MINDWORKZZ-MUST KNOW FORMULAE

SURDS AND INDICES

2. SURDS: Let a be rational number and n be a positive
1. LAWS OF INDICES: integer such
(i) am * an = am + n that a(1/n) = n
a
(ii) am / an = am - n
(iii) (am)n = amn
3 LAWS OF SURDS:
(iv) (ab)n = anbn n
(v) (a/b)n = an/ bn (i) ab = n a x n b
n
(vi) a0 = 1 (ii) a/b = n a /n b
(iii) ( n a )n= a

NUMBER SYSTEM

1. HCF and LCM:

(i) For two numbers, HCF x LCM = Product of the two Product of factors of N, P = (N)f/2
HCF of Numerators
(ii) HCF of fractions =
LCM of Denomnators 3. REMAINDERS:
a * b * c.... a b c
LCM of Numerators (i) Rem [ ] = Rem [ ] * Rem [ ] * Rem [ ] ….
(iii) LCM of fractions = d d d d
HCF of Denomnators
a + b + c + .... a b c
(ii) Rem [ ] = Rem [ ] + Rem [ ] + Rem [ ] + …..
2. FACTORS: d d d d
(i) If N = axbycz, where a, b and c are prime factors (iii) When f(x) = axn + bxn-1 + cxn-2 + …. Is divided by (x – a), the
Then, Number of factors of N, f = (x+1)(y+1)(z+1) remainder is f(a).
(iv) If f(a) = 0, (x – a) is a factor of f(x)
a x +1 − 1 b y +1 − 1 c z +1 − 1
Sum of factors of N, S = ( )( )( )
a −1 b −1 c −1

ARITHMATIC
 AM = (a + b)/2
1. AVERAGES:  GM =
ab
Sum of Elements 2ab
(i) Simple Average = ( )  HM =
No. of Elements a+b
w1 x1 + w2 x 2 + ... + wn x n (vii) AM  GM  HM
(ii) Weighted Average =
w1 + w2 + ... + wn (viii) GM2 = AM x HM

2. PERCENTAGES:

Fraction %age Fraction %age

(iii) Arithmetic Mean = (a1 + a2 + a3 ….. an)/n
(iv) Geometric Mean = a1a2 a3 ....an
n 1/2 50 % 1/9 11.11 %

n 1/3 33.33 % 1/10 10 %

(v) Harmonic Mean =
1 1 1 1 1/4 25 % 1/11 9.09 %
+ + + ..... +
x1 x 2 x3 xn 1/5 20 % 1/12 8.33 %
1/6 16.67 % 1/13 7.69 %
(vi) For two numbers a and b,
 1/7 14.28 % 1/14 7.14 % (v) Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an
1/8 12.5 % 1/15 6.66 % equal distance at y km/hr. then, the average speed during the
2𝑥𝑦
whole journey is km/hr.
𝑥+𝑦

If a number ‘x’ is successively changed by a %, b %, c %....

a b c
 Final Value = x (1 + ) (1 + ) (1 + ) .... 5. PROFIT & LOSS:
100 100 100
Cost Price: The price, at which an article is purchased, is
3. INTEREST: called its cost price, abbreviated as C.P.
Selling Price: The price, at which an article is purchased, is
(i) Amount = Principal + Interest called its cost price, abbreviated as C.P.
Profit or Gain: The price, at which an article is purchased, is
called its cost price, abbreviated as C.P.
(ii) Simple Interest = (P*t*r)/100 Loss: If S.P. is less than C.P., the seller is said to have incurred
r t a loss.
(iii) Compound Interest = P ( 1+ ) -P
100 (i) Gain = (S.P.) - (C.P.)
(ii) Loss or gain is always reckoned on C.P.
𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛∗100
4. TIME SPEED DISTANCE: (iii) Gain% = 𝐶𝑃
(iv) Loss = (C.P.) - (S.P.)
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠∗100
(i) Speed = , (v) Loss% =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝑃
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 100+𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛%
Time= , (vi) S.P. = * C.P.
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 100
Distance = (Speed*Time)
5 100−𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠%
(ii)x km/hr = [x* 18] m/sec. (vii) S.P. = * C.P.
100
(iii) If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a:b, then the ratio
100
of the times taken by them to cover the same distance is 1/a : (viii) C.P. = 100+𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛% * S.P.
1/b or b:a.
18 100
(iv) x m/sec = [x* 5 ] km/hr. (ix) C.P. = 100−𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠% * S.P.

VOLUME AND SURFACE AREA

I. CUBIOD IV. CONE
Let length = l, breadth = b and height = h units. Then, Let radius of base = r and Height = h. Then,
1. Volume = (l x b x h) cubic units. 1. Slant height, l = (h2+r2)1/2 units.
2. Surface area = 2 (lb + bh + lh) 1
2. Volume = [3πr²h] cubic units.
3. Total surface area = (πrl + πr²) sq.units.
II. CUBE
Let each edge of a cube be of length a. Then,
V. SPHERE
1. Volume = a³ cubic units.
Let the radius of the sphere be r. Then,
2. Surface area = 6a² sq. units.
4 3
3. Diagonal =√3 a units. 1. Volume = [ πr ] cubic units.
3
III. CYLINDER 2. Surface area = (4πr²) sq. units.
Let radius of base = r and Height (or length) = h Then,
1. Volume = (πr²h) cubic units. VI. HEMISPHERE
2. Curved surface area = (2πrh) sq. units. Let the radius of a hemisphere be r. Then,
3. Total surface area = (2πrh + 2πr² sq. units) 2 3
1. Volume = [ πr ] cubic units.
= 2πr (h + r) sq. units. 3
2. Curved surface area = (3πr²) sq. units.
3. Total surface area = (3πr²) sq. units.

BOATS AND STREAMS

I. In water, the direction along the stream is called Speed downstream = (u + v) km/hr
downstream. And, the direction against the stream is called Speed upstream = (u - v) km/hr.
upstream. III. If the speed downstream is a km/hr and the speed
upstream is b km/hr, then:
II. If the speed of a boat in still water is u km/ht and the speed 1
Speed in still water = 2(a + b) km/hr
of the stream is v km/hr, then: 1
rate of stream = 2 (a - b) km/hr

PARTNERSHIPS

I. Partnership: When two or more than two persons run a
business jointly, they are called partners and the deal is
known as partnership.
II. Ratio of Division of Gains:
(i) When investments of all the partners are for the same
time, the gain or loss is distributed among the partners in the
ratio of their investments.
(ii) When investments are for different time periods, then
equivalent capitals are calculated for a unit of time by taking
(capital * number of units of time). Now, gain or loss is
divided in the ratio of these capitals.
Suppose A invests Rs. x for p months and B invests Rs. y for q
months, then (A’s share of profit): (B’s share of profit) =
xp:yq.

Suppose A and B invest Rs. x and Rs. y respectively for a year III. Working and Sleeping Partners: A partner who manages
in a business, then at the end of the year: the business is known as working partner and the one who
(A’s share of profit): (B’s share of profit) = x: y. simply invests the money is a sleeping partner.

CLOCKS

The face or dial of a watch is a circle whose circumference is
divided into 60 equal parts, called minute spaces.
A clock has two hands; the smaller one is called the hour
hand or short hand while the larger one is called the minute
hand or long hand.
I. In 60 minutes, the minute hand gains 55 minutes on the
hour hand.
II. In every hour, both the hands coincide once.
III. The hands are in the same straight line when they are
coincident or opposite to each other.
IV. When the two hands are at right angles, they are 15
minute spaces apart.
V. When the hands are in opposite directions, they are 30
minute spaces apart.
VI. Angle traced by hour hand in 12 hrs = 360°.
VII. Angle traced by minute hand in 60 min. = 360°.
Too Fast and Too Slow: If a watch or a clock indicates 8.15,
when the correct time is 8, it is said to be 15 minutes too fast.
On the other hand, if it indicates 7.45, when the correct time
is 8, it is said to be 15 minutes too slow.

PROBLEMS ON TRAINS
5 3. If two trains of length a meters and b meters are moving in
1. a km/hr = [a * 18]m/s.
18 opposite directions at u
2. a m/s = [a * ] km/hr.
5
4. If two trains of length a meters and b meters are moving in
the same direction at u m/s and v m/s, then the time taken by
(𝑎 + 𝑏)
the faster train to cross the slower train =
(𝑢−𝑣)
5. If tow trains (or bodies) start at the same time from points
A and B towards each other and after crossing they take a
and b sec in reaching B and A respectively, then
sec.
(A’s speed): (B’s speed) = (√𝑏:√𝑎).

PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

1. Linear arrangements of ‘r’ out of ‘n’ distinct items = (n – 1)!

n
n! 3. Selection of ‘r’ items out of ‘n’ distinct items = C r =
= (n) (n-1) (n-2) ….. (n-r+1) = Pr =
n

(n − r )! n!
r !( n − r ) !
2. Circular arrangements of ‘n’ distinct items

PROBABILITY

No. of Favorable Outcomes No. of Favorable Outcomes

1. P(A) = 4. Odds in Favor =
Total No. of Outcomes No. of Unfavorabl e Outcomes
2. For complimentary events: P(A) + P(A’) = 1 No. of Unfavorabl e Outcomes
3. For exhaustive events: P(A) + P(B) + P(C) …. = 1 5. Odds Against =
No. of Favorable Outcomes

SEQUENCE, SERIES & PROGRESSIONS

1. ARITHMATIC PROGRESSION:
(i) an = a1 + (n – 1)d
n
(ii) Sn = [ 2a + (n − 1)d ]
2

2. GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION:
(i) an = arn-1
a (1 − r n )
(ii) Sn =
1− r
a
(iii) Sum till infinite terms = (Valid only when r < 1)
1− r

3. Sum of First ‘n’ Natural Numbers:

n (n + 1)
 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +…. + n =
2

4. Sum of squares of first ‘n’ Natural Numbers:

n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
 12 + 22 + 32 + …… + n2 =
6

5. Sum of cubes of first ‘n’ Natural Numbers:

 n (n + 1) 2
 13 + 23 + 33 + ….. + n3 = [ ]
2

MINDWORKZZ
GREAT TEACHERS, GREAT CONTENT!!

MINDWORKZZ GK HANDOUT
 CONTENTS
1. 14 Important Parliamentary Term as used in Indian Parliament 3
2. Books & Authors 4
3. Brand Ambassadors 8
4. Taglines 9
5. First In India 13
6. First in Others 14
7. Important Days and Dates 15
8. Heads of Important Offices in India and World | Latest Who’s Who 18
9. Facts about INDIA 20
10. Classical Dance Forms 21
11. List of Indian Airports 22
12. List of Important Organizations and their Headquarters 23
13. List of Scientists / Inventors and their Inventions 24
14. Companies & their Countries 32
15. Notes on SAARC, ASEAN, BRICKS, NDB 33
16. RBI 34
17. Terms related to RBI 35
18. World’s 20 Biggest Companies (Global 2000 List) 36
19. World’s Highest Paid Athletes 38
20. Important Countries and their Capital & Currency 39
21. Indian Freedom Fighters 41
22. Important Schemes by Government- 2018 44
23. Important Borders 46
24. List of Summits & Its Venue 46
25. India’s Ranking in Different Indices- 2018 47
26. Important Stadium in India 49
27. Highest, Longest, Biggest, Largest, Deepest, Smallest of World 50
28. Nobel Prize 52
29. Padma Awards- 2017 57
30. Rajeev Gandhi Khel Ratna Awards- 2017 60
31. Arjuna Awards- 2017 60
32. Dronacharya Awards- 2017 60
33. Important Full Forms 61

2
14 Important Parliamentary Term as used in Indian Parliament
1. Question Hour:
During the parliamentary session, the day's business normally begins with the question hour. The Ministers reply
to the questions raised by the members of the Parliament.

2. Zero Hour:
The period follows the question hour and it starts at the noon and its duration is one hour (from 12 noon to 1 P.M.).
During the zero hour, various issues of public importance are raised without prior notice.

3. Cut Motion:
The motion that seeks reduction in the amount of a demand presented by the government is known as the cut
motion. The Speaker has the discretion to admit a cut motion. He may or may not admit it. This device is used by
the members of the legislature to draw the attention of the government to a specific grievance or problem.

4. Calling Attention Motion:

With the prior permission of the Speaker, any member of the Parliament may call the attention of a Minister to a
matter of urgent public importance. The Minister may make a brief statement about the matter or he may ask for
time to make a statement later.

5. No-confidence Motion:
It is a resolution introduced by the Opposition claiming that the House has lost its confidence in the government.

6. Censure Motion:
This motion seeks to censure the government for its 'lapses'. K the motion is passed in the Popular House, the
government resigns.

7. Privilege Motion:
It is a motion moved by a Member of Parliament. He charges the Minister with committing a breach of the privilege
of the House by withholding or distorting facts.

8. Point of Order:
A Member of Parliament may raise a point of order if he feels that the proceedings of' the House do not follow the
normal rules. The presiding officer decides whether the point of order raised by the member should be allowed.

9. Adjournment:
'Adjournment' is suspension of a session of the House for a day,) few days or indefinitely. The presiding officer
(the Speaker or the Chairman) has the discretion to do it.

10. Prorogue:
'Prorogue' means the ending of a session of the Parliament. The President of India has the discretion to do it.

11. Dissolve:
To 'dissolve' means to end the life of the Parliament. The President has" the discretion to do it.

12. Quorum:
It is the minimum number of members of a legislature that must be present to make the proceedings valid. In case
of the Parliament, the quorum of either House shall be one-tenth of the total number of members of the House.

3
 13. Vote on Account:
There is usually a gap between the presentation of the budget and its approval. Sometimes, particularly in an
election year, the budget may not be passed before the end of the current financial year and the beginning of the
next financial year.
To meet this contingency, the vote on account is taken normally for two months for a sum equivalent to one sixth
of the estimated expenditure for the entire year under demand grants. This enables the government to draw this
amount from the Consolidated Fund of India to meet the expenses in the intervening period.

14. Whip:
Each party appoints a whip to control and discipline its members elected the legislature (either House of the
Parliament or of the State Legislature). He is called party whip and he must be a member of the legislature. On
crucial occasions like voting no confidence motion and important bills, he exercises 'whip' to the members of the
legislate wing of his party to attend the meeting and vote as directed by party leadership.

