Jzpr;rypd; rpfuk;

Kj;Jyl;Rkp mk;ikahh;

(30-07-1886 - 22-07-1968)

ngz;fspd; ngz;Zhpikia kPl;f te;j tpbnts;sp

rl;lkd;wj;jpy; rhl;ilab nfhLj;j Kjy; ngz;kzp
tpwF Rke;j iffspy; Gj;jfj;ij Rkf;f itj;j
ngz;kzp
rl;lq;fs; %yk; ngz;fis rhpj;jpukhf khw;wpa rhfr
ngz;kzp
gf;fk; 1

mwpKfk;
E}y; ekf;F xU rpwe;j topfhl;bahFk;.
mjd;gb ,e;j Gj;jfkhdJ md;iwa ngz;fspd;
epiyiag; gw;wpAk; mth;fs; gl;l NtjidAk;>
mwpahikAk; mjpypUe;J mth;fs; gbgbahf
Kd;Ndwpte;j tuyhW jhd; ,e;j Gj;jfk;. ve;j
xU Kd;Ndw;wKk; vspjpy; te;jJ my;y tu
NghtJk; my;y. xt;nthU Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;f;Fk;
gpd;dhb gy rpf;fy;fs; gy Ntjidfs; vd;W
fz;bg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. me;j Kl;Lf;fl;ilia
cilj;jhy;jhd; Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;w thry; ek;ik
tuNtw;f;Fk;.
me;j
Kl;Lf;fl;ilia
cilj;njwpAk;
gyk; midtUf;Fk; cz;L. Mdhy; mjpy;
Kaw;rp nra;Ak; rf;jpia czUNthh; xU rpyNu.
ek; ehl;by; gy rpwe;j kdpjh;fs; Njhd;wpAs;sdh;.
Vd; flTshf tzq;Fk; Gj;jh; $l ,e;jpahtpy;
gpwe;j ek;ik Nghd;w rhjuz kdpjh; Mdhy;
mthpd; fUizAk; mthpd; NghjidAk; jhd;
mtiu flTshf khw;wpaJ. mlf;FKiwia
vjph;j;J Fuy; nfhLg;gtd; jhd; kf;fs; kdjpy;
epw;fpwhh;fs;.
mth;fis
jiytdhfTk;>
flTshfTk;> jPtputhjpahfTk; ghh;g;gJ mth;fs;
NghuLk; tpjj;ij nghUj;J mikfpwJ. me;j
thpirapy; epq;fs; ,g;NghOJ gbf;fg; NghtJ.
xU
ngz;zpd;
Jzpr;riy gw;wp
mth;fs;
vOg;gpa xt;nthU FuYk; ,d;W tiuf;Fk;
ngz;fis Mz;fspd; Mjpf;fhu tl;lj;jpypUe;J
khl;bf;
nfhs;skhy;
,Oj;J
gpbj;Js;sJ.
gf;fk; 2

thUq;fs;
mth;fspd;
nfhs;Nthk;.

tuyw;iwf;

mwpe;Jf;

ngz;fs;
,d;Wk;
mbikg;gLj;jg;gLfpwhh;fs;>
mth;fs;
ghypay;
td;Kiwf;F Mshfpwhh;fs; vd;w jhf;fk; vd;
,jaj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; fhuzNk ,e;j Gj;jfj;ij
vOj vdf;F cj;Ntfkhf ,Ue;jJ. ehd;
vOjpajpy;
rpy
tuyhW
rk;ke;jg;gl;l
epfo;r;rpfis nrhy;y Neh;e;jjhy; rpy ,lq;fspy;
fLikahd thh;j;ijfis gad;gLj;jp ,Ug;Ngd;
ele;j tuyhw;iw khw;w Kbahj fhuzj;jhy;
vOj Neh;e;Jj vdpDk; gbg;gthpd; kdij
fhag;gLj;jpdhy; tUe;JfpNwd;. MZk;> ngz;Zk;
rhprkk; vd;w fUj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;ltd; vd;w
mbg;gilapy; vOJfpNwd;.

gf;fk; 3

nghUslf;fk;
1. ngz;fspd; tpbnts;sp Njhw;wk;
2. fy;Y}hp tho;f;if
3. kUj;Jtg; gzp
4. ngz;fSf;F Vw;gl;l nfhLikfs;
5. rjp vd;Dk; cld;fl;il VWjy;
6. ghy;a tpthfk;
7. Njtjhrp
8. ngz;fspd; nkhsdk;:
9. Kj;Jyl;Rkpapd; nrhy; Mw;wy;:
10. nghw;fhyk;
11. fhe;jpAk; nghpahUk;
12. rl;l rigapy; tpthjk;
13. vd;d kjk;
14. tpbT fhyk;

15. KbTiu

gf;fk; 4

ngz;fspd; tpbnts;sp Njhw;wk;:

1886 Mk; tUlk; GJf;Nfhl;ilapy;
ehuhazrhkpf;Fk; re;jpuk;khSf;Fk; %j;jkfshfg;
gpwe;jhu; Kj;Jyl;Rkp. Kj;Jyl;Rkpapd; FLk;gk;
md;W
GJf;Nfhl;il
rk];jhdj;jpy;
ngUk;
kjpg;Gf;Fupa FLk;gkhfj; jpfo;e;jJ.

mtuJ
je;ijahh;
jpU.
ehuhazrhkp>
kfhuh[h fy;Y}upapy; Kjy;tuhfg; gzpahw;wpa
NghJk; fiugbahj fuk; vd;gjhy; tPl;Lf;Fs;
ehd;F gps;isfisAk; gbf;f itf;f Kbahj
gzg;gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gl;lJ.

fy;tpawpT:
Kj;Jyl;Rkp mth;fspd; fy;tpawpT kpfTk;
rpwg;ghf njd;gl;lJ. mth; gs;sp MrphpaNu
gf;fk; 5

Kj;Jyl;Rkp je;ijaplk; vg;ghLgl;ltJ mtis

kl;Lk; gbf;f itAq;fs; kpfTk; Ntz;bf; Nfl;Lf;
nfhz;ldh;. mjdhy; mtuJ je;ijAk; kpfTk;
rpukg;gl;L Kj;Jyl;Rkpia gbf;f itj;jhh;.

