;F jiyikNaw;wy;
2. khtl;l jiyik mjpfhhpahf nray;gLjy;
3. eph;thfk; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fSf;fpilNaahd njhlh;G ghykhf nray;gLjy;
4. khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s efuhl;rpfspd; eph;thfj;ij Nkw;ghh;it ,Ljy;
5. khtl;lj;jpy; eilngWk; tpohf;fspy; khepy murpd; gpujpepjpahf fye;J nfhs;Sjy;

    
khtl;lj;jpd; fPohd eph;thfk;

TNPSC.News
khtl;lk;  khtl;l Ml;rpah;
 
Jiz kz;lyk;  Jiz kz;ly mjpfhhp
 
jhYf;fh  jhrpy;jhh;
 
tl;lk;  tUtha; Ma;thsh;
 
fpuhkk;  gl;thhp
1. ,aw;if rPw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw mtru epiyfspd; NghJ jiyik eph;thfpahf

nray;gLjy;
2. khtl;l njhopyhsh;fspd; tptfhuq;fis ifahSjy;
3. rptpy; rg;is];f;F nghWg;gGilatuhf ,Uj;jy;
4. r%f ghJfhg;G njhlh;ghd Ntiyfis ifahSjy;
5. ,uhZt mjpfhhpfSldhd njhlh;ig guhkhpj;jy; kw;Wk; gzpapYs;s Xa;T ngw;w
MAjg;gil tPuh;fspd; eyed fhj;jy;
6. ghuhSkd;wk; kw;Wk; rl;lrig Njh;jy;fSf;F jftyDg;Gk; mjpfhhpahf nray;gLjy;
7. khtl;l mstpy; Njh;jy; gzpfis xUq;fpizj;jy;
Jiz kz;lyk; (Sub-Division)
1. epy tUtha; rl;lk; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; eilKiw rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tUtha; kw;Wk;
Fw;wtpay; eph;thfj;jpw;fhf xU khtl;lk; rpWrpW gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ
2. Jiz kz;ly mjpfhhpahf xU ,e;jpa eph;thf gzpfs; my;yJ khepy r%fg;gzpfspd;
cWg;gpdh; xUtiu khepy muR epakpj;J jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; itj;jpUf;Fk;
3. khtl;l Ml;rpaiug; Nghd;Nw mtUk; mg;gpuNjrj;jpd; mjpfhhp> eph;thfp kw;Wk; gy
gzpfis nra;af;$bath; Mthh;
4. mtUf;F tUtha; ePjp kw;Wk; eph;thfk; rhh;e;j mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd
5. jiyik eph;thf mjpfhhp kw;Wk; khepy murpd; gpujpepj vd;w Kiwapy;
Jizkz;lyj;jpy; cs;s muR mYtyfq;fspd; nray;ghLfSld; ,th; njhlh;G
itj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk
6. ,th; tUtha; njhlh;ghd tptufhuq;fspy; khtl;l Ml;rpaUf;Fk; jhrpy;jhUf;Fk;
,ilNaahd ,izg;ghfTk; rl;lk; xOq;F njhlh;ghd tptfhuq;fspy; khtl;l ePjpgjpf;Fk;
fhty; epiya mjpfhhpfSf;FkpilNaahd ,izg;ghfTk; nray;gLfpd;wdh;
7. ,th; khtl;l Ml;rpahpd; jiyik MNyhrfuhthh;. ,th; Jiz kz;lyj;jpd; eph;thfk;
njhlh;ghd mk;rq;fspy; khtl;l Ml;rpaUf;F nghWg;Gilatuhthh;
8. Jiz kz;lyk; ,U tifg;gLk;. mYtyf tif. Rw;Wg;gaz tif
    
9. ,jd; ngah;fSk;> jiythpd; ngah;fSk; khepyj;jpw;F khepyk; gpd; tUkhW NtWgLk;

TNPSC.News
khepyq;fs; gphpTfs; jiyth;fs;
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; Jiz kz;lyk; Jiz kz;ly ePjpgjp
jkpo;ehL tUtha; kz;lyk; tUtha; kz;ly mjpfhhp
kfhuh\;buh gpuhz;l; gpuhz;l; mjpfhhp – Jiz Ml;rpah;
jhYfh (TEHSIL)
1. Xt;nthU Jiz kz;lyKk; NkYk; rpWrpW gphpTfshf gphpf;fg;gLk;
2. epytUtha;> epyNfhg;Gfs;> fUT+yk;> ePjpkd;wk; Nghd;w mk;rq;fSf;F jhYfhNt
mbg;gil myfhFk;
3. gy;NtW Jiwfspd; mYtyfq;fSk; ,jDs; mike;jpUg;gjhy; ,J xU rpwpa
khtl;lkhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ
4. jhrpy;jhh; khepy r%fg;gzpfis rhh;e;jtUk; nf]l;ll; me;j];j;jpy; cs;s mjpfhhpAk;
Mthh;
5. ,th; jhYfhtpy; tUtha; t#ypg;gjw;Fk; rl;lk; xOq;if guhkhpg;gjw;Fk;
nghWg;Gilatuhthh;
khepyq;fs; gphpTfs; jiyth;fs;

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; jhrpy; jhrpy;jhh;
jkpo;ehL jhYfh jhrpy;jhh;
kfhuh\;buh jhYfh/k`hy; khkyj;jhh;/k`hy;fh;
tl;lk; (Circle)
1. tUtha; eph;thfj;jpw;fhf xt;nthU jhYfhTk; rpWrpW gphpTfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
2. tl;l Ma;thsh; tUtha; eph;thf rq;fpypapy; Kjy;epiy Nkw;ghh;itahsuhf cs;shh;
3. ,th; tUtha; eph;thfj;ijak; epyNfhg;GfisAk; Nkw;ghh;it ,Lthh;
4. ,th; nghJthf khtl;l Ml;rpauhy; epakpf;fg;gLthh;
fpuhkk; (Village)
1. midj;J khepyq;fspYk; eph;thf kw;Wk; epjp rhh;e;j fhuzq;fSf;fhf gphpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
midj;Jf;Fk; fPohd mikg;G fpuhkNkahFk;
2. jkpo;ehl;by; fpuhkj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd gjtpapd; ngah; fpuhkj;jiyth; MFk;
3. ,tUf;F ,izahd gjtp kfhuh\;buhtpy; gNly; vdg;gLfpd;wJ
4. ,jw;F ,izahd gjtp vJTk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; ,y;iy
5. gQ;rhg;> ,khryg;gpuNjrk;> mhpahdh kw;Wk; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; gl;thhp
vdg;gLgth; jhd; tUtha; fzf;FfisAk; epy Nfhg;GfisAk; guhkhpg;ghh;

    
6. ,th; gy khepyq;fspy; gy ngah;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. cjhuzkhf

TNPSC.News
cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; Nyf;ghy; vdTk; jkpo;ehl;by; fh;zk; (my;yJ fzf;Fg;gps;is)
kfhuh\;buhtpy; jyhj;jp vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;whh;
7. ,th; khtl;lj;jpd; tUtha; eph;thfj;jpd; mbg;gil vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;whh;
cs;ehl;L murhq;fk; (Local Government)

gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pak; (Panchayat Raj)
1. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pak; vd;Dk; nrhy; fpuhkg;Gw cs;ehl;L Ra murpid Fwpf;fpd;wJ
2. Nth; (mb kl;l mstpy; ,Ue;J) mstpypUe;J [dehafj;ij mikg;gjw;fhf ,it me;
je;j khepy rl;lrigfs; ,aw;wpa rl;lq;fspd; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;ld
3. ,jw;F fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghl;Lj;Jiwapy; flikfSk; gzpfSk; cs;sd
4. 73tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jr;rl;lk; 1992d; %yk; ,J murpay; mikg;
gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ
5. kj;jpa mstpy; fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfspd;
nray;ghLfis ftdpf;fpd;wJ
6. cs;ehl;L murhq;fk; vd;gJ khepyq;fspd; gl;baypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s xU mk;rkhFk;
7. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 7tJ ml;ltizapy; khepyq;fspd; gl;baypy; cs;s 5J gjp ,
jidf; ifahSfpd;wJ
gy;te;j;uha; Nkj;jh FO (Balwantray Mehta Committee)
1. r%f Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; (1952) kw;Wk; Njrpa ePl;bf;fg;gl;l gzpfs ; (1953) Mfpatw ;wpd;
nray ; ghLfis gw ; wp MuhaTk ; mit NkYk ; rpwe ; j Kiwapy ; nray ; gl
MNyhridfis toq ;fTk ; ,e;jpa muR 1957 k; Mz ;L [dthp khjk ; xU FOtpid
mikj;jJ
2. ,f;FO jdJ mwpf;ifia 1957k; Mz;L etk;gh; khjk; mspj;jJ. NkYk; ,J gQ;rhaj;
J uh[;[paKiw mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd ghpe;Jiuj;jJ
3. mjd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ghpe;Jiufshtd
4. khtl;l mstpyhd [py;yh ghp\j;> xd;wpa mstpyhd gQ;rhaj;J rkpjp fpuhk
mstpyhd fpuhkg;gQ;rhaj;J Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa %d;wLf;F Kiwia mikj;jy;
5. ,k;%d;W mLf;FfspYk; kiwKf Njh;jy;fspd; %yk; xd;Wld; xd;W ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;
f Ntz;Lk;
6. fpuhkg;gQ;rhaj;J Neubahf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fshYk; gQ;rhaj;J rkpjpAk;> [
py;yh ghp\j;Jk; kiwKfkhf Njh;e;njLf ;fg;gl;l cWg ;gpdh;fshYk ; mikf ;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;
7. midj;J jpl;l kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L eltbf;iffSk; ,e;j mikg;
Gfsplk; xg;gilf;fg;glNtz;Lk;
8. gQ;rhaj;J rkpjp eph;thf mikg;ghfTk; [py;yh ghp\j; MNyhrid $Wk;
> xUq;fpizf;Fk;> kw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;itapLk; mikg;ghfTk; ,Uf;Fk;
9. khtl;l Ml;rpah; [py;yh ghp\j;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ug;ghh;
10. ,j;jifa [dehaf mikg;GfSf;F mjpfhuq;fSk; flikfSk; cz;
ContactikapNyNa
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toq;9626538744
fg;glNtz;Lk; Page 72
    
11. ,j;jifa mikg;Gfs; jq;fsJ flikfisAk; gzpfisAk; epiwNtw;w mitfSf;F

TNPSC.News
NghJkhd %ytsq;fis toq;f Ntz;Lk;
12. vjph;fhyj;jpy; tUgth;fs; mjpfhuj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; ,k;Kiwia mikf;f
Ntz;Lk;
13. ,g;ghpe;Jiufs; Njrpa Nkk;ghl;L FOtpdhy; 1958Mk; Mz;L [dthp khjk; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;ld
14. ,f;FO xNu Kiwia gpd;gw;WkhW typAWj;jtpy;iy cs;ehl;L #o;epiyfSf;F
jf;fthW xU Kiwapid khepy muRfNs Vw;gLj;jp nfhs;syhk; vd;W $wpaJ. Mdhy;
,jd; mbg;gilf;nfhs;iffs; ehL KOtJk; xNu khjphpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
15. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[paj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; mikj;j khepyk; uh[];jhd;
16. ,j;jpl;lk; ehfTh; khtl;lj;jpy; 1959Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 2k; ehs; gpujkh; gz;bl;
[t`h;yhy; NeU mth;fshy; njhlq;fpitf;fg;gl;lJ
17. uh[];jhid njhlh;e;J Me;jpug;gpuNjrKk; 1959Mk; Mz;L ,k;Kiwia Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
tpjp tpyf;Ffs; : jkpo;ehL ,uz;lLf;F Kiwia Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ Nkw;F tq;fk; ehd;fLf;F
Kiwia Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
mNrhf; Nkj;jh FO (Ashok Mehta Committee)
1. 1977> brk;ghpy; gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfspd; kPjhd xU FOtpid mNrhf; Nkj;jh
mth;fspd; jiyikapy; [djh muR mikj;jJ
2. ,f;FO jdJ mwpf;ifia 1978> Mf];by; mspj;jJ. NkYk; ,J ehl;by; Fiwe;J tUk;
gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa Kiwia typikahf;f 132 ghpe;Jiufis mspj;jJ
3. %d;wLf;F gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[a Kiwf;F gjpyhf ,uz;lLf;F Kiwia mikf;f
Ntz;Lk; mjhtJ khtl;l mstpyhd [py;yh ghp\j; kw;Wk; mjw;F fPo; 15000 ypUe;J
20000 tiu kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l fpuhkq;fs; ,ize;j FOtpid nfhz;l kz;ly
gQ;rhaj;J
4. mjpfhuq;fis gfph;e;jspg;gjpy; khepyj;jpw;F mLj;jgbahf khtl;lNk Kjy; epiyahf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
5. [py;yh ghp\j; eph;thf mikg;ghfTk; khtl;l mstpyhd jpl;lkpLjYf;F
nghWg;ghdjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;
6. gQ;rhaj;J Njh;jy;fspd; midj;J epiyfspYk; murpay; fl;rpfs; gq;Nfw;f Ntz;Lk;
7. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfs; jq;fsJ epjp Mjhuq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd thpfis
tpjpf;f mjpfhuq;fis ngw;wjhFk;
8. r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu FOf;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;l epjp mitfSf;fhf nryT
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gij fz;fhzpf;f khtl;l mstpyhd mikg;G xd;wpdhy; jzpf;if
nra;ag;gLk;
9. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfis khepy muR ePf;fKbahJ
10. mtrukhd rpwg;Gf; $l;lj;njhlhpd; NghJ mf;$l;lk; eilngw;w ehspypUe;J 6 khj
fhyj;jpw;Fs; Njh;jy; elj;jg;glNtz;Lk;

    
11. epaha gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; Nkk;ghl;L gQ;rhaj;JfspypUe;J gphpf;fg;gl;L jdpahd mikg;

TNPSC.News
Gfshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtw;Wf;F jFjpngw;w ePjpgjp xUth; jiytuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;
Lk;
12. jiyik Njh;jy; MizaUld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J jiyik Njh;jy; mjpfhhp gQ;rhaj;J
Njh;jy;fis elj;j Ntz;Lk;
13. Nkk;ghl;L gzpfs; [py;yh ghp\j;Jf;F khw;wg;gl;L midj;J Nkk;ghl;L Copah;fSk; ,
jd; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;gpd; fPo; nray;glNtz;Lk;
14. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[paj;jpw;F kf;fspd; Mjuit jpul;Ltjpy; jd;dhh;t FOf;fs; Kf;fpa
gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd
15. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gf;fis ftdpg;gjw;fhf mikr;ruitapy; xU mikr;rh;
epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
16. jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf;fhf ,lq;fs; mth;fsJ kf;fs;
njhifapd; mbg;gilapy; xJf;fL P nra;ag;glNtz;Lk;
17. [djh muR jdJ gjtpf;fhyk; KbAk;Kd;dNu fiyf;fg;gl;ljhy; mNrhf; Nkj;jh
FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufspd; Nghpy; ve;j eltbf;ifAk; vLf;fg;gltpy;iy
18. fh;ehlfh > Nkw;F tq;fk;> kw;Wk; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk ; Mfpa khepyq ;fs; mNrhf ; Nkj ;jh
FOtpd ; ghpe;Jiufis kdjpy ; nfhz ;L gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[ a mikg ;GfSf ;F Gj;Japh;
mspf;f KbT nra;jd
G. V. K. uht; FO (G. V. L. Rao Committee)
1. fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; tWik xopg;G jpl;lq;fSf;fhd eph;thfj;jpw;fhf G. V. K. uht;
jiyikapyhd xU FOtpid 1985Mk; Mz;L jpl;lf;FO mikj;jJ
2. ,f;FO Nkk;ghl;L eilKiwahdJ gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfsplk; ,Ue;J gphpf;
fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;w KbTf;F te;jJ. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa Kiwf;F Gj;Japh; mspf;
fTk;> typik toq;fTk; ,f;FO gpd;tUk; ghpe;Jiufis toq;fpaJ
3. [dehaf mjpfhug; gfph;tpy; [py;yh ghp\j;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;
4. khepy mstpyhd rpy jpl;lg;gzpfis> khtl;l mstpyhd jpl;l mikg;GfSf;F khw;w
Ntz;Lk;
5. khtl ;l jpl;l Mizah ; vd;w gjtp cUthf ;fg;gl Ntz ;Lk;. mth ; [py;yh ghp\j;jpd;
jiyik eph;thf mjpfhhpahfTk ;> khepy mstpyhd jpl;lj;JiwfSf ;F nghWg ;
GilatuhfTk; tpsq;Fthh;
6. ,e;j mbg;gilapy; G. V. K. uht; mth;fspd; mwpf;if (1986) xd;wpa mstpyhd jpl;lj;
jpd ; kPjhd jde ; thyh FOtpd ; mwpf ; ifapy ; ,Ue ; Jk ; (1978 ) khtl ; lj; jpd ; kPjhd
mDke;jh uht; FOtpd; mwpf;ifapypUe;Jk; (1984) NtWgl;Ls;sJ
7. mDke ;jh uht; FOtpd ; mwpf;if> gy;te;j; uha; Nkj;jh FO> eph;thf rPh ;jpUj;jf; FO>
mNrhf; Nkj;jh FO> G. V. K. uht; FO Mfpatw;wpd; mwpf;ifapypUe;J NtWgL;L> Nkk;
ghl;L eph;thfj ;jpd; khtl ;l Ml;rpahpd ; gq;iff ; Fiwj ;J gQ;rhaj ;J uh[;[ paj;jpw;F
mjpf gq;fspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpaJ.
L. M. rpq;tp FO (L. M. Singhvi Committee)

    
1. 1986Mk; Mz;L uh[Pt; fhe;jp muR> [dehafk; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa
TNPSC.News
mikg;GfSf;F kPz;Lk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;f L. M. rpq;tp jiyikapyhd xU FOtpid
epakpj;jJ. ,jd; Kf;fpa ghpe;Jiufs;
2. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfs; murpayikg;gpd;gb mq;ffP hpf;fg;gl;L> ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;
Lk;. ,jw;fhf xU Gjpa mj;jpahaj;ij ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpy; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;
3. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;GfSf;F Kiwahd epahakhd Njh;jy;fis elj;jTk; ,f;FO
rpy murpayikg;G cld;gbf;iffis ghpe;Jiuj;jJ
4. gy fpuhkq;fs; ,ize;j FOtpw;F epaha gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; mikf;fg;glNtz;Lk;
5. fpuhkg ; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; NkYk ; tYg;ngWk; tifapy ; fpuhkq ;fs; xd;wpizf ;f Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk; ,J fpuhk rghtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; $Wfpd;wJ. ,J fpuhk rghit Neub [
dehafj;jpw;F cUf;nfhLf;ff;$baJ vd;W $Wfpd;wJ
6. fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fSf;F mjpf epjp Mjhuq;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
7. gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfspd; Njh;jy;> fiyg;G> kw;Wk; gzpfs; njhlh;
ghd rh;r;irfis ePf;f xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; ePjpj; jPh;g;ghaq;fs; mikf;fg;glNtz;Lk;
murpayikg;G jpUj;j kNrhjh (Constitutionalisation)
1. eurpk;kuht; muR 1991Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; khjk; kf;fsitapy; murpayikg;G jpUj;j
kNrhjhit jhf;fy; nra;jJ
2. ,J 1992> brk;gh; 22y; kf;fsitapYk;> 1992> brk;gh; 23y; khepyq;
fsitapYk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ
3. gpd;dh; ,J 17 khepy rl;lrigfspdhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L 1993 Vg;uy; 20
y; FbauRj;jiythpd; xg;Gjiyg; ngw;wJ
73-tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk; (73rd Amendment Act of 1992)
1. ,r;rl;lk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; 11-tJ ml;ltiziaAk; ,izj;jJ
2. ,J gQ;rhaj;Jf;fisg; gw;wpa 23 tptfhuq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. NkYk; ,J tpjp 243-
Giaf; ifahSfpd;wJ
3. ,r;rl;lk; murpayikg;gpd; 40tJ tpjpf;F eilKiw cUtk; nfhLj;jJ
,r;rl;lk; gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;GfSf;F murpayikg;G rhh;e;j me;j];j;jpid toq;fpaJ 1
. ,r;rl;lj;jpDila tpjpfspd;gb mike;j Gjpa gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa Kiwia Vw;Wf;
nfhs;tJ khepy muRfspd; flikahFk;
2. gQ;rhaj;Jf;fis cUthf;FtNjh> rPuhd ,ilntspfspy; gQ;rhaj;J Njh;jy;
fis elj;JtNjh khepy muRfspd; tpUg;gj;ij rhh;e;jjy;y
3. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; tpjpfs; 2 tifg;gLk; - fl;lhakhdit kw;Wk; jd;dpr;irahdit
4. ,jd; fl;lhakhd tpjpfs; gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa Kiwia mikg;gjw;fhd
khepy rl;lq;fspy; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;
5. ,jd; jd;dpr;irahd tpjpfs; khepyq;fs; jd; tpUg;gg;gb ele;J nfhs;
tjpy; cs;slq;fpapUf;Fk;
6. ,J gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafj;ij gq;Nfw;Fk; [dehafkhf khw;Wk;

    
,r;rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd ,ay;Gfs; (The Salient Features of the Act)

TNPSC.News
1. %d; wLf ; F Kiw (Three – tier system ): ,r; rl; lk; fpuhk > ,ilepiy > kw; Wk ; khtl ; l
mstpyhd %d;wLf ;F Kiwia toq ;Ffpd ;wJ . ,r;rl;lk; gpd;tUkhW thh;j;ijfis
tiuaiw nra;fpd;wJ
2. gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; vd;git fpuhkg;Gw gFjpfSf;fhd cs;ehl;L Ra murpd; mikg;ghFk;
3. fpuhkk; vd;gJ MSeuhy; nghJ mwpf;ifapd; %yk; fpuhkkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;ljhFk; kw;
Wk; ,J fpuhkq;fspd; FOitAk; Fwpf;Fk;
4. ,ilepiy vd;gJ fpuhkj;jpw;Fk;> khtl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s MSeuhy; nghJ mwpf;
ifapd; %yk; mwptpf;fg;gl;l epiyahFk;
5. ,r;rl;lk; ehL KOtJk; cs;s gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[a fl;likg;Gfs; xNu khjphpahf ,Uf;f
tif nra;jJ
6. 20 yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nky; kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l xU khepyk; ,ilepiy mstpyhd gQ;
rhaj;Jf;fis mikf;fhJ
fpuhk rgh: (Gram Sabha)
1. ,r;rl;lk; fpuhk rigNa gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa Kiwapd; mbg;gil vd;W $wpaJ
2. ,J fpuhk mstpyhd gQ;rhaj;Jf;Fl;gl;l fpuhkq;fspy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l thf;fhsh;
fis nfhz;l mikg;ghFk;
3. gQ;rhaj;J gFjpapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l thf;fhsh;fis nfhz;l fpuhk rigahFk;
4. ,J khepy rl;lrigahy; eph;zapf;fg;gLk; fpuhk mstpyhd mjpfhuq;
fisAk; gzpfisAk; nfhz;L tpsq;Fk;
gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk;: (Duration of Panchayats)
1. ,r;rl;lk; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fSf;F 5 tUl gjtpf;fhyj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ
2. MdhYk; ,g;gjtpf;fhyk; KbAk; Kd;dNu ,jid fiyf;fyhk;
3. Gjpa gQ;rhaj;Jf;fhd Njh;jy;

1. mjd; gjtpf;fhyk; KbAk; Kd;dh; my;yJ
2. fiyf;fg;gl;lehspypUe;J 6 khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; elj;jp Kbf;fg;glNtz;Lk;
gjpndhd;whtJ ml;ltiz (Eleventh Schedule)
,J gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;Fl;gl;l mk;rq;fis nfhz;lJ
1. Ntshz; tp];jphpg;G cs;spl;l Ntshz;ik
2. epy Nkk;ghL> epyr;rhP ;j;jpUj;jq;fspd; mkyhf;fk;> epyj;njhFg;G kw;Wk; kz;ghJfhg;G
3. rpwpa ePh;g;ghrdk;> ePh; eph;thfk;> kw;Wk; ePh;epiyfspd; Nkk;ghL
4. fhy;eil guhkhpg;G> ghy;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhog;gz;iz
5. kPd;gpbj;jy;
6. r%ff;fhLfs; kw;Wk; tptrhaf;fhLfs;
7. rpWrpW fhl;Lg;nghUl;fs;
8. czTg;gjdpLjy; cs;spl;l rpW njhopy;fs;
9. fhjp fpuhk kw;Wk; Fbirj; njhopy;fs;

    
10. fpuhkg;Gw tPl;Ltrjp

TNPSC.News
11. FbePh;
12. vhpnghUs; kw;Wk; fhy;eil jPtdk;
13. rhiyfs;> ghyq;fs;> ghpry;fs;> kw;Wk; jfty; njhlh;gpw;fhd gpw topfs;
14. kpd; tpepNahfk; cs;spl;l fpuhkg;Gw kpd;trjp
15. khw;w Kbahj rf;jp tsq;fs;
16. tWik xopg;G jpl;lq;fs;
17. E}yfq;fs;
18. fyhr;rhu nray;ghLfs;
19. re;ijfs;
20. kUj;Jtkidfs;> Muk;g Rfhjhu epiyaq;fs;> cs;spl;l Rfhjhuk;
21. FLk;gey tho;T
22. ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs; Nkk;ghL
23. cly; CdKw;w kw;Wk; kdtsh;r;rp Fd;wpath;fspd; eytho;T cs;spl;l r%f eytho;T
24. jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;> goq;Fbapdh; Nghd;w eyptile;j gphptpdhpd; eytho;T
25. nghJ tpepNahf Kiw
26. r%f nrhj;jpid guhkhpj;jy;
jFjp ,og;Gf;fs; (Disqualifications)

 xU egh; khepy rl;lrigf ;fhd Njh;jYf ;fhf mkypy ; ,Uf;Fk; rl;lj;jpd; fPNoh > my;yJ
khepy rl;lrigahy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; fPNoh jFjpapoe;jhy; mth; gQ;rhaj;J cWg;
gpduhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l KbahJ
 21taJ epuk;gpa xU egiu 25 taJf;Fl;gl;ltuhf ,Uf;fpwhh; vdw; mbg;gilapy;
jFjpapoe;jtuhff; fUjKbahJ
 jFjpapog;G njhlh;ghd midj;J Nfs;tpfSk; khepy rl;lrigahy; epakpf;fg;gLk;
mjpfhhpaplk; mDg;gg;gLk;
,l xJf;fPL (Reservation of Seats)
 ,r;rl;lk; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf ;fhd ,lq;fis mth ;fsJ kf;fs;
njhifapd; mbg;gilapy; midj;J epiyfspYk; cs;s gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspy; xJf;fL
P nra;
Js;sJ
 khepy rl;lrig gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspy; cs;s jiyth; gjtpfis jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk;
goq;FbapdUf;fhf xJf;fPL nra;ayhk;
 ,r;rl;lk; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspy; cs;s nkhj;j ,lq;fspy; %d;wpy; xU gq;F ,lq;fis ngz;
fSf;F xJf;fL P nra;Js;sJ (jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdj ;ij Nrh;e;j ngz;
fSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lq;fSk; ,jpy; cs;slq;fpAs;sJ)
 ,r;rl;lk; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;GfSf;fhf gQ;rhaj;J ,lq;fisAk; mjd; jiyth;
gjtpfisAk; xJf;fL P nra;a khepy rl;l rigf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fpAs;sJ
cWg;gpdh;fs; kw;Wk; jiyth;fspd; Njh;T

    
(Election of the Members and the Chairpersons)

TNPSC.News
 fpuhk> ,ilepiy kw;Wk; khtl;l mstpyhd gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fs; Neubahf
kf;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;
 ,ilepiy kw;Wk; khtl;l mstpyhd gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; jiyth;fs; mjd;
cWg;gpdh;fSs; ,Ue;J mjd; cWg;gpdh;fshNyNa Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;
 fpuhk mstpyhd gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; jiyth;fs; khepy rl;lrig eph;zapf;Fk; Kiwg;gb
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;
mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; (Powers and Functions)
 gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; Ra muR mikg;Gf;fshf nray;glj; Njitahd mjpfhuq;fis
mtw;Wf;F khepy rl;lrig toq;Fk;
 mj;jifa jpl;lk; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fSf;F mjpfhuq;fisAk;> flikfisAk ;> toq;f top nra;
Ak; tpjpfis nfhz;bUf;Fk; gpd;tUk; flikfSk;> mjpfhuq;fSk; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fSf;
Fz;L
1. nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;Fk; r%f ePjpf;Fk; Njitahd jpl;lq;fis jahhpj;jy;>
2. 11tJ ml;ltizapy; $wg;gl;Ls;s 29 tptfhuq;fSld; $ba r%fepjp kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd jpl;lq;fis mkyhf;Fjy;
khepy Njh;jy; Mizak; (State Election Commission)
1. gQ;rhaj;J Njh;jy;fis elj;JtJk;> mjw;fhd thf;fhsh; gl;bay; jahhpg;gij
fz;fhzpg;gJk;> fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk;> khepy Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd; gzpfshFk;.
2. ,J MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l khepy Njh;jy; Mizaiu nfhz;bUf;Fk;
3. mtuJ gzpfSf;fhd epge;jidfSk;> gjtpf;fhyKk; MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk;
4. khepy cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpapid gjtp ePf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiw kw;Wk; fhuzq;fspd; mbg;
gilapy; kl;LNk khepy Njh;jy; Mizaiu gjtp ePf;fk; nra;a KbAk;
5. ,th; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;l gpd;dh; ,tuJ gzpfSf;fhfd epge;jidfis khw;wf;$lhJ
epjp (Finances)
khepy rl;lrig
 thpfs;> fl;lzq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw tpjpf;fTk;> t#y; nra;aTk; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fSf;F
mjpfhuk; toq;fyhk;
 khepy murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;L t#y; nra;ag;gl;l thpfs; fl;lzq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw
toq;fyhk;
 khepy njhFg;G epjpapypUe;J khdpaq;fs; toq;fyhk;
 epjpfis mikj;J mtw;wpypUe;J jdJ epjp Njitfis G+h;j;jp nra;aJ nfhs;s
mjfhukspf;fyhk;
khepy epjpf;FO (State Finance Committee)
1. gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; epjpepiyia Ma;Tnra;a khepy MSeh; xt;nthU 5
tUlq;fSf;nfhUKiwAk; xU epjpf;FOtpd; mikf;fyhk;
2. ,J gpd;tUk; ghpe;Jiufis MSeUf;F toq;fyhk;

    
3. khepy murhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l thpfs; kw;Wk; fl;lzq;fis khepy muRf;

TNPSC.News
Fk;> gQ;rhaj;Jf;fSf;FkpilNa gfph;e;J nfhs;tJ njhlh;ghd nfhs;iffs;
4. khepy njhFg;G epjpapypUe;J gQ;rhaj;Jf;fSf;F toq;f Ntz;ba khdpak; njhlh;ghd
nfhs;iffs;
5. gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; epjp epiyia Nkk;gLj;j Njitahd eltbf;iffs;
6. gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; epjp njhlh;ghf MSeuhy; epjpf;FOtpw;F jpUg;gp mDg;gg;
gl;l tptfhuq;fs;
7. khepy rl;lrig FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfs; kw;Wk; mth;fs; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl
Ntz;ba Kiw Nghd;wtw;iw toq;Fk;
8. MSeh; mf;FOtpd; ghpe;JiufNshL mtw;wpd; kPJ vLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa
mwpf;ifiaAk; khepy rl;lrigapd; Kd; rkh;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;
9. khepyj ;jpYs ;s gQ;rhaj ;Jf;fSf ;F epjp Mjhuq ;fs; toq ;f khepy njhFg ;Gepjpapid
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw ;F Njitahd MNyhridfis kj;jpa epjp MizaUk ; toq;fyhk;. (
khepy epjpf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufspd; mbg;gilapy;)
10. ,e;jpa FbauRj;jiyth; jhd; $Wk; tpjptpyf;Ffs; kw;Wk; jpUj;jq;fSf;Fl;gl;L
,r;rl;lk; ve;j xU A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk; vd;W cj;jutpl chpik cz;L
11. [k;K fh\;kPh;> ehfhyhe;J> Nkfhyah> kw;Wk; kpNrhuk; Mfpa khepyq;fSf;Fk; ,d;Dk;
rpy gFjpfSf;Fk; ,r;rl;lk; nghUe;jhJ
12. ,e;jg; gFjpfs; murpayikg;gpd; 244tJ tpjpapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk;
goq;Fbapd gFjpfs; khtl;l rig cs;s kzpg;G+hpd; kiyg;gFjpfs;> lhh;[pypq; Nfhf;uh
kiy rig cs;s Nkw;F tq;f khepyj ;jpd; lhh;[ pypq; khtl ;lk; Nghd ;wtw;iw
cs;slf;fpajhFk;
13. gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; fzf;Ffis guhkhpf;fTk;> jzpf;if nra;aTk; khepy rl;
lrig tpjpfis tFf;fyhk;
14. ,r;rl;lk; njhlq;fg;gl;l ehs; 1993> Vg;uy; 24 MFk;
fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lq;fs;
(Rural Development Programmes)
1952 r%f Nkk;ghl;Lj;jpl;lq;fs;
1953 Njrpa tphpthf;fg; gzpfs;
1960 kiyg;gpuNjr Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lk;
1962 goq;Fbapdh; gpuNjr Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;
1965 mjpf kf#y; tif jpl;lq;fs;
1969 rpwpa tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; Ntshz; njhopyhsh;fspd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd mikg;G
1972 Jhpjg;gLj;jg;gl;l fpuhk FbePh; toq;fy; jpl;lk;
1973 twl;rpf;Fl;gl;lg; gFjp jpl;lk;
1974 Fiwe;j gl;r Njitfs; jpl;lk;
1975 ,UgJ mk;r jpl;lk;
1975 xUq;fpize;j Foe;ij Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;
1977 me;j;Nahjah
    
1977 ghiytd Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;

TNPSC.News
1978 khtl;l njhopy; ikak;
1978 xUq;fpize;j fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;
1978 RaNtiy tha;g;Gf;fhf fpuhkg;Gw ,isQh;fSf;F gapw;rp
1980 Njrpa fpuhkg;Gw Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lk;
1982 fpuhkg;gFjpfspy; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs; Nkk;ghL
1983 fpuhkg;Gw epykpy;yhjth;fSf;F Ntiy tha;g;G cj;juthj jpl;lk;
1983 gbj;j Ntiyapy;yhj ,isQh;fSf;F Ra Niytha;g;G jpl;lk;
1986 ,e;jpuh Mth];
1989 [t`h; Nuh[;fhh; Nah[dh
1993 Ntiy tha;g;G cj;jputhj jpl;lk;
1994 KjyPl;L Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lk;
1995 xUq;fpize;j jhpRepy Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lk;
1997 fq;fh fy;ahz; Nah[dh
1999 ];th;z n[ae;jp fpuhk; ];tNuh[;fhh; Nah[dh
1999 [t`h; fpuhk; rk;hpjp Nah[dh
2000 gpujhd; ke;jphp fpuhNkhjah Nah[dh
2000 md;dG+h;zh jpl;lk;
2001 me;j;Nahjah md;d Nah[dh
2001 kfhtPh; fpuhk;fy;ahz; Nah[dh
2001 rk;G+h;zh fpuhkpd; Nuh[;fhh; Nah[dh
efh;g;Gw cs;ehl;L murhq;fk; (Urban Local Government)
1. ,r;nrhy; efh;g;Gw gFjpfspy; kf;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpfspd; %
yk; elj;jg;gLk; muir Fwpf;Fk;
2. ,e;j murpd; mjpfhuk; khepy murhy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;gpl;l efh;g;
Gw vy;iyfSf;Fl;gl;lJ
3. ,it vl;L tifg;gLk;. khefuhl;rp> Kdprpghypl;b> Nehl;b/gL Vhpah fkpl;b> lTd; Vhpah
fkpl;b> fz;Nlhd;nkd;l; Nghh;L> lTd;\pg;> Nghh;l; bu];l;> kw;Wk; ];ng\y; gh;g]; Vn[d;rp
4. efh;g;Gw cs;ehl;L muR KiwahdJ 74tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jr;rl;lk;> 1992d; %yk;
murpayikg;gpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
5. kj;jpapy; 3 mir;rfq;fs; ,ij iahs;fpd;wd. 1985Mk; Mz;L jdp mikr;rkhf njhlq;
fg;gl;l efh;g;Gw Nkk;ghl;L mikr ;rfk;> fz;Nlhd;nkd;l; Nghh;L tptfhuj ;jpy; ghJfhg ;G
mikr;rfk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; njhlh;ghd tptfhuj;jpy; cs;Jiw mikr;rfk;
murpayikg;Gld; ,izg;G (Constitutionalisation)
1. ,J 74tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jr;rl;lk; 1992 Mf Njhd;wp 1993> [_d; 1 Kjy; mkyhf;
fg;gl;lJ
2. 74tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jr;rl;lk;> 1992
3. ,r;rl;lk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; gFjp IXAit cs;slf;fpaJ

    
4. ,J efuhl;rpfs; vd;W jiyg;gplg;gl;L 243 P Kjy; 243 ZG tiuapyhd tpjpfisf;

TNPSC.News
nfhz;lJ
5. ,r;rl;lk; murpayikg;gpy; 12tJ ml;litziaAk; ,izj;jJ
6. ,J efuhl;rpfs; njhlh;ghd 18 tptufhuq;fisAk; tpjp 243Ak; ifahs;fpd;wJ
7. ,r;rl;lk; efuhl;rpfis murpayikg;gpd; rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;l gFjpapd; fPo; nfhzh;fpd;wJ
8. ,r;rl;lk; midj;J khepyq;fspYk; gpd;tUk; 3 tifahd efuhl;rpfis mikf;f
topnra;fpd;wJ
1. khw;wg;gl;l gFjpf;fhd efh; gQ;rhaj;J
2. rpwpa efh;g;Gw gFjpf;fhd efuhl;rp fTd;rpy;
3. nghpa efh;g;Gw gFjpf;fhd efuhl;rp fhh;g;gNu\d;
Jiwapd; ngah; khtl;ljiythpd; gjtpapd; ngah;

tUtha; Jiw khtl;l Ml;rpah;> Jiz Mizah; - khtl;l nghJ
eph;thfj;Jiw ePjpgjp
fhty; Jiw fhty; Jiw fz;fhzpg;ghsh;
Rq;fk; Rq;fthp fz;fhpzg;ghsh; - khtl;l Rq;f mYtyh;
kUj;Jtk; rptpy; rh;[;d – khtl;l kUj;Jt mYtyh;
tdk; khtl;l td mYtyh;
fy;tp gs;sp Ma;thsh; - khtl;l fy;tp gjpthsh;
$l;LwT $l;LwT rq;fq;fspd; Jiz gjpthsh;
Ntshz;ik Ntshz;ik Jiz ,af;Feh; - khtl;l Ntshz; mYtyh;
rl;lk; khtl;l ePjpgjp – khtl;l kw;Wk; nr\d;]; ePjpgjp
nghJg;gzpfs; eph;thfg; nghwpahsh;
12-tJ ml;ltiz (12th Schedule)

1. efh; jpl;lk; cs;spl;l efh;g;Gw jpl;lkpLjy;
2. epy cgNahfj;ijAk;> fl;bl fl;Lkhdj;ijAk; xOq;F gLj;Jjy;
3. nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf jpl;lkpLjy;
4. Nrhpfspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghL
5. efh;g;Gw fhLfs; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;G
6. rhiyfs; kw;Wk; ghyq;fs;
7. nghJ Rfhjhuk;> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; r%f fopT eph;thfk;
8. tPL> njhopy; kw;Wk; th;j;jf NjitfSF;F ePh; toq;Fjy;
9. jPaizg;Gj;Jiw
10. cly; CdKw;Nwhh; kw;Wk; kd tsh;r;rp Fd;wpath;fs; cs;spl;l eyptile;j gphptpdhpd;
eyidf; fhj;jy;
11. njU tpsf;F> NgUe;J epWj;jq;fs;> cs;spl;l nghJ trjpfs;
12. ML> khL ntl;Lk; ,lq;fis xOq;FgLj;Jjy;

    
13. efh;g;Gw tWik xopg;G

TNPSC.News
14. fyhr;rhu fy;tp mk;rq;fspd; Nkk;ghL
15. fhy;eil Fsq;fs; kw;Wk; kpUf tijia jLj;jy;
16. G+q;fhf;fs;> Njhl;lq;fs;> tpisahl;L ikjhdq;fs; Nghd;w trjpfs;
17. fy;yiwfs;> RLfhLfs; kw;Wk; kpd;rhu RLfhLfs;
gpwg;G> ,wg;G cs;spl;l Kf;fpa Gs;sptptuq;fs
,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiw
(JUDICIARY IN INDIA)
 eph;thf kw;Wk; rl;l mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilNa

gfph;e;jspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Nghy; my;yhky; ,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiwapd; mjpfhuq;fs; xNu
khjphpahd xUq;fpize;j mjpfhuq;fshFk;
 khepyj;jpy; cs;s %d;W mq;fq;fspy; ePjpj;JiwNa murpay; mikg;gpd;gb
Kjd;ikahdjhFk;
 murpayikg;gpd; jiyikj; jd;ikia fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy
muRf;fpilNaahd my;yJ khepy muRfSf;fpilNaahd gpur;ridfis jPh;j;J itf;f
xU Rje;jpukhd ghugl;rkw;w mjpfhuKila mikg;GNjit
cr;rePjp kd;wk; (THE SUPREME COURT)
1. ,J 124ypUe;J 147 tiuapyhd tpjpfspYs;s ,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd
cld;gbf;iffis nfhz;Ls;sJ
2. Muk;gj;jpy; cr;r ePjp kd;wj;jpy; xU jiyik ePjpgjpAk; 7 kw;w ePjpgjpfSk; ,Ue;jdh;
3. 1985Mk; Mz;L jiyik ePjpgjp jtpu kw;w ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;if 25 Mf cah;e;jJ
4. jw;NghJ cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; xU jiyik ePjpgjpAk; 25 kw;w ePjpgjpfSk; cs;sdh;
5. cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia $l;lNth Fiwf;fNth ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
mjpfhuk; cz;L
6. FbauRj;jiyth; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F jw;fhypf ePjpgjpfis epakpf;fyhk;
7. cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; %j;j ePjpgjp ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik ePjpgjpahf epakpf;fg;gLthh;
8. cr;r ePjp kd;w kw;Wk; cah; ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfSld; fye;jhNyhrpj;jgpd;dh; FbauRj;
jiyth; cr;r ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfis epakpg;ghh;
9. jiyik ePjpgjp my;yhj NtW xU ePjpgjpia epakpf;Fk; NghJ ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik
ePjpgjpia mtrpak; fye;jhNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk;
10. murpayikg;gpd; 129tJ tpjp cr;r ePjp kd;wj;jpw;F xU ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fhpa midj;J
mjpfhuq;fSk;> ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;gpw;F jz;lizaspf;Fk; mjpfhuKk; cs;sJ vd;W
mwptpf;fpd;wJ
cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf epakpf;fg;gLtj;wF Njitahd jFjpfs;
(QUALIFICATIONS FOR THE APPOINTMENT AS A JUDGE OF THE SUPREME COURT)
1. ,e;jpa Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

    
2. njhlh;e;J Fiwe;jJ 5 tUl fhyj;jpw;F cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahfNth> mijg;Nghd;w

TNPSC.News
,U ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpgjpahfNth ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
3. Fiwe;jJ 10 tUlq;fshf cah;ePjpkd;w tof;fwpQuhf gzpahw;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;
4. FbauRj;jiythpd; fUj;Jg;gb Gfo;ngw;w rl;l epGzuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
5. cr;r ePjpkd ;w ePjpgjpahf epakpf ;fg;gLk; xt;nthUtUk ; gjtpapy ; mkUk ; Kd;
murpayikg ;gpd; 3tJ ml;ltizapy ; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s gb FbauRj;jiyth; Kd;ghf
cWjp nkhop vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
6. xU ePjpgjp gjtpNaw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F ve;j fhytiuaiwAk; murpay; mikg;
gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy
7. cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp 65taJ tiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;
8. mth; 65 taij milAk; Kd;dNu FbauRj;jiythplk; jdJ uh[
pdhkhit rkh;g;gpf;fyhk;
rk;gsKk; gbfSk; (SALARY AND ALLOWANCES)
1. ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik ePjpgjp khjr; rk;gskhf 33>000 &ghAk; kw;w ePjpgjpfs; 30>000 &
ghAk; ngWthh;fs;. jw;nghOJ &.11>00>000 (EC) kw;w ePjpgjpfSf;F 90>000.00
2. rk;gsk; jtpu mth;fSf;F thlif ,y;yhj jq;FkplKk; kw;w nryTk; gbfSk; cz;L
3. ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F ePjpgjpfspd; rk;gsj;ijAk; nryTg;gbfisAk; xOq;FgLj;j
mjpfhuk; cz;L. Mdhy; mth;fsJ gjtpf;fhyj;jpy; ,tw;iw Fiwf;f KbahJ
4. epjp neUf;fb epiyapd; NghJ kl;Lk; ,th;fsJ rk;gsj;ijAk; gbfisAk; Fiwf;
fyhk; 5. ePjpgjpfspd; rk;gsKk;> gbfSk; ,e;jpa njhFg;G epjpapd; (Consolidated fund of
India)
kPjhd nrytpdq;fshFk;
6. cr;r ePjp kd;w ePjpgjp Xa;T ngw;wgpd; ,e;jpa gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpYk;
njhopy; GhpaNth> muRf;F fPo; cs;s mjpfhhpfis vjph;j;J thjhlNth $lhJ
cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; (JURISDICTION OF THE SUPREME COURT)
1. %ytof;F tprhuiz mjpfhuk; (Original Jursidction)
2. mbg;gil chpikfis fhj;jy; (Writ Jurisdcition) (article – 32)
3. Nky; tof;F tprhuiz mjpfhuk; (Appellate Jurisdcition)
4. MNyhrid toq;Fk; mjpfhuk; (Advisory Jurisdiction)
5. ePjpg;Gduha;T mjpfhuk; (Revise Jurisdiction)
cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; gjtp ePf;fk; (REMOVAL OF THE JUDGES OF THE SUPREME
COURT)
cr;r ePjp kd;w ePjpgjp xUth; jtwhd elj;ij my;yJ jpwikapd ;ikf;fhf gjtp ePf;
fk; nra;ag;glyhk;. ePjpgjpf;F vjpuhd jPh;khdk; ghuhSkd;w ,U rigfshYk ; epiwNtw;wg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU rigapYk ; rigapd ; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; ghjpf;Fk; Nkyhdth ;fshYk ;
rigf;F te;jpUe;J thf;fspg;Nghhpy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F ngUk;ghd;ikapduhYk; mj;jPh;khdk;
Vw ; Wf ; nfhs ; sg ; glNtz ; Lk ;. rigfspy ; jPh ; khdk ; FbauRj ; jiytiu mile ; jJk ; mth ;
ePjpgjpia gjtp ePf;fk; nra;thh;.
    