Books & Authors

Book's Name Author's Name
A Bend in the River V. S. Naipaul
A Gift of Monotheists Ram Mohan Roy
A House for Mr.Biswas V.S.Naipaul
A Journey Tony Blair
A Minister and his Responsibilities Morarji Bhai Desai
A Nation is Making Surendra Nath Bandhopadhye
A Pair of Blue Eyes Thomash Hardy
A Passage to India E. M. Foster
A Revenue Stamp (autobiography) Amrita Pritam
A Strange and Sublime Address Amit Choudhary
A Suitable Boy Bikram Seth
A Tale of Two Cities Charls Dikens
A Voice of Freedom Nayantara Shehgal
A week with Gandhi L. Fischer
Adventures of Sherlock Homes Arther Canon Doel
All the Prime Minister's Men Janardan Thakur
Allahabad Prasasti Harisen
Amitabh- the Making of the Superstar Susmita Das Gupta
Amukta Malyad Krishna Deva Raya
An Unknown Indian Nirod C. Choudhary
Anand Math Bankim Chandra Chattopadhaye
Anna Karenina Leo Tolstoy
Aparajito Bibhuti Bhushan Bandopadhyay
Apple Cart G. B. Shaw
Aranyak Bibhuti Bhushan Bandopadhyay
Arogyaniketan Tarashankar Bandopadhyay
Astyadhaye Panini
Bakul Katha Ashapurna Devi
Ban Palashir Padabali Ramapada Chowdhury
Bandit Queen Mala Sen
Bela Obela Kalbela Jibanananda Das
Bengali Zamindar Nilmoni Mukherjee
Bicramanchadev Bilhon
Blind Beauty Boris Pasternak
Buddhacharit Asha Ghosh

4
Book's Name Author's Name
Captive Lady Michel Madhusudan Dutta
Causes of the Indian Mutiny Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan
Charitraheen Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay
Chidambara S. N. Panth
Circle of the Region Amitabha Ghosh
City of Job Charnak Nisith Ranjan Roy
Commedy Errors Shekhspear
Conversations with Myself Nelson Mandela
Coolie Mulkraj Anand
Crisis of India Ronal Segal
Das Capital Karl Marks
Death of President W. Marchent
Decamaren Bocachio
Desert Village Oliver Goldsmith
Devdas Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay
Development as Freedom Amartya Sen
Devi Chaudharani Bankim Chandra Chattopadhaye
Devine Comedi Dante
Divine Life Sivanand
Economic History of India Ramesh Chandra Dutta
End and Means Huxlay
Faust Goethe
Ferary Queen Edmond Spensar
Freedom at Midnight Lapierre & Collins
Friend Not Master Ayub Khan
Ganadebata Tarashankar Bandopadhyay
Gathering Strom Churchil
Ghulam Giri Jyotiba Phule
Global Crisis Recession and Uneven Recovery Y.B. Reddy
Great Indian and Their Landmark Speeches Manohar and Sarita Prabhakar
Guid R. K. Narayanan
Gurdbaho Bakpatiraj
Hero of Nymph Aurobindo Ghosh
Hind Swaraj M. K. Gandhi
Hindu View of Life S. Radhakrishnan
Historica Herodotus
I follow the Mahatma K. M. Munshi
I Van Ho Walter Scot
Ignited Minds - Unleashing the power within India DR. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
In an Antique Land Amitabh Ghosh
India 2020 - A Vision for the New Millennium DR. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
India Divided Rajendra Prashad
India for A Billion Reasons Amit Dasgupta
India Wins Freedom Abdul Kalam Azad
Indian Epigraphy D. C. Sircar
Indian Village S.C. Dube
Indian war and Independence D. V. Savarkar
Indica Megasthenis
Infinite Jest David Foster Wallace
Inheritance of Loss Kiran Desai
Jalsaghar Tarashankar Bandopadhyay

5
Book's Name Author's Name
Jhara Palak Jibanananda Das
Jinnah- India, Partition, Independence Jaswant Singh
Jungle Book R. Kippling
Kanterbary Tells Geofray Chosar
Kidnapped Stevenson
Kubla Khan Coleridge
Lalit Bihar Ashwa Ghosh
Life Devine Aurobindo Ghosh
Mahabhashya Patanjali
Man and Superman G. B. Shaw
Midnight Children Salman Rushdi
Mitakshara Vijnaneswara
Modernization of Indian Tradition Yogendra Singh
Mother Maxim Gorkay
Mother India Katharin Mayo
Murder in Cathedral Elliot
My Country My Life Lal Krishna Advani
My Experiments With Truth M.K. Gandhi
My Indian Years Lord Hardinge II
My Journey DR. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Myth of Independence Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Neel Darpan Dinbandhu Mitra
Netaji Dead or Alive Samar Guha
New Dimensions of India's Foreign Policy A. B. Vajpayee
New India Annie Besant
One Night @ the Call Centre Chetan Bhagat
Padma Nadir Majhi Manik Bandopadhyay
Pakhtoon Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Palli Samaj Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay
Paradise Lost John Milton
Parineeta Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay
Pather Panchali Bibhuti BHushan Bandopadhaye
Poverty & Un-British Rule in India Dadabhai Naoroji
Pratham Pratisruti Ashapurna Devi
Precepts of Jesus Ram Mohan Roy
Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen
Principles of Sociology Herbert Spencer
Prison Diary Jay Prakash Narayan
Problems of the East Lord Curzon
Putul Nacher Itikatha Manik Bandopadhyay
Races and Cultures of India D.N. Majumdar
Rajtarangini Kalhan
Ramcharit S. K. Nandi
Rashmirathi Ramdhari Singh Dinkar
River of Smoke Amitav Ghosh
Saket Mathili Saran Gupta
Satyarth Prakash Swami Dayanand
Shadow Line Amitabh Ghosh
Shadow of Ladakh B. Bhattacharia
Shape of Things To Come H. G. Wells
Sitaram Bankim Chandra Chattopadhaye

6
Book's Name Author's Name
Social Structure of Values Radha Kamal Mukherjee
Straight from the Heart Kapil Dev
Subarnalata Ashapurna Devi
Tahakak - E - Hind Albiruni
Talisman Walter Scott
The Algebra of Infinite Justice Arundhati Roy
The Bandit Queen Mala Sen
The City of Joy Dhominic Lapier
The Discovery of India Jawahar Lal Nehru
The God of Small Things Arundhuti Roy
The Harry Potter Series J. K. Rowling
The Indian Struggle Subash Chandra Bose
The Indian War of Independence V. D. Savarkar
The Inheritance of Loss Kiran Desai
The Judgement Kuldip Nayar
The Masque of Africa V. S. Naipaul
The Miracle of Democracy: India's Amazing Journey Mr. T. S. Krishnamurthy
The Nadars of Tamil Nadu D.N. Dhanagre
The Nehrus; Motilal and Jawaharlal B. R. Nanda
The Prince Maciavaly
The Rediscovery of India Meghnad Desai
The Satanic Verse Salman Rushdi
The Science of Bharat Natyam Saroja Vaidyanathan
The Sense of an Ending Julian Barnes
The Silent Cry Kenjaburo Ue
The Spirit of Islam Syyed Amir Ali
The Village By the Sea Anita Desai
The White Tiger Aravind Adiga
Theory of Relativity Alexander Doma
Three Marketiars Einstein
To all fighters of freedom, Why Socialism? J. P. Narayan
Truth, Love and A Little Malice Khushwant Singh
Two Leaves and a Bud Mulkraj Anand
Two Lives Vikram Seth
Unhappy India L. Roy
Urbashi R. D. Dinkar
Utopia Thomas Moor
Vision of the Past Michel Madhusudan Dutta
Volga Se Ganga Rahul Sankritayan
War and Peace Tolstoy
What Congress and Gandhi have done to the untouchables B. R. Ambedkar
Wings of Fire DR. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

7
BRAND AMBASSADORS
Aamir Khan Snapdeal, Coke, Monaco, Samsung, Tata Sky, Titan
AB de Villiers MRF
Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Coke, Eye Bank Association of India, L’oreal,
Longiness, Lux, Pulse Polio Campaign
Akshay Kumar Kwality, Premier Badminton League(PBL), Dollar Club
Vests, Levi’s, LG, Micromax, Thums Up
Amitabh Bachchan Incredible India, Cadburys, Dabur, Emami, Gujrat
Tourism, ICICI, Nerolac, Pulse Polio Campaign, Zen
Mobile, Maharashtra Horticulture & Tiger Ambassador,
Firstcry.com, Cycle Pure Agarbathies, TVS Motor
Anil Kumble Raipur Ranger (CTL)
Ankit Fadia Digital India
Anupam Kher Gender Equality
Arjun Kapoor Hero Cycles
Bhagyashree Bhagyashree Scheme
Deepika Padukone Axis Bank, Lux
Dhanush 7 UP
Dharmendra & Hema Malini Haryana's Tourism
Farhan Akhtar Induslnd Bank
Gautam Gambhir CRPF
Hrithik Roshan Conthol, Hero Honda Karizma, Parle, Hide and Seek,
Provogue, Sony Ericsson, Mountain dew
Hyatt Regency Viv Richards
Ira Singhal Department of Empowerment of Persons with
Disabilities
Jaaved Jaaferi India International Animation and Cartoon Film Festival
(IIACFF)
Kareena Kapoor Airtel, Emami, Gitanjali, Head and Shoulders, Lux,
Mahindra Scooters, Pepsi, Sony Ericcson
Katrina Kaif Etihad Airways, Lux, Nakshatra, Panasonic, Pantene,
Spice Telecom
Krati Tiwari Digital India
Lionel Messi Tata Motors
Madhuri Dixit Sukanya Samridi Yojona, Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
Mahendra Singh Dhoni Grand Midwest Group, Jharkhand Tourism
Mahesh Babu Intex
Manju Warrier Kitchen Treasures
Mary Kom Northeast
Novak Djokovic UNICEF
Parineeti Chopra Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (Haryana)
Pranav Mistry Digital India
Sachin Tendulkar Project Tiger, Swacch bharat, Toshiba, Oxigen
Sania Mirza Kesh King, Telangana
Satwat Jagwani Digital India
Shah Rukh Khan Airtel, Dish TV, Emami, Asian Paints, Hyundai, ICICI,
Lays, Nerolac, Head and Shoulders, Nokia, Videocon,
Wynncom Mobile, Reliance Jio, BigBasket , Experience
Bengal
Shilpa Reddy Confederation of Women Entrepreneurs (COWE)
Shruti Haasan Lloyd

8
 Sourav Ganguly 2017 FIFA Under 17 World Cup, Senco Gold &
Diamonds
Steffi Graf Kerala’s Ayruveda
Ranbir Kapoor Renault India
Ranveer Singh Maruti Suzuki India Limited
Tiger Shroff HRX
Varun Dhawan FC Goa
Virat kohil BSF, Boost
Wasim Akram & Rameez Raja Pakistan T20 Super League (PSL)
Yuvraj Singh UC Browser

TAGLINES
Companies/Brands and their taglines Taglines
Company Names
ABN AMRO Bank "Making More Possible"
Accenture "High Performance. Delivered"
Adobe "Simplicity at work. Better by adobe."
AIG or American International Group Insurance "We know Money"
Company
AKAI "Land of rising technology"
APC "Legendary reliability."
Air Canada "A breath of Fresh Air"
Allianz Group "The Power on your side"
AMAZON.COM "Earth's Biggest BookStore"
ANDHRA BANK "Much more to do, with YOU in focus"
Apple Macintosh "Think Different."
ARCELOR "Steel solutions for a better world"
AT&T "The World's Networking Company"
Aditya Birla Group "Taking India to the World"
Acer "Empowering People"
Allahabad Bank "A Tradition of Trust"
Amway "We are Listening"
Ashok Leyland "Engineering your tomorrow"
Asian Development Bank "Fighting Poverty in Asia and the Pacific"
Bank of America "Higher Standards"
Bank of Baroda "India's International Bank"
BANK OF RAJASTHAN "Dare to Dream"
BBC World "Putting News First "
BNP Paribas "The Bank for the changing world."
BPL "Believe in the Best"
BSNL "Connecting India"
Canon "Delighting You Always"
Canara Bank "Serving to Grow, Growing to Serve"
Central Bank of India "Build A Better Life Around Us"
Cell One "The one for everyone "
Compaq "Just right computing "
Corporation Bank "Nation Bank on us"
CIPLA "Caring for life"
CAST AWAY "At the edge of the world, his journey begins"
CEAT "Born Tough"

9
CENTRAL "Shop. Eat. Celebrate"
CHEVROLET AVEO "When Good is not good enough."
Chevron Corporation "Human Energy"
CHIP "Intelligent Computing"
Cisco Systems "Empowering the Internet generation."
TOSHIBA "Leading Innovation"
CITIGROUP or CITIBANK "The Citi Never Sleeps"
CNBC "Profit from it"
COMPTRON and GREAVES "Everyday Solutions"
Dena Bank "Trusted Family Bank"
Dell "Easy as DELL"
Deutsche Bank "A Passion to Perform"
DIGIT "Your Technology Navigator"
DR. REDDY'S LABORATORIES "Good Health Can’t Wait"
DUPONT "The Miracles of Science"
EBAY "The World's Online Market Place"
EPSON "Exceed Your Vision"
Ernst and Young "Building a better working world."
Essar corp "A positive a++itude"
Exxon Mobil "Taking on the World's Toughest Energy
Challenges"
FIAT "Driven by Passion. FIAT"
FORD "Built for the Road Ahead"
Federal Bank "Your Perfect Banking Partner"
General Electric "Imagination at work"
GAIL "Gas and Beyond"
GM "Only GM."
HBO "It's not TV. It's HBO."
HCL "Technology that touches life."
HDFC Bank "We understand your world"
Hitachi "Inspire the Next"
Honda City "The city just got better"
HAIER "Inspired Living"
Hewlett Packard "Invent."
HINDUSTAN TIMES "The Name India trusts for News"
HOME DEPOT "You can do it. We can Help."
HONDA "The Power of Dreams"
HP Invent "Everything is Possible"
HSBC "The World's Local Bank"
HYUNDAI "Drive Your Way"
ICICI "Hum Hai Na"
IDBI "Banking for all"
Idea Cellular "An Idea can change your life."
Indian Bank "Taking banking technology to the common man."
Indian Overseas Bank "Good people to grow with"
IBM "ON DEMAND"
IBM "I think, therefore IBM"
IBP "Pure bhi. Poora bhi"
Infosys "Powered by Intellect, Driven by Values; Improve
your odds with Infosys Predictability"
Intel "Intel inside."
IOCL "Bringing Energy to Life"