Kjyplk;:
Kj;Jyl;Rkp mth;fs; jdJ Mo;e;j
gbg;gpd; fhuzkhf gs;spapy; Kjyplk; gpbj;jhh;.
mtuJ je;ijf;F kl;Lkpy;iy mtUf;fhf ghpe;J
Ngrpa Mrphpaf;Fk; ngUik.
Kjyplk; gpbg;gJ vspjdh fhhpak;
vd;W epidf;fyhk;. Mdhy; md;iwa epiyapy;
ngz;fspd; epyik kpf NkhrkhfNt ,Ue;J
te;jJ. Kj;Jyl;Rkp gbj;j gs;spf;$lq;fspy;
Kj;Jyl;RkpNah ,y;iy NtW rf khzth;fNsh
ghh;j;Jtplf; $lhJ vd;W eLtpy; jpiu Nghl;L
%b tpLthh;fs;. ve;j khztUk; ,tiu ghh;f;ff;
$lhJ
vd;W
Kj;Jyl;Rkp
nrd;w
gpwNf
midj;J khzth;fSk; tPL nry;thh;fs;.
epidj;J
ghUq;fs;;
me;j
rpW
tajpy; vj;jid kdf; fhaq;fis mts;
jhq;fpapUg;ghs;. clypy; Vw;gl;l fhaq;fSf;F
kUe;J
cz;L.
Mdhy;
kdjpy;
Vw;gl;l
fhaq;fSf;F
kUe;J
vq;Fk;
tpw;gjpy;iy.
mjw;f;F kUe;J kw;wthpd; MWjy; kl;LNk. ,e;j
rpWtajpy; Vw;gl;l ,e;j fhaq;fs; mtis xU
Gul;rp ngz;zhf khw;w xU rpW jPg;nghwpahf
,Ue;jJ.
gf;fk; 6

fy;Y}hp tho;f;if:
gs;spf;$lj;ij
tpl
fy;Y}hpapy;
ekf;F mjpf mDgtq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. fy;Y}hp
tho;f;if vd;gJ xU gwitia Nghd;wJ. mJ
vq;F
Ntz;LkhdYk;
gwf;fyhk;
vq;F
Ntz;LkhdYk; jq;fyhk; KOr; Rje;jpuj;ij
epr;rak; fy;Y}hpapy; mDgtpf;fyhk;.

,th; fy;Y}hp
gbf;f
GJf;Nfhl;il
kd;dhpd; rpwg;G Mid Njitg;gl;lJ. me;j
Midf;F gpwF Kj;Jyl;Rkp mth;fs; fy;Y}hp
gbg;ig Kbj;jhh;. gpwF nrd;idf;F te;J
kUj;Jtg; gbg;gpYk; mrj;jpdhh;.

kUj;Jtg; gzp:
Kj;jyl;Rkp mth;fspd; mauhJ
ciog;Gf;F gydha; 1912 -y; kUj;Jtuha;
tpsq;fpdhh;. mth; jhd; ,e;jpahtpNyNa mWitr;
gf;fk; 7

rpfpr;irapy; 100 /100 kjpg;ngz; thq;fpa Kjy;

khztp. GJf;Nfhl;il KOtJk; ,th; Nrit
nra;jhh;. fjputd; xspg; gl;L gzp kiwtJ
nghy ,thpd; Nritahy; Vio vspa kf;fspd;
Neha; xbaJ.

ngz;fSf;F Vw;gl;l nfhLikfs;:

ngz;fSf;F Vw;gl;l nfhLikfs;
gy cs;sd. mtw;wpy; rpytw;iw jiyth;fs;
jq;fspd;
mwpthw;whyYk;
typik
tha;e;j
Nghul;lq;fs;
elj;jpAk;
jPh;j;J
itj;jdh;.
,d;dKk; rpy jPh;ff
; g; gl Kbahj rpf;fy;fs;
,Ue;J nfhz;Ljhd; tUfpd;wd.
ngz;fSf;F elj;jpa nfhLikfspy;
kpf nfhLikahdit

1. rjp vd;Dk; cld;fl;il VWjy;

2. ghy;a tpthfk;
3. Njtjhrp Kiw
gf;fk; 8

rjp vd;Dk; cld;fl;il VWjy;:

ekJ ,e;jpah xU tprpj;jpukhd ehL
vd;why; ahUk; kWf;f Kbahj vd ehd;
epidf;fpNwd;.
Mkhk;
caph;fSf;F
kpf
Kf;fpakhd xd;W ePh;. me;j ePhpd; Mjhuq;fshd
MWfSf;F ngz;fspd; ngaiu itj;j ,e;jpah>
ek; ehl;ilNa ghuj khjh vd;W ngUikia
Ngrpf;
nfhs;Sk;
ek;
,e;jpahtpy;
jhd;
ngz;fSf;F
Vjpuhf
gy
nfhLikfs;
ele;Js;sd.

,jw;fF
;
fhuzk;
klj;jdkhd
Klek;gpf;ifAk; vjw;fF
; k; cjthj gf;jpAk; jhd;
ngz;fis Mzhjpf;f fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L
gf;fk; 9

te;jJ.
VWjy;.

mjpy;

xd;Wjhd;

,e;j

cld;

fl;il

fztid ,oe;j ngz;fs; me;j

fztdpd; cliy vhpf;f %l;lba neUg;gpy;
capNuhL mth;fSk; tpOe;J jw;nfhiy nra;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,jw;fF
;
vLj;Jf;fhl;lha;
cz;ik rk;gtq;fis tpthpf;fpNwd;.

xU

rpy

nts;isahh;fs; fhg;ghw;wpa ngz;fs;:

xU Ntis nts;isah;fNs ek;
ehl;il Ms tpy;iynadpy; ehk; ,d;Dk;
fhl;Lkpuz;bfshj;jhd; tho;e;jpUg;Nghk; vd ehd;
epidf;fpNwd;. mth;fs; jhd; ,e;jpahtpy; epytpa
rpy %lek;gpf;ifia xopf;f cjtpdh;. mth;fs;
ek;ik
mbikg;gLj;jpdhh;fs;
mjhdhy;
ekf;F
tpLjiy
vd;Dk;
,dpikia
czuKbe;jJ.
1823- Mk; Mz;L Ngzp ghh;f;f];
vd;w nts;isf;fhu ngz;kdp jd; fz;zhy;
fz;l fhl;rpia Mokhf tpthpf;fpwhs;.
fq;if ejpf;fiuapd; xuk; mike;j
xU rpwpa Ch;. mq;Nf xU ngz; mOJ
nfhz;Nl epw;fpwhs;. me;j ngz;Zf;F Rkhh; 20
taJ jhd; MfpapUf;Fk;. mJ xU gpw;gfy;
gf;fk; 10