TNPSC.News
cah;ePjp kd;wq;fs;
(THE HIGH COURTS)
1. cah;ePjp kd;wk;> khepy ePjpj;Jiwapd; jiyikahFk;

2. xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; xU cah;ePjpkd;wk; ,Uf;Fk; (tpjp 214)
3. xU khepyj;jpd; ePjpj;Jiw cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpidAk; fPo; ePjpkd;wq;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpajhFk;
4. ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fSf;FNkh>
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;FNkh> Nrh;j;J nghJthd xU cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpid mikf;fyhk;
(tpjp 231)
5. xt;nthU cah; ePjpkd;wKk; xU gjpTr;rhd;W kd;wkhFk; (Court of Record) (tpjp 215)
ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk; (APPOINTMENT OF THE JUDGES)

1. xt;nthU cah;ePjp kd;wKk; FbauRj;jiytuhy; mt;tg;NghJ epakpf;fg;gLk; jiyik
ePjpgjpiaAk;> kw;w ePjpgjpfisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
2. murpay; mikg;G cr;rePjp kd;wj;ij Nghy; my;yhky;> cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpd;
ePjpgjpfSila mjpfgl;r vz;zpf;ifia eph;zapf;f tpy;iy
3. cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfisj; jtpu gpd;tUgth;fis epakpf;fTk; FbauRj; jiytUf;F
mjpfhuk; cz;L
4. cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; epYitapy; cs;s gzpfis Kbg;gjw;fhf jw;fhypfkhf 2 tUl
fhyj;jpw;F kpfhky; epakpf;fg;gLk; $Ljy; ePjpgjpfs;
5. jiyik ePjpgjpapy;yhj NtW xU ePjpgjp jw;fhypfkhf ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F tuhky;
,Ue;jhNyh my;yJ mtuJ flikfis epiwNtw;w Kbahky; ,Ue;jhNyh my;yJ
jw;fhypfkhf jiyik ePjpgjpahf nray;gLkhW epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhNyh> mtUf;Fg;
gjpyhf epakpf;fg;gLk; nray; ePjpgjp
6. epue;ju ePjpgjp kPz;Lk; jdJ gjtpia Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tiu nray; ePjpgjp gjtpapy;
ePbg;ghh;
7. xU $Ljy; ePjpgjpNah my;yJ nray; ePjpgjpNah 62 taJ tiu gjtp tfpf;f KbahJ
(jw;NghJ 64 taJ)
8. cah;ePjp kd;w jiyik ePjpgjp my;yhj> NtnwhU ePjpgjpia epakpf;Fk; NghJ
FbauRj;jiyth;> ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik ePjpgjp> rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepy MSeh; kw;Wk;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepyj;jpd; cah;ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp MfpNahiw fye;jhNyhrpf;f
Ntz;Lk;
cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpahtjw;F Njitahd jFjpfs;:

(QUALIFICATIONS FOR APPOINTMENT AS A JUDGE OF A HIGH COURT)

    
 ,e;jpaf; Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

TNPSC.News
 ,e;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy; Fiwe;jJ 10 tUlq;fSf;fhtJ ePjpj;Jiw rhh;e;j gjtpapy;
,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
 Fiwe;jJ 10 tUlq;fSf;fhtJ xU cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpNyh my;yJ mijg;Nghd;w ,uz;L
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ePjpkd;wq;fspNyh tof;fwpQuhf gzpahw;wp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
xU cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhd;Wf;F xU ePjpgjpia khw;Wjy;
(TRANSFER OF A JUDGE FROM ONE HIGH COURT TO ANOTHER)
 xU cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpapid mtUila mDkjp ,y;yhkNyNa FbauRj;jiyth; xU
cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhd;Wf;F khw;wyhk; (tpjp 222)
 ,jw;F ,e;jpa jiyik ePjpgjpapid KOikahf fye;jhNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk;
 xU cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpf;F gzpapl khWjy; toq;FtJ njhlh;ghd midj;J
cz;ikfSk; ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik ePjpgjpf;F njhptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
 ,e;jpa jiyik ePjpgjpapd; fUj;jpid mbg;gilahf nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; mtuJ
fUj;J FbauRj;jiytiuf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; (JURISDICTION OF THE HIGH COURT)
1. %y tof;F tprhuiz mjpfhuk; (Original Jursidction)
2. Nky;tof;F tprhuiz mjpfhuk; (Appellate Jurisdcition)
3. mbg;gil chpikfis fhj;jy; (Writ Jurisdiction) (article-226)
cr;r ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; cah;ePjpkd;wq;fs; - Xh; xg;gPL

(COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SUPREME COURT AND THE HIGH COURTS)
cr;r ePjp kd;wk; cah; ePjp kd;wk;
1. cr;r ePjp kd;wk; xU $l;lhl;rp ePjp cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F xt;nthU
kd;wkhFk;. ,J nly;ypapy; mike;Js;sJ. khepyj;jpYk;> A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpYk;
,jd; ngQ;r;fs; kw;w ,lq;fspy; ,lKs;sJ. Mdhy; ,uz;L my;yJ
mikf;fg;glyhk;. Mdhy; ,J tiu mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fNsh A+dpad;
mikf;fg;gltpy;iy gpuNjrq;fNsh ,ize;J xU nghJthd
cah; ePjp kd;wj;ij mikf;fyhk;
2. cr;r ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfs; FbauRj; cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfSk; FbauRj;
jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLth; jiytuhNyNa epakpf;fg;gLth;
3. cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahtjw;Fj; cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpahtjw;Fj;
Njitahd jFjpfs; Njitahd jFjpfs;
m) mth; njhlh;e;J Fiwe;jJ 5 m) ,e;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy; Fiwe;jJ 10
tUlq;fSf;F cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf tUlq;fSf;F ePjpj;Jiw mYtyuhf
,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
M) njhlh;e;J Fiwe;jJ 10 tUlq;fSf;F M) xU cah;ePjpkd;w tof;fwpQuhf
    
cah;ePjpkd;w tof;fwpQuhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Fiwe;jJ 10 tUlq;fSf;F gzpahw;wp

TNPSC.News
Ntz;Lk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
,) FbauRj;jiythpd; fUj;Jg;gb Gfo;ngw;w
[Phpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
4. cr;r ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfs; 65 taJ cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; 62 taJ
G+h;j;jpailAk; NghJ Xa;T ngWth; G+h;j;jpailAk; NghJ Xa;T ngWth;
5. FbauRj; jiyth; cr;rePjpkd;w jiyik cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cs;s mNj
ePjpgjpiaAk; kw;w ePjpgjpfisAk; gjtp Kiwapd; %yNk cah;ePjpkd;w
ePf;Fk; jPh;khdj;ij ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk; kw;w
epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk; gjtpapypUe;J ePjpgjpfisAk; FbauRj;jiyth; gjtp
ePf;fyhk; ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;
6. cr;r ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjgjp 33>000 cah;ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp 30>000
&ghAk; kw;w ePjpgjpfs; 30>000 &ghAk; &ghAk; kw;w ePjpgjpfs; 26>000 &ghAk;
khjr;rk;gskhf ngWfpd;wdh;. jw;nghOJ khjr;rk;gskhf ngWfpd;wdh;.
&.1>10>000.00 kw;Wk; &.1>00>000.00 jw;nghOJ &.1>00>000.00 kw;Wk;
&.90>000.00
M) njhlh;e;J Fiwe;jJ 10 tUlq;fSf;F M) xU cah;ePjpkd;w tof;fwpQuhf
cah;ePjpkd;w tof;fwpQuhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Fiwe;jJ 10 tUlq;fSf;F gzpahw;wp
Ntz;Lk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
,) FbauRj;jiythpd; fUj;Jg;gb Gfo;ngw;w
[Phpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
7. cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; jdJ Xa;Tf;F cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; jdJ
gpd;dh; kw;Wk; gjtpf;fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpag; gjtpf;fhyj;jpy; ve;j ePjp kd;wj;jpYk;
gpuNjrj;jpYs;s ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh thjhl KbahJ. mth;fsJ Xa;Tf;F
my;yJ mjpfhhp Kd;ghfNth thjhl gpd;dh; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F fPOs;s
KbahJ ePjpkd;wj;jpy; thjhl KbahJ. mjhtJ
mth;fs; kw;w cah;ePjpkd;wq;fspYk;
cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpYk; thjhlyhk;
8. cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfSf;F gjtp cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfs; xU
,wf;fNth gzpaplkhWjNyh toq;fg;glhJ ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,d;ndhU
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F khw;wg;glyhk;. my;yJ
cr;rePjp kd;w ePjpgjpahf gjtp cah;T
toq;fg;glyhk;
9. cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cah;ePjp cah;ePjp kd;wq;fs; cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpd;
kd;wq;fspd; KbTfis gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; KbTfis gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;
vd;w mtrpakpy;iy
10. ePjpgjpfspd; rk;gsKk; nryTg;gbfSk; ePjpgjpfspd; rk;gsKk; nryTg;gbfSk;
,e;jpa njhFg;G epjpapd; kPjhd khepyq;fspd; njhFg;G epjpapd; kPjhd

    
nrytpdq;fshFk; nrytpdq;fshFk;
TNPSC.News
11. murpayikg;G rhh;e;j tof;Ffspd; kPJ Murpayikg;ig rhh;e;j tof;Ffspy;
cr;rePjpkd;wk; kl;LNk KbT vLf;f KbAk; cah;ePjp kd;wq;fs; KbntLf;f
KbahJ.
Nyhf; mjhyj;: (Lok Adalats)

rl;lg;gzpfs; mjpfhhpfs; rl;lk; 1987-d; fPo; Nyhf; mjhyj;jpw;F rl;l
me;j];J toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; Nehf;fq;fshtd
1. eyptile;j gphptpdUf;F ePjp tq;Fjy;
2. nrytpidAk;> fhyj;ijAk; kpr;rg;gLj;j gy tof;Ffis xd;whf jPh;j;J itj;jy;
3. Nyhf; mjhyj;> khepy my;yJ khtl;l mjpfhhpfshy;> mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
rl;lg;gzpfs; rl;lk; $Wfpd;wJ. Nyhf; mjhyj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; khepy my;yJ khtl;l
mikg;Gfspdhy; toq;fg;gLk;
4. Nyhf; mjhyj;jpd; rl;l mjpfhuKk; khepy my;yJ khtl;l mikg;Gfspdhy;
jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;
5. Fw;wtpay;> r%ftpay; kw;Wk; tUtha; ePjpkd;wq;fs; my;yJ jPh;g;ghaq;fspd; mjpfhu
tuk;gpw;F fPo;tUk; midj;J tptufhuq;fSk; Nyhj; mjhyj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fs; mlq;Fk;
6. ,U jug;gpdUk; rkhjhdk; nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhd tpz;zg;gk; mspj;jpUe;jhy; mt;tof;F
Nyhf; mjhyj;jpw;F nry;Yk;
7. Nyhf; mjhyj;jpd; KbT midj;J jug;gpdiuAk; fl;Lg;gLj;j $baJ. ,jw;F r%ftpay;
ePjpkd;wq;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd
8. cr;r ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; cah; ePjpkd;wq;fs; mt;tg;NghJ Nyhf; mjhyj;ij elj;jp
Mapuf;fzf;fhd tof;Ffis Kbj;Js;sd. 1996 mf;Nlhgh; 2-Mk; ehs; Nyhf;
mjhyj;jpfspd; %ykhf 1 kpy;ypad; tof;Ffis Kbf;Fk; jpl;lk; Njrpa mstpy;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ
9. ehl;by; cs;s midj;J ePjpkd;wq;fspYk; 25 yl;rk; tof;Ffs; epYitapy; cs;sd
gpur;rpidfis jPh;g;gjw;F Nyhf; mjhyj; xU Kf;fpakhd khw;W KiwahFk;
kj;jpa eph;thf jPh;g;ghak;: (Central Administrative Tribunals)

1. ,J ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; eph;thf jPh;g;ghaq;fs; rl;lk; (1985) d;gb 1985Mk; Mz;L
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J xU rl;l mikg;ghFk;.
2. ,J Copah;fspd; Njh;T kw;Wk; midj;J gzpfs; njhlh;ghd gpur;rpidfis
ifahs;fpwJ
3. ,jd; Nehf;fk; r%fg;gzpahsh;fSf;F Fiwe;j nrytpy; tpiutpy; ePjp toq;FjyhFk;
4. ,J xU jiytiuAk; 16 Jizj;jiyth;fisAk; kw;Wk; 49 cWg;gpdh;fisAk; nfhz;l
gy cWg;gpdh; mikg;ghFk;
5. jiytUk;> Jizj;jiytUk; 65 taJ my;yJ 5 tUlq;fs; ,uz;by; vJ Kd;djhf
epiwtilANkh mjd; NghJ Xa;T ngWth;
6. mth;fis kPz;Lk; gjtpapy; mkh;j;j KbahJ
    
7. mth;fis FbauRj; jiyth; epakpg;ghh;

TNPSC.News
8. mth;fs; eph;thfk; kw;Wk; rl;lk; Mfpa ,uz;L Jiwfspy; ,Ue;Jk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtH;
9. Fw;wtpay; eilKiwr;rl;lk; (1908) ,th;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ
mfpy ,e;jpag; gzpfs;> kj;jpag; gzpfsk; kw;Wk;
cah;ePjp kd;wq;fs;: ,lq;fSk;> mjpfhuq;fSk;
(THE HIGH COURTS: SEATS AND JURISDICTION)
mikf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuj;jpw;Fl;l
ngah; ,lk;
tUlk; gFjpfs;
myfhghj; 1866 cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; myfhghj;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 1954 Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; i`juhghj;
Kk;ig 1862 kfhuh\;buk; jhjh; Kk;ig (ehf;G+h;> ghQ;rp>
ehfh; `Ntyp> Nfhth> xsuq;fhghj; Mfpa
lhkd;> ilA+ ,lq;fspy; ngQ;r;
nly;yp 1966 nly;yp nly;yp
fTfhj;jp 1948 m];]hk;> kzpg;G+h;> fTfhj;jp (Nfh`pkh>
Nkfhyah> ehfhyhe;J> ,k;ghy;> mfh;jyh &
jphpGuh> kpNrhuhk;> \py;yhq;fpy; ngQ;rf; s;)
mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk;
F[uhj; 1960 F[uhj; m`kjhghj;
,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 1966 ,khryg;gpuNjrk; rpk;yh
[k;K fh\;kPh; 1928 [k;Kfh\;kPh; =efh; kw;Wk; [k;K
fh;ehlfh 1884 fh;ehlfh ngq;fSh;
Nfush 1958 Nfush> yl;rj;jPTfs; vh;zhFsk;
kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; 1956 kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; [gy;G+h; (ngQ;r; ,e;J}h;>
Fthypah;)
nkl;uh]; 1862 jkpo;ehL> ghz;br;Nrhp nkl;uh];> kJiu
Xhp];]h 1948 Xhp];]h fl;lhf;
ghl;dh 1916 gPfhh; Ghl;dh (ngQ;r; uhQ;rp)
gQ;rhg; & 1975 gQ;rhg;> mhpahdh> rz;bfh;
mhpahdh rz;bfh;
uh[];jhd; 1949 uh[];jhd; N[hj;G+h; (ngQ;r; n[a;G+h;)
rpf;fpk; 1975 rpf;fpk; fh];lhf;
rl;b];fh; 2000 rl;b];fh; gpyh];g+h;
cj;juhQ;ry; 2000 cj;juhQ;ry; iedplhy;
[hh;fz;l; 2000 [hh;fz;l; uhQ;rp
fy;fj;jh Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> fy;fj;jh
me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh;
jPTfs;

    
TNPSC.News
,e;jpa jiyik ePjpgjpfs;: (CHIEF JUSTICES OF INDIA)

1. [dthp 26>
`Puhyhy; J. fhdpah etk;gh; 6> 1951
1950
2. gjhQ;ryp rh];jphp etk;gh; 7> 1951 [dthp 3> 1954
3. nk`h; re;j;
[dthp 4> 1954 brk;gh; 22> 1954
kf[hd;
4. brk;gh; 23>
B. K. Kfh;[p [dthp 3> 1956
1954
5. nrg;lk;gh; 3>
S. R. jh]; gpg;uthp 1> 1956
1959
6. mf;Nlhgh; 1>
B. P. rpd;`h [dthp 31> 1964
1959
7. P. B. fN[e;jpu
gpg;uthp 1> 1964 khh;r; 15> 1966
fl;fhh;
8. A. K. rh;f;fhh; khh;r; 16> 1966 [_d; 29> 1966
9. K. Rg;Guht; [Pd; 30> 1966 Vg;uy; 11> 1967

10. K. N. thQ;R Vg;uy; 12> 1967 gpg;uthp 24> 1968
11. M. ,jaj;Jy;yh gpg;uthp 25> 1968 brk;gh; 16> 1970
12. J. C. \h brk;gh; 17> 1970 [dthp 21> 1971
13. S. M. rpf;fphp [dthp 28> 1971 Vg;uy; 25> 1973
14. A. N. Nu Vg;uy; 26> 1973 [dthp 27> 1977
15. M. K. Nu [dthp 28> 1977 gpg;uthp 21> 1978
16. Y. V. re;jpu #l; gpg;uthp 22> 1978 [_iy 11> 1985
17. B. N. gftjp [Piy 12> 1985 brk;gh; 21> 1986
18. R. S. gjf; brk;gh; 21> 1986 [Pd; 18> 1989
19. E. S.
[Pd; 19> 1989 brk;gh; 18> 1989
ntq;fl;uhikah
20. rt;arhr;rp Kfh;[p brk;gh; 18> 1989 nrg;lk;gh; 25> 1990
121. nrg;lk;gh; 26>
uq;fehj; kp];uh etk;gh; 24> 1991
1990
22. K. N. rpq; etk;gh; 26> 1991 brk;gh; 12> 1989
    
23. M. M. fhdpah brk;gh; 12> 1991 etk;gh; 18> 1992

TNPSC.News
24. yypj; Nkhfd;
etk;gh; 18> 1992 gpg;uthp 11> 1993
rh;kh
25. M. N.
gpg;uthp 12> 1993 mf;Nlhgh; 24> 1994
ntq;flrhya;ah
26. mf;Nlhgh; 25>
A. M. mfkjp khh;r; 24> 1997
1994
27. J. S. th;kh khh;r; 25> 1997 [dthp 17> 1998
28. A. M. G+Q;r; [dthp 18> 1998 mf;Nlhgh; 9> 1998
29. mf;Nlhgh; 10>
S. S. Mde;j; mf;Nlhgh; 31> 2001
1998
30 S. P. gh&f; etk;gh; 1> 2001 Nk 5> 2002
31. P. N. fph;gh]; Nk 6> 2002 brk;gh; 19> 2002
32. V. N. fNu brk;gh; 19> 2002 gpg;uthp 2> 2004
33. S. uhN[e;jpughG gpg;uthp 2> 2004 gpg;uthp 31> 2004
34. R. C. yNfhjp
35. Y. K. rgh;ghy; 2004 2007
36. ghyfpU\;zd; 2007 2010
37. fghbah S. H. 2010 njhlh;fpwhh;

    
TNPSC.News
neUf;fb epiy tpjpfs;
(EMERGENCY PROVISIONS)
1. kj;jpa eph;thfj;jplk; Ftpe;Js;s neUf;fb epiy mjpfhuq;fs; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd;
Kjd;ikahd ,ay;GfSs; xd;W
2. $l;lhl;rp murpay; mjpfhuq;fs; gphpj;J toq;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; ,J nghJthf xU
typikapoe;j murhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ
3. epr;rakw;w #o;epiyfis rkhspg;gjw;fhf ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G kj;jpa murplk; cs;
s neUf;fb epiy mjpfhuq;fspd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ
4. FbauRj;jiytUf;F 3 tifahd neUf;fb epiyfis gpufldg;gLj;j mjpfhuk; cs;sJ
1. ,e;jpahtpd; ghJfhg;Gf;F Nghh; my;yJ may;ehl;lthpd; jhf;Fjy; my;yJ
MAjNke;jpa Nghuhl;lj;;jpdhy; tUk; mghaj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; (tpjp 352) (Njrpa
neUf;fb epiy)
2. khepy murpd; Njhy;tpapd; mbg;gilapy; (khepy neUf;fb epiy)
3. epjp neUf;fb epiy (tpjp 360)
5. murpay; mikg;gpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s mtru epiy gpufldk; vd;gJ tpjp 352d; fPo; Kjy;
tifahd Njrpa neUf;fb epiy gpufldj;ij Fwpf;Fk;
6. tpjp 356d; fPohd 2tJ tif neUf;fb epi FbauRj;jiythpd; Ml;rp vd;W gpugykhf
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ
7. tpjp 360d; fPohd neUf;fb epiy epjp neUf;fb epiy vd;W miof;fg;gLk;
Njrpa neUf;fb epiy gpufldk; (tpjp 352) (National Emergency (Article 352)
1. ,e;jpah my;yJ ,e;jpahtpd ; xU gFjpapd ; ghJfhg ;Gf;F Nghh; my;yJ may; ehl;lthpd;
jhf;Fjy ; my;yJ MajNke ;jpa Nghuhl ;lj;jpdhy ; mghak ; Vw;glf;$ ba epiyik
cUthfpwJ vd;W FbauRj; jiyth; njspthf mwpe;jhy; ,e;jpah KOikf;FNkh my;yJ
Fwpg;gpl;l me;j xU gFjpf;F kl;LNkh mtru epiy gpufldk; nra;ayhk;
2. cz;ikapNyNa mg;gb xU mghak; Vw;gLtjw;F Kd;dNu $l mj;jifa mghak; Vw;glg;
Nghtjhf FbauRj ; jiyth ; KOikahf czh;e;jhy; mth; mtru epiyia gpufldk ;
nra;ayhk;
3. mj;jifa mtru epiy gpufldj;ij FbauRj;jiyth; khw;wNth jpUk;gg;ngwNth ,aYk;
4. mikr;ruit jdJ MNyhridia vOj;J tbtpy; FbauRj; jiytUf;F toq;fpdhy;
kl;LNk mth; mtru epiyia gpufldk; nra;aNth my;yJ mjid khw;wNth ,aYk; 5. tpjp
352d; fPo; FbauRj;jiytuhy; ntspaplg;gl;l neUf;fb epiy gpufldk;
ePjpg;Gduha;Tf;F cl;gl;lJ
6. Vw;fdNt ntspaplg ;gl;l gpufldj ;ij jpUk ;gg;ngWk ; gpufldj ;ij jtpu tpjp 352d; fPo ;
ntspaplg;gLk; midj;J gpufldq;fSk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; Kd;Dk; rkh;g;
gpf;fg;gl;L rigf;F te;jpUe;J Xl;lspf;Fk; cWg;gpdh;fspy; 2/3 gq;F ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;W
xU khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;

    
7. ghuhSkd;w rigfspd; xg;Gjiy ngwtpy;iynad;why; mtruepiy gpufldk;

TNPSC.News
nrayw;Wg;NghFk;
8. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xg;Gjiy ngw;why; neUf;fb epiy ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xg;Gjiyg; ngw;w
ehspypUe;J 6 khj fhyj;jpw;F mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;
9. kf;fsit neUf;fb epiy gpufldj;ijNah my;yJ mjd; njhlh;r;rpiaNah epuhfhpj;jhy;
FbauRj;jiyth; mg;gpufldj;ij jpUk;gg; ngwNtz;Lk;
10. kf;fsit cWg;gpdh;fspy; gj;jpy; xU gq;F Ngh; mtru epiy gpufldj;ij epuhfhpf;Fk;
jPh;khdj;ij $l;lj;njhlh; eilngwhj NghJ FbauRj;jiythplNkh my;yJ $l;lj;njhlh;
eilngWk; NghJ rghehafhplNkh mspj;jhy; mj;jPh;khdj;ij ghprPyid nra;tjw;fhf ,U
rigfspd; ,izg;G $l;lk; 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; eilngWk;
11. murpayikg;G (44tJ jpUj;jk;) rl;lk; 1978> 352tJ tpjpf;F gy ghJfhg;G mk;rq;fis
toq;fpAs;sJ. mitahtd
12. 44tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jr;rl;lk; 1978f;F Kd; FbauRj;jiyth; Nghh; my;yJ
ntspehl;lthpd; jhf;Fjy; my;yJ cs;ehl;L fpsh;rr ; pfs; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
FbauRj;jiyth; neUf;fb epiyia gpufldk; nra;ayhk;. Mdhy; cs;ehl;L fpsh;rr ; p
vd;gJ njsptw;w xU thh;j;ijahfTk; eph;thfj;jpdhy; jtwhf gad;gLj;jf;$bajhfTk;
,Ue;jJ. vdNt cs;ehl;L fpsh;r;rp vd;gjw;F gjpyhf MAjNke;jpa Nghuhl;lk; vd;w
nrhy;iy ,r;rl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ
13. Kd;G 1978y; epfo;e;jijg;Nghy; mtru epiyg;gpufldj;ij FbauRj;jiyth; gpujkhpd;
tha;nkhop MNyhridapd; NghpNyNa ntspaplyhk;. Mdhy; ,g;NghJ KO Nfgpdl;bd;
xg;GjYk; mtrpak;. NkYk; mJ vOj;J tbtpy; FbauRj;jiytUf;F mspf;fg;glNtz;Lk;
14. ,r;rl;lj;jpw;F Kd; neUf;fb epiy gpufldk; ntspaplg;gl;l ehspypUe;J 2
khjq;fSf;Fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xg;Gjiy ngw Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; jw;NghJ xU
khjj;jpw;Fs; xg;Gjiy ngw Ntz;Lk;. Kd;G xUKiw xg;Gjy; toq;fg;gl;lhy; mJfhy
tiuapd;wp mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; jw;NghJ 6 khjj;jpw;F kl;LNk mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;.
Kd;G ,jw;fhd xg;GjYf;F rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ik Njit Mdhy; jw;NghJ rpwg;G
ngUk;ghd;ik mtrpak;.
15. Kd;G xg;Gjy; toq;fg;gl;l neUf;fb epiy gpufldj;jpd; kPJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F ve;jtpj
fl;Lg;ghLk; ,y;iy. Mdhy; jw;NghJ ,jid epuhfhpg;gJ njhlh;ghf ghprPyid nra;a
,U mitfspd; ,izg;Gf; $l;lj;jpid $l;l ,aYk;
16. ,r;rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gLtjw;F Kd; tpjp 358d; fPo; neUf;fb epiy Nghh; my;yJ
ntspehl;lthpd; jhf;Fjy; my;yJ cs;ehl;L fpsh;rr
; pfspd; mbg;gilapy;
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ tpjp 19d; fPo; cs;s mbg;gil chpikfs; jhdhf nrayw;W
NghFk;. Mdhy; jw;NghJ Nghh; my;yJ ntspehl;lthpd; jhf;Fjypd; mbg;gilapy;
neUf;fb epiy gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; kl;LNk mbg;gil chpikfs; nrayw;W NghFk;.
MajNke;jpa Nghuhl;lj;jpd; kPJ neUf;fb epiy gpufldg;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ mbg;gil
chpikfs; nrayw;W NghfhJ

    
17. ,r;rl;lj;jpw;F Kd; neUf;fb epiy mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ midj;J my;yJ VNjDk; xU
TNPSC.News
mbg;gil chpikfs ; nrayw ;W NghFk;. Mdhy ; ,r;rl;lj;jpw;F gpd; neUf;fb epiyapd ;
NghJ $l tpjp 20 kw;Wk; 21d; fPohd chpikfs; mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;
neUf;fb epiy gpufldj;jpd; tpisTfs; (Effects of the Proclamation of Emergency)
xU KOikahd xd;Wgl;l murhq;fj;jpd; Njhw;wNk mtru epiy gpufldj;jpd;
tpisthFk;. ,tw;iw 3 tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
1. eph;thf tpisTfs;: (Executive)
 neUf;fb epiy mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ khepy muRfspd; eph;thf mjpfhuq;fis vt;
tifapy ; gad;gLj;j Ntz ;Lk; vd;W FbauRj ;jiyth ; khepy muRfSf ;F cj;juTfs ;
gpwg;gpf;fyhk;
 rhjhuz Neuq;fspy; FbauRj;jiyth; jfty; njhlh;G guhkhpg;G uapy;Ntapd; ghJfhg;G Nghd;w
tptfhuq;fspd; kPJ kl;LNk khepy muRfSf;F cj;juTfis gpwg;gpf;fKbAk;
 Mdhy; neUf;fb epiy Neuj;jpy; midj;J tptfhuq;fspd; kPJk; FbauRj;jiyth; khepy
muRfSf ;F cj;juTfis gpwg;gpf;fyhk ;. vdNt eph;thfk ; vd;gJ xU xd;Wgl;l
Kiwahf khw;wg;gLk;
2. rl;l tpisTfs;: (Legislative)
 neUf;fb epiy mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ khepy muRfSf;fhd gl;baypy; ,Uf;Fk;
tptfhuq;fspd; kPJ $l ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lq;fis ,aw;w KbAk;
 neUf;fb epiyapd; NghJ khepy rl;lrigfs; fiyf;fg;glhJ. Mdhy; kj;jpa khepy
muRfspilNa gfph;e;jspf;fg;gl;Ls;s rl;l mjpfhuq;fs; epWj;jp itf;fg;gLk;
 neUf ;fb epiy mkypy ; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ ghuhSkd ;wk; kf;fsitapd ; Mal ;fhyj ;ij 5
tUlq ;fSf;Fk; Nky; xU jlitapy ; Xuhz;bw;F kpfhky ; ePl ;bf;f KbAk ;. Mdhy ; ve;j
epiyapYk ; xU jlitapy ; 6 khj fhyj;jpw;Fk; Nky; neUf;fb epiy mkypy; ,Ug;gij
ePl;bf;f KbahJ
 ,Nj Kiwapy; khepy rl;lrigfspd; gjtpf;fhyj;ijAk; ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lj;jpd; %yk;
ePl;bf;fyhk;
3. epjp tpisTfs;: (Financial)
 neUf ;fb epiy mkypy ; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRf ;fSf ;fpilNa epjp
Mjhuq;fis gfph;e;jspg;gJ njhlh;ghd murpayikg;gpd; tpjpfis FbauRj; jiyth; khw;
wp mikf;fyhk;
 FbauRj;jiythpd; mj;jifa cj;juT neUf;fb epiy mkypy; ,Ue;j epjpahz;bw;F
Nky; mkypy; ,Uf;f KbahJ
 FbauRj; jiythpd; cj;juT ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xg;gjYf;Fl;gl;lJ
mbg;gil chpikfspd; kPJ neUf;fb epiy Vw;gLj;Jk; tpisTfs;:
(Effects of the Proclamation of Emergency on the Fundamental Rights)
 tpjp 358 Nghh; my;yJ ntspehl;lthpd; jhf;Fjy; (MAjNke;jpa Nghuhl;lk; jtpu) Mfpatw;
wpd; kPJ neUf;fb epiy gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;lTld; tpjp 19-d; fPo; $wg;gl;Ls;s 6 mbg;
gil chpikfSk; jhdhfNt nrayw;Wg;NghFk; vd;W $Wfpd;wJ
    
 tpjp 19My; tpjpf;fg;gl;l tiuKiwfspy; ,Ue;J khepy muR tpLgl;ljhFk;

TNPSC.News
 tpjp 19-d; fPo; $wg;gl;l chpikfis mkyhf;Ftjw;fhf Fbkf;fs; ePjpkd;wq;fis mZf
KbahJ
 tpjp 359d; fPo; Nghh; my;yJ ntspehl;lthpd; jhf;Fjy; my;yJ MAjNke;jpa
Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Nky; neUf;fb epiy gpufldk; nra;ag;gLk;NghJ FbauRj;jiyth; jdJ
cj;jutpd; %yk; kw;w mbg;gil chpikfspy; vijNaDk; nraypof;f nra;ayhk;
 Njrpa neUf;fb epiy mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ $l epjp 20 kw;Wk; 21-d; fPo; cs;s
mbg;gil chpikfis epWj;jp itf;f KbahJ
Fwpg;G: tpjp 359-d; fPo; mbg;gil chpikfspd; nray;ghL kl;LNk epWj;jp itf;fg;gLk;.
mbg;gil chpikfisNa epWj;jp itf;f KbahJ. Mdhy; tpjp 358-d; fPo; tpjp 19 KOtJk;
nray; ,oe;J tpLk;.
khepy muR Njhy;tp gw;wpa gpufldk;: (State Emergency 356)
 356-tJ tpjpapd;gb murhq;fj;ij elj;j ,ayhj epiy xU khepyj;jpy; cUthfp
,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;W me;j khepy MSehpd; mwpf;if %yk; my;yJ Ntnwe;j tpjkhf
NtZk; mwpfpd;w FbauRj;jiyth; khepy muR Njhy;tp gpufldj;ij nfhz;L tuyhk;.
,jd; tpisTfshtd:
1. FbauRj;jiytNu khepy murpd; mjpfhuq;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhh;
2. khepy rl;lrigapd; mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nrd;W tpl;ljhf
FbauRj;jiyth; mwptpg;ghh;
 Mdhy; FbauRj;jiyth; khepy cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sNth
khepy ePjpkd;wj;jpDld; njhlh;Gila murpayikg;G tpjpfis jpUj;jNth ,ayhJ
 khepyj;jpw;F rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij FbauRj;jiytUf;F ghuhSkd;wk; toq;Fk;.
,t;tjpfhuj;ij jhd; tpUk;Gk; egh;fSf;F mspf;fTk; FbauRj;jiytUf;F mjpfhuk;
cz;L
 ,e;jpag; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; epYitapYs;s ,e;jpa njhFg;G epjpapd; kPjhd
nrytpdq;fSf;F xg;Gjy; toq;fTk; FbauRj;jiytUf;F mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gLk;
Fwpg;G: tpjp 356-d; fPo; FbauRj;jiyth; MSehpd; mwpf;if my;yJ NtW vjd; kPJk;
nray;glyhk;. mjhtJ FbauRj;jiyth; MSehpd; mwpf;if ,y;yhkYk; nray;glKbAk;.
1. tpjp 356d; fPohd gpufldk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; Kd;Gk; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;
2. ,g;gpufldk; ,uz;L khjq;fSf;Fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; xg;Gjiy
ngwj;jtwpdhy; nrayw;Wg;NghFk;
3. Xg;Gjy; toq;fg;gl;l mtru epiy gpufldk; FbauRj;jiytuhy; jpUk;gg;ngwg; gl;lhyd;wp
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;l ehspypUe;J 6 khj fhyj;jpw;F mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;
4. ,g;gpufldj;jpw;F ghuhSkd;wk; NkYk; 6 khj fhyj;jpw;F xg;Gjy; toq;fyhk;

    
5. vdNt tpjp 356d; fPohd neUf;fb epiy gpufldk; mjpfgl;rkhf njhlh;e;J xU

TNPSC.News
tUlfhyj;jpw;F mkypy; ,Uf;f KbAk;. MdhYk; ,g;gpufldk; ntspaplg;gl;l ehspypUe;J
3 tUlq;fSf;F kpfhky; ,jid ghuhSkd;wk; ePl;bf;fyhk;
6. tpjp 352d; fPohd neUf;fb epiy gpufldk; ntspaplg;gl;l ehspy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpah
KOikf;FNkh my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l xU gFjpf;F kl;LNkh mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;
7. Fwpg;gpl;l khepyj;jpd; rl;lrigf;F Njh;jy; elj;Jtjpy; gpur;rpidfs; ,Ue;jhy;
mk;khepyj;jpy; neUf;fb epiy xU tUlj;jpw;Fk; Nky; njhlu Ntz;Lk; vd;W Njh;jy;
Mizak; rhd;wpjo; mspf;Fk;
epjp neUf;fb epiy (tpjp 360): (Financial Emergency)
1. 360tJ tpjpapd;gb ,e;jpahtpd; my;yJ mjd; VjhtJ xU gFjpapd; epjpepiyapd;
];jpuj;jd;ikf;F my;yJ ,e;jpahtpd; ehzaj;jpw;F Mgj;J Vw;glf;$ba #o;epiy
cUthfpAs;sJ vd;W FbauRj;jiyth; czh;e;jhy; mth; epjp neUf;fb epiyia
gpufldk; nra;ayhk;
2. ehl;by; epjp neUf;fb gpufldk; mkypy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ epjp t#iyg; gw;wpAk; murhq;f
nryTfisg; gw;wpAk; tpjpKiwfis filg;gpbf;Fk; gb kj;jpa muR khepyq;fSf;F
fl;lisaplyhk;. ,e;j cj;juTfs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;
1. kj;jpa my;yJ khepy muR Copah;fspd; rk;gsq;fSk; gbfSk; Fiwf;fg;gl;l
Ntz;Lk; vd;w cj;juT
2. khepy rl;lrigfshy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; gz kw;Wk; epjp kNrhjhf;fis
FbauRj;jiythpd; Nkw;ghh;itf;F mDg;gp itf;FkhW khepyq;fSf;F fl;lisapLjy;
3. 360tJ tpjpapd; fPohd ,g;gpufldk; 2 khjj;jpw;Fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;Lk;
4. xUKiw ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xg;Gjy; toq;fg;gl;lhy; kPz;Lk; FbauRj;jiyth;
,g;gpufldj;ij jpUk;gg; ngWk; tiu mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;
5. 360tJ tpjpapd; fPo; ,Jtiu neUf;fb epiy gpufldg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy
tpjp 355> 356 kw;Wk; 365f;F ,ilNaahd njhlh;G

(RELATION BETWEEN ARTICLES 355, 356 AND 365)
tpjp 355:
khepyq;fis ntspehl;lthpd; jhf;Fjy; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L fpsh;r;rpfspy; ,Ue;J fhf;Fk;
kj;jpa murpd; flik. khepyq;fis ntspehl;lthpd; jhf;Fjy;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; cs;ehl;L
fpsh;rr
; pfspypUe;J fhg;ghw;WtJk; murpayikg;Gg;gb khepyq;fspy; murhq;fk; eilngWtij
cWjp nra;tJk; kj;jpa murpd; flikahFk;
tpjp 356:
khepy murpd; Njhy;tp gw;wpa tpjpfs; murhq;fj;ij elj;j ,ayhj epiy xU
khepyj;jpy; cUthfp ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;W me;j khepy MSehpd; mwpf;if %yk; my;yJ
Ntnwe;j tpjkhf NtDk; mwpfpd;w FbauRj;jiyth; khepy muRj;Njhy;tp gpufldj;ij nfhz;L
tuyhk;. ,jd; %yk; khepy murpd; mjpfhuq;fis FbauRj;jiytNu Vw;Wf;nfhs;thh;
    
tpjp 365:
TNPSC.News
kj;jpa murpd; cj;juTfis filgpbf;f jtWjy; kj;jpa muR jdJ eph;thf
mjpfhuj;jpd;gb ntspapl;l ve;j cj;juitNaDk; khepy muR gpd;gw;w jtwpdhy;
FbauRj;jiyth; mk;khepyj;jpy; murpayikg;gpd;gb murhq;fk; elj;j ,ayhj #o;epiy Vw;gl;L
,Ug;gjhf fUjyhk;
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs;
(UNION TERRITORIES)
 7-tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1956d; %yk; A, B> kw;Wk; C vd;w khepyq;fspd;
tiffSk; gphpT D-d; fPo; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;l A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk; ePf;fg;gl;ld. NkYk;
,e;jpah KOikAkhf khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; vd;W tifg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 Khepyq;fs; my;yJ khfhzq;fs; vd;git kj;jpa muRld; $l;lhl;rp cwT nfhz;l

murpayikg;G myFfshFk;. Murpayikg;gpd; tpjp 1d; gb ghujkhfpa ,e;jpah
khepyq;fspd; If;fpakhFk;
 gpd;tUk; mbg;gilapy; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; me;j];J khepyq;fspd; me;j];jpy; ,Ue;J
NtWgLfpd;wJ
1. mit murpayikg;gpd; $l;lhl;rp fl;likg;gpd; gFjpfsy;y. vdNt mit mjpfhu
gq;fPl;by; gq;Nfw;gjpy;iy
2. mit FbauRj;jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk;. LT MSeh;fs; my;yJ jiyik
Mizah;fs; %ykhf Neubahf kj;jpa murhy; eph;tfpf;fg;gLk;
 jw;NghJ 7 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; cs;sd. me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs;> rz;bfh;> nly;yp>
lhkd; kw;Wk; ilA> jhjh; ehfh; `Ntyp> yl;rj;jPTfs; kw;Wk; ghz;br;Nrhp
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; eph;thfk;: (Administration of the Union Territories (UTs)
 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; eph;thfk;> mjd; Lt MSeh; my;yJ jiyik Mizaiu
epakpf;Fk; FbauRj;jiythpd; Neubf;fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPNoNa ,Uf;Fk;
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F gpd;tUk; mjpfhuq;fs; cs;sd
 jdJ nrhe;j rl;lrigfis cila nly;yp kw;Wk; ghz;br;Nrhp Mfpatw;iw jtpu kw;w
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;F rl;lq;fs; ,aw;wyhk;
 xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;F xU cah; ePjpkd;wj;ij
mikf;fNth> my;yJ mtw;Wf;F mUfpy; cs;s cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F me;j A+dpad;
gpuNjrq;fspd; Nky; mjpfhuk; cz;L vd;W mwptpf;fNth ,aYk;
 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspNyNa nly;ypf;F kl;LNk mjd; nrhe;j cah;ePjpkd;wk; cs;sJ. kw;w
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk; mjd; cah;ePjp kd;wq;fSk; gpd;tUkhW

    
me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs; nfhy;fj;jh cah;ePjpkd;wk;