10
Jet Airways "The Joy of Flying"
JVC "The Perfect Experience"
Karnataka Bank "Your Family Bank. Across India."
Karur Vysya Bank "Smart Way to bank"
Kotak Mahindra Bank "Let's Make Money Simple"
Kingfisher Airlines "Fly the good times"
KMART "The stuff of life."
Kotak "Think Investments. Think Kotak."
KROGER "Costs less to get more"
LARSEN and TOUBRO "We make things which make India proud"
LEE "The jeans that built America"
Lehman Brothers "Where Vision Gets Built"
LENOVO "We are building a new technology company."
LG "Life's Good"
Lucent Technologies "Creating value through true convergence."
Lufthansa "There's no better to fly"
Mahindra Scorpio "Nothing else will do"
Macromedia "What the web can be."
Malaysian Airlines "Going Beyond Expectations"
Master card "There are some things money can't buy."
Maruti Suzuki "count on us."
Max NewYork Life Insurance "Your Partner for life"
McDowells Signature "The New Sign of Success."
METRO "The spirit of Commerce"
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company or "Have You Met LifeToday"
Metlife.
Microsoft "Where Do You Want to Go Today ; Your
Potential Our Passion"
MITTAL STEEL "Shaping the future of steel"
Monster.com "Never Settle"
MRF "Tyres with Muscle"
Nestle "Good Food. Good Life."
NTPC "Powering India's Growth"
NASDAQ "Stock market for the digital world"
NDTV Profit "News you can Use."
Nokia "Connecting people."
NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) "The world puts its stock in us"
Onida "Nothing but the truth. "
Oriental Bank Of Commerce "Where every individual is committed."
ONGC "Making Tomorrow Brighter"
Oracle "Software powers the Internet."
Polaris "Live your dream "
Punjab and sind Bank "where series is A way of life"
Panasonic "Slightly ahead of its time."
PHILLIPS "Sense and Simplicity"
Punjab National Bank "The name you can bank upon."
Prudential Insurance Company "Growing and Protecting your wealth"
Quickbooks "Get back to business."
Reliance industries Limited "Growth is Life"
Raymond "The complete Man"
SAIL "There's a little bit of SAIL in everybody's life. "
Satyam Computers "What business demands "

11
South Indian Bank "Experience next generation banking"
State Bank of Mysore "Working for a better tomorrow"
State Bank of Patiala "Blending modernity with Tradition."
State Bank of Travancore "Since 1945. A long tradition of Trust."
Syndicate Bank "A Faithful & Friendly Financial Partner"
Sahara "Emotionally yours."
SAMSUNG "Everyone's Invited or Its hard to Imagine"
SANSUI "Born in Japan Entertaining The World"
SBI "With you all the way."
SBI DEBIT CARD "Welcome to a Cashless World."
Servo "100 % Performance. Everytime."
Singapore Stock Exchange (SGX) "Tomorrow Market's Today."
SKODA "Obsessed with Quality since 1897."
SONY "Like. No.Other."
Speed "High Performance Petrol"
Standard Chartered Bank "Your Right Partner"
Standard Insurance Company Limited. "Positively Different."
Star Sports "We know your game"
Sun Microsystems "The Network is the Computer"
SUZLON ENERGY "Powering a Greener Tomorrow."
Tata Indicom "Do more. Live more."
TVS "Break Free"
TATA MOTORS "Even More Car per Car"
TCS "Beyond the Obvious"
TESCO "Every Little Helps"
THE DAILY TELEGRAPH "Read a Bestseller everyday"
THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW "Where will you be"
THE ECONOMIC TIMES "The Power of Knowledge"
The Indian EXPRESS "Journalism of Courage"
TIMESJOBS.COM "If you have a reason, we have the job"
TITANIC "Collide With Destiny."
TOYOTA "Touch The Perfection"
Toyota Innova "All you Desire."
United bank of India "The bank begins with you"
UBS "You and Us"
Union Bank of India "Good People to Bank with"
US Cellular "Believe in something better."
Visa "Enjoy Life's opportunities "
Vijaya Bank "A friend you can bank upon"
VIDEOCON "The Indian Multinational"
VIZAG STEEL "Pride of Steel"
VOLKSWAGEN "The Car"(Earlier Das Auto, and still under
controversy)
WALMART "Always low prices. Always."
Windows XP "Do More with Less"
WIPRO "Applying Thought"
World bank "Working for a World Free of Poverty. "
Youtube "broadcast yourself"
Yes Bank "Experience Our Expertise"
CTS "passion for making difference"
Airtel "express yourself"
Nike "Just do it"

12
 Gillette "The Best a Man Can Get"
KFC "Finger licking good"
Sprite "Obey your thirst"

First In India
(Male)

The first President of Indian Republic Dr. Rajendra Prasad

The first Prime Minister of free India Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru
The first Indian to win Nobel Prize Rabindranath Tagore
The first President of Indian National Congress W.C. Banerjee
The first Muslim President of Indian National Badruddin Tayyabji
Congress
The first Muslim President of India Dr. Zakir Hussain
The first British Governor General of India Lord William Bentinck (1833-1835)
The first British Governor General of Bengal Lord Warren Hasting (1774-1885)
The first British Viceroy of India Lord Canning
The first Governor General of free India Lord Mountbatten
The first and the last Indian to be Governor C. Rajgopalachari
General of free India
The first man who introduced printing press in India James Hicky

The first Indian to join the I.C.S Satyendra Nath Tagore

India’s first man in Space Rakesh Sharma
The first Prime Minister of India who resigned Morarji Desai
without completing the full term
The first Indian Commander-in-Chief of India General Cariappa
The first Chief of Army Staff Gen. Maharaj Rajendra Singhji
The first Indian Member of the Viceroys executive S.P.Sinha
council
The first President of India who died while in Dr. Zakhir Hussain
office
The first Muslim President of Indian Republic Dr. Zakhir Hussain
The first Prime Minister of India who did not face Charan Singh
the Parliament
The first Field Marshal of India S.H.F. Manekshaw
The first Indian to get Nobel Prize in Physics C.V.Raman
The first Indian to receive Bharat Ratna award Dr. Radhakrishnan
The first Indian to cross English Channel Mihir Sen
The first Person to receive Jnanpith award Sri Shankar Kurup
The firs Speaker of the Lok Sabha Ganesh Vasudeva Mavalankar
The first Vice-President of India Dr. Radhakrishnan
The first Education Minister Abdul Kalam Azad
The first Home minister of India Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
The first Indian Air Chief Marshal S. Mukherjee
The first Indian Naval Chief Vice Admiral R.D. Katari
The first Judge of International Court of Justice Dr. Nagendra Singh
The first person to reach Mt. Everest without Sherpa Anga Dorjee
oxygen
The first person to get Param Vir Chakra Major Somnath Sharma
The first Chief Election Commissioner Sukumar Sen

13
 The first person to receive Magsaysay Award Acharya Vinoba Bhave
The first person of Indian origin to receive Nobel Hargovind Khurana
Prize in Medicine
The first Chinese traveller to visit India Fahein
The first person to receive Stalin Prize Saifuddin Kitchlu
The first person to resign from the Central Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
Cabinet
The first person to receive Nobel Prize in Amartya Sen
Economics
The first Chief Justice of Supreme Court Justice Hirala J. Kania
The first Indian Pilot J.R.D. Tata (1929)

(Female)

The first lady to become Miss World Rita Faria

The first woman judge in Supreme Court Mrs. Meera Sahib Fatima Bibi
The first woman Ambassador Miss C.B. Muthamma
The first woman Governor of a state in free India Mrs Sarojini Naidu
The first woman Speaker of a State Assembly Shanno Devi
The first woman IPS officer Mrs. Kiran Bedi
The first and last Muslim woman ruler of India Razia Sultan
The first woman to receive Ashoka Chakra Nirja Bhanot
The first woman to receive Jnanpith Award Ashapurna Devi
The first woman to cross English Channel Aarti Saha
The first woman to receive Nobel Prize Mother Teresa
The first woman to receive Bharat Ratna Mrs Indira Gandhi
The first woman to receive Jnanpith Award Ashpurna Devi

First in Others
First Wax statue of a Living Indian Mahatma Gandhi at Madame Tussaud's in 1939
First Chinese pilgrim to Visit India Fa-hien
First Exclusive internet magazine Bharat Samachar
First Miss India to participate in Miss Universe Indrani Rehman
First President of Indian National Congress W.C. Bannerjee, 1885
First Muslim President of the Indian National Badruddin Tayyabji
Congress
First Judge in International Court of Justice Dr. Nagender Singh
First Graduate in Medicine Soorjo Coomar Goodeve Chukerbutty
India's First University Nalanda University
India's First Open University Andhra Pradesh Open University
India's First Lok Sabha Member to be elected P.V.Narasimha Rao
with a record maximum number of votes
First Indian to reach Antarctica Lt. Ram Charan
First British to Visit India Hawkins
First Test tube baby of India Indira (Baby Harsha)
First Post Office Opened in India Kolkata(1727)

14
Important Days and Dates
Important Days in January
1. January 1 ——— Global Family Day
2. January 15 ——— Army Day
3. January 23 ——— Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose’s birth anniversary
4. January 26 ——— Republic Day
5. January 26 ——— International Customs day
6. January 28 ——— Birth anniversary of Lala Lajpat Rai
7. January 28 ——— Data Protection Day
8. January 30 ——— World Leprosy Eradication Day

Important Days and Dates in February

1. February 4 ——— World Cancer Day
2. February 5 ——— Kashmir Day
3. February 6 ——— International Day against Female Genital Mutilation
4. February 12 ——— Darwin Day
5. February 12 ——— World Day of the Sick
6. February 14 ——— Valentine’s Day
7. February 20 ——— World Day of Social Justice
8. February 21 ——— International Mother Language Day
9. February 22 ——— World Scout Day
10. February 23 ——— World Peace’s and Understanding Day

Important Days and Dates in March

1. March 4 ——— World Day of the Fight Against Sexual Exploitation
2. March 8 ——— International Women’s’ Day
3. March 13 ——— World Kidney Day
4. March 13 ——— World Rotaract Day
5. March 15 ——— World Consumer Rights Day
6. March 20 ——— International Day of the Francophonie
7. March 20 ——— World Day of Theatre for Children and Young People
8. March 21 ——— World Sleep Day
9. March 21 ——— World Forestry Day
10. March 21 ——— International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.
11. March 22 ——— World Water Day
12. March 23 ——— World Meteorological Day
13. March 24 ——— World TB Day
14. March 24 ——— International Day for Achievers
15. March 25 ——— International Day of Remembrance – Victims of Slavery and Transatlantic Slave
Trade
16. March 27 ——— World Drama Day

Important Days and Dates in April

1. April 2 ——— World Autism Awareness Day
2. April 7 ——— World Health Day
3. April 17 ——— World Haemophilia Day
4. April 18 ——— World heritage Day
5. April 22 ——— Earth Day
6. April 23 ——— World Book and Copyright Day
7. April 25 ——— World Malaria Day
8. April 29 ——— International Dance Day

15
Important Days and Dates in May
1. May 1 ——— International Labour day
2. May 3 ——— Press Freedom Day
3. May 4 ——— Coal Miners day
4. May 8 ——— World Red Cross day
5. May 9 ——— Victory Day
6. May 11 ——— National Technology Day
7. May 12 ——— International Nurses day
8. May 14 ——— World Migratory day
9. May 15 ——— International Day of the Family
10. May 17 ——— World Information Society Day
11. May 21 ——— Anti-Terrorism Day
12. May 31 ——— World No Tobacco Day

Important Days and Dates in June

1. June 4 ——— International day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression
2. June 5 ——— World Environment Day
3. June 7 ——— International Level Crossing Awareness Day
4. June 8 ——— World oceans Day
5. June 12 ——— World Day against Child Labour
6. June 14 ——— World Blood Donor day
7. June 17 ——— World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought
8. June 20 ——— World Refugee Day
9. June 23 ——— United Nations Public Service Day
10. June 23 ——— International widow’s day
11. June 26 ——— International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking
12. June 27 ——— International Diabetes Day

Important Days and Dates in July

1. July 1 ——— National doctor’s Day
2. July 11 ——— World Population Day
3. July 12 ——— Malala Day
4. July 18 ——— Nelson Mandela International Day
5. July 28 ——— World Nature Conservation day
6. July 30 ——— International Day of Friendship

Important Days and Dates in August

1. August 3 ——— Independence Day of Niger
2. August 5 ——— Independence Day of Upper Volta
3. August 9 ——— International day of the World’s Indigenous People
4. August 12 ——— International Youth Day
5. August 15 ——— Independence Day (India )
6. August 23 ——— International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition
7. August 29 ——— National Sports Day ( Birthday of Dhyan Chand )
Important Days and Dates in September
1. September 5 ——— Teacher’s Day (Dr. Radhakrishnan’s Birth Day)
2. September 7 ——— Forgiveness Day
3. September 8 ——— International Literacy Day
4. September 14 ——— Hindi day, World First Aid Day
5. September 16 ——— World Ozone Day
6. September 21 ——— International Day of Peace, World Alzheimer’s day
7. September 25 ——— Social Justice Day
8. September 27 ——— World Tourism Day

16
Important Days and Dates in October
1. October 1 ——— International Day of Older Persons
2. October 2 ——— International day of Non-Violence
3. October 3 ——— World Nature Day, World Habitat Day
4. October 4 ——— World Animal Day
5. October 5 ——— World Teacher’s Day
6. October 8 ——— Indian Airforce Day
7. October 9 ——— World Post Day
8. October 11 ——— International Girl Child Day
9. October 12 ——— World Arthritis Day
10. October 14 ——— World Standards Day
11. October 15 ——— World Students Day
12. October 16 ——— World Food day
13. October 17 ——— International Day for the Eradication of Poverty
14. October 20 ——— World Statistics Day
15. October 24 ——— United Nations Day
16. October 31 ——— World Thrift Day

Important Days and Dates in November

1. November 1 ——— World Vegan Day
2. November 5 ——— World Radiography Day
3. November 9 ——— World Services Day
4. November 14 ——— Children’s Day ( Birth Anniversary of Jawaharlal Nehru )
5. November 16 ——— International Day for Endurance
6. November 17 ——— International students Day
7. November 17 ——— National Journalism Day
8. November 18 ——— World Adult Day
9. November 19 ——— World Citizen Day
10. November 20 ——— Universal Children’s Day
11. November 21 ——— World Television Day
12. November 21 ——— World Fisheries day
13. November 25 ——— World Non-veg Day
14. November 26 ——— Law Day
15. November 30 ——— Flag Day

Important Days and Dates in December

1. December 1 ——— World AIDS Day
2. December 2 ——— World Computer Literacy Day
3. December 2 ——— International Day for the Abolition of Slavery
4. December 3 ——— International Day of People with Disability
5. December 3 ——— World Conservation Day
6. December 4 ——— Navy Day
7. December 5 ——— International Volunteer Day for Economic and Social Development
8. December 7 ——— International Civil Aviation Day
9. December 9 ——— The International Day Against Corruption
10. December 10 ——— International Day of Broadcasting
11. December 10 ——— Human Rights Day
12. December 11 ——— International Mountain Day
13. December 14 ——— World Energy Day
14. December 18 ——— International Migrants Day
15. December 19 ——— Goa’s Liberation Day
16. December 20 ——— International Human Solidarity Day
17. December 29 ——— International Biodiversity Day