Neuk;. me;j ngz;zpd; fztd; ,we;J tpl;lhd;

vd;Wk; me;j ngz;iz jPapy; js;s Vw;ghLfs;
kpf jPtpukhf ele;J nfhz;bUe;jd.

mUfpy; nrd;W ghh;j;jTld; jhd;

njhpe;jJ mq;Nf mOJ nfhz;bUf;Fk; me;j
ngz; Kjy; ehs; cs;Shpy; cs;s ePjpgjpaplk;
vd; fztDld; Nrh;e;J ehDk; ,wf;f mDkjp
jhUq;fs; vd;W Gyk;gpdhh;. Mdhy; mjw;f;F
me;j ePjpgjp kWj;Jtpl;lhh;. Mdhy; mtspd;
FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s cwtpdh;fs; mts; ,we;jhf
Ntz;Lk;. mJjhd; vq;fspd; ,e;J rk;gpujhak;
vd;W nrhy;y NtW topapy;ykhy; mjw;f;F me;j
nts;isf;fhu ePjpgjp mDkjp mspj;jhh;.

uhk; uhk;:
me;j
ngz;iz
cld;
fl;il
VWtij ghh;f;f me;j fpuhkNk ejpf;fiuf;F
xbaJ. ,we;J Nghd mts; fztdpd; clYf;F
jP %l;lg;gl;lJ. me;j ngz; uhk; uhk; vd;W
Kzfpf; nfhz;Nl jPapy; tpOe;jhs;. tpOe;j
gf;fk; 11

kWfzNk jP mtspd; cliy gw;wpaJ. mts;

clNd
me;j
rpijapy;
,Ue;J
ntspNa
tuKaw;rpf;f mUNf ,Ue;j xUth; Va; ntspNa
tuhNj vd;W nghpa jbahy; mtis mbj;J
kPz;Lk; me;j rpijf;Nf js;spdhh;fs;. Mdhy;
mts; mywpf;nfhz;Nl mUNf ,Ue;j fq;ifapy;
tpOe;jhs;. me;j ngz;iz J}uj;jpf; nfhz;Nl
rpyh; mtisf; nfhy;Yq;fs; vd;W J}uj;jpdh;.
gpd;G me;j ngz;zpd; $e;jiy gpbj;J ,Oj;J
te;jdh;. ,ijNay;yhk; ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j
me;j ePjpgjp me;j ngz;iz me;j kf;fsplk;
,Ue;J fhg;ghw;wp NtW xU CUf;F mDg;gp
itj;jhh;fs;
vd;W
Ngzp
ghh;f;f];
vd;w
nts;isf;fhu
ngz;kdp
jd;
Fwpg;Ngl;by;
gjpTnra;jpUf;fpwhh;.

cld;fl;il Vwf; fhuzk;:

,we;JNghd
fztd;
clNyhL
Nru;j;J mg;ghtpg; ngz;iz neUg;gpy; gypapLk;
rlq;F. mg;gb> ngz; gyp nfhLf;fg;gLtjhy;
MZf;F
nrhu;ff
; k;
fpilf;Fk;
vd;w
%l
ek;gpf;if ,Ue;jJ. fztid ,oe;j ngz;>
NtW MNzhL gofpf; Foe;ij ngw;Wtpl;lhy;
,dj; J}a;ik mope;J Ngha;tpLk;. vdNt>
mtisf;
fztNdhL
Nru;j;Jf;
nfhd;Wtpl
Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zKk; me;jf; fhyj;jpy;
eilKiwapy; ,Ue;J ,Uf;fpwJ.

gf;fk; 12

fp.K. 3-k; E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;Nj ,e;jpahtpy; rjp

eilKiwapy;
,Ue;J
,Uf;fpwJ.
me;jf;
fhyq;fspy;> fhy;eilfisg; NghyNt ngz;Zk;
MZf;fhd
cilikg;
nghUs;.
MfNt>
fhy;eilfis ahfj;jpy; gyp nfhLg;gJNghy
ngz;izAk;> mjd; cupikahsd; ,we;JNghd
gpwF
gyp
nfhLj;J
,Uf;fpd;wdu;.
,g;gb
capNuhL nfhy;yg;gl;l ngz;fSf;F epidTf;fy;
itj;J topgLthu;fs;. nfhQ;r fhyj;jpy; mts;
'rjp
khjh
vd;w
rpWnja;tkhfptpLths;.
,g;gbahd rjp khjhf;fs; kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;
kw;Wk; uh[];jhd; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; epiwa
,Uf;fpd;wdu;.
fy;fj;jh efupy; kl;Lk; rjpiaj;
jilnra;J
rl;lk;
epiwNtw;wpdu;.
,jw;Ff;
fy;fj;jh kahdj;jpy; njhlu;e;J eilngw;W te;j
rjpr;
rlq;FfNs
fhuzk;.
Xu;
Mz;by;>
tq;fhsj;jpy; kl;Lk; 500-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ngz;fs;
capNuhL vupj;Jf; nfhy;yg;gl;L ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.
,e;jpahtpy; Mz;Lf;F 8>125 ngz;fs; rjpapy;
capiu ,oe;jdu; vd;fpwJ xU Gs;sptptuk;.
rjpf;F vjpuhfg; Nghuhbatu;fspy;>
uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; kpf Kf;fpakhdtu;. ,tuJ
rNfhjuu; ,we;JtplNt mtuJ kidtp rjpr;
rlq;fpy;
capNuhL
vupf;fg;gl;l
rk;gtk;
Nkhfd;uhapd;
kdjpy;
Mokhd
ghjpg;ig
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
mjpypUe;J>
rjpf;F
vjpuhfj;
jPtpukhf
Nghuhlj;
njhlq;fpdhu;.
,jw;fhf>
xt;nthU ehSk; fy;fj;jhtpd; kahdj;Jf;F
gf;fk; 13

jdJ Ml;fSld; nrd;W rjp eilngWfpwjh

vd;W fz;fhzpj;jNjhL> mij xopg;gjw;fhd
jilr;
rl;lj;ij cUthf;fTk;
Kidg;Gld;
nray;gl;lhu;.