TNPSC.News
rz;bfh; gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; mhpahd cah;ePjpkd;wk;
jhjh; ehfh; `Ntyp Kk;ig cah;ePjpkd;wk;
yl;rj;jPTfs; Nfush cah;ePjpkd;wk;
ghz;br;Nrhp nrd;id cah;ePjpkd;wk;
 nly;yp kw;Wk; ghz;br;Nrhp Mfpatw;iw jtpu kw;w A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; mikjp

tsh;rr
; p kw;Wk; ey;yurpw;fhf tpjp KiwfisAk; fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; tFf;fyhk;
 ghz;br;Nrhpapd; rl;lrig $l;lj;njhlh; eilngwhj NghJ FbauRj;jiyth;
tpjpKiwfisAk; fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; tFf;fyhk;
 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; [dehaf fl;likg;ig rl;lj;jpd; %yk; mikf;f
FbauRj;jiytUf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L
[k;K fh\;kPhpd; rpwg;G me;j];J: (Special Status of Jammu & Kashmir) (Artcile 370)
 1947-Mk; Mz;L Rje;jpuj;jpd; NghJ [k;K fh\;kPh; khepyk; ,e;jpahtpNyh> my;yJ
ghfp];jhdpNyh Nru Ntz;lhk; vd;W KbntLf;fg;gl;lJ
 ,jw;fpilapy; [k;K fh\;kPhpd; kfhuh[h ,e;jpahTld; ,izAk; cld;gbf;ifapy;
ifnaOj;jpl;lhh;. Mdhy; jd;dhl;rpf;fhd rpy rYiffSk; toq;fg;gl;ld
 ,k;khepyj;jpd; rpwg;G me;j];J murpay; mikg;gpd; tpjp 370-y; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;rpwg;G
me;j];jpd; Kf;fpa ,ay;Gfshtd:
1. ,k;khepyj;jpw;nfd jdpahd murpayikg;G cs;sJ. NkYk; ,k;khepyj;jpy; ,ul;il
FbAhpik nfhs;ifAk; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ
2. kw;w khepyq;fisg;Nghy; my;yhky; kPjKs;s mjpfhuq;fs; [k;K fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpd;
rl;lrigaplNk ,Uf;Fk;. (ghuhSkd;wj;jplk; my;y)
3. Nghh; my;yJ ntspehl;lthpd; jhf;Fjypd; kPJ Njrpa neUf;fb epiyia gpufldk;
nra;Ak;NghJ kl;LNk mJ [k;K fh\;kPUf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. Mdhy; MAjNke;jpa
Nghuhl;lj;jpd; kPjhd Njrpa neUf;fb epiy [k;K fh\;kPUf;F nghUe;jhJ
 mk;khepyj;jpd; Kjyikr;riu fye;jhNyhrpj;j gpd;dNu mjd; MSeiu epakpf;f KbAk;
 ve;j #o;epiyapYk; [k;K fh\;kPhpd; khepyg;gl;baypy; (7tJ ml;ltiz) $wg;gl;Ls;s
tptufhuq;fspd; kPJ ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lq;fis ,aw;w KbahJ
 epjp neUf;fb gpufldj;ij (tpjp 360) ,k;khepyj;jpy; mkyhf;f KbahJ
 FbauRj;jiythpd; Ml;rpia jtpu MSehpd; Ml;rpiaAk; ,k;khepyj;jpy; mjpfgl;rkhf 6
khj fhyj;jpw;F nfhz;L tu KbAk;
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; jLg;Gf;fhty; rl;lq;fs; (tpjp 22) ,k;khepyj;jpw;F nghUe;jhJ
 khepy rl;lrigapd; xg;Gjy; ,y;yhky; ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; ,k;khepyj;jpd; ngah;> vy;iy
kw;Wk; gug;G Mfpatw;iw khw;w KbahJ
 tpjpfs; 19 (1) (f) kw;Wk; 31 (2) Mfpait ,k;khepyj;jpy; ePf;fg;gltpy;iy. vdNt
,k;khepy kf;fSf;F nrhj;Jhpik ,d;Dk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
    
TNPSC.News
epjpf;FO
(FINANCE COMMISSION)
1. tpjp 280-d; fPo; epjpf;FOtpid mikf;fyhk;

2. ,J Xustpw;F rl;l mikg;ghf fUjg;gLk;
3. ,jid ,e;jpa FbauRj;jiyth; 5 Mz;LfSf;nfhUKiwNah my;yJ Njit vd;W
mth; fUJk; NghNjh mikf;fyhk;
4. ,f;FO FbauRj;jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; jiytiuAk; 4 cWg;gpdh;
fisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
5. mth;fis kPz;Lk; gjtpapy; epakpf;fyhk;
6. ,f;FOtpd; jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfisf; Fwpg;gpLk; epjpf;For;rl;lk; 1951-
I ghuhSkd;wk; ,aw;wpaJ
7. ,jd; jiyth; nghJ tptufhuq;fspy; mDgtk; nfhz;ltuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
8. gpd; tUgth;fSs; ,Ue;J ,f;FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
1. cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpy; ePjpgjpahf ,Ug;gth; (m) mg;gjtpapy; epakpf;fg;gl;l jFjpAila
xUth;
2. epjp kw;Wk; murhq;f fzf;Ffspy; rpwg;G mwpT ngw;wth;
3. epjp tptufhuq;fspYk;> eph;thj;jpYk; kpFe;j mDgtKilath;
4. nghUshjhuj;ij gw;wp rpwg;G mwpT ngw;wth;
gzpfs;: (Functions)
1. gpd;tUk; tptfhuq;fspd; kPJ FbauRj;jiytUf;F ghpe;Jiufis mspf;FkhW Nfl;Lf;
nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ (tpjp 280)
2. kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspilNa thp tUthia gfph;e;jspj;jy;
3. khepy muRfSf;F kj;jpa muR khdpaq;fs; toq;Ftij jPh;khdpf;Fk; nfhs;iffs;
4. khepy epjpf; FOtpd ; ghpe;Jiufspd ; Nghpy; khepyj ;jpYs;s gQ;rhaj;Jfs; kw;Wk;
cs;shl;rpfspd; epjp Mjhuq;fis mjpfhpg;gjw;fhf khepy njhFg;G epjpapiz Nkk;gLj;j
Njitahd eltbf;iffs;
5. Nkw$wpa gzp> 73tJ kw;Wk; 74tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;j rl;lk; 1992d; %yk; Nrh;f;fg;
gl;lJ
6. Rpwg;G epjp epiyiaf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L FbauRj;jiytuhy; ,f;FOtplk; mDg;gg;gLk;
tptfhuq;fs;
7. ,f;FO FbauRj;jiythplk; jdJ mwpf;ifia mspf;Fk;
8. ,jd; mwpf;if FbauRj;jiyth; tpsf;f ciuAld; Nrh;j;J ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U
mitfspd; Kd;Gk; rkh;g;gpg;ghh;
9. ,f;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufs; MNyhrid ,ay;ig nfhz;ljhFk;. vdNt mit murhq;fj;
ij fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ
10. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G ,f;FOtpid epjp $l;lhl;rpia rkepiyg;gLj;Jk; rf;fuk; vd;W $
Wfpd;wJ
    
11. ,Jtiu FbauRj;jiyth; 13 epjpf;FOf;fis mikj;Js;shh;

TNPSC.News
12. jw;nghOJ 13-tJ epjpf;FOtpd; jiyth; - tp[a; Nfy;fh;
13. jw;nghOJ 12-tJ epjpf;FOtpd; jiyth; - rp. uq;fuh[d;
14. jw;nghOJ 11-tJ epjpf;FOtpd; jiyth; - V. vk;. F];Y
15. jw;NghJ 12tJ epjpf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufs; eilKiwapy; cs;sd. (2005-2010)
16. 12tJ epjpf;FOtpd; jiyth; rp. uq;fuh[d;
17.
Njh;jy; Mizak;
(ELECTION COMMISSION)
1. Njh;jy; Mizak; ,e;jpa murpayikg;ghy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l epue;jukhd Rje;jpukhd

mikg;ghFk;
2. ghuhSkd;wk;> khepy rl;lrigfs;> FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizf; FbauRj;jiythpd;
gjtpfs; Mfpatw;Wf;fhd Njh;jy;fis Nkw;ghh;itapLk;> elj;Jk;> fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;>
mjpfhuq;fs; Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpw;Nf cz;L vd;W tpjp 324 $Wfpd;wJ
3. thf;fhshpd; jFjpfs;> thf;fhsh; gl;bay; jahhpj;jy;> njhFjpfis eph;zapj;jy;>
ghuhSkd;wj;jpYk;> khepy rl;l rigfspYk; cs;s ,lq;fis xJf;fL P nra;jy;>
Nghd;wtw;iw kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt rl;lk; 1950 ifahs;fpwJ
4. kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt tpjpfs; 1950> thf;fhsh; gl;bay;fis jahhpg;gij ifahs;fpd;wJ
5. Njh;jy; thf;Fg;gjpT> Njh;jy; gpur;rpidfs;> ,ilj;Njh;jy;fs;> murpay; fl;rpfspd; gjpT
Nghd;wtw;iw ftdpf;Fk; eph;thf mikg;gpid kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtr; rl;lk; 1951
ifahs;fpwJ
6. kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt (Njh;jy;fis elj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; kDf;fs;) tpjpfs; 1951
7. FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizf;FbauRj;jiyth; Njh;jy; rl;lk; 1952
8. kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt rl;lk; 1950MdJ 1988 kw;Wk; 1996 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ
9. ,e;jpahtpd; Njh;jy; Kiw> ,q;fpyhe;jpy; eilKiwapy; cs;s Njh;jy; KiwaplkpUe;J
ngwg;gl;lJ
10. khepyq;fspy; cs;s gQ;rhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; cs;shl;rpfspd; Njh;jy;fSf;F Njh;jy;
Mizak; nghWg;ghfhJ
11. khepyj;jpd; gQrhaj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; cs;shl;rpfspd; Njh;jy;fs; khepy Njh;jy;
Mizaq;fspdhy; elj;jg;gLk;
12. Njh;jy; Mizak; xU jiyik Njh;jy; MizaiuAk;> 2 Njh;jy; Mizah;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;
13. 1993Mk; Mz;L gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l xU mtru rl;lj;jpd; %ykhf Njh;jy; Mizah;fspd;
mjpfhuq;fs;> jiyik Njh;jy; MizaUila mjpfhuj;jpw;F rkkhff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld
14. ,f;FO jiyik Njh;jy; Mizahpd; Nkw;ghh;itapd; fPo; nray;gLk;
15. ,J Njh;jy;fisAk;> ,ilj;Njh;jy;fisAk; elj;Jk;> kw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;itapLk;
16. ,J Njh;jy;fSf;fhd njhFjpfspd; vy;iyfis eph;zapj;J mitfSf;F ,lq;fis
xJf;fL
P nra;Ak;
    
17. ,J Njh;jy; eilngWk; Njjpfis KbT nra;Ak; thf;Fg;gjpT ikaq;fspd;

TNPSC.News
vz;zpf;ifia eph;zapf;Fk; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; KbTfis mwptpf;Fk;
18. Njh;jy; Mizak;> cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpapog;Gfspd; kPjhd Nfs;tpfs; cl;gl midj;J
Njh;jy; njhlh;ghd tp\aq;fspYk; FbauRj;jiyth; my;yJ MSeUf;F mwpTiufs;
toq;Fk;
19. Ntl;ghsh;fs;> murpay; fl;rpfs; kw;Wk; thf;fhsh;fSf;fhd elj;ij tpjpfis
,t;thizak; tFf;Fk;
20. ,J Njh;jy; nryTfSf;F vy;iyfis eph;zapf;Fk; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; fzf;Ffis Ma;T
nra;Ak;.
21. ,J murpay; fl;rpfspd; mq;ff P huj;jpw;Fk; mtw;Wf;fhd Njh;jy; rpd;dq;fis KbT
nra;aTk; tpjpfis tFf;Fk;
22. ,J Njh;jy; gpur;rpidfisAk; FbauRj;jiyth; my;yJ MSeuhy; mjw;F mDg;gg;gl;l
kDf;fspd; kPjhd gpur;rpidfis jPh;j;J itf;Fk;
23. jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah; 6 tUlk; my;yJ 65 taJ ,uz;by; vJ Kd;djhf
epiwtilANkh mjd; tiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;
24. cr;r ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfisg; NghyNt ,tiuAk; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;
25. ,tiu kPz;Lk; gjtpapy; epakpf;ff;$lhJ
26. ,th; Xa;T ngw;w gpd;dh murhq;f Cjpak; ngWk; ve;j NtiyapYk; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ
27. ,tuJ rk;gsKk; nryTg;gbfSk; ,e;jpa njhFg;G epjpapypUe;J toq;fg;gLk;
28. ,e;jpa Njh;jy; Kiw taJ te;Njhh; thf;Fhpikia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. 18 taJ
epuk;gpa xU FbkfDf;F Ntnwe;j mbg;gilapYk; thf;Fhpik kWf;f KbahJ
29. ,J Gtpapay; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ
30. ,e;jpahtpy; Njh;jy; KbTfs; “gh;]l
; ; gh];l; j Ngh];l;” mbg;gilapy;
jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ
31. Njh;jy;fSf;F muR epjp toq;Fjypd; Njitia Ma;T nra;a 1998 Mk; Mz;L Nk
khjk; ,e;jpu[pj; Fg;jh FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ
32. 8 cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;l ,f;FO jdJ mwpf;ifia 1999> [dthpapy; mspj;jJ
33. ,f;FO r%f eyidf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L rl;lg;gbahd khepy epjp toq;fiy
mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk; vd;W $wpaJ
34. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah; jpU. RFkhh; nrd; Mthh; (khh;r; 21> 1950>
brk;gh; 19> 1958)
35. jw;NghJ cs;s jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah; ahh; vd;gij njhpe;Jf; nfhs;sTk;
thf;fhsh; gl;bay;: (The Electoral Roll)
1. ,J ,e;jpa Njh;jy;fspy; thf;fspf;f gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xU njhFjpapy; cs;s
thf;fhsh;fspd; gl;bayhFk;
2. thf;fhsh; gl;baypy; ngah; cs;sth;fs; kl;LNk thf;fspf;f mDkjpf;fg;gLthh;fs;
3. xt;nthU tUlKk; ,e;j thf;fhsh; gl;bay; me;j Mz;bd; [dthp 1-k; Njjp> 18 taJ
epuk;gpath;fs; kw;Wk; njhFjpf;Fs; FbNawpath;fspd; ngah;fis Nrh;g;gjw;fhfTk;>

    
,we;jth;fs; kw;Wk; njhFjpia tpl;L ntspapy; nrd;wth;fspd; ngah;fis

TNPSC.News
ePf;Ftjw;fhfTk; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gLk;
4. thf;fspf;f jFjpAila xUthpd; ngah; thf;fhsh; gl;baypypUe;J tpLgl;bUe;jhy; mth;
gjpNtl;bid mt;tg;NghJ jpUj;Jk; Njh;jy; gjpT mYtyUf;F tpz;zg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gjpNtl;by; ngah;fis Nrh;g;gNjh my;yJ ePf;FtNjh Ntl;ghsh;fs; kDjhf;fy; nra;J
Kbj;jgpd; Njh;jy; gpur;rhuk; elf;Fk; rkaj;jpy; epWj;jp itf;fg;gLk;
vg;NghJ Njh;jy;fs; eilngWk;? (When do Elections take Place?)

 Kd;djhfNt miof;fg;gl;lhyd;wp> ghuhSkd;w kf;fsitf;Fk; khepy rl;lrigfSf;
Fk; 5 tUlq;fSf;nfhU Kiw Njh;jy; eilngWk;
 muR kf;fsitapy; jdJ ek;gpf;if ,oe;J tpl;lhy; kw;Wk; mjw;F gjpyhf NtnwhU
muir mikf;f Kbahtpl;lhy; FbauRj;jiyth; kf;fsitia fiyj;J tpl;L
nghJj;Njh;jy; elj;jr;nrhy;yyhk;
Njh;jy;fspd; fhy ml;ltiz: (Scheduling the Elections)

 5 tUl fhyk; Kbe;Jtpl;lhNyh my;yJ rl;lrig fiyf;fg;gl;L Gjpa Njh;jYf;fhd
cj;jutplg;gl;lhNyh Njh;jy; Mizak; Njh;jiy elj;j Mtz nra;Ak;
 fiyf;fg;gl;l kf;fsitapd ; filrpf; $l;lj;njhlUf;Fk; Gjpa mitapd ; $l;lj;
njhlUf ;Fk; ,ilapy ; 6 khj fhyj ;jpw;Fk; Nky; ,ilntsp ,Uf;ff; $lhJ vd;W
murpayikg ;G $Wfpd;wJ. vdNt Njh;jy;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; elj;jpKbf;fg;
gl Ntz;Lk;
ahh; Njh;jypy; epw;f KbAk;? (Who can Stand for Election?)
1. 25 taJ epuk;gpa gjpT nra;ag;gl;l thf;fhsuhf ,Uf;Fk; ve;j xU ,e;jpa
FbkfDk;> ghuhSkd;w kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy rl;lrigfSf;fhd Njh;jy;fspy;
Nghl;baplyhk;
2. khepyq;fsit Njh;jYf;fhd taJ tuk;G 30 tUlq;fshFk;
3. khepyq ;fsit kw;Wk; tpjhd rghtpw ;fhd Ntl;ghsh;fs; ve;j njhFjpapy ; Nghl;bapl
tpUk;Gfpd;whh;fNsh me;j njhFjpapy; trpg;gth;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. jw;NghJ ,e;j
tpjpia khw;wpaikj;Js;shh;fs;
4. xt;nthU Ntl;ghsUk ; kf;fsit Njh;jYf;F 10>000 &ghAk; khepyq ;fsit my;yJ
tpjhd; rgh Njh;jYf;F 5000 &ghAk; Kd;gzkhf nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;
Wk; goq;Fbapdj ;ij Nrh;e;j Ntl;ghsh;fs; kl;Lk; ,j;njhifapy ; ghjpapid nrYj;
jpdhy; NghJk;
5. njhFjpapy; gjpthd nkhj;j nry;yj;jf;f Xl;Lf;fspy; Mwpy; xU gq;Ff;F Nky; xU
Ntl;ghsh; ngw;why; mth; nrYj;jpa Kd;gzk; jpUg;gp nrYj;jg;gLk;
6. gjpT nra;ag;gl;l murpay; fl;rpia Nrh;e;j Ntl;ghshpd; Ntl;G kDit Fiwe;jJ xU
gjpT nra;ag;gl;l Njh;thsh ; topnkhopaNtz ;Lk;. kw;w Ntl;ghsh ;fspd ; kDf ;
fis Fiwe;jJ 10 gjpT nra;ag;gl;l Njh;thsh;fs; topnkhopa Ntz;Lk;

    
7. Ntl;ghsh;fspd; Ntl;G kDf;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;> Njh;jy;

TNPSC.News
eilKiwfis Nkw;ghh;itaplTk; mjpfhhpfs; epakpf;fg;gLth;
khjphp elj;ij tpjpfs;: (Model Code of Conduct)
 Njh;jy; gpur;rhuj;jpd; NghJ murpay; fl;rpfSk;> Ntl;ghsh;fSK;> Njh;jy; Mizaj;jhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l khjphp elj;ij tpjpfis gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;
 ,k;khjphp elj;ij tpjpfs; murpay; fl;rpfSk;> Ntl;ghsh;fSk; Njh;jy; gpur;rhuj;jpd;
NghJ vt;thW ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpd;wJ
 Njh;jiy MNuhf ;fpakhd Kiwapy ; elj;jTk;> murpay ; fl;rpfs; kw;Wk; njhz ;lh;
fspilNa Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfisAk ; Nkhjy;fisAk ; jtph;f;fTk; Njh;jy; gpur;rhuj;
jpd; NghJk; Njh;jy; KbTfs; mwptpf;fg;gLk; tiuapYk; mikjpiaAk; xOq;ifAk;
fhf;fNt ,e;elj;ij tpjpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
 NkYk ; kj;jpapYk ; khepyq ;fspYk ; MSk ;fl;rpahf ,Uf;Fk; fl;rpfSf ;Fk; ,e;elj ;ij
tpjpfs; cs;sd. MSk;fl;rpfs; jq;fsJ mjpfhuj;ij Njh;jy; gpur;rhuj;jpw;F gad;
gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;W ve;j GfhUk; tuhj tz;zk; MSk; fl;rpfs; nray;glTk; ,k;khjphp
elj;ij tpjpfs; toptFf;fpd;wdh;.
murpay; fl;rpfSk;> Njh;jy;fSk;: (Political Parties and Electrions)

 Murpay; fl;rpfs; etPd [dehafj;jpd; Kf;fpa mq;fq;fshFk; NkYk; Njh;jy;fis elj;
JtJ murpay; fl;rpfspd; elj;ijia rhh;e;Nj cs;sJ
 Njh;jy;fspy; gy Ntl;ghsh;fs; RNar;irahf Nghl;bapl;lhYk;> kf;fsit kw;Wk; tpjhd
rghtpw;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdh;fs; murpay; fl;rpfis Nrh;e;jth;fshfNt cs;
sdh ;. kf;fs; xU jdp egUf ;F xl;lspg ;gij fhl;bYk ; xU fl;rpf;F Xl;lspg ;gijNa
tpUk;Gfpd;wdh; vd;W fUj;Jf; fzpg;G $Wfpd;wJ
 murpay ; fl;rpfs; Ntl;ghsh;fSf;F mikg;G Kiw rhh;e;j Mjuit toq;FtJk;> nghpa
Njh;jy; gpur;rhuj;ij toq;FtJk ;> murpd; eltbf ;iffis ftdpg;gJk; muRf;F khw;W
Nahridfis Kd;itg ;gJk ; thf;fhsh ;fSf ;F Ntl ;ghsh ;fis Njh;T nra ;tjpy ;
cjTfpd;wd
Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpy; gjpT nra;jy;: (Registration with Election Commission)
 kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtr;rl;lk;> 1951d;gb murpay; fl;rpfs; ,e;jpa Njh;jy; Mizaj;jplk;
gjpT nra;ag;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;
 murpay; fl;rpfs; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; nfhs;iffshd [dehafk;> kjr;rhh;gpd;ik kw;
Wk; rkj;Jtk; Mfpatw ;wpd; gbAk ;> ,e;jpahtpd ; ,iwahz ;ik> xw;Wik kw;Wk; xUq;
fpizg;G Mfpatw;iw fhf;Fk;gbAk;> mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sdth vd;W Njh;jy; Mizak; jPh;
khdpf;Fk;
 fl;rpfs; cl;fl;rp Njh;jy;fis elj;jTk;> vOj;Jtbtpyhd mitfspd; murpayikg;ig
nfhz;bUf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;

    
 1985Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;l fl;rpj;jhty; jilr; rl;lk;> xU fl;rpia Nrh;e;j

TNPSC.News
cWg;gpdh;fs; %d;wpy; xU gq;F ngUk;ghd;ik ,y;yhky; kw;nwhU fl;rpapy;
NrUtijNah> Gjpa fl;rpapid cUthf;FtijNah jil nra;fpd;wJ
mq;fPfhuk; kw;Wk; Njh;jy; rpd;dk; xJf;fPL nra;jy;:

(Recognition & Reservation of Symbols)
1. Njh;jy; Mizaj;jplk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xU fl;rp> Njh;jy;fspy; mjd; nray;ghl;bd;
mbg;gilapy; Njrpa fl;rpahfNth my;yJ khepy fl;rpahfNth mq;fPfhpf;fg;gLk;
2. kw;w fl;rpfs; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l Mdhy; mq;ff
P hpf;fg;glhj fl;rpfshf mwptpf;fg;gLk;
3. xU fl;rp vt;thW tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijg; nghWj;J mf;fl;rpf;F rpy
Kd;Dhpikfs; toq;fg;gLk;. thf;fhsh; gl;baiy njhpe;J nfhs;Sjy; mfpy ,e;jpa
thndhyp kw;Wk; J}h;jh;\d; Nghd;w muRf;F nrhe;jkhd njhiyf;fhl;rpfspYk;
thndhypfspYk; murpay; epfo;rr ; pfis xspgug;Gjy; Njh;jy; rpd;dk; xJf;ffP L nra;jy;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; Kd;Dhpikfs; mspf;fg;gLk;
4. gbg;gwpT ,y;yhj thf;fhsh;fs; jhq;fs; thf;fspf;f tpUk;Gk; fl;rpapd; Ntl;ghsiu
njhpe;Jnfhs;s Njh;jy; rpd;dk; cjTfpd;wJ
5. Njrpa fl;rpfSf;F ehL KOikf;Fkhd jq;fsJ cgNahfj;jpw;F kl;Lk; Njh;jy; rpd;dk;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
6. khepy fl;rpfSf;F me;je;j khepyj;jpy; my;yJ mf;fl;rp mq;ff P hpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
khepyq;fspy; mf;fl;rpapd; cgNahfj;jpw;fhf Njh;jy; rpd;dk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
7. gjpT nra;ag;gl;l mq;ff P hpf;fg;glhj fl;rpfs; ve;j fl;rpahYk; cgNahfg;gLj;jg;glhj
rpd;dq;fspy; ,Ue;J xU rpd;dj;ij Njh;e;njLj;J nfhs;syhk;
khepy fl;rpfspd; mq;fPfhuk; (Recognition of State Parties)
 xU fl;rp khepyfl;rpahf mq;ff
P hpf;fg;gl> gpd;tUk; epge;jidfis G+h;j;jp nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.
1. rk;ge;jg;gl;l murpay; fl;rp me;j khepyk; my;yJ khepyq;fspd; murpay;
eltbf;iffspy; Fiwe;jJ 5 Mz;LfSf;F KOikahf <Lgl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;
2. me;j khepyk; my;yJ khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;J kf;fsitf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
xt;nthU 25 cWg;gpdh;fSs; xUth; rk;ge;jg;gl;l murpay; fl;rpia Nrh;e;jtuhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ
muR epjp toq;fspd; kPjhd ,e;jpu[pj; Fg;jh FO:
(Indrajit Gupta Committee on State Funding of Elections)
1. 1998> Nk khjj;jpy; eilngw;w midj;Jf;fl;rp $l;lj;jpy; 8 cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz;l FO
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J gpd;tUk; ghpe;Jiufis nfhz;l mwpf;ifia 1999 [dthp khjk;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ

    
2. murpd; epjp toq;fy; nghUl;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ ve;jtpjkhd gz cjtpAk;

TNPSC.News
fl;rpfSf ;F mspf ;fg;glf;$ lhJ . NkYk ; fl;rpfspd ; epjpr ;Rikia Muk ;gj;jpy; khepy
muR Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
3. ,jw;fhf Mz;Lf;F 600 Nfhb &ghia kj;jpa muRk; khepy muRfSk; Njh;jy; epjpf;F
mspf;f Ntz;Lk;
4. Njh;jy; Mizaj;jhy; mq;ff P hpf;fg;gl;l fl;rpfSf;F kl;LNk mr;Rg;nghUl;fs;> kpz;zD
njhlh;G Neuk;> thfdq;fs; kw;Wk; vhpnghUl;fs; Nghd;w cjtpfs; toq;fg;gLk;
5. murpay ; fl;rpfs; jq;fspd; tUtha ; kw;Wk; nrytpdq ;fis fhl;Lk; tUl fzf;Ffis
tUkhd thpj;Jiwaplk ; rkh;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW nra;aj;jtwpdhy ; mf;fl;rpf;Nfh
my;yJ Ntl;ghsUf;Nfh murpd; MjuT epWj;jg;gLk;
6. Njh;jy; nryTfspd; KOikahd fzf;if murpay;fl;rpfs; Njh;jy; Mizaj;jplk; jhf;
fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;
7. murpay; fl;rpfshy; 10000 &gha;f;F Nky; mspf;fg;gLk; ed;nfhilfs; fhNrhiyahfNth>
tiuNthiyahfNth mspf ;fg;glNtz ;Lk; NkYk ; ed;nfhil mspg ;gthpd ; ngah ;
fzf;Ffspy; Fwpg;gplg;glNtz;Lk;
8. murpay ; fhuzq ;fSf;fhf muR epWtdq ;fs; ed;nfhil mspg;gjd; kPjhd jil
njhlUk ;. Mdhy ; kw; w epWtdq ; fs; mspf ; fyhkh ? My ; yJ $lhjh ? vd; gij
ghuhSkd;wk; jPh;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;
9. ,f;FO murpd; epjp toq;fy; murpayikg;gpd;gbAk;> rl;lg;gbAk; epahakhdJ kw;Wk;
nghJ eydpy; mf;fiw nfhz;ljhFk; vd;W $wpaJ
10. me;j khepyk; / khepyq;fspy; cs;s tpjhd; rghtpw;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l xt;nthU 30
cWg;gpdh;fSs; xUth; mf;fl;rpia Nrh;e;jtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ
11. ,jw; F Kd ; kf; fsit my ; yJ tpjhd ; rghtpw ; F elj ; j nghJj ; Njh; jypy ; gjpthd
nkhj;j nry;yj;jf;f thf;Ffspy; 25 rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; Nky; mf;fl;rp ngw;wpUe;jhy; mf;fl;rp
khepy fl;rpahf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gLk;
Njrpa fl;rpfspd; mq;fPfhuk;: (Recognition of National Parties)
 xU fl;rp Njrpafl;rpahf mq;ff
P hpf;fg;gl;l gpd;tUk; epge;jidfis G+h;j;jp nra;a Ntz;
Lk;
 mf;fl;rp Fiwe;jJ 4 khepyq;fspyhtJ khepyfl;rpahf mq;ff
P hpf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;
 Fiwe;jJ 4 khepyq;fspyhtJ eilngw;w nghJj;Njh;jy;fspy; gjpthd nkhj;
j
nry;yj;jf;f thf;Ffspy; 4 rjtPjjpw;F Fiwahky; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
 xU murpay; fl;rp Njrpa fl;rpahfNth my;yJ khepy fl;rpahfNth mq;ff P hpf;fg;gl;l gpd;
mjw;F Njh;jy; rpd;dk; toq;fg;gLk;. mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l murpay ; fl;rpfspd; vz;zpf;if
Njh;jy;fspy ; mtw ;wpd; nray ;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy ; khwpf ;nfhz ;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wJ. 1998
Mk; Mz;L 7 Njrpa fl;rpfSk; 35 khepy fl;rpfSk; 620 gjpT nra;ag;gl;l Mdhy; mq;
fPfhpf;fg;glhj fl;rpfSk; ,Ue;jd
Njh;jy; rh;r;irfspd; ePjpg;Gduha;T: (Judicial Review of Election Disputes)

    
 Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd; KbTfis cah;ePjp kd;wk; my;yJ cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; vjph;f;f

TNPSC.News
KbAk;
 ePz;l fhy xg;ge;jk; kw;Wk; gy jPh;g;Gfspd; %yk; xUKiw Njh;jy; eilKiw njhlq;
fg;gl;Ltpl;lhy; mjpy; ePjpj;Jiw jiyaplhJ
 xUKiw thf;Fg;gjpT Kbe;J KbTfs; mwptpf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lhy; Njh;jy; Mizak; ve;j
KbitAk; jhNd Gduha;T nra;a KbahJ
 ghuhSkd;w kw;Wk; rl;l rigfSf;fhd Njh;jy; KbTfis cr;rePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; cah;
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Njh;jy; kDit gjpT nra;tjd; %yNk Gduha;T nra;a KbAk;
 FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizf;FbauRj;jiytUf;fhd Njh;jy; kDit cr;r ePjp kd;
wj;jpy; kl;LNk gjpT nra;a KbAk;
murpay; fl;rpfspd; cs; [dehafk;: (Internal Democracy in Political Parties)
 1994 Mk; Mz;L jiyikj; Njh;jy; Mizah; murpay; fl;rpfSf;F mitfspd; cl;fl;
rpj; Njh ; jy; fis elj ; jp Kbf ; f cj ; jutpl ; lhh;. 1997 Mk ; Mz ; L ,t; Tj; juT ,e; jpa
Njrpa fhq;fpu];> [djhjsk; Nghd;w fl;rpfSf;F kPz;Lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ
 murpay; fl;rpfspd; cs; [dehafj ;ij mkyhf;f Njh;jy; Mizaj ;jpw;Fs;s mjpfhuk ;
gpd;tUtdtw;iw mbg;gilahff;nfhz;lJ. xU murpay; fl;rp kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtr; rl;
lk; 1951d; gphpT 29(A)d; fPo ; Njh;jy; Mizaj ;jplk; gjpT nra;ag;gLk; NghJ mf;fl;rp
jdJ nrhe;j murpayikg ;gpdhy ; ephtfpf ;fg;gLk; xU rl;l mikg ;ghf khwk ;. Njh;jy;
rpd;d xOq;F 1968d; fPo ; ,f;fl;rp gjpT nra;ag;gLtNjhL kl;Lkpd;wp mq;ff
P hpf;fg;gLk;.
mf;fl;rp Njh;jy; Mizaj;Jld; nfhz;bUf;Fk; jfty; njhlh;G midj;Jk; mf;fl;rpapd;
murpayikg ;gpd;gb Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l mYtyhpd; %yNk mDg;gg;gLk;. kfhuh\;buhtpd;
rptNrdh fl;rpiag; Nghd;W xU fl;rp mikg;GKiw Njh;jy; ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jhy; mjid
Njh;jy; Mizak ; ftdpf ;f Ntz ;Lk;. xU fl;rpapd ; cs; Njh;jy;fs; Kiwahf elf;
fhky; ,Ue;jhy; mjid mf;fl;rpNah my;yJ rl;l ePjpkd;wq;fNsh ifahs Ntz;Lk;
Njh;jy; nryTfspd; tiuaiw: (Limit on Poll Expenses)
 xU Ntl;ghsh; Njh;jy; gpur;rhuj;jpd; NghJ nryT nra;Ak; gzj ;jpw;F fbdkhd
tiuaiwfs ; cs;sd. ngUk;ghyhd kf;fsit njhFjpfspy ; 1997 brk;ghpy; jpUj;
jg;gl;ljpd ; gb ,t;tiuaiw 15 yl;rk; &ghahFk ;. MdhYk ; rpy khepyq ;fspy ; ,t;
tiuaiw 6 yl;rk; &ghahf cs;sJ. (tpjhd; rgh Njh;jYf;F Fiwe;j msT 3 yl;rk;
&ghAk; mjpf msT 6 yl;rk; &ghAk; MFk;)
 njhz ;lh;fs; jhq;fs; tpUk ;Gk; msT Njh;jy; gpur;rhuj;jpw;fhf nrytof ;fyhk ;. Mdhy ;
mth ; fs ; Ntl ; ghsh ; fsplk ; ,Ue; J vOj ; J tbtpy ; mDkjp ngw Ntz ; Lk;. Mdhy ;
murpay; fl;rpfs; Njh;jy; gpur;rhuj;jpw;F mth;fs; tpUk;Gk; msT nrytplyhk;. Cr;rePjp
kd;wk; rkPgj;jpy; toq;fpa jPh;g;Gfspy ; Njh;jy; gpur;rhuj;jpd; NghJ nrytplg ;gl;l
njhiff ;F chpa fzf;if murpay ; fl;rpfs; fhl;lhtpl;lhy; mit Ntl;ghshpd ;
epjpAjtpapd ; %yk; nra;ag;gl;lit vd;W fUjg;gl;L Ntl;ghshpd; Njh;jy; nryTf;
fzf;fpy; itf;fg;gLk; vd;W $wpAs;sJ

    
 Ntl;ghsh;fs; kw;Wk; murpay; fl;rpfs; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l ,e;j tpjpKiwfspd; %yk;

TNPSC.News
Kd;G ,e;jpa Njh;jy;fspd; gFjpahf tpsq;fpa tPzhd Njh;jy; gpur;rhuq;fs;
Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
njhlh;G rhjdq;fs;: (Media Coverage)
 Njh;jy; eilKiw ntspg;gilahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhy; njhiy
njhlh;Grhjdq;fs; Njh;jy;fis gw;wpa nra;jp ntspapl mtw;Wf;F Njitahd trjpfs;
nra;J nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; mitfSf;F Xl;L ufrpaj;ij ghJfhf;Fk; flik
cs;sJ
 ,tw;Wf;F fUj;Jf; fzpg;Gfs; elj;jTk; Rje;jpuk; cz;L
 rkPgj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l tpjpfspd;gb ve;j xU njhFjpapYk; thf;Fg;gjpT njhlq;f 2
ehl;fSf;F Kd;djhfNth kw;Wk; thf;Fg;gjpT Kbe;jgpd; 2 ehl;fSf;Fs;nsh fUj;Jf;
fzpg;G KbTfs; ntspaplg;glf;$lhJ vd;W Njh;jy; MizAk; mwptpj;jJ
Njh;jy;fSk;> Fw;wthspfSk;
(Elections and Criminals)
 1980-fspd; kj;jpapy; N. N. Nth`;uh FO> murpay;thjpfSf;Fk; Fw;wthspfSf;Fk;

,ilNa cs;s njhlh;ig gw;wp tUj;jk; njhptpj;jJ
 kj;jpag;gpuNjr murhy; mikf;fg;gl;l Nrh`hdp FOtpd; mwpf;ifAk; ,jid cWjp
nra;jJ. Njh;jypy; vt;tifapNyDk; ntw;wp ngw;W tpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zKk;>
ghJfhg;ghw;w Njh;jy; njhFjpfspYNk Njh;jy; eilKiwapy; Fw;wq;fs; ngUFtjw;Fk;>
rl;lrigfspy; Fw;wthspfs; Eiotjw;Fk; fhuzq;fshFk;
 Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; gPfhh; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; KiwNa 180> 520
kw;Wk; 320 Fw;wg; gpz;zdp cs;s Ntl;ghsh;fs; 12tJ kf;fsit Njh;jypy; ,Ug;gjhf
Njh;jy; Mizak; $Wfpd;wJ
 xU Ntl;ghsh; jFjpapog;gjw;F Fw;wr;rhl;LfNs NghJkhdJ vd;W rl;lf;FO $Wfpd;wJ.
kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa jz;lidr; rl;lj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s Njh;jy;
rhh;e;j Fw;wq;fSf;F mspf;fg;gLk; jz;lid mjpfg;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; ,f;FO
$wpaJ
 VNjDk; Fw;w tof;Ffs; ,Ue;jhy; mjw;fhd Ntl;ghsh;fspd; xg;Gjiy ngWk; tifapy;
Ntl;G kDf;fs; khw;wpaikf;fg;glNtz;Lk;
 rl;lrigfspy; ,Ue;J Fw;wthspfis ntwpNaw;Wk; nghWg;G Kjypy; murpay;
fl;rpfisNa rhh;e;jJ. mjid gpd;tUkhW nray;gLj;jyhk;
1. Fw;wg;gpz;zdp cilath;fSf;F Njh;jypy; epw;f ,lkspf;f kWg;gJ
2. xU Ntl;ghshpd; kPJ Fw;wr;rhl;L gjpthfpapUe;jhy; mtUf;F ,lkspf;f kWg;gjw;F
mJ xd;Nw NghJkhdjhFk;. mjw;F mth; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; jz;bf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W mtrpakpy;iy. mjhtJ ePjp tprhuizf;F gpwF xU Ntl;ghshpd; kPJ
Fw;wr;rhl;L gjpthfp ,Ue;jhy; mth; jFjpapoe;jtuhf fUjg;gl;L mtUf;F Njh;jypy;
    
epw;f tha;g;gspf;f $lhJNkw;$wpa ghpe;JiufSf;F kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt rl;lj;jpd;

TNPSC.News
kPjhd xU jpUj;jk; Njit
3. ,J jw;NghJ gpd;tUk; 3 tof;Ffspy; jz;bf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;F 6 tUlq;fSf;F Njh;
jypy; epw;f jFjp ,y;iy vd $WfpwJ
4. jPz;lhik kjf; fytuq;fis J}z;btpLjy;> fw;gopg;G Nghd;w r%f tptfhuq;fs;
njhlh;ghd Fw;wq;fs;
5. tujl ;riz cld ;fl;il VWjy ; Nghd ;w Fw;wq;fspy ; jz;bf;f gl;bUe ;jhy; kl;Lk;
NghjhJ . Fiwe ;jJ 6 khjq;fSf;F Ntl;ghsh; jz;bf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; kl;LNk mth;
gjtpapog;ghh;
6. 2 tUlq;fSf;F VjhtJ xU rpiwj;jz;lid
 Njh;jy; Mizak;> Ntl;ghsh;fspd; kPJ VNjDk; Fw;wr;rhl;L gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjh> my;

yJ mth;fs; VNjDk; Fw;wq;fSf;fhf jz;bf;fg;gl;Ls;sduh vd;w tptuq;fisAk; nGwk;
tifapy ; gbtj;ij khw;wpaikj ;Js;sJ. vdNt [hkPdpy; cs;sth;fSk; jdf;F tpjpf;
fg;gl;l jz;lidf ;F vjpuhf Nky; KiwaPL nra;Js;sth ;fSk ; Njh;jypy ; Nghl ;
bapLtij jilnra ;ayhk ;. 1998Mk; Mz;L khepyq ;fsitapd ; ed;dlj;ij FO J}a;
ikahf kw;Wk;
 ek;gpf;ifahd rl;lrigia mikf;f gy ghpe;Jiufis nra;jJ. murpay ; fl;rpfs; re;
Njfj;jpw;fplkhd fle;j fhy tho;it nfhz;l Ntl;ghsh;fis Njh;jypy; fskpwf ;f $
lhJ vd;gJ mg;ghpe;JiwfSs; xd;whFk;
 thf;Fg; gjpT ikaj;jpw;F ntspapy; elf;Fk; fzpg;gpd; KbTfs; thf;Fg;gjptpd; ,
Wjpehspy ; thf;Fg;gjpT Neuk ; Kbe ;J miukzp Neuj ;jpw;Fg; gpwFjhd ; ntspaplg ;gl
Ntz;Lk;
Njh;jy;fSf;F muNr epjp toq;Fjy;: (State Funding of Elections)
1. gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fSf;fhf Njh;jy;fSf;F muNr epjp toq;Fjy; Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;
j Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfhug;gLfpd;wJ
2. Njh;jy;fspy; gzgyk; FiwAk;
3. Vio Ntl;ghsh;fSk; jiyik jFjpfspd; mbg;gilapy; Njh;jy;fspy; Nghl;bapl tha;g;G
fpilf;Fk;
4. murpay ; thjp> Fw;wthsp > tpahghhp FOthf Nghl;bapLtJ FiwAk ;. vdNt epahakhd
Rje;jpukhd Njh;jiy elj;j khepy epjp toq;fy; Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;. n[h;
kdp> mnkhpf;fh Nghd;w gy Kd;Ndwpa ehLfspy; ,k;Kiw tof;fj;jpy; cs;sJ
5. 1990Mk; Mz;L ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l kNrhjhtpw;F mbg;gilahf ,Ue;j
Nfh];thkp FOtpd; mwpf;ifapYk; ,k;Kiwia gw;wp rpy ghpe;Jiufs; ,Ue;jd. Mdhy;
kj;jpapy ; Ml;rp khwpajhy ; ,k;kNrhjh iftplg ;gl;lJ. ,f;FOtpd ; Kf;fpa ghpe;
Jiufshtd
6. Njh;jy;fspd; Kf;fpa nrytpdq;fis fz;lwpe;J mtw;Wf;F nghJ epjp toq;fNtz;Lk;.
jdpahh; epjpapid mr;nryTfSf;F mspf;f mDkjpf;ff;$lhJ

