murwptpaypy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; cg Jiwfs;

murpay; jj;Jtk;
Guhjd fhyj;jpypUe;J jw;fhyk; tiu murpay; Ma;T cs;slf;Fk; cg
gpupthf murpay; jj;Jtk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jj;Jtk; vd;gJ ,Wjp ,yf;fpid
Kjypy; jPu;khdpj;Jtpl;L mt;tpyf;fpid milAk; Nehf;fpy; mJ rhu;e;j
fUj;Jf;fspid Kd;itg;gij Fwpf;fpd;wJ. me;j tifapy; murpay; jj;Jtk;
vd;gjid murpay; tpjpfs; my;;yJ nfhs;iffspd; njhFg;G vdyhk;.
murpaypid Ma;T nra;a jj;Jthu;j;jk; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. mNj Neuk;
KOikahd murpaypid jj;Jtj;jpDs; kl;Lk; cs;slf;fptpl KbahJ.
vdpDk; ,J murwptpay; fw;ifapy; Kjd;ikahd xU tplakhFk;.
murpaYf;Fk; jj;Jtj;jpw;Filapyhd ,ilapyhd njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;Jtjpy;
murpay; mwpQu;fspd; gq;fspg;G Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. Fwpg;ghf fpNuf;fj;jpid
jj;Jt fhyk; vDk; miof;Fk; mstpw;F gpNsl;Nlh> mup];Nlhl;by;
gq;fspw;G mike;jpUe;jJ. ,J jtpu &Nrh> nkf;];ntgu;> nkhz;l];fpA+
gTy; n[dl; Nghd;Nwhupd; gq;fspg;gpidAk; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.

mNjNghd;W rPdhtpy; nfhd;gpA]pa]; > ,e;jpahtpy; nfsby;ypau;> <uhdpy;

Maj;Js;sh nfhikdp Nghd;Nwhupd; gq;fspg;Gk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
murpay; jj;Jtj;jpid murpay; jj;JtQhdpfNs tFf;f Kad;W
tUfpd;wdu;. Fwpg;ghf fd;g+rpaRila jj;Jtq;fs; fd;g+rparprk; vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vy;yh rkaj;ijAk; rkkhff; fUjp jkJ jj;Jtj;ij
ntspal;l NghjpYk; ,tuJ murpay; jj;Jtk; gpd;tUkhW tbtikf;fg;gl;Lf;
fhzg;gl;lJ. ,tu; ed;newp tpsf;fq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl
murpay; jj;Jtj;jpid Kd;itj;jpUe;jhu;. murhq;fk; vd;gJ ePjp topfspy;
,lk;ngw;wjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;jpdhu;. kf;fs; rl;lq;fspd;
Clhf md;wp ePjp newpahy; topelhj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;jpdhu; .
kdpjd; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;w xt;nthU JiwfspYk; jj;Jtk; jtpf;f
KbahjJ. ,jdhy; jj;Jtk; kdpj tho;f;ifapypUe;J ,Ue;J gpupf;f
KbahjJ. nghJthf nka;apay; JiwahdJ murpay; nka;apay; vDk;
gFjpapd; Clhf murwptpay; vz;zf;fUf;fis jj;Jt tprhuizf;F
cl;gLj;JtJ ,jw;F rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
murpay; jj;Jtk; vd;gJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
1. murpay; Ma;tpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w vz;zf;fUf;fspd; nghUis
njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf ,it njhlu;ghd jj;Jt tprhuizapy;
<LgLfpd;wJ. cjhuzk; : muR> murhq;fk;> FbAupik> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;>
cupikfs;
2. murpay; gw;wpa mbg;gil gpur;rpidfis vOg;gp jPu;T fhzy;.
cjhuzk; : murpay; vd;why; vd;d? muR vd;why; vd;d? muR vt;thW
Njhd;wpaJ? muR Vd; mtrpak;? murpd; gzpfs; vit?
3. murpay; nraw;ghL > murpay; epWtdq;fs;> nghJf;nfhs;iffs;
vd;gtw;wpw;F topfhl;Lk; epakf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jy; cjhuzk; :
Rje;jpuk; > rkj;Jtk;> epahak;> nghJ ed;ik> r%f tpLjiy> cupik

Jareesh Page 2
murpay; jj;Jt QhdpfspilNa nghJikg;Lj;jg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs;
epythikNa murpaypy; fhyj;Jf;Ff;fhyk; gy;NtW jj;Jtq;fs;
Kd;itf;fg;gl fhuzkhf mike;jJ. Fwpg;ghf xU jj;Jtj;jpid
Kd;itf;Fk; NghJ mjd; mbg;gilf; fUg;nghUs; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
cjhuzkhf muR njhlu;ghd jj;Jt thjk; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; NghJ muR
vDk; fUg;nghUs; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ,J njhlu;ghd
fUj;Jf;fs; ghuk;gupa kw;WK; etPd Nehf;Ffspd; mbg;gilapy;
NtWgLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf muR njhlu;ghf ghuk;gupa mwpQu;fshd
fpNuf;f fhy mwpQu;fs; (mup];Nlhl;by;> gpNsl;Nlh) Kd;itj;j
jj;Jtq;fSf;Fk; etPd fhy mwpQu;fshd nfhg;];> nyhf; Nghd;Nwhu;
Kd;itf;Fk; jj;Jtq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapYk; ghupa NtWghLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. MapDk; muR vDk; fUg; nghUs; xd;Wjhd; vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
nghJthf ,j;jifa murpay; jj;JtkhdJ fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; mwpQUf;F
mwpQu; vd;w tifapy; khw;wkile;J te;Js;sJ. cjhuzkhf fpNuf;f fhy
mwpQuhd gpNsl;Nlh kw;Wk; mup];Nlhl;by; MfpNahUf;fpilNa [dehaf
muR njhlu;ghf ghupa Kuz;ghL fhzg;gl;likiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

mNjNghd;W murpaypid Ma;T nra;tjw;F jj;Jthu;j;j mZFKiw

gad;gLj;jg;gLtJk; murpay; jj;Jtk; vDk; fw;if newp Njhw;wk;
ngw;wpUg;gJk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lf;$ba xd;whFk;.
murpay; jj;Jtj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf; fhyk;
,t;thW 19k; Ehw;whz;L tiu murpaypy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jp mjid
,af;fpr; nry;Yk; fl;likg;ghf jj;Jthu;j;jk; tpsq;fpaJ. Fwpg;ghf ,j;jifa
jj;jthu;jj;jf; fhw;iw jhuhsthjk;> Nrhryrk; vd;w NtWghbd;wp rfy
murpay; nfhs;iffSk; Rthrpj;jd. vdpDk; elj;ijthjj;jpd; Njhw;wKk;
vOr;rpAk; murpay; jj;Jtk; vDk; fl;likg;gpid gytPdk; milar;nra;jJ.
kdpj elj;ijfs; khj;jpuNk murpaypy; khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;LtUtjhf
thjplg;gl;lJld; ghuk;gupa jj;Jthu;j;jk; vt;tifapYk; jw;fhy murpay;
tsu;r;rpf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wJ vd thjplg;gl;lJ. mj;Jld; murpaiy
tpQ;Qhdkhf;Fk; Kaw;rp ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;wjd; fhuzkhf jj;Jthu;j;jk;
fhyk; fle;j fiy vd;W $wg;gl;L Gwe;js;sg;gl;lJ.
murpay; jj;Jtj;jpd; kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyk;
mjw;F gpd; Njhw;wk; ngw;w “gpd;elj;ijthjk;” vDk; rpe;jidahdJ kuG
rhu;e;j rpe;jidfspid Vw;Wf;nfhz;likahdJ kPz;Lk; jj;Jthuj;jk;
murpaypy; nry;thf;F nrYj;j fhuzkhfpaJ. 1971 k; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy;
N[hd;Nuhy;]; vd;w mwpQu; vOjpa ePjprhu; Nfhl;ghLfs; (a theory of Justies)
vDk; EhyhdJ murpay; jj;Jthj;jj;jpw;F tY Nru;g;gjhf mike;jJ. ,jpy;
,tu; jj;Jtk; rhu; vz;zf;fUf;fis kdpj elj;ijAld; xd;wpizj;J
Ma;T nra;a Kw;wgl;ljd; tpisthf kPz;Lk; jj;jthu;j;jk; Gj;Japu;g;Gg;
ngw;wJ vdyhk;.
murpay; jj;Jtk; fuprid nfhs;Sk; fUg;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; mjid Ma;T
nra;j jj;Jttpayhsu;fs; njhlu;ghd ,yFthd tpsf;fj;jpid fPOs;s
ml;ltizapid mtjhdpg;gjd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

Jareesh Page 3
 Njhw;wk; / kj;jpafhy rkfhy murpay;
fUj;jpay; kw;Wk; jw;fhy jj;Jttpayhsu;fs;.
jj;Jttpaysu;fs;
gpNsl;Nlh> mup];Nlhl;by;>
Gdpj xf];jPd;> Gdpj
mf;Fthdh];> Njhk]; N[hd; Nuhy;];> nuhgl;
n`hg;];> Nltpl; fpAk;> Neh]pf;>
1. ePjp / epahaj; ,khDNty; ikf;fy; nrz;ly;>
jd;ik fhz;l;> &Nrh> N[hd; khu;j;jh e];gTd;>
];Lthl; kpy;> fhu;s; kfhj;kh fhe;jp
khf;];

mup];Nlhl;by;> n`hg;];>
N[hd; nyhf;> kfhj;kh fhe;jp>
&Nrh> kpy;> khf;];> vyf;]p
ikf;fy;
b njhf;tpy;>
2. rkj;Jtk; N`u;gl; ];ngd;ru;> N`hy;l;lu;> rhu;s;];
nla;yu;>
`pANfh FNuhrpa];>
,khDNty;l; fhz;l;> kpy;> nuhdhy;l; bNthfpd;
khf;];
Map\h Ngu;ypd;>
fhz;l;> njhf;tpy;> nyhf;>
nuhdhy;l;
3. cupikfs; `pAk;> bNthfpd;> N[hd;
mlk;];kpj;> khf;];>
Nuhy;];>
nkhz;l];fpA+ rhu;s;]; nla;yu;
gpNsl;Nlh> mup];Nlhl;by;> Map\h Ngu;ypd;>
nuhdhy;l;
n`hg;];>
4. Rje;jpuk; bNthfpd;> N[hd;
nyhf;> khf;];> n[ukp
nge;jk; Nuhy;];>
rhu;s;]; nla;yu;
gpNsl;Nlh> mup];Nlhl;by;>
nrd; xf];jpd;> rp. iul;kpy;> NaN`d;
5. murp
aypd; `gu;k];>
,ay;G khf;fpaty;yp> n`hg;];> rhu;s;]; nla;yu;>
nyhf;> &Nrh> fhz;l;>
kpN\y; G+Nfh
n`fy;> khf;];
n`hg;];> nyhf;> &Nrh> N[hd; Nuhy;];>
NaN`d;>
6. murpd; ,ay;G khf;fpaty;yp> `gu;kh];> rhu;s];
khf;]; nla;yu;

murpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;
murpay; vd;gJk; Nfhl;ghL vd;gJTk; ,U ntt;Ntwhd JUtq;fshFk;.
,it ,uz;ilAk; ,izf;Fk; ifq;fupaj;ij murpay; Nfhl;ghL
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ. nghJthf murpay; Nfhl;ghlhdJ murpaNyhL njhlu;ghd
vz;zf;fUf;fspd; rhuhk;rj;ij vkf;F toq;Ffpd;wJ. Nltpl; n`y;l; vd;gtu;
murpay; Nfhl;ghL njhlu;ghf gpd;tUkhw Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. murhq;fk;> muR>
r%fk; vd;gdtw;Wld; njhlu;GWk; fUJNfhs;fs;> rpe;jidfs; Mfpatw;wpd;
nghJthd tpjpKiwahFk;;.

Jareesh Page 4
nghJthf r%fj;jpy; eilngWk; Njhw;wg;ghLfs; vt;thW Vw;gLfpd;wJ
vd;gij njspTg;gLj;jTk; tpgupf;fTk; mwpQu;fs; gad;gLj;Jk;
tpjpKiwfSf;fhd fUtp xd;whfNt “Nfhl;ghL” vd;w vz;zf;fU
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fPo;f;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s cjhuzq;fspd; %yk; ,jid
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

epfo;T Nfhl;ghL Jiw

Mfhaj;jpy; vwpag;gLk; nghUs; Vd; GtpaPu;g;Gf; Gtpapay;
G+kpia te;jilfpd;wJ? Nfhl;ghL
re;ijapy; nghUl;fSf;fhd jl;Lg;ghL Nfs;tp
Vw;gLk;NghJ mtw;wpd; tpiy cauf; epuk;gy; nghUspay;
fhuzk; vd;d? Nfhl;ghL
r%f nghUshjhu gupkhw;wk;
eilngWk; nghOJ rpy r%fg; xg;gPl;L eaf;
gpupTTfSf;fpilapy; Kuz;ghL Nfhl;ghL murwptpay;
Vw;gLtJ Vd;?