1829-y; tq;fhs ftu;du; ngz;bq;>

rjpia
Kw;wpYk;
xopg;gjw;fhd
rl;lj;ij
Kd;nkhope;jhu;. mij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ
vd;W tq;fhsj;jpd; gpuGf;fs; ,q;fpyhe;J murplk;
Nky;KiwaPL nra;jdu;. Mdhy;> 1832-y; jilr;
rl;lk; mky;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. tq;fhsj;jpy;> rjp
xLf;fg;gl;lNghJk; mJ gpw rk];jhdq;fspYk;
rpw;wuru;fspd; MSikapy; ,Ue;j gFjpfspYk;
njhlu;e;J
eilKiwapy;jhd;
,Ue;jJ.
uh[];jhdpy;> 'rjp ju;k uf;\ rkpjp vd;w
mikg;G rjpia epahag;gLj;jpg; NghuhbaJ.

rjp xopg;G:
epyTk;

gpuk;k
Nkhrkhd

rkh[;
%yk;>
r%fj;jpy;
nray;fSf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp
gf;fk; 14

itf;f vz;zpa uh[h uhk; Nkhfd; uha; mtu;fs;>

,e;J kj ,Wjp eilKiwahd fztupd;
,wg;Gf;Fg; gpd;du;> kidtp mtupd; rpijapy;
capUld; tpo Ntz;Lnkd;w rjp vd;Dk;
cld;fl;l VWk; gof;fj;ij Kw;wpYk; xopf;f
vz;zpdhu;. mtuJ midj;J Kaw;rpfSf;Fk;
ntw;wpf; fpl;Lk; tifapy;> 1833y;> mg;NghJ
Ml;rpapypUe;j yhu;l; tpy;ypak; ngd;bf; xU
rl;lk; ,aw;wp> mjd; %yk; rjp Kiwia
xopj;jhu;.
rjp xope;j gpwFk; $l ,d;iwf;Fk;
mjw;f;F
Mjuthf
Ngrpf;
nfhz;Lk;
,Uf;fpwhh;fs;.
mg;gb
NgRgth;fis
js;spdhy;jhd; me;j typ mth;fSf;F GhpAk;.

ghy;a tpthfk; :
ghy;a tpthfk;
,ij jkpopypy;
nrhy;Ytnjd;why; Foe;ijj; jpUkzk;. Mij
njhpe;Jf; nfhs;tjwf;F Kd; ehk; kE itg;
gw;wp njhpe;J nfhs;s mtrpakhfpwJ.

gf;fk; 15

kE vd;gth; ahh; vd;why; kf;fs; jq;fs;

tho;f;ifia
vt;thW
tho
Ntz;Lk;
vd
mjw;fhd newpKiwfis tFj;jth; jhd; ,e;j
kEf;fs;. ,e;j kEf;fs; vj;jid Ngh; ,d;Wk;
rhptu njhpatpy;iy. Mdhy; mth;fs; mj;jid
NgUf;Fk; kEf;fs; vd;W ngah;.
rhp ,e;j kEf;fs; ghy;a tpthfj;ij
gw;wp vd;d nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhh;fs;?...

cq;fSf;F Ghptjw;fhf xU epfo;r;rpia

nrhy;fpNwd;. xU tPl;Lthrypy; xU vl;L taJ
Foe;ij kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l nghk;ikAld;
tpisahbf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. me;j Foe;ij me;j
kug;nghk;ikaplk; Ngrpf; nfhz;Nl tpisahbaJ.
rpd;d Foe;ijj;jhNd kug; nghk;ik NgrhJ
vd;W njhpahJ ,y;iyah.

gf;fk; 16

me;j Foe;ijapd; mk;kh thrYf;F

te;J me;j Foe;ijia ghh;j;J tpisahbaJ
NghJkh Neukhr;R rPf;fpuk; Fspr;R Kbr;R jiy
%bia
rptp
jahufDk;
vd;W
me;j
Foe;ijaplk; jha; nrhy;y. me;j Foe;ij jd;
gpQ;R Kfj;ij RUf;fpf; nfhz;L ,d;dk; nfhQ;r
Neuk; tpisahbj;J tuk;kh vd;W nrhy;y jha;
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19
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nfhz;bUf;fpwJ
njhpAkh?

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;

vd;d

mh;j;jk;

re;ijapy; ML> khLfis tpw;gij

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fd;dpfhjhdk;:
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tajpw;f;Fs; xU Mz; kfDf;F jhdkhf
gf;fk; 18

nfhLg;gJjhd; ,e;j fd;dpfjhdk;. ,jdhy; 21

jiyKiwfisAk; ew;fjp ngWthh;;fs; vd;w
ek;gpf;ifapy;jhd; ,e;j fd;dpfjhdk;.

fd;dpfjhdk; nra;a jtwpdhy; :

xU tWikahd FLk;gk; Nrhw;Wf;Nf
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fd;dpfhjhdk; nra;a KbahJ.

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gjpiy

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vd;gth;

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"ghzpf;fpu`hg epfh ke;j;uh`h

fd;ah ];Nt g;ujpf;\j`h
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mth;fis tprhhpf;fpwhh; kE.

jz;lid:
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UJthfp tpl;lhs;.

gf;fk; 20

UJthd gpd; R+d;W tU\j;Jf;Fs; eP

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gf;fk; 21

fy;ahzk;
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cd; kfs; UJ fhyj;jpy; mtsJ
g;uk;k`j;jp Njh\j;ij rhg;gplNtz;Lk; vd;W
nrhd;Ndd; ,y;iyah? mjpypUe;J eP jg;gpf;f
Ntz;Lkhdhy;
mtSila
xt;nthU
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gupfhuk; mjhtJ kfs; UJthfp fy;ahzk;
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nfhLikahd jz;lid> mjpypUe;J jg;gpf;f
'tUk;gb jUfpd;w gupfhuk;.
gf;fk; 22

rhujh rl;lk;:
ngz;fis Gdpjkhf Nghw;Wk; ,e;j
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jhd;
ngz;fSf;F
vjpuhf
td;KiwAk; ele;jJ.
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gp.vk; kyghhp vd;gth; kpf Kf;fpakhdth;.
Mq;fpNyah;fs; Ml;rp ele;j fhyj;jpy; mjhtJ
1880 Mk; Mz;L thf;fpy; ,th; Mq;fpNyNa
muRf;F
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me;j fbj;jpy; 5 taJ> 6 taJ
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Kd;itj;jhh;fs;.
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chpikAk; fpilahJ. ,J ,e;Jf;fspd; kj
gf;fk; 23

ek;gpf;iff;F vjpuhdJ vd;W Koq;fpdhh;. mth;