    
7. nghJ epjpapid gzkhf toq;ff;$lhJ. nghUl;fshf toq;f Ntz;Lk;. mq;ff

P hpf;fg;gl;l
TNPSC.News
Njrpa kw;Wk; khepy fl;rpfSf;F kl;LNk epjp toq;f KbAk;. kw;wth;fs; Njh;jypy; ntw;
wp ngw;why; mth;fs; nra;j nryTfspd; njhif jpUg;gp toqfg;gLk;
thf;fhsh; milahs ml;il: (The Voters Identity Card)
1. ,J 1993Mk; Mz;L Kd;dhy; jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah; T. N. Nr\d; mth;fspd;
gjtpf;fhyj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
2. jFjpngw;w thf;fhsh;fSf;F milahs ml;il toq;Fk; gzp rpy khepyq;
fspy; nkJthf eilngw;wJ
3. thf;fhsh; milahs ml;il toq;Fk; tptfhuj;jpy; T. N. Nr\d; ePjpj;Jiwapd; fLk;
Nfhgj;ijAk; re;jpj;jhh;
4. mtUf;Fg;gpd; te;j M. S.fpy; mth;fs; ,t;tl;ilia fl;lhak; itj;jpUe;jhy; jhd;> thf;
fspf;f KbAk ; vd;W cj;jutpl KbahJ vd;W $wpdhh;. NkYk; xt;nthU thf;
fhsUk ; jdJ milahs ml;il my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l Mtzq ;fspy; VNjDk ; xd;
wpidf; fhl;b thf;fspf;fyhk; vd;W $wpdhh;.
5. thf;Fhpikia kWg;gjhf ve;j thf;fhshplkpUe;J Nkhrkhd Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; tuhjjhy; Njh;
jy; Mizak; ,k;KiwiaNa gpdgw;wj; njhlq;fpaJ. myfhghj; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; btp
\d; ngQ;r;> thf;fhsh; gl;bapypy; ngah; cs;s xU eghplk; Njh;jy; Mizak; toq;fpa
thf;fhsh; Gifg;gl milahs ml;ilf;F gjpyhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s 18 Mtzq ;
fspy ; ve; j MtzKk ; ,y; iy vd ; w mbg ; gilapy ; kl ; Lk ; me ; eUf ; Fz ; lhd thf ;
Fhpikia kWf;f KbahJ vd;W $wpaJ.
6. xU thf;fhsiu milahsk; fhz;gjpy; Vw;gLk; rthiy re;jpf;fTk;> Njh;
jy; eilKiwia vspjhf;fTNk ,t;tilahs ml;il toq;fg;gLfpwJ
7. thf;fhsh; gl;bapy;y ngaUila xU thf;fhsh; jdJ milahsj;ij ep&gpf;f milahs
ml;ilf;Fg; gjpyhf Njh;jy; Mizak ; Fwpg;gpl;l 18 Mtzq;fisAk; jtpu NtW ve;j
xU nry;yj;jf;f Mtzj ;ijAk ; thf;Fg;gjpT ikaj ;jpd; jiyik mYtyhplk ;
rkh;g;gpf;fyhk; vd;W ePjpkd;wk; $Wfpd;wJ
8. myfhghj; cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;G Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd; Njitfs; FiwAilajha;
,Uf;fyhk; vd;W njhpag;gLj;Jfpd;wJ
tpthjq;fs;: (The Argument Runs as such)
1. thf;Fhpik xU rl;l chpikahFk;. thf;fhsh; milahs ml;il ,y;yhj NghJ Fwpg;gpl;l
Mtzq;fspd; %yk; thf;fhsh;fs; jq;fsJ milahsj;ij ep&gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Njh;
jy; Mizak; typAWj;JtJ rl;l chpikapy; jiyapLtjhFk;
2. Njh;jy; Mizak; jdJ Njitfis G+h;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;Jtjhy;
Njh;jy; eilKiwia tpl;Lf;nfhLf;fpdw;J
3. thf;fhsh; gjpT tpjp 1961d; gphpT 28 xU thf;fhsiu milahsk; fhZk; topfis
njspthf Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ vd;W myfhghj; cah;ePjpkd;wk; $wpaJ
4. xU eilKiwia gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W xU rl;lk; $wpdhy; mij mt;topapNyNa
gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; NtW ve;j topapYk; my;y vd;W ePjpkd;wk; $wpaJ

    
5. murpayikg;gpd; tpjp 324d; gb Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd; Njit rhp vd ep&gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

TNPSC.News
NkYk; tpjp 324(b)d; gb Njh;jYf;fhd mwpf;if ntspaplg;gl;l gpwF mt;tptfhuq;fis
tprhhpf;f myfhghj; cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpw;Fs;s mjpfhuq;fspd; kPJ Nfs;tp vOg;gpaJ
6. tpjp 324(I)d;gb> Njh;jy;fis ed;Kiwapy; elj;j Njitahd mjpfhuq;fisAk;
cs;slf;Fk; tifapy; gue;j mjpfhuq;fs; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cz;L
7. ,t;tpjp Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpw;F rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;glhj epr;rakw;w #o;epiyfspy;
nray;glTk; Njh;jy;fis elj;j Njitahd rl;lq;fis ,aw;wTk; mjpfhuk; toq;FfpwJ
8. myfhghj; cah;ePjpkd;wk; jdJ jPh;g;gpy; cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; cj;juit Fwpg;gpl;L tpjp
324(I) Neh;ikapd; tpjpfSf;F cl;gl;lJ vd;W $wpaJ
9. tpjp 32( (b)-d; fPo; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Njh;jy; kD
mspf;fg;gl;lhyd;wp ghuhSkd;wk; my;yJ khepy rl;lrigfSf;F eilngw;w Njh;jy;fspd;
kPJ Nfs;tp vOg;g KbahJ
10. Njh;jy; vd;Dk; nrhy; mjw;fhd mwpf;if ntspaplg;gl;l ehspy; ,ue;J mjd; KbTfs;
mwptpf;fg;gLk; ehs; tiu eilngWk; midj;J nray;fisAk; eilKiwfisAk;
cs;slf;fpaJ
11. ,t;tpjpapd; fPo; xU Njh;jypd; kPJ Nfs;tp vOg;gg;gl;L mJ Njh;jy; eilKiwia
ghjpj;jhy; [dehafj;jpd; nray;ghl;bw;fhf mr;rl;l ghpfhuj;ij Njh;jYf;F gpd;
xj;jpitf;f Ntz;Lk;
12. Njh;jy; eilKiwfis rhp nra;aNth mjpy; cs;s jilfis ePf;fNth njhiyf;fg;gl;l
my;yJ mopf;fg;gl;l Mjhuj;jpd; xU Kf;fpa gFjpia ghJfhf;fNth ePjpkd;wq;fspd;
cjtp ehlg;gl;lhy; ePjpj;Jiw ,jpy; jiyaplyhk; vd;W cr;rePjp kd;wk; xU Njh;jy;
Nky; KiwaPl;L tof;fpy; $wpaJ
njhFjpfis kWr;rPuikj;jy;: (Delimitation)
 ghuhSkd;w my;yJ rl;lkd;w njhFjpfspd; vy;iyfis xt;nthU njhFjpapYk;
Vwj;jho xNu vz;zpf;ifapy; kf;fs; ,Uf;Fk; tifapy; khw;wpaikj;jNy njhFjpfis
kWr;rPuikj;jy; vdg;gLk;
kWrPuikj;jypd; Nehf;fk;: (Purpose of delimitation)
 ehL KOtJk; cs;s Njh;jy; njhFjpfspilNa mtw;wpd; mstpy; cs;s NtWghLfis
fistNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;
ahUf;F fPo; kWrPuikj;jy; ,Uf;Fk;? (Who undertakes it?)

 njhFjpfspd; vy;iyfs; xt;nthU gj;J tUl kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpw;Fk; kf;fs;
njhifapy; cs; NtWghl;bid fUj;jpy; nfhz;L ,jw;nfd ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; rl;lj;jpd;
%yk; mikf;fg;gl;l kWr;rPuikg;G FOtpdhy; Muhag;gLk;. ,f;FOtpy; jiyik Njh;jy;
MizaUk; cr;rePjpkd;wk; my;yJ cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; ,d;dhs; my;yJ Kd;dhs;
ePjpgjpfs; ,UtUk; ,Ug;gh;
kWr;rPuikg;G kNrhjh 2002: (Delimitation Bill 2002)
    
,k;kNrhjh ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; kWr;ruP ikg;GFO mikf;ff;NfhhpaJ. ghuhSkd;w kf;fsit

TNPSC.News
my;yJ rl;lrigfspy ; ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy ; ve;j khw;wKk; ,y;yhtpl ;lhYk ;>
2001 Mk; Mz;bd; kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhhpd; kf;fs; njhifapy; Vw;
gl;Ls;s cah;it <Lfl;Ltjw;fhf jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lq;fspd; vz;zpf;
ifapy; NkYk; 7 ,lq;fs; Nrh;f;fg;gLk; vd;W vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ
nghJg;gzp Mizak;
(PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS)
tpjpfs; 315ypUe;J 323 tiuapyhdtw;wpy; nghJg;gzp Mizak; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ
 kj;jpa muRf;nfd;W xU nghJg;gzp MizaKk;> khepyq;fSf;F jdpahf nghJg;gzp
Mizaq;fSk; ,Uf;Fk;
 khepy nghJg ; gzp MizaKk ; kj ; jpa nghJg ; gzp Mizaj ; ij NghyNt
murpayikg ;gpdhy ; Neubahf cUthf ;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk ; rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepy rl;l
kd;wj;jpd; Nfhhpf ;ifapd ; Nghpy; ghuhSkd ;w rl;lj;jpd; %yk; $l;L khepy nghJg ;gzp
MizaKk; mikf;f KbAk;
 kj;jpa nghJg;gzp Mizak; khepy MSehpd; Nfhhpf;ifapd; NghpYk; FbauRj;
jiythpd; mDkjpapd; NghpYk; khepy NjitfisAk; G+h;j;jp nra;Ak;
 kj;jpa nghJg;gzp Mizak; jhd; kj;jpa Njh;thizak; MFk;
 ,J murpayikg;ghy; Neubahf mikf;fg;gl;ljhy; Rje;jpukhd mikg;ghFk;
 kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy nghJg;gzp Mizaq;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fs;
KiwNa FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; MSeh;fshy; epakpf;fg;gLth;
 ,jd; mikg;G FbauRj;jiyth; my;yJ MSeuhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;
 ,jd; cWg;gpdh;fspy; ghjpNgh; VNjDk; xU murhq;f Ntiyapy; Fiwe;jJ
10 tUlq;fSf;F gzpahw;wpath;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd murpayikg;G $Wfpd;wJ
 ,jd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; gzpfSf;fhd epge;jidfis FbauRj;jiytNuh my;
yJ MSeNuh jPh;khdpg;ghh;
 kj;jpa nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytUk; cWg;gpdh;fSk; 6 tUlq;fs; my;yJ 65
taJ ,uz;lby vJ Kjypy; epiwtilANkh mjd; tiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;gh;
 khepy kw;Wk; $l;L khepy nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytUk; cWg;gpdh;fSk; 6 tUlk;
my;yJ 62 taJ ,uz;by; vJ Kd;djhf epiwtilANkh mjd; tiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;gh;
 $l;L khepy nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytUk; cWg;gpdh;fSk; FbauRj;jiytuhy;
epakpf;fg;gLth;
 ,t;thzaj ;jpd; jiyth ; gjtp fhypahdhy ; Gjpa jiyth ; nghWg ;Ngw;Fk; tiu mthpd ;
gzpfis , jd ; xU cWg ; gpdh ; ftdpg ; ghh ;. me ; j cWg ; gpdh ; kj ; jpa nghJg ; gzp
Mizak; kw;Wk; $l;L khepy nghJg;gzp Mizakhf ,Ue;jhy; FbauRj;jiytuhYk;>
khepy nghJg;gzp Mizakhf ,Ue;jhy; MSeuhYk; epakpf;fg;gLthh;
 kj;jpa kw;Wk; $l;L khepy nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytUk; cWg;gpdh;
fSk; jq;fsJ uh[pdhkh fbjj;ij FbauRj; jiythplk; mspg;gjd; %yk; gjtp
tpyfyhk;.
    
Khepy nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytUk; cWg;gpdh;fSk; jq;fsJ uh[pdhkh

TNPSC.News
fbjj;ij MSehplk; mspj;J gjtp tpyfyhk;.
 nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytUk; cWg;gpdh;fSk; jq;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; Kbe;j gpd;
kPz;Lk; mg;gjtpapy; mku KbahJ
 nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytiu my;yJ VNjDk; xU cWg;gpdiu jtwhd
elj;ijapd; mbg;gilapy; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;. Mdhy; mf;Fw;wr;rhl;bid cr;r ePjp
kd;wk; Kiwg;gb tprhhpj;J mj;jifa mbg;gilapy; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;glyhk; vd;W
FbauRj;jiytUf;F mwpf;if mspj;jhy; mth; jdJ cj;jutpd; Nghpy; mth;fis gjtp
ePf;fk; nra;thh;
 FbauRj;jiyth; jdJ cj;jutpd; %yk; nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytiuAk;
cWg;gpdh;fisAk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilfspy; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;
 jpthyhdth; vd;W jPh;g;gspf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy;
 mtuJ gjtpf;fhyj;jpy; NtW VNjDk; rk;gsk; ngWk; Ntiyapy; <Lgl;bUe;jhy;
 kdk; my;yJ cly; ];jpuj;jd;ik ,y;yhjjhy; gjtpapy; ,uf;f ,ayhjth; vd;W
FbauRj;jiyth; fUjpdhy;
 jtwhd elj;ij vd;Dk; nrhy;iy murpayikg;Gk; ,k;KiwapNyNa tiuaWf;fpd;wJ
 kj;jpa nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiyth; kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspd; fPo;
Ntiyapy; epakpf;fg;glKbahJ
 khepy nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiyth; khepy nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd;
jiytuhfNth my;yJ cWg;gpduhfNth my;yJ NtW ve;j khepyj;jpd; nghJg;gzp
Mizaj;jpd; jiytuhfNth epakpf;fg;glyhk;. Mdhy; kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspd;
fPo; ve;j NtiyapYk; epakpf;fg;glf;$lhJ
 kj;jpa nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytuy;yhj xU cWg;gpdh; mjd; jiytuhfNth
my;yJ NtW khepy nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytuhfNth my;yJ kj;jpa
nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpduhfNth my;yJ jiytuhfNth epakpf;fg;glyhk;.
Mdhy; kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspd; fPo; ve;j NtiyapYk; epakpf;fg;glf;$lhJ
 gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhh; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf;F ,lq;fis xJf;fL
P nra;tJ
njhlh;ghd tptufhuq;fis nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpw;F mDg;g Ntz;bajpy;iy
 kj;jpa nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpw;F ghuhSkd;w rl;lj;jpd; %yKk; khepy nghJg;gzp
Mizaj;jpw;F rl;lrig ,aw;Wk; rl;lj;jpd; %yKk; $Ljy; gzpfs; toq;fg;gLk;
 jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fspd; rk;gsk; kw;Wk; nryTg;gbfs; cs;spl;l kj;jpa
nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; nryTfs; kj;jpa njhFg;G epjpapypUe;Jk; khepy nghJg;gzp
Mizaj;jpd; nryTfs; khepy njhFg;G epjpapypUe;Jk; vLf;fg;gLk;
 kj;jpa nghJg;gzp Mizak; jhd; nra;j Ntiyfspd; kPjhd mwpf;ifia Mz;L
NjhWk; FbauRj;jiythplk; rkh;g;gpf;Fk;. FbauRj;jiyth; mt;twpf;ifia
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; Kd;Gk; jhf;fy; nra;thh;

    
 khepy nghJg;gzp Mizak; jhd; nra;j Ntiyfspd; kPjhd mwpf;ifia Mz;LNjhWk;

TNPSC.News
MSehplk; rkh;g;gpf;Fk;. MSeh; mt;twpf;ifia khepy rl;lrigapd; Kd; jhf;fy;
nra;thh;
 $l;L khepy nghJg;gzp Mizak; xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; jhd; nra;j Ntiyfspd;
kPjhd mwpf;if rk;ge;jg;gl;l khpey MSeh;fsplk; rkh;g;gpf;Fk;. mth; mt;twpf;ifia
rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepy rl;lrigfspd; Kd; jhf;fy; nra;thh;
 Murpayikg;G nghJg;gzp Mizaj;ij jFjp Kiwapd; fz;fhzpg;ghsh; vd
fUJfpd;wJ
 kj;jpa nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; gzp MNyhrid mspg;gNj> KbntLg;gJ my;y.
jpl;lf;FO
(PLANNING
COMMISSION)
1. ,J ,e;jpa murpd; eph;thf jPh;khdj;jpd; %yk; 1950 Mz;L khh;r; 15-Mk; ehs;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ
2. 1946Mk; Mz;L K. C. epNahfp jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;l MNyhrid jpl;l thhpaj;jpd;
ghpe;Jiufspd; Nghpy; ,J mikf;fg;gl;lJ
3. ,J murpayikg;Gf;F mg;ghw;gl;l rl;l mikg;G my;yhj xU mikg;ghFk;
4. ,JNt ,e;jpahtpd; r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd jpl;lkpLjypy; cah;e;j
mq;fkhFk;
5. ,e;jpa gpujkNu jpl;lf;FOtpd; jiytuhthh;
6. ,jd; Jizj;jiytNu KONeu eph;thfj; jiyth; Mthh;
7. jpl;lf;FOtpd; Jizj;jiytNu Ie;jhz;L jpl;lq;fis jahhpf;fTk; mjid kj;jpa
Nfgpdl;bd; Kd; rkh;gg; pf;fTk; nghWg;Gilatuhthh;
8. ,th; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F kj;jpa Nfgpdl;lhy; epakpf;fg;gLthh;. NkYk; ,tUf;F
Nfgpdl; mikr;rhpd; me;j];J cz;L
9. mth; Nfgpdl;bd; cWg;gpduhf ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; mjd; midj;J Nfgpdl; $l;lq;fSf;Fk;
miof;fg;gLthh; (thf;Fhpik fpilahJ)
10. rpy kj;jpa mikr;rh;fs; ,f;FOtpd; gFjp Neu cWg;gpdh;fshf epakpf;fg;gLth;
11. epjp mikr;rUk; jpl;l mikr;rUk; mth;fspd; gjtpapd; fhuzkhf ,jd; cWg;gpdh;fshth;
12. ,f;FO 4ypUe;J 7 tiuapyhd KONeu cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
13. ,jd; KONeu cWg;gpdh; ,iz mikr;rh;fspd; me;j];jpid ngw;wth;fshth;
14. jpl;lf;FO xU cWg;gpdh; nrayiu nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mth; nghJthf xU %j;j I. V. v];
mjpfhhpahf ,Ug;ghh;
15. ,f;FO KOikahf kj;jpa mstpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; khepyq;fSf;F
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ,y;iy
16. jpl;l kjpg;gPL mikg;G 1952Mk; Mz;L jpl;lf;FOtpd; xU Rje;jpukhd myfhf
mikf;fg;gl;lJ
17. jpl;lf;FO MNyhrid toq;Fk; gzpapd nra;fpd;wJ
    
18. ,J #g;gh; Nfgpdl; vd;Wk;> nghUshjhu Nfgpdl; vd;Wk; ,iz Nfgpdl; vd;Wk;
TNPSC.News
tz;bapd; Ie;jhtJ rf;fuk; vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
19. jw;NghJ gjpNdhuhtJ jpl;lf;FOtpd; Jizj;jiyth; khz;nlq; rpq; mYthypah Mthh;
Njrpa Nkk;ghl;Lf; FO: (National Development Council)
1. ,f;FO Kjy; Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpd; ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy; ,e;jpa murpd; eph;thf
jPh;khdj;jhy; 1952Mk; mz;L Mf];l; khjk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ
2. ,J gpujkh; (,jd; jiyth;) midj;J Nfgpdl; mikr;rh;fs; midj;J khepy
Kjyikr;rh;fs;> A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; Kjyikr;rh;fs; my;yJ eph;thfpffs; kw;Wk;
jpl;lf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; MfpNahiu nfhz;lJ
3. jpl;lf;FOtpd; nrayNu ,jw;Fk; nrayuhf nray;gLthh;
4. khepyq;fspd; xj;Jiog;ig ngWtJk;> jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;JtJNK ,jd;
Nehf;fkhFk;
5. jpl;lf;FOtpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gLk; Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; Kjypy; kj;jpa murpd; Ngdpl;blk;
rkh;g;gpf;fg;gLk;. mjd; xg;Gjiyg; ngw;wgpd; ,f;FOtpd; mDkjpia ngWtjw;fhf
,f;FOtpd; Kd; itf;fg;gLk;
6. r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghL jpl;lq;fs; njhlh;ghd nfhs;if tptufhuq;fis
nghWj;jtiu Njrpa Nkk;ghl;L FONt ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mLj;jgbahf cs;s
mikg;ghFk;
7. ,f;FO jpl;lf;FOtpw;F MNyhrid toq;Fk; mikg;ghFk;
8. ,jd; ghpe;Jiufs; jpl;lf; FOtpid fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ
9. ,J kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfSf;Fk; ghpe;Jiufis mDg;Gk;
10. ,f;FO tUlj;jpw;F ,uz;L KiwahtJ $l Ntz;Lk;
11. kj;jpa muR> khepy muRfs; kw;Wk; jpl;lf;FO Mfpatw;Wf;fpilNa xU njhlh;G
ghykhf nray;gLtNj ,f;FOtpd; Kjy; gzpahFk;
EXTRA ACTS
1. National Commission for SC & ST Act – 1990
2. National Commission for SC & ST started on – 1922
3. National Commission for Women Act – 1990
4. National Commission for Women – 1992
,ju jiyg;Gfs;
(MISCELLANEOUS)
el;rj;jpu kw;Wk; el;rj;jpukw;w Nfs;tpfs;: (Starred and unstarred questions)

mitapy; xU cWg;gpdh; jdJ Nfs;tpfSf;F mikr;rh;fsplkpUe;J tha;nkhopapd;
%ykhf gjpiy Nfhhpdhy; mf;Nfs;tpfs; el;rj;jpuf; Nfs;tpfs; vdg;gLk;. mj;jifa
Nfs;tpfSf;F gpwF Jiz Nfs;tpfisAk; Nfl;fyhk;. Mitapy; xU cWg;gpdh; jdJ
Nfs;tpf;F mikr;rhplkpUe;J vOj;Jg;G+h;tkhd gjpiyf; Nfhhpdhy; mit el;rj;jpukw;w
    
Nfs;tpfs; vdg;gLk;. vOj;J %ykhf gjpyspf;fg;gl;l gpd; NkYk; Jizf; Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;f
TNPSC.News
KbahJ
Nfs;tp Neuk;: (Qustion Hour):
nghJthf xU mitapd; Kjy; xU kzp Neuk; Nfs;tp gjpy;fSf;fhf xJf;fg;gLk;.
me;NeuNk Nfs;tp Neuk; vdg;gLk;
ftd <h;g;G jPh;khdk;: (Calling Attention)
xU mtrukhd nghJ Kf;fpaj ;Jtk ; tha;e;j xU tptfhuj ;jpd; kPJ xU mikr ;rhpd;
ftdj ;ij <h;f;Fk; tifapy ; rghehafhpd ; Kd; mDkjpNahL nfhz ;Ltug;gLk; jPh ;khdkhFk ;.
mt;tptfhuj ;jpd; kPJ mikr ;rh; xU FWfpa mwpf ;if mspf ;fyhk ;. my;yJ gjpyspf ;f xU
kzp Neuk; my;yJ xU ehs; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy mtfhrk; Nfl;fyhk;. khepyq;fsitapy; ftd<h;g;
G jPh;khdk; eilKiw ,y;iy. mjw;F gjpyhf fhfpjj;jPh;khdk; cs;sJ
ghapd;l; M/g; Mh;lh;: (Point of Order)
,J mitapy ; vOg ; gg; gLk ; NghJ mitapd ; eilKiwfisAk ; mjd ; cWg ; gpdh ;
fSila nray;ghl;bidAk ; epWj;jf; $baJ. xU mitapd ; eilKiwfis xOq;F gLj;j
Njitahd tpjpfs; cj;juTfs ; Mfpatw ;iw eilKiwg ;gLj;Jtjpy; mitapd ; jiytUf ;F
cjTk;.
G+[;[pa Neuk;: (Zero Hour)
Nfs;tp Neuj;ij njhlh;e;J tUk;> cWg;gpdh;fs; nghJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;
e;j tptufhuq;fis vOg;gf;$ba NeuNk G+[;[pa NeukhFk;. Mdhy; ,J ghuhSkd;w
eilKiw kw;Wk; tpjpfspdhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; 1970fspy; ,Ue;J
eilKiwapy; cs;sJ. fhge;J muR: (Care-Taker Government)
xU murpd; gjtpf;fhyk; Kbtile;j gpd;dUk; Gjpa muR nghWg;Ngw;Fk; tiu mt;tuR
gjtpapy ; ,Uf;fyhk ;. vdNt xU murpd ; gjtpf ;fhyk ; Kbe ;j gpd;dUk ; Gjpa muR
nghWg;Ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tiu mt;tuR gjtpapy; ,Ue;jhy; mJ fhge;J muR vdg;gLk;. fhge;J
muRf;nfd rpy xOf;f fl;Lg;ghLfs; cs;sd. NkYk; ,J nghpa nfhs;if KbTfis vLf;f
$lhJ . Mdhy ; FbauRj ; jiyth ; fhge ;J murhy ; epiwNtw ;wg;gLk; kNrhjhf ;fis jpUg ;gp
mDg;gyhk;. 1996 Mk; Mz;L P. A. eurpk;kuhtpd ; fhge;J murhy ; epiwNtw ;wg;gl;l fpwp]; Jt
xJf;fL
P kNrhjhit FbauRj; jiyth; S. D. rh;kh epuhfhpj;jhh;.
,ilepiy murhq;fk;: (Interim Government)
,j;jifa murhq ;fk; xU ehl;bDila tuyhw ;wpd; ,ilepiy fl;lj;jpd; nghJ
mikf;fg;gLk;. ,J xU KOikahd muR NkYk; ,J vj;jifa KbtpidAk; vLf;fyhk;. ,e;
jpahtpy ; ,t;tuR ,e;jpa Rje;jpur;rl;lj;jpd; %yk; Mf]; l; 15 Mk; ehs; mikf;fg;gl;L 1952
Mk; Mz;L khh;r; khjk; tiu ,Ue;jJ
rpWghd;ik murhq;fk;: (Minotiry Government)
kf;fsitapy; jdJ nrhe;j ngUk;ghd;ik ,y;yhky; ntspapypUe;J Mjutspf;Fk;
fl;rpfspd ; JizNahL ,Uf;Fk;. muR rpWghd ;ik muR vdg;gLk; cjhuzkhf 1990-91Mk;
Mz;by; re;jpu Nrfh; muRk; 1996-97Mk; Mz;by; NjtfTlh kw;Wk; F[uhy; MfpNahhpd; muRk;>
fhq;fpu]; fl;rp muRf;F ntspapy; ,Ue;J mspj;j Mjutpd; %yk; Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;jd.
Contact
$l;lzp&muR:
WhatsApp No: 9626538744
(Coalition Government) Page 114
    
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fl;rpfs; ,ize;J rpy nghJthd Nehf;fq;

TNPSC.News
fSld; cUthf;Fk; muNr $l;lzp murhFk;. ,t;tuRf;F mitapy; jdJ nrhe;j ngUk;
ghd;ik ,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ ,y;yhkYk; ,Uf;fyhk;. jw;Nghija fhq;fpu]; muR xU $l;
lzp murhFk; Njrpa muR: (National Government)
,J $l;lzp murpd; xU KiwahFk ;. ,jpy; kf;fsitapy ; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; cs;s
fl;rpfSs; ngUk;ghYk; midj;J fl;rpfSNk gq;Nfw;Fk;. ,jpy; mitapy; vjph;fl;
rpNa ,Uf ; fhJ . ngUk ; ghYk ; ,ittifahd muR Njrpa gpur ; rpid Vw; gLk ; NghJ
mikAk ; ehl;bid ghjpf ;Fk; tptfhuq ;fspd ; mbg;gilapy ; Vfkdjhf ,j;jfia muR
mikAk; ,j;jifa muR ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; NghJ n[h;khdpa gilfis Njhw;
fbg;gjw;fhf 1940Mk; Mz;L ,q;fpyhe;jpy; tpd;]; ld; rh;r;rpy; mth;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;
lJ
epoy; mikr;ruit: (Shadow Government)
,J ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; vjph; fl;rpfshy; mikf;fg;gLk; mir;ruiria Fwpf;Fk;. ,
jd; cWg;gpdh;fsf;F nghWg;GfSk; gzpfSk ; xJf;fpjug;gLk;. mj;jifa cWg;gpdh;fs;
ghuhSkd ; w tpthjq ; fspd ; NghJ vjph ; fl; rpia topelj ; jp nry ; th;. ,J fhj ; jpUf ; Fk;
mikr;ruit vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. ,k;Kiw muir kl;Lkd;wp> jpwikahd vjph;fl;
rpiaAk; cUthf;f toptFf;fpd;wJ.NkYk; ,J vjph;fl;rp cWg;gpdh;fSf;F Ml;rp elj;j
mth;fs; vjph;fl;rpapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghNj gapw;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. ,k;Kiw ,uz;L murpay; fl;
rpfis kl;LNk nfhz ;l ghuhSkd ;w Kiwapy ; rhj;jpakhFk ;. ,J ,q;fpyhe ;jpy; ntw;
wpfukhf nray;gLfpd;wJ
njhq;F ghuhSkd;wk;: (Hung Parliament)
xU nghJj; Njh;jypy; VNDk; xU fl;rpNah my;yJ rpy fl;rpfspd; $l;lzpNah
Ml;rp mikf;ff; $ba epiyapy; ,y;yhj NghJ mg;ghuhSkd;wk; njhq;F ghuhSkd;wk;
vdg;gLk;
rk;gpujhaq;fs;: (Conventions)
,it vOj;J tbtpy; ,y;yhj ehl;bd; %d;W mq;fq;fisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jf;
$ ba eilKiwfshFk ;. (rl; lk ; ,aw ; Wk ; rig > ePjpj ; Jiw kw ; Wk ; eph; thfk ;)
cjhuzkhf FbauRj;jiyth; rk;gpujhag;gb kf;fsitapy; ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;w fl;rpia
kj;jpapy; Ml;rp mikf;f miog;ghh;
Njitf;Nfhl;ghL: (Doctrine of Necessity)
xU mjpfhhp ghugl;rkhf nray;gl;Ls;shh; vd;W re;Njfpf;f NghJkhd mbg;
gil ,Ue;jhYk;. mt;tjpfhhp jdJ mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;jp mj;jifa ,f;fl;lhd #o;
epiyia rkhspf ;fyhk; vd;W ,f;Nfhl;ghgL $Wfpd;wJ. ,f;Nfhl;ghL n[ayypjh tof;
fpy; cr;r ePjp kd;wj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
Cfj;jpd; tpjp: (Rule of Presumption)

Rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; rigfshy ; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fis vjph;g;gth;fs; mtw;iw
ghugl;rkhdit vd;W ep&gpj;jhy; md;wpm it murpayikg;gpd;gb nry;yj;jf;fitahfNt
Cfpf;fg;gLk;. Mdhy; ,t;tpjp #o;epiy re;jh;g;gq;fis nghWj;Nj gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
%d;W nkhop #j;jpuk; (Three Language Formula)
    
,J nkhopg; gpur;rpizf;fhf khepy muRfis fye;jhNyhrpj;J kj;jpa muR cUthf;fpa

TNPSC.News
#j;jpukhFk;. ,jd;gb xU khepy kf;fspd; jha;nkhop ,e;jpahf ,Ue;jhy; mk;khepyj;jpd; Mwhk;>
Vohk; kw;Wk; vl;lhTj tFg;G khzth;fSf;F Mq;fpyj;ij jtpu NtW xU njd;khepy nkhopia
gapw;Wtpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ,J ,e;jpahtpy; ntw;wpfukhdjhf ,y;iy. ,J mhpahd
khepyj;jpy; kl;Lk; ntw;wpfukhf nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,k;Kiwapy; njYq;F %d;whtJ
nkhopahf Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
ePjpj;Jiwapd; nray;ghL
(JUDICIAL ACTIVISM)
ehl;bd; kw;w mq;fq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s flikfis mit rhptu epiwNtw;WkhW

nra;Ak; ePjpj;Jiwapd; nray;ghL kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. kf;fs; eyed fUj;jpy;
nfhs;shky; nghWg;gw;w Kiwapy; eilngWk; eph;thfj;jpd; kPJ ePjpj;Jiw jdJ mjpfhuj;ij
gad;gLj;j KbAk;. eph;thfk; kw;Wk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; rig Mfpa ,U mq;fq;fspd; Gwf;fzpg;ghy;
xU ehl;bd; eph;thfk; ghjpf;fg;glf;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhf ,jid cr;r ePjpkd;wk; rkPg fhyq;fspy;
typAWj;jp tUfpd;wJ. ,J ePjpg;Gduha;tpy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;ljhFk;. Mdhy; ,J FWfpa
fhyj;jpw;F kl;LNk tuNtw;fg;glf; $baJ. ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F ,ij eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhy; %d;W
mq;fq;fSf;fpilNa mjpfhuq;fis gfph;e;jspf;f KiwiaNa ,J mopj;J tpLk;. Vnddpy;
,jd;gb ePjpj;Jiwf;F mjpf mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gLk;. vdNt ,jd; kPJ ePjpj;Jiw jhdhfNt
Rafl;Lg;ghLfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tNjhL ,ij nray;gLj;Jk; ePjpgjpfSf;F elj;ij
tpjpfisAk; tFf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ,jid filrp topahf kl;LNk gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
fl;Lg;ghLfspd; mtrpak;: (Need for restraint on Judicial Activism)
 cr;r ePjp kd;wk; mbg;gil chpikfis kPwy; my;yhj NtW tof;Ffis tprhhpj;J
jPh;g;G toq;fpajd; %yk; tpjpfs; 32 kw;Wk; 226 Mfatw;wpd; vy;iyfis njsptpy;yhky;
nra;J tpl;lJ
 fhy;eil jPtd tof;fpy; ghl;dh cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; nray;ghl;bid gw;wp cr;r ePjpkd;w
jiyik ePjpgjp J. S. th;kh mth;fNs jdJ fUj;ij ntspapl;Ls;shh;. gPfhh; Kjyikr;rh;
yhYgpurhj; ahjt;it ifJ nra;a ,uhZtj;jpd; cjtp ve;j #o;epiyfspd; fPo;
Nfhug;gl;lJ vd;W tprhhpf;f kj;jpa muRf;F cs;s chpikiag; gw;wp Nfs;tp
vOg;gg;gl;lNghJk; 1997Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; 27Mk; Njjp jdJ jPh;g;ig ntspapl;lJ
 kj;jpa Gyhdha;Tj; Jiwapd; ,af;Feuhf N[hfpe;jh; rpq;fpw;F gpwF R. C. rh;kh
epakpf;fg;gl;lij vjph;j;J jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;l kDit ghprPyidf;F vLj;j nly;yp
cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; KbT rhpahdJ my;y vd;W cr;r ePjpkd;wk; kiwKfkhfTk;
ehfhPfkhfTk; Rl;bf;fhl;baJ
jdpg;gl;l rl;lq;fs;: (Personal Law)
,it xU Fwpg;gpl;l r%fj;jpw;fhf kf;fspd; kj kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf
cUthf;fg;gl;l rl;lq;fshFk;. ,J kf;fspd; jdpg;gl;l rl;lq;fis xOq;FgLj;Jk;. Cjhuzkhf
jpUkzk;> tpthfuj;J> jj;njLg;G nrhj;jpd; chpikia Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; Nghd;witahFk;
    
jghy; %yk; thf;fspf;ff;$ba Fbkf;fs;: (Categories of the citizen who can vote by Post)
TNPSC.News
1. gzpapy; ,Uf;Fk; r%f Copah;fs;
2. gzpapy; cs;s ghJfhg;G giltPuh;fs;
3. murpay; fhuzq;fSf;fhf NtWehLfSf;F mDg;gg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fSk; mth;fsJ
FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fSk;
4. jLg;Gf; fhtypd; fPo; itf;fg;gl;bUg;gth;fs;
5. Njh;jy; Mizaj;jhy; mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l egh;fs;
Nfgpdl; me;j];J cila mYtyh;fs;: (Offices of the Cabinet Rank by the Statute)
1. jpl;lf; FOtpd; Jizj;jiyth;
2. kf;fsit rghehafh;
3. kf;fsit vjph;fl;rpj;jiyth;
4. epjpf;FO jiyth;
murpay; mikg;G – xU ghh;it (CONSTITUTION AT A GLANCE)
gFjp nghUs;fs; mlq;Fk; tpjpfs;

fs;
I ,e;jpahTk; mjd; gpuNjrKk; 1ypUe;J 4 tiu
II FbAhpik 5ypUe;J 11 tiu
III mbg;gil chpikfs; 12ypUe;J 35 tiu
IV muRf;nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;b newpfs; 36ypUe;J 51 tiu
IV-A mbg;gil flikfs; 51A
V kj;jpa murhq;fk; 52ypUe;J 151 tiu
mj;jpahak; I – eph;thfk; 52ypUe;J 78 tiu
mj;jpahak; II – ghuhSkd;wk; 79ypUe;J 122 tiu
mj;jpahak; III – FbauRj;jiythpd; rl;l mjpfhuq;fs; 123
mj;jpahak; IV - ,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiw 124ypUe;J 167
tiu
mj;jpahak; V – jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghL mjpfhhp 148ypUe;J 151
tiu
VI khepyq;fs; 152ypUe;J 237
tiu
mj;jpahak; I – nghJ 152
mj;jpahak; II – eph;thfk; 153ypUe;J 167
tiu
mj;jpahak; III – khepy rl;l rig 168ypUe;J 212
tiu

    
mj;jpahak; IV – Msehpd; rl;l mjpfhuq;fs; 213

TNPSC.News
mj;jpahak; V – cah;ePjp kd;wq;fs; 214ypUe;J 232
tiu
mj;jpahak; VI – fPo; ePjp kd;wq;fs; 233ypUe;J 237
tiu
VII Kjy; ml;ltizapd; gFjp By; cs;s khepyq;fs; 238
(ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
VIII A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; 239ypUe;J 242
tiu
IX gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; 243ypUe;J 243
tiu
IX-A efuhl;rpfs; 243P – 243ZG
X jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; goq;Fbapd gFjpfs; 244ypUe;J 244-A
tiu
XI kj;jpa> khepyq;fspilNaahd cwTfs; 245ypUe;J 263
tiu
mj;jpahak; I – rl;lk; rhh;e;j cwTfs; 245ypUe;J 255
tiu
mj;jpahak; II – eph;thfk; rhh;e;j cwTfs; 256ypUe;J 263tiu
XII epjp> nrhj;J> xg;ge;jfs; kw;Wk; tof;Ffs; 264ypUe;J 300-
Atiu
mj;jpahak; I – epjp 264ypUe;J 291
tiu
mj;jpahak; II – fld; 292ypUe;J 293
mj;jpahak; III – nrhj;J> xg;ge;jq;fs;> chpikfs;> 294ypUe;J 300
nghWg;Gfs;> flikfs; kw;Wk; tof;Ffs; tiu
mj;jpahak; IV – nrhj;Jhpik 300-A
th;j;jfk;> tzpfk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa gpuNjrj;Jf;Fs; 301ypUe;J 307
elf;Fk; ghpkhw;wk; tiu
XIII kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspd; fPohd gzpfs; 308ypUe;J 323
tiu
XIV mj;jpahak; I – gzpfs; 308ypUe;J 314
tiu
mj;jpahak; II – nghJg;gzp Mizak; 315ypUe;J 323
tiu
XIV- jPh;g;ghaq;fs; 323AypUe;J 323B
tiu
    
A
TNPSC.News
XV Njh;jy;fs; 324ypUe;J 329A
tiu
XVI jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;> goq;Fbapdh;> gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; 330ypUe;J 342
Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpah;fs; Nghd;w rpy gphptpdUf;fhd rpwg;G tiu
tpjpfs;
XVII Ml;rpnkhop 343ypUe;J 351
tiu
mj;jpahak; I – kj;jpa murpd; nkhop 343 kw;Wk; 344
mj;jpahak; II – kz;ly nkhopfs; 345ypUe;J 347
tiu
mj;jpahak; III – cr;rePjpkd;wk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; nkhopfs; 348 kw;Wk; 349
XVIII mj;jpahak; IV – rpwg;G topfhl;b newpfs;
XIX neUf;fb epiy tpjpfs; 350 kw;Wk; 351
kw;wit 352ypUe;J 360
tiu
XXI murpayikg;G jpUj;jq;fs; 361ypUe;J 367
tiu
XXII jw;fhypf> khw;wf;$ba kw;Wk; rpwg;G tpjpfs; 368
FWfpa gl;lk;> njhlf;fk;> ,e;jpapy; cs;s 369ypUe;J 392
mjpfhukspf;Fk; %ythf;fpak;> kw;Wk; ePf;fg;gl;lit tiu
393ypUe;J 395
tiu
murpayikg;G ml;ltizfs; (Schedules of the Constitution)
vz;fs; nghUs;fs; mlq;Fk; tpjpfs;

Kjy; 1. khepyq;fspd; ngah;fs; kw;Wk; mitfspd; 1 kw;Wk; 4
ml;ltiz gpuNjr mjpfhuq;fs;:
2tJ 2. A+dpak; gpuNjrq;fspd; ngah;fs; kw;Wk; 59> 65> 75> 97> 125>
ml;ltiz mitfps;d tp];jhpg;G gpd;tUgth;fspd; rk;gsk;> 148> 158> 164> 186
nryTg;gbfs;> rYiffs; Nghd;wtw;Wld; kw;Wk; 221
njhlh;Gila tpjpfs;:
1. FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk; khepy MSeh;fs;
2. kf;fsit rghehafh; kw;Wk; Jiz rghehafh;
3. khepyq;fsit jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizj;jiyth;
4. khepy rl;lrigfspd; rghehafh; kw;Wk; Jiz

    
rghehafh;
TNPSC.News
5. khepy rl;lNkyitfspd; jiyth; kw;Wk;
Jizj; jiyth;
6. cr;rePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; cah;ePjp kd;wq;fspd;
ePjpgjpfs;
7. ,e;jpa jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp
3tJ 3 gpd;tUgth;fSf;fhd cWjpnkhopapd; tbtq;fs; 75> 99> 124> 148>
ml;ltiz
1. kj;jpa mikr;rh;fs; 164> 188 kw;Wk; 219
2. ghuhSkd;w Njh;jypd; Ntl;ghsh;fs;
3. ghuHSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;
4. cr;r ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfs;
5. ,e;jpa jiyik jzpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhhp
6. khepy mikr;rh;fs;
7. khepy rl;lrig Njh;jypd; Ntl;ghsh;fs;
8. khepy rl;lrig cWg;gpdh;fs;
9. cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfs;
4tJ 4 khepyq;fsitapd; ,lq;fis khepyq;fSf;Fk;> 4 kw;Wk; 80
ml;ltiz A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; xJf;fL
P nra;jy;
5tJ 5 goq;Fbadg; gFjpfs; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapd 244
ml;ltiz kf;fspd; eph;thfk; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL njhlh;ghd
tpjpfs;
6tJ 6 m];]hk;> Nkfhyah> jphpGuh> kw;Wk; kpNrhuk; 244 kw;Wk; 275
ml;ltiz Mfpa khepyq;fspy; cs;s goq;Fbapdg;
gFjpfspd; eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;
7tJ 7 gl;bay; I (kj;jpa mjpfhug; gl;bay;)> gl;bay; 246
ml;ltiz II (khepy mjpfhug; gl;bay;)> gl;bay; III
(nghJ mjpfhug;gl;bay;) Mfpatw;wpd; gb kj;jpa
khepy muRfSf;fpilNa mjpfhuq;fis
gfph;e;jspj;jy;
8tJ 8 murpayikg;ghy; mq;ff

P hpf;fg;gl;l nkhopfis 344 kw;Wk; 351
ml;ltiz cs;slf;fpaJ. Kjypy; 14 nkhopfs; ,Ue;jd.
Mdhy; jw;NghJ 18 nkhopfs; cs;sd.
Mitahtd: 1. m];]hk; 2. ngq;fhyp 3. F[uhj;jp
4. ,e;jp 5. fd;dlk; 6. fh\;kPhp 7. Kiyahsk; 8.
kzpg;G+hp 9. kuhj;jp 10. nfhq;fdp 11. Neghsp 12.
Xhpah 13. gQ;rhgp 14. rk];fpUjk; 15. rpe;jp 16.

    
jkpo; 17. jkpo; 18. njYq;F kw;Wk; cUJ. ,e;jp

TNPSC.News
nkhop 21tJ jpUj;jk; rl;lk; 1967d; %yk;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. nfhq;fdp> kzpg;G+hp kw;Wk; Neghsp
Mfpait 71tJ jpUj;jr;rl;lk; 1992d; %yk;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
9tJ epyr; rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fSld; njhlh;Gila rpy 31-B
ml;ltiz rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; tpjp Kiwfis
nry;yj;jf;fitahfr; nra;jy;. mj;jia 284
rl;lq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,e;j ml;ltiz Kjy;
jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1951d; %yk; murpayikg;gpy;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ ,e;j ml;ltizapy; VNjDk; xU
rl;lj;ij ,izg;gjd; %yk; muR mjid ePjpj;
Jiwapd; Ma;tpypUe;J ghJfhf;fyhk;.
10tJ fl;rpj;jhtypd; mbg;gilapy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l 102 kw;Wk; 191
ml;ltiz cWg;gpdh;fs; jFjpapog;gJ njhlh;ghd tpjpfs; ,J
52tJ jpUj;jr;rl;lk; 1985d; %yk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
,J fl;rpj;jhty; jilr;rl;lk; vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLk;
11tJ gQ;rhaj;Jf;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs; flikfs; 243-G
ml;ltiz Mfpatw;iw Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; 29 nghUs;fs;
cs;sd. ,J 73tJ jpUj;jr;rl;lk; 1992d; %yk;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
12tJ efuhl;rpfspd; mjpfhuq;fisAk; flikfisAk; 243 - W
ml;ltiz Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; 18 nghUs;fs; cs;sd. ,J
74tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1992d; %yk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jr;rl;lq;fs; (1951 – 2002)