Fy;l; kw;Wk; Nfhy;g; MfpNahupd; tiuaiwapd; cjtpAld; murpay;

Nfhl;ghl;il ehk; rpwg;ghf Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. mtHfisg; nghWj;jtiu
murpay; Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ murpay; mwptpaypd; xU gFjpahFk;. ,jpy;
gpd;tUk; gFjpfs; mlq;Fk;

1. murpay; jj;Jtk; - murpay; rpe;jidapd; tuyhWk; kw;Wk; mJ

njhlu;ghd xOf;f kjpg;gPLfSk;.
2. tpQ;Qhd Kiwik
3. murpay; rpe;jidfspd; nkhop njhlHghd gFg;gha;T
4. murpay; elj;ij kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; njhlHr;rpahd tsHr;rp.

murpay; Nfhl;ghlhdJ Fwpj;j xU tplak; njhlu;ghf Ma;Tfis

Nkw;nfhz;L mit njhlu;ghd Fwpj;j fhyj;jpw;F Vw;w xU
nghJikg;gLj;jg;gl;l fUj;ij Kd;itf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf> muR njhlu;ghd
Nfhl;ghL.
mt;thNw murpay; Nfhl;ghlhdJ r%fj;jpdJ khw;wk; njhlu;ghd tuyhw;iw
Ma;T nra;J gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
01. r%fk; vt;thW tbtikf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
02. r%fk; vt;thW nraw;gLfpd;wJ.
03. r%fj;jpd; mbg;gil %yf;$Wfs; ahit
04. r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLk; Kuz;ghLfSf;F mbg;gil fhuzp ahJ
Nghd;w tplaq;fis murpay; Nfhl;ghL Ma;T nra;J nghJ Kbnthd;Wf;F
tu Kidfpd;wJ.
murpay; Nfhl;ghlhdJ murwptpaNyhL njhlu;ghd Ma;thsu;fshy;
Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mtu;fs; jj;JtQhdpfshfTk;
tuyhw;wha;thsu;fshfTk;> nghUspay;thjpfshfTk;> rkathjpfshfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,jd; fhuzkhf Fwpj;j murpay; Nfhl;ghL xd;W
mtu;fsJ fUj;Jr;rhaq;fSf;F Vw;gNt ntspg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij vk;khy;
kWf;f KbahJ.
cjhuzkhf: murpd; Njhw;wk; njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghLfps;
01. nja;tPf cupikf; Nfhl;ghL - rkathjpfspd; jhf;fk;
02. r%f xg;ge;jf; Nfhl;ghL - r%ftpayhsu;fspd; jhf;fk;

Jareesh Page 5
03. gbKiw tsu;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL - tuyhw;wha;thsu;fspd; jhf;fk;
04. jhuhsthj Nrhryprthj Nfl;ghL - nghUspayhsu;fspd; jhf;fk;
murpay; Nfhl;ghlhdJ xUNghJk; murpay; ajhu;j;jj;ij tpsf;Fjpy;iy
khwhf r%fj;jpDila khw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzj;ij tuyhw;Wr;
nrad;KiwA+lhff; Fwpg;gpLk;. ,jid y];fp gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;
"murpay; Nfhl;ghl;bd; gzp cz;ikfis tptupg;gJ kl;Lky;yhky;>
vd;dthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,Wjp nra;tJk; MFk;”

tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; “Nfhl;ghL” vdg;gLtJ rpW vz;zf;fUthf

#j;jpug;gLj;jf;$ba> fhuz fhupa njhlu;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy;
fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd ntspg;ghlhFk;. cyfpd;
,aw;ifahfNth my;yJ r%f my;yJ murpay; uPjpahfNth cyfj;jpy; ehk;
fz;fhzpf;Fk; epfo;Tfspd; xl;Lnkhj;j Njhw;wg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpgupg;G
kw;Wk; ntspg;gLj;JtNj tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd Nfhl;ghL Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
nraw;ghLlhFk;. ,jd;gb Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ cyfpy; Vw;gLk; nghJ
Njhw;wg;ghLfs; gw;wpa njspTg;gLj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;s tpQ;Qhdpfs;
gad;gLj;Jk; fw;wy; fUtpahFk;. Nfhl;ghL cUthf;fg;gly; ,ay;ghdJk;
r%ftpayhsu;fspd; xU Kf;fpa tplaKkhFk;. murwptpaypy; Nfhl;ghL
vd;gjw;F ,U tpsf;fq;fs; cs;sd.

1. ,yl;rpa Nfhl;ghL (epajpthjk;) (Normative Theory)

2. tpQ;Qhd (ju;f;f) uPjpahd Nfhl;ghL (Scientific Theory)

,yl;rpa Nfhl;ghL (epajpthjk;) (Normative Theory)

,yl;rpa Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ murpay; jj;Jtk;> murpay; rpe;jidAld;
xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l Nfhl;ghlhFk;. ,J gpNshl;Nlh Kjy; ,d;Wtiu
fhzg;gLk; murpay; jj;Jtq;fis rk;gpujhaq;fSld; njhlu;Ggl;Ls;sJ.
,e;j rk;gpujhaq;fs; gpujhdkhf murpay;> muR> murpay; mjpfhuk;>
Ml;rpnra;jy; kw;Wk; r%ff; nfhs;iffs; vt;thW mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
Kd;itf;Fk; rpj;jhe;j %yf;nfhs;iffNs (Axiomatic Principles) murpay;
Nfhl;ghLfshf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

muR njhlu;ghd mup];Nlhl;lypd; Nfhl;ghL> r%f xg;ge;jk; njhlu;ghd

n`hg;]; kw;Wk; nyhf; vd;Nghupd; Nfhl;ghL> mjpfhuk; njhlu;ghd
ypguy;thjpfspd; Nfhl;ghL Nghd;wd ,yl;rpathj Nfhl;ghL njhlu;ghf
Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;s Nfhl;ghLfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fshFk;.
rl;lk; njhlu;ghd N[hd; Nuhy;]pd; Nfhl;ghL> FbauRthj Rje;jpuk;
njhlu;ghd gpypg; ngl;bapd; Nfhl;ghL> r%f gupkhw;wk; njhlu;ghf
n`gu;kh]pd; Nfhl;ghL Nghd;wd ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; epajpthjf;
Nfhl;ghLfSf;F cjhuzq;fshf Fwpg;gplyhk;.

tpQ;Qhd (ju;f;f) uPjpahd Nfhl;ghL (Scientific Theory)

murwptpaypy; tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd Nfhl;ghL njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fs; 1930fspy;
,ize;jJ. mJ r%ftpayhsu;fspd; “tpQ;Qhd uPjpapyhd ghu;it” vd;w
Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. ,e;j tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd
r%ftpay; rk;gpujhaj;jpDs; Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ> ,aw;if tpQ;Qhd
rk;gpujhaj;jpDs; Nfhl;ghL vz;zf;fUthf;fg;gl;l KiwapNyNa
tpsf;fg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ cyfj;jpy; eilngWtdtw;iw Vd; mt;thW

Jareesh Page 6
Vw;gLfpd;wJ? vd;gij rl;lj;jpw;F Vw;g njspTg;gLj;JtNj Nfhl;ghl;bd;
gzpahFk;.
Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ ,t;thwhd rl;lq;fis fl;bnaOg;GtjhFk;. ,jd;gb
Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ ,aw;ifahfNth my;yJ r%f my;yJ cyfj;jpy;
eilngWtdtw;iw njspTg;gLj;Jk; rl;lkhFk;. nka;gpf;ff;$ba juTfs;
kw;Wk; rhd;Wfis fz;fhzpj;jYf;Fk; gFg;gha;Tf;Fk; cl;gLj;jp
cUthf;fg;gLk; “rl;lj;” njhFjpfisNa tpQ;Qhdpfs; jkJ Ma;Tfs; %yk;
Nfhl;ghLfs; vd fl;bnaOg;gpAs;sdu;.
r%ftpaypy; ,J Neu;fzpa fl;likg;Gf;Fs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sikahy;
murwptpaypy; ,t;tifahd Nfhl;ghl;L tplaq;fis “Neu;fzpa murpay;
Nfhl;ghLfs;” (Positivisit Political Theory) vd mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
elj;ijthjk;> xg;gPl;L murpay; tpQ;Qhd tpgupg;G> murpay; etPdkakhjy;
kw;Wk; murpay; Kiwik fl;likg;Gfs; vd;gd 1930 jrhg;jq;fspd; gpd;du;
Njhw;wk; ngw;w murwptpay; mZFKiwfs; ,e;j Njhw;wg;ghl;bd;
mbg;gilapNyNa murpay; Nfhl;ghLfshf Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
jw;fhy murwptpaypy; ehk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,yl;rpathj kw;Wk;
tpQ;Qhdg;G+u;tk; vd;w ,U mZFKiwfSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jw;fpilapy;
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L kw;Wk; rkfhy murwptpay; Nfhl;ghl;Lj;Jiw>
mZFKiwfs; gytw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ vd;gij vq;fshy;
mthjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd gpujhd Nfhl;ghl;L gpupTfs; fPNo
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. mitahtd>
1. jhuhz;ik murpay; Nfhl;ghL
2. FbauRthj murpay; Nfhl;ghL
3. khf;];thj murpay; Nfhl;ghL
4. gpd; khf;];thj Nfhl;ghL
5. murpay; etPdkakhjy; Nfhl;ghL
6. ngz;zpay;thj murpay; Nfhl;ghL
7. gpd; etPdj;Jt / gpd; fl;likg;Gthj murpay; Nfhl;ghL
8. gpd;fhydpj;Jt murpay; Nfhl;ghL
murpay; fUj;jpay;fs;
murpay; ghlg;gug;gpy; Muhag;gLfpd;w gy;NtW vz;zf;fUf;fSs; Kjd;ik
tha;e;jjhf fUj;jpay;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. etPd murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd;
fl;likg;Gf;fshd murpay; nka;apay;> murpay; rpe;jid> murpay; Nfhl;ghL
NghyNt murpay; fUj;jpay; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWfpd;w NghjpYk; mtw;wpypUe;J
Ntwgl;ljhf Muhag;gLfpd;wJ. kdjpy; Njhd;Wfpd;w vy;yh tpjkhd
vz;zq;fSs; njupT nra;ag;gl;l rpy vz;zq;fs; fUj;jhf ntspaplg;gl;L
r%fj;jpw;F nghJthd fUj;jhf fhzg;gLfpd;w NghJ mJ gw;wpa
fUj;Jf;fis gy mwpQu;fs; Kd;itg;ghu;fshapd; mJ fUj;jpay; vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Xu; r%fj;jpYs;s murpay; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; gpui[fspd; Ml;rp
nrad;Kiwfs; vd;gtw;iw cUtikf;Fk; fhuzpfNs murpay;
fUj;jpay;fshFk;. ,it xd;NwhL xd;W ,ize;j fUj;Jf;fspd;
njhFjpahFk;. ,it r%fj;jpYs;s rpw;rpy FOf;fspd; murpay; ,yl;rpak;>
ek;gpf;iffs; vd;gtw;iw xOq;FgLj;Jgitahf cs;sd. NkYk;

Jareesh Page 7
 rKfj;jpYs;s FOf;fis murpay; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jf;$baitahfTk;
cs;sd. murwptpaypd; Muk;gfhyj;jpNyNa murpay; fUj;;jpay; gw;wpa
fUj;Jf;fs; gw;wpa Njhw;wk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ld. vdpDk; 18k; 19k;
Ehw;whz;bd; gpd;du; gpugy;ak; ngw;w mk;rkhf khwpaJ.

fUj;jpay; vDk; gjj;jpid 1796y; bNurp (Tracy) vd;gtNu Kjd; Kjypy;

gad;gLj;jpatuhthu;. The Elements of Ideology vDk; VolumeapD}lhf fUj;jpay;
gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jhu;. ,r;nrhy;> vz;zf;fU my;yJ fUj;J
vDk; gz;ila fpNuf;fr; nrhw;fshfpa ἰδέα vd;gijAk; (-logy) ( -λογία)
vDk; nrhy;iyAk; ,izj;J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

murpay; fUj;jpay; gw;wpa Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;l Andrew Hewood jdJ An

Introduction to Political Ideology vDk; E}ypy; murpay; fUj;jpay; vd;gJ
murpay; ek;gpf;if> MSk; tu;f;fj;jpd; rpe;jidfis ikag;gLj;jpaJ vd
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. nghJthf murpay; fUj;jpay; vd;gJ kf;fs; murpay; uPjpahf
vt;thW tho Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fspd; njhFjpAk;> me;jf;
fUj;Jf;fis epiwT nra;tjw;fhd nraw;ghl;L jpl;lkhFk;. murpay;
fUj;Jf;fspd; tpQ;Qhdk; murpay; fUj;jpayhf Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
fUj;jpay; vd;gJ> ek;gpf;iffs;> ,yf;Ffs;> vz;zf;fUf;fs; Mfpatw;wpd;
xU njhFjp. nghJthf murpaypy; ,J gad;gLj;jgLfpwJ. fUj;jpay;
vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhf fUj;Jepiy> rpj;jhe;jk; Nghd;w nrhw;fSk;
tof;fpy; cs;sd. r%fk; tsu tsu kdpjHfs; nghJthd vz;zf;
fUj;Jf;fisAk;> cyfk;;> r%f tho;f;if> nja;tk;> nrhj;J> jHkk;> ePjp
Mfpait gw;wpaitAkhd Nehf;Ffis tsHj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhHfs;. ,t;thwhf
,it r%fk;> murpay;> rl;lk;> kjk;> fiy> nka;apay; Nehf;F Mfpait
njhlHghd fUj;Jepiyg;gl;l vz;zq;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;fpd;wdH.
,itNa fUj;Jepiy vd;W ngUk;ghYk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ." vd N[k;];
fpsf;khd; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

fUj;jpaypd; Kf;fpakhd Nehf;fk; newp rhHe;j rpe;jidfs; Clhf

khw;wq;fis cz;lhf;FtjhFk;. fUj;jpay;fs; nghJ tplaq;fspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Ez;zpiyr; rpe;jid (abstract thought) Kiwikfs;
vdyhk;. ,jdhy; fUj;jpay; vd;Dk; fUj;JU murpaypy; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpwJ.
ntspg;gilahfr; nrhy;yg;gl;lhYk; nrhy;yg;glhtpl;lhYk; vy;yh murpay;
Nghf;FfSk; cs;shHe;j epiyapy; xU fUj;jpay; epiyiaf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
fUj;jpayhdJ nghJr; nrhy;yhf gy;NtW murpay; fUj;JiufspYk; r%ff;
FOf;fspd; ghHitfspYk; khw;wq; fz;lJ. fhHy; khHf;]; ,r;nrhy;iy
tFg;Gg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gad;gLj;j> kw;wtHfs; ,ijr; r%ff; fl;likg;Gr;
nray;ghl;bd; gFjpahfTk; r%f xUq;fpizg;ghfTk; ek;gpdhH.
jw;fhy murpay; fUj;jpay; ,ay;ghdJ r%f> nghUshjhu> uPjpahf gpd;tUk; 4
tifg;gLk;. r%fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ru;thjpfhuk;.> [dehafk;
vdTk; nghUshjhu jd;ikiaf; nfhz;L ,lJrhup> tyJ rhup vd;Wk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
01. ru;thjpfhuj; jd;ikAs;s ,lJrhup.
(c – k;) : u~;ahtpd; ];lhypd; nfhs;if