17
Heads of Important Offices in India and World | Latest Who’s Who
List of Heads of Important Offices of the World

1. Secretary General, Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)- Mohammed Sanusi

Barkindo
2. Secretary-General, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)- Arjun Bahadur
Thapa
3. Executive Director, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)- Henrietta H. Fore
4. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)- Filippo Grandi
5. Secretary-General, United Nations Organisation (UNO)- Ban Ki-Moon
6. Managing Director, International Monetary Fund (IMF)- Christine Lagarde
7. President, African Development Bank- Akinwumi Adesina
8. President, World Bank- Dr. Jim Yong Kim
9. Director General, World Health Organisation (WHO)- Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus
10. Director-General, International Labour Organisation (ILO)- Guy Ryder
11. President, European Council- Donald Tusk
12. Secretary-General, North Atlantic Treary Organisation (NATO)- Jens Stoltenberg
13. Director General, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)- Jose Graziano da Silva
14. Secretary-General, Commonwealth- Patricia Scotland
15. Secretary-General, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)- H.E. Dato Lim Jock Hoi
16. Director-General, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)- Li Yong
17. Administrator, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)- António Guterres
18. Director General, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)-
Ms. Irina Bokova
19. High Commissioner, United Nations High Commission for Human Rights- Zeid Ra'ad Al
Hussein
20. Secretary General, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)- Mukhisa
Kituyi
21. President, International Court of Justice- Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf
22. Director-General, World Trade Organisation- Roberto Azevedo
23. Secretary-General, Amnesty International- Salil Shetty
24. President, Asian Development Bank- Takehiko Nakao
25. President, International Olympic Committee- Thomas Bach
26. Director-General, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)- Yukiya Amano
27. President, International Cricket Council (ICC)- Zaheer Abbas

List of Heads of Important Offices of the India

1. Chairperson, National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog- Prime Minister
Narendra Modi
2. Vice Chairperson, National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog- Rajiv Kumar
3. Speaker, Lok Sabha- Sumitra Mahajan
4. Deputy Speaker, Lok Sabha- M Thambidurai
5. Chairman, Rajya Sabha- Vice President of India, Venkaiah Naidu
6. Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha- P.J. Kurien
7. Governor, Reserve Bank of India- Urjit Patel
8. Chief Election Commissioner of India- Nasim Zaidi
9. Election Commissioner- Om Prakash Rawat
10. Comptroller and Auditor General (C&AG) of India- Shri Rajiv Mehrishi
11. Chairperson, National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)- H.L. Dattu
12. Chairman, National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC)- Indra Sawhney
13. Chairman, Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)- Arvind Saxena

18
 14. Director-General, National Investigation Agency (NIA)- Yogesh Chander Modi
15. Director, Intelligence Bureau (IB)- Ajit Doval
16. Director, Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)- Alok Kumar Verma
17. Director, Research and Analysis Wing (RAW)- Rajinder Khanna
18. Director-General, National Security Guard (NSG)- Sudhir Pratap Singh
19. Chairman, University Grants Commission (UGC)- D.P. Singh
20. Chairman, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)- A S Kiran Kumar
21. Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission- Dr. Sekhar Basu
22. Chairperson, National Commission for Minorities- Syed Ghayorul Hasan Rizvi
23. Chief Information Commissioner (CIC)- Radha Krishna Mathur
24. Chairman, Staff Selection Commission (SSC)- Ashim Khurana
25. Director-General, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)- Soumya Swaminathan
26. Chief Vigilance Commissioner (CVC)- K. V. Chowdary
27. Chairperson of National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)- Stuti Narain
Kacker
28. Chairman of National Commission for Scheduled Castes- Ram Shankar Katheria
29. Chairman of National Commission for Scheduled Tribes- Nand Kumar Sai
30. Chairman of National Commission on Farmers (NCF)- Dr. M. S. Swaminathan
31. National Security Adviser and Special Adviser to PM (Internal Security)- Brajesh Mishra
32. Chairman of Railway Board- Ashwani Lohani
33. Director, Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC)- K. N. Vyas
34. Chairman, NASSCOM- Rishad Premji
35. Chairperson, Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT)- Sushil Chandra
36. Chairman, Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)- Ajay Tyagi
37. Chairman, National Knowledge Commission- Sam Pitroda
38. Director, Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SHAR)- P Kunhikrishnan

List of Heads of Judiciary of India

1. Chief Justice of India- Justice Dipak Mishra

2. Attorney General of India- K. K. Venugopal
3. Solicitor General of India- Prabhuling K Navadgi

List of Heads of Armed Forces and Protection Forces of India

1. Supreme Commander- President Ran Nath Kovind

2. Chief of the Army Staff- General Dalbir Singh Suhag
3. Chief of the Naval Staff- Admiral Sunil Lanba
4. Chief of the Air Staff- Air Chief Marshal Birendra Singh Dhanoa
5. Director-General, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)- Shri Rajiv Rai Bhatnagar
6. Director-General, Border Security Force (BSF)- K K Sharma
7. Director-General, Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)- IPS Officer Rajesh Ranjan
8. Director-General, Railway Protection Force (RPF)- Dharmendra Kumar
9. Director-General, Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)- R. K. Panchananda

19
Facts About INDIA
Basic facts about India - Geographical Data

1. India, with an area of 32, 87,263 sq.km. Is the seventh largest country in the world.
2. The countries which are larger than India (in area) are Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil and
Australia.
3. India has a land frontier of about 15,200 km and a coastline of 7516.6 km. A ratio of approximately
2: 1
4. Among the Indian states, Gujarat has the longest coastline of approximately 1600 km.
5. The southernmost point of Indian mainland is Kanyakumari. Indira Point which is the southernmost
point of India was submerged in the 2004 Tsunami.
6. The countries which have a common border with India are Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal,
Bhutan, Myanmar and Bangladesh.
7. India shares the longest border with Bangladesh (4,000 km appx).
8. The nearest country with which India does not share a border is Sri Lanka which is separated from
India by a narrow channel of sea formed by Palk Strait on one side and Gulf of Mannar on the
other.

Demographic Data
1. India’s population as on 1 March 2011 stood at 1,21,05,69,573 (62, 31, 21,843 males and 58, 74,
47,730 females).
2. India accounts for a meagre 2.4 per cent of the world surface area of 135.79 million sq. km. Yet, it
supports and sustains a whopping 16.7 per cent of the world population...
3. The sex ratio is 943 females per 1000 males.
4. The overall literacy rate is 74.04% (82.14 for males and 65.46 for females).
5. Three most populous countries of the world viz. China (1.34 billion), India (1.21 billion) and USA
(308.7 million) account for 40% population of the world.
6. The census moment, the referral time at which the snapshot of the population is taken was 00.00
hours of 1 March 2001. Until the 1991 Census, the sunrise of 1 March was taken to be the census
moment.

20
Classical Dance
1. Andhra Natyam (Art dance of Andhra Pradesh & Telangana, South India)

2. Bagurumba (folk dance of Assam, North India)

3. Bhangra (Folk Dance of Punjab, North India)

4. Bharatanatyam (Indian classical dance, Tamil Nadu, South India)

5. Bihu dance (Folk dance of Assam, East India)

6. Bathukamma (Folk dance of Telangana, South India)

7. Chau (Odisha, West Bengal, East India)

8. Chholiya (Uttarakhand)

9. Dandiya (Folk dance of Gujarat, West India)

10. Dhangari (Folk dance of Maharashtra, West India)

11. Dhemsa (Tribal dance of Koraput, Odisha)

12. Dollu Kunitha (Folk Dance Of Karnataka, India)

13. Garba (Folk dance of Gujarat, West India)

14. Giddha (Folk dance of Punjab North India)

15. Ghoomar (Folk dance of Rajasthan West India)

16. Gaudiya Nritya (Classical dance of West Bengal)

17. Geraiya Nritya (Folk tribe dance of Gujarat, India)

18. Kathak (Classical Indian Dance)

19. Kathakali (Kerala, India, Incorporates dance)

20. Kerala Natanam (Indian Dance created by Guru Gopinath)

21. Krishnanattam (Indian dance drama style of Kerala)

22. Kuchipudi (Classical Indian Dance, Andhra Pradesh)

23. Kolattam (Folk Tamil Nadu)

24. Koli Dance (Folk Maharashtra)

25. Karakattam (Folk Tamil Nadu)

26. Kanyarkali (Folk Dance, Kerala

27. Lavani (Folk Dance, Maharashtra)

21
 28. Mohiniattam (Classical dance from Kerala)

29. Manipuri (Indian classical dance from Manipur)

30. Nautanki (Dance form of Uttar Pradesh)

31. Odissi aka Orissi (Odisha, East India) (Indian classical dance from Odisha)

32. Oyilattam aka Oyilattam (Madurai, Tamil Nadu)

33. Panthi (Folk dance of Chhattisgarh, India)

34. Puliyattam (Folk dance of Tamil Nadu, India)

35. Perini shiva thandavam (Dance form of Telangana)

36. Raut Nacha (Folk dance of Chhattisgarh, India)

37. Raas Leela (Indian Classical Dance)

38. Rathwa dance (Folk dance of Chotaudepur, India)

39. Sambalpuri (Dance from Odisha)(Semi-classical dance of India)

40. Sattriya (Dance form of Assam)

41. Thirayattam (Folk Dance, Kerala)

42. Tamasa (Folk dance, Maharashtra)

43. Vilasini Natyam (Art dance of Andhra Pradesh, South India)

44. Yakshagana (Karnataka)

LIST of INDIAN AIRPORTS

Name of the Airport City it Serve State
Veer Savarkar International Port Blair Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Airport
Visakhapatnam Airport Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh
Rajiv Gandhi International Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh
Airport
Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi Guwahati Assam
International Airport
Indira Gandhi International New Delhi Delhi
Airport
Goa International Airport Whole state Goa
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Ahmedabad Gujarat
International Airport
Kempegowda International Bengaluru Karnataka
Airport
Mangalore International Airport Mangalore Karnataka
Cochin International Airport Kochi Kerala
Calicut International Airport Kozhikode Kerala

22
 Trivandrum International Thiruvananthapuram Kerala
Airport
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Mumbai Maharashtra
Airport
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Nagpur Maharashtra
International Airport
Tulihal Airport Imphal Manipur
Biju Patnaik International Bhubaneswar Odisha
Airport
Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee Amritsar Punjab
International Airport
Jaipur International Airport Jaipur Rajasthan
Chennai International Airport Chennai Tamil Nadu
Coimbatore International Airport Coimbatore Tamil Nadu
Tiruchirapalli International Tiruchirapalli Tamil Nadu
Airport
Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport Lucknow Uttar Pradesh
Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport Varanasi Uttar Pradesh
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Kolkata West Bengal
International Airport

List of Important Organizations and their Headquarters

Organisation Headquarters
United Nations Organisation New York
United Nations Childrens’ Fund (UNICEF) New York
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) New York
United Nations Conference on Trade and Geneva
Development (UNCTAD)
World Health Organisation Geneva
International Labour Organisation Geneva
International Committee of the Red Cross Geneva
World Trade Organisation Geneva
World Meteorological Organisation Geneva
World Intellectual Property Organization Geneva
International Organization for Standardization Geneva
United Nations Educational Scientific and Paris
Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)
UN Women New York
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Paris
Development (OECD)
United Nations Industrial Development Vienna
Organization (UNIDO)
International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna
Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries Vienna
(OPEC)
International Monetary Fund (IMF) Washington DC
World Bank Washington DC
Amnesty International London
International Maritime Organisation London
Commonwealth of Nations London

23
 International Court Of Justice The Hague
Universal Postal Union Berne
Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) Rome
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Brussels
Transparency International Berlin
International Renewable Energy Agency Abu Dhabi (UAE)
South Asian Association for Regional Kathmandu
Cooperation
Association of South East Asian Nations Jakarta
(ASEAN)
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Singapore
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Jeddah
Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Ebene, Mauritius
Cooperation
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical The Hague, The Netherlands
Weapons
International Olympic Committee Lausanne, Switzerland
Worldwide Fund for Nature Gland, Switzerland
International Union of Pure and Applied Zurich, Switzerland
Chemistry
World Economic Forum Geneva, Switzerland
International Hydrographic Organization Monaco
International Association of Athletics Federations Monaco
(IAAF)
Fédération Internationale de Football Association Zurich, Switzerland
(FIFA)
International Cricket Council (ICC) Dubai, UAE
International Hockey Federation (FIH) Lausanne, Switzerland
Fédération internationale des échecs (FIDE) or Athens, Greece
World Chess Federation
International Union for Conservation of Nature Gland, Switzerland
(IUCN)
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Los Angeles, USA
Numbers (ICANN)
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) or Doctors Geneva, Switzerland
without Borders
International Shooting Sports Federation Munich, Germany
International Council on Monuments and Sites Paris, France
(ICOMOS)

List of Scientists / Inventors and their Inventions

Scientist’s / Inventor’s Name Invention
A. Celsius Centrigrade scale
A.L. and J.L. Lumiere Cenema
A.L. Breguet Watch
A.Parker Celluloid
Adolph Rickenbacker electric guitar
Alessandro Volta Electric Battery
Alexander Fleming Penicillin
Alexanderson Radio transmitter
Alfred B. Nobel Dynamite

24
Alfred Binet I.Q. Test
Alfred Kinsey Human Sexuality
Alfred Wegener Continental Drift
American Viscose Co. Rayon
Amundson (1912) South Pole
Anderson Positive Electrons
Andreas Vesalius New Anatomy
Andre-Marie Ampere Galvanometer
Antoine Joseph Sax Saxophone
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier Revolution in Chemistry
Archimedes Specific Gravity
Archimedes Principle for lever (S.P.Gravity)
Archimedies Archimedean Screw
Arthur Eddington Modern Astronomy
August Kekule Chemical Structure
Avogadro Avogadro’s Hypothesis
B. F. Goodrich Zipper
B. F. Skinner Behaviorism
Baird Television
Bardeen, Shockley, Brattain Transistor
Benjamin Franklin Bifocal Lens
Benjamin Franklin Lightning Conductor
Bessemer Steel Melting Process
Binet Intelligence test
Bohr Electron Theory
Bohr and Rutherford Atomic Structure
Boyle Boyle’s law
Braille Printing for the Blind
Braun, Dr.Wernher Von Space flying
Broquett Helicopter
Bunsen Spectroscope
C. F. Brush Arc Lamp
C. Hugyens Clock (pendulum)
C. Sholes Typewriter
C.V.Raman Crystal Dynamics
C.V.Raman Raman effect
Carl Gauss (Karl Friedrich Gauss) Mathematical Genius
Carl Linnaeus Binomial Nomenclature
Carlton Mcgee Parking meter
Carothers Nylon Plastic
Cartwright Powerloom
Casimir Funk Vitamin B1
Cavandish Rare Gas
Cavendish Hydrogen
Chadwick Neutron
Chandrasekhar Mathematical Astro Physics
Charles Babbage Computer
Charles Babbage Difference engine
Charles Darwin Evolution
Charles Darwin Evolution (theory)
Charles Darwin Origin of Species
Charles Goodyear Rubber (vulcanized)