(The Constitutional Amendment Acts (1951 – 2002)
murpay;
mikg;G
tUlk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l tpjpfs; jpUj;jg;gl;lnghUs;
jpUj;j
vz;
1tJ 1951 15> 19> 85> 87> 174> 341> nghJ eyed fUj;jpy; nfhz;L rkj;Jt
342> 372> 376 tpjpfs; 31A> chpik jd;Dhpik kw;Wk; nrhj;Jhpik
31B NkYk; 9tJ Mfpait tiuaWf;fg; gl;ld. epyr;rhP ;jpUj;j
ml;ltiz rl;lj;ij ePjpkd;wq;fspy; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;F
,izf;fg;gl;lJ cl;gl;ljhf nra;tjw;fhf mJ 9tJ
ml;ltizapy; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

    
rl;lrigfspy; $l;lj; njhlh;fs;> ePjpgjpfspd;

TNPSC.News
epakdk; kw;Wk; ,lxJf;fPL njhlh;ghd
tpjpfSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld
2tJ 1953 81 ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; khepyq;fspd;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
3tJ 1954 7tJ ml;ltiz Rj;jpfhpf;fg;glhj gUj;jp> czT cw;gj;jp>
fhy;eil guhkhpg;G Nghd;wit nghJ
mjpfhug; gl;baYf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ
4tJ 1955 31> 31A> 305 kw;Wk; 9tJ nrhj;ij ifafg;gLj;Jk; NghJ mjw;F
ml;ltiz gjpyhf toq;fg;glNtz;ba e\;l <l;bd;
njhif Fwpg;gplg;glyhk;. NkYk; e\;l <l;bd;
njhif ePjpkd;wq;fspd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;F
mg;ghw;gl;lJ
5tJ 1955 tpjp 3 khepyq;fspd; ngah;fs; kw;Wk; vy;iyfs;
ghjpf;Fk; tifapy; nfhz;Ltug;glNghFk;
rl;lj;jpd; kPJ khepyq;fs; jq;fs; fUj;ij
njhptpf;f fhyf;nfL eph;zapf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
FbauRj;jiytUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ
6tJ 1956 269> 286> 7tJ Ml;ltiz khepyq;fspilNa th;j;jfj;jpy; rk;ge;jg; gl;l
gl;bay; I & II nghUs;fspd; kPJ thp tpjpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;lJ
7tJ 1956 49> 80> 81> 82> 131> 153> 1. 14 khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; 6 A+dpad;
158> 168> 170> 171> 216> gpuNjrq;fs; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;ld.
217> 220> 222> 224> 230> 2. kf;fsit khepyq;fsit kw;Wk; khepy
231> 232> 239> 240> 253> rl;lrigfspy; ,lq;fs; kW xJf;fPL
298> 371 Nrh;f;fg;gl;l nra;ag;gl;ld.
tpjpfs;: 290A> 350A> 350B> 3. nray; kw;Wk; $Ljy; ePjpgjpfis
372A> 378A epakpj;jy; kw;Wk; cah;ePjp kd;wq;fspd;
ePf;fg;gl;ltpjpfs;: 238> 242> mjpfhuk; gw;wpa tpjp
243> 259> 278> 306> 379> 80> 4. A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;fhd tpjpfs;.
2tJ> 4tJ kw;Wk; 7tJ 5. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> gQ;rhg;> kw;Wk; gk;gha;
ml;ltizfSk; Mfpa khepyq;fSf;F rpwg;G tpjpfs;.
ghjpf;fg;gl;ld
8tJ 1960 330> 332> 333> 334 jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;> goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk;
Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa r%fj;ij
Nrh;e;jth;fSf;fhf rl;lkd;wq;fspy;
xJf;fg;gl;l ,l xJf;fL
P 1970 tiu
ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ

    
9tJ 1960 Kjy; ml;ltiz ngUghp A+dpad; gFjpfis ghfp];jhDf;F

TNPSC.News
khw;WtJ njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;
10tJ 1961 240: Kjy; ml;ltiz jhjh; efh;`Ntyp ,e;jpahtpy;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ
11tJ 1961 66(1)> 71(4) FbauRj;jiyth;> Jizf; FbauRj;jiyth;
Njh;jYf;fhd Njh;jy; FO njhlh;ghd
tpjpfs;
12tJ 1962 tpjp 240> Kjy; Nfhth> lhkd;> ilA+ Mfpait ,e;jpahtpy;
ml;ltiz ,izf;fg;gl;ld
13tJ 1962 Tpjp 371A Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ ehfhyhe;Jf;F khepy me;j];J toq;fg;gl;lJ
NkYk; ehfhyhe;J khepyj;jpw;F rpwg;G
tpjpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld
14tJ 1962 239A> 240 (1)> ghz;br;Nrhp ,e;jpahtpd; A+dpad; gpuNjrkhf
Kjy; kw;Wk; 4tJ ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; me;j A+dpad;
ml;ltiz gpuNjrj;jpy; khepy rl;lrigiaAk;
mikr;ruitiaAk; mikf;f tpjpfs;
cUthf;fg;gl;ld
15tJ 1963 124> 128> 217> 222> 224> 1. cah;ePjp kd;w ePjpgjpfspd; Xa;T ngWk;
224A> 226> 297> 311> 316 taJ 60ypUe;J 62 Mf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ
VohtJ ml;ltiz 2. cah;ePjp kd;wq;fspd; Xa;Tngw;w
ePjpgjpfs; kPz;Lk; Ntiyapy; mkh;tjw;fhd
tpjpfs;
3. cah;ePjpkd;wq;fspd; mjpfhu tp];jhpg;G
16tJ 1963 19> 84> 174> 2tJ jdDhpikia tiuaWf;f khepyq;fSf;F
ml;ltiz mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ
17tJ 1964 31A> 9tJ ml;ltiz ePjpg;Gduha;T njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;
kWtiuaiw nra;ag;gl;ld
18tJ 1966 tpjp 3 khepyk; kWtiuaiw nra;ag;gl;lJ
19tJ 1966 tpjp 324 Njh;jy; jPh;g;ghaq;fs; mof;fg;gl;ld. Njh;jy;
gpur;rpidfs; njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;
20tJ 1966 tpjp 233A Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ khtl;l ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk; njhlh;ghd

tpjpfs; rpe;jp nkhop vl;lhtJ ml;ltizapy;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ
21tJ 1967 8tJ ml;ltiz A+dpad; gpuNjrk; Nkfhyah
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; m];]hk;
khepyj;jpw;fhd rpy rpwg;G tpjpfs;

    
22tJ 1969 tpjpfs; 244A kw;Wk; 371B rl;lrigapy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;> goq;Fbapdh;

TNPSC.News
Mfpait Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa r%fj;jpdUf;fhd
,l xJf;fPL 1980 tiu ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ
23tJ 1970 331> 332> 333> 334 rl;lrigapy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;> goq;Fbapdh;
kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa r%fj;jpdUf;fhd
,l xJf;fLP 1980 tiu ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ
24tJ 1971 tpjp 13> 368 mbg;gil chpikfs; cs;spl;l
murpayikg;gpd; ve;j xU gFjpiaAk;
jpUj;Jk; mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ
25tJ 1971 tpjp 31> tpjp 31C tpjp 39d; $wg;gl;Ls;sgb mbg;gil
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ chpikfs; topfhl;b newpfSf;F
fPohditahf itf;fg;gl;ld
26tJ 1971 tpjp 312A Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ murh;fspd; rYiffs; mopf;fg;gl;ld
NkYk; tpjp 314
ePf;fg;gl;lJ
27tJ 1971 tpjp 239B kw;Wk; 371C tlfpof;F khepyq;fspd; kW fl;likg;G
Mfpait Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld
28tJ 1972 tpjp 312A Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa r%fg;gzpfspd; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F
tpjp 314 ePf;fg;gl;lJ toq;fg; gl;l rYiffs; xopf;fg;gl;ld
29tJ 1972 Xd;gjhtJ ml;ltiz Nfus khepy rl;lrigapdhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l
epyr;rhP ;j;jpUj;jr; rl;lk; xd;gjhtJ
ml;ltizapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
30tJ 1972 tpjp 133 Rptpy; tof;Ffs; cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; Nky;
KiwaPL nra;a mt;tof;fpd; kjpg;G 20>000
&gha;f;F Nky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
tiuaiw ePf;fg;gl;lJ
31tJ 1973 tpjpfs; 81> 330 kw;Wk; 332 kf;fsitapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if
525ypUe;J 545 Mf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ
32tJ 1973 tpjp 371 ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ Me;jpug;gpuNjr khepyj;jpw;fhd rpwg;G tpjpfs;
kw;Wk; 371D> 371E
Mfpait Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld
33tJ 1974 tpjpfs; 101> 190 xU ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdhpd; uh[pdhkh
fbjj;ij mitj; jiyth; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd;W fl;lhakpy;iy vd;gjw;fhd
thp
34tJ 1974 Xd;gjhtJ ml;ltiz Xd;gjhtJ ml;ltiz tp];jhpf;fg;gl;lJ

    
35tJ 1974 tpjp 80 ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. rpf;fpk; ,e;jpahtpd; xUq;fpize;j khepykhf

TNPSC.News
tpjp 371F kw;Wk; gj;jhtJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
ml;ltiz
,izf;fg;gl;lJ
36tJ 1974 tpjp 80 ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. rpf;fpkpw;F xU KOikahd khepyj;jpd;
tpjp 371F Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. me;j];J toq;fg;gl;lJ
NkYk; 10tJ ml;ltiz
ePf;fg;gl;lJ
37tJ 1975 tpjp 239A kw;Wk; 240 mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrj;jpy; khepy
rl;lrigiaAk; mikr;ruitiaAk;
mikg;gjw;fhd tpjpfs;
38tJ 1975 tpjp 123> 213> 239> 239B> FbauRj;jiyth;> MSeh; kw;Wk; Lt MSeh;
352> 356> 359> 360 MfpNahuhy; ntspaplg; gl;l mtrur;rl;lk;>
ePjp kd;wq;fspd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;F
mg;ghw;gl;ljhf Mf;fg;gl;lJ
39tJ 1975 tpjp 71> 329 Mfpait FbauRj;jiyth;> Jizf;FbauRj; jiyth;>
ghjpf;fg;gl;ld tpjp 391A gpujkh; kw;Wk; kf;fsit rghehafh;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; MfpNahhpd; Njh;jy;fis ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
ml;ltiz X ePf;fg;gl;lJ vjph;f;f KbahJ
40tJ 1976 tpjp 31B> kw;Wk; Xd;gjhtJ ml;ltizapy; Gjpa tptfhuq;fs;

297
xd;gjhtJ ml;ltiz ,izf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s
Mfpait ghjpf;fg;gl;ld ejpfspd; ePh; kPJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ
41tJ 1976 Tpjp 316 (2) khepy kw;Wk; $l;L khepy nghJg;gzp
Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; Xa;T ngWk;
taJ 60ypUe;J 62Mf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ
42tJ 1976 Kfg;Giu tpjp 31> 31C> 39> 1. kjr;rhh;gw;w rkj;Jt kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j
55> 74> 77> 81> 82> 83> 100> Mfpa thh;j;ijfs; Kfg;Giuapy;
102> 103> 105> 118> 145> Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld
150> 166> 170> 172> 189> 2. murpayikg;Gj;jpUj;jj;jpd; nry;yj;jf;f
191> 192> 194> 208> 217> jd;ikapd; kPJ ve;j ePjp kd;wj;jpYk; Nfs;tp
225> 226> 227> 228> 311> vOg;g KbahJ 368 (A)
312> 330> 352> 353> 356> 3. muRf; nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;b newpfspd;
357> 358> 359> 366> 368> tp];jhpg;G
371F kw;Wk; VohtJ 4. mbg;gil chpikfis tpl muRf;
ml;ltiz tpjp 31D> 32A> nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;b newpfSf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ
39A> 43A> 48A> gFjp IVA
5. mbg;gil flikfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld
    
(tpjp 51A)> 139A> 6.

131A> mbg;gil chpikfspd; kPjhd
TNPSC.News
144A> 226A> 228A> 257A> fl;Lg;ghLfs; mjpfhpf;fg;gl;ld
7. kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy rl;l rigfspd;
gFjp XIVA> 323A> kw;Wk;
gjtpf;fhyk; Njrpa neUf;fb epiyapd; NghJ
423A Mfpait
6 tUlq;fshf mjpfhpf;fg;gl;lJ
Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld
8. njhopw;rhiyfspd; eph;thfj;jpy;
njhopyhsh;fSk; gq;Nfw;f nra;tjw;fhf
tpjpfs; tFf;fg;gl;ld
9. ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpg;Gduha;T mjpfhuk;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ
10. Rw;Wr;#oy;> tdk; kw;Wk;
tdtpyq;Ffspd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd tpjpfs;
11. Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; ,isQh;fis
Ruz;lypy; ,Ue;J fhf;Fk; tpjpfs;
njhFjpfis kWrPuikg;gJ 2001Mk; tUlk;
tiu 1971MK; Mz;bd; kf;fs; njhifapd;
mbg;gilapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
$l;lq;fis elj;j Fiwe;j gl;r
cWg;gpdh;fspd; tUif mtrpakpy;iy
14. tpjp 32Ad; fPo; khepy muRfSila
rl;lq;fspd; nry;yj;jf;f jd;ikia MuhAk;
cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; ePf;fg;gl;lJ
15. ePjpkd;wq;fspd; nray;ghl;by; [_hp
Kiwf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
16. mikr;ruitapd; mwpTiuapd;gb
FbauRj;jiyth; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;
17. ve;j xU khepyj;jpw;Nfh (m) xU
khepyj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpf;Nfh rl;lk;
xOq;if epiy ehl;Ltjw;fhf kj;jpa
gilfis mDg;g kj;jpa muRf;F mjpfhuk;
mspf;fg;gl;lJ. mg;gilfspd; fl;Lg;ghL
kj;jpa murplNk ,Uf;Fk;
18. neUf;fb epiy tpjpfs; (m) Njrpa
neUf;fb epiyia ,e;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpd; xU
gFjpapy; gpufldk; nra;ayhk;. (M)
FbauRj;jiythpd; Ml;rp xU jilt
ePbf;Fk; fhyk; 6 khjj;jpypUe;J xU
    
tUlkhf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ
TNPSC.News
19. tdk; kw;Wk; tdtpyq;Ffs; ghJfhg;G>
fy;tp> vil kw;Wk; msTfs;> kf;fs; njhif
fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw eph;thfk; Nghd;w
rpy nghUs;fs; nghJ mjpfhug;gl;baypw;F
khw;wg;gl;ld
20. nghJ Copah;fSf;fhf eph;thf
jPh;g;ghaq;fis mikg;gJ njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;
43tJ 1978 tpjp 145> 226> 228> 366 1. ePjpj;Jiwapd; chpikfSk; mjpfhuq;fSk;
Mfpait ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. fhf;fg;gl;ld.
31D> 32A> 131A> 144A> 2. ePjpg;Gduha;Tf;F Gj;Japh; mspf;fg;gl;lJ
226A> 228A Mfpait 3. xU mikg;ig Njrj;jpw;F vjpuhdJ vd;W
ePf;fg;gl;ld mwptpf;f ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F ,Ue;j mjpfhuk;
ePf;fg;gl;lJ
44tJ 1978 tpjp 19> 20> 30> 31A, 38, 1. nrhj;jpd; kPjhd mbg;gil chpik
74, 77, 83, 105, 123, 132, ePf;fg;gl;lJ
2. kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy rl;lrigfspd;
133, 134, 139A, 150, 166,
gjtpf;fhyk; 5 tUlq;fshf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ
172, 194, 213, 217, 226, 227,
3. ghuhSkd;w kw;Wk; khepy rl;lrigfspd;
239A, 327, 352, 356, 358, cWg;gpdh;fSila jFjpfspd; kPjhd
359, 360, 371F kw;Wk; 9tJ gpur;rpidfs; KiwNa FbauRj;jiyth;
ml;ltiz Mfpait kw;Wk; MSeuhy; KbT nra;ag;gLk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ld 4. rl;lrigfspd; $l;lq;fis elj;j
tpjp 19(i), (f), 31, 257F, 329, Njitahd Fiwe;j gl;r cWg;gpdh;fspd;
Mfpait ePf;fg;gl;ld. vz;zpf;if gw;wpa tpjpfs; 42tJ
tpjp 71> 103> 192 Mfpait jpUj;jj;jpw;F Kd;G ,Ue;jthNw khw;wg;gl;ld
Gj;Japh; mspf;fg;gl;ld. 5. FbauRj;jiyth; kw;Wk;
tpjp 134A> 330AgFjp Jizf;FbauRj;jiythpd; Njh;jy; gw;wpa
XIId; mj;jpahak; IV rh;ri
; rfspd; kPJ cr;rePjpkd;wKk;>
ghuhSkd;w kw;Wk; khepy rl;lrigfspd;
kw;Wk; 361A Mfpait
cWg;gpdh;fSila Njh;jypy; Vw;gLk;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld
rh;ri
; rfspd; kPJ cah;ePjp kd;wq;fSk;
KbntLf;Fk; vd;W $wg;gl;lJ.
6. Nfgpdl;bd; vOj;Jg;G+h;tkhd ghpe;Jiuia
ngw;whyd;wp Njrpa neUf;fb epiyia
gpufldk; nra;a KbahJ
7. thOk; chpik> jd;Dhpik kw;Wk;
gj;jphpf;if Rje;jpuk; Mfpait kPz;Lk;
toq;fg;gl;ld
    
45tJ 1980 tpjp 330> 332> 333 kw;Wk; khepy rl;lrigfspy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;
TNPSC.News
334 goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa
r%fj;jpdUf;F toq;fg;gl;l ,l xJf;fL P
NkYk; 10 tUlq;fSf;F ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ
46tJ 1982 tpjp 269> 286> kw;Wk; 7tJ khepy muRfshy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l tpw;gid thp
ml;ltiz kWrPuikg;G nra;ag;gl;lJ
47tJ 1984 9tJ ml;ltiz epyr;rhP ;j;jpUe;jq;fs; njhlh;ghd 14 Gjpa
tpjpfs; 9tJ ml;ltizapy;
,izf;fg;gl;ld
48tJ 1984 tpjp 356 gQ;rhgpy; mkyhf;fg;gl;l FbauRj;jiythpd;
Ml;rp ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;F ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ
49tJ 1984 tpjp 244> ml;ltizfs; V jphpGuh khepy goq;Fbapd gFjpfis gw;wp
kw;Wk; VI Mfpait rl;lq;fs; ,aw;w ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; jphpGuh
ghjpf;fg;gl;l
; d khepy rl;lrigf;Fk; mjpfhuk; cz;L
50tJ 1984 tpjp 33 MAjg; gilfspd; cWg;gpdh;fSila

mbg;gil chpikfis rl;lj;jpd; %yk;
fl;Lg;gLj;j ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk;
mspf;fg;gl;lJ
51tJ 1984 tpjp 330 kw;Wk; 332 m];]hk; khepyj;jpd; jd;dhl;rp gFjpfspy;
cs;s ,lq;fis jtpu ghuhSkd;w
kf;fsit kw;Wk; tlfpof;F khepyq;fspd;
rl;lrigfspy; cs;s rpy ,lq;fis
mk;khepyq;fis Nrh;e;j jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;
kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf;F xJf;fL P nra;jy;
52tJ 1985 tpjp 102> 190> 191 fl;rpj;jhty; jilr;rl;lk; njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;
Mfpait ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. murpayikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;ld
ml;ltiz X
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
53tJ 1986 ml;ltiz I ,e;jpahtpd; 23tJ khepykhf kpNrhuk;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ
54tJ 1986 ml;ltiz II cr;rePjp kd;w kw;Wk; cah;ePjp kd;wq;fspd;
ePjpgjpfspd; rk;gsKk; gbfSk;
cah;j;jg;gl;ld
55tJ 1986 ml;ltiz I ,e;jpahtpd; 24tJ khepykhf mUzhr;ry
gpuNjrk; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ
56tJ 1987 ml;ltiz I ,e;jpahtpd; 25tJ khepykhf Nfhth
,izf;fg;gl;lJ
57tJ 1987 gFjp XXII kw;Wk; tpjp 332 kpNrhuhk;> ehfhyhe;J> Nkfhyah> mUzhr;ry

    
Mfpait ghjpf;fg;gl;ld gpuNjrk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;

TNPSC.News
kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf;F kf;fsitapYk;
mk;khepyq;fspd; rl;lrigfspYk; toq;fg;gl;l
,lxJf;fL P NkYk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
58tJ 1987 tpjp 394A Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ murpayikg;gpd; mjpfhu %y thf;fpak;
,e;jpahtpy; ,Ug;gjw;fhd tpjpfs;
59tJ 1988 tpjp 356> 352> 21 kw;Wk; 1. gQ;rhg;gpd; FbauRj;jiyth; Ml;rpf;fhyk;
358 Mfpait 3 tUlq;fs; tiu ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ
ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. 2. cs;ehl;L neUf;fb epiyia
tpjp 359A Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ gpufldg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tpjpfs;
3. gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; kl;Lk; neUf;fb
epiyapd; NghJ thOk; chpikAk;>
jd;DhpikAk; jw;fhypfkhf ePf;fg;gLk;
60tJ 1988 tpjp 276 cs;ehl;L mjpfhhpfshy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; njhopy;
thpapd; mjpfgl;r njhif 250 &ghapypUe;J
2500 &ghahf mjpfhpf;fg;gl;lJ
61tJ 1988 tpjp 326 thf;Fhpik ngWtjw;fhd taJ tuk;G
21ypUe;J 18 Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ
62tJ 1989 tpjp 334 kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy rl;lrigfspd;
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk;
Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa r%fj;jpdUf;F
toq;fg;gl;l ,lxJf;fL P NkYk; 10
tUlq;fSf;F ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ
63tJ 1989 tpjp 356 ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; neUf;fb epiyapd; NghJ
tpjp 359A ePf;fg;gl;lJ thOk; chpikAk; jd;DhpikAk; jw;fhypfkhf
epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;lJ
64tJ 1990 tpjp 356 gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; FbauRj;jiyth; Ml;rp
(1987> Nk 11 Mk; ehs; mkyhf;fg;gl;lJ)
NkYk; 6 khjq;fSf;F ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ
65tJ 1990 tpjp 338 jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf;fhd
Njrpa FOtpw;F murpayikg;G me;j];J
toq;fg;gl;lJ
66tJ 1990 ml;ltiz IX epyr;rhP ;j;jpUj;jq;fs; njhlh;ghf
khepyq;fspdhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l 25 rl;lq;fs;
9tJ ml;ltizapy; ,izf;fg;gl;ld
67tJ 1990 tpjp 356 (4) gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; FbauRj;jiyth; Ml;rp
mkyhf;fg;gl;l ehspy; ,Ue;J (1987> Nk 11)
4 tUlq;fSf;F ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ

    
68tJ 1991 tpjp 356 (4) gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; FbauRj;jiyth; Ml;rp 5

TNPSC.News
69tJ 1991 tpjp 239AA kw;Wk; 239AB nly;yp A+dpad; gpuNjrk;> nly;yp Njrpa
Mfpait Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld jiyefh; gpuNjrk; vd ngah; khw;wg;gl;lJ.
NkYk; nly;ypf;F 70 ,lq;fis nfhz;l
khepy rl;lrig toq;fg;gl;lJ
70tJ 1992 tpjp 54 nly;yp kw;Wk; ghz;br;Nrhpapd; rl;lrig
cWg;gpdh;fSf;F FbauRj;jiyth; Njh;jypy;
gq;Nfw;f chpik toq;fg;gl;lJ
71tJ 1992 ml;ltiz VIII Neghsp> nfhq;fdp kw;Wk; kzpg;G+hp Mfpa
nkhopfs; vl;lhtJ ml;ltizapy;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld
72tJ 1992 tpjp 322 jphpGuh khepy rl;lrigapy; goq;FbapdUf;F
xJf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ,lq;fis rl;lg;gb
KbT nra;jy;
73tJ 1992 tpjp 243f;F Gj;jJaph; gQ;rhaj;J uh[;[pa mikg;Gfspd; mikg;G
mspf;fg; gl;lJ kw;Wk; Njh;jy;fs; epjp kw;Wk; gzpfs; njhlh;ghd
ml;ltiz XI tpjpfs;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ
74tJ 1992 tpjp 243f;F Gj;Japh; cs;shl;rpfspd; mikg;G> Njh;jy;fs;> epjp
mspf;fg; gl;lJ. kw;Wk; gzpfs; njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;
ml;ltiz XII
,izf;fg;gl;lJ
75tJ 1994 tpjp 323 tPl;L chpikahsUf;Fk;> thliff;F
FbapUg;NghUf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gLk;
gpur;rpidfis tpiuthf jPh;g;gjw;fhf rpwg;G
eph;thf jPh;g;ghaq;fis mikg;gjw;fhd tpjpfs;
76tJ 1994 ml;ltiz IX ,lxJf;fL P njhlh;ghf jkpo;ehL rl;lrigahy;
,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; 9tJ ml;ltizapy;
,izf;fg;gl;ld
77tJ 1995 tpjp 16 (4A) nghJg;gzpfspy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk;
goq;FbapdUf;F gjtp cah;Tfs; mspg;gJ
njhlh;ghd tpjpfs;
78tJ 1995 ml;ltiz IX gy khepyq;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rpy
epyr;rhP ;jpUj;j rl;lq;fs; 9tJ ml;ltizapy;
,izf;fg;gl;ld
79tJ 1999 tpjp 334 kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy rl;lrigfspy;
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;> goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk;

    
Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa r%fj;jpdUf;F

TNPSC.News
toq;fg;gl;l ,l xJf;fLP NkYk; 10
80tJ 2000 tpjp 268> 269> 270> 272 gj;jhtJ epjpf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiyia
mbg;gilahf nfhz;L kj;jpa khepy
muRfspilNa thpfis gfph;ejspf;f
khw;WKiw Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
81tJ 2000 tpjp 16 Murpayikg;gpd; tpjp 16d; fPo;
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapd
kf;fSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;L fhypahf cs;s
,lq;fs; gpd;tUk; tUlk; my;yJ
tUlq;fspy; epug;gg;gl Ntz;ba rpwg;G
fhypaplq;fshf fUjg;gLk;
82tJ 2000 tpjp 335 jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;FbapdUf;F
Njh;Tfspy; ngwNtz;ba jFjp
kjpg;ngz;fis jsh;j;Jjy;> gjtp cah;Tf;F
Njitahd jFjpfis Fiwj;jy;> kw;Wk;
kj;jpa khepy Ntiyfs; njhlh;ghd
tptfhuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; rYiffis
mspg;gjw;fhf khepy muR tpjpfis
tFg;gij tpjp 335 jilnra;ahJ
83tJ 2000 tpjp 243M mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrj;jpy; xU gQ;rhaj;jpy;
trpf;Fk; kf;fs; midtUk; goq;Fbapduhf
,Ue;jhy; mg;gQ;rhaj;jpy;
jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;F ,l xJf;fPL toq;f
Njitapy;iy.
84tJ 2000 tpjp 1> 2 kw;Wk; rl;b];fh;> cj;jhuhQ;ry; kw;Wk; [hh;fz;l; Mfpa
ml;ltizfs; I, IV khepyq;fspd; cUthf;fk;
85tJ 2002 tpjp 16 (4A) jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdhpd; gjtp cah;T

njhlh;ghd xJf;fL
P kPz;Lk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
murpayikg;G kw;Wk; murpay; thh;j;ijfs;

CONSTITUTIONAL AND POLITICAL TERMS
Xj;jpitg;Gj; jPh;khdk; (Adjournment Motion):
rl;lrigapd; epfo;rr
; pfs;> nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s epfo;rr
; p epuypd;gbNa elf;Fk;. Mdhy; nghJ
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xU mtrukhd tp\aj;ij rl;lrigapd; Kd; nfhz;L te;J> xj;jpitg;G
jPh;khdj;jpd; %yk; rl;lrigapd; tof;fkhd eilKiwapy; FWf;fpl;L mt;tp\aj;ij
tpthjpf;fyhk;. Xj;jpitg;G jPh;khdk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F mjid mitapd; cWg;gpdh;fSs;

    
Fiwe;jJ 50 NguhtJ topnkhopa Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jPh;khdk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lhy; rigapd;

TNPSC.News
tof;fkhd eilKiw epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;L mj;jPh;khdj;jpdhy; vOg;gg;gl;l tptfhuk;
tpthjpf;fg;gLk;. ,j;jPh;khdj;jpd; Nehf;fk; nghJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xU mtrukhd
tptfhuj;ij tpthjpf;f rigf;F xU tha;g;gspg;gNj MFk;. mt;tptfhuk; epr;rakhdjhTk;>
cz;ikia mbg;gilahf nfhz;ljhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;tptfhuj;jpd; kPjhd tpthjk;
1600 kzpNeuk; eilngWk;. NkYk; ,uz;liu kzpNeuk; ePbf;Fk;. tpthjj;jpd; Kbtpy;
thf;nfLg;G eilngWk; thf;nfLg;G rigapy; MSk; fl;rpapd; gyj;ij ntspf;fhl;Ltjhy;
mitapy; xj;jpitg;G jPh;khdk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtij MSk; fl;rp jLf;f ,aYk;.
epwntwp nfhs;if (Aparthied):
,jw;F jdpahf it vd;WnghUs;. ,f;nfhs;if njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpd; nts;is
,dj;jthpd; Ml;rpapy; fWg;gpd kf;fSf;F vjpuhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,f;nfhs;if nts;is
,d kf;fspd; gFjpfs;> gs;spfs;> kUj;Jtkidfs; kw;Wk; nghJ ,lq;fspy; fWg;gpd kf;fs;
Eioa jil> r%f chpikfs;> Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; murpay; eilKiw Mfpatw;wpy; ghugl;rk;
Nghd;w gy tbtq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpy; ,f;nfhs;if 1990Mk; Mz;L
KbTf;F te;jJ. jw;NghJ me;ehL fWg;gpd ngUk;ghd;ik murhy; Msg;gLfpd;wJ.
taJ te;Njhh; thf;Fhpik (Adult Franchise):
[dehaf ehLfspy; Fwpg;gpl;l taij mile;j midj;J Fbkf;fSf;Fk; [hjp> ,d> epw>
kj kw;Wk; ghypd NtWghbd;wp thf;Fhpik toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. thf;Fhpik ngWtjw;fhd taJ
tuk;G xt;nthU ehl;bYk; NtWgLk;. cjhuzkhf ,e;j taJ tuk;G mnkhpf;fhtpYk;>
u\;ahtpYk; 18Mf cs;sJ. ,e;jpahtpy; ,t;taJ tuk;G 21ypUe;J 18Mf 61tJ murpayikg;G
jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa taJ tuk;gpid eph;zapg;gjw;fhd fhuzk; xU
egh; ,t;taij mile;j gpd;dh; jdJ thf;Fhpikia ed;Kiwapy; jdJ mwpTilikapd;gb
nray;gLj;Jthh; vd;gNjahFk;. vdNt taJte;Njhh; thf;Fhpik vd;gJ cyfj;jpw;Nf nghJthd
xU eilKiwahFk;. Fwpg;gpl;l taij mile;j midtUf;Fk; thf;Fhpik mspg;gjpy; vt;tpj
ghFghLk; fpilahJ.
murpd;ik (Anarchy):
,J ve;j xU murhq;fKk; ,y;yhj> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp eilngwhj #o;epiyia Fwpf;Fk;.
,jd; njhlh;r;rpahf rl;lkpd;ik gyKs;sth;fs; ed;whf ,Ug;gh;. gykw;wth;fs; Jd;gg;gLthh;fs;.
mdhh;fp]k; (Anarchism):
xU muNrh my;yJ rl;lNkh my;yJ xU mjpfhhpNah jdpkdpj Rje;jpuj;ij mlf;fp
jdpkdpj kw;Wk; r%f Nkk;ghl;bw;F jilfis cUthf;f KbAk; vd;W rpy murpay;
rpe;jidthjpfs; thjpLfpd;wdh;. vdNt mth;fs; muNrh> rl;lNkh my;yJ mjpfhhpNah ,y;yhj
xU epiyia Mjhpf;fpd;wdh;. ,e;j #o;epiy murpd;ikf;F rkkhdjhFk;. ,j;jifa
NahridfNs mdhh;fp]hk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. Kjy; tif td;Kiw

    
topfspd; %ykhf vjph;fhy r%fj;ij mikg;gJ. ,uz;lhtJ tif mikjpahd topfspd; %

TNPSC.News
ykhf mj;jifa r%fj;ij mikg;gJ kfhj;kh fhe;jp jj;Jt mdhh;fp];l; Mthh;.
nghJ kd;dpg;G (Amnesty):
,J Fw;wthspfSf;Fk; rpiwf;ifjpfSf;Fk; murhq;fk; nghJthd topapy; kd;dpg;G toq;
Ftij Fwpf;Fk;. NkYk; mth;fs; jq;fspd; kPjhd Fw;wr;rhl;LfspypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gLth;. ngUk;
ghYk; murpay; ifjpfSf;Nf nghJ kd;dpg;G toq;fg;gLk;.
,uh[;[paj;ij iftpLjy; (Abdiction):
xU murNuh my;yJ Ml;rpahsNuh jdJ mjpfhu fphPlj;ij my;yJ gjtpia jhdhf
Kd; te;J jdf;Fgpd; tUgtUf;F mspj;jy; ,uh[;[paj;ij iftpLjyhFk;
jw;fhypf Nghh; epWj;jk; (Armistice):
,J Nghhpy; <Lgl;Ls;s ,uz;L ehLfspilNaahd xg;ge;jj;ij Fwpf;Fk;. ,jd;gb tpNuhj
kdg;ghd;ik cs;s ,UehLfs; jq;fspd; tpNuhjj;ij tpl;Ltpl;L MNyhridfisAk;> fUj;
Jf;fisAk; gu];guk; ghpkhwpf;nfhs;s xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhs;th;. ,jw;Fk; rz;il epWj;jj;
jpw;Fk; NtWghL cz;L. rz;il epWj;jk; vd;gJ jw;fhypfkhdjhFk;. NkYk; ,jpy; Nghh; my;yJ
jhf;Fjyhy; Vw;gLk; uhZt tpNuhjq;fs; kl;LNk iftplg;gLk;. Mdhy; Nghh; epWj;jk; vd;gJ ,U
ehLfspilNaahd mikjp xg;ge;jkhFk;.
jd;dhl;rp (Autonomy):
xU khfhzk ; jdJ cs;ehl;L tptufhuq ;fis ve;jtpjkhd ntspj;jiyapLk ; ,y;yhky;
jhNd eph;tfpf;Fk; tifapy ; mjw;F toq;fg;gLk; mjpfhuk ; my;yJ me;j]; Nj jd;dhl;rp vdg;
gLk;.
kjr;rhh;Gila ehL (Theocratic State):
,J kjr;rhh;gw;w ehl;bw;F vjph;kiwahdJ MFk;. xU kjr;rhh;Gila ehl;by; VNjDk; xU
kjk ; me;j ehl;bd; kjkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs ;sg;gl;L me;ehl;bDila murpd ; nray ;ghLfs ;
midj;Jk; mk;kjj;jpd; nfhs;iffs; my;yJ tpjpfspd; gbNa ,Uf;Fk;. rTjp mNugpah> ghfp];
jhd;> Neghsk; Nghd;wit kjr;rhh;Gila ehLfshFk;. Mdhy; ,e;jpah kjr;rhh;gw;w ehlhFk;.
,ilj;Njh;jy; (By-Election):
xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l njhFjpfspd; gpujpepjpfSila uh[pdhkh> ,wg;G my;yJ
NtW VNjDk; tifapy ; gjtpf;fhyk; KbAk; Kd;dNu mt;tplq;fs; fhypahdhy ; mtw;iw epug;
Gtjw;fhf ,ilg;gl;lfhyj;jpy; elj;jg;gLk; Njh;jNy ,ilj;Njh;jyhFk;.
,Umitfis nfhz;l rl;lrig: (Bi-Cameral Legislature):
,j;jifa rl;lrigapy; Nkyit> fPoit vd;W ,U mitfs; ,Uf;Fk;. fPoitapd; cWg;
gpdh;fs; kf;fshy; Neubahf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtjhy ; mJ gpugy mit vd;Wk; miof;fg;
gLk;. jw;Nghijia etPd fhyj ;jpy; ngUk ;ghyhd rl;lrigfs ; ,U mitfis nfhz ;l rl;
lrigfshf cs;sd. ,U mitfis nfhz;l rl;lrig e\;lkiltNjhL me;ehl;bd; Nkk;
ghLk; gpd;jq;Fk;.
gpANuhfpurp (Bureaucracy):

    
,J murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffisAk; jpl;lq;fisAk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; eph;thf

TNPSC.News
mikg;gpidf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,J murpd; midj;J gzpfisAk;> nray;ghLfisAk; epiwNtw;Wk;.
Mdhy; ,k;Kiwapy; tpjpfs; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jy; nefpo;e;J
nfhLf;fhj eilKiw mjpfhuq;fs; Nghd;w gy Fiwfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,k;Kiwia
cUthf;fpa n[h;kdpapd; r%ftpayhsh; khf;]; ntg;gh; vd;gth; ,jid etPd fhyj;jpw;F Vw;w
epahakhd jpwikahiu eph;thf mikg;G vd;W $wpfpd;whh;. mthpd; fUj;Jg;gb ,k;Kiwf;F
mLf;F Kiw gapw;rp ngw;w Copah;fs; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l rk;gsk;> tpjpfsi fLikahf
filgpbj;jy; Nghd;w ,ay;Gfs; cz;L.
ge;j; (Bandh):
,k;Kiw rpy tptfhuq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;l gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jd;gb xU murpay;
fl;rpNah my;yJ mikg;Ngh xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F filfs;> muR mYtyfq;fs;> gs;spfs;
Nghd;wtw;iw %LkhW Nfhhpf;if tpLf;Fk;. murpd; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fis vjph;f;f
ge;j; gad;gLk;.
,ilg;gl;l ehL (Buffer State):
,U ehLfspilNaahd cwTfs; rhpahd ,y;yhjNghJ mtptU ehLfspilNa ,Uf;Fk;
ehNl ,ilg;gl;l ehlhFk;. ,e;ehL tpNuhjKs;s ehLfspilNa eLepiyahf nray;gl
Kaw;rpf;Fk;. tpNuhjk; nfhz;l ,uz;L ehLfspilNa NtW xU ehL mike;jpUg;gJ mit
uhZt jhf;Fjy;fspy; <Lglhky; jLf;f cjTk;. cjhuzkhf ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk;
,ilNa cs;s Neghsk; ,ilg;gl;ljhFk;.
Kjyhsp th;f;fk; (Bourgeoise):
,J njhopyjpgh;fs; kw;Wk; th;j;jfh;fs; Nghd;Nwhh; mlq;fpajhFk;. ,t;thf;fk;
Kjyhspj;Jtk; tsu fhuzkhf mikAk;. Fhuy; khh;f] ; ;d; fUj;Jg;gb ,t;th;f;fk; cw;gj;jp
kw;Wk; gfph;e;jspg;ig fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; kw;Wk; ciof;Fk; th;f;fj;jpdiu Ruz;Lk; th;f;fkhFk;.
fs;sr;rhuha flj;jy; (Boot-Legging):

,J murpd; chpkk; ngwhky; kJ kw;Wk; rhuhak; Nghd;wtw;iw jahhpg;gijAk; tpw;gid
nra;tijAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
Nghy;\ptprk; (Bolshevism):
,J Nghy;\ptpf; vd;Dk; u\;a nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpaJ. ,jd;nghUs; ngUk;ghd;ik
vd;gjhFk;. 1971MK; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l u\;aGul;rp ngUk;ghd;ikahd kf;fshy; Mjhpf;fg;gl;ljhy;
Nghy;\ptpf; Gul;rp vdg;gl;lJ. vdNt Nghy;\ptprk; vd;gJ u\;ahtpy; Gul;rpfhuh;fshy;
gug;gg;gl;l fk;A+dp];l; Gul;rpapd; nfhs;iffisAk; yl;rpaq;fisAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
%q;fpy; jpiu (Bamboo Curtain):
%q;fpy; jpiu vd;gJ rPd kf;fspd; kPJ rPd muR kw;Wk; fkA+dp];l; fl;rpapdhy;
tpjpf;fg;gl;l jilfis Fwpf;Fk;. ,j;jlifs; rPdkf;fis cyfpd; kw;w kf;fsplkpUe;J
jdpahf gphpj;jd. ,j;jilfspdhy; rPdhtpy; elg;git ntsp cyfpw;Fk;> ntsp cyfpy; elf;Fk;
epfo;rr
; pfs; rPd kf;fSf;Fk; njhpahky; ,Ue;jd.