Jareesh Page 8
02. jhuhsj; jd;ikkpf;f [dehafk;.
(c – k;) : rPdhtpd; khNthNrJ nfhs;if
03. ru;thjpfhu tyJrhup
(c – k;) : `pl;yu;> KNrhypdp nfhs;if
04. 04. [dehaf tyJrhup
(c – k;) : Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfspd; nfhs;if
murpay; uPjpahf kpf Kf;fpakhd gq;fspg;gpid toq;fpAs;s murpay;
fUj;jpay;fs; rpy gpd;tUkhW>
01. jhuhz;ik thjk;
02. rkTlik thjk;.
03. FbauR thjk;.
04. r%f [dehaf thjk;
05. ghrpr thjk;
06. Njrpa thjk;.
07. kj rhu;gpd;ik thjk;
08. ngz;zpay; thjk;

murpay; fUj;jpay; gzpfs;

01. cyf xOq;F vt;thW cs;sJ vd;gij tpgupj;jy;
02. cyf xOq;if tpsq;fg;gLj;jYk; kjpg;gpLjYk;
03. top fhl;Ljy;
04. epfo;r;rp epuy; jahupj;jy;

murpay; fUj;jpay;fspd gz;Gfs;

01. Fwpj;j xU fUg;nghUis ikakhff;nfhz;lJ
02. r%fj;jpd; fl;Lkhd mbg;gilapy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ
03. vjpu;fhyk; Nehf;fpa tbtkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ
04. murpaypy; nry;thf;F nrYj;;Jk; egu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ
05. eilKiw rhu; Ml;rpapaypid jPu;khdpj;jy;

murpay; fUj;jpay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

01. murpay; nraw;ghLfis epu;zapj;jy;
02. r%f tuyhw;Wr; #o;epiyfshy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
03. murpay; elj;ijfSf;F topfhl;Ljy;.
04. cyf tho;f;if> murpay; nraw;ghLfSf;F J}z;Ljy; toq;Fjy;.
05. r%f xOq;if ntspg;gLj;Jk; Xu; rf;jp
06. murpay; Kiwik jd;ikia tbtikj;jy;.
07. murpay; fl;rpfspd; nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpw;F cjTjy;.

murpay; epWtdq;fs;
r%fj;jpy; murpay; gy;NtW Kiwfspy; epWtd kag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik>
ngUk;ghyhd murpay; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; murpay;
epWtdq;fis rhu;e;J xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sikapdhYk; murpaiy
MuhAk;NghJ ehq;fs; murpay; epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf fuprid
fhl;Lfpd;Nwhk;. nghUspay;> r%ftpay;> fy;tpay;> murwptpay; kw;Wk; rl;lk;
Nghd;w fw;ifj;Jiwfs; gytw;wpYk; “epWtdk;” gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; jkJ
fw;wYf;F Kf;fpakhdjhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

Jareesh Page 9
epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf fw;Fk;NghJ> fz;Lf;nfhs;sf;$ba tplaq;fs; mit
rl;luPjpahd tpjpKiwfs;> elj;ijfs; vd;gdtw;iw cs;slf;fpa
mikg;ghfNt fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. ,jw;fpilapy; r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
epWtdq;fs; rpw;rpy Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l epWtdq;fshTk;
,Uf;Fk;. r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; epWtdq;fis
1. Kiwrhu; (Formal)
2. Kiwrhuh (Informal) vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
ghlrhiy> gy;fiyf;fofk;> efurig> ghuhSkd;wk; Nghd;w epWtdq;fs;
Kiwrhu;e;jitahFk;. ,it Kiwahd rl;lj;jpl;lq;fs;> egu;fs; kw;Wk;
fl;blq;fs; vd;gtw;Wld; $ba Gyg;gLk; epWtdkhFk;.
FLk;gk;> cwTKiw> Fyk;> rhjp> je;ij jiyikj;Jtk; Nghd;wd
r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa epWtdq;fshdhYk;> ,it Kiwrhuh
,ay;gpNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,J vq;fs; Kd; Gyg;glhtpbDk; mjd; ,Ug;G
nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; ngWNgWfis fz;Lf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

Xu; murpay; epWtdk; vd;w tifapy; muRk; murhq;fKk;

ve;jnthU r%fj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk; mbg;gil kw;Wk; ikakhd murpay;
epWtdq;fs; muRk; murhq;fKkhFk;. r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Vida
ngUk;ghyhd murpay; epWtdq;fs; muR kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpdhNyNa
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

cjhuzk; :- ghuhSkd;wk;> mikr;ruit> ePjpj;Jiw> cs;Suhl;rp

epWtdq;fs;> MAjg;gilfs;> nghyp];> rpiwr;rhiy> ghlrhiy>
gy;fiyf;fofk;> jpizf;fsq;fs; Nghd;wd.
muRk; murhq;fKk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;Gg;gl;lhYk; ,it ,uz;Lk;
xd;wy;y. etPd [dehaf murpay; Kiwapy; muR vd;gJ xg;gPl;L uPjpahf
ePz;lfhyk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; mjpKf;fpa murpay;
epWtdkhFk;. murhq;fk; vd;gJ mur nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fis
epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf kf;fshy; FWfpa fhyj;jpw;F mjpfhuk;
ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s epWtdkhFk;.
muR nghJthf murhq;fj;Jld; ,izj;Nj milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
,j;jLkhw;wk; ngupa gpupj;jhdpahtpid Ml;rp nra;j rpy nfhLq;Nfhz;ik
Ml;rpahsHfshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. gpuhd;rpa kd;dd; 14k; Y}ap “ehNd
muR" vd ntspg;gilahff; $wpapUe;jhd; nfhg;];Rk; mtiug; Nghd;w gy
murpay; jj;JttpayhsHfSk; muR> murhq;fk; vd;w ,uz;L gjq;fSf;Fk;
xNu nghUspy; tpsf;fkspj;jdH. gd;ikthjf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsuhfpa lf;tpw;
(Dugwit) vd;gtUk;$l muR> murhq;fk; Mfpa ,uz;L gjq;fSf;Fkpilapy;
NtWghl;il cUthf;ftpy;iy. MapDk; muirAk; murhq;fj;ijAk; Kjd;
Kjyhf NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;batu; N[hd; nyhf; Mthu;.

murhq;fk; murpDila xU cWg;ghFk;. murpd; tpUg;gq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk;

Kftufkhf murhq;fk; ,aq;Ffpd;wJ. murhq;fk; murpd; KftufkhFk;.
murpDila ,Ug;gpw;fhd Nehf;fq;fis ntspg;gLj;JtJ murhq;fkhFk;.
murhq;fk; fl;lhag;gLj;jp my;yJ Rje;jpukhf jdJ caH mjpfhuj;jpid
ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. murpd; epHthfj;jpid mjd; tpUg;gpw;F Vw;g
,yFthf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd nghwpKiwNa murhq;fkhFk;. murpd; Nehf;fk;

Jareesh Page 10
rpwg;ghf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhf murhq;fj;jpw;F mjpfhuk;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
1885 Mk; Mz;L If;fpa mnkupf;f caHePjpkd;wk; muR> murhq;fk;
njhlHghfg; gpd;tUkhW $wpapUe;jJ. “muR Gydwptpw;F mg;ghw;gl;l
fz;zhy; ghHf;f Kbahj> khw;w ,ayhj fUj;jhFk;. murhq;fk; xU
KftufkhFk;. njspthd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpw;Fl;gl;l tifapy; ,jd; vy;iy
fhzg;gLk;. ,t; vy;iyf;F mg;ghy; ,jd; nraw;ghLfs; rl;ltpNuhjkhdjhf
fhzg;gLk;."
muirAk; murhq;fj;ijAk; NtWgLj;Jk; Kiwik INuhg;ghtpy; khdpa
Kiw tPo;r;rpaile;jijj; njhlu;e;J cUthfpaJ. ,j;jifa NtWgLj;jy;fs;
ypguy;thj murpay; Kiwapd; gz;ghf khwpa mNj Ntis muirAk;
murhq;fj;ijAk; xd;whff; fUJk; murpay; KiwkifSk; 20k;
E}w;whz;Lfspy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. cjhuzk;: 1917d; gpd;duhd Nrhtpaj;
u\;ahtpd; muRk; murhq;fKk;.

murpay; epWtdkhf muRNghd;w kdpj epWtdq;fSk; cs;sd. etPd

murhdJ> epr;rapf;fg;gl;l Ms;Gy gpuNjrj;jpNyNa xOq;fike;Js;sJ.
muRf;F epr;rakhd gpuNjr vy;iy cz;L. epr;rapf;fg;gl;l Ms;Gy
gpuNjrj;jpDs; murpay; uPjpahf xOq;fike;Js;s gpuirfs; kPJ jkJ
Mjpgj;jpak; (,iwik) kw;Wk; mjpfhuk; vd;gtw;iw gpuNahfpf;Fk; cupik
muRf;F cz;L. ,J murwptpaypy; “,iwik mjpfhuk;” vd
milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j mjpfhu gyj;jpid epiyepWj;jpf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf ,d;Dk; gy epWtdq;fs; muRf;F cz;L. murhq;fk; mjpy;
xU epWtdkhFk;.
murpay; epWtdkhd muRf;F mbg;gil rl;lf; fl;likg;Gk; cz;L. mJ
murpayikg;ghFk;. murpd; ,ay;G> fl;likg;G> epWtd xOq;f ikg;G
Nghd;wd murpayikg;gpdhNyNa jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mj;NjhL jkJ
mjpfhu gyj;jpid eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf muR nfhz;Ls;s gpujhdkhd
epWtdq;fshf rl;lj;Jiw> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw> MAjg;gilfs;
kw;Wk; nghJ epu;thfj;Jiw vd;gd cs;sd. ,e;j vy;yh cg
epWtdq;fSf;Fk; epr;rakhd rl;lj;jpl;lq;fs;> kdpjtsk; Nghd;wd
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
murpay; epWtdkhf murhq;fk; murpd; mjpfhuq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;
gpujhd Kftu; epWtdkhfNt nraw;gLfpd;wJ. fPo;tUtd murhq;fj;jpd;
gpujhd gzpfshFk;.
1. rl;l cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
2. nfhs;if cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy;>
3. nghJkf;fSld; njhlu;Gfis Ngzy; kw;Wk; Vida muRfSld;
njhlu;Gfis Ngzy;;.
muRk; murhq;fKk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;lhYk; mt;tpuz;Lk; jkf;fpilNa
xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;Gila epWtd njhFjpahf nraw;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.
,jd;gb muR kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd; epWtdq;fs; xOq;fike;Js;s
Kiwapid gpd;tUk; ehd;F fUj;jpay;fshf tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.

1. rl;lthf;f epWtdk; - ghuhSkd;wk;> rk\;b rl;lr;rig>

khfhzrigfs;

Jareesh Page 11
 2. epiwNtw;W epWtdk; - mikr;ruit> mikr;Rf;fs;>
jpizf;fsq;fs;> mur $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;> gzpepiy Kiwik
3. ePjpj;Jiw epWtdk; - cau; ePjpkd;wk; Kjy; fPo;epiytiu
gue;jpUf;Fk; ePjpkd;wf; fl;likg;Gfs;
4. ghJfhg;G> rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;F njhlu;ghd epWtdk; -
MAjg;gilfs;> nghyp];> rpiwr;rhiyfs;
muR murwptpaypy; mjpKf;fpa ika fUj;jhfTk;> gioikahd fUj;jhfTk;
cs;sJ. fpNuf;f jj;Jttpayhsu; gpNsl;Nlh Kjy; ,d;Wtiu murwptpaypy;
“muR” vd;gJ gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; KbTWj;jg;glhj fUj;jpayhFk;.
murpay; jj;Jttpayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs; muR njhlu;ghf
gpujhdkhf mtjhdk; nrYj;jpAs;s fUj;jpay;fs; gpd;tUkhW.
1. murpd; ,ay;G
2. murpd; Njhw;wk;
3. murpd; Nehf;fk;
4. murpd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; ,iwik mjpfhuk;
5. muR kw;Wk; gpuir / r%fk;
6. mur mjpfhuj;jpd; vy;iy
7. murpd; gupkhw;wk; kw;Wk; khjpupfs;

,jpy; ehk; ,d;W tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; mu;j;jj;jpy; “murhq;fk;” gw;wpa

fye;Jiuahly;fs; Muk;gfhy murpay; rpe;jidapy; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
ngUk;ghYk; muRk; murhq;fKk; xNu mu;j;jj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,jw;F fhuzk; ehk; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lJNghd;W muR kw;Wk; murhq;fj;ij
NtWgLj;jy; vd;gJ 18 Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F gpd;du; tsu;r;rpaile;jikNa
,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.