Nfrhp vd;w ,jopy; ,e;j rl;lj;jpw;f;F vjpuhf
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tpkh;rpf;f jFjpapy;iy vd;whh; jpyfh;.
,J Nghy gy vjph;g;Gfshy; me;j
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muR jpUk;g ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
gf;fk; 24

kPz;Lk; 1913y; mNj khjphpahd

,d;ndhU
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;
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ngz; tpLjiyf;fhf vOjp js;spd. ,j;jid
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<Lgl;ldh;.
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nfhz;l Mq;fpNyNah;fs; 1929y; kPz;Lk; xU
gf;fk; 25

Kaw;rp
eilngw;wJ.
,k;Kiw
mr;rl;l
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Kd; nkhope;jhu;. mjdhy;jhd; mr;rl;lk; rhujh
rl;lk; vd;W mwpag;gl;L> fhyg;Nghf;fpy; rhujhr;
rl;lk; Mfptpl;lJ. 1929 nrg;lk;gu; 28Mk; ehs;
mJ rl;lkhf epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. 1930 Vg;uy; 1
Kjy;
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vd;W
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Njtjhrp:
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gf;fk; 26

mjhtJ gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l rKfj;jpy; ,Ue;J

gpwf;Fk; ngz;fis NfhtpYf;fhf nghl;Lf;fl;b
mth;fis
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gf;fk; 27

mjhtJ Fsq;fis J}h;thUtJ

Nritfis nra;J te;Js;sdh;.

vd

gy

Vd; ,e;j mtyk;:

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,J vy;yhk; njhlh;r;rpahf Ntz;Lk; vd;why;
njhlh;e;J mth;fs; Njtjhrpfis ,wf;Fkjp
gf;fk; 28

nra;J
nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
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,J

jhd;

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,e;j
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gf;fk; 29

chpik
gzk;>
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XU
fhuzkhf
mike;jhh;fs;.
ngz;fSk;
me;j
epiyapypUe;J
jd;idf;
fhj;Jf;
nfhs;s
Kad;Wk;
Njhy;tpiaj;
jOtpdhh;.
rpWtaJ ngz;fis jphp#yj;jpd;
Kd;G epWj;jp mth;fSf;F jhyp fl;b flTSf;F
kidtpahf;fp gpd;G me;j ngz;iz flTSf;F
Nrit nra; vd;W $wp gy Mz;fspd; mhpg;Gf;F

gf;fk; 30

kUe;jhf ,e;j rpWtaJ ngz;fis khw;wpaJ

nfhLikapYk; kpf nfhLik. me;;j jtiw
ngz;fNs nra;jjJ kpfTk; nfhLikahdJ.
mth;fis me;j #o;epiyf;F khw;wpaJ ,ij
tpl;lhy; NtW epiy ,y;iy vd;gNj MFk;.
xU rpyh; ,e;j Njtjhrp fyr;rhuk;
Mhpah;fsplkpUe;J te;jJ vd;fpwhh;fs;. ,jw;f;F
rhd;WfSk; Mq;fhq;Nf ,Uf;fpWJ.

Kj;Jyl;Rkpapd; nrhy; Mw;wy;:

,d;W
vdJ
rNfhjhpfs;
,e;j
,opepiyf;F
Mshfkhy;
,Uf;f
fhuzNk
,uhkkph;jk; mk;khs;> Kj;Jyl;Rkp> nghpahh;>
jpU.tp.f kw;Wk; gyh;.
ehfhpfk; tsu tsu ngz;fspd;
epiy rw;W cauj; njhlq;fpaJ. Fwpg;ghf
nts;isah;fs;
ek;
ehl;by;
te;j
gpwF
mth;fspd; ehfhpfj;ij ghh;j;J ek; kf;fs;
rpe;jpf;f njhlq;fpdhh;. me;j rpe;jid gbg;gbahf
tsu Muk;gpj;jJ.
mth;fs; ek;ik gLj;jpdhYk; ek;kpilNa
fhl;Lkpuz;bjjdj;ij xopf;f xU J}z;Ljyha;
mike;jhh;fs;.

NjtjhrpfSf;F tpbTfhyk;:
tFg;igr;

Kj;Jyl;Rkp mth;fSk; ,ir Ntshh;

rhh;e;jth;fs; mjhtJ Kj;Jyl;Rkp
gf;fk; 31

md;idath;fs; ,ir Ntshh; kugpy; ,Ue;J

te;jth;fs;.
,ir
Ntshh;
vd;gJk;
Njtjhrpfspfd; xU gphpT MFk;.
rpW tajpy;
mtUf;F Vw;gl;l me;j mDgtq;fs; mtiu
rKf gzpahw;w xU tha;g;ghf mike;jJ.
1926
Mk;
Mz;L
ngz;fSk;
,dp
Njh;jypy; Nghl;baplyhk; vd;W rl;lk; te;jJ.
me;j
rl;lj;jpd;
cjtp
fhuzkhf
lhf;lh;
Kj;Jyl;Rkp
mk;ikahh;
nrd;id
khfhzr;
rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduhf epakzk; nra;jhh;. ,jd;
%yk; rl;lkd;wj;Jf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Kjy;
ngz; ,tNu. mJ kl;Lkpd;wp ,jw;fF
;
gpd;du;
rl;lkd;wj;jpd; Kjy; ngz; Jizj;jiytuhfTk;
nghWg;Ngw;whh;.

nghw;fhyk;:
,th; rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ,Ue;j fhyj;ij
ngz;fSf;F
nfhw;fhyk;
vd;Wjhd;
nrhy;y
Ntz;Lk;. gy Gul;rpfukhd rl;lq;fis Nghl
njhlq;fpdhh;. mjpy; rpy ,Ujhuj; jilr; rl;lk;>
ghy;a
tpthfk;>
Njtjhrp
xopg;G
Kiw>
ngz;fSf;Fk; nrhj;Jhpik vd mlq;Fk;.