25
Charles Goodyear Vulcanised Rubber
Charles Lyell Modern Geology
Charles Macintosh Raincoat
Charles Macintosh Rubber (waterproof)
Charles Macintosh Waterproof Rubber
Charles Sherrington Neurophysiology
Chester Carlson Zerox machine
Christiaan Huygens Wave Theory of Light
Christian Barnard Replacing human heart
Christopher Cockerell Hovercraft
Claude Bernard Founding of Modern Physiology
Claude Levi-Strauss Structural Anthropology
Col. J. Schick Razor (electric)
Columbus (1492) West Indies
Conrad Elvehjem Vitamin Niacin
Copernicus (1540) Solar System
Coulomb Fundamental Laws of Electric Attraction
D. T. Smith, E. G. Hendrick Vitamin B2
Daimler Automobile
Dalton Atomic Theory
Dalton Laws of Multiple Proportion
Darwin Laws of Natural Selections
Darwin Theory of Evolution
Dauguerre Photograph
David Brewster Kaleidoscope
David Bushnell Submarine
Dewar Liquid Oxygen
Dewar Thermos Flasks
Dmitri Mendeleev Periodic Table of Elements
Domagk Sulpha Drugs
Dr. A.H. Taylor and L.C. Young Radar
Dr. Alan M. Turing Electronic Computer
Dr. Lee de Forest Film (with sound)
Dr. Richard Gatling Machine Gun
Dr. Wallace H. Carothers Nylon
Dr. William Stokes, Rene Laennec Stethoscope
Dr.Hargobiad Khorana Deciphering the genetic code
Dr.Paul Muller D.D.T.
Dr.Philip Drinker Drinker’s Chamber of Iron Lung
Dr.Sigmund Freud Psycho-analysis
E.G. Otis Lift
Edison Incandescent Bulb
Edison Phonograph
Edmund Cartwright Power Loom
Edward Jenner Vaccination
Edward Mellanby Vitamin D
Edward O. Wilson Sociobiology
Edward Teller Bomb
Edwin Hubble Modern Telescope
Eijkman Beri – Beri
Einstein Theory of Relativity
Elisha G. Otis Elevator

26
Elmer V. McCollum Vitamin B
Elmer V. McCollum and M. Davis Vitamin A
Emil Fischer Organic Chemistry
Enrico Fermi Atomic Physics
Ernest Rutherford Structure of the Atom
Ernst Haeckel Biogenetic Principle
Ernst Mayr Evolutionary Theory
Erwin Schrodinger Wave Mechanics
Euclid Foundations of Mathematics
Euclid Geometry
Evangelista Torricelli Barometer
F.Banting Insulin
Fahrenheit Fahrenheit Scale
Fahrenheit Mercury Thermometer
Faraday Electricity
Faraday Induction of Electric Current
Faraday Law of Electrolysis
Francis Crick Molecular Biology
Francis Galton Eugenics
Frank Whittle Jet Propulsion
Franz Boas Modern Anthropology
Frederick Sanger Genetic Code
Friese-Greene Cine camera
Fulton Steam boat
G. Bradshaw Scooter
G. Claude Neon-lamp
G. Ferdinand Von Zeppelin Airship (rigid)
G. Marconi Radio
Galileo Telescope
Galileo Galilei New Science
Galileo Gallei Thermometer
Gauss Electric Measurement
Gay Lussac Law of gases
George Eastman Camera
George Gaylord Simpson Tempo of Evolution
George Westinghouse Air Brake
Gertrude Belle Elion Pharmacology
Gottlieb Daimler Carburetor
Gottlieb Daimler Carburettor
Gregor Mendel Laws of Inheritance
Gregory Mandel Laws of Heredity
Gustav Kirchhoff Spectroscopy
H. W. Seeley Electric Flat Iron
H.C.Urey Deuterium (Heavy Water)
H.W. Seeley Electric iron
Hadley Sextant
Hahnemann Homoeopathy
Hans Bethe Energy of the Sun
Hans Selye Stress Concept
Harry Brearley Stainless Steel
Harvey Blood Circulation
Heike Kamerlingh Superconductivity

27
Heitz Electrical Waves
Henry Becquerel Radio-activity of Uranium
Henry Bessemer Steel production
Henry Great Head Life Boat
Herbert Evans and Katherine Bishop Vitamin E
Hermann Fottinger Automatic gearbox
Hermann von Helmholtz Rise of German Science
Herschel William Uranus (Planet)
Hideki Yakawa Meson
Hippalus Scientific astronomy
Hoffman Aniline Dyes
Hopkins and Funk Vitamins
Hsing and Ling-Tsan Clock (machanical)
Isaac Newton Newtonian Revolution
J. Froelich Tractor
J. Whinfield and H. Dickson Terylene
J.B. Dunlop Bicycle Tyre
J.C. Perier Ship (steam)
J.C.Bose Crescograph
J.E. Lurdstrom Match (safety)
J.J.Thomson Electrons
Jacob Schick Electric razor
Jacques and Joseph Montgolfier Balloon
James Clerk Maxwell Electromagnetic Field
James Hargreaves Spinning jenny
James Harrison and James Young Simpson Chloroform
James Harrison, Alexander Catlin Refrigerator
James Lind Vitamin C
James Watson Structure of DNA
James Watt Steam Engine
James Watt Steam engine (condenser)
Jean Baptiste Lamarck Foundations of Biology
Jean Piaget Child Development
Johann Phillip Reis, Alexander Graham Bell, Elisha Microphone
Gray, Amos E. Dolbear, and Thomas
Edison
Johann Vaaler Paper clip
Johannes Gutenberg Printing Press
Johannes Kepler Motion of the Planets
John Boyd Dunlop Pneumatic Tyres
John Dalton Theory of the Atom
John Harrison Chronometer
John J. Loud Ball-Point Pen
John Logie Baird Television (mechanical)
John Napier Logarithmic Tables
John Napier Logarithms
John von Neumann Modern Computer
Joseph Aspdin Cement
Joseph J. Thomson Electron
Joule, James Prescoft Measurement of Electrical Energy
Joules Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
K.G. Gillete Raazor (safety)

28
Karl Benz Automobiles using gasoline
Karl Benz Gasoline engine
Karl Butler Motor Car (petrol)
Karl Landsteiner Blood Groups
Kepler Laws of Planetary Motion
King C. Gillette Safety Razor
Kirkpatrick Macmillan Bicycle
Kodak Film & Photographic goods
Konrad Lorenz Ethology
Lablanc Washing Soda
Lawrence Cyclotron
Lee-de-Frost Talkies
Leo H Baekeland Bakelite
Levi Strauss Jeans
Lewis E. Waterman Fountain Pen
Lippman Coloured Photography
llly Brandt T.N.T.
Lockyer Helium Gas
Lord Joseph Lister Antiseptic Surgery
Lord Kelvin Dynamical theory of Heat
Louis Braille Braille
Louis Pasteur Germ Theory of Disease
Louis Pasteur Hydrophobia
Louis Pasteur Rabies Vaccine
Louis Victor de Broglie Wave/Particle Duality
Lucretius Scientific Thinking
Lucy Wills Vitamin Folic acid
Ludwig Boltzmann Thermodynamics
Lynn Margulis Symbiosis Theory
Madame Curie Radium
Marcello Malpighi Microscopic Anatomy
Marcony Wireless Telegraphy
Maria Montessori Montessori Method
Marie Curie Radioactivity
Max Born Quantum Mechanics
Max Delbruck Bacteriophage
Max Planck Quanta
Max plank Quantum Theory
Max von Laue X-ray Crystallography
Maxwell Electromagnetic Theory
Meghnad Saha Effect of Pressure on trough bodies
Mendeleef Periodic Law
Mergenthaler Linotype
Michael Faraday Classical Field Theory
Michael Faraday Dynamo
Michael Faraday Electric Generator
Michael Faraday Transformer
Mosley Atomic Number
Murray Gell-Mann Eightfold Way
N.R.Finsen Phototherapy
Neils Bohr Atom
Newton Laws of Gravitation

29
Newton Laws of Motion
Nicolaus Copernicus Heliocentric Universe
Nikola Tesla Electric Motor (AC)
Ohm Laws of Electrical Resistance
Oho Hahn Uranium fusion
Oliver Lodge Wireless Communication
Otis Lift (Elevators)
Otto Internal Combustion Engine
Otto Hahn, Bohr and Fermi Nuclear Fission
Otto von Guericke Air Pump
Parsons Steam Turbine
Pascal Adding Machine
Pascal Calculating machine
Paul Ehrlich Chemotherapy
Paul Gyorgy Vitamin B6
Pavlov Theory of conditioned reflex
Perkin Mauve dye
Peter Goldmark The long playing microgroove record
Pierre Simon de Laplace Newtonian Mechanics
Plimsoll Line of demarcation (ship)
Priestley Laughing Gas
Priestly Oxygen
R.A.Millikan Cosmic Rays
Ramanathan Molecular Scattering of light in fluid
Ramanujam In Number Theory
Ramsay, Travers Neon Gas
Richard Feynman Quantum Electrodynamics
Richard Trevithick Locomotive
Robert Koch Bacteriology
Robert Koch Cholera Bacillus
Robert Peary (1909) North Pole
Robert Recorde Equal sign (=)?
Robert Wilhelm Von Bunsen Laboratory Gas Burner
Roberts Mallet Seismograph
Roentgen X – Rays
Rogei Bacon Gun powder
Rohm Korff Induction Coil
Ronald Ross Malarial Parasite
Rudolf Diesel Diesel Engine
Rudolf Diesel Diesel Oil Engine
Rudolf Virchow Cell Doctrine
Rutherford Breaking up the Nucleus of an atom
S.N.Bose Boson
Salk Salk Vaccine
Samuel Colt Revolver
Samuel Morse Telegraph
Samuel Morse Telegraphic Code
Shalimar Paints
Sigmund Freud Psychology of the Unconscious
Sir Alexander Graham Bell Telephone
Sir Charles Parsons Ship (turbine)
Sir Ernest Swington Tank

30
Sir Frank Whittle Jet Engine
Sir George Caley Glider
Sir Humphrey Davy Safety lamp
Sir Isaac Pitman Shorthand
Sir J.A. Fleming Valve of radio
Sir Richard Arkwight Spinning frame
Stephen Hawking Quantum Cosmology
Stephenson Railway Engine
Theodosius Dobzhansky Modern Synthesis
Thomas Alva Edison Cinematograph
Thomas Alva Edison Cinematography
Thomas Alva Edison Electric Lamp
Thomas Alva Edison Gramophone
Thomas Alva Edison Movie Projector
Thomas Hunt Morgan Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
Thomas Newcome Steam engine (piston)
Thomas Saint Sewing Machine
Tim Berners Lee World Wide Web and Hypertext Markup
Language
Trofim Lysenko Soviet Genetics
Tycho Brahe New Astronomy
U.N.Brahmachari Kala-azar Fever
Urey Heavy Hydrogen
Valentine Bismuth
W. L. Judson Zip fastener
W.H. Fox Tablot Photography (paper)
Werner Heisenberg Quantum Theory
Wilhelm Reontgen X-ray
Wilhelm Wundt Founding of Psychology
Willard Libby Radioactive Dating
William Bayliss Modern Physiology
William Burroughs Cash register
William Harvey Circulation of the Blood
William Herschel Heavens
William Hurst Safety Pin
William Murdoch Gas lighting
William Oughtred Symbol (x)?
William Siemens Electric Furnace
William Sturgeon Electromagnet
Wright brothers Aeroplane

31
Companies and their Countries
Czech Republic
1. Skoda

France
1. Bugatti
2. Renault

Great Britain (UK)

1. Aston Martin 3. Jaguar
2. Bentley 4. Rolls-Royce

India
1. Hindustan Motors 3. Reva
2. Maruti Udyog 4. Tata Motors

Italy
1. Bugatti 3. Fiat
2. Ferrari

Japan
1. Datsun 4. Nissan
2. Honda 5. Suzuki
3. Mazda 6. Toyota

United States
1. Cadillac
2. Chevrolet
3. Chrysler
4. Ford
5. General Motors

32
Notes on SAARC, ASEAN, BRICKS, NDB
1) SAARC

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation is an economic and geopolitical organization. No. of
members- 8
The member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.

SAARC was founded by seven states in 1985. In 2005, Afghanistan began negotiating their accession to SAARC
and formally applied for membership on the same year. The issue of Afghanistan joining SAARC generated a great
deal of debate in each member state, including concerns about the definition of South Asian identity because
Afghanistan is a Central Asian country.

The SAARC Secretariat is based in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Secretary General- Arjun Bahadur Thapa
The 20th SAARC summit is the 20th meeting of the heads of state or heads of government of the eight
SAARC countries after their previous meeting in Pakistan was boycotted by all SAARC MEMBERS. The Summit
will take place in 2018.
Pakistan is aggressively seeking support from smaller South Asian nations to host the Saarc summit in Islamabad.
Sri Lanka and Nepal have already shown support, but analysts doubt India will agree as it holds Pakistan
responsible for numerous terrorist activities in its homeland.

2) ASEAN

Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a political and economic organization of ten Southeast Asian
countries.

It was formed on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.
Since then, membership has expanded to include Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), and
Vietnam.

Its aims include accelerating economic growth, social progress, and sociocultural evolution among its members,
protection of regional peace and stability, and opportunities for member countries to resolve differences
peacefully.

Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam

32nd ASEAN Summit

08:00 (25 April 2018) - 18:00 (28 April 2018)

Shangri-La Hotel, Singapore

Head: Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong

3) BRICS
BRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China
and South Africa.

The grouping was originally known as "BRIC" before the inclusion of South Africa in 2010. The BRICS members
are all developing or newly industrialized countries, but they are distinguished by their large, fast- growing
economies and significant influence on regional and global affairs; all five are G-20 members.

33
Summits-
Since 2010, the BRICS nations have met annually at formal summits.

2018 BRICS summit

10th BRICS summit

Host country South Africa

Date 25–27 July 2018

Venue(s) Sandton Convention Centre.

Cities Johannesburg

NEW DEVELOPMENT BANK-

The New Development Bank (NDB) is a multilateral development bank operated by the BRICS states (Brazil,
Russia, India, China and South Africa) started its operations from its headquarters in Shanghai, China.

The eminent banker, K V Kamath from India appointed as the first President if NDB for five years till 2020.

The NDB will have an initial capital of $50 billion, which will be raised to $100 billion within the next couples of
years. China will contribute $41 billion while India, Brazil and Russia will each pump in $18 billion while South
Africa’s contribution would stand at $ 5 billion.

The purpose of the bank is to mobilize resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS
and other emerging economies and developing countries in the world.

RBI

1) It was established in April 1935.

2) It was nationalized in 1949.

3) The first governor of RBI was Sir Osborne Smith.

4) The first Indian governor of RBI was Shri CD Deshmukh.

5) RBI can issue note up to 10000.

6) The head quarter of RBI is in MUMBAI.

7) RBI can have maximum 4 deputy governor.

34
 8) Main functions of the RBI-

• MONETARY AUTHORITY OF INDIA

• ISSUE OF CURRENCY
• BANKER AND DEBT MANAGER TO THE GOVERNMENT
• BANKER'S BANK
• REGULATOR OF BANKING SYSTEM
• MANAGER OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE

9) RBI was setup on the basis of the recommendation of HILTON YOUNG COMMISSION.

10) Number of regional offices of RBI is 28.