murwptpay; tuyhw;wpy; “murhq;fk;” vd;w fUj;J gy;NtW murpayikg;G

khjpupfis mwpe;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,e;j murpayikg;Gfis xg;gPl;L uPjpahf
fw;gjw;Nf gutyhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. murwptpaiy tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L
Ma;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;s mt;thwhd murhq;fq;fs; fPo;tUkhW
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1. [dehaf murhq;fk;
2. [dehafkw;w murhq;fk;
3. ghjp (mu;j;j) [dehaf murhq;fk;
4. FbauRthj murhq;fk;
5. xw;iwahl;rp murhq;fk;
6. rk];b murhq;fk;
7. Njrpa murhq;fk; ($l;L murhq;fk;)
8. Kjyhspj;Jt murhq;fk;
9. rkTilik murhq;fk;
10. gpd; rkTilik murhq;fk;

muR – murhq;fk;

Jareesh Page 12
 murk; murhq;fKk; vd;w ,U vz;zf;fUf;fSk; rhjhuz kf;fshy;
xd;whfNt fUjg;gl;L tUtijf; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. cz;ikapy; fpNuf;f fhy
mwpQu;fSk; ,t;tpuz;ilAk; xd;whfNt fUjp te;jdu;. gpuhd;rpa kd;dd;
14k; Y}ap “ehNd muR” vd;W $wpaik muR – murhq;fk; vd;w
fUj;Jf;fSf;F nghJ tpsf;fk; nfhLg;gjhfNt mike;jJ.
Kjd;Kjyhf muirAk; murhq;fj;ijAk; NtWgLj;jpatu; gpupj;jhdpa
ehl;ltuhd N[hd; nyhf; Mthu;. vdNt muRf;Fk; murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; njhlu;G
fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk; ,it ,uz;Lk; ntt;Ntwhdit vd;gij ehk; czu;e;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
1. muR vd;gJ cUtkw;wJk; fl;GydhfhjJkhd fUj;Jg; nghUshFk;.
murhq;fkhdJ fl;Gydhff;$baJ. fz;fshy; murhq;fj;ijg; ghu;f;fKbAk;.
2. ,iwik vDk; jdpKjd;ik mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;l epWtdkhf muR
njhopw;gLk;. Mdhy; murhq;fk; ,iwik nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;ljy;y.
murpd; ,iwik mjd; tpUg;gpd; ngaupNyNa murhq;fj;jpdhy;
gadgLj;jg;gLk;.
3. murpd; gpujhd gz;Gfshd tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epyg;gug;G> kf;fs; njhif>
,iwik> murhq;fk; vd;gdtw;;iwf; nfhz;L ,aq;Fk;. Mdhy;
murhq;fk;murpDila ¼ gFjp khj;jpuNk. vdNt muR KOikahdJ.
murhq;fk; gFjpastpyhdJ.
4. murpd; Ms;Gyj;jpDs; thOk; midtUk; murpd; cWg;gpdu;fs; Mthu;fs;.
Mdhy; mt;turpd; cWg;gpdu;fs; midtUk; murhq;fj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fs;
my;y.
5. muR vg;NghJNk epiyahd MAisf; nfhz;lJk; rhfhtuk; ngw;wJk;
MFk;. Mdhy; murhq;fk; fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; kf;fspd; tpUg;gpw;F Vw;g
khw;wikiltJld;; mjd; cUtKk; khWk;. cjhuzk;: [dhjpgjp
murhq;fKiw> ke;jpup rig murhq;fKiw
6. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epyg;gug;gpDs; xU muR khj;jpuNk fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
Mdhy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epyg;gug;gpDs; vj;jid murhq;fk; Ntz;LkhdhYk;
,Uf;fyhk;. cjhuzk;: rk\;b Kiwfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w kj;jpa khepy
murhq;fq;fs;.

7. murhq;fk; murpDila xU Kftu; khj;jpuNk MFk;. murpDila

,Ug;gpw;fhd Nehf;fq;fis ntspg;gLj;JtJ murhq;fkhFk;. murhq;fk;
fl;lhag;gLj;jp my;yJ Rje;jpukhf jdJ cau; mjpfhuj;jpid
ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. muR jdJ epu;thfj;jpid ,yFthf
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;;fhd xU nghwpKiwNa murhq;fkhFk;. ,jidNa 1885y;
If;fpa mnkupf;f cau; ePjkd;wk; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;lJ. “muR Gydwptpw;F
mg;ghw;gl;l> fz;fshy; ghu;f;f Kbahj khw;w ,ayhj fUj;jstpdjhFk;.
Mdhy; murq;fk; xU KftuhFk;. njspthd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpw;F cl;gl;l
tifapy; ,jd; nry;thf;nfy;iy fhzg;gLk;. ,jw;F mg;ghy; ,jd;
nraw;ghLfs; rl;ltpNuhjkhdjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
8. muR xNu khjpupahdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; murhq;fk; ehl;Lf;F ehL
NtWgLk;. cjhuzk;: [dhjpgjp murhq;fKiw> ke;jpup rig murhq;fKiw

Jareesh Page 13
9. kf;fs; murpid tpku;rpf;fNth mjw;F vjpuhf fpsu;r;rp nra;aNth KbahJ.
mt;thW nra;jhy; mJ Njrj;JNuhff; Fw;wkhFk;. Mdhy; murhq;fj;ij
tpku;rpf;fTk;> mjw;F vjpuf Mu;g;ghl;lk; nra;aTk; kf;fSf;F cupik cz;L
mt;Tupik kWf;fg;gLkhapd; mt;turhq;fkhdJ muh[f murhq;fk; vd;W
tpku;rpf;fg;gLk;.
10. kf;fs; fl;lhak; murpw;F mbgzpjy; Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; kf;fs;
murhq;fj;jpw;Fj; jdJ mbgzpitf; fhl;;lNtz;bajpy;iy.

murpay; fl;rpfs;
murpay; fl;rp vd;gJ 200 Mz;Lfl;Fl;gl;l xU etPd epfo;thFk;. mnkupf;f
If;fpa ehLfis cUthf;fpatHfSf;F fl;rp mikg;G Kiwapy;
ek;gpf;ifapy;iy. ,jDila jhf;fk; kpfTk; NkhrkhdjhfapUf;Fnkd
mtHfs; vz;zpdhHfs;. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;gh> tlmnkupf;fh kw;Wk;
[g;ghd; Nghd;w ehLfspy; jhd; Kjd; Kjyhf fl;rpAk;> fl;rp mikg;GfSk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mjd;gpd;Gjhd; kw;w ehLfspy; ,it KOtPr;rpy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. murpay; fl;rpfs; Fbahl;rp Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLk; ehl;bw;F
kpfTk; mtrpakhdit. jw;Nghija cyfpy; Fbahl;rpfs; gpujpepjpj;Jt
jd;ikia nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa Fbahl;rp mikg;Gfspy; murpay;
fl;rpfs; kf;fSf;F murpaypy; MHtj;ij Cl;b gq;Nfw;f fw;Wj;jUfpd;w d.
jw;fhy muRfspy;> murpay; fl;rpfs; jtpHf;f Kbahj mk;rkhf
tpsq;Ffpd;wd. kf;fshl;rpf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; thf;Fupik>
gpujpepjpj;Jt Ml;rpapay; vd;gd tsHr;rpaile;j NghJ mjDld; ,ize;j
tifapy; murpaw; fl;rpfSk; tsHr;rpaila Muk;gpj;jd. mJTk; fl;rpKiw
rhHe;j murhq;f Kiwahd ke;jpuprig murhq;f Kiw
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lijj; njhlHe;J murpay; fl;rpfs; vd;gJ jtpHf;f
KbahjJk;> ,d;wpaikahjJkhd mk;rkhf tpsq;f Muk;gpj;jd. xU
fl;lj;jpd; gpd;dH gpujpepjpj;Jt murpaypd; capHehbahfNt fl;rpfs;
,Uf;fpd;w epiyik Njhd;wpAs;sJ. ,jdhNyNa rpf;kd; epa+kd; vd;gtH
"etPd murpaypd; GtpaPHg;G ikakhf murpaw; fl;rpfs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd"
vd;whH.
murpay; fl;rpfs; gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzq;fs;:
 ];Btd; yPnyhf; – XH ,ize;j murpay; r%fkhf nraw;gLtJk;
Xustpw;F newpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJkhd XH mikg;G Fbkf;fshy;
cUthf;fg;gLkhdhy; mJNt murpay; fl;rp

 rpf;kd; ePa+kd; – etPd murpaypy; GtpaPHg;G ikakhf murpay; fl;rpfs;

tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

 ikf; ItH – murpay; jpl;lj;jpd; gb rpy nfhs;iffs; %yk;

murhq;fj;ij elhj;j tpisAk; $l;lNk murpay; fl;rp

 nkf;];ntgH – rHtrd thf;Fupik > nghJkf;fs; mgpg;gpuhak;>

[dehafk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Foe;ijNa murpay; fl;rpfshFk;.

 vl;kd; NgHf; - jq;fsJ $l;L Kaw;rpfspD}lhf Njrpa eyid tsur;

nra;Ak; egHfspd; $l;lNk fl;rpahFk;

Jareesh Page 14
 b];Nuyp (Disraeli) - xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l mgpg;gpuhaq;fis nfhz;Ls;s
epWtdNk fl;rp MFk;.
,t;thW gy;NtWgl;ltHfs; gy fUj;Jf;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;lNghJk; nghJthf
murpaw; fl;rpfSf;F gpd;tUkhW tiutpyf;fzk; $wyhk;.
"jq;fspypUe;J NtWgl;l fUj;Jila $l;lq;fNshL Nghl;bapl;L> XH
murpay; mq;fkhf gzpGupe;J> kf;fspd; thf;Fupikr; rf;jpahy; murhq;f
mjpfhuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp> jq;fSila nghJf; nfhs;iffis epiwNtw;w
vj;jdpf;Fk; kf;fspd; mikg;Ng" murpaw; fl;rpfshFk;.

md;& N`Tl; r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; murpay; FO kw;Wk; r%f

,af;fq;fspy; ,Ue;J murpay; fl;rpapid NtWgLj;jp mwpe;Jf;nfhs;sf;$ba
gpujhd gz;Gfs; ehd;fpid Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. murpay; fl;rpfs; murpay;
mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; murhq;f mjpfhuj;ij
eilKiwg;gLj;jNt Kaw;rpf;Fk;.

1. murpay; fl;rpfs; “mq;fj;Jt ml;ilfisf; nfhz;l” xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l

gpupthFk;.

2. murhq;f nfhs;iffSf;F Vw;Gila tplaq;fs; gytw;wpy; mtjhdk;

nrYj;Jk; nfhs;iffspd; njhFjp xd;W ,Uj;jy;. (rpyNtisfspy; jdpf;
nfhs;if xd;wpid kl;LNk Kd;itf;Fk; rpwpa fl;rpfSk; cz;L)
3. murpay; fl;rpfSf;F nfhs;if uPjpahf kw;Wk; fUj;jpay; milahsq;fs;
fhzg;gly; (tyJrhup> ,lJrhup> kj;jpa kag;gl;l> Njrpathj>
eyd;Gupthjk; Nghd;wd)

murpaw; fl;rpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; my;yJ murpaw; fl;rpfspd;

gzpfs; my;yJ fl;rp Kiwikapd; ed;ikfs;
jw;fhy muRfspy; murpay; fl;rpfspd; flikg; gq;F mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
mit muRfspy; gy;NtW gzpfisAk; NeubahfTk; kiwKfkhfTk;
Mw;Wfpd;wd. ,e;j tifapy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; murpaw; fl;rpKiw
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cilajhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ:
1. Njrpa xUikg;ghl;il tsHj;jy;.
2. kf;fspd; murpay; mwptpid tsHj;jy;.
3. cWjpahd murhq;fj;ij cUthf;Fjy;.
4. gykhd vjpHf; fl;rpapid cUthf;Fjy;.
5. nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj;jpid cUthf;FjYk; rpjwpAs;s kf;fs;
mgpg;gpuhaj;ij xd;W jpul;LjYk;
6. mikr;ruitia $l;Lg; nghWg;Gld; nraw;glitj;jy;.
7. murpaw; jiytu;fis cUthf;FjYk;> jiytHfSf;F gapw;rp
mspj;jYk;.
8. [dehafj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk; fhtyhspfshfr; nraw;gLjy;.

1. Njrpa xUikg;ghl;il tsHj;jy;

nghJthf ,d;iwa muRfs; gy;NtW ,d>kj>r%f> gpuNjr NtWghLfisf;
nfhz;litahfNt tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,k; Kuz;ghLfSf;fpilapy;
Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wikia tsHf;Fk; rhjdkhf murpay; fl;rpfs;

Jareesh Page 15
tpsq;Ffpd;wd. Njrpa uPjpahf nghJthd nfhs;ifiaf; nfhz;bUg;gjd;
%yNk ,jid mit rhj;jpakhf;Ffpd;wd.
ehl;by; ,d> kj> r%f> gpuNjr uPjpahd Kuz;ghLfSk;> xLf;F KiwfSk;
tsu tplhky; jLg;gjw;F ,j; Njrpa xUikg;ghL kpf kpf mtrpakhdjhFk;.
,y;yhtpby; ,d> kj> uPjpahd rpe;jidfs; tsHr;rp mile;J> mtw;wpid
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ,af;fq;fs; Njhd;Wtjw;Fk; mjd; top NghHfSk;
mikjpaPdKk; Vw;gLtjw;Fk; top Vw;gl;LtpLk;. gpupj;jhdpahtpy; fd;rHNtbt;
fl;rp> njhopw;fl;rp> mnkupf;fhtpy; FbauRf;fl;rp> [dehaff; fl;rp@
,e;jpahtpy; ,e;jpuh fhq;fpu];@ vd;gdtw;iw Njrpa xUikg;ghl;il
fhl;bAs;s fl;rpfSf;F cjhuzkhff; $wyhk;.