fhe;jpAk; nghpahUk;:
fhe;jp
kPJ
nghpahUf;F
ey;y
khpahij ,Ue;jJ. ,Ue;j NghJk; mthpd;
jtwhd
fUj;ij
xU
NghJk;
fz;bf;f
jtwpajpy;iy> nghpahh; xU tpj;jpahrkhd xU
egh;> kw;wth;fs; rpe;jpf;f Kbahj tp\aq;fis
gf;fk; 32

rpe;jpj;J kf;fSf;F mij GhpAk; tifapy;

vspjhd
Kiwapy;
gFj;jwpTld;
fye;J
nrhd;dhh;. mtUf;F gpwF jhd; %lek;gpf;if
%l;il fl;l Neuk; te;jJ. mth; tpkh;rpf;fhj
flTNs ,y;iy vd;W nrhy;yyhk;. mtUila

Ngr;rhy; Gay; tPrpa ngz;fspd; tho;f;ifapy;

njd;wYk; tPrj; njhlq;fpaJ. mth; flTis
tpkh;rpf;f fhuzk; ve;j flTSf;Fk; xOf;fk;
,y;iy>
flTspd;
ngauhy;
ngz;fis
mbikg;gLj;JtJ. nghpahhpd; fz;zpaj;jpw;f;Fk;>
Neh;ikf;Fk; xU nra;jpia nrhy;fpNwd;. 2000
Mz;LfSf;F
gpwF
,e;jpahtpNyNa

gf;fk; 33

jpUf;FwisAk;>
Gj;jiug;
gw;wpAk;
nghJ
Nkilapy; NgrpaJ nghpahh; kl;Lnk mth;
jpUf;Fwis ve;jsT Nerpj;jNuh mNj msT
mjpy; cs;s gpiofis vLj;J nrhd;dJk; mNj
nghpahh;.
mjhtJ
jpUf;Fwspy;
ngz;fs;
MZf;F fPo;gbe;J elf;f Ntz;Lk;> fztid
nja;tkhf epidj;J mtid njho Ntz;Lk;>
fztdpd; kdk; Nehfjgb elf;f Ntz;Lk;> fw;G
newp jtwf; $lhJ> mtd; vd;d nra;jhYk;
mij rfpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vdWjhd;
ts;Sth; nrhy;ypapUf;fhNw jtpu 1330 Fwspy;
xU thpapy; MtJ ngz;fSf;F fztd; njhz;L
nra;a Ntz;Lk;> ngz;fs; nrhy;fpwb Mz;fs;
ele;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W vOj tpy;iyNa
Vd; vd;W Nfl;lth; nghpahh; kl;Lnk. ,g;gb jd;
kdij gl;lij ijhpakhf nrhy;Yk; Mw;wy;
mtUf;F ,Ue;jJ. mth; nrhy;Yk; tp\ak;
kpfTk;
rpwpajhf
,Ug;gpDk;
mjpy;
gy
tp\aq;fs; mlq;fpapUejd.
lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp mth;fs; Njtjhrp
xopf;Fk; rl;lj;ij nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Koq;f mjw;f;F mij jLj;jtpl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
gy Ngh; Nghh;f;nfhb J}f;fpl;L fpsk;gpl;lq;f.

Njtjhrpfspd; rq;fk;:
lhf;lh;
Kj;Jyl;Rkp
mth;fs;
Njtjhrp xopf;Fk; rl;lj;ij nfhz;LtUtij
ghh;j;J Njtjhrpfs; vy;yhk; ehfuj;jpdk;khs;
jiyikapyhd rq;fk; Njhw;Wtpj;jdh;. mth;fs;
gf;fk; 34

vq;fis
nghJ
kfspUld;
xg;gpljhjpHfs;
ehq;fs; jpUkz tho;f;ifia Jwe;E flTSf;F
Nrit
nra;Ak;
Gdpj
tho;f;ifia
nfhz;Ls;Nshk;
vd;W
jq;fspd;
fUj;ij
Kd;itj;jdh;.
mt;tsTld;
,th;fs;
,g;gb
$wpaTld; ,ij vij nra;jhtJ Njtjhrp
njhopiy
tsh;f;f
Ntz;Lk;
vd
epidj;jth;fSf;F ,th;fspd; fUj;J Njdpy;
Cwpa goj;ij Nghy ,dpg;ghf ,Ue;jJ.
NjtjhrpfNs nrhy;yptpl;lhh;fs; ,dpNky; ahUk;
,ij jLf;f $lhJ vd;W gy Nfhtpy;fspd;
jh;kfh;j;juh;fSk;>
nry;tk;
cila
nghpa
gzf;fhuh;fs;>
fhq;fpu];
murpay;thjpfs;
cs;spl;l
gy
Ngh;fspd;
MjuT Njtjhrp
njhopYf;F Mjuthf mike;jJ.

fUj;J fzpg;G :
,e;j rpf;fYf;F jPu;T fpilf;f nghJ
kf;fsplk; fUJ;J fzpg;G elj;jykh vd;W rpyh;
,e;jpahtpd; Njrj;je;ijahd
fhe;jpaplKk;>
jkpo;ehl;bd; Njrj;je;ijahd
nghpahhplKk;
fUj;J Nfl;ldh;. mjw;f;F nghpahh; kWj;J
tpl;lhh;. mjw;fhd fhuzj;ij nghpahh; gpd;
tUkhW tpthpf;fpwhh;.
nghJ kf;fSf;F ,J jtW vd;W
njhpe;jpUe;jhy; ,e;j xOf;f Nfl;il vd;Nwh
jfh;j;J Vwpe;jpUg;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; ,j;jid
ehSk; nkhsdk; rhjpj;J te;jjpw;f;F fhuzNk
gf;fk; 35