RBI rates

RBI had recently announced new rates on 02.06.2018. Here are

the Current Bank Rates:
1. Bank Rate - 6.50%
2. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) - 4% p.a.
3. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) - 19.5% p.a.
4. Repo Rate (RR) - 6.25%
5. Reverse Repo Rate (RRR) - 6.00%
6. Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) - 6.50%

SOME TERMS RELATED TO RBI

1) Repo Rate
Repo rate is the rate at which banks borrow money from the central bank (RBI for India) for a short period by
selling their securities (financial assets) to the central bank with an agreement to repurchase it at a future date at
predetermined price. It is similar to borrowing money from a money-lender by selling him something, and later
buying it back at a pre-fixed price.

2) Bank Rate
Unlike Repo Rate, there is no sale of security in Bank Rate. Bank rate is the rate at which banks borrow money
from the central bank without any sale of securities. It is generally for a longer period of time. This is similar to
borrowing money from someone and paying interest on that amount.
Note- Both these rates are determined by the central bank of the country based on the demand and supply of money
in the economy.

3) Reverse Repo Rate

Reverse Repo rate is the rate of interest at which the central bank (RBI) borrows funds from other banks for a short
duration. The banks deposit their short term excess funds with the central bank and earn interest on it.
Note- Reverse Repo Rate is used by the central bank to absorb liquidity from the economy. When it feels that there
is too much money floating in the market, it increases the reverse repo rate, which means that banks earn higher
rate of interest when they deposit money with the central bank.
Reverse Report rate was an independent rate till 03/05/2011. However, in the monetary policy announced on
03/05/2011, RBI decided to link it to Repo rate. So, Reverse Repo Rate is now always 100 bps below the Repo
rate (till RBI decides to delink the same).

35
 4) CRR (Cash Reserve Ratio)
Have you ever wondered what happens to the amount that you deposit in bank?
It is used by banks to earn money by investing or lending it to others (house loans, personal loans etc.). But as per
the regulations, banks cannot use the entire amount deposited with them for this purpose. They are required to
maintain a percentage of their deposits as cash. So, if you deposit Rs. 100/- in your bank, then bank can’t use the
entire Rs. 100/- for lending or investment purpose. They have to maintain a portion of the deposit as cash and can
use only the remaining amount for lending/investment. This minimum percentage, which is determined by the
central bank, is known as Cash Reserve Ratio.
Note- if CRR is 6% then it means for every Rs. 100/- deposited in the bank, it has to maintain a minimum of Rs.
6/- as cash. However, banks do not keep this cash with them, but are required to deposit it with the central bank, so
that it can help them with cash at the time of need.

5) SLR (Statutory Liquidity Ratio)

Apart from keeping a portion of deposits with the RBI as cash, banks are also required to maintain a minimum
percentage of deposits with them at the end of every business day, in the form of gold, cash, government bonds or
other approved securities. This minimum percentage is called Statutory Liquidity Ratio.
Note- If you deposit Rs. 100/- in a bank, and assuming CRR to be 6% and SLR to be 8%, the bank can use 100-6-
8= Rs. 86/- for giving loan or for investment purpose.

World’s 20 Biggest Companies- Global 2000 list

36
37
World’s Highest Paid Athletes

38
Important Countries, their Currency and Capital
Finland Euro (formerly markka) Helsinki
France Euro (formerly French Paris
franc)
Germany Euro (formerly Deutsche Berlin
mark)
Greece Euro (formerly drachma) Athens
Hungary Forint Budapest
Iceland Icelandic króna Reykjavik
India Rupee New Delhi
Indonesia Rupiah Jakarta
Iran Rial Tehran
Iraq Iraqi Dinar Baghdad
Ireland Euro (formerly Irish Dublin
pound [punt])
Israel Shekel Jerusalem(#)
Italy Euro (formerly known as Rome
lira)
Jamaica Jamaican dollar Kingston
Japan Yen Tokyo
Kazakhstan Tenge Astana
Kenya Kenya shilling Nairobi

North Korea Won Pyongyang

South Korea Won Seoul

39
Libya Libyan dinar Tripoli
Lithuania Litas Vilnius
Malaysia Ringgit Kuala Lumpur
Maldives Rufiya Male
Mali CFA Franc Bamako
Malta Maltese lira Valletta
Mauritius Mauritian rupee Port Louis

Monaco Euro Monaco

Mongolia Tugrik Ulaan baatar

Mozambique Metical Maputo

Myanmar Kyat
Rangoon (Yangon); Nay Pyi Taw
(Burma) (administrative)
Nepal Nepalese rupee Kathmandu
Netherlands Amsterdam; The Hague (seat of
Euro (formerly guilder) government)
New Zealand Wellington
New Zealand dollar
Nigeria Naira Abuja
Norway Norwegian krone Oslo

Pakistan Pakistani rupee Islamabad

Papua New Kina Port Moresby

Guinea
Paraguay Guaraní Asuncion

Philippines Peso Manila

Poland Zloty Warsaw
Portugal Lisbon
Euro (formerly escudo)
Qatar Qatari riyal Doha
Romania Leu Bucharest
Russia Ruble Moscow
Rwanda Rwanda franc Kigali

Saudi Arabia Riyal Riyadh

Seychelles Seychelles rupee Victoria

Singapore Singapore dollar Singapore

Somalia Somali shilling Mogadishu

40
 South Africa Rand Pretoria (administrative); Cape
Town (legislative);
Bloemfontein (judiciary)

South Sudan Sudanese Pound Juba

Spain Madrid
Euro (formerly peseta)

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka rupee Colombo

Sudan Dinar Khartoum
Sweden Krona Stockholm
Switzerland Swiss franc Bern
Syria Syrian pound Damascus

Thailand baht Bangkok

Turkish lira (YTL)
Turkey Ankara

Ukraine Hryvna Kyiv

United Arab
U.A.E. dirham Abu Dhabi
Emirates
United Pound sterling London
Kingdom
United States dollar Washington D.C.
of America
Venezuela Bolivar Caracas
Vietnam Dong Hanoi
Yemen Rial Sanaa
Zambia Kwacha Lusaka
Zimbabwean dollar
Zimbabwe Harare

Indian freedom timeline

Year Indian Freedom Struggle: Important Events

1857 Mutiny against the British

Indian National Congress is founded by A.O. Hume

1885

1905 Partition of Bengal announced

1906 Muslim League was founded at Decca on 31st December.
1909 Minto-Morley Reforms of Indian Councils Act - 21st May.
1912 New Delhi established as the new capital of India
The Ghadar Party was formed at San Francisco on 1st November
1914

41
1914 Outbreak of the 1st World War 4th August

1917 Mahatma Gandhi launches the Champaran campaign in Bihar to focus

attention on the grievances of indigo planters in April
1919 Rowlett Bill introduced on Feb 16, 1919.
1919 The Jallianwala Bagh tragedy took place on 13th April in Amritsar.

1919 The House of Commons passes the Montague Chelmsford Reforms or

the Government of India Act, 1919 on 5th December. The new reforms
under this Act came into operation in 1921.
1920 The Indian National Congress (INC) adopts the Non-Co-operation
Resolution in December.
1920-22 Mahatma Gandhi suspends Non-Co-operation Movement on Feb 12
after the violent incidents at Chauri Chaura.
1923 Swaraj Party was formed by Motilal Nehru and others on 1st January.

1925 The Kakori Train Conspiracy case in August

1927 The British Prime Minister appoints Simon Commission to suggest
future constitutional reforms in India.
1929 All Parties Muslim Conference formulates the 'Fourteen Points'
under the leadership of Jinnah on 9th March.

1929 Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwari Dutt throw a bomb in the Central
Legislative Assen on 8th April.

1929 The Lahore session of the INC adopts the goal of complete
independence (poorna swarajya) for India; Jawaharlal Nehru hoists
the tricolor on the banks of the Ravi at Lahore on 31st December.
1930 Mahatma Gandhi launches the Civil Disobedience movement with his
epic Dandi Mar (Mar 12 to Apr 6). First phase of the Civil
Disobedience movement: Mar 12, 1930 to Mar 5, 1931.
1930 First Round Table Conference begins in London to consider the report
of the Simon Commission on 30th November.

1931 On 5th March, the Gandhi lrwin pact was signed and the Civil
Disobedience movement was suspended.

1931 Bhagat Singh, Sukh Dev and Raj guru were executed on 23rd
March.

1931 Second Round Table Conference took place on 7th September.

1932 British Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald announced the infamous

"Communal Award" on 16th August.

1932 The Third Round Table Conference begins in London (Nov 17 to

Dec 24)

42
1935 The Government of India Act 1935 was passed on 4th August
1939 Second World War (Sep 1). Great Britain declares war on Germany
on 3rd September; the Viceroy declares that India too is at war.
1942 Quit India movement begins on 11th of August; the Great Aug
Uprising.
1942 Subhash Chandra Bose established the Indian National Army 'Azad
Hind Fauj' on 1st September.
1946 Cabinet Mission arrives in New Delhi (Mar 14); British Prime
Minister Attlee announces Cabinet Mission to propose new solution
to the Indian deadlock on 15th March; ; issues proposal (May 16).

1947 On 20th February, British Prime Minister Attlee declares that the
British government would leave India not later than Jun 1948.

1947 Lord Mountbatten, the last British Viceroy and Governor General of
India, sworn in on 24th March

1947 Mountbatten Plan was made on 3rd June for the partition of India and
the announcement was made on June 4th that transfer to power will take
place on August 15th

43
Important Schemes 2018
1. Transformation of Aspirational Districts Programme
NITI Aayog announced “Transformation of Aspirational Districts” programme which aims to quickly transform and uplift
101 backward districts in India in terms of basic amenities, infrastructure facilities, health facilities, standards of living,
etc. The primary areas of focus in this programme are Health & Nutrition, Agriculture & Water Resources, Education,
Financial Inclusion & Skill Development, and Basic Infrastructure which would help the Government to decide which
district has performed better under this programme.

2. National Nutrition Mission (POSHAN Abhiyan)

National Nutrition Mission was launched as an expansion of Beti Bachao Beti Padhao programme by Prime Minister
Narendra Modi at Jhunjhunu in Rajasthan on the occasion of the International Women’s Day on March 8, 2018. The main
objectives of this scheme are to attain proper nutritional status among children from 0-6 years, adolescent girls, pregnant
women and lactating mothers in a timely manner; reduce stunting, under-nutrition, and anaemia among young children,
women, and adolescent girls; and lowering low birth weight by at least 2% per annum.

3. Anti-Narcotics Scheme
The Anti-Narcotics Scheme is further extended by the Union government for three years from 2017 to 2020 to prevent
drug consumption and trafficking in the nation. The government has provided a financial assistance of Rs. 21 crore
towards this scheme. The scheme monetarily assists the states and the Union Territories engaged in the controlling of
inter-state and cross-border drug trafficking.

4. Ayushman Bharat Yojana or National Health Protection Mission

Ayushman Bharat Yojana or National Health Protection Scheme was launched on April 14, 2018, by the Central
government to focus on the wellness of the poor families and providing medical benefits to them. Under this scheme,
around 10 crore poor families will be provided an insurance cover of Rs. 5 lakh every year and will undergo cashless
treatment at all the government and private empanelled hospitals across the country for the secondary and most tertiary
care procedures. The scheme will include the on-going centrally sponsored schemes-Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana
(RSBY) and the Senior Citizen Health Insurance Scheme (SCHIS).

5. GOBAR-Dhan Yojana
The Galvanising Organic Bio-Agro Resources Dhan (GOBAR-DHAN) scheme was launched by Haryana’s Chief
Minister Manohar Lal Khattar and Uma Bharti (Union Minister for Sanitation and Drinking Water) on April 30 this year.
The GOBAR-Dhan scheme is an effort by the government to improve the living conditions in the Indian villages and
make them open-defecation free. A segment of the Swachh Bharat initiative, this scheme will focus on useful conversion
of solid waste and cattle dung into manure and biogas.

6. Green Revolution-Krishonnati Yojana

The Green Revolution-Krishonnati Yojana has been further extended till 2019-20 beyond the 12th five-year plan by the
Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA). This scheme comprises of 11 different schemes and missions under a
single umbrella. The main aim of this scheme is the comprehensive development of the entire agriculture and allied sector.
It is launched for the welfare of farmers and is a major step towards “Doubling the Farmers Income by 2022”.

7. Samagra Shiksha Scheme

The Samagra Shiksha Scheme was launched by the Union Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD) on May
24, 2018, in view of improving the quality of education at school level in India. It is an overarching program which

44
will incorporate digital technology and introduce skill development in the school education system. An annual grant of
five thousand to twenty thousand rupees will be provided for strengthening libraries in schools under the program. The
scheme unifies the elements of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA), and
Teacher Education (TE) to treat school education holistically, from pre-school to Class 12 levels.

8. Atal Bhujal Yojana

Atal Bhujal Yojana is Central Government’s Rs 6,000-crore ambitious water conservation scheme launched to deal with
the ever-deepening crisis of depleting groundwater level. The main objectives of this scheme are to revitalize groundwater
level and create sufficient water storage for agricultural purposes; rejuvenation of surface water bodies so that
groundwater level can be increased, especially in the rural areas; recharging sources of groundwater and ensure effective
use of water by involving people at local level. The scheme was launched in water-stressed states such as Gujarat,
Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.

9. First “Khelo India School Games”

The Central Government of India inaugurated the first edition of the Khelo India School Games (KISG) at the Indira
Gandhi Indoor Stadium in New Delhi from January 31 to February 8, 2018. This program highlighted India’s young
sporting talent and their potential in sports. The main objectives behind KISG were to revive the sports culture in India at
the grass-root level, to build a strong foundation of all the sports played in the country, and make India a great sporting
nation. This mega event was held across 16 disciplines in the under-17 age category. Around 5,000 school children from
all the 29 states and 7 union territories participated in the event.

10. National Bamboo Mission (Restructured under Budget 2018)

National Bamboo Mission has been restructured by the government in the Union Budget 2018 in order to promote
commercial bamboo cultivation in the northeastern states to boost the income of the bamboo farmers. The Union
Government has allocated Rs. 1,290 crore towards the mission to promote holistic development of bamboo production as
an industry in the country. It will offer a continuous source of income to the bamboo farmers and communities owning
bamboo groves. There is a proposition of utilizing this mission under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana, the government’s
flagship programme for housing to set up bamboo houses.

11. Solar Charkha Mission

President Ram Nath Kovind launched Solar Charkha Mission on June 27, 2018, in which the government will be providing
a subsidy of Rs. 550 crore to the thousands of artisans and generating employment in the rural areas. The Ministry of
Micro Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) will cover the 50 identified clusters across the country including in the
Northeast and in each cluster 400 to 2,000 artisans will be employed. Along with this mission , the government also
launched a Sampark portal, a digital platform on which five lakh job seekers can connect with the Ministry of Micro
Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME).