2. kf;fspd; murpay; mwpit tsHj;jy;

kf;fspd; murpay; mwptpid tsHg;gjpYk; murpaw; fl;rpfs; gpujhd gq;fpid
tfpf;fpd;wd. gj;jpupif> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp vd;gd murpay; mwpit
Cl;Lk; nraw;ghLfspy; gq;F gw;wpdhYk; mtw;wpdhy; Gfl;lg;gLk; mwpT
vy;yh kf;fisAk; nrd;wilAk; vd vjpHghHf;f KbahJ. mtw;Ws;
ngUk;ghyhdit murhq;f rhHGilajhfTk;> xU fl;rp rhHghdjhfTk;
cs;sjhy; cz;ikahd tplaq;fis kf;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbahj epiy
cUthfyhk;. ,e;epiyapy; murpaw; fl;rpfs; Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs;> gpur;rhuf;
$l;lq;fs;> ghuhSkd;w tpthjq;fs;> murpaw; Nghuhl;lq;fs;>
fl;rpg;gj;jpupiffs; vd;gdtw;wpD}lhf Kiwrhuh murpay; fw;iffs;
vd;wtifapy;> kf;fspd; murpay; mwpT tsHr;rpf;F cjTfpd;wd.
cjhuzkhf khf;rp]k;> [dehafk;> jhuhz;ikthjk;> Njrpathjk; Nghd;w
murpay; nfhs;iffs; $l murpay; fl;rpfspDlhfNt mjpfstpy; kf;fis
nrd;wilfpd;wd. EZf;fkhf mtjhdpg;gpd; gy ,lq;fspy; ,t; murpay;
rpj;jhe;jq;fs; njhlHghf fy;tpapDlhf njupe;J nfhz;ltHfis tpl
murpay; fl;rpfspD}lhf njupe;J nfhz;ltHfs; mjpy; rpwe;j Gyikj;Jtk;
tha;e;jtHfshf cs;shHfs;.

3. cWjpahd murhq;f Kiwik

murpaw; fl;rp Kiwapd; mLj;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mJ cWjpahd murhq;f
Kiwia cUthf;FtjhFk;. ,d;W ngUk;ghyhd ehLfs; ke;jpuprig
murhq;f Kiwia nfhz;l ehLfshfNt tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,k;Kiwapd;gb
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; $Ljyhd Mjutpidg; ngw;w fl;rpNa murhq;fj;ij
mikf;fpd;wJ. ,t; murhq;ff; fl;rpf;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; MjuT cs;stiu
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpw;F mf; fl;rp mjpfhuj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,jdhy;
murpaw; fl;rp Kiw Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; tiu XH cWjpahd murhq;fk;
mKypy; ,Ug;gjw;F cjTfpd;w xd;whf cs;sJ. cWjpahd murhq;fk;
ehl;bd; r%f nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F kpfTk; mtrpakhd xd;whFk;.

4. gykhd vjpHf;fl;rp cUthFjy;

murpaw; fl;rp jdpNa cWjpahd murhq;fj;ij kl;Lk; nfhLf;ftpy;iy.
khwhf gykhd vjpHf;fl;rp cUthFtjw;Fk; tha;g;gpidf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ.
ke;jpup rig murhq;f Kiwapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; tiu cWjpahd
murhq;fkhf nraw;glf; $ba epiy ,Ug;gjdhy; mt; murhq;fk;
vNjr;rhjpfhukhd Kiwapy; nraw;gl Kaw;rpf;fyhk;. mt;Ntis mjd;
vNjr;rhjpfhuj;jpid jLf;ff;$ba tifapy; vjpHf;fl;rpfs; nraw;gLfpd;wd.
ghuhSkd;w eltbf;iffspD}lhfTk; mjw;F ntspNaahd

Jareesh Page 16
gpur;rhuq;fspD}lhfTk;> murhq;fj;jpd; vNjr;rhjpfhu Kaw;rpfis mit
jLf;fpd;wd.
NkYk; ke;jpuprig murhq;f Kiwapy; gjtpapd; ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; murhq;fk;
gjtp tpyFkhapd; vjpHf;fl;rpfis murhq;fj;ij mikf;Fk;gb
Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sTk; Kbfpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpy; tp.gp.rpq; jiyikapyhd Njrpa
Kd;dzp murhq;fk; gjtp tpyfpa NghJ ,e;jpuh fhq;fpurpd; MjuTld;
re;jpuNrfH murhq;fj;jpid mikj;jhH. ,jid ,jw;F cjhuzkhff;
nfhs;s KbAk;.

5. nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj;jpid cUthf;FjYk; rpjwpAs;s

kf;fs; mgpg;gpuhaj;ij xd;W jpul;LjYk;
murpay; fl;rp nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj;ij gpujpgypf;ff; $bajhfTk; cs;sJ.
fl;rpfs; kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfis ikakhf itj;N j nfhs;iffis
cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ,f;nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapNyNa ,it
eltbf;iffisAk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpYk;>
ntspapYk; fl;rpfspd; eltbf;iffs; nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj;jpd;
gpujpgypg;GfshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; NjHjy; Kiwfs; $l fl;rpfs;
njhlHghf nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj;jpd; gpujpgypg;GfshfNt cs;sd.
Fwpg;gpl;l tplak; njhlHghf fl;rpfs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; tpthjj;jpy;
<LgLfpd;w NghJk;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F ntspNa gpur;rhu tplaq;fspy;
<LgLfpd;w NghJk;> mt;tplak; njhlHghf nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaq;fSk;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. nghJkf;fs; jq;fs; mgpg;gpuhaq;fis njhlHG
rhjdq;fspD}lhf ntspg;gLj;j Kw;gLfpd;wdH. ,e;j tifapy; xUtplak;
njhlHghd mgpg;gpuhaj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; murpay; fl;rpfs;
nghJkf;fSf;F cjTfpd;wd. nghJkf;fs; murpay; fl;rpfSf;F cjtp
Gupfpd;wdH. cjhuzkhf ,yq;ifapy; ,dg; gpur;rpidf;fhd murpay; jPHT
Nahridfis cUthf;Ftjpy; ,t; ,U mzpfSk; ngUk; gq;F
nrYj;jpapUf;fpd;wd.
,J khj;jpukd;wp ehl;bd; ntt;NtW gpuNjrq;fspy; ntt;NtWgl;l fl;rpfSf;F
thf;fspf;fg;gLfpd;wNghJ mt;thf;Ffis xd;wpizj;J $l;lhf fl;rpfs;
,ize;J Ml;rpaikg;gjd; Clhf kf;fsJ nghJ mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; xd;W
gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

6. mikr;ruitia $l;Lg; nghWg;Gld; nraw;glitj;jy;

,d;W ngUk;ghyhd ehLfs; ke;jpuprig murhq;f KiwAs;s ehLfshf
,Ug;gjhy; ,k;Kiwapd; rpwg;ghd ,af;fj;jpw;F ke;jpup. rigapd; $l;Lg;
nghWg;G kpf kpf mtrpakhdjhFk;. ,f;$l;Lg; nghWg;gpid murpaw;
fl;rpfNs rpwg;ghf toq;Ffpd;wd. murhq;fj;ij mikg;gtHfs; xNu
fl;rpiar; NrHe;jtHfshf ngUk;ghYk; ,Ug;gjhy;> ke;jpuprigapYk; xNu
fl;rpiar; NrHe;jtHfNs cWg;gpdHfshf ,Ug;gH. ,e;epiy mikr;ruitia
$l;Lg;nghWg;Gld; nraw;glitg;gjw;F cjTfpd;wJ. mNjNtis fl;rpapd;
jiytNu ke;jpup rigapd; jiytuhfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wikahdJ $l;Lg;
nghWg;gpid kpfTk; ,yFthf;fpd;wJ.
murhq;fk; gy fl;rpfspd; $l;L murhq;fkhf ,Ug;gpd; ,ize;J nfhz;l
fl;rpfSf;fpilNa Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gLk;NghJ $l;Lr; nraw;ghl;bYk; jilfs;
Vw;glyhk;. ,q;F $l;Lg;nghWg;G vd;gJ $l;lhf KbntLj;jYk;
tpisTfSf;F $l;lhf nghWg;ngLj;jYk; MFk;. ,yq;ifapy; nlhd%H
Jareesh Page 17
murpay; jpl;l fhyj;jpy; fl;rpKiw mKypy; ,y;yhjjpdhy; ke;jpuprig
$l;Lg; nghWg;Gld; nraw;gl Kbatpy;iy. ,J $l;Lg; nghWg;gpw;F murpay;
fl;rp Kiw mtrpak; vd;gijNa vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

7. murpaw; jiytu;fis cUthf;FjYk;> jiytHfSf;F

gapw;rp mspj;jYk;.
murpaw; fl;rpahdJ jdJ cWg;gpdu;;fis Nju;jypy; Fjpf;fr; nra;tjd;
%yk; mtu;fis kf;fs; gpujpepjpahf;FtJld; mtu;fSf;F murpay; kw;Wk;
jiyikj;Jtg; gapw;rpfis toq;Ftjd; Clhf mtu;f is vjpu;fhy
joytu;fshf;Ftjpy; murpaw; fl;rpfspd; gq;F msg;ngupaJ vdyhk;. xU
rhjhuz gpui[ xUtiu cs;Suhl;rp kd;w> kfhzrig> ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdu;fshf khw;Wtjw;F murpaw; fl;rpfs; top nra;tJld;> mtiu
mikr;ruhfTk; gpujkuhfTk;> [dhjpgjpahfTk; khw;wp ehl;bid mgptpUj;jpg;
ghijapy; nfhz;L nry;tJ Fwpj;J murpaw; fl;rpfspd; Nrit msg;ngupaJ
vdyhk;. mj;Jld; fl;rpfSf;F jiyik tfpf;Fk; msTf;F mtu;fSf;F
jiyikj;Jt MSikiaSk; toq;FtJ murpaw;fl;rpfNs vd;why;
kpifahfhJ. vkJ ehl;bd; [dhjpgjpfs; kw;Wk; murpaw; jiytu;fs;
,t;thW cUthdtu;fNs.

8. [dehafj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk; fhtyhspfshfr; nraw;gLjy;.

murpaw; fl;rpfs; [dehafj;ij ghJfhf;Fk; fhty; ehahfj;
njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ> rl;lthf;fr; nrw;ghL> epu;thfr; nrad;Kiwfs;>
nghJf;nfhs;if cUthf;fk; vd;gdtw;wpd; NghJ murpaw; fl;rpfs; kf;fsJ
cupikfs;> Rje;jpuk; vd;gdtw;wpy; fz;Zk; fUj;Jkhfr; nraw;gLfpd;wd.
mj;Jld; vjpu;fl;rpahfr; nraw;gLifapy; ,J njhlu;ghf murhq;fj;Jld; Ngrp
mt;Tupikiag; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; ifq;fupaj;ij murpaw;fl;rpfNs
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.

fl;rp Kiwikapd; FiwghLfs;

1. murpaw; fl;rpfs; murhq;fj;jpd; vNjr;rjpfhug; Nghf;fpw;F
Jizahf tpsq;Ffpd;wik.
fl;rp Kiw ghuhSkd;wj;ijAk; mikr;ruitiaAk; njhlHGgLj;Jfpd;w
xd;whf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. fl;rp cwT fhuzkhf ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
ngUk;ghd;ik cWg;gpdHfspd; MjuT ngw;Ws;s mikr;ruit
ghuhSkd;wj;ij jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; itj;jpUf;f KbfpwJ. ,jdhy;
mikr;ruit jdf;F rhjfkhd Kiwapy; rl;lq;fis ePf;FtJk;
murpayikg;ig jpUj;JtJk; ,yFthfp tpLfpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpy;
,e;jpuhfhe;jp murhq;fk; 1970fspy; ,jidg; gad;gLj;jp gy
vNjr;rhjpfhukhd rl;lq;fis ,aw;wpapUe;jJ. ,yq;ifapYk;
rpWghd;ikapdUf;F vjpuhd gy rl;lq;fs; ,t;thW ,aw;wg;gl;ld.
gpu[hTupikr; rl;lk;(1948)> jdpr; rpq;fsr; rl;lk;(1956)> rpwpkh-rh];jpup
xg;ge;j mKyhf;fr; rl;lk; (1967) vd;gdtw;iw ,jw;F cjhuzq;fshf
Fwpg;gplyhk;.

2. kf;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; fl;rpfspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtkhf

khwpaik: ,d;W fl;rp Kiw tsHr;rpapdhy;> kf;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
vd;gJ fl;rpfspd; gpujpepjpj; Jtkhf khwpAs;sJ. xt;nthU fl;rpAk;
jdf;nfd xU Nfhl;ghl;ilAk;> rl;ljpl;lq;fisAk; nfhz;ljhf
,Ug;gjdhy;> gpujpepjpfs; kf;fSila mgpg;gpuhaq;fis murhq;f
epWtdq;fspy; gpujpgypg; gjw;F gjpyhf fl;rpfspd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fisNa
Jareesh Page 18
 gpujpgypf;f Kw;gLfpd;wdH. Fwpg;ghf ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if>
nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if Nghd;wtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;j Kw;gLtjd;
fhuzkhf ,e;epiy Vw;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf 1970fspy; =yq;fh
Rje;jpuf; fl;rp kw;Wk; ,lJ rhupf; fl;rpfs; ,ize; J Nrhryprf;
nfhs;ifia mwpKfg;Lj;jpaik.