ngz;fs;
%yk;
,d;gj;ij
miltjw;f;Fk;
mth;fis mbikg;gLj;jTk; jhd;. ngz;fSf;F
jq;fs; kPNj xU jho;T kdg;ghd;ik cUthf;fp
tpl;ldh;. xU Mz; nra;af; $ba mj;jid
NtiyiaAk; xU ngz;zhy; nra;a KbAk;.
MZf;F ngz; ve;j tpjj;jpYk; risj;jth;fs;
,y;iy> mth;fSk; Mz;fis Nghy fy;tp>
Ntiyf;F nry;Yjy; vd gy tifapy; Kd;Ndw
Ntz;Lk;.
mjw;f;F
jilaha;
,Uf;Fk;
midj;ijAk; ehk; Kwpabf;f Ntz;Lk;. 50 f;F
50
vd;w
tpOf;fhl;by;
ngz;fs;
Kd;Ndw
Ntz;Lk;. xU ehl;by; tsh;r;rpapy; Mz;fSk;>
ngz;fSk; rhprkkhf ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk me;j
ehl;lhy; rhpahd tsh;r;rpia mila KbAk;.
,th; nrhd;d ,e;j fUj;jpy;
vj;jid
cz;ik ehk; Nehpilahf fz;Ls;Nshk;. Rkhh;
30Mz;LfSf;F Kd; ,e;jpahtpd; epiy vd;d?
mg;Nghija
ngz;fspd;
epiy
vd;d?.
,g;Nghija
ngz;fspd;
epiy
vd;d?
ek;
,e;jpah
mile;Js;s
tsh;r;rpia
xg;gpl;L
ghUq;fs;. mjhtJ ngz;fspd; epiy cau cau
ek;
ehL
mRu
tsh;r;rp
mile;Js;sJ.
,ijj;jhd; md;Nw nghpahhpd; epiy.

Njtjhrp Kiwapy; rpf;fy;:

1920 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; nrd;id
murhq;fj;jpd;
rl;l
cWg;gpduhf
,Ue;jth;
uhkRthkp Iah;> fhq;fpu]; jiyth; rj;jpa%h;j;jp
,th;fs; cl;gl gyUk; Kj;Jyl;Rkp mth;fspd;
gf;fk; 36

jPh;khdj;jpw;f;F
$r;rypl;ldh;.

fLikahd

vjph;g;G

njhptp;j;J

rl;l rigapy; tpthjk; :

1950 Mz;L thf;fpy; rl;l rigapy;
#lhd tpthjk; Njtjhrp Kiwia xopg;gjh!
,y;iy tsh;g;gjh!
rl;l
;
rig
$baJ>
Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpa rl;l rigapy;
Koq;fpdhh;
lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp
ghJfhf;f ,e;j Njtjhrp Kiwia
Ntz;Lk;
vd;W
gpbthjkhd
fh;[p;j;jhh;.

Mz;fs;
Jzpr;ryhf
ngz;fis
xopj;Nj jPu
,Wkhg;Gld;

rl;l
rigapd;
kWGwk;
ed;whf
nej;jp epiwa gl;il G+rp khWjy;fis tpUk;ghj
xU goikthjp. ,th; Njtjhrp Kiwia
Mjhpj;J mnjy;yhk; KbahJ. fhyk; fhykhf
Njth;fSf;F nra;Ak; ,e;j Gz;zpa Nritia
epWj;Jtjh!... mg;gb nra;jhy; mJ ,e;J
kjj;jpd; ek;gpf;iff;F VjpuhdJ. ,J xopj;jhy;
rhkp
fz;z
$j;jpLk;.
,e;j
Njtjhrpfs;
Mz;lhz;L fhykhf ,iwtDf;F Nrit nra;J
tUfpwhh;fs;.
,e;j
gpwtpapy;
,th;fs;
Njtjhrpfshf ,Ue;jhy;
mLj;j gpwtpapy;
Nkhl;rk;
fpilf;Fk;.
rhpj;jpuj;ij
jpUg;gp
vOjf;$lhJ mJ mg;gbNa ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gf;fk; 37

vd;d kjk;:
ngz;fis
MirehafpahfTk;
Nghijg;nghUshfTk; ghh;f;f Mz;ltd; kPJk;
kjj;jpd; kPJ gop NghLtjh.
cyfj;jpy; ve;j kjj;jpyhtJ xU
flTs;
,Ue;jpUe;jhy;
,e;j
nfhLikahd
Nftykhd nraYf;F nkhsdk; rhjpj;jpUg;ghuh
epr;rpak; mth; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; mth; nkhsdk;
rhjpj;jpUf;fkhl;lhh;. ,e;j nfhLikj;jhd; Gdpjk;
vd;W kjk; nrhd;dhy; mJ vg;gbg;gl;l kjk;
vd;W cq;fSf;Nf njhpatUk;.
rj;jpa
%h;j;jp
ma;ahpd;
thjk;
NjtjhrpfSf;F MjuT jpul;baJ. xU rpy
epkplk; nkhsdk; Mdhh; lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp
mLj;J vd;d nra;tJ.
mLj;jehs; nghpaiu re;jpj;J
RWRWg;ghf rl;l rigf;Fs; tUfpwhh;
tPug;ngz;kzp.

tpl;L
me;j

rj;jpa%h;j;jp
kPz;Lk;
goia
gQ;Qhfj;ij
ghl
njhlq;fpdhh;.
gy
Muthuq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; Ngrj; njhlq;fpdhh;
Kj;Jyl;Rkp mth;fs;.
kjpg;gpw;Fhpa
Iah
rj;jpa%h;j;jp
mth;fNs Njtjhrpfs; nra;Ak; njhopiy Gdpjk;
vd;W fUjpdhhy;> mth;fSf;F mLj;j gpwtpapy;
Nkhl;rk;
fpilg;gJ
cz;ikNad;why;
me;j
gf;fk; 38

njhopiy
gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l
r%fj;ij
rhh;e;j
vq;fs; ngz;fs; kl;Lk; Vd; nra;a Ntz;Lk;
cq;fs;
cah;rhjpapy;
gpwe;j
ngz;fis
nghl;Lf;fl;b Njtjhrpfshf khw;wp flTSf;F
Nrit
nra;ayhNk
mth;fSf;F
Gz;zpak;
fpilf;fl;lNk.
cq;fs;
FLk;gj;jpy;
cs;s
ngz;fis
Njtjhrpahf
khw;w
ePq;fs;
rk;kjpj;jhy; ,e;j Njtjhrp rl;lj;ij xopf;Fk;
Kaw;r;rpia
ehq;fs;
iftpLfpNwhk;.
vd;W
nrhy;y Mbg;NghdJ rl;lrig.
vg;gbgl;l
thh;j;ij
rj;jpa%h;j;jp
mth;fshy; epidj;Jf;$l ghh;f;fKbatpy;iy.
New;W tiu mjl;ba rj;jpa%h;j;jp ,d;W gy;
gpLq;fg;gl;l ghk;G Nghy mikjpahdh;. Njtjhrp
xopg;G Kiw rl;lk; 1948y; epiwNtwpaJ.