    
%isr;ryit (Brain Washing):

TNPSC.News
%isr;ryit vd;gJ kf;fspd; kdjpd; Nky; jq;fsJ nry;thf;fpid gpuNahfpg;gjw;fhf
muR mYtyh;fs; ifahSk; topfs; MFk;. ,jdhy; kf;fs; jq;fspd; nrhe;j fUj;Jf;fspy;
,Ue;J NtWgl;L kw;wth;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk;> nfhs;iffisAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;thh;fs;.
,Ujug;G xg;ge;jk; (Bilateral Agreement):
,uz;L jug;GfSf;F ,ilapy; kl;Lk; Vw;gLk; xg;ge;jNk ,U jug;G xg;ge;jk; vdg;gLk;.
,uz;Lf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jug;GfSf;F ,ilapy; Vw;gLk; xg;ge;je;fs; gy jug;G xg;ge;jq;fs;
vdg;gLk;. kw;w jug;gpid fye;jhNyhrpf;fhky; xU jug;G kl;LNk ntspapLk; mwpf;if my;yJ
gpufldk; xU jug;G gpufldk; vdg;gLk;.
Culq;F cj;juT (Curfew):
xU ,lj;jpy; rl;lk; xOq;if epiyehl;Ltjw;fhf kf;fs; elkhl;lj;jpd; Nky; tpjpf;fg;gLk;
jilNa Culq;F cj;juthFk;. Culq;F cj;juT xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Nfh my;yJ
fhytiuaiuapd;wpNah mkyhf;fg;gl;lL kf;fSf;F mwptpf;fg;gLk;.
Ml;rp ftpo;g;G (Coupd’etat):
td;Kiwapd; %yk; my;yJ rl;lj;jpw;F tpNuhjkhf xU muir J}f;fp vwptNjh my;yJ
khw;WtNjh Ml;rp ftpo;g;G vdg;gLk;. ,jd; ntw;wp vt;tsT J}uk; tiu murpd; mjpfhuk;
kf;fshy; my;yJ FOtpdhy; ifg;gw;wg;gLfpwJ vd;gij nghWj;J mikAk;. ,J khw;wg; gl;l
murpd; ,lj;jpy; NtW xU Gjpa muR mika toptFf;Fk;. Mrpah kw;Wk; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy;
cs;s gy ehLfspy; ,j;jifa nray; ntw;wpfukhf nray;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mlf;Fjy; (Containment):
xU ehl;bd; nfhs;iffs; kw;nwhU ehl;by; guthky; jLg;gNj ,jd; nghUshFk;.
cjhuzkhf u\;ah kw;Wk; rPdhtpd; fk;A+dpr nfhs;iffs; %d;whk; cyf ehLfSf;Fg; guthky;
jLf;f mnkhpf;fh ,f;nfhs;ifia gad;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
Vfkdjhd KbT (Consensus):
rpy nfhs;iffs; my;yJ tptfhuq;fspd; kPJ gy egh;fs; my;yJ fl;rpfs; xNu kdjhf
KbT nra;tNj Vfkdjhd KbthFk;. etPd [dehaj;jpy; rpy rh;ri
; rfspd; kPJ xg;ge;jk;
my;yJ KbT Vw;gl ,J cjTfpd;wJ.
vjph;j;jy; (Confrontation):
,uz;L FOf;fs;> ehLfs; my;yJ fl;rpfspilNa Kuz;ghL Vw;gLk; #o;epiyiaNa ,J
Fwpf;Fk;. ,r;#o;eiyapd;NghJ ,U jug;Gk; xU gpur;rpidapd; kPJ NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fis
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,J rpy Neuq;fspy; ,U ehLfspilNa ,uhZt vjph;g;igAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;.
$l;L ,iwahd;ik (Condominium):
,J Rje;jpukhf ,y;yhj xU ehl;bd; kPJ ,uz;L ehLfs; jq;fsJ ,iwahd;ikia xNu
Neuj;jpy; gpuNahfpf;f toptFf;Fk; xg;ge;jk; MFk;. rpy tUlq;fSf;F Kd; $lhd ehl;bd; kPJ
,q;fpyhe;Jk; vfpg;Jk; ,iwahd;ikia gpuNahfpj;jd.
    
fk;a+dprk; (Communism):
TNPSC.News
fk; A+dprk ; vd; gJ fhuy ; khh; f]
; hy; cUthf ; fg; gl; L gpd ; G u\; ahtpd ; nydpd ; kw; Wk;
rPdhtpd; khNrJq; MfpNahuhy; khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;L gpd;gw;wg;gl;l nfhs;ifahFk;. fk;A+dprj;jpd;
Nehf ;fk; gphpTfs ; ,y;yhj r%fj;ij mikg ;gNj MFk ;. midtUk ; mtuth ; Njitf ;Nfw ;g
nghUl;fis ngwTk;> mtutuhy; ,ad;w msT nray;glTk; toptFf;Fk;. tifapy; cw;gj;jpAk;
tpepNahfKk; eilngw Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa r%fj;ij mikg;gjw;fhf Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij mopf;
f Gul;rp kw;Wk; r%fj;jpd; gphpTfis mof;f Nghuhl;lk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; <Lgl fk;A+dprk; typAWj;
jpaJ. fhuy;khh;f;]; d; nfhs;if tpQ;Qhd rkj;Jtk; vd;Wk; nydpDila nfhs;if Gul;rp rkj;
Jtk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.
fhydp Mjpf;fk; (Colonialism):
xU ehl;il ntspapypUe;J tUk; kw;nwhU ehL Ms;tNj fhydp Mjpf;fk; vdg;gLk;. rk;ge;
jg;gl;l ehL Ml;rp nrYj ;Jk; ehl;bDila fhydp ehlhFk ;. ,k;Kiwapy ; fhydp ehl;
bDila murpay ; > nghUshjhuk ; kw; Wk; fyhr ; rhuj ; ij Mjpf ; fk; nrYj ; Jk;. ehl ; il
KOikahf fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;. NkYk ; fhydp ehl;il jq;fsJ nrhe ;j eyd ;fSf ;fhf Mjpf ;fk;
nrYj;Jk; ehL Ruz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf 1947f;F Kd; ,e;jpah ePz;l fhykhf ,q;fpyhe;jpd; fhydp
Mjpf ; fj; jpy ; ,Ue; J te; jJ . Rje ; jpug ; Nghuhl ; lq; fspd ; %ykhf Vwj ; jho midj ; J fhydp
ehLfSNk ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;Fg;gpd; Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wtpl;ld. vdNt fhydp Mjpf;fk; xU
KbTf;F te;jJ.
gdpg;Nghh; (Cold War):

tpNuhj kdg;ghd;ik nfhz ;l ,U ehLfs ; my;yJ ehLfspd ; FOf ;fs; xd;Wf;nfjpuhf
xd;W jtwhd gpur;rhuj;jpy; <LgLtNj gdpg;Nghh; vdg;gLk;. ,UehLfspilNa ,uhZt vjph;g;G ,
y;yhky; ,Ue;jhYk; mitfSf ;fpilNa tpNuhjKk ;> ek;gpf;ifapd;ikAk; ,Ug;gjhy; ve;j Neuj;
jpYk; Nghh; %sf;$ba #o;epiy fhzg;gLk;. mnkhpf;fh jiyikapyhd Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfSf;
Fk; u\;ah jiyikapyhd fk;A+dpr ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilNa 1950 kw;Wk; 1860fspy; Vw;gl;l gjl;
lk;. ,U ehLfspd; FOf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa ele;j gdpg;Nghhpd; tpisNtahFk;. Nrhtpaj; A+dpad;
kw;Wk; fk;A+dpr ehLfspd; mikg;G 1991y; gpsTg;gl;ljpy; ,Ue;J gdpg;Nghh; xU KbTf;F te;jJ.
xj;jpUj;jy; (Co-existence):
, U ehLfspilNa gu ]; gu mq ; ff
P huf ; nfhs ; iffis , J typAWj ; Jfpd ; wJ .
ntspAwTf;nfhs;iffis topelj;Jtjw;fhf ,e;jpah kw;Wk; rPdh ,ilNa 1954Mk; Mz;L Vw;
Wf;nfhs ;sg;gl;l gQ;rrPyf ; nfhs ;ifspy ; mikjpahf xj;jpUj;jYk; xd;whFk ;. etPd rh;tNjr
cwTfspy ; ,J xU Kf;fpakhd %iyf;fy; MFk;. ,k;Kiwia gpd;gw;whky; gy tiffisr ;
rhh;e;j gy rpwpa> nghpa ehLfs; cyfpy; ,Ug;gJ rhj;jpakpy;iy.
$l;lzp muR (Coalition Government):
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fl;rpfs; ,ize;J mjpfhuq;fis gfph;e;J nfhz;L muR
mikg ;gNj $l;lzp murhFk ;. $l;lzp Njh;jYf;F Kd;Ngh my;yJ gpd;dNuh mikf ;fg;
gLk;. muR mikf;Fk; mstpw;F xU fl;rp ngUk;ghd;ik ngwhj Neuq;fspy; gy

    
fl;rpfis nfhz ;l [dehaf ehl;by; $l;lzp muR mikf ;fg;gLk;. mly ; gpfhhp th[; ghapd ;
TNPSC.News
jiyikapy; Kd;G ,Ue;j muRk; $l;lzp murhFk;. $l;lzp murpw;F xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk; tpl;Lf;
nfhLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gpur;rpidfs ; Vw;gLk;. mg;gpur;rpidfis murpd; Fiwe;j gl;r nghJ
jpl;lj;jpd; kPJ midj;J fl;rpfSk; Vfkdjhf KbntLg;gjd; %yk; jPh;f;f KbAk;.
rht;dp]k; (Chauvinsim):
r%fj;Jiwapy; ,J Mz;fSf;F mjpf kjpg;gspj;Jtpl;L ngz;fSf;F vjpuhf jPq;
fpog;gij Fwpf;Fk;. Mdhy ; murpaypy ; ,J xUth ; jdJ ehl;bd; kPJ nfhz ;bUf;Fk; kpifg ;
gbahd ehl;Lg;gw;W czh ;r;rpia Fwpf;Fk;. kw;nwhU gf;fk; ,J kw;w ehLfs ; kw;Wk; r%fq;
fspd; kPJ ntWg;G njhptpg;gijAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
rhh;[; b m/Ngh;]; (Charge d’affaires):
xU ehl;by; epue;ju J}Jth; ,y;yhj NghJ mtuJ flikfis ftdpf;Fk; egh; ,t;thW
miof;fg;gLthh;.
fz;ldj;jPh;khdk; (Censure Motion):
,J muR my ; yJ xU mikr ; rUf ; F vjpuhf mth ; fsJ nfhs ; iffisAk ; > jpl ; lq;
fisAk; tpkh;rpj;J vjph;fl;rpfshy; nfhz;Ltug;gLk; jPh;khdk; MFk;. ,j;jPh;khdj;jpy; muirNah
my;yJ mikr ;riuNah tpkh;rpg;gjw;fhd fhuzj ;ij Fwpg;gplNtz ;Lk;. mitapy ; ,j;jPh ;
khdk ; epiwNtw ;wg;gLtJ murplk ; ek;gpf;ifapy ;yhjijf ; Fwpf ;Fk;. vdNt ,j;jPh ;khdk ;
epiwNtw;wg;gLtij MSk; fl;rp vjph;f;Fk;.
Kjyhspj;Jtk; (Capitalism):
,J tiuaWf;fg;glhj jpd nrhj;Jhpik kw;Wk; njhopw;rhiyfis nrhe;jkhf itj;
jpUf ; Fk; chpik Mfpait mq ; fPfhpf ; fg; gl; Ls; s xU nghUshjhu KiwahFk ;. ,j; jifa
nghUshjhu Kiwapy ; muR jiyaplhJ . nghUshjhu nray;ghLfspd ; kPJ re;ij rf;jpfshd
NjitAk; mspg;Gk; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. Kjyhspj;Jtk; nghUshjhu Vw;Wj;jho;TfSf;Fk;
Kjyhspfs; njhopyhspfis Ruz;lTk; top tFf;Fk;. fhuy; khh;f;]; Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij kpfTk;
tpkh;rpj;jhh;. NkYk; mth; njhopyhsh ;fspd; Gul;rp kw;Wk; rkj;Jt Kiwia mikg;gjd; %yk;
Kjyhspj ; Jtk ; tPOk ; vd ; W $ wpdhh ;. Mdhy ; Mlk ; ]; kpj ; Nghd ; wth ; fs ; Kjyhspj ; Jt
Kiwapd; jpwikiaAk; Nghl;bapLk; jd;ikiaAk; Gfo;e;jdh;.
fk;A+dyprk; (Communalism):
kw;w r%fq;fs; my;yJ ehLfspypUe ;J NtWgl;l kw;Wk; cah;e;j xU r%fj;ij Nrh;e;j
czh ;Nt fk;A+dyprk ; vdg ;gLk ;. kj mbg ;gilapyhd ,r;r %f czh ;T nghUshjhu kw;Wk;
murpay ; eyd ;fspy ; Nkk;ghl;bw;F mbg ;gilia cUthf ;Fk;. mjhtJ kjj;ij> kjk; rhuhj
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;JtNj fk;A+dyprkhFk ;. gy r%fq;fisAk ; mtw;wpw;fpilNa
gjl ;lj;ijAk ; rh;r;irfisAk ; Vw;gLj ;Jtjhy ; fk;A+dyprk ; ,e;jpa murpaYf ;F jPq ;F
tpistpf;ff; $bajhFk;.
murpayikg;G rhh;e;j murhq;fk; (Constitutional Government):
ve;j xU murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq ;fs; murpayikg ;ghy; tiuaQf ;fg;gl;Ls;sNjh kw;Wk;
ve;j xU muR murpayikg;gpd; tpjpfspd; gb nray;gLfpwNjh mt;turhq;fk; murpayikg;G rhh;
e;jjhFk;.

    
Xj;Jioahik (Civil Disobedience):

TNPSC.News
,J kf;fs; murpd; rl;lq;fisAk ;> nfhs;iffisAk ; mikjpahd kw;Wk; mfpk;irahd
topfspy; vjph;g;gijAk; mjw;fhd jz;lidia Vw;Wf;nfhs;tijAk; mDgtpg;gijAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
,J murpd; epahakw ;w nfhs;iffisAk ; rl;lq;fisAk ; vjph;g;gjhFk;. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
NghJ Mq;fpNya murpd; rpy rl;lq;fis vjph;g;gjw;fhf ,t;tpaf;fj;ij kfhj;kh fhe;jp njhlq;
fpdhh;. fhe;jp[p mth;fs; n`d;wp NjhhpNahtpd; xj;Jioahik nfhs;iffshy; <h;f;fg;gl;lhh;
vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nfgpdl; murhq;fk; (Cabinet Government):
,J ghuhSkd ;w kf;fsitf ;F nghWg ;Gila Nfgpdl ;blk ;> cz ;ikahd eph;thf
mjpfhuq ;fs; ,Uf;Fk; tifapyhd ghuhSkd ;w Ml;rpKiwapd ; kw;nwhU ngauhFk ;. Mdhy ;
ngaustpw ;F mjpfhuk ; nfhz ;l ehl;bd; jiytUila ngahpNyNa muR eilngWk ;. gpugy
mitapd; MSk; fl;rpf;F ngUk;ghd;ik ,Ug;gjhy; murpy; Nfgpdl; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk;. vdNt
,J Nfgpdl; murhq;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;.
may;ehl;Lg; gpujpepjp (Consuls):
xU tptfhuj ;jpd; kPJ mitapy ; elj;jg;gLk; thf;nfLg;gpy; xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu kw;
Wk; th;j;jf eyd;fis fhg;gjw;fhd flikfsi epiwNtw ;Wtjw ;fhf me;ehl;by; ,Ue;J kw;
nwhU ehl ; bw; F epakpf ; fg; gLk ; egNu may ; ehl ; Lg; gpujpepjp Mthh ;. ,th; J}JtUf ; F fPohd
epiyiaAk; me;j];ijAk; ngw;wth;.
fh];bq; Xl;L (Casting Vote):
ntw;wp> Njhy;tp eph;zapf;f Kbahj msT rkkhd thf;Ffs; gjpthdhy; ntw;wp
Njhy;tpia eph;zapf;Fk; rghehaf;fh; my;yJ jiythpd; Xl;Nl ,t;thW miof;fg;gLk;.
MAj mopg;G (Disarmament):
Mikjpia fhf ; Fk ; tifapy ; ehLfs ; Nghh ; MAjq ; fis mopf ; Fk ; eltbf ; ifNa
MAjmopg;ghFk;. ,J MAjf; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J NtWgl;ljhFk;. MAjf;fl;Lg;ghl;by; MAjq;
fspd ; vjph;fhy tsh;r;rp kl;LNk jilnra ;ag;gLk;. Mdhy ; MAj mopg;gpy; jw;NghJ ,Uf;Fk;
MAjq;fSk; mspf;fg;gLk;.
rh;thjpfhuk; (Dictatorship ): kf;fspd; xg;Gjy; ,y;yhky; midj;J mjpfhuq;fSk; xU egh; my;
yJ rpy egh;fsplk ; Ftpe ;jpUf ;Fk; Ml;rpKiwNa rh;thjpfhukhFk ;. ,t;tjpfhuq ;fs; xU rh;
thjpfhhp gad ;gLj ;j ve;jtpj tiuaiwfSk ; fpilahJ . vdNt rh;thjpfhuk ; [dehaj ;jpw;F
vjpuhdJ. NkYk; mJ mjpfhug; gfph;e;jspg;igAk; vjph;f;fpd;wJ.
murpay; MNyhrid tpUe;J (Dinner Diplomacy):
rpy jiyth;fs; my;yJ jdpegh;fs; xU tpUe;Jf;F miof;fg;gl;L rpy gpur;rpidfSf;F
jPh;T fhz Kad;why; mJ ,t;thW miof;fg;gLk;
[dehafk; (Democracy):
Mgpufhk; ypq;fdpd; fUj;Jg;gb [dehafk; vd;gJ kf;fshy; kf;fSf;fhf mikf;fg;gLk;
kf;fspd; murhFk;. ,J kf;fshy; Ml;rpahsh;fs; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; kw;Wk; kf;fspd; tpUg;gq;fs;
kw;Wk; xg;Gjypd;gb muR nray;gLk; xU Ml;rp KiwahFk;. [dehaf murpd; gpw ,ay;Gfshd
rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp Fbkf;fspd; chpikfs; kw;Wk; Rje;jpuq;fSf;fhd tpjpfs;> midtUf;Fk; ePjp
    
kw;Wk; rkj;Jtj;jpy; ek;gpf;if Rje;jpukhd kw;Wk; ghugl;rkw;w ePjpj;Jiw gj;jphpf;if Rje;jpuk;

TNPSC.News
Neh;ikahd kw;Wk; Rje;jpukhd Njh;fs; Nghd;wit.
[dehaf rkj;Jtk; (Democratic Socialism):
[dehaf Kiwfspd; %yk; xU rkj;Jt rKjhaj;ij mikg;gNj ,jd; nghUshFk;.
Rkj;Jt Kiwapy; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpdpNahf topKiwfs; murhq;fj;jpd; fPo; ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j
Nehf;fk; Gul;rpapd; %ykhf milag;gl;lhy; mJ Gul;rp rkj;Jtk; vd;Wk; [dehaf kw;Wk;
mikjpahd topfspy; milag;gl;lhy; [dehaf kw;Wk; mikjpahd topfspy; milag;gl;lhy;
[dehaf rkj;Jtk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. njhopw;rhiyfis Njrpakakhf;Fjy; Kd;Ndw;wkhd
thptpjpg;G jpl;lkplg;gl;l Nkk;ghL Nghd;wit [dehaf rkj;Jtj;jpd; KiwfshFk;.
midtUf;Fk; r%f nghUshjhu ePjpiaAk;> tsh;rr; p kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf midtUf;Fk; rk
tha;g;Gfis toq;FtJk; [dehaf rkj;Jtj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
gjl;lf;Fiwg;G (Detente):
,U ehLfSf;F ,ilNaahd gdpg;Nghiu jtph;gg ; jd; %yk; me;ehLfSf;F ,ilNa
,Uf;Fk; gjl;lk; Fiwf;fg;gLk;. ehLfSf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; gjl;lk; kw;Wk; ntWg;Gzh;r;rp
Nghf;fg;gl;L rf[ epiy nfhz;Ltug;gLk;. cyfpd; ty;yuRfSf;F ,ilNa 1960 kw;Wk;
1970fspy; fhzg;gl;l gjl;lk; 1962Mk; Mz;L fpA+gh gpur;rpidapd; NghJ Vw;gl;l gdpg;Nghh;
KbTf;F te;jTld; Fiwe;jJ.
lanyf;bfy; nkl;Bhpayprk; (Dialectical Materiaslim):
,jid Nkk;ghl;L eilKiwia Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf fhuy; khh;f]
; ; toq;fpdhh;. ,jd;gb
jhdhf ce;jg;gl;l xU tptfhuk; r%f Nkk;ghl;bd; mbg;gilahf tpsq;Fk;. ,J %d;W
epiyfis fle;J nry;Yk;. jP]p]> Md;bjP]p];> kw;Wk; rpd;jP]p]; ,tw;Ws; Md;bjP]p];
vd;gJ jP]p];f;Fk;> rpd; jP]p];f;Fk; vjpuhdJ. ,J ,it ,uz;bYk; cs;s Kuz;ghLfis
rhpnra;a Kay;fpd;wJ. nghUshjhu mikg;G r%f Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd mbj;jsj;ij mikf;fpd;wJ
vd;W czh;j;jNt fhuy; khh;f]; ; ,k;Kiwia gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
,ul;il Ml;rpKiw (Diarchy):
,J eph;thf mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; ,uz;L gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU Ml;rp
Kiwia Fwpf;Fk;. eph;thfj;jpd; xU gFjp khepy rl;lrigf;F nghWg;GilajhFk;. kw;nwhU
gFjp mjw;F nghWg;Gilajy;y. ,k;Kiw ,e;jpa khepyq;fspy; ,e;jpa murhq;fr;rl;lk; 1919d;
tpjpfspd;gb Mq;fpNya murhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,k;Kiwapd; fPo; khepy murpd; mjpfhuq;fSk;
flikfSk; ,uz;L gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gLk;. rpy mjpfhuq;fis khepy rl;lrigf;F
nghWg;Gila mikr;rh;fs; gad;gLj;Jth;. Rpy mjpfhuq;fis rl;lrigf;F nghWg;gpy;yhj
MSeh;fs; gad;gLj;Jth;.
vk;ghh;Nfh (Embargo):
xU ehl;bd; fly; vy;iyfSf;Fs;Sk;> JiwKfq;fSf;Fs;Sk; kw;w ehLfspd; fg;gy;fs;
EiotijNah my;yJ elkhLtijNah jilnra;tijNa ,J Fwpf;Fk;. ,j;jil Nghhpd; NghJ

    
vjphp ehl;bd; fg;gy;fspd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLk;. ,jid xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;fhf rh;tNjr rl;lj;jpy;

TNPSC.News
rpy Fwpg;gpl;l tpjpKiwfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
muRg;gpujpepjp (Envoy):
xU Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf xU ehl;bypUe;J kw;nwhU ehl;bw;F epakpf;fg;gLk; egNu
,t;thW miof;fg;gLthh;.
fUizf;nfhiy (Euthanasia):
Neha;tha;g;gl;L kPz;Lk; Fzg;gLj;j Kbahj epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; xU Nehahspf;F xU
kUj;Jt epGzh; jhdhf kuzj;ij mspg;gNj fUizf;nfhiyahFk;. ,jd; Nehf;fk; Nehahsp
mDgtpf;Fk; jhq;f Kbahj NtjidapypUe;J mtUf;F tpLjiy mspg;gNjahFk;. Kjd;Kjypy;
nejh;yhe;J ehl;by; ,jid rl;lg;G+th;khf Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldh;.
Fw;wthspia xg;gilj;jy; (Extradition):

xU ehl;by; Fw;wk; Ghpe;J tpl;L kw;nwhU ehl;by; jQ;rkile;jtid Fw;wk; Ghpe;j ehl;by;
eilngWk; tof;F tprhuizf;fhf me;ehl;bw;F jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; rl;lg;G+h;tkhd eilKiwNa
Fw;wthspia xg;gilg;gjhFk;. Mdhy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l ,U ehLfSk; ,jw;fhd xg;ge;jj;ij
rh;tNjr rl;lj;jpd; tpjpfspd;gb Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jhy; kl;LNk ,J rhj;jpakhFk;. ,jd; Nehf;fk;
Fw;wthsp kPJ mtd; Fw;wk; Ghpe;j ehl;by; eilngWk; tof;fpw;F cjTtNj MFk;.
ghrprk; (Fascism):
,J xw;Wikapd; typikia czh;j;Jk; khf;Fr;rpfspd; fl;L vd;w nghUis cila
ghr]; vd;Dk; ,j;jhypa thh;j;ijapy; ,Ue;J cUthdJ. ghrprf; nfhs;if ,uz;lhk;
cyfg;NghUf;F Kd; ,j;jhypa rh;thjpfhhp KNrhypdpahy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ghrprk; vd;gJ
midj;J murpay; mjpfhuq;fSk; Xhplj;jpy; Ftpe;jpUg;gJ kpifahd ehl;Lg;gw;W muirAk;
ehl;ilAk; kfpikg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; midj;J vjphpfisAk; mlf;fp MSjy; Nghd;w
,ay;Gfis cila rh;thjpfhu nfhs;ifahFk;. midj;J vjphpfisAk; mlf;fp MSjy;
Nghd;w ,ay;Gfis cila rh;thjpfhu nfhs;ifahFk;. midj;Jk; ehl;bw;Fl;gl;lJ. vJTk;
ehl;bw;F ntspapy; ,y;iy vd;gNj ,jd; jhuf ke;jpukhFk;. ghrprk; ,j;jhypapy; Njhd;wpdhYk;
,e;j Rghtk; kw;w ehLfspYk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
$l;lhl;rp ehL (Federal State):
$l;lhl;rp vd;gJ murpd; mjpfhuq;fSk; flikfSk; kj;jpa muRf;Fk; khepy
muRfSf;Fk; ,ilNa vOj;Jg;G+h;tkhd murpayikg;gpd; %yk; gfph;e;jspfg;gl;Ls;s xU Ml;rp
KiwahFk;. ,U murhq;fq;fSk; jq;fsJ mjpfhutuk;gpw;Fs; jd;dhl;rp ngw;witahFk;.
Mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfNs 1789Mk; Mz;L Kjy; eilKiwf;F te;j Kjy; $l;lhl;rp ehlhFk;.
$l;lhl;rp ehl;bd; kw;w ,ay;Gfshtd. Nefpoh murpayikg;G> Rje;jpukhd $l;lhl;rp ePjpj;Jiw>
,ul;il FbAhpik Nghd;wit. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gk; $l;lhl;rp Kiwf;F toptFf;fpd;wJ.
Mdhy; kj;jpapy; typikahd muR mikAk; tifapy; kj;jpa muRf;F rhjfkhf mjpfhuq;fs;
gfph;e;jspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt ,e;jpa murpayikg;G $l;lhl;rp Kiwia Nrh;e;jJ Mdhy;
xd;Wld; xd;W njhlh;GilaJ MFk;.

    
Ie;jhk; gil(Fifth Column):

TNPSC.News
xU ehl;bid Nrh;e;jth;fs; kw;w ehLfSld; ,ize;J nfhz;L jq;fsJ nrhe;j ehl;bw;F
vjpuhf nray;gl;lhy; mj;jifath ;fNs Ie;jhk;gil vd;W miof ;fg;gLth;. ,j;jifa egh;fs;
ehl;by; td;Kiwia J}z;Ljy; kf;fspilNa xw;Wikia Fiyj;jy; muRf;F vjpuhf fpsh;r;rp
nra;jy; my;yJ ehl;bd; kpf Kf;fpakhd jpl;lq;fis may;ehLfSf;F mspj;jy; Nghd;w nray;
fspy; <LgLth;.
fl;rpj;jhty; (Floor Crossing):
xU ghuhSkd ;w cWg;gpdh; jhd; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l fl;rpapypUe ;J kw;nwhU murpay; fl;
rpf;F khWtijNa fl;rpj;jhty; vd;fpNwhk ;. fl;rpj;jhty; eilKiw xU fl;rpf;F mjd; cWg;
gpdh;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$ ba msT Mw;wy; ,y;iy vd;gijNa Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ . NkYk ; ,e;
eilKiw murpd; ];jpuj;jd;ikiaNa ghjpf;Fk;.
ehd;fhk; cyfk; (Fourth World):
Nkk ; ghl ; L msT Nfhypd ; mbapy ; fhzg ; gLk ; kpfTk ; Vo; ikahd %d; whk ; cyf
ehLfisNa ,J Fwpf ;Fk;. ,e;ehLfs ; gpd;jq;fpa ehLfshfNth my;yJ Kd;Ndw ;wj;jpw;fhd
eilKiwNa ,Jtiu njhlq ;fg;glhj ehLfshfNth ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;ehLfspd ; ,ay;Gfshtd .
kpfTk; Nkhrkhd nghUshjhu mbj;jsk; njhopw;rhiyfspd; Nkk;ghL ,d;ik ehl;L nkhj;j cw;
gj;jpapy; Ntshz;ikapd; mjpfkhd gq;F> may;ehl;L epjp cjtpapid ek;gpapUj;jy; kw;Wk; kpf
mjpfkhd fld; Rik MfpaitahFk;.
ehd;fhtJ v];Nll; (Fourth Estate):
,J gj;jphpf ;if kw;Wk; jfty ; njhlh ; Gr; rhjdq ;fisf ; Fwpf ; Fk;. ,t; thh;j; ij Kjd ;
Kjypy; vl;kz;l; gh;f; vd;gtuhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; murpd; mjpfhuq;fis gfph;e;
Jnfhs ;Sk; %d;W th;f;fq;fs; %d;W v]; Nll;fs; vdg;gl;ld. yhh;L ]; gphpl;Rty;> yhh;L nlk;
Nghuy;> kw;Wk; fhkd;]; nghJ tptufhuq ;fspy; gj;jphpf;iffSf;F cs;s nry;thf;fpid ghh;j;j
gpd;dh; mJ ehd;fhtJ v]; Nll;lhf mq;ff P hpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpnuQ;R murpay ; r%fj;jpy; 1789 Mk;
Mz;L Gul;rpf;F Kd;> ghg;ghz;lth;> murh; kw;Wk; tsUk; Kjyhspj;Jt th;f;fk; MfpNahh; %d;W
v];Nll;Lfshf ,Ue;jdh;.
jhkjg;gLj;Jjy; (Filibustering)
mnkhpf ;f nrdl ; rigapy ; ,k;Kiw mbf;fb cgNahfg ;gLj;jg;gLk;. xU kNrhjh kPjhd
tptuj;ij ePz;l Neuk;> cWg;gpdh;fs; Njitapy;yhky; Ngrp ePl;bg;gjd; %yk; mk;kNrhjh kPjhd
thf;nfLg;gig elj;jtplkhy; nra;tjhFk;. ,jdhy; ,jw;fhf xJf;fg;gl;l Neuk; Kbtiltjhy ;>
,k; kNrhjh epiwNtw ; wg; glhky ; iftplg ; gLk ;. ,e; eilKiw cWg ; gpdh ; fs ; NgRtjw ; F
fhytiuaiw ,y;yhj mitapy; kl;LNk rhj;jpakhFk;.
jilapy;yh th;j;jfk; (Free Trading):
may;ehLfSldhd th;j;jfj;jpd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l jilfisAk ;> fl;Lg;ghLfisAk ; ePf ;FtJ
my;yJ Fiwg ;gNj jilapy ;yh th;j;jfkhFk ;. mj;jifa jilfis ePf ;Ftjd ; %yk;
may;ehLfSldhd th;j;jfk; vspjhdjhf khWk;. jw;Nghija cyfkakhf ;fy; nfhs;if
midj;J ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilNa jilapy;yhj th;j;jfk; eilngw cjTfpd;wJ.
Nfyk; thf;nfLg;G (Gallp Poll)
    
,J gy;NtWtifahd tptfhuq ;fspd ; kPjhd nghJkf ;fspd ; fUj;ij Nrfhpg ;gJk;>

TNPSC.News
fzf;nfLg;gJkhd KiwahFk ;. ,J mnkhpf ;fh nghJ kf;fs; fUj;J epGzh; [hh;[; Nfyg; vd;
gtuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,d mopg;G (Genocide):
xU ,dk; my;yJ r%fj;ij Nrh;e;j kf;fs; gyiu xNu Neuj;jpy; xU FONth my;yJ
xU ehl;bd; murhq ;fNkh nfhiy nrajy ; ,d mopg;G vdg;gLk;. 1970 Mk; Mz;L tq;f Njr
kf;fs; ghfp];jhdplkpUe;J Rje;jpuk; Nfl;ljhy; ghfp];jhd; ,uhZtk; mk;kf;fSf;F vjpuhf ,j;
jifa nraypy; <Lgl;lJ. If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G ,jid kdpj Neaj;jpw;F vjpuhd Fw;wk; vd;
W mwptpj;Js;sJ.
jpwe;j ntspf;nfhs;if (Glasnost):
Nrhtpaj; A+dpadpd; mjpgh; Nfhh;gNrt; nghJ tptfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; murpd; eilKiwfspy ;
jpwe;j ntspf;nfhs;ifia filgpbj;jhh;. Nrhtpaj; A+dpadpd; murpay; nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; r%
fk; Mfpatw ;wpy; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; nra;a jpwe;j ntspf ; nfhs;if kw;Wk; kWrPuikg ;G nfhs;if
Mfpatw;iw mth; cUthf;fpdhh;. Mdhy; ,f;nfhs;iffs; Nrhtpaj; A+dpad; gpsTgl fhuzkhf
mike;jd.
n[h; hpkhz ; lhp ]; (Gerrymandering ) ,k; Kiw mnkhpf ; f murpaypy ; ifahsg ; gLk ; xU
KiwahFk ;. ,jd;gb MSq ;fl;rpia Nrh;e;j cWg ;gpdh;fs; mjpf mstpy ; Njh;e;njLf ;fg;gLk;
tifapy; Njh;jy; njhFjpfspd; vy;iyfis MSk; fl;rp epakpf;Fk;. Mdhy; ,J vjph;fl;rpfis
ghjpf;Fk; tifapy; ,Ug;gjhy; epahakw;w murpay; eilKiwahf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
nfhhpy;yh Nghh; Kiw (Guerrilla Warfare):
,J rpwpa mstpyhf Rje;jpu FOf;fs; vjphpia ,ufrpakhfTk ;> vjph;ghuhj tifapYk ;
jhf;Fk; Kaw ;rpahFk ;. ,k;KiwahdJ rpwpa gykpy ;yhj ,uhZtj ;jpdhy ; nghpa gykpf ;f ,
uhZtj ;jpw;nfjpuhfg ; gad ;gLj;jg;gLk;. nfhhpy ;yh gilia Nrh;e;jth;fs; ,ufrpakhfTk ;>
kiwKfkhfTk; nray;ghLthh;fs;. ,k;Kiw nkhfyha gilfSf;F vjpuhf kuhl;bah;fshy; gad;
gLj ;jg;gl;lJ . NkYk ; rPdhtpy ; khNth jiyikapyhd fk;A+dpr Gul;rpf;fhuh ;fshy ; ,k;
Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wp rPd ,uhZtg; gilfSf;F vjpuhf ntw;wp ngw;wdh;.
fpy;Nyhild; (Guillotine):
,J gpuhd ;rpy; Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw ;F Kd; kuz jz;lid tpjpf ;fg;gl;l Fw;wthspfSf ;F
kuzjz ;lidia epiwNtw ;w ga;dgLj ;jg;gl;l $h;ikahd MAjkhFk ;. ,e;j MAjk ; ,jw;Nf
Kjd; Kjypy; ,iuahd ,jd; fz;Lgpbg;ghshpd; ngahpNyNa miof;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt ,J xU
kdpjid jpBnud ;W nfhs;tijf ; Fwpf;Fk;. ,jdbg;gilapy ; murpaypy ; ,J xU tptfhuj ;jpd;
kPjhd tpthjj ;ij my;yJ rh;r;iria jpBnud ;W KbTf ;F nfhz ;LtUtijf ; Fwpf;Fk;. etPd
ghuhSkd ;w eilKiwfspy ; ,J xU tpthfhuj ;jpd; kPjhd tpthjj ;ij jpBnud ;W Kbj;Jtpl;L
mjd; kPJ thf;nfLg;G elj;Jtijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
MAjf;fg;gy; murpay; (Gun Boat Diplomacy):
,J xU ehLrpy murpay; Nehf;fq;fis miltjw ;fhf kw;nwhU ehl;bw;F ,uhZt kpul;
ly; tpLg;gij Fwpf;Fk;. Mdhy; cz;ikapy; ,uhZtg;gilfs; gad;gLj;jg;glhJ. ,uhZt kpul;
ly; tpLg;gjd; %yk; kw;w ehl;bd; ftdj;ij jpir jpUg;GtNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

    
TNPSC.News
cjhuzkhf 1971Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd; Nghhpd; NghJ mnkhpf;fh ,k;Kiwia gpd;gw;
wpaJ . mg; NghJ mnkhpf ; fh jdJ 7 tJ fg; gw; $ l; lj; ij ,e; jpahit Nghh ; epWj ; j mwptpg ; G
ntspaplr;nra;tjw;fhf ,e;jpa fly; gFjpf;F mDg;gpaJ.
tpkhdf;flj;jy; (Hijacking):
jPtputhjpfs ; my;yJ Fw;wthspfs ; xU tpkhdj ;ij rl;ltpNuhjkhf ifg;gw;wpnah >
my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;jpNah my;yJ fl;lhag;gLj;jpNah NtnwhU ,lj;jpw;F nfhz ;L nrd;W mt;
tpkhdj ;jpy; cs;s gazpfis nfhd ;W tpLtjhfNth my;yJ tpkhdj ;ijNa mopf ;fg;
NghtjhfNth kpul;ly; tpLg;gjd; %yk; jq;fsJ Nfhhpf;iffis muR Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
vd;W typAWj ;JtNj tpkhdf ;flj;jyhFk;. ,t;thW gyKiw ele;Js;sJ. ,e;jpar; rpiwfspy ;
milf;fg;gl;Ls;s rpy jPtuthjpfis tpLtpf;ff; Nfhhp 1999Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa tpkhdk; ghfp];
jhd; jPtputhjpfshy; Mg;fhdp];jhdpw;F flj;jp nry;yg;gl;lJ.
Mjpf;fk; (Hegemony):
,J xU ehL my;yJ ehLfspd ; FO kw;w ehl;bd; kPNjh my;yJ ehLfspd ; FOf;fspd;
kPNjh Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jtij Fwpf;Fk;. ,J xU ehL kw;w ehLfspd; ntspAwT nfhs;iffspy;
Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jtij Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
jdpikg;gLjy; (Isolationism):
xU ehL rh;tNjr tptfhuq;fspNyh my;yJ gpw ehLfspd; tptfhuq;fspNyh jilaplhky;
jdpj;J ,Ug;gNj jdpikg;gLjyhFk;. ,f;nfhs;ifia mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfs; 1823Mk; Mz;
bypUe;J Kjy; cyfg;Nghh; tiu gpd;gw;wp rh;tNjr murpaypy; jiyaplhky; ,Ue;jJ. fpsh;r;rp (
Insurgency):
xU FO muir fiyg ;gjw;fhfNth my;yJ J}f;fp vwptjw ;fhfNth kiwKfkhf
nray;fspy; <LgLtNj fpsh;r;rp nra;jy; vdg;gLk;. mj;jifa nray;fspy; <LgLgth ;fs;
fpsh ;r;rpfhuh ;fs; vdg ;gLth ;. mth ;fSf ;F rkge ;jg;gl;l ehl;Lld ; ey;YwT ,y;yhj rpy
may;ehLfs; Mjutspf ;Fk;. fpsh;r;rpf;fhuh;fs; mth;fSJ Nehf;fq;fis miltjw ;fhf rl;
ltpNuhjkhf td;Kiw kw;Wk; MAjNke;jpa Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <LgLthh;fs;.
gjtp ePf;fk; (Impeachment):
,J ghuhSkd ;wj;jpy; jPh ;khdk ; epiwNtw ;Wtjd ; %yk; cah ;gjtpfspy ; ,Ug;gth;fis
gjtpapypUe;J ePf;Ftijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,e;jpahtpy; ghuhSkd;w ,U mitfspYk; %d;wpy; ,uz;L
gq;F ngUk ;ghd;ik ngw;W jPh ;khdk ; epiwNtw ;Wtjd ; %yk; FbauRj ;jiytiu mtuJ
gjtpapypUe;J ePf;fyhk;.
Mf;fpukpj;jy; (Imperialism):
xU ehL jdJ vy;iyia mz;il ehLfis my;yJ mtw;wpd; gFjpfis ifg;gw;Wtjd;
%yk; tphptilar ; nra;Ak; nfhs;if kw;Wk; eilKiwNa Mf;fpukpj;jy; vdg;gLk;. vdNt Mf;
fpukpg;G nra;ag;gLk; ehL. Mf;fpukpg;G nra;Ak; ehl;bDila nghUshjhu r%f kw;Wk; murpay ;
fhuzq ;fSf ;fhf Ruz;lg;gLk;. ,uz;lhk; cyfg ;NghUf ;F Kd; ,q;fpyhe ;J > n[h;kdp> gpuhd ;];
Nghd;w ehLfs; %d;whk; cyf ehLfis Mf;fpukpj;jd. ,e;jpahTk; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; Mjpf;fj;jpd;
fPo; ,Ue;jJ. fhydp ehLfs; ,uz;lhk; cyf;NghUf;Fg;gpd; Rje;jpuk; mile;jgpwF ,k;Kiw xU
KbTf;F te;jJ. Mdhy; mNj Neuj;jpy; Kjyhspj;Jt kw;Wk; Kd;Ndwpa ehLfs;
    
tsUk; ehLfspd; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu tp\aq;fspy; kiwKfkhf Mjpf;fk; nrYj;j

TNPSC.News
njhlq;fpd.
,Uk;Gj;jpiu (Iron Curtain):
,f;nfhs;if Nrhtpaj; A+dpad; kw;Wk; rPdh Mfpa fk;A+dpr ehLfspdhy; jq;fsJ Fbkf;
fspd; fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; elj;ijapd; kPJ may;ehLfspd; jhf;fk; Vw;glhky; jLf;f gad;gLj;jg;
gl;lJ. ,f;nfhs;ifapd; tpisthf ,e;ehLfspy; eilngWk ; murpay; epfo;Tfs; ntspcyfpw ;F
njhpahky; ,Ue;jNjhL fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapd; Ml;rpAk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ.
,lJrhhpfs; (Leftists):
,r;nrhy; Rje;jpuk; ve;w nghUSila yj;jPd; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J te;jJ. vdNt ,J kdpj
khpahijapy ; ek;gpf;if jdpkdph ;fspd ; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk ; kf;fspd ; xg;Gjypd ; Nghpy ;
mike ;j muR murpay ; mjpfhuq ;fspd; gfph;T kw;Wk; midtUf ;Fk; rk tha;g;G Mfpa ,ay;
Gfis nfhz ;l INuhg ;gpa nfhs ;ifahFk ;. ,J 16Mk; E}w;whz ;by; cUthf ;fg;gl;L yhf;fp>
UNrhkpy; ngd;jhk;> fphPd;> yh];fp Nghd;Nwhhpd; MNyhridfspd ; %yk; gpugykile;jJ MapDk;
,f;nfhs;iff;Fk; vjph; fUj;Jf;fs; cs;sd.
nehz;bthj;J $l;lj;njhlh; (Lame-Duck Session):
Njh;jy;fs; mwptpf ;fg;gl;L neUq ;fp tUk ; Neuj ;jpy; jw;Nghija ghuhSkd ;wj;jpDila
filrp $l;lj;njhlNu ,t;thW miof ;fg;gLk;. Gjpa ghuhSkd ;wj;jpy; ,lk; ngw Kbahj jw;
Nghija ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; nehz;b thj;Jf;fs; vd miof;fg;gLthh;fs;.
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Kbahl;rp (Limited Monarchy):
xU ehl;bd; kd;dh; ngaustpw;F kl;LNk mjpfhuk; cilatuhf tpsq;Fthh;. Mdhy; cz;
ikahd eph;thf mjpfhuq;fs; kf;fshy;> Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; gpujpepjpfsplKk ;> Nfgpdl;blKk; ,
Uf;Fk; xU muR KiwNa tiuaWf ;fg;gl;l Kbahl ;rp vdg;gLk;. jw;NghJ cs;s ,q;fpyhe ;J
muR tiuaWf ;fg;gl;l Kbahl ;rpf;F rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk ;. ,J murpay ; mikg ;G rhh;e;j
Kbahl;rp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
nkhopg;gw;W (Linguism):
,J xNu nkhop NgRk ; kf;fspilNa cs;s kpifahd nkhop czh ;it Fwpf;Fk;. ,J
mk;kf;fspd; murpay; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfSf ;F mbg;gilahf mike;jhy; nkhopg;gw;W
vdg;gLk;.
MjuT NjLjy; (Lobbying):
,J mnkhpf ;f murpaypy ; gad ;gLj ;jg;gLk ; xU KiwahFk ;. ,jd;gb xU Nfhhpf ;if
FOtpd ; cWg ; gpdh ; fs; mnkhpf ; f ghuhSkd ; wkhd fhq ; fpu]pd; cWg ; gpdh ; fis mjd ; Xa; T
miwapy; re;jpj;J jq;fSf;F rhjfkhd rpy eltbf;iffis rigapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;SkhW J}z;
Lth ; mjhtj epYitapy ; cs ; s xU jPh ; khdj ; jpd ; kPJ rhjfkhd KbTfis vLf ; FkhW
ghuhSkd;wj;jpid J}z;LtNjahFk;.
,uhZtr;rl;lk; (Martial Law):
xU ,lj;jpy; r%f eph;thfj;jpdhy; rl;lk; xOq;if epiyehl;l ,aytpy;iynadpy; mij
,uhZtj;jplk; xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; mg;gFjpapd; eph;thfk; ,uhZtr; rl;lq;fspd;gb Nkw;
nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,JNt ,uhZtr;rl;lk; mkyhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
    
fl;lis Kiw (Mandate System): TNPSC.News

,J Kjy ; cyfg ; NghUf ; F gpwF n[h; kdp kw; Wk; gpw ehLfshy ; fhyp nra ; ag; gl; l
gFjpfspy; cs;s ehLfshy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ml;rp KiwahFk ;. ,g;gFjpfspd; eph;thfKk;
Ml;rpAk; VNjDk; xU ehl;blk; xg;gilf;fg;gLk;. Mdhy; ,jid ehLfspd; mikg;G fl;
Lg;gLj;Jk;. mg;gFjpfspy ; nrhe;j muR kw;Wk; eph;thfk; Nghd;wit mikf ;fg;gLk; tiu ,k;
Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLk;. ,J If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; fPo; nghWg;G Kiw vd;w ngahpy; njhlug;
gl; lJ . grpgpf ; flypy ; cs ; s ikf ; NuhNdrpahtij ; jtpu kw; w midj ; J gFjpfSk ; Rje ;
jpukile;J Ra Ml;rp nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
khh;f;]prk; (Marxism):
fhuy; khh;f]
; ; mth;fshy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l tpQ;Qhd rkj;Jt nfhs;ifNa khh;fp]rk;
vdg;gLk;. nghUshjhu cw;gj;jp r%fj;jpw;Fk; r^f Nkk;ghl;bw;Fk; mbg;gilahdJ vd;Wk; cw;
gj;jp kw;Wk; tpdpNahf topfis itj;jpUg;gth;fSf;Fk;> mit fpilf;fhjth;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa
Nghuhl;lk; Vw;gLk; vd;Wk; Kjyhspj ;Jtk; moptpd; tpijia nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;Wk; gphpTfspy ;
yhj Ruz;lypy;yhj kw;Wk; muNrapy;yhj ,Wjp fl;l fkA+dprj;ij cUthf;f Gul;rp top tFf;
Fk; vd;Wk; khh;f;]prk; $Wfpd;wJ.
nfhs;ifg;gpufldk; (Manifesto):
,J murpay ; fl;rpfspd ; nfhs;iffs ; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; mitfspd ; rhjidfs ;
Mfpait mlq;fpa gl;bayhFk ;. ,J xt;nthU nghJj; Njh;jYf;F Kd;Gk; nghJkf;fs; Kd;
dpiyapy; ntspaplg;gLk;.
cgNjh;jy; (Mid-term Poll):
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gpugy mit jdJ gjtpf;fhyj;ij Kbjf;f ,ayhky; fiyf;fg;gLk;
NghJ Gjpa mitia mikg;gjw;fhf cgNjh;jy; elj;jg;gLk;.
Kbahl;rp (Monarchy):
,J guk;giu topahf tUk; xU murh; my;yJ Ml;rpahshpd; Ml;rp Kiwia Fwpf;Fk;.
,J [dehaf Kiwf;F vjpuhdjhFk;. ,k;Kiwapy; muir mikg;gjw;Nfh my;yJ elj;
Jtjw ; Nfh kf ; fspd ; xg; Gjiy ngWk ; tifapy ; Njh ; jy ; elj ; j KbahJ . Mdhy ; murh ;
ngaustpy ; kl; Lk; ehl ; bd; jiytuhf ,Ue; J cz ; ikahd mjpfhuq ; fs; kf; fspd ;
gpujpepjpfsplk; ,Ue;jhy; mJ murpayikg;G rhh;e;j Kbahl;rpahFk;.
Njrpa kakhf;fy; (Nationalisation):
tq;fpfs;> njhopw;rhiyfs; Nghd;w jdpahh; nrhj;Jf;fis muR ifafg;gLj;JtNj
Njrpakakhf ;fy; vdg;gLk;. jdpahh; njhopw;rhiyfis muR ifafg;gLj;Jtjd; Nehf;fk;
mj;njhopw ;rhiyfis elj;Jtjpy ; nghJ kf;fspd ; eyd; fhf;fg;gl Ntz ;Lk; vd;gNjahFk ;.
Cjhuzkhf nghJ eyed fUj;jpy; nfhz;L ,e;jpa muR 1969Mk; Mz;L 14 jdpahh ; Jiw
tq;fpfis Njrpakakhf;fpaJ.
ePjpkd;w ngQ;r;fspd; tiffs;: (Types of Judicial Benches)
cr;rePjpkd;wk;:
1. cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; Ie;J Ngh; my;yJ mjw;F Nky; nfhz;l murpayikg;G /
KOngQ;r;
    