3. murpay; fl;rpfs; jkJ RatpUg;G ntWg;GfSf;fhf Njrpa

eyd;fisf; fPo;g;gLj;Jjy;: murhq;fk; xd;wpy; mq;fk; tfpf;Fk;
murpay; fl;rpahdJ jkJk; jk;Kld; $l;Lr; Nru;ejpUf;Fk; murpay;
fl;rpfspdJk; eyd;fisAk; Njitg;ghLfisAk; Kd;dpWj;jpr; nraw;gl
Kw;gLtjd; fhuzkhf muRfspd; Njrpa eyd; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;: 1970> 1977fspy; Ml;rpf;F te;j murhq;fq;fs; ehl;L eyidf;
fUj;jpw; nfhs;shJ jkJ fl;rpf;F Vw;g murpay; jpl;lq;fis
cUthf;Ftjpy; Kidg;ghf epd;w mNj Ntis xU gb NkNy nrd;W
1977 njhlf;fk; 1994 tiuf;Fk; Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;j murhq;fkhdJ jdJ
fl;rpia njhlu;e;Jk; itj;jpUf;Fk; tifapy; murpay; ahg;Gj;
jpUj;jq;fspNyNa fz;Zk; fUj;Jkhf ,Ue;jd. ,f;fhyg;gFjpay;
,yq;ifapy; cUthd gaq;futhjj;ij ,y;yhnjhopf;f Kidg;Gfs;
vjidAk; fhl;ltpy;iy.

4. kdpjHfspd; jdpahl; jd;ikia mopTwr; nra;jy;: murpay;

fl;rpahdJ cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;l mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wk;
FOthFk;. vdNt jdJ cWg;gpdu;fSf;F gy;Ntwhd murpay;
gapw;rpfisf; nfhLj;J jkJ nfhs;iff;F Vw;g tsu;j;njLj;J Njrpa
murpay; ePNuhl;lj;jpy; tpLfpd;wJ. ,jd; NghJ jdpg;gl;l egu; xUtu;
jkJ MSik> mwpT> me;j];j;J vd;gdtw;iw jpahfk; nra;Nj fl;rpf;
nfhs;iff;Fk; fl;rpj; jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; mbgzpfpd;whu;. ,jd;NghJ
mtuJ me;j];j;J kw;Wk; MSik kOq;fbf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf
Nguhrpupau; [P.vy;. gPup];.

5. rpyNtis kf;fSf;F Kiwaw;w murpay; fy;tpia

toq;Fjy;: jkJ rQ;rpiffs;> khehLfs;> Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs; thapyhf
murpay; fl;rpfs; kf;fSf;F mwpT+l;Lfpd;wd. ,jd;NghJ kf;fisf;
fpsu;r;rpA+l;b mjpy; murpay; ,yhgk; NjLk; Nehf;fpy; ,dthjk;>
gpuNjrthjk; Nghd;wtw;iw tsu;f;Fk; tpjkhf murpaw; fl;rpfs;
kf;fSf;F mwpt+l;b tUtjhdJ ehl;bd; Njrpathjj;jpw;F ghupa
rthyhf mike;Js;sJ. cjhuzkhf 2019 Vguy; 21y; ,lk;ngw;w
capu;j;j QhapW gLnfhiyr; rk;gtq;fisg; NgRnghUshff; nfhz;Nl
murpay; fl;rpfs; 2019 [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jiy elhj;jp Kbj;jd.

6. Coy; nraw;ghLfSf;F toptFj;jy;: murpay; fl;rpfs; jkJ

cWg;gpdu;fis ey;y Kiwapy; gapw;Wtpj;jhYk; mt;TWg;gpdu;fspd;
jdpg;gl;l mgpyhirfs; kw;Wk; fl;rpf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; caupa; me;j];j;J
Nghd;wtw;wpd; fhuzkhf gy;Ntwhd Coy; Nkhrb kw;Wk; mlhtbfspy;
<LgLfpd;wdu;. ,r;nraw;ghLfSf;F fl;rpr; rhaKk; g+rg;gLtjhy; fl;rpfs;
mt;thW eilngwhjJ Nghd;W ghtid nra;J Coy; Nkhrb kw;Wk;
mlhtbfspy; <Lgl;Nlhiuf; fhg;ghw;w Kidfpd;wJ. fle;j ey;yhl;rp
murhq;fq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;w kj;jpa tq;fp epjp Nkhrb Nghd;wtw;iw
cjhuzkhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

Jareesh Page 19
7. ,dq;fSf;fpilapy; xw;Wikapd;ikia Vw;gLj;j jhf;fk;
nrYj;jy;: murpay; fl;rpfs; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nra;wgLk; NghJ jkJ
thf;F tq;fpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L fl;rpfs; jhk; rhu;e;j
,dq;fSf;F rhu;ghfg; Ngr Kw;gl;L ,dthjj;jpid Cl;b tpLfpd;wd.
cjhuzkhf 1956k; Mz;L Nju;jypy; =yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp
jdpr;rpq;fsr; rl;lk; njhlu;ghf Ngrp jdJ thf;F tq;fpia tpupT gLj;j
,d Kuz;ghl;lilj; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. mj;Jld; 1988fspd; gpd;du;
,yq;ifapy; rpq;fs> jkpo; kw;Wk; K];ypk; ,dthjf; fl;rpfs; Njhd;wp
jj;jkf;F thrpahd tifapy; Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;J ,d
KWfiyj; Njhw;Wtpj;jd. ,f;Nfhupf;ifapy; jkpoPof; Nfhupf;if>
njd;fpof;F Nfhupf;if vd;gd rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;.
murpay; fl;rpfspd; tifg;ghLfs;
fl;rpfis mitfspd; Nehf;fk;> nfhs;if kw;Wk; jq;fspd;
yl;rpaq;fisailaf; filgpbf;Fk; topKiwfisf; fzf;fpy; nfhz;L
ehd;F tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
1 goikthjpfs;
2. kpjthjpfs;
3. gpw;Nghf;Fthjpfs;
4. jPtputhjpfs;
Nghd;witahFk;. ,it jtpu> ,lJrhupfs; kw;Wk; tyJrhupfs; cs;sdH.
mbg;gil khw;wq;fisAk; rPHjpUj;j rl;lq;fisAk; mwpKfg;gLj;j tpUk;Gk;
fl;rpfs; ,lJrhupfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
nkJthf> epjhdkhf> nkd;ikahf khw;wq;fis tuNtw;gtHfs; tyJrhupfs;
vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdH. rpy rkaq;fspy; xNu fl;rpf;Fs; ,lJrhupfs;
kw;Wk; tyJrhupfs; cs;sdH. cjhuzj;jpw;F> ,e;jpa fk;a+dp];l; fl;rpapy;
,e;jpa fk;a+dp];l; fl;rp (,lJrhup) kw;Wk; fk;a+dp];l; fl;rp (tyJrhup) vd
,U gpupT cs;sdH.
murpay; fl;rpfs; murpay; Kiwikapy; nraw;gLk; fl;rpfspd;
vz;zpf;iffis mbg;gilahf nfhz;L murpay; fl;rpfis gpd;tUkhW
gpupf;fyhk;.

 xU fl;rp Kiw
 ,U fl;rp Kiw
 gy fl;rp Kiw
 Mjpf;fKs;s jdpf;fl;rp Kiw
 Mjpf;fKs;s ,U fl;rp Kiw

,J khj;jpukd;wp gpd;tUk; tifg;ghLfSk; murpaw; fl;rpfs; njhlu;gpy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 cau;Fohik (fhlu;) mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fl;rpfs; (Cadre Parties)
 nghJkf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fl;rpfs; (Mass Parties)
 nghJ kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; fl;rpfs;
(Representative)
 nghJkf;fs; fUj;Jf;fis xOq;fikf;Fk; (Intergrative Parties)
 murpayikg;Grhu; fl;rpfs; (Constitutional)
 Gul;rpfuf; fl;rp (Revolutionary)

Jareesh Page 20
 tyJrhup fl;rpfs;
 ,lJrhup fl;rpfs;

cau;Fohik (fhlu;) mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fl;rpfs;

(Cadre Parties)
nkhup]; ^tau; murpaw; fl;rpfis mjd; mq;fj;jtu;fisf; itj;J
,Utifg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.
01. fhu;lu; fl;rp.
02. nghJkf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fl;rpfs;.
,J r%fj;jpy; cau;thf kjpf;fg;gLk; cau; Fohkpdu;fisf; nfhz;l
fl;rpahf tu;zpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fhlu; fl;rpfs; vd miof;fg;gLk; ,itfs;
rpwpa fl;rpfshff; fhzg;gLk; mNj Ntis ,jd; jiytu;fs; nghUshjhu
gyk;kpf;ftu;fshfTk;> Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;L mjpy; ntw;wpaPl;Lk; jpwik
ngw;wtu;fshfTk; fhzg;gLtu;. fhlu; fl;rpahdJ> xU rpwpa fl;rp
mikg;igf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,jd; thapyhf mjd; mbg;gil myF fl;rpf;
$l;lkhfNt ,Uf;Fk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLk; nkhup]; ^tau; kf;fs; fl;rpapd;
mbg;gil myF fl;rpapd; fpisfshf ,Uf;Fk; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
nghJthff; fhlu; fl;rpfshdJ> fy;tp fw;w kw;Wk; nry;t tsKila
kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpdiu mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nraw;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;
fhuzkhf fhlu; fl;rpahdJ midj;Jg; nghJ kf;fisAk; cs;thq;Fjy;
njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jtjpy;iy.
,J khj;jpukd;wp fhlu; fl;rpfshdJ> goikthj kw;Wk; eLepiythj
nrad;Kiwfis ikakhf itj;J njhopw;gLtjhf $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
,f;fUj;jpay;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl fhu;lu; fl;rpapd; nraw;ghLfs;
mike;Js;sd.
kf;fs; fl;rpfis tpl ,jd; gpur;rhuKk; ,jd; vjpnuhypAk; kpff;
FiwthdjhFk;. MapDk; ghrprthjk; rhu; fl;rpfSk;> kf;fs; fl;rpfSk;
mjpfkhd r%fj;jpy; mjpf vjpnuhypia toq;Ffpd;wd. ,jd; fhuzkhf
,f;fl;rpfs; fhlu; fl;rpfis tpl mjpf [duQ;rfkpf;fjhfj; njhopw;gLfpd;wd.
,jd; gpufhuk; fhlu; fl;rp vd;gJ [duQ;rfj; jd;ik Fiwe;jJ vd
thjplg;gLfpd;wJ.

fhu;lu; fl;rpfshdJ nry;te;ju;fSf;Fr; rhu;ghf (Oligarchic) njhopw;gLk;

jd;ik cilajhFk;. ,J khj;jpukd;wp ,f;fl;rpapd; cWg;gpdu;fsJ
vz;zpf;ifahdJ kpff; FWfpa mstpy; ,Ug;gJld;> ke;jfukhd
nraw;ghl;bidf; nfhz;l cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;ljfTk; ,f;fl;rp
fhzg;gLk;. khwhf kf;fs; kw;Wk; ghrprf; fl;rpfs; ghupa mstpdJk;>
cw;rhfk; kpf;fJkhd nraw;ghLfisf; nfhz;l mq;fj;jtu;fisj;
jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;bUf;Fk; vd;gJld;> ,jd; fhuzkhf kf;fs; kw;Wk; ghrprf;
fl;rpfs; ghupa msT nraw;jpwd;kpf;fitfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
NkYk; fhu;lu; fl;rpahdJ ntWkNd murpay; Nehf;fk; nfhz;litahfj;
njhopw;gLtJld;> Vida fl;rpfisg; Nghd;wy;yhJ murpaw; fhyj;jpy;
khj;jpuk; ,aq;Fk; ,ae;jpukhfTk; njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;fhlu; fl;rpfspd;

Jareesh Page 21
Nehf;fk; fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; tUfpd;w Nju;jy;fspd; NghJ> ntw;wp ngw;W
murhq;f nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Fgw;WtNj md;wp kf;fs; eyd;fisf; fUj;jpy;
vLg;gjpy;iy. ,jd; fhuzkhf fhu;lu; fl;rpfs; Raeythjj; jd;ikAila
fl;rpfs; vd tpku;rdk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

jdpfl;rp my;yJ xU fl;rp Kiw

xU ehl;by; xU jdpf;fl;rp kl;Lk; nraw;gbd; mJ jdpf;fl;rp Kiw vd;W
miof;fg;gLk;. vjpH murpay; fUj;Jf;fis rfpj;Jf; nfhs;shjJk;
mtw;Wf;F ,lkspf;fhjJkhd murpay; Kiwikapy; jdpf;fl;rp Kiwiaf;
fhzyhk;. cjhuzk;: rPdh> u\;ah

xU fl;rp Kiwapd; epiwfs;:-

1. jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; fhy jhkjk; jtpHf;fg;gLk;
2. cWjpahd murhq;fk; miktjw;F top Vw;gLk;.
3. rpj;jhe;j uPjpahf>nfhs;if uPjpahf kf;fs; gpsTgLk; jd;ik
jtpHf;fg;gLk;.
4. NjHjy; td;Kiwfs; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLk;.
5. Ml;rpapy; tPz;tpuak; jtpHf;fg;gLjYk; > nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp
Vw;gLjYk;
6. r%fr; rPHNfLfs;> fy;tpr; rPHNfLfs; Nghd;wd jtpHf;fg;gLk;.
xU fl;rp Kiwapd; FiwghLfs;
1. nfhs;iffs; jPHkhdq;fs; vd;gd rupahdjhf mikAk; vd;gjpy;
epr;rakpy;iy.
2. kf;fspd; mbg;gil cupikfs; kWf;fg;gLjy;.
3. rHtjpfhug; Nghf;F fhzg;gLk;.
4. nghJf; nfhs;iffs; Gwe;js;sg;gLk; epiy Vw;glyhk;.
5. murpaypy; caH Fohkpdupd; nry;thf;F mjPjkhff; fhzg;gLk;
6. fPo; kl;l kf;fspd; Njitfs; mwpag;glhjhfTk; jPHf;fg;glhjjhfTk;
,Uf;Fk;.
,Ufl;rp Kiw
XH murpay; KiwikAs; fhzg;gLk; murpay; fl;rpfSs; mjd; nraw;ghl;bd;
kPJ epHzakhd jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jf; $ba ,U fl;rpfs; kl;Lk; ,Ug;gpd;
mJ ,U fl;rpKiw vdg;gLk;. cjhuzk;: gpupj;jhdpah> mnkupf;fh>
epa+rpyhe;J> fdlh> njd;dhgpupf;fh.
,Ufl;rp Kiwapd; epiwfs;:-
1. ,Ufl;rpKiwapy; jdpf;fl;rp kl;Lk; murhq;fj;ij mikg;gjhy;
epiyahdJk; gykhdJkhd murhq;fk; cUthFk;.
2. ,Ufl;rpKiwapy; vjpHfl;rpapy; xU jdpf;fl;rp kl;Lk; Mjpf;fk;
nrYj;Jtjhy; gykhd vjpHfl;rp cUthFk;.
3. kf;fs; Kd;dhy; ,uz;L mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; kl;Lk; ,Ug;gjhy; jhk; tpUk;Gk;
fl;rpf;F thf;fspj;J Neubahf murhq;fj;ij jhgpf;Fk; tha;g;ig
ngWfpd;wdH.
,Ufl;rp Kiwapd; Fiwfs;:-
1. rpwpa fl;rpfSf;F tha;g;gpd;ik
2. rpWghd;ikapdupd; mgpyhi\fs; g+Hj;jpr; nra;ag;glhik
3. murhq;f fl;rpapd; mjpfhuk; Nkhrkhd tifapy; tsHr;rpAwy;.