,lxJf;fPL:
je;ij nghpahh; ngz;fSf;F 50
f;F 50 mjhtJ Mz;fSf;F ,izahd
chpikfis midj;J JiwfspYk; toq;f
Ntz;Lk; vd Nfhhpf;if itj;jhh;. ,jw;f;F
gy NgUk; vjph;g;G njhptpf;f. je;ij nghpahh;
mth;fs; mth;fis ghh;j;J ePqf
; s; tzq;Fk;
rptNd jd; kidtpf;F rhpghjp cliy
je;jth; flTNs ,y;iy vd;W nrhy;Yk; ehd;
nrhy;fpNwd; ngz;fSf;F rk chpikia
jhUq;fs; vd;W rptid flTshf tzq;Fk;
gf;fk; 39

ePq;fs; ju kWg;gJ rhpah vd;W rpe;jpAq;fs;

vd;whh;.
kf;fs; cw;gj;jp ngUf;fkhf czT
cw;gj;jj Fiwa njhlq;fpaJ. mjdhy;
FLk;g fl;Lg;ghL mtrpak; vd;W nghpahh;
nrhy;y
mjw;f;Fk;
vjph;g;G
njhptpj;jdh;.
,uz;L
Foe;ijfSf;F
Nky;
ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sf;$lhJ vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;s
KbahJ> xU Ntis ,uz;LNk ngz;
Foe;ijahf
,Ue;J
tpl;lhs;
filrp
fhyj;jpy;
ahh;
NrhW
NghLtJ
vd;W
gpur;rpidia fpsg;gpdhh;fs;. mjw;f;F nghpahh;
ngz;fSf;Fk;
fy;tpia
nfhLq;fs;>
Ntiyia jhUq;fs; mth;fSk; cq;fis
fhg;ghw;Wthh;fs;. fy;tpf;fhd flTs; kl;Lk;
ru];tjp vd;Dk; ngz;iz tzq;Fk; NghJ
ngz;fis fy;tp gapy mDkjp kWg;gJ
klj;kdk; vd;whh;.
rhp ngz;fSf;F fy;tp je;jhr;R ,we;j
gpwF nfhs;sp itf;fDNk mjw;f;F xU
Mz; kfd; NtZNk vd;whh;fs; mjw;f;F
nghpahh; rw;nwd;W Vd; ngz; Nghl;lhy; gpdk;
Ntfjh vd;W Nfl;f midtUk; thia
Kbdhh;fs;.

gf;fk; 40

jpUkz ke;jpuq;fs;:
jpUkzj;jpd;
NghJ
nrhy;yg;gLk;
ke;jpuq;fs;
vd;dntd;W
ekf;F
njhpAkh?.
rk];fpUjj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhy; ekf;F njhpe;jpUf;f
tha;g;gpy;iy. Rf;y gl;\k; vd;why; tsh;gpiw>
fpU\;zgl;rk; vd;why; Nja;gpiw> Njq;fhia
vLj;J
itj;Njd;>
Ntw;wpiyia
vLj;J
itj;Njd;. ,Wjpahf mth; $Wk; rk];fpUj
nrhy;iy jkpopy; nkhopngah;j;J nrhd;dhy;
kzkfd; ifahNy mbg;gl;L rhthd; ,e;j
GNuhfpjh;> mg;gb vd;d nrhd;dhh;.
Nrhk` g;ujNkhtpNtj fe;ju;ttptpNj
cj;u`j;UjpNah mf;dp]Nlgjp]
Jupa]NjkD\;a [h`

,e;j ke;jpuj;jpd; nghUs; cdf;F kidtpahf

tUk; ,e;jg; ngz; Vw;fdNt NrhkDf;Fk;>
fe;jh;tDf;Fk;> mf;dpf;Fk; kidtp mth;fSf;F
gf;fk; 41

gpd; ehd;fhtjf cdf;F kidtpahf tUfpwhs;.

vd;W mh;j;jk; xU ngz;iz ,g;gbah gq;F
NghLtJ. ,Jjhd; ehfhpfkhf> ,jw;fF
;
mLj;J
nrhy;Yk; ke;jpuq;fs; ,ij tpl NftykhdJ.

rlq;Ffs;:
,e;J
kjj;jpy;
ngUk;ghYk;
ngz;fis
,opTg;gLj;jpAk;>
mth;fis
nfhr;irg;gLj;JtJk; xU nghOJNghf;F Mf
,Ue;Js;sJ. ngz;fSf;F jhd; fw;G vd;W
xd;iw
itj;jhd;. ,jpy; tpz;kPd;fSf;Fk;
tpjptpyf;fy;y
7
el;rj;jpuj;ij
nfhz;l
njhFjpapy; cs;s trp\;lh; vd;Dk; Kdpth;
xU el;rj;jpukhk;. me;j el;rj;jpuj;jpw;f;F
mUfpy; kq;fyhf njhpAk; el;rj;jpuj;jpw;f;F
ngah;jhd;
,e;j
mUe;jjp.
,tisg;
nghyj;jhd; kw;w ngz;fSk; tho Ntz;Lkhk;.
mUe;jjp fij njhpAkh ekf;F?. mUe;jjp
gf;fk; 42

fzth;
trp\;lh;
vd;Dk;
Kdpth;
tpbaw;fhiyapy; Mw;wq;fiu nrd;W Fspg;J
tof;fk; ,ij mwpe;j ,e;jpud; trp\;luhf
cUkhwp mUe;jjpAld; nfhQ;rp Fyhtpdhd;.
mUe;jjpAk; fztd; vd;W epidj;J mtSk;
nfhQ;r ,ijg; ghh;j;j Kdpth; fy;yhf Ngh
vd;W rhgkpl;L fy;yhf ,Ue;jts; jhd; ,e;j
mUe;jjp. ,g;gbg;gl;l ngz;izg; nghy jhd;
kw;w ngz;fSk; tho Ntz;Lkhk;. rw;W
rpe;jpAq;fs; ,J rhpahd Kiwah. xU nghpa
KdptUf;Nf tpbe;jhj tpbatpy;iyah vd;W
njhpatpy;iy khW Ntlj;jpy; te;j ,e;jpuid
mts; vg;gb mwpe;jpUf;f KbAk;. fztd;
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gf;fk; 50