45
IMPORTANT BORDERS
1. Durand Line is the line demarcating the boundaries of Pakistan and Afghanistan. It was drawn up in 1896 by
Sir Mortimer Durand.

2. Hindenburg Line is the boundary dividing Germany and Poland. The Germans retreated to this line in 1917
during World War I

3. Macmahon Line was drawn up by Sir Henry MacMahon, demarcating the frontier of India and China. China
did not recognize the MacMahon line and crossed it in 1962.

4. Medicine Line is the border between Canada and the United States.

5. Order-Neisse Line is the border between Poland and Germany, running along the Order and Neisse rivers,
adopted at the Poland Conference (Aug 1945) after World War II.

6. Radcliffe Line was drawn up by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, demarcating the boudary between India and Pakistan.
Siegfried Line is the line of fortification drawn up by Germany on its border with France.

7. 17th Parallel defined the boundary between North Vietnam and South Vietnam before two were united.

8. 38th Parallel is the parallel of latitude which separates North Korea and South Korea.

9. 49th Parallel is the boundary between USA and Canada.

List of Summits and its Venue

1. 10th BRICS Summit 2018 - Johannesburg, South Africa

2. 44st G7 Summit 2018- Canada

3. 13th G-20 Summit 2018- Argentina, Buenos Aires

4. 30th ASEAN Summit 2018- Papua, New Guinea, Port Mores

5. 31th APEC summit 2019- Chile

6. 32nd APEC summit 2020- Malaysia

7. 33rd APEC summit 2021- New Zealand

8. 7th OPEC International Seminar 2018- Vienna, Austria

9. 51st ADB Annual Meeting 2018- ADB Headquarter, Manila

10. NATO SUMMIT 2018- Belgium

11. 5th International Conference on Ayurveda- Coimbatore.

46
India's Rankings in Different Indices 2018

47
48
Important Stadium in India
1) Eden Gardens Stadium- Kolkata
2) Salt Lake Stadium- Kolkata
3) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium- Delhi
4) Feroz Shah Kotla Ground- Delhi
5) DY Patil Stadium- Mumbai
6) Wankhede Stadium- Mumbai
7) Green Park Stadium Kanpur
8) Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium- Hyderabad
9) Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium- Hyderabad
10) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium- Ahmedabad Keenan Stadium- Jamshedpur
11) Kaloor International Stadium- Kochi
12) Sawai Man Singh Stadium- Jaipur
13) M. Chinnaswamy Stadium- Bangalore
14) Subrata Roy Sahara Stadium- Pune

49
HIGHEST, LONGEST, BIGGEST, LARGEST, DEEPEST, SMALLEST OF THE WORLD

1. Largest Airport - King Khalid International Airport (South Arabia)

2. Highest Airport - Lhasa Airport, Tibet
3. Tallest Animal - Giraffe
4. Largest Animal - Blue Bottom whale
5. Largest Bay - Hudson Bay, Canada,
6. Fastest Bird - Swift
7. Largest Bird - Ostrich
8. Smallest Bird - Humming bird
9. Longest Bridge - the Akashi Kaikyo bridge in Japan takes the title, with a main span of 1,991 meters (or
6,532 feet)
10. Tallest Building - Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan,2004,101 stories,509m,1,670ft
11. Longest Canal - Baltic sea White Canal
12. Largest Cathedral - Cathedral Church of New York
13. Largest Cemetry - Leningrad, Russia
14. Largest Church - Belisca of St. Peter in the Vatican City, Rome.
15. Largest Continent - Asia
16. Smallest Continent - Australia
17. Largest Country - Russia
18. Smallest Country - Vatican City
19. Biggest Cinema House - Roxy, New York
20. Highest City - Wen Chuan, China
21. Highest Population - Mexico
22. Longest Day - June 21
23. Shortest Day - December 22
24. Largest Delta - Sunderbans
25. Largest Desert - Sahara, Africa
26. Biggest Dome - Gol Gumbaz (Bijapur), India
27. Largest Dams - Grand Coulee Dam, USA
28. Tallest Fountain - Fountain Hills, Arizona
29. Largest Gulf - Gulf of Mexico
30. Largest Hotel - Hotel Rossaiya, Moscow
31. Largest Island - Greenland
32. Largest Lake - Caspian Sea, CIS Iran
33. Deepest Lake - Baikal (Siberia)
34. Highest Lake - Titicaca (Bolivia)
35. Biggest Library - National Kiev Library, Moscow and Library of the Congress, Washington
36. Largest Mosque - Jama Masjid, Delhi (India)
37. Highest Mountain Peak- Mount Everest (Nepal)
38. Highest Mountain Range- Himalayas
39. Longest Mountain - Andes (South America)
40. Biggest Museum - British Museum (London)
41. Largest Minaret- Sultan Has-san Mosque (Egypt)
42. Tallest Minaret - Qutub Minar, Delhi (India)
43. Biggest Oceans - Pacific Ocean
44. Deepest Oceans - Pacific Ocean
45. Biggest Palace - Vatican (Rome)
46. Largest Palace - Imperial Palace (China)
47. Biggest Park - Yellow Stone National Park
48. Largest Park - Wood Buffalo National Park (Canada)
49. Largest Peninsula - Arabia
50. Highest Plateau - Pamir (Tibet)
51. Longest Platform - Kharagpur, W. Bengal (India)
52. Largest Platform - Grand Central Terminal, (Ely. Station)New York (USA)

50
53. Biggest Planet - Jupiter
54. Smallest Planet – Mercury
55. Brightest Planet - Venus
56. Coldest Planet - Pluto
57. Nearest (To the Sun) - Mercury
58. Farthest (from the Sun) - Pluto
59. Longest River - Nile, Africa
60. Longest River Dam - Hirakud Dam, India
61. Largest Sea - South China Sea
62. Largest Stadium - Starhove Stadium, Prague (Czech Republic)
63. Brightest Star - Sirius A
64. Tallest Statue - Motherland (Russia)
65. Largest Sea-bird - Albatross
66. Biggest Telescope - Mt. Palomar (USA)
67. Longest Train- Flying Scotsman
68. Largest Temple - Angkorwat in Kampuchea
69. Oldest Theatre - Teatro Ohmpico (Itlay)
70. Tallest Tower - C. N. Tower, Toronto (Canada)
71. Longest Wall - Great Wall of China
72. Highest Waterfall - Angel (Venezuela)
73. Widest Waterfall - Khone Falls (Laos)
74. Lowest Water Level - Dead Sea
75. Longest Epic - Mahabharata
76. Hottest Place - Al-Azizia (Libya)
77. Rainiest Place - Mosinram, near Cherapunji (India)
78. Highest Road - Leh-Nobra, Ladakh division India.
79. Highest Village - Andean (Chile)
80. Highest Volcano - Ojos del Salado, (Argentina) Chile
81. Largest Volcano - Manuna Lea (Hawai)
82. Lightest Gas - Hydrogen
83. Fastest Animal - Cheetah
84. Biggest Flower - Rafflesia (Java)
85. Longest Corridor - Rameshwaram Temple (India)
86. Largest Democracy - India
87. Fastest Dog - Persian greyhound
88. Lightest Metal - Lithium

51
Nobel Prize
History of Nobel Prize
1. The foundation of Nobel Prize was laid by Alfred Nobel, on 27th November 1895.
2. Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist who invented Dynamite.
3. He signed his last testimony and gave away a large share of his possession and fortunes to a series of prizes in
the fields of literature, physics, chemistry, physiology and peace.
4. A 6th prize, in economics, was established in 1968 by Sveriges Riksbank (the Swedish central bank) and is
known as the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in memory of Alfred Nobel.
5. The first Nobel Prizes were awarded in the year 1901, which is five years after Nobel Alfred's death.

Nomination for Nobel Prize

1. Nomination forms are sent by the Nobel Committee to about 3,000 individuals. It is basically done in
September the year before the prizes are awarded.
2. The deadline for the return of the nomination forms is 31st January of the year of the award when it is to be
presented.
3. Members of academies, university professors, scientists, ex-Nobel laureates along with members of
parliamentary assemblies from various countries are asked to nominate candidates who are eligible to receive
the award.
4. Then the Nobel Committee nominates about 300 potential Laureates from these forms and additional names.
5. These nominees are not named publicly, nor are they informed that they are being considered for the prize.
6. All nomination records for a prize are sealed for 50 years from the awarding of the prize.
7. The names of the candidates are then sent to Norwegian Nobel Committee in Oslo for consideration where
winners are chosen through majority votes. Nobel Prize Ceremonies
8. All Nobel Prizes are awarded in Stockholm, Sweden, except for the Nobel Peace Prize, which is awarded in
Oslo, Norway.
9. Winners are announced at the beginning of October every year. Nobel Winners receive their award from
Swedish King.
10. For the ceremony, the gentlemen are required to wear white tie and tails, while ladies should be dressed in an
evening gown.
11. Nobel laureates receive a Nobel diploma, a medal and 10 million Swedish crowns (INR 80846203.04) per
prize.
12. The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm is the moment when each Nobel laureate
steps forward to receive the prize from the King of Sweden.

52
Nobel Prize Awardees [1901-2017]

Year Physics Chemistry Physiology or Literature Peace Economics

Medicine
1901 Wilhelm Jacobus Henricus Emil Adolf von Sully Henny -
Rontgen Van't Behring Prudhomme Dunant.Frederic
Hoff Passy
1902 Hendrik Hermann Emil Ronaid Ross Theodor Elie -
Lorentz; Fischer Mommsen Ducommun,
Pieter Charles Albert
Zeeman Gobat
1903 Henril Svante Niels Ryberg Biornstjerne Randal Cremer -
Becquerel; Arrhenius Finsen Bjornson
Pierre curle
Marie Curie
1904 Lord William Ivan Pavlov Frederic Institut de Droit -
Rayleigh Ramsay Mistral Jose International
Echegaray
1905 Philipp Adolf von Robert Koch Henryk Bertha Von -
Lenard Baeyer Sienkiewicz Suttner
1906 J.J Thomson Henri Moissan Camillo Golgi; Giosue Theodore -
Santiago Ramson Y Carduccr Roosevelt
Cajal
1907 Albert Eduard Charles Louls Rudyard Emesto Teodoro -
Abraham Buchner Alphonse Laveran Kipling Moneta Louis
Michesion Renault
1908 Gabriel Emest Elie Metchnikoff; Rudolf Klas Pontus -
Lippmann Rutherford Paul Ehrlich Christoph Arnoldson;
Eucken Fredrik Bajer
1909 Karl Withelm Emil Thaodor Selma Auguste Marie -
Ferdinand Ostwaid Kocher Lageriof Francois
Braun Beernaert; Paul-
Henri-
Benjamin'd
Estournelles de
Constant
1910 Johannes Ottc Wallach Albrecht Kossel Paul Heyse International -
Diderik van Peace Bureau
der Waals
1911 Wilhelm Marie Allvar Gullstrand Maurice Tobias Asser; -
Wien Sklodowska- Maeterlinck Alfred Hermann
curie Fried
1912 Gustaf Dalen Victor Alexis Carrel Gerhart Elihu Root -
Grignard; Paul Hauptmann
Sabatier
1913 Helke Alfred Werner Charles Richet Rabindranath Henri La -
Kamerlingh Tagore Fontaine
Onnes
1914 Max Von Theodore Robert Barany None None -
Laue William
Richards

53
1915 William Henry Richard None Romain None -
Bragg; Willstatter Roiland
William
Lawrence
Bragg
1916 None None None Verner Von None -
Heidenstam
1917 Charles None None Karl Adolph International -
Glover Gjellerup; Committee of
Barkla Henrik the Red Cross
Pontoppidan
1918 Max Planck Fritz Haber None None None -
1919 Johannes None Jules Bordet Carl Spitteler Woodrow -
Stark Wilson
1920 Charles Walther August Krogh Knut Hamsun Leon Bourgeois -
Edouard Nernst
Guilliaume
1921 Albert Frederick None Anatole Hjalmar -
Einstein Soddy France Branting;
Christian Lous
Lange
1922 Niels Bohr Francis William Archibald Hill; Jacinto Fridtjof Nansen -
Aston Otto Fritz Benavente
Meyerhof
1923 Robert Fritz Pregi Frederick Banting; W B yeats None -
Andrews John James Rickard
Millikan Macleod
1924 Manne None Willem Einnthoven Wlady Slaw None -
Siegbahn Reymont
1925 James Richard Adolf None George Austen -
Franck; Zsigmondy Bernard Shaw Chamberlain;
Gustav Charles G.
Ludwig Hertz Dawes
1926 Jean Baptiste Theodor Johannes Fibiger Grazia Ariside Briand; -
Perrin Svedberg Deledda Gustav
Stresemann
1927 Arthur Henirich Otto Jullius Wagner- Henri Bergson Ferdinand -
Compton; Wieland Jauregg Buisson
Charles
Thomson
Rees Wilson
1928 Owen Adolf Otto Charles Nicolle Sigrid Undset None -
Willans Reinhold
Richardson Windau
1929 Louis De Arthur Christiaan Eijkamn; Thomas Mann Frank B. -
Broglie Harden; Hans Frederick Gowland Kellogg
Von Euler- Hopkins
Chelpin
1930 C.V.Raman Hans Fischer Karl Landsteiner Sinclair Lewis Nathan -
Soderblom
1931 None Carl Bosch; Otto Heinrich Enk Axel Jane Addams. -
Friedrich Warburg Karlfeldt Nicholas Murray
Bergius Butler

54
1932 Werner Irving Charles Scott John None -
HeisenBerg Langmuir Sherrington; Edgar Galsworthy
Adrain
1933 Erwin None Thomas Hunt Ivan Bunin Norman Angell -
Schrodinger; Moragn
Paul Dirac
1934 None Haroid Urey George Whipple; Luigi Arthur -
George Pirandello HenderSon
Minot;William P
Murphy
1935 James Frederic Hans Spemann None Carl Von -
Chadwick Joliot-Curie; Ossietzky
Irene Joliot-
Curie
1936 Victor Francis Peter Debye Henny Hallett Eugene Carlos Saavedra -
Hess: Carl Dale; Otto Loewl O'Neill Lamas
David
Anderson
1937 Clinton Norman Albert Szent- Roger Marlin The Viscount
Davisson: Haworth; Paul Gyorgyl Du Gard Cecll of Chelwood
George Paget Karrer
Thomson
1938 Enrico Fermi Richard Kuhn Comeillie Heymans Pearl S Buck Nansen
International
Office For
Refugees
1939 Ernest Adolf Gerhard Domagk Frans Eemil None
Lawrence Butenandt; Sillanpaa
Leopoid
Ruzicka
1940 None None None None None
1941 None None None None None
1942 None None None None None
1943 Otto stern George de Henrik Dam: None None
Hevesy Edward Adelert
Doisy
1944 Isidor Issac Otto Hahn Joseph Erlanger; Johannes International
Rabi Herbert Spencer Vilhelm Committee Of
Gasser Jensen the Red Cross
1945 Wolfgang Artturi llmari Alexander Fleming; Gabriela Cordell hull
Pauli Virtanen Ernst Boris Chain; Mistral
Howard Florey
1946 Percy James B. Hermann Joseph Hermann Emily Greene
Williams Sumner; John Muller Hesse Balch; John
Bridgman Howard Mott
Northrop;
Wendell
Meredith
Stanley