Jareesh Page 22
4. rl;lrigapd; epiy tPo;r;rpAwy;.
gyfl;rp Kiw
XH murpay; Kiwikapy; ,U fl;rpfis tpl $Ljyhd fl;rpfs; ghjpg;G
nrYj;Jk; epiy gyfl;rp Kiw vdg;gLk;.
gyfl;rp Kiwapd; epiwfs;:-
1. thf;fhsHfs; ,U fUj;jpay; FOf;fshfg; gpupahjpUj;jy;.
2. rl;lj;Jiw xU jdpf;fl;rpapd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cl;glhjpUj;jy;.
3. rfy mgpg;gpuhaq;fSk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLjy;.
4. thf;fhsupd; njupT gutyiljy;.
5. gpuNjr uPjpahd mgptpUj;jp Vw;gLk;
gy fl;rp Kiwapd; Fiwfs;:-
1. Ml;rpia ifg;gw;Wk; Nehf;fNkad;wp Njrpa Nehf;fk; fl;rpfsplk;
fhzg;glhJ.
2. ,d kj nkhop rhjp kw;Wk; gpuNjr uPjpapyhd gpuptpidf;F tha;g;ghf
mikAk;.
3. murhq;f jiytupd; epiy gytPdKWjy;.
4. gytPdkhd murhq;fk; cUthFjy;.

murpay;fl;rpfspd; ed;ikfs; :-
1. [dehafj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjpYk; nfhz;L elj;jYk; murpay;
fl;rpfshFk;.
2. kf;fs; murpaypy; gq;Nfw;gjw;F tha;g;ig toq;Fjy;.
3. kdpjd; gpwg;gpNyNa murpay; gpuhzpahapDk; etPd murpay;
Kiwikapy; kf;fis cz;ikahd nraw;ghl;L murpay; gpuhzpahf
khw;WtJ murpay; fl;rpfshFk;.
4. gjtpapy; cs;s murhq;fk; jd;dpr;irahf khWtijj; jLf;fpwJ.
murpay; fl;rpfspd; jPikfs;:-
1. murpay; fl;rpfs; jkJ RatpUg;G ntWg;GfSf;fhf Njrpa
eyd;fisf; fPo;g;gLj;Jjy;.
2. kdpjHfspd; jdpahl; jd;ikia mopTwr; nra;jy;.
3. rpyNtis kf;fSf;F Kiwaw;w murpay; fy;tpia toq;Fjy;.
4. Coy; nraw;ghLfSf;F toptFj;jy;
5. gy fl;rp Kiwapd; %yk; ehl;bd; murpay; <Lghl;il mopTf;F
cl;gLj;jy;.
6. ,dq;fSf;fpilapy; xw;Wikapd;ikia Vw;gLj;j jhf;fk; nrYj;jy;

fl;rpfspd; nraw;ghLfSk; cgha KiwfSk;

1. murpay; fl;rpf;fspd; fUj;jpay;fs;
2. Nju;jy; tpAfk; kw;Wk; cghaq;fs;
3. cWg;gpdu;fis Ml;Nru;j;jYk; epjp jpul;Lk; tpjpKiwfSk;
4. murpay; fl;rpfspd; r%f mbg;gil
5. fl;rpfspd; xOq;fikg;G Kiwfs;

Jareesh Page 23
6. Nrit toq;Fdu; - Nrit ngWdu;fSf;fpilapy; njhlu;Gfis
Vw;gLj;Jj;Jk; r%f tiyaikg;G

mKf;ff; FOf;fs; (Pressure Groups)

mKf;ff; FOf;fs; [dehafj;Jld; njhlHGila r%f epWtdq;fshFk;.
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;dH ,e;epWtdq;fspd; tsHr;rpia mtjhdpf;f
Kbe;jJ. kdpj elj;ijfs; murpay; eilKiwapy; nry;thf;F nrYj;JtJ
njhlHghd fUj;J ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; Kd;dzpf;F te;jijj; njhlHe;J>
FOf;fs; gw;wpa Ma;T murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; Kf;fpa ,lj;jpid ngwj;
njhlq;fpaJ.

FOf;fs; gw;wpa Ma;T 1918Mk; Mz;L MjH ngd;l;yp (Arthur Bentley)

vd;gtuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. MjH ngd;j;yp murhq;fj;jpd; nrad;Kiw
(The Process of Government) vd;w E}ypy; murhq;f nrad;Kiwfis Kjd;
Kjypy; FOf;fspd; eltbf;iffSld; ,izj;J Ma;T nra;jpUe;j hH.
murpaypy; gy FOf;fs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. ,f;FOf;fis
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;shJ murpay; nray;Kiwfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ
fbdkhdjhFk; vd ,tH $Wfpd;whH.
mKf;f FOf;fshdJ nghJthd nfhs;iffs;> jd;ikfspd; mbg;gilapy;
xd;W NrHfpd;w FOf;fshFk;. mjhtJ vy;yh cWg;gpdHfSk; jkJ
nghJthd Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf nraw;gLtjidf; fhzyhk;. cjhuzkhf>
tptrhapfs;> tHj;jfHfs; Nghd;Nwhiuf; nfhz;l njhopw;FOf;fisf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,q;F nghJthd Nehf;fj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
eyd;Ngz;FOf;fs; nraw;gLfpd;wd. ,jd;NghJ tptrhapfs;> tHj;jfHfs;
Nghd;Nwhupd; gy;NtW eyd;fs; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

mKf;f FOf;fs; vd;w nrhw;gjkhdJ kpfg; gue;jnjhd;whFk;. mKf;f

FOf;fs; (Pressure Groups) kw;Wk; eyd; Ngz;FOf;fs; (Interest Groups)
Mfpa ,U gjq;fSk; xd;wpw;fhf kw;nwhd;W xNunghUspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,t;tpuz;L gjq;fSk; xd;wpypUe;J
kw;nwhd;W NtWgl;litahFk;.
,it INuhg;gh kw;Wk; mnkupf;f murwptpaypd; Kf;fpakhd Ma;TfSf;F
cl;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay; r%ff; FOthFk;. mnkupf;fhtpy; ngUk;ghYk;
Mirf;FOf;fs; (Interest Groups) kw;Wk; epahag; gpur;rhuf; FOf;fs;
(Lobbying Groups) vd;w ,U nrhw;gpuNahfq;fis gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ,J mOj;jf; FOf;fs; vd;Nw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j
%d;W nrhw;fspdJk; mu;j;jq;fis gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.
mOj;jf;FOf;fs;: mOj;jf;FOf;fs; vd;gJ FOthf xd;wpize;J
rl;lk;> muR> nfhs;if> murj; jPu;khdq;fs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F mOj;jk;
nfhLf;Fk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l gpuirfs; FOthFk;. ,tu;fs; jhk; rhu;e;j
r%fk; my;yJ Njrpa Nehf;fpid ikakhf itj;J murhq;fj;jpw;F
mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjpy; Kd;dzp tfpg;gu;. cjhuzkhf. ,yq;ifapy;
nraw;gl;L tUfpd;w nghJghy Nrd mikg;ghdJ K];ypk;ffspd; `yhy;
nrad;Kiw njhlu;ghf Nfs;tp vOg;gp mJ njhlu;ghf mOj;jk; x;diw
muRf;Ff; nfhLj;J nghJf; nfhs;if xd;iw cUthf;fg; ghLgl;L mjpy;
ntw;wpAk; fz;lJ. mt;thNw jpUkzr; rl;lk; njhlu;ghd nghJf; nfhs;if

Jareesh Page 24
xd;iw cUthf;fTk; mJ njhlu;ghf mOj;jk; x;diw muRf;Ff; nfhLj;J
ghLgl;L tUfpd;wJ.

Mirf;FOf;fs;: Mirf;FOf;fs; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l mgpyhir / Nehf;fk; /

ngWNgw;wpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jkJ mq;fj;jtu;fspd; Njit kw;Wk;
mgpyhirfis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf nraw;gLk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l
gpuirfs; FOthFk;. ,f;FOf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; njhow;rq;f mikg;igf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,tu;fs; jq;fsJ mgpyhirfis mile;J nfhs;s
murhq;fj;Jld; Ngr;Rthu;jij elhj;Jjy;> cld;gbf;iffis nra;jy;
Nghd;wtw;Wld; jkJ Nfhupf;iffs; epiwNtw;wg;glhjtplj;J Ntiy
epWj;jq;fisAk; nra;aj; jaq;fkhl;lu;. cjhuzk;: itj;jpau; rq;fk;>
gyfiyf;fof fy;tprhuh Copau;fs; rq;fk;.
epahag; gpur;rhuf;FO: epahag; gpur;rhuf;FO vd;gJ rl;lk;> mur nfhs;if
kw;Wk; mur jPu;khdq;fSf;F mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjw;F kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;>
murpay;thjpfs;> cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis re;jpj;J> mtu;fspd; jPu;khdq;fspy;
jkf;F Njitahd mOj;jq;fisf; nfhLf;Fk;. rpy Ntisfspy; NtW
r%ff; FOf;fSf;fhfTk; murhq;fj;jpw;fhfTk; gzj;jpw;fhfTk; ,f;fhupaj;ij
nra;Ak; xOq;fike;j FOthFk;. epahag;gpur;rhu FO gpuirfs; FOthfNth
my;yJ NtW FOthfNth ,Uf;fKbAk;. cjhuzk;: ,yq;ifapy; khyhNg
jdpahu; kUj;Jtg; gy;fiyf;fofk; njhlu;ghf ,yq;if itj;jpau; rq;fk;
muRf;F nfhLj;j mOj;jk; mit Nkw;nfhz;l nraw;ghLfs; ,jw;F rpwe;j
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. mt;thNw mnkupf;f gpuirfs; FO my;yJ ntspehl;L
murhq;fj;jpw;fhf epahag;gpur;rhuk; nra;fpd;w> mjd;%yk; tUkhdk; <l;Lk;
tu;j;jff; fk;gdpfSk; ,jw;F rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
rl;lthf;fk;> mur nfhs;if cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd;
jPu;khdq;fSf;F mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk; murpay; fl;rpfSf;Fk; mg;ghy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk; FOf;fshf mOj;jk;> mgpyhirfs; kw;Wk; epahag;
gpur;rhuf; FOf;fs; murwptpaypy; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ.
,it xOq;fike;j epWtdq;fshf miktNjhL Nkw;fj;Nja ehLfspYk;
,yq;ifapYk; rq;fq;fshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Wf;F mq;fj;jtu;fSk;
cj;jpNahfj;ju; rigAk; fhzg;gLk;. ahg;G> fhupahyak; kw;Wk; Cjpak;
ngWk;; gzpahsu; njhFjpAk; fhzg;gLk;.
tu;j;jfu;fs;> ifj;njhopyhsu;fs;> tptrhapfs;> epUthf mjpfhupfs;> kjf;
FOf;fs;> njhopy; FOf;fs;> ngz;fs; Nghd;w gy r%fg; gpuptpdu;fshy;
mKf;f / Mirf; FO / epahag; gpur;rhuf; FOf;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s
KbAk;.
,yq;ifapd; cjhuzq;fs;
 rpW Njapiy Njhl;l cupikahsu;fspd; rq;fk;
 ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiukhu;fspd; rq;fk;
 ,yq;if tu;j;jfr; rig
 m];fPupa gPl k`hehaf;fu; rq;fk;
 khkd;aGu kfhehaf;fu; rq;fk;
 ky;tj; gPl kfhehaf;fu; rq;fk;
 ,yq;if mur itj;jpau;fs; rq;fk;
 mfpy ,yq;if ngsj;j khfh rk;Nksdk;
 jdpahu; Ng&e;J cupikahsu;fspd; rq;fk;

Jareesh Page 25
murwptpay; tuyhw;wpy; njhopw;rq;fk; kw;Wk; r%f ,af;fq;fs;> mKf;f
FOf;fshf fUjg;gLtjpy;iy. ,it Ntwhd murpay; epWtdq;fshf
fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
rpy mKf;ff; FOf;fs; jdp fUj;jpay; vd;w mbg;gilapy;
xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Lk; cs;sd. cjhuzk; :- #oy; ghJfhg;G>
Xa;T+jpaf;fhuu;fspd; cupikfis ghJfhj;jy;> Ng&e;J gpuahzpfspd;
cupikfs; ghJfhg;G> Vw;Wkjp tpahghuj;jpy; cs;s fk;gdpfspd;
cupikfis ghJfhj;jy;> kuz jz;lidia vjpu;j;jy;.
rpy mKf;ff;FOf;fs; gue;j Nfhl;ghl;L ,yf;Ffis nfhz;litahFk;.
cjhuzk; :- [dehafk;> kdpj cupikfs;> ngz;fs; cupikfs;> rptpy;
cupikfs; Nghd;wd

murpaw; fl;rpfSf;Fk; mKf;ff; FOf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

NtWghLfs;.
1.
 murpay; fl;rpfs; murhq;fj;jpDs; nrd;W mjD}lhf mur nfhs;if
jPu;khdnkLj;jypd; NghJ mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjw;F Kaw;rp nra;Ak;.
cjhuzkhf epiwNtw;W [dhjpgjpKiwia xopj;jy; njhlu;ghd fUj;jpy;
=yq;fh K];ypk; fhq;fpu]; epiwNtw;W Kiwf;F Mjuthf Ngrpaik.

 Mdhy; mKf;ff; FOf;fs; murhq;fj;jpw;Fs; nry;yhky;

murhq;fj;jpw;F ntspapy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;if kw;Wk;
jPu;khdq;fSf;F mOj;jk; nfhLg;gNj mKf;f FOf;fspd; %y cghakhf
mikfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf ,yq;ifapd; ngsj;j fhq;fpu]; ll;yp nry;th
cld;gbf;iff;F vjp;u;g;Gj; njuptpj;jik.

2.
 murpaw; fl;rpfs; mjpfhuj;ij ifg;gw;Wtjd; Clhf jkJ
nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;Fk;. ,jw;fhf ,it Nju;jy;fSf;F
Kfq;nfhLf;fpd;wd.
 Mdhy; mKf;ff; FOf;fs; mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;w epidf;fhJ.
khwhf muRld; njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fSld; uh[je;jpu my;yJ Nghuhl;lk;
vd;w mbg;gilapy; njhlu;Gfis Nkw;nfhz;L jkJ nraw;ghLfis
Kd;ndLf;Fk;.
3.
 murpay; fl;rpfs; gue;j nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; jkJ
nraw;jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. Fwpg;ghf Njrpa mgptpUj;jp> Ntiyapy;yh
gpur;rpidia xopj;jy;> r%f ey;ypzf;fk; Nghd;w ,yf;Ffis cUthf;fp
,tw;iw miltjw;F ghLgLk;.
 khwhf mKf;ff; FOf;fs; jk;Kld; njhlu;ghd xU rpy
gpur;rpidfis khj;jpuk; ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.
4.

Jareesh Page 26
 murpay; fl;rpfs; Nju;jy;fs;> kf;fs; jPu;g;G nraw;ghLfs; Mfpa
[dehaf Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

 Mdhy; mKf;ff; FOf;fs; [dehaf kw;Wk; Nghuhl;l

topKiwfisAk; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf ,yq;ifapd; Mrpupau; rq;fk;
[dehaf topKiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;w mNjNtisapy; ,yq;ifapd;
gpf;Fkhu;fis cs;slf;fpa ngsj;j fhq;fpu]; 1956 – 1965 tiuahd
fhyg;gFjpfspy; gy;Ntwhd Nghuhl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L murpaypy; ghupa
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
5.
 murpay; fl;rpfs; gue;j mstpyhd mq;fj;Jtj;jpidf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,it Njrpa mbg;gilapy; fhzg;gLk; mNjNtisapy;
gy;NtW ,dk;> njhopy;> rkak; vd;gdtw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
 Mdhy; mKf;ff; FOf;fs; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mq;fj;Jtj;jpid
khj;jpuNk nfhz;bUf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf Njrpa itj;jpau;fs; rq;fj;jpy;
itj;jpau;fs; khj;jpuNk fhzg;gLtu;.

mKf;ff; FOf;fSf;F rhu;ghdJk; vjpuhdJkhd thjq;fs;

rhu;ghd thjq;fs;
 murpay; fl;rpfs; jkJ nfhs;ifg; gpufldq;fspy; cs;slf;fhj
Mdhy; Fwpj;j gpuirfs; FOf;fSf;F Njitahd kw;Wk; Kf;fpakhd
FiwfisAk;> Ntz;LNfhs;fisAk;> mgpyhirfisAk; kw;Wk; Njitfs;
njhlu;gpy; r%fj;jpdJk; murhq;fj;jpdJk; ftdj;jpid <u;f;Fk; Clfkhf
nraw;gLjy;.
 murpay; fl;rpfspy; Fiwepug;gpahf nraw;gl;L gpuirfspd; murpay;
gq;Fg;gw;wy; tha;g;Gfis tpupTg;gLj;jy;.
 mur nfhs;if kw;Wk; jPu;khdq;fs; Fwpj;J fupridfisf; fhl;Lk;
gpuirfis xOq;Fg;gLj;jp mtu;fSf;fpilapy; mJ njhlu;ghd
fye;Jiuahly;fs; kw;Wk; tpku;rdq;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjd;%yk;
[dehafj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
 jkJ nfhs;if kw;Wk; jPu;khdq;fs; njhlu;gpy; murhq;fj;jpd;
jd;dpr;irahd elj;ijfSf;fhd jilahf nraw;gl;L r%f [dehafj;jpd;
cWjpg;ghl;il tYg;gLj;jy;.
vjpuhd thjq;fs;
 ,jpy; ,ize;jpUg;gtu;fSk; nraw;gLgtu;fSk; xd;wpy; fw;w>
nrhj;Jila kw;Wk; tug;gpurhjq;fis ngw;w gpuirfshtu;. ,jdhy;
,t;thwhd mikg;Gfspy; cau;Fohk; (Elite) gz;G xd;W ,Ug;gNjhL mjd;
ngWNgWfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;gtu;fshfTk; r%fj;jpd; cau;Fohk; tFg;gpdNu
,Uj;jy;.

 ,it gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JtJ> r%f FOf;fspd; FWfpa kw;Wk;

epiyahd Njitfshf ,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhf r%fj;jpd;
ngUk;ghd;ikahdtu;fs; kw;Wk; nghJ eyDf;F fpilf;Fk; Nritfs; fPo;
kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gly;.

Jareesh Page 27
 rpy ehLfspy; ,t;thwhd FOf;fSf;F ghupa r%f mjpfhuk;
fpilf;fpwJ. ,J kf;fshy; fpilf;Fk; mjpfhuky;y. ,jdhy; ,tw;Wf;F
cs;s mjpfhuq;fspy; ntspg;gilj; jd;iknahd;W fhzg;glhik.

 [dehaf nraw;ghLfs; jpwe;j xd;whf ,Ug;gpDk; ,t;thwhd

mikg;Gfs; murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;if kw;Wk; jPu;khdr; nraw;ghLfspy; (%ba)
ftrk; xd;whf khw;Wjy;.

mKf;ff; FOf;fspd; nry;thf;F my;yJ nraw;ghL

1. rl;lj;Jiwia cWg;gpdHfisj; njupT nra;tjpy; Fwpj;jsT tfpgq;fpid
nfhz;Ls;sJ. nghJj;NjHjypy; Nghl;bapLtjw;fhd Ntl;ghsiu njupT
nra;jy;> fl;rpapd; NjHjy; tpQ;Qhgdj;jpid njupT nra;jy;>NjHjy;
gpur;rhuj;Jf;fhd epjpia Nrfupj;jy; kw;Wk; gpur;rhu eltbf;iffspy;
<LgLjy; Nghd;w gy;NtW nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLfpd;wJ. ,t;thW gy;NtW
MjuTfis toq;Ffpd;w mKf;ff;FOf;fs; jk;khy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l
rl;lj;Jiw cWg;gpdHfs; kPJ jkJ eyd;fs; njhlHghd rl;lq;fis
cUthf;Ffpd;w NghJ nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjid mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
2. epiwNtw;Wj;JiwapYk; mKf;ff;FOf;fs; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjidf;
mtjhdpf;fyhk;. epiwNtw;WJiw Kiwfspy; xd;whd [dhjpgjp
Kiwapy; jdpnahU egupd; kPJ nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;w mNjNtis
gpujkiu jiyikahff; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;w Kiwapy;
mikr;ruita+lhf mKf;fFOf;fs; nfhs;if cUthf;fr;
nray;Kiwfspy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jjidf; fhzyhk;.
3. nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpy; ve;jnthU nghJj;Jiw epUthfKk; murpay;
nry;thf;fpw;F cl;glhJ nraw;gLtjpy;iy. mKf;ff;FOf;fs; rpwg;G
NjHr;rpAilatHfis murhq;f MNyhridf; FOtpw;F mDg;gp
nfhs;if cUthf;fy; kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; eltbf;iffspy; nry;thf;F
nrYj;Jfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf gpupj;jhdpa murhq;f MNyhridf;
FOf;fspd; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd epue;ju gjtpfs; mKf;ff; FOf;fspd;
gpujpepjpfspw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4. ePjpj;JiwapYk; mKf;ff;FOf;fspd; nry;thf;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk;
nghJthf ePjpj;Jiwapy; murpay; nry;thf;F Fiwthf ,Ug;gpDk;>
gpujk kw;Wk; Vida ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk; murpay; epakdkhf
fhzg;gLtjhy; mKf;ff; FOf;fspd; nry;thf;F kiwKfkhf ,lk;ngw
re;jHgq;fs; cs;sd.

rptpy; r%fk;
XH xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l murpay; rKjhaj;jpNy fhzg;gLfpd;w murhq;fk; >
FLk;gk;> re;ij ];jhgdq;fs; Mfpa %d;W epWtdq;fisAk; jtpu murpay;
rKjhaj;jpy; nraw;gLfpd;w midj;J ];jhgdq;fspd; $l;L nkhj;jNk rptpy;
r%fk; vdg;gLk;.

London School Of Economics :- XH xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l murpay; rKjhaj;jpNy

nghJeyid Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L mjw;fhd nghWg;Gf;fis jkf;fpilNa
gq;fPL nra;J nfhz;L gu];guk; mjpfhu gpuNahfkpd;wp $l;lhf
nraw;gLtjw;F jahuhfTs;s r%fNk rptpy; r%fk; vdg;gLk;.

Jareesh Page 28
rptpy; r%fk; vd;gJ “muRf;F ntspapy; RahjPdkhd gpuirfs; jkJ nghJ
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf xd;wpize;J xw;Wikahf nraw;gLk; r%f tha;g;ghFk;.”
,jw;F Nkyhf ,t;thwhd tha;g;Gfspy; nraw;gLk; gpuirfs; rhu;
mikg;Gfis milahsg;gLj;jTk; “rptpy; r%fk;” vd;w gjk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,JNt rptpy; r%fk; gw;wpf; fhzg;gLk; tpupthdJk;
RUf;fkhdJkhd tiutpyf;fzq;fshFk;.
jw;Nghija [dehaf Nfhl;ghl;bDs; rptpy; r%fk; njhlu;ghd
vz;zf;fUTf;F Kf;fpa ,lk; fpilf;fpwJ. tYthdJk; nraw;wpwd;
kpf;fJkhd rptpy; r%fk; xd;W ,Uj;jy; cWjpahd [dehafj;jpd;
gz;ghfTk; [dehafj;jpw;F fpilj;j ngWNgwhfTk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

murpay; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%ff; Nfhl;ghLfspy; rptpy; r%fk; vd;gjw;F

fhzg;gLk; vz;zf;fU uPjpahd tuyhw;wpDs; mJ ehd;F mu;j;jq;fspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikia fhzyhk;.

1. gioik jhuhz;ikthj fUj;J :-

mjhtJ muR kw;Wk; FLk;gj;jpw;F ,ilapyhd jdpg;gl;l nraw;ghLfSf;fhf
fhzg;gLk; r%f re;ju;g;gq;fs;. ,khDNty; fhz;l; kw;Wk; ngw;wpf; n`fy;
Nghd;w N[u;kdpa jj;Jttpayhsu;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sgb rptpy; r%fk;
vd;gJ Kjyhspj;Jt re;ijahFk;.
2. gioik khf;]pathj fUj;J :-
rptpy; r%fk; vd;gJ Kjyhspj;Jt re;ijahFk; vd;w n`fypd; fUj;ij
NkYk; Kd;Ndhf;fp nfhz;L nrd;W fhu;s; khf;]; rptpy; r%fk; vd;w
vz;zf;fUit Kjyhspj;Jt r%fk; vd;gjw;fhd kw;WnkhU khw;wPl;L
gjkhfNt gad;gLj;jpdhu;. ,e;j khf;]pathj fUj;jpd;gb rptpy; r%fj;jpy;
rfyUf;Fk; jdJ jdpg;gl;l Rakhd tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;wpf;
nfhs;tjw;F mtutUld; Nghl;b NghLtNj eilngWfpd;wJ vd;gjhFk;.
,jd;gb rptpy; r%fj;jpDs; egu;fs; jdpj;jdpNa gpupj;J jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;L
jkJ rhj;jpag;ghLfis G+u;j;jp nra;Jf;nfhs;s Kbahj epiyf;F nry;tNj
eilngWfpd;wJ.

3. xUq;fike;j [dehaf fUj;J :-

,jd;gb rptpy; r%fk; vd;gJ murpypUe;J RahjPdkhf jkJ nghJj;
Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf rq;fq;fs;> mikg; Gfis
cUthf;fpf; nfhz;L nghJtpy; nraw;gLtjw;F [dehaf murpay;
fl;likg;gpy; gpuirfSf;F fpilf;Fk; r%f tha;g;ghFk;. rptpy; r%fk;
xOq;fike;j [dehafj;jpd; (Associational Democracy) tha;g;ghf Kjd;
Kjypy; ghu;j;jtu; 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpuhd;rpa murpay; rpe;jidahsu;
mnyf;rp]; b njhf;tpy; Mthu;. vdpDk; mtu; “rptpy; r%fk;” vd;w
nrhy;iy gad;gLj;jtpy;iy. ,tu; ,jw;fhf “rptpy; tho;f;if” (Civil Life)