2. btp\dhy; ngQ;r; jiyik ePjpgjp gq;Nfw;why; %d;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l cr;rePjp
TNPSC.News
kd;w ePjpgjpfisAk; kw;w Neuj;jpy; ,uz;L (m) mjw;F Nkw;gl;l cr;rePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpfisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ.
cah;ePjp kd;wk;:
1. KO ngQ;r; : %d;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ePjpgjpfs;
2. btp\dy; ngQ;r; : ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ePjpgjpfs;
3. xw;iw ngQ;r; : xNu xU ePjpgjp
Njh;jy; Fw;wq;fs;: (Electoral Offcences):
ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l Njh;jy; rl;lq;fis xU egNuh my;yJ xU mjpfhhpNah
kPWtNj Njh;jy; Fw;wq;fshFk;.
Njh;jy; tpjpKiwfs; kPwy;: (Electroral Malpractices):
Njh;jy; Mizaj;jhy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l Njh;jy; elj;ij tpjpfis xU fl;rpNah my;yJ
xU mjpfhhpNah kPWtNj Njh;jy; tpjpKiw kPwy; vdg;gLk;.
,Ufl;rp Kiw: (Two – Party System):
xU ehl;by; ngUk;ghd;ikahd thf;Ffis ngwf;$ba typiktha;e;j ,U fl;rpfs;
,Ue;jhy; me;j ehL ,U fl;rp Kiwapy; nray;gLk; ehL vdg;gLk;. ,k;Kiwapy; kw;w fl;rpfs;
vJTk; ,Uf;fhJ vd;W mh;j;jkpy;iy. kw;w fl;rpfs; ,Ue;jhYk; mtw;Wf;F ngUk;ghd;ik ngWk;
msT murpaypy; nry;thf;F ,Uf;fhJ. ,k;Kiw ,yq;ifapYk; tq;fNjrj;jpYk; ntw;wpfukhf
nray;gLfpd;wJ.
kj;jpa gzpfs; kw;Wk; midj;J ,e;jpa gzpfs;: (Central Services & All India Services)
midj;J ,e;jpa mstpy; guhkhpf;fg;gLk; kj;jpa murpd; fPo; cs;s gzpfNs kj;jpag;
gzpfshFk;. Mitahtd ,e;jpa may;ehl;L gzpfs;> ,e;jpa jzpf;if kw;Wk; fzf;F gzpfs;>
,e;jpa Rq;f kw;Wk; fyhy; gzpfs; Nghd;wit. Mdhy; midj;J ,e;jpa gzpfs; vd;gJ
,e;jpa Ml;rpg;gzpfs; ,e;jpa fhty;Jiw gzp kw;Wk; ,e;jpa tdj;Jiw gzpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw
Fwpf;f kl;LNk murpayikg;ghy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. khepyq;fsitapd; ghpe;Jiufspd; kPJ
NtW ve;jtpj gzpfis cUthf;fTk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; cz;L (tpjp 312).
Culq;F cj;jutpw;Fk;> jilcj;jutpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfs;: (Diffence between the
Curfew and the Prohibitory Order):
Culq;F cj;juT vd;gJ Xhplj;jpy; fytuk; Vw;gl;l gpd;dh; vLf;fg;gLk; eltbf;ifahFk;.
,j;jifa cj;juT ntspaplg;gl;lgpd;dh; kf;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpapy; elkhLtij
jilnra;Ak;. Mdhy; jil cj;juT vd;gJ r%fj;jpd; rl;lk; xOq;if fhg;ghw;w vLf;fg;gLk;
Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;ifahFk;. ,t;Tj;juT ntspaplg;gl;l gpd;dh; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpapy;
Ie;J mjw;F Nkw;gl;l egh;fs; $Ltij jilnra;Ak;. ,t;tpU cj;juTfisAk; xU jdpegh;
kPWk; NghJ mth; kPJ Fw;wtpay; eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp: (Distributive Judges):
nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bd; gyd;fs; midtUf;Fk; gfph;e;jspf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gNj ,jd;
nghUshFk;. NkYk; ,k;Kiwapy; nrhj;Jf; Ftpg;Gk; ,Uf;fhJ ,J murpayikg;gpd; tpjp 39(a)
kw;Wk; (b) Mfpatw;wpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
    
fl;lzk; kw;Wk; thp (Fee and Tax):

TNPSC.News
fl;lzk; vd;gJ mspf;fg;gl;l gzpfSf;F gjpyhf t#y; nra;ag;gLtjhFk;. Mdhy; thp
vd;gJ nghJthd fhuzq;fSf;fhf kf;fsplkpUe;J fl;lhakhf t#ypf;fg;gLtjhFk;. ,J
ve;jtpj gzpfSf;F gjpyhfTk; mspf;fg;glhJ. xU thpia rl;l rigapd; xg;Gjpyd; Nghpy; jhd;
tpjpf;f KbAk;.
tiuaWf;fg;glhj mjpfhuk;: (Plenary Power):
KOikahd fl;Lg;ghby;yhj Nfs;tp Nfl;f Kbahj mjpfhuk; vd;W nghUs;. 24tJ
murpayikg;G jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; ghuhSkd;wk; tiuaWf;fg;glhj mjpfhuj;ij ngw Kad;wJ.
Mdhy; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gil fl;likg;G vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy;
mk;Kaw;rpia jLj;jJ. cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fUj;Jg;gb ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; midj;J rl;lq;fSk;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpg;Gduha;Tf;F cl;gl;ljhFk;.
cjtpr;rl;lk;: (Subordinate Legislation):
rl;lkd;wk; toq;fpa mjpfhu vy;iyf;F cl;gl;L murhq;fj;jpdhy; ,aw;wg;gLk; tpjpfSk;
fl;Lg;ghLfSk; cjtpr;rl;lk; vdg;gLk;.
mwpf;if mspf;Fk; mYtyh; kw;Wk; jiyik Njh;jy; mYtyh;:
(The Returning Officer and the Presiding Officer):
Mwpf;if mspf;Fk; mYtyh; vd;gth; Ntl;G kD jhf;fy; nra;tjpy; ,Ue;J Njh;jy;
KbTfs; mwptpf;fg;gLk;tiu xU njhFjpf;F nghWg;Gilatuhth;. nghJthf khtl;l ePjpgjpNa
,g;gjtpapy; epakpf;fg;gLthh;. Mdhy; jiyik Njh;jy; mYtyh; vd;gth; xU thf;Fg;gjpT
ikaj;jpd; jiytuhth;. ,th; mwpf;if mspf;Fk; mYtyUf;F fPo; gzpahw;Wthh;.
kWNjh;jy; kw;Wk; kWthf;F gjpT: (Countermanding and Repoll):
kW Njh;jy; vd;gJ Njh;jy; eilKiw KOtijAk; kPz;Lk; Gjpjhf njhlq;FtjhFk;.
Mdhy; kWthf;F gjpT vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l rpy thf;F gjpT ikaq;fspy; kl;Lk; kPz;Lk; thf;F
gjpT elj;JtjhFk;.
rl;lkd;wj;Jld; ,izf;fg;glhj cWg;gpdh;fs;: (Unattached members of the legislature)
,th;fs; fl;rpj;jthy; kw;Wk; gjtp ePf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mitj;jiytuhy; vLf;fg;gLk;
KbTf;fhf fhj;jpUg;gth;fshth;.

    
TYPES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION TNPSC.News
I. WRITTEN (vOjg;gl;lJ) UNWRITTEN: (vOjg;glhjJ)

1. Its provisions are codified into a single Not codified into a single legal document.
legal document. Eg. USA, INDIA Eg. UK, New Zealand.
II. ENACTED (cUthf;fg;gl;lJ) EVOLVED: (jhdhf cUthdJ)

1. It needs a separate body to frame Need not
constitution Not like that. No definite beginning
2. This constitution has a definite beginning. Eg. All unwritten constitution U. K., New
For Eg. India. Constitution adopted on 26, Zealand
November 1949
3. All written constitutions are enacted All unwritten constitutions are evolved
constitution. Eg. USA, India. constitution.
Eg. UK, New Zealand
III. RIGID (fbdj; jd;ik cilaJ)
1. Constitution amendment procedure is very FLEXIBLE: (nefpo;Tj; jd;ik
difficult. Eg. USA cilaJ)
Easy, Eg. UK
IV. FEDERAL ($l;lhl;rp) Note: Partly rigid & Partly flexible. Eg.
1. It has two types of governments like India
central Government and State Government
Eg. USA, Indian, Australia, Pakistan, etc., UNITARY (xw;iw Ml;rp)
Only one form of government.
(i.e.) Central Govt.
Eg. UK, New Zealand, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri
Lanka
ANNEXURE
ORIGINALLY INDIAN CONSTITUTION HAD 22 PARTS, 8 SCHEDULES & 395 ARTICLES,
BUT NOW, THERE ARE 24 PARTS 12 SCHEDULES & MORE THAN 450 ARTICLES
Amendment Act = rl;l jpUj;jk;

PARTS: (gFjpfs;)
    
1. 7th Amendment act (1956), removed part 7 and 9

TNPSC.News
2. 42nd Amendment Act (1976) added part IVA, XIV A, IV – A Fundamental Duties, XIV – A,
Administrative Tribunals
3. 73rd Amendment Act (1992) added part IX Panchayaths
4. 74th Amendment Act (1992) added part IXA Municipalities
SCHEDULES: (ml;ltizfs;)
1. 1st Amendment Act (1951) added schedule 9 – Land reforms
2. 52nd Amendment Act (1985) added schedule 10 – Anti defection act
3. 73rd Amendment Act (1992) added schedule 11 – Panchayat

4. 74th Amendment Act (1992) added schedule 12 – Municipalities
WRITS
S.No. Particulars Habeas Corpus Mandamus Prohibition & Quo Warranto

Certiorari
1 By whom By any individual / By any

(ahuhy; Organisation ______By affected Persons individuals /
nfhz;L tu (jdp egh; / _____ organisation
KbAk;) mikg;G) (ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fshy; kl;LNk (ahh;
nfhz;L tuKbAk;) Ntz;LkhdhYk;
nfhz;L
tuyhk;)
2 Against To any Public / Against Public Against To the person
Whom Private authority Officials / judicial / quasi holding public
(ahUf;F (muR / authority judicial office
vjpuhf) jdpahUf;F) (muRf;F authorities or (muR gjtpapy;
vjpuhf kl;Lk; bodies ,Ug;gtUf;F
nfhz;L tu (ePjpj;Jiwf;F vjpuhf)
KbAk;) vjpuhf)
3 Purpose To prevent illegal If any rights To compel the To ensure that
(vjw;fhf) detention (jtwhd created by law court to act he / she is
topapy; flj;jy;> is violated within their qualified or not

    
gpbj;J itj;jy; (muR jurisdiction ofTNPSC.News

their job
Nghd;wtw;iwj; cUthf;fpa (ePjpj;Jiwia (chpa gjtpf;F
jLf;f) chpikfs; mth;fspd; jFjpahdtuh
kWf;fg;gLk; mjpfhu vd;gij cWjp
nghOJ) tuk;Gf;Fs; nra;J
,Uf;f nfhs;s)
itj;jy;)
EMERGENCIES (neUf;fb epiyfs;)

NATIONAL STATE FINANCIAL
PARTICULARS
EMERGENCY EMERGENCY EMERGENCY
1. Area Whole of India / only In State only Whole of India or
part of India any part of India
2. Proclaimed by President President President
(gpuflzg;gLj;Jjy;)
3. On the grounds of External Aggression – Constitutional Financial Breakdown

(vjw;fhf) ntspehl;L breakdown
Mf;fpukpg;G Governor’s report
War – Nghh;
Armed Rebellion –
Majk; jhq;fpa
fytuk;
4. Approved by Parliament
5. Within the period Parliament Two months
Parliament
of Two months Indefinite period
One Month
6. Normal life period Six months Indefinite
Six months
7. It can be extended Only one time -
Any no. of times
8. Extension Period Six months -
Six months at a time
nd
9. 42 Amendment Normal period
President can Modify
Act reduced from one year
to six months
-

    
Refer Book Refer Book It can be questioned

th
TNPSC.News
10. 44 Amendment It can be questioned in It can be questioned in in Court of law
Act court of law. Court of Law:
11. Judicial Review (ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
Nfs;tp Nfl;f
KbAk;) LS only
LS only
LS only
12. Disapproval
NEW SALARIES OF IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICIALS
1. President - 1,50,000/-
2. Vice President - 1,25,000/-
3. Governor - 1,10,000/-
4. Chief Justice of India - 1,10,000/-
5. Judges of Supreme Court &
Chief Justice of High Court - 1,00,000/-
6. Judges of High Court - 90,000/-
7. Cabinet Secretary - 90,000/-
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; $l;lhl;rpaw;w jd;ikfs;

NON FEDERAL FEATURES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION
xU $l;lhl;rp ehL ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;ba 5 jFjpfs;
1. Nefpoh murpayikg;G – Ridged
2. vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G – Written
3. murpayikg;gpd; Nkd;ik
4. ePjpkd;wq;fspd; jdpj;Jtk;
5. kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilapy; rkkhd mjpfhu gq;fPL
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; cs;s $l;lhl;rpaw;w jd;ikfs;

1. Art – 3 – khepy murpd; xg;Gjiy ngwhky; mjd; ngah;> gug;G Nghd;wtw;iw khw;WtJ
 352
2. 3 types of emergencies  356

    
 360
TNPSC.News
3. Art – 249 – nghJeyd; fUjp uh[;a rigapd; 2/3rd ngUk;ghd;ikapy; xU jPh;khdk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy; kj;jpa muR khepy gl;baypy; rl;lk; ,aw;wyhk;.
4. ml;ltiz – 7: 1. kj;jpa gl;bay; - Union Life: ,jpy; cs;s Jiwfspy; kj;jpa
muR kl;LNk rl;lk; Nghl KbAk;
2. khepy gl;bay; - State Life: ,jpy; cs;s Jiwfspy; khepy
muR kl;LNk rl;lk; ,aw;w KbAk;
3. nghJ gl;bay; - Concurrent Life: ,jpy; cs;s Jiwfspy; ,U
muRfSk; rl;lk; ,aw;wyhk;. Mdhy; gpur;rpid te;jhy; khepy muR
tpl;Lf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;
5. xNu FbAhpik
6. xNu Njh;jy; Mizak;
7. CAG – Comproller & Auditor General
8. fth;dh; kj;jpa murpd; gpujpepjp
9. Art – 312 – midj;jpe;jpa gzpfspy; cs;sth;fs; IAS, IPS, IFS Nky; khepy muR
xOq;F eltbf;if vLf;ff; $lhJ.
10. ,jdhy; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G miuFiw $l;lhl;rp vd;fpNwhk; (Quasi Federal)
LATEST AMENDMENTS:
1. 80th Amedments Act – 2000:-

tUkhdthp> cw;gj;jp thp Nghd;wtw;wpy; jw;nghOJ cs;s gphpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
eilKiwia khw;wp nkhj;j thp tUthapy; 26% khepyq;fSf;F vd;W $wg;gl;lJ
2. 81st AA: 2000:-
epug;gg;glhj ,lq;fis mLj;j tUlj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; nry;tJ (Art – 16)
3. 82nd AA: 2000:-
Art – 335 – SC & SI Reservation
4. 83rd AA: 2000:-
Art – 243m – Arunachala Pradesh – y; gQ;rhaj;J Njh;jy;fspy; SC-f;F xJf;fL
P
$lhJ
5. 84th AA: 2000:- 1991- Mk; Mz;L nrd;nr]; gb ,lq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia khw;whky;
njhFjpia kWrPuikg;gJ Fwpj;J
6. 85th AA: 2001:-
16 (4) Amended. SC / ST Promotion rPdpahhpl;b mbg;gilia nfhz;L te;jJ
7. 86th AA: 2002:-
Art 21A – Added – Right to Primary education Art 45 Amended
8. 87th AA : 2003:- vd;gjw;F gjpyhf 2001 vd;W khw;wg;gl;lJ
    
9. 88th AA: 2003:- Nrit thpfs; gw;wpaJ

TNPSC.News
10. 89th AA: 2003:- Related National Commission for SC
11. 90th AA: 2003:- Assam – State election – SC / ST Reservation
12. 91st AA: 2003:- Council of Ministars strength not 15% of Total strength in Centre & state
(75, 164)
13. 92nd AA: 2003:- 4 languages Added. 1. Bodo 2. Dogri 3. Maithili 4. Santhali
14. 93rd AA: 2006:- Reservation in higher educational institutions
15.
AMENDABILITY OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
(mbg;gil chpikfspd; jpUj;jk;)
1. tpjp 13-xU muR NghLk; ve;j rl;lkhf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ mbg;gil chpikfis kPwpdhy;
ve;j msTf;F kPWfpwNjh me;j msTf;F me;j rl;lk; nry;yhJ vd;W $WfpwJ.
2. Art – 368 rl;l jpUj;jj;jpw;F cs;s tpjp
3. Golak nath case (1967)
- 368-I gad;gLj;jp F-Rs-I jpUj;j KbahJ
- Trancedental Position given to F Rs.
(kPwKbahj)
4. 24tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;
- FRs-I jpUj;jyhk;
5. Kesha wananda Bharathi Case (1973)
- FRs-I jpUj;jyhk;. Mdhy; mbg;gil fl;likg;ig kPwf;$lhJ
(Basic Structure)
Relationship between F.Rs. & DPSPs
 1951 – NyNa Problem started - ahh; nghpath; vd;W
 Supreme Court F.Rs nghpaJ So - Bank Nationalisation Act
nry;yhJ
Privy purses abolition Act
(kd;dh; khdpa xopg;G)
 25AA (1971) Introduced – 31 (c) Part (1) 1) 39 (b) & 39 (c) nghpaJ
(14, 19, 31-I tpl)
Part (2) 2) 39 (b) & (c) d;
mbg;gilapy; rl;lk;
Nghl;lhy; mij vjph;j;J tof;F Nghl KbahJ
    
 Keshawananda Bharati Case (1973) -31 (c) d; part – 1 OK

TNPSC.News
But part – 2 violates judicial review
So, part – 2 cancelled
 42nd AA (1976) All DPSPs can over ride 14, 19, 31
(kPwyhk;)
- ,e;j tp\ak; ePjpg;Gduha;Tf;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ
 Minerva Mills Case (1980) 39 (b) & (c) kl;Lk; 14 & 19 I kl;Lk; kPwyhk;
RESERVATION IN INDIA
,e;jpahtpy; ,l xJf;fL
P
1. kj;jpa muR cah; fy;tpapy; 27% nfhLj;Js;sJ
2. khepy muRfs; ,l xJf;fl
P ;bw;F jdpNa ,lk; Nghlyhk;
P 50% I jhz;lf; $lhJ – cr;r ePjp kd;wk;
3. ,l xJf;fL
4. Mdhy; 1. uh[];jhdpy; - 68% cs;sJ. ,jpy; gpuhkzh;fSf;F chpa 14% mlq;Fk;
2. jkpo;ehl;by; 69% 3. fh;ehlfhtpy; 73%
5. ,l xJf;fLP njhlh;ghf epiwa tof;Ffs; cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpy; epYitapy; cs;sJ
6. ,lxJf;fl
P ;bw;F mbg;gil
1. [hjp 3. N. E. States (tlfpof;F khepyq;fs;)
2. ghypdk; (ngz;fSf;F) 4. gpd; jq;fpa khepyq;fs; (UP, Bihar)
7. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G SC-f;F 15% kw;Wk; ST-f;F 7.5% kl;Lk; nfhLj;jhh;fs; (10
tUlq;fSf;F)
8. Mdhy; gpd;dhl;fspy; ,it kw;w [hjpapdUf;Fk; ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ
HISTORY OF PRACTICE:
1. 1902 - rj;ugjp rhF[p (nfhy;fhG+h; - kfhuh\;buh)
BC – f;fhf xJf;fPL nfhLj;jhh;
- 50% nfhLj;jhh;
- ,Jjhd; xU murhq;fj;jpdhy; ,e;jpahtpy; ntspaplg;gl;l Kjy; ,l
xJf;fL
P Miz
2. 1921 - jkpof;j;jpy; Kjy; tFg;G thhp GO (Government Order) nkl;uh];
khfhzj;jhy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
mjd; gb gpuhkzh; my;yhNjhh;f;F - 44%
gpuhkzh;fSf;F - 16%
K];yPk;fSf;F - 16%
Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpah;fSf;F (or) fpwp];jth;fSf;F - 16% (my;yJ)
SC tFg;gpdUf;F - 8%

    
3. 1953 - Nfy;fh; fkpl;b epakdk; - r%f kw;Wk; fy;tp hPjpahf gpd; jq;fpath;fis
TNPSC.News
fzf;fpLtj;wfhf mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,thpd; ghpe;Jiufspy; OBC –f;Fhpa ghpe;Jiufs;
epuhfhpf;fg;gl;ld
1956 - y;fhfh Nfy;fh; mwpf;ifapd; gb SC ml;ltiz khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ
1976 - y; ml;ltiz khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ
1979 - y; kz;ly; fkp\d; mikf;fg;gl;lJ
Vd; - r%f kw;Wk; fy;tp hPjpahf gpd; jq;fpath;fis fzf;fpl
1980 - mwpf;if rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ ,th; 52% OBC ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sjhf $wpdhh;.
1931- kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd; gb $wpdhh; Vw;fdNt SC & ST f;F
cs;sJ 22.5% vdNt jw;nghOJ OBC-f;F 27% xJf;fpdhy; nkhj;jk; 49.5% vdNt
cr;rePjpkd;w jPh;g;gpd;gb ,lxJf;fPL 50%-I jhz;lhJ vd;W kz;ly;
ghpe;Jiuj;jhh;
1990 - gj;J tUlq;fs; fopj;J tp. gp. rpq; mth;fshy; kz;ly; mwpf;if
eilKiwf;F
nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ
- ,jid vjph;j;J nly;yp gy;fiyf;fof khzth; uh[Pt; Nfh];thkp jPf;Fspf;f
Kaw;rpj;jhh;
- ,jw;F gpwF gy jPf;Fspg;Gfs; eilngw;wd
1991 - eurpk;kuht; muR cah;[hjpapy; cs;s ViofSf;F 10% ,l xJf;fL
P
mspj;jhh;
1992 - kz;ly; mwpf;if nry;yhJ vd;W cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; njhlugl;l tof;fpy;
jPh;g;G
toq;fg;gl;lJ. jPh;g;G vd;d? kz;ly; mwpf;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;jpaJ
nry;Yk;
1993 - kj;jpa muR gjtpfspy; OBC f;F 27% nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ
1995 - 77tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; tpjp 16(4) vd;gij Gjpjhf Nrh;j;J SC &
STf;F gjtp cah;tpy; ,l xJf;fPL nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ
1998 - Kjy; Kiwahf kj;jpa muR rh;Nt elj;jp ,e;jpahtpy; 32% OBC cs;sjhf
Fwpg;gpl;lhh;fs;
jkpofj;jpy; ,l xJf;fPl;bd; tuyhW

1951 - OBC - 25%
SC/St - 16%
- 41%
1971 - fiyQh; muR
- rl;lehjd; fkpl;b fphpkpNyaiu mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ
- ,thpd; ghpe;Jiuapd;gb BCf;F - 16%
MBCf;F - 17%
- Mdhy; muR Bcf;F - 31%
SC & ST - 18%

    
- 49% vd;gij
TNPSC.News
eilKiwg;gLj;jpaJ
1980 - mjpKf muR fphpkpNyaiu nfhz;Lte;jJ
- &.9000.00 tUlk; fphpkpNyaUf;F mbg;gilahf itf;fg;gl;lJ
- jpKfTk; kw;w fl;rpfSk; ,ij gaq;fukhf vjph;j;jhh;fs;
- clNd mjpKf muR fphpkpNyaiu ePf;fpaJ
- NkYk; OBCf;F – 50%
Sc & st - 18 - 68% vd;wJ
1989 - td;dpah; rq;f Nghuhl;lk;
- Vd; khepyj;jpy; 20% Ntz;Lk;
kj;jpapy; 2% Ntz;Lk;
- jpKf muR xj;Jf; nfhz;lJ vdNt
Bc - 30% Sc- 18%- 69%
MBc - 20% St - 1%
Fwpg;G:
jw;nghOJ - BC apy; K];yPk;fSf;F - 3.5%
SC apy; mUe;jjpahh;fSf;F - 3.0 % xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
1992y; cr;rePjp kd;wk; ,l xJf;fL
P 50% rjtPjj;ij jhz;lf; $lhJ vd;W $wpaJ.
1994 – jkpof muR ek;Kia 69% ,lxJf;fl
P ;il [dhgjp xg;GjYld; 9tJ ml;ltizapy;
Nrh;j;Jtpl;lJ
1994 – M. K. Vijayan – 69% nry;yhJ vd;W mwptpf;fr; nrhy;yp cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;F
njhlh;e;jhh;
- mtUf;F mb> cij fpilj;jJ
- ,e;j tof;F ,d;Dk; njhlh;fpwJ
2010 - [_iy – cr;rePjpkd;wk; ,e;j 69% ,d;Dk; xU tUlk; ePl;bj;jJ
- NkYk; 69 rjtPjj;ij cWjpnra;J nfhs;s jkpof muR cr;rePjp kd;w
jPh;g;GfSf;F
cl;gl;L rl;lk; ,aw;wpf;nfhs;syhk; vd;W $wpAs;sJ.
murpayikg;gpd; tpjpfs;
ne;jpa murpayikg;g[ eilKiwf;F te;jBghJ 395 tpjpfisf; bfhz;oUe;jJ. nit nUgj;J
nuz;L gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.nJtiu 98 murpayikg;g[j; jpUj;jA;fs; bra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.ntw;wpd;
fhuzkhfr; rpy tpjpfs; ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.rpy tpjpfs; Vw;fdBt nUe;j tpjpfspd; cl;gphpt[fshfr;

Brh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; ne;jpa murpayikg;gpy; filrp cWg;ghf 395tJ tpjpahf jhd; nUf;fpwJ.
murpayikg;gpd; ne;j 395tpjpfs; vtw;iwf; TWfpd;wJ vd;gijf; fhzyhk;.

    
gFjp-1
TNPSC.News
xd;wpaKk; mjd; epytiua[k; (The Union and its Territory)
tpjpfs;
1. xd;wpaj;jpd; bgaUk; epytiua[k;
2. mDkjpf;fg;gLk; my;yJ Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; g[jpa khepyA;fs;

3. g[jpa khepyA;fis cUthf;Fjy; my;yJ cs;s khepyA;fspd; gFjpfs;,vy;iyfis khw;wpaikj;jy;
my;yJ bgah; khw;wk; bra;jy;.
4. Kjy; kw;Wk; ehd;fhtJ ml;ltizfspy; jpUj;jk; Bkw;bfhs;s nizg;g[fs;,

Beh;tpist[fs;,gpd;tpist[fs; bjhlh;ghd fhhpaA;fspy; tpjpfs; 2, 3 nd; fPH; rl;lA;fs; naw;Wjy;.
gFjp-2
Foa[hpik(Citizenship)
5. murpayikg;gpd; bjhlf;ff;fhyj;jpy; Foa[hpik
6. ghfp^;jhdpypUe;J ne;jpahtpw;Ff; Fobgah;e;j rpy egh;fspd; Foa[hpik
7. ghfp^;jhDf;Ff; Fobgah;e;J brd;w rpyhpd; Foa[hpikfs;
8. ne;jpaht[f;F btspapy; thGk; ne;jpa tk;rhtHp egh;fs; rpyhpd; Foa[hpikfs;
9. may;ehl;Lf; Foa[hpikiaj; jd;dpr;irahf Btz;og;bgWk; egh;fs; ne;jpaf; Fokf;fshfkhl;lhh;fs;.
10. Foa[hpikj; bjhlh;r;rp
11. ehlhSkd;wk; rl;lj;jhy; Foa[hpikia xGA;FgLj;Jjy;
gFjp-3
mog;gil chpikfs; (fundamental Rights)
12. brhw;bghUs; tpsf;fk;
13. rl;lA;fs; mog;gil chpikfSld; Kuz;gLjy; my;yJ kjpg;gpHf;fr; bra;jy;
14. rl;lj;jpd; Kd; rkk;
15. rkak;, ndk;, rhjp, ghypdk; my;yJ gpwe;j nlk; fhuzkhf BtWgLj;JjYf;Fj; jil
16. bghJ Btiyapy; rktha;g;g[
17. jPz;lhik xHpf;fg;gl;lJ

18. gl;lA;fs; tHA;FtJk; bgWtJk; jLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
19. Bgr;R Rje;jpuk; cs;spl;l rpy chpikfSf;fhd ghJfhg;g[

20. Fw;wA;fSf;fhd Fw;wj; jPh;g;gpypUe;J ghJfhj;jy;
21. capiua[k; jdpg;gl;l chpikiaa[k; ghJfhj;jy;
21.m)nytr fl;lhaf; fy;tp
22. rpy tHf;Ffspy; ifJ bra;jy;, milj;J itj;jYf;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;g[
23. kdpj caphpdA;fis thA;FtJ, tpw;gJ, Btiyf;Ff; fl;lhag;gLj;JjYf;Fj; jil.
24. bjhHpw;rhiyfspYk; nd;dgpwtw;wpYk; FHe;ijfisg; gzpf;F mkh;j;Jjy; jil bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

    
25. kdr;rhl;rpg;go braw;gl, kw;Wk; jkJ kjj;ijj; jGt, Bkw;bfhs;s, gug;g[tjw;Fs;s Rje;jpuk;
TNPSC.News
26. rka tptfhuA;fis epUtfpg;gjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;
27. xU Fwpg;gpl;l rka Kd;Bdw;wj;jpw;F thpr; brYj;tjpdpd;Wk; Rje;jpuk;

28. rpy fy;tp epiyaA;fspy; kjBghjidf;fhf my;yJ tHpghl;ow;fhf te;jpUg;gjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;
29. rpWghd;ikBahhpd; eyd;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;

30. rpWghd;ikBahh; fy;tp epiyaA;fis Vw;gLj;jt[k; eph;tfpf;ft[k; chpik
31. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
31.m. v^;Bll;Lfs; nd;d gpwtw;iw vLj;jYf;F tHptif bra;a[k; rl;lA;fSf;fhd ghJfhg;g[
31.M. rpy rl;lA;fs; kw;Wk; xGA;fik tpjpfspd; bry;Yilik
31.n. bewpa[Wj;Jf; Bfhl;ghLfs; rpytw;wpw;F brayhf;fk; bfhLg;gjw;Fr; rl;lA;fisf; ghJfhj;jy;.
31.N. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
32. ne;jg; gFjpapy; tHA;fg;gl;l chpikfis mky;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ghpfhuA;fs;
32.m. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
33. ne;jg; gFjpapy; tHA;fg;gl;l chpikfis, mth jk; tpz;zg;gk; nd;dgpwtw;why; jpUj;jk; bra;tjw;F
ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
34. gilj;Jiwr; rl;lk; gFjp vjpYk; mkypypUf;Fk; BghJ, ne;jg; gFjpahy; tHA;fg;gl;l chpikfSf;Ff;
fl;Lg;ghL
35. ne;jg; gFjpapd; tifaA;fSf;Fr; rl;lkd;wk; brayhf;fk; bfhLg;gJ.
gFjp-4
murpd; bewpa[Wj;Jf; Bfhl;ghl;Lf; bfhs;if
(Directive Principles of State Policy)
37. ne;jg; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; bfhs;iffs; bghUe;Jif
38. kf;fspd; ey Bkk;ghl;ow;fhf muR r}f xGA;ifg; ghJfhj;jy;
39. rpy bfhs;iffis muR gpd;gw;Wjy; Btz;Lk;
40. fpuhk Cuhl;rpfs; mikg;g[fs;
41. rpyjWthapy; Btiy, fy;tp, bghJ cjtpf;fhd chpik

42. epahakhdJk; kdpjj;jd;ikBahL ToaJkhd bjhHpy; kw;Wk; kfg;BW epthuzA;fSf;fhd tiffs;
43. Btiyahl;fSf;fhd thH;t{jpaKk; nd;d gpwt[k;

43.m.bjhHpw;rhiyfspd; epu;thfj;jpy; bjhHpyhsu; gA;Bfw;wy;
44. Fokf;fSf;F xBu khjpupahd cupikapay; rl;lk; ghJfhg;gJk; fy;tp mspg;gJk;
45. MW taJf;F cl;gl;l nsA;FHe;ijfis ghJfhg;gJk; fy;tp mspg;gJk;
46. gl;oay; kugpdu;, gl;oay; gHA;Fo kugpdu; kw;Wk; BtW gytPd gpuptpdu;fspd; fy;tp kw;Wk;
bghUshjhu tsu;r;rpia Bkk;gLj;jy;
47. Cl;lr;rj;J,thH;f;if juk;, cly; ey Bkk;ghl;il cau;j;Jtjw;fhd murpd; flik

    
48. Btshd;ik kw;Wk; fhy;eil guhkupg;gpw;fhd mikg;g[
TNPSC.News
48.m. Rw;WR{Hiy ghJfhj;jYk;, Bkk;gLj;jYk;
49. Bjrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j epidt[r; rpd;dk;, nlA;fs;,bghUs;fis ghJfhj;jy;

50. epu;thfj;jpdpd;W ePjpJiwiaj; jdpBa gpupj;jy;
51. ru;tBjr mikjpiaa[k;,ghJfhg;iga[k; Bkk;gLj;Jjy;

gFjp-4
mog;gilf; flikfs; (Fundamental Duties)
51.m. mog;gilf;flikfs;
gFjp-5
xd;wpak;(The Union)
nay; 1
eph;thfk;(The Executive)
52. ne;jpaf; FoauRj; jiyth;
53. xd;wpaj;jpd; eph;thf mjpfhuk;
54. FoauRj;jiyth; Bjh;jy;
55. FoauRj; jiythpd; Bjh;jy; eilKiw
56. FoauRj; jiythpd; gjtpf; fhyk;
57. kWBjh;jYf;Fj; jFjpahjy;;

58. FoauRj; jiytuhfj; Bjh;e;bjLf;fg;gLtjw;fhd jFjpfs;
59. FoauRj; jiytu; gjtpf;Fhpa epge;jidfs;

60. FoauRj; jiytuhy; vLj;Jf; bfhs;sg;gLk; Miz cWjpbkhHp my;y J bka;a[Wjp bkhHp
61. FoauRj; jiytUf;F vjpuhd Fw;wr;rhl;oy; eilKiw
62. FoauRj; jiytupd; fhypahd gjtp nlj;ij epug;g[tjw;fhd Bjh;jYf;fhd fhy mst[k;, jw;brayhff;
fhypahd me;jg; gjtp nlj;ij epug;g Bjh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l eghpd; gjtpf;fhyKk;
63. ne;jpaf; FoauRj; Jizj;jiyth;
64. FoauRj; Jizj;jiyth; gjtp tHpapy; khepyA;fs; mitapd; jiytuhf nUg;ghh;.

65. FoauRj; jiytu; jw;bray; tpLg;gpy; brd;wpUf;Fk; bghGJ my;yJ tUifapy;yhjpUf;Fk; bghGJ
FoauRj; Jizj; jiytu;, FoauRj; jiytupd; gzpia Mw;Wthh;.

66. FoauRj; Jizj;jiytu; Bjh;jy;
67. FoauRj; Jizj;jiytupd; gjtpf;fhyk;
68. FoauRj; Jizj;jiytupd; fhypahd gjtp nlj;ij epug;g[tjw;fhd Bjh;jYf;Fhpa fhy mst[k;,
jw;brayhf fhypahd me;jg; gjtp nlj;ij epug;g[tjw;fhd Bjh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l eghpd; gjtpf;fhyKk;
69. FoauRj; Jizj;jiytuhy; vLj;Jf; bfhs;sg;gLk; Miz cWjpbkhHp my;yJ bka;a[Wjp bkhHp
70. BtW jw;bray; epfH;t[fspy; FoauRj; jiytupd; brayhw;Wif

    
71. FoauRj; jiytu; my;yJ FoauRj; Jizj;jiytupd; Bjh;jy; bjhlh;ghd my;yJ Bjh;jy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
TNPSC.News
tptuk;
72. FoauRj; jiytu; kd;dpg;g[ tHA;Ftjw;Fk;, gpwtw;wpw;Fk; kw;Wk; rpy tHf;Ffspy; jz;lidia
ePf;fr;bra;at[k;, Fiwf;ft[k; my;yJ khw;wpaikf;ft[k; cs;s mjpfhuk;
73. xd;wpaj;jpd;(kj;jpa murpd;) eph;thf mjpfhu ePl;og;g[

74. FoauRj; jiytUf;F cjt[tjw;Fk; MByhrid TWtjw;Fkhd mikr;ruit
75. mikr;rh;fSf;fhd BtW tifaA;fs;
76. ne;jpahtpw;fhd jiyik tHf;fwpqh;
77. murhA;fg; gzpfis Mw;Wk; Kiw
78. FoauRj; jiytUf;Fj; jfty; mspg;gjpy; jiyik(gpujk) mikr;rUf;fhd flikfs;
79. ehlhSkd;w mikg;g[

80. khepyA;fs; mitapd; mikg;g[
81. kf;fsitapd; mikg;g[

82. xt;bthU kf;fs; bjhif fzf;bfLg;g[f;Fg; gpwFk; kPz;Lk; khw;wpaikj;jy;
83. ehlhSkd;w mitfspd; gjtpf;fhyk;
84. ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdUf;fhd jFjp
85. ehlhSkd;wf; Tl;lj;bjhlh;, Tl;lj;bjhlh; Kot[ kw;Wk; fiyg;g[
86. ehlhSkd;w mikfspy; ciuahw;wt[k; jfty; mDg;gt[k; FoauRj; jiytUf;Fs; mjpfhuk;
87. FoauRj; jiytuhy; epfH;j;jg;gLk; rpwg;g[iu
88. mitfs;; bjhlh;ghf mikr;rh;fs;, jiyik tHf;fwpqUf;FKs;s chpik
89. khepyA;fsitapd; jiyth;, Jizj;jiyth;
90. Jizj;jiyth; gjtp fhypahapUj;jy;, gjtp tpyfy; kw;Wk; gjtpapypUe;J ePf;Fjy;
91. Jizj;jiyth; my;yJ jiythpd; mYtyf flikia epiwBtw;Wk; my;yJ jiytuhfr;
braw;gLgthpd; mjpfhuA;fs;
92. jiytu; my;yJ Jidj;jiytiu gjtpapypUe;J ePf;Ftjw;fhd jPu;khdk; guprPy ida[k; fPHpUe;J tUk;
BghJ mtu;fs; jiyik jhA;Fjy; TlhJ
93. kf;fsitapd; jiytUk; Jizj;jiytUk;
94. jiytu; kw;Wk; Jizj;jiytu; gjtp fhypahf nUj;jy;, gjtp tpyfy;, gjtpapypUe;J ePf;Fjy;
95. kf;fsit Jizj; jiytu; my;yJ kf;fsit jiytupd; mYtyf flikia epiwBtw;Wk; my;yJ
kf;fsit jiytuhf bray;gLgtupd; mjpfhuA;fs;
96. khepyA;fs; mit jiytu;, Jiz jiytu; kw;Wk; kf;fsit jiytu; Jizj;jiytiu gjtpapypUe;J
ePf;Ftjw;fhd jPu;khdk; guprPyidapd; fPH; nUe;J tUk; BghJ mtu;fs; jiyik jhA;Fjy;
97. khepyA;fs; mit jiytu;, Jiz jiytu; kw;Wk; kf;fsit jiytu;, Jiz jiytupd; CjpaA;fSk;
go bjhiffSk;.
98. ehlhskd;w brayfk;

    
99. cWg;gpdu;fshy; Miz cWjp bkhHp my;yJ cWjp bkhHp vLj;Jf; bfhs;sg;gLjy;
TNPSC.News
100. mitfspy; thf;fspg;g[, fhypaplA;fSk; Fiwbtz;Zk; nUg;gpDk; mitfs; bray;gLk; mjpfhuk;
101. gjtp nlA;fisf; fhypr;bra;jy;

102. cWg;gpdu; jFjpapHg;g[
103. cWg;gpdu;fspd; jFjpapHg;g[g; gw;wpa Bfs;tp epiyfspy; Kot[

104. cWg;g[ 99-nd; fPH; Miza[Wjp my;yJ cWjpbkhHp vLg;gjw;F Kd;du; my;yJ jFjpapy;yhjpUf;Fk;
BghJ mku;e;jpUj;jy; my;yJ thf;fspj;jYf;F jz;lid
105. ehlhSkd;wk; kw;Wk; mjd; cWg;gpdu;fs;, FGf;fspd; mjpfhuA;fSk;, rpwg;g[upikfSk; nd;dgpwt[k;
106. cWg;gpdu;fspd; CjpaA;fSk; gofSk;
107. rl;lKd; Kot[fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; epiwBtw;Wtjw;Fkhd tifaA;fs;
108. rpy Btisfspy; nU mitfSk; nize;J mku;jy;

109. gzkBrhjh Kd;Kot[fs; rk;ke;jkhd rpwg;g[ eilKiw
110. gzkBrhjh Kd; Kot[fs; tpsf;fk;

111. rl;lKd;tot[f;F xg;g[jy; mspj;jy;
112. Mz;L epjpepiy mwpf;if
113. jpl;lA;fs; bjhlu;ghf ehlhSkd;w eilKiw
114. epjp xJf;fPl;Lr; rl;l Kd;Kot[fs;
115. Jiz khdpak;, TLjy; khdpak;my;yJ kif khdpaA;fs;
116. fzf;F, tut[ kw;Wk; tpjptpyf;fhdkhdpaA;fSf;F thf;fspj;jy;
117. gzrl;l Kd;tut[fspy; rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
118. eilKiw tpjpfs;
119. ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; gz mYty; bjhlu;ghfr; rl;l eilKiwahy; xGA;FgLj;Jjy;
120. ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jk; bkhHp
121. ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; ePjpkd;w eltof;iff; Fwpj;Jg; Bgrjil
122. ehlhSkd;w eilKiwfisg; gw;wp ePjpkd;wk; tprhuiz elj;;Jjy; TlhJ.
nay;-3
FoauR jiytupd; rl;lk; naw;Wk; mjpfhuA;fs; (Legislative Powers of the President)

123. ghuhSkd;wk; Tlhj Beuj;jpy; mtru rl;lA;fis gpwg;gpf;f FoauR jiytUf;fhd mjpfhuk;
nay;-4
xd;wpa ePjpj;Jiw (The Union Judiciary)

124. cr;rePjpkd;w mikg;g[
125. ePjpauru;fspd; CjpaA;fSk;, gpwt[k;

126. bghWg;g[j;jiyik ePjpauru; epakdk;

    
127. nilf;fhy ePjpauru;fs; epakdk;
TNPSC.News
128. cr;rePjpkd;w mku;tpy; Xa;t[ bgw;w ePjpauru;fSk; nlk; bgWjy;
129. cr;rePjpkd;wk; kjpg;g[Wj;J ePjpkd;wkhf nUf;Fk;

130. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; nUg;gplk;
131. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; KjByw;g[ mjpfhutuk;g[

131.m.(ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
132. cau;ePjpkd;wA;fspypUe;J vGk; Bky; KiwaPLfspy; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cs;s Bky;KiwaPl;L mjpfhu
tuk;g[
133. cupikapay; tHf;Ffspy; cau;ePjpkd;wA;fspypUe;J vGk; Bky;KiwaPLfspy; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cs;s
Bky; KiwaPl;L mjpfhu tuk;g[
134. Fw;wtpay; tHf;Ffspy; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F rhd;wpjH; tHA;Fjy;

134.m. Bky;KiwaPl;Lf;fhf cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpw;F rhd;wpjH; tHA;Fjy;
135. Tl;lhl;rp ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;iga[k;,mjpfhuj;ija[k; cr;rePjpkd;wk; bgw;wpUf;Fk;

136. Bky;KiwaPL bra;a cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jhy; tHA;fg;gLk; rpwg;g[ mDkjp
137. cr;rePjpkd;wk; jhk; gpwg;gpj;j jPu;g;g[iufs; my;yJ fl;lisfis kW Ma;t[ bra;jy;
138. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; tpupe;j mjpfhu tuk;g[
139. ePjpBguhid tHA;f cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; tHA;Fjy;
140. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; Jiz mjpfhuA;fs;
141. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jhy; mwptpf;fg;gLk; rl;l jPu;g;g[fs; midj;J ePjpkd;wj;jhy; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
142. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPu;g;ghizfs; kw;Wk; Mizfs; mky;gLj;JjYk; fz;lwpjy; MizfSk; nd;d
gpwt[k;
143. cr;rePjpkd;wj;ij fye;jjhByhrpf;f FoauR jiytUf;F cs;s mjpfhuk;
144. cupikapay;, Fw;wtpay; mjpfhu epiyapdu;
144.m.(ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
145. ePjpkd;w tpjpfSk;, gpwt[k;
146. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; mYtyu;fs;, gzpahsu;fs;, brytpdA;fs;
147. bghUs; tpsf;fk;
nay;-5
ne;jpa jzpf;if Jiwj; jiytu; (Comptroller and Auditor-General of India)

148. ne;jpa jzpf;if Jiw jiytu;
149. jzpf;if Jiw jiytupd; flikfSk;, mjpfhuA;fSk;

150. xd;wpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspd; fzf;Ffspd; gotk;
151. jzpf;ifahsupd; mwpf;if
gFjp-6

    
khepyA;fs;(The states)
TNPSC.News
nay;-1 (chapter1)
bghJthdit (General)
nay;-2
eph;thfj;Jiw(The Executive)
MSeh; (Governor)
153. khepy MSeh;fs;
154. khepy eph;thf mjpfhuk;

155. MSeh; epakdk;
156. MSehpd; gjtpf; fhyk;
157. MSeh; epakdj;jpw;fhd jFjpfs;

158. MSehpd; gjtpapd; epge;jidfs;
159. MSeuhy; vLf;fg;gLk; cWjpbkhHpa[k; gjtpg; gpukhzKk;

160. jw;brayhd rpy epfH;t[fspy; MSehpd; braw;ghLfs;
161. rpy tHf;Ffspy; Fw;wA;fis kd;dpf;ft[k;, ePf;ft[k; Fiwf;ft[k; MSeUf;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
162. khepyA;fSf;F eph;thf mjpfhuj;ij ePl;oj;jy;
163. mikr;ruit MSeUf;F cjtpa[k; MByhrida[k; mspj;jy;
164. mikr;rh;fSf;fhd kw;iwa tifaA;fs;
165. khepyj; jiyik tHf;fwpqh;
166. khepy murhA;fj;jpd; mYty; eikKiw
167. MSeUf;Fj; jfty; mspg;gJ bjhlh;ghdtw;wpy; Kjyikr;rUf;Fs;s flikfs;
nay;-3
khepyr; rl;lkd;wk;(The State Legislature)
bghJthdit(General)
168. khepyr; rl;lg;Bguitfspd; mikg;g[
169. khepyA;fspy; rl;l Bkyitfis xHpj;jy; my;yJ cUthf;Fjy;
170. rl;lg;Bguitfspd; mikg;g[
171. rl;lBkyitfspd; mikg;g[
172. rl;lkd;wj;jpd; gjtpf; fhyk;
173. rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpfs;
174. khepyr; rl;lkd;w mkh;itj; js;sp itj;jy;, fiyj;jy;
175. MSeh;mit my;yJ mitfspy; ciuepfH;j;j jfty; mDg;g chpika[ilatuhthh;
176. MSeuhy; epfH;j;jg;gLk; rpwg;g[iu
177. mitfs; rk;ge;jkhf mikr;rh;fs; kw;Wk; khepyj;jiyik tHf;fwpqUf;Fs;s chpik

    
178. rl;lg;Bguitj; jiyth;, Jizj;jiyth;
TNPSC.News
179. rl;lg;Bguitj; jiyth;, Jizj;jiyth; gjtpaplA;fs; fhypahjy;, gjtp tpyfy;, gjtpapypUe;J
ePf;fg;gLjy;
180. rl;lg;Bguitj; jiyth; gjtpaplk; fhypahftpUf;Fk; BghJ mtuJ mYty;fis Mw;Wk;
Jizj;jiythl my;yJ kw;iwa egh;fSf;Fs;s mjpfhuKk;, flika[k;

181. rl;lg;Bguitj; jiyth;, Jizj;jiytiug; gjtpapypUe;J ePf;Ftjw;fhd jPh;khdk; ghprPyidapd; fPH;
nUf;Fk; bghGJ, mth;fs; mitf;Fj; jiyik jhA;Fjy; TlhJ.
182. rl;lg;Bkyitj; jiyth;, Jizj;jiyth;
183. rl;lg;Bkyitj; jiyth;, Jizj;jiyth; gjtpaplA;fs; fhypahjy;, gjtp tpyFjy;, gjtpapypUe;J
ePf;fg;gLjy;
184. rl;lg;Bkyitj; jiyth;gjtpaplk; fhypahftpUf;Fk; BghJ mtuJ mYty;fis Mw;Wk;; Jizj;jiyth;

185. rl;lg;Bkyitj; jiyth; my;yJ Jizj;jiytiug; gjtpapypUe;J ePf;Ftjw;fhd jPh;khdk;
ghprPyidapd; fPH; nUf;Fk; BghJ mth;fs; mitf;Fj; jiyik jhA;Fjy; TlhJ.

186. rl;lg; Bguitj; jiyth;, Jizj;jiyth; kw;Wk; rl;lg;Bkyitj; jiyth;, Jizj;jiythpd;
CjpaA;fSk; goj;bjhiffSk;
187. rl;lkd;wr; brayfk;
188. cWg;gpdh;fspd; cWjpbkhHp my;yJ gjtpg; gpukhzk;
189. fhypaplk; kw;Wk; Fiwbtz; ahjhf nUe;jpl;lg; BghjpYk; thf;bfLg;gpy; mitfSf;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
190. gjtpaplA;fs; fhypahjy;
191. cWg;gpdhpd; jFjpapHg;g[
192. cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpapHg;g[g; gpur;rpidfspy; Kot[
193. cWg[ 186nd; fPH; cWjpbkhHp my;yJ gjtpg;gpukhzk; vLf;fhky; my;yJ jFjpapy;yhjpUf;Fk; BghJ
my;yJ jFjpapHg;g[ MfpapUf;Fk; BghJ mitapy; mkh;jYf;Fk; thf;fspj;jYf;Fk; jz;lid
194. rl;lkd;wA;fs;, mjd; cWg;gpdh;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; FGf;fSf;Fs;s mjpfhuA;fSk; rpwg;g[hpikfSk;
nd;d gpwt[k;
195. cWg;gpdh;fspd; CjpaA;fSk; goj;bjhiffSk;
196. rl;lKd; tot[fis mwpKfg;gLj;jt[k; epiwBtw;wt[khd tifaA;fs;
197. gzkBrhjh totpy;yhj BtW rl;l Kd;tot[fspy; rl;l Bkyitapd; mjpfhuA;fsp; jilf;fl;Lg;ghLfs;
198. gzkBrhjh Kd;tot[fs; bjhlh;ghd rpwg;g[ eilKiw

199. gzkBrhjh Kd; Kot[ tpsf;fk;
200. rl;lKd; tot[f;fhd nirt[
201. guprPiyidf;fhf rl;lKd; toit xJf;fp itj;jy;
202. Mz;L epjpepiy mwpf;if
203. jpl;lr; brytPdA;fs; bjhlu;ghfr; rl;lkpaw;Wk; eilKiw
204.bjhiffisg; bgWtjw;fhd rl;lKd;tot[

    
205. cgupahd, TLjyhd my;yJ mjpfkhd khdpaA;fs;
TNPSC.News
206. fzf;F kPJ thf;bfLg;g[ fld; kw;Wk; tpjptpyf;fhd khdpaA;fspd; thf;bfLg;g[
207.gzkBrhjh Kd;Kot[f;fhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;

208. eilKiw tpjpfs;
209. gzrk;ge;jkhd mYtiy rl;lkd;w eilKiwahy; xGA;Fg;gLj;Jjy;

210. rl;lkd;wj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; bkhHp
211. khepyr; rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ePjpkd;w eltof;iffisg; gw;wp Bgr jil
212. rl;lkd;w eltof;iffis ePjpkd;wk; tprhuiz bra;jy; TlhJ
nay;-4
MSeupd; rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuk;
(Legislative Power of the Governor)
213. rl;lg;Bguitapd; nilBtisapy; mtru Mizfisg; gpwg;gpf;f MSeUf;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
nay;-5
khepyA;fspy; cs;s cau;ePjpkd;wA;fs;
(The High Court in the States)
214. khepyA;fSf;fhd cau;ePjp kd;wA;fs;
215. cau;ePjpkd;wA;fs; kjpg;g[Wj;J ePjpkd;wA;fshFk;
216. cau;ePjpkd;w mikg;g[fs;
217. cau;ePjpkd;w ePjpauru;fspd; epakdKk; epge;jidfSk;
218. cr;rePjpkd;wk; bjhlu;ghd rpy tifaA;fs; cau;ePjp kd;wA;fSf;Fk; bghUe;Jjy;
219. cau;ePjpkd;w ePjpauru;fspd; Miz cWjpbkhHp Vw;g[k; gjtpg; gpukhzKk;
220. epue;ju ePjpauruhf epakdk; bgw;wtu; tHf;Fiuqu; bjhHpy; elj;j fl;Lg;ghL
221. ePjpauru;fspd; CjpaA;fSk;, gpwt[k;

222. ePjpauru; xUtu; Xu; cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpypUe;J kw;bwhU cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F khw;wg;gLjy;
223. jw;fhypa jiyik ePjpauru; epakdk;
224. TLjy; kw;Wk; jw;fhypa ePjpauru;fspd; epakdk;

224.m) cau;ePjpkd;wA;fspd; mkUifpay; Xa;t[ bgw;w ePjpauru;fis epakpj;jy;
225. epfH;epiyapy; nUf;fpw cau;ePjpkd;wA;fspd; Ms;tiu
226. ePjpg;Bguhizfs; rpytw;iwg; gpwg;gpg;gjw;F cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;fhd mjpfhuk;

227.cau;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; midj;J ePjpkd;wA;fisa[k; fz;fhzpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
228. tHf;Ffs; rpytw;iw cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F khw;Wjy;
229. mYtyu;fs;, gzpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; cau;ePjp kd;wA;fspd; bryt[fs;
230. cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;ig xd;wpa kz;lyA;fSf;F tpupt[g;gLj;Jjy;
231. nuz;L my;yJ Bkw;gl;l khhepyA;fSf;Fg; bghJthdbjhU cau;ePjpkd;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy;
232. (ePf;fg;;gl;lJ)

    
nay;-6
TNPSC.News
fPHik ePjpkd;wA;fs; (Subordinate Courts)
233. khtl;l ePjpgjpfs; epakdk;
233.m) khtl;l ePjpgjpfspd; epakdKk; mtu;fs; tHA;Fk; jPu;g;g[iua[k; nd;dgpwt[k;
bry;YgoahFbkd;gJ
234. khtl;l ePjpgjpfsy;yhj kw;w egu;fis ePjpj;Jiwg; gzpf;F mku;j;Jjy;
235. fPHik ePjpkd;wA;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;
237.ne;j naypd; tifaA;fs; rpy tFg;g[ my;yJ tFg;g[fisr; rhu;e;j eLtu;fSf;Fg; bghUe; Jjy;
238. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
gFjp-8
xd;wpa kz;lyA;fs; (The Union Territories)
239. xd;wpa kz;lyA;fspd; epu;thfk;
239.m) Fwpg;gpl;l rpy xd;wpa kz;lyA;fSf;Fr; rl;lg;Bguit my;yJ mikr;ruit my;yJ
nuz;ila[k; cUthf;Fjy;
239.m.m) jpy;yp rk;ge;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
239.m.M) murpayikg;g[ nae;jpuk; Bjhy;tpa[Wk; epiyapy; tifa[k;
240.xd;wpa kz;lyA;fs; rpytw;wpw;F xGA;F Kiwfis cUthf;f FoauR jiytUf;F cs;s mjpfhuk;
241. xd;wpa kz;lyA;fSf;fhd cau;ePjpkd;wA;fs;
242. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
gFjp-9
Cuhl;rpfs; ( The Panchayts)
243. braw;bghUs; tpsf;fA;fs;
243.m. fpuhk mit
243.M. Cuhl;rpfspd; mikg;g[
243.n. Cuhl;rpfspd; Tl;likg;g[

243.N. nlxJf;fPL
243.c. Cuhl;rpfspd; gjtpf;fhyk;

243.C. cWg;gpdu;fspd; jFjp nHg;g[fs;
243.v. Cuhl;rpapd; mjpfhuA;fs;, mjpfhu epiy kw;Wk; bghWg;gilt[fs;
243.V. Cuhl;rpfshy; tupfs; tpjpg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuA;fSk;, Cuhl;rpfspd; epjpfSk;

243.I. epjpepiyia Ma;t[ bra;tjw;fhf epjp Mizaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy;
243.x. Cuhl;rpfspd; fzf;Ffs; jzpf;if
243.X. Cuhl;rpfSf;fhd Bju;jy;fs;
243.Xs. xd;wpa kz;lyA;fSf;Fg; (a{dpad; gpuBjrA;fSf;F) bghUe;Jjy;

    
243.f. ne;j gFjp rpy Ml;rp gFjpfSf;F bghUe;jhJ
TNPSC.News
243.A. epfH; epiyapypUf;Fk; rl;lk; kw;Wk; Cuhl;rpfs; bjhlu;e;jpUj;jy;
243.r. Bjujy; tp&aA;fspy; ePjpkd;wk; jiyapLtjw;F jil

gFjp-9m
efuhl;rpfs; (The Municipalitties)

243.q. brhw;bghUs; tpsf;fA;fs;
243.l. efuhl;rpfs; mikg;g[
243.z. efuhl;rpfis mikj;jy;
243.j. thu;L FGf;fs; mikg;g[k; mjid Vw;gLj;JjYk;
243.e. nlxJf;fPL
243.g. efuhl;rpfspd; gjtpf;fhyk;
243.k. cWg;gpdu;fspd; jFjpapHg;g[fs;
243.a. efuhl;rpapd; mjpfhuA;fs;, mjpfhu epiy kw;Wk; bghWg;gilt[fs;
243.u. efuhl;rpfshy; tupfs; tpjpg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuA;fSk; efuhl;rpfspd; epjpfSk;
243.y. epjp Mizak;
243.t. efuhl;rpfspd; fzf;Ffs; jzpf;if
243.t.m. efuhl;rpfSf;fhd Bju;jy;
243.t.M. xd;wpa kz;lyA;fSf;F (a{dpad; gpuBjrA;fSf;F) bghUe;Jjy;
243.t.n. ne;jg; gFjp rpy Ml;rp gFjpfSf;F bghUe;jhJ
243.t.N. khtl;lj; jpl;lj;jpw;fhd FG
243.t.c. bgUefu (khefu) tsu;r;rp FG
243.t.C. epfH;epiyapypUf;Fk; rl;lk; kw;Wk; Cuhl;rpfs; bjhlu;e;jpUj;jy;
243.t.v. Bju;jy; tp&aA;fspy; ePjpkd;wk; jiyapLtjw;Fj; jil
gFjp-10
gl;oay; kw;Wk; gHA;Foapdu; gFjpfs; (The Scheduled and Tribal Areas)
244.gl;oay; kw;Wk; gHA;Fog; gFjp epu;thfk;
244.m. m^;^hkpy; rpy gHA;Foapdu; thGk; gFjpfspy; jd;dhl;rp
gFjp-11
kj;jpa muRf;Fk; khepy muRfSf;Fkpilapyhd cwt[fs;
(Relations between the Union and the States)

nay;-1
rl;lkpaw;WtJ bjhlu;ghd cwt[fs;
(Legislative Relations)

    
rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuA;fisg; gfpu;e;J bfhs;Sjy;
TNPSC.News
(Distribution of Legislative Powers)
245. ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; naw;wg;gl;l kw;Wk; rl;lg;Bguitahy; naw;wg;gl;l rl;lA;fis ePl;oj;jy;
246. ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; my;yJ rl;lkd;wj;jhy; naw;wg;gLk; rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpag;gFjp
247. TLjy; ePjpkd;wA;fs; rpytw;iw mikf;f tHptifr; bra;a ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;fhd mjpfhuk;

248. rl;lk; naw;WjYf;fhd vq;rpa mjpfhuA;fs;
249. ehl;od; kPJ mf;fiw bfhz;L khepyg; gl;oay; bjhlu;ghd tp&aj;jpy; rl;lkpaw;Wtjw;fhd
250. mtru fhy gpufldk; mkypypUf;Fk; BghJ khepyg; gl;oaypYs;s tp&aA;fs; bjhlu;ghf rl;lkpaw;w
251. tpjpfs; 249 kw;Wk; 250 nd; fPH; ehlhskd;wk; naw;wpa rl;lA;fSf;Fk; khepyr; rl;lkd;wA;fs;
naw;wpa rl;lA;fSf;Fkpilapyhd Kuz;ghLfs;
252. nuz;L my;yJ Bkw;gl;l khepyA;fspd; xg;g[jYld; kw;Wk; mj;jifa rl;lkpaw;wiy Vw;Fk; kw;w
khepyk; vjpw;Fk; ehlhSkd;wk; rl;lkpaw;wYf;Fupa mjpfhuk;
253. cyf mstpyhd cld;gof;iffSf;Fr; brayhf;fk; bfhLf;f rl;lkpaw;wy;
254. ehlhSkd;wk; naw;wpa rl;lA;fSf;Fk; khepyr; rl;lkd;wA;fs; naw;wpa rl;lA;fSf;Fkpilapyhd
Kuz;ghLfs;
255. eilKiwfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tp&aA;fspy; kl;Lk; Bjitg;gLk; gupe;JiufSk; Kd; mDkjpf;Fk;
nay;-2
epu;thfj; bjhlu;g[fs; (Administrative Relations)
bghJthdit(Generals)
256. khepyA;fs; kw;Wk; xd;wpaj;jpw;Fs;s fl;Lg;ghLfs;
257. rpy jWtha;fspy; khepyA;fis kj;jpa muR jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;oy; itj;jpUf;Fk;
257.m) (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
258. rpytw;wpy; khepyA;fSf;F mjpfhuA;fis tHA;Ftjw;F kj;jpa muRf;Fs; mjpfhuk;
258.m) khepy murhA;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij kj;jpa murhA;fk; braw;gLj;jp xg;gilj;jy;
259. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
260. ne;jpaht[f;F btspapYs;s epytiufs; bjhlu;ghf kj;jpa muRf;Fs; mjpfhu tuk;g[
261. bghJr; bra;iffs;, gjpt[fs; kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw eilKiwfs;
262. khepyA;fSf;fpilapyhd MWfs;, Mw;Wg; gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; rk;ke;jkhd jfuhWfspy; jPu;g;g[fs;
263. khepyA;fSf;fpilapyhd FGf;fs; rk;ke;jkhd tifaA;fs;
gFjp-12
epjp, brhj;J, xg;ge;jA;fs;, tHf;Ffs;
(Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits)

nay;-1

    
epjp(Finance)
TNPSC.News
bghJthdit(General)
265. rl;l mjpfhu epiyapduy;yhj tifapy; tupfis tpjpj;jy; TlhJ
266. ne;jpah kw;Wk; khepyA;fspd; bjhFg;g[ epjp
267. vjpu;ghuhr; bryt[ epjp
268. jPu;itfis kj;jpa murhA;fk; tpjpj;jYk; mjid khepyA;fs; tr{ypj;jYk;
268.m) xd;wpaj;jhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; Brit tupa[k; mjid kj;jpa muRk; khepy muRfSk;
tr{ypj;jYk;;
kw;Wk; jdjhf;fpf; bfhs;SjYk;
269. kj;jpa mur tupia tpjpf;ft[k; tr{ypf;ft[k; bra;J khepyA;fSf;F xJf;fPLr; bra;jy;
270. kj;jpa muRf;Fk; khepyA;fSf;Fkpilapy; tuptpjpg;g[k; gfpu;e;jspg;g[k;

271. kj;jpa murpd; Behf;fj;jpd; bghUl;L rpy jPu;itfspYk; tupfspYk; jz;lj;jPu;it
272. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
273. rzy; kw;Wk; rzy; bghUs;fs; kpJ Vw;Wkjp jpu;itf;Fg; gjpyhf khdpak; tHA;Fjy;
274. tupfspy; mf;fiw bfhz;Ls;s khepyA;fspd; rl;l Kd; tot[fSf;F FoauRj; jiytupd;
Kd;djhd gupe;jiu Bjitbad;gJ
275. kj;jpa murpypUe;J khepyA;fs; rpytw;wpw;F khdpak;
276. bjhHpy;fs;, tu;j;jfA;fs;, Btiyfs;, gzpfspy; kPJ tupfs;
277. tpyf;Ffs;
278. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
279. “bkhj;j tUkhdj;ija[k;” nd;d gpwtw;iwa[k; fzf;fpLjy;
280. epjp Mizak;
281. epjp Mizaj;jpd; gupe;jiufs;
282. jkJ tUthapypUe;J kj;jpa muR my;yJ khepy muR bryitf; bfhLj;J jpu;j;jy;
283. bghJ fzf;fpy; tut[ itf;fg;gLk; bjhFg;g[ epjp vjpu;ghuhr; bryt[ epjp Mfpatw;wpd; ghJfhg;g[
284. bghJ CHpau;fshYk;, ePjpkd;wA;fshYk; bgwg;gLk; bjhiffs; kw;Wk; tHf;fhspfspd;
itg;gPLfSf;Fg; ghJfhg;g[
285. khepy tup tpjpg;gpdpd;Wk; kj;jpa muR brhj;Jf;F tpyf;fspg;g[

286. bghUs;fs; thA;Fjy; my;yJ tpw;gidapd; kPJ tpjpj;jYf;F fl;Lg;ghLfs;
287. kpd;rhuj;jpw;F tupapd;W tpyf;fspg;g[
288. rpy r{H;epiyfspy; jz;zPu; my;yJ kpd;rhuk; rk;ge;jkhf khepyA;fspd; tuptpjpg;gpypUe;J
tpyf;fspg;g[
289. kj;jpa murpd; tupapdpd;W khepy brhj;J kw;Wk; tUkhdj;jpw;F tpyf;fspg;g[

290. rpy bryt[fs; kw;Wk; Xa;t{jpaA;fs; rk;ge;jkhd rupfl;Lif

    
290.m) Bjtjhd epjpaA;fs; rpytw;wpw;F tUlhe;jpu brYj;Jif
TNPSC.News
291. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
nay;-2
fld;fs; (Borrowing)
292. ne;jpa murhA;fk; fld; thA;Fjy;
293. khepyA;fshy; fld; thA;fg; bgWjy;
nay;-3
brhj;J, xg;ge;jA;fs;, cupikfs;, bghWg;gilt[fs;, fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; tHf;Ffs;
(Property, Contracts, Rights, Liabilities, Obligations and Suits)

294. brhj;Jf;fs;, chpikfs;, bghWg;gilt[fs; fl;Lg;ghLfs; chpik nwf;fk;
295. brhj;Jf;fs;, chpikfs;, bghWg;gilt[fs; fl;Lg;ghLfs; chpik nwf;fk;
296. ftdpg;ghuw;Wk; fhyA;fle;JkpUf;Fk;; brhj;J muRf;Fr; brhe;jkhdbjd;gJ

297. ne;jpa epytiuapd; ePh; vy;iyf;Fs; my;yJ fz;l jpl;oy; my;yJ nepjpahtpd; bghUshjhu ts
tuk;g[f;Fs; nUf;Fk; epyA;fs;, fdpg;bghUs;fs; midj;Jk; kj;jpa muRf;Fr; brhe;jkhdjhFk;.
298. th;j;jfk;, nd;dgpwtw;iw Bkw;bfhs;tjw;fhd mjpfhuk;

299. xg;ge;jA;fs;
300. tHf;FfSk;, eilKiwfSk;
nay;-4
brhj;Jhpik(Rights to Property)
300.m. rl;lj;jhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l brhj;ij egh;fs; vLj;Jf; bfhs;sf;TlhJ.
gFjp-13
ne;jpa epytiuf;Fs; th;j;jfk;, tzpfk; kw;Wk;
Bghf;Ftuj;Jj; bjhlh;g[ Rje;jpuk;
(Trade, commerce and intercourse

within the Territory of India)
301. th;j;jfk;, thzpgk; kw;Wk; tzpfk; my;yJ Bghf;Ftuj;Jj; bjhlh;g[ Rje;jpuk;
302. th;j;jfk;, thzpgk; kw;Wk; tzpfk; my;yJ Bghf;Ftuj;Jj; bjhlh;gpd; kPJ fl;Lg;ghL tpjpg;gjw;F
303. th;j;jfk; kw;Wk; tzpfk; rk;;ge;jkhf kj;jpa, khepy murhA;fk;; rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuA;fSf;fhd
fl;Lg;ghL
304. khepyA;fspd; kj;jpapy; th;;j;jfk;, thzpgk;.

305. epfH;epiyapYs;s rl;lA;fisg; ghJfhj;jYk;, khepy Mjpf;fj;jpw;fhd rl;lj;jpw;F tHptif
bra;jYk;
306. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
307. cwg[fs; 301 Kjy; 304 tiuapyhd Behf;fA;fis epiwBtw;Wtjw;fhf mjpfhu epiyapdiu
epakpj;jy;.

    
gFjp-14
TNPSC.News
ne;jpa epytiuf;Fs;; th;;j;jfk;, tzpfk; kw;Wk;
Bghf;Ftuj;Jj; bjhlh;g[ Rje;jpuk;
(Trade, commerce and intercourse

within the Territory of India)
308. bghUs; tpsf;;fk;
309. kj;jpa my;yJ khepy murpy; gzpahw;Wk; egh;;fspd; gzp Fwpj;j tiuaiwfSk; epge;jidfSk;
310. kj;jpa my;yJ khepy murpy; gzpahw;Wk; egh;fspd; gzp Fwpj;j tiuaiwfsk; epge;jidfSk;
311. kj;jpa my;yJ khepyj;jpy; Ml;rpj;Jiwg; gzpapypUf;Fk; egh;fis btspBaw;Wjy;, ePf;Fjy; my;yJ
goj;juj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;
312. midj;jpe;jpag; gzpfs;
312.m. mYtyh;fs; rpyuJ gzp epge;jidfspy; BtWgLjYf;F my;yJ ePf;Ftjw;F
313. khWjy; tifaA;fs;
314. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
nay;-2
muRg; gzpahsh; Bjh;thizaA;fs;
(Public Service Commissions)

315. kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepyA;fSf;fhd muRg; gzpahsh; Bjh;thizaA;fs;
316. cWg;gpdh;fspd; epakdKk;, gjtpf;fhyKk;
317. muRg; gzpahsh; Bjh;thizak; xd;wpd; cWg;gpdh; xUtiu ePf;ft[k; jw;fhypkhf tpyf;ft[k;
bra;jy;.
318. Mizaj;jpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; kw;Wk; CHpah;fspd; gzp epge;jidg; gw;wp xGA;FKiwfis
tFg;gjw;Fhpa mjpfhuk;.
319. cWg;gpdh;fspd; gjtp Kot[w;wJk; cWg;gpdh; Mizaj;jpy; gjtp tfpf;fj;jil
320. muRg;gzpahsh; Bjh;thizaj;jpd; mYty;fs;

321. muRg; gzpahsh; Bjh;thizaj;jpd; mYty;fis ePl;og;gjw;fhd mjpfhuk;
322. muRg; gzpahsh; Bjh;thizaj;jpd; bryt[fs;
323. muRg; gzpahsh; Bjh;thizaj;jpd; mwpf;iffs;
gFjp-14m
jPh;g; ghaA;fs;(Tribunals)
323.m. eph;thfj; jPh;g;ghaA;fs;
323.M. kw;iwa tp&aA;fSf;Fj; jPh;g;ghak;
gFjp-15

    
Bjh;jy;(Election)
TNPSC.News
324. Bjh;jy; xd;iwf; fz;fhzpf;ft[k;, fl;lisaplt[k; fl;lhs; ifapy; itf;ft[k;, Bjh;thizaj;jplk;
325. rhjp, rkak;, ndk; my;yJ ghypdk; fhuzkhf ve;j egUk; rpwg;g[ thf;fhsh; gl;oaypy;
Brh;f;fg;glBth, Bfhhpf;ifaplBth jFjpa[ilatud;W.
326. kf;fsit kw;wk; khepyr; rl;lkd;wA;fSf;fhd Bjh;jy; taJ te;Bjhh; thf;Fhpik mog;gilapy;
eilbgWjy; Btz;Lk;.
327. rl;lg; Bguitj; Bjh;jy;fSf;F tifaA;fis naw;w ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
328. rl;lg; Bguitj; Bjh;jy; rk;ge;jkhf tifaA;fis naw;w khepyr; rl;lg;Bguit xd;Wf;Fs;s
mjpfhuk;
329. Bjh;jy; tp&aA;fspy; ePjpkd;wA;fs; jiyaplj;jil

gFjp-16
rpy tFg;gpdh; rk;ge;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
(Special provisions Relating to certain classes)

330. kf;fsitapy; gl;oay; kugpdh; kw;Wk; gl;oay; gHA;Fo kugpdUf;fhd nl xJf;fPL.
331. kf;fsitapy; MA;fpByh-ne;jpa ndj;jtUf;fhd gpujpepjpj;Jtk;.
332. khepy rl;lg;Bguitfspy; gl;oay; kugpdh; kw;Wk; gl;oay; gHA;Fo kugpdUf;fhd nl xJf;fPL.
333. khepy rl;lg;Bguitfspy; MA;fpByh-ne;jpa r}fj;jthpd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
334. mWgJ Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF nl xJf;fPL kw;Wk; jdpg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; Kot[f;F tUjy;
335. gzpfs; kw;Wk; gjtpfSf;;F gl;oay; kugpdh; kw;Wk; gl;oay; gHA;Fo kugpdhpd; Bfhhpf;if
336. rpy gzpfspy; MA;fpByh-ne;jpa r}fj;jtUf;fhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
337. MA;fpByh-ne;jpa r}fj;jth;gad;ghl;Lf;F fy;tp khdpak; tHA;Fjy; rk;ge;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifak;
338. gl;oay; kugpdUf;fhd Bjrpa Mizak;

338.m. ; gl;oay; gHA;Fo kugpdUf;fhdBjrpa Mizak;
339. gl;oay; kugpdh; kw;Wk; gl;oay; gHA;Fo kugpdh; ey;thH;t[ kPjhd kj;jpa murpd; fl;lhs;if
340. gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdh;fspk; epiyfisf; fzlwptjw;fhd Mizaj;ij epakpj;jy;

341. gl;oay; kugpdh;
342. gl;oay; gHA;Fo kugpdh;

gFjp-17
mYty; bkhHp (official language)

nay;-1
343. kj;jpa murpd; mYty; bkhHp
344. mYty; bkhHpf;fhd ehlhSkd;w Mizak; kw;Wk; FG
nay;-2
khepy bkhHpfs;(Regional language)

    
345. mYty; bkhHp my;yJ khepy bkhHp
TNPSC.News
346. xU khepyj;jpw;Fk; kw;bwhU khepyj;jpw;Fkpilapy; my;yJ khepybkhd;wpw;Fk; kj;jpa
muRf;;Fkpilapy; jfty; bjhlh;g[f;fhd mYty; bkhHp

347. khepyk; xd;wpd; kf;fs; bjhifapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gphptpdh; BgRk; bkhHp rk;ge;jkhd rpwg;g[
tifaA;fs;
nay;-3
cr;rePjpkd;wk;, cah;ePjp kd;wA;fs; nd;d gpwtw;wpd;
bkhHpfs;
348. cr;rePjpkd;wk;, cah;ePjp kd;wA;fs;, rl;lA;fs;, rl;l Kd; tot[fs;, nd;dgpwtw;wpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; bkhHp
349. bkhHp rk;ge;jkhd rl;lA;fs; rpytw;iw naw;Wtjw;fhd rpwg;g[ eilKiw

nay;-4
rpwg;ghd bewpKiwfs;
(Special Directives)
350. FiwfSf;fhd KiwaPLfSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; bkhHp
350.m. bjhlf;f epiyapy; jha;bkhHp Bghjidf;fhd trjpia Vw;gLj;jpj; jUjy;
350.M. bkhHp rpWghd;ikapdUf;fhd rpwg;g[ mYtyh;
351. ne;jpbkhHp tsh;r;rpf;fhd bewpKiw
gFjp-18
mtru fhy tifaA;fs(Emergency provisions)
352. mtrufhy gpufldk;
353. mtrufhy gpufldj;jpd; tpist[
354. mtrufhy gpufldk; mkypypUf;Fk; BghJ tUtha; gfph;khdk; rk;ge;jkhd tifaA;fs;
bghUe;Jif
355. khepyA;fis btspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;gpypUe;Jk; cs;ehl;Lf; FHg;gA;fspypUe;Jk; kj;jpa murhA;jfk;
ghJfhj;jy;
356. khepyA;fspy; murpayikg;g[ nae;jpuk; braw;glhky; jtWk; jUthapy; FoauRj; jiyth; Ml;rp
mky;gLj;Jjy;;
357. cWg;g[ 356d; fPH; gpufldk; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ljpd; fPH; rl;lkd;w mjpfhuA;fis brYj;Jjy;
358. mtrufhy gpufldj;jpd; BghJ cWg;g[ 19d; tifaA;fis epWj;jp itj;jy;
359. mtrufhyj;jpy; gFjp IIIny; tHA;fg;gl;l mog;gil chpikfs;mky;gLj;Jtij
epWj;jpitj;jy;(20,21I jtpu)
360. epjp beUf;fo fhy tifaA;fs;

    
gFjp-19
TNPSC.News
gy;tif (Miscellaneous)
361. FoauRj; jiytu;, MSeh;fs;, nuh$;gpuKf;fSf;Fg; ghJfhg;g[
361.m. ehlhSkd;wk; kw;Wk; rl;lkd;w eltof;iffis btspLtjw;fhd ghJfhg;g[
362. (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)
363. ehl;oil cld;gof;iffs; kw;Wk; nju cld;gof;iffs; rk;ge;jkjf vGk; rr;rut[fspy;
ePjpkd;wA;fs; jiyapLtjw;Fj; jil
363.m. ne;jpa RBjr murpd; Ml;rpahsh;fshf mA;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lika[k; mth;fSf;fhd khdpak;
xHpf;fg;gLjYk;.
364. bghpa JiwKfA;fs; kw;Wk; tpkhd epiyaA;fs; rk;ge;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;

365. kj;jpa muR tFf;Fk; Mizfis epiwBtw;Wtjw;Fj; jtWtjhy; Vw;gLk; tpist[
366. brhw;bghUs; tpsf;fA;fs;
gFjp-20
murpayikg;g[r; rl;l jpUj;jk;
(Amendment of the constitution)

368. murpayikg;g[r; rllj;ijj; jpUj;jt[k; mjw;fhd eilKiwfis tFf;ft[k; ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fs;s
mjpfhuk;.
gFjp-21
jw;fhypf, nilf;fhy kw;Wk; rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
(Temporary Traditional and Special Provisions)

369. khepyg; gl;oaypy; cs;s tp&aA;fs; xUA;fpize;j gl;oaypy; nUe;jhy;, me;j tp&aA;fs;
rk;ge;jkhf mjpfhuk;
370. rk;K-fh&;kPu; khepyk; rk;ke;jkhd jw;fhypf tifaA;fs;
371. kfhuh&;ouh kw;Wk; F$uhj; rk;ke;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;

371.m) ehfyhe;J rk;ke;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
371.M) m^;^hk; khepyk; rk;ke;jg;gl;l rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
371.n) kzpg;g{u; khepyk; rk;ke;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;

371.N) Me;jpu khepyk; rk;ke;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;;fs;
371.c) Me;jpuhtpy; kj;jpa gy;fiyfHfk; Vw;gLj;Jjy;
371.C) rpf;fpk; rk;ke;jkhd tifaA;fs;

371.v) kpBrhuk; khepyk; rk;ke;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
371.V) Bfhth khepyk; rk;ke;jkhd rpwg;g[ tifaA;fs;
372. epfH;epiyapYs;s rl;lA;fSk; mjd; jGtYk; bjhlu;e;J mkypypUf;Fk;
372.m) rl;lj;ijg; bghUj;jpaikj;J Vw;WjYf;F FoauRj; jiytUf;Fs;s mjpfhuk;

    
373. rpy r{H;epiyfspy; egu;fs; vtiua[k; jLg;g[f; fhtypy; itg;gjw;fhd cj;juitg; gpwg;gpg;gjw;Ff;
TNPSC.News
FoauRj; jiytUf;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
374. Tl;lhl;rp ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk; Tl;lhl;rp ePjpkd;wj;jpy; epYitapYs;s eilKiwfs; gw;wpa
tifaA;fs;
375. ne;j murpayikg;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; tifaA;fSf;F cl;gl;L ePjpkd;wA;fs;, mjpfhu epiyapdh; kw;Wk;
mYtyh; mYtiyj; bjhlh;e;J
376. cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpaurh;fs; rk;ge;jkhd tifaA;fs;
377. ne;jpahtpd; fzf;Fj; jzpf;ifj; jiyth; rk;ge;jkhd tifaA;fs;
378. Bjh;thizaA;fs; rk;ge;jkhd tifaA;fs;
378.m. Me;jpu gpuBjr khepyr; rl;lkd;wg; gjtpf;fhyk; rk;ge;jkhd tifaA;fs;
379. -391 (ePf;fg;gl;lJ)

392. nila{Wfis ePf;Ftjw;Ff; FoauRj; jiytUf;Fs;s mjpfhuk;
gFjp-22
FWe;jiyg;g[, bjhlf;fk; ne;jpapy; Mjhug{u;tkhd }yk; kw;Wk; ePf;fA;fs;
(Short Title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi and Repeals)

393. FWe;jiyg;g[
394. bjhlf;fk;
394.m) Mjhug{u;tkhd ne;jp bkhHp }yk;
395. ePf;fk;
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    

Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp 1757-y; Nkw;nfhz;l gpshrpg; NghhpdhYk;> 1764-y;

eilngw;w gf;] hH NghH %ykhfTk; tq;fhsj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpaJ. mjidj; njhlHe;J fk;

xOq;FKiwr; rl;lk; - 1773

 ,q;fpyhe;jpd; gpujkuhd ,isa gpl; -bdhy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l rl;lk; vd;gTNPSC.News

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 3

gl;lar; rl;lk; - 1833 TNPSC.News

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 5

 kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F Kjd; Kjyhf NjHjy; vd;w gjj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jhJ NjHjy;

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 6

 ,e;jr; rl;lk; 1937 –k; Mz;L eilKiwf;F te;jJ.

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; cUthf;fk;

 ,e;jpa murpayikg;ghdJ murpay; eph;za rigahy; cUthf;fg;gl;L Vw;Wf;

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 7

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 8

 K];yPk; rPf;fpah;fs; kw;Wk; nghJg;gphptpdh; MfpNahUf;F mth;fspd; kf;fs; njhif tpfpjg;

murpay; mikg;gpd; Mjhuq;fs;

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 9

,e;jpa muRr;rl;lk;: 1935 (GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1935)

Mq;fpNya murpayikg;G (BRITISH CONSTITUTION)

(THE PREAMBLE) TNPSC.News

 murpayikg;gpd; Kd;Diu murpay; eph;za rigahy; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;ba Kf;fpa

,e;jpa khepyq;fSk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk;

 ghujkhfpa ,e;jpahthdJ khepyq;fspd; If;fpakhFk; (Union of States) vd;w tpjp 1

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 11

 ,e;jpahtdJ rpijaf;$ba khepyq;fisf; nfhz;l rpijf;f Kbahj If;fpak; MFk;. 

 gy;NtW tiffspyhd 27 khepyq;fis 16 khepyq;fshfTk; 3 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fshfTk;

,e;jpa khepyq;fSk;> A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk;

khepyk; / kf;fs; fy;tp khepyj;jpd;

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 13

jphpGuh mfhjyh 3191168 73.66 gq;fyh> kzpg;G+hp

khepyk; / kf;fs; fy;tp khepyj;jpd;

FbAhpikia ,of;Fk; %d;W Kiwfs; (Three modes of losing Citizenship)

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 14

 ePf;Fjy; (Deprivation): jtwhd topfis gpd;gw;wp gjpT Kiwapd; %yNkh

1. murpayikg;gpd; %d;whk; gFjp (PART – III) mbg;gil chpikfspd; gl;baiy

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 15

 rl;lg;G+h;tkhd kWghprPyid (Judicial Review) vd;gJ ve;j rl;lkhtJ ,e;jpa

mbg;gil chpik tiffs;: (Classification of Fundamental Rights):

tpjp 15: (PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINTION ON THE GROUNDS OF RELIGION,

15 (3) Foe;ijfSf;fhfTk;> ngz;fSf;fhfTk; rpwg;G rYiffs; toq;fyhk;.

 Fofk; my;yJ FOf;fis cUthf;Fk; chpik

tpjp 19y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s 6 mbg;gil Rje;jpuq;fSk; KOikahdit my;y. ehl;bd;

tpjp 20 : Fw;wq;fSf;fhf jz;bf;fg;gLtjpypUe;J ghJfhg;G

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 xU mjpfhhp ve;j xU egiuAk; ifJ nra;tjw;fhd my;yJ fhtypy; itg;gjw;fhd

 nghJ xOq;F xOf;fKiw kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpak; Mfpatw;wpw;F cl;gl;L midj;J

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 20

 ehd;fhk; tifiar; Nrh;e;j gs;spfspy; kjg; Nghjidfs; elj;j ve;j epge;jidfSk;

kj chpikf;fhd epge;jidfs; my;yJ

 kj chpikahdJ nghJ xOq;F> xOf;fk; kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpak; Mfpatw;wpw;Fl;gl;lJ.

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 21

5. mjpfhuj;ij tpsq;f itj;jy; cj;juT my;yJ chpik tpdh (QUO WARRANTO)

Fbkf;fSf;Fhpa mbg;gil chpikfs; (Fundamental Rights Exclusive to the Citizens)

,e;jpa kz;zpy; cs;s midtUf;Fk; cz;lhd chpikfs; (tpNuhj ehLfis

muRf; nfhs;ifapd; topfhl;b newpfs;

 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 36ypUe;J 51tJ tpjpfs; tiu topfhl;b newpfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 23

Contact & WhatsApp No: 9626538744 Page 24

3. tpjp 50: eph;thfj;JiwapypUe;J ePjpj;Jiwia gphpj;jy;

DPSPs ADDED BY 42ND AMENDMENT ACT (1976)

DPSPs ADDED BY 44th AMENDMENT ACT (1978)

1. ,it ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; 42-tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1976d; %yk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