55
1947 Edward Robert Carl Ferdinand Andre Gide Friends Service
Victor Robinson Cori; Gerty Cori; Council;
Appleton Bernardo Houssay American
Friends Service
Committee
1948 Patrick Blackett Ame Tiselius Paul Hermann T. S. Eliot None
Muller

1949 Hideki William Walter Rudolf Hess; William John Boyd Orr
Yukawa Giauque Antonio Egas Faulkner
Moniz
1950 C.F. Powell Otto Diets; Philip Showalter Bertrand Ralph Bunche
Kurt Alder Hench; Edward Russell
Calvin Kendall;
Tadeus Reichstein
2010 Andre Geim; Richard F. Heck; Robert G. Edwards Mario Vargas Liu Xiaobo Peter A.
Konstantin Ei-ichi Negishi; Liosa Diamond;
Novoselov Akira Suzuki Dale T.
Mortensen;
Christopher
A.
Pissarides
2011 Saul Dan Bruce Beutier; Jules Tomas Ellen Johnson Thomas J.
Perimutter; Shechtman A. Hoffmann; Ralph Transtromer Sirleaf; Leymah Sargent;
Adam G. M. Steinman Gbowee; Christopher
Riess; Brian Tawakel Karman A. Sims
Schmidt

2012 Serge Brian K. John B. Gurdon; Mo Yan European Union Alvin E.

Haroche; Kobilka; Shinya Yamanaka Roth;
David J. Robert J. Lloyd S.
Wineland Lefkowitz Shapley
2013 Francois Martin James E. Rothman; Alice Munro Organisation for Eugene F.
Englert; Peter Karplus; Randy W. Schekman; the Prohibition of Fama; Lars
W. Higgs Michael Thomas C Sudhof Chemical Peter
Levitt; Arieh Weapons Hansen;
Warshel Robert J.
Shiller
2014 Isamu Eric Betzig; John O Keefe; May Patrick Kailash Jean Tirole
Akasaki; Stefan Hell; -Britt Moser; Modiano Satyarthi;
Hiroshi William Moerner Edvard Moser Malala
Amano; Shuji Yousafzai
Nakamura

2015 Takaaki Tomas William C. Svetiana Tunisian Angus

Kajita; Lindahl; Paul Campbell; Satoshi Alexievich National Deaton
Arthur B. L. Modrich; Omura; Tu Youyou Dialogue
McDonald Aziz Sancar Quartet
2016 David J. Jean-Pierre Yoshinori Ohsumi Bob Dylan Juan Manuel Oliver Hart;
Thouless; Sauvage; Santos Bengt R.
Duncan Fraser Holmstrom
Haldane; Stoddart; Ben

56
 John M. Feringa
Kosterlitz

2017 Rainer Weiss; Jacques Jeffrey C. Hall; Kazuo International Richard

Barry Barish; Dubochet; Michael Rosbash; Ishiguro Campaign to Thaler
Kip Thome Joachim Frank; Michael W. Young Abolish Nuclear
Richard Weapons
Henderson

Padma Awardees [2017]

Padma Vibhushan

Name Field State

Shri Illaiyaraja Art-Music Tamil Nadu
Shri Ghulam Mustafa Khan Art-Music Maharashtra
Shri Parameswaran Literature and Education Kerala
Parameswaran

Padma Bhushan

Name Field State

Shri Pankaj Advani Sports –Billiards/Snooker Karnataka
Shri Philipose Mar Others -Spiritualism Kerala
Chrysostom
Shri Mahendra Singh Sports -Cricket Jharkhand
Dhoni
Shri Alexander Kadakin Public Affairs Russia
(Foreigner/Posthumous)
Shri Ramachandran Others -Archaeology Tamil Nadu
Nagaswamy
Shri Ved Prakash Nanda Literature and Education USA
(OCI)
Shri Laxman Pai Art -Painting Goa
Shri Arvind Parikh Art -Music Maharashtra
Ms. Sharda Sinha Art -Music Bihar

Padma Shri

Name Field State

Shri Abhay Bang (Duo) Medicine Maharashtra
Ms. Rani Bang (Duo) Medicine Maharashtra
Shri Damodar Ganesh Social Work Chhattisgarh
Bapat
Shri Prafulla Govind Literature and Education - Assam
Baruah Journalism
Shri Mohan Swaroop Art –Folk Music Uttar Pradesh
Bhatia
Shri Sudhanshu Biswas Social Work West Bengal

57
Ms. Saikhom Mirabai Sports -Weightlifting Manipur
Chanu
Shri Pandit Shyamlal Literature and Education - Chhattisgarh
Chaturvedi Journalism
Shri Jose Ma Joey Trade & Industry Philippines
Concepcion III (Foreigner)
Ms. Langpoklapam Art -Weaving Manipur
Subadani Devi
Shri Somdev Devvarman Sports -Tennis Tripura
Shri Yeshi Dhoden Medicine Himachal Pradesh
Shri Arup Kumar Dutta Literature and Education Assam
Shri Doddarange Gowda Art -Lyrics Karnataka
Shri Arvind Gupta Literature and Education Maharashtra
Shri Digamber Hansda Literature and Education Jharkhand
Shri Ramli Bin Ibrahim Art -Dance Malaysia
(Foreigner)
Shri Anwar Jalalpuri Literature and Education Uttar Pradesh
(Posthumous)
Shri Piyong Temjen Jamir Literature and Education Nagaland
Ms. Sitavva Joddati Social Work Karnataka
Ms. Malti Joshi Literature and Education Madhya Pradesh
Shri Manoj Joshi Art -Acting Maharashtra
Shri Rameshwarlal Kabra Trade & Industry Maharashtra
Shri Pran Kishore Kaul Art Jammu and Kashmir
Shri Bounlap Keokangna Others -Architecture Laos
(Foreigner)
Shri Vijay Kichlu Art -Music West Bengal
Shri Tommy Koh Public Affairs Singapore
(Foreigner)
Ms. Lakshmikutty Medicine -Traditional Kerala
Ms. Joyshree Goswami Literature and Education Assam
Mahanta
Shri Narayan Das Maharaj Others -Spiritualism Rajasthan
Shri Pravakara Maharana Art -Sculpture Odisha
Shri Hun Many (Foreigner) Public Affairs Cambodia
Ms. Nouf Marwaai Others -Yoga Saudi -Arabia
(Foreigner)
Shri Zaverilal Mehta Literature and Education - Gujarat
Journalism
Shri Krishna Bihari Mishra Literature and Education West Bengal
Shri Sisir Purushottam Art -Cinema Maharashtra
Mishra
Ms. Subhasini Mistry Social Work West Bengal
Shri Tomio Mizokami Literature and Education Japan
(Foreigner)
Shri Somdet Phra Maha Others -Spiritualism Thailand
Muniwong (Foreigner)
Shri Keshav Rao Literature and Education Madhya Pradesh
Musalgaonkar
Dr Thant Myint –U Public Affairs Myanmar
(Foreigner)
Ms. V Nanammal Others -Yoga Tamil Nadu
Ms. Sulagitti Narasamma Social Work Karnataka
Ms. Vijayalakshmi Art –Folk Music Tamil Nadu

58
Navaneethakrishnan
Shri I Nyoman Nuarta Art -Sculpture Indonesia
(Foreigner)
Shri Malai Haji Abdullah Bin Social Work Brunei Darussalam
Malai Haji Othman
(Foreigner)
Shri Gobaradhan Panika Art -Weaving Odisha
Shri Bhabani Charan Public Affairs Odisha
Pattanaik
Shri Murlikant Petkar Sports -Swimming Maharashtra
Shri Habibullo Rajabov Literature and Education Tajikistan
(Foreigner)
Shri M R Rajagopal Medicine –Palliative Care Kerala
Shri Sampat Ramteke Social Work Maharashtra
(Posthumous)
Shri Chandra Sekhar Rath Literature and Education Odisha
Shri S S Rathore Civil Service Gujarat
Shri Amitava Roy Science and Engineering West Bengal
Shri Sanduk Ruit Medicine -Ophthalmology Nepal
(Foreigner)
Shri R Sathyanarayana Art -Music Karnataka
Shri Pankaj M Shah Medicine -Oncology Gujarat
Shri Bhajju Shyam Art -Painting Madhya Pradesh
Shri Maharao Raghuveer Literature and Education Rajasthan
Singh
Shri Kidambi Srikanth Sports -Badminton Andhra Pradesh
Shri Ibrahim Sutar Art -Music Karnataka
Shri Siddeshwara Swamiji Others -Spiritualism Karnataka
Ms. Lentina Ao Thakkar Social Work Nagaland
Shri Vikram Chandra Science and Engineering Uttarakhand
Thakur
Shri Rudrapatnam Art -Music Karnataka
Narayanswamy
Tharanathan (Duo)
Shri Rudrapatnam Art -Music Karnataka
Narayanswamy
Thyagarajan (Duo)
Shri Nguyen Tien Thien Others -Spiritualism Vietnam
(Foreigner)
Shri Bhagirath Prasad Literature and Education Uttar Pradesh
Tripathi
Shri Rajagopalan Science and Engineering Tamil Nadu
Vasudevan
Shri Manas Bihari Verma Science and Engineering Bihar
Shri Panatawane Literature and Education Maharashtra
Gangadhar Vithobaji
Shri Romulus Whitaker Others –Wildlife Conservation Tamil Nadu
Shri Baba Yogendra Art Madhya Pradesh
Shri A Zakia Literature and Education Mizoram

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Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award
Year Name Sport
2016 P. V. Sindhu Badminton
2016 Dipa Karmakar Gymnastics
2016 Jitu Rai Shooting
2016 Sakshi Malik Wrestling
2017 Devendra Jhajharia Para Athlete
2017 Sardara Singh Hockey

Arjuna Awards-2017
Name of the Awardees Discipline
Ms. V.J. Surekha Archery
Ms. Khushbir Kaur Athletics
Mr. Arokia Rajiv Athletics
Ms. Prasanthi Singh Basketball
Sub. Laishram Debendro Singh Boxing
Mr. Cheteshwar Pujara Cricket
Ms. Harmanpreet Kaur Cricket
Ms. OinamBembem Devi Football
Mr. S.S.P. Chawrasia Golf
Mr. S.V. Sunil Hockey
Mr. Jasvir Singh Kabaddi
Mr. P. N. Prakash Shooting
Mr. A. Amalraj Table Tennis
Mr. Saketh Myneni Tennis
Mr. Satyawart Kadian Wrestling
Mr. Mariyappan Para-Athlete
Mr. Varun Singh Bhati Para-Athlete

Dronacharya Awards-2017
Name of the Awardees Discipline
Late Dr. R. Gandhi Athletics
Mr. Heera Nand Kataria Kabaddi
Mr. G.S.S.V. Prasad Badminton (Lifetime)
Mr. Brij Bhushan Mohanty Boxing (Lifetime)
Mr. P.A. Raphel Hockey (Lifetime)
Mr. Sanjoy Chakraverthy Shooting (Lifetime)
Mr. Roshan Lal Wrestling (Lifetime)

60
Important Full Forms - Abbreviations

1. ADB - Asian Development Bank

2. AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
3. APEC - Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
4. APL - Above Poverty Line
5. ASEAN - Association of South-East Asian Nations
6. ASSOCHAM - Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India
7. ATM - Automated teller machine
8. BIS - Bureau of Indian Standards
9. BPL - Below Poverty Line
10. BPO - Business Process Outsourcing
11. BSE - Bombay Stock Exchange
12. CAG - Controller and Auditor General of India
13. CIBIL - Credit Information Bureau (India) Ltd
14. CPI - Consumer Price Index
15. CRISIL - Credit Rating Information Services of India Limited
16. CRR - Cash Reserve Ratio
17. CST - Central Sales Tax
18. EMI - Equated Monthly Installment
19. FDI - Foreign Direct Investment
20. FEMA - Foreign Exchange Management Act
21. FERA - Foreign Exchange Regulations Act
22. FICCI - Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry
23. FII - Foreign Institutional Investors
24. FIPB - Foreign Investment Promotion Board (Of India)
25. FMCG - Fast Moving Consumer Goods
26. GATT - General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade
27. GDP - Gross Domestic Product
28. GST - Goods and Service Tax
29. HDFC - Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited
30. HDI - Human Development Index
31. IBRD - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
32. ICAI - Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
33. IDBI - Industrial Development Bank of India
34. IFSC - Indian financial system code
35. ILO - International Labor Organization
36. IMF - International Monetary Fund
37. IMO - International Maritime Organization
38. INSAT - Indian National Satellite
39. INTERPOL - International Police Organization
40. IOC - International Olympic Committee
41. IPC - Indian Penal Code
42. IPO - Initial public offer
43. IPR - Intellectual Property Right
44. IRDA - Insurance Regulatory Developement Authority
45. ISO - International Standardization Organization
46. ISRO - Indian Space Research Organisation
47. KYC - Know your customer
48. LIBOR - London Inter Bank Offer Rate
49. LASER- Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
50. MGNREGA - National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
51. MRP - Maximum Retail Price
52. NADA - National Anti-Doping Agency
53. NABARD - National Bank for Agriculture and 54. NASSCOM - National Association of Software
Rural Development and Services Companies
61
55. NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization
56. NCERT - National Council Of Education
Research And Training
57. OPEC - Organization Of Petroleum Exporting
Countries
58. PAN - Permanent Account Number (Of
Income-Tax)
59. PPP - Public private partnership / Purchasing
power parity
60. RTGS - Real Time Gross Settlement
61. SDR - Special Drawing Rights
62. SEBI - Securities and Exchange Board of India
63. SEZ - Special Economic Zone
64. SIDBI - Small Industries Development Bank of
India
65. SLR - Statutory Liquidity Ratio
66. SLV - Satellite Launch Vehicle
67. TDS - Tax Deduction at Source
68. TRAI - Telecom Regulatory Authority Of India
69. UNCTAD - United Nations Conference On
Trade And Development
70. UNDP - United Nations Development Program
71. UNEF - United Nations Emergency Force
72. UNEP - United Nations Environment Program
73. UNESCO - United Nations Educational,
Scientific And Cultural Organization
74. UNFCCC - United nation framework
convention on climate change
75. UNFPO - United Nations Fund For Population
Activities
76. UNHCR - United Nations High Commissioner
For Refugees
77. UNHRC - United Nations Human Rights
Commission
78. UNICEF - United Nations International
Children’s (Emergency) Fund
79. UNIDO - United Nations Industrial
Development Organization
80. UNRRA - United Nations Relief And
Rehabilitation Administration
81. US - United States
82. USD - US Dollars
83. USE - United Stock Exchange
84. VAT - Value-Added Tax
85. WHO - World Health Organization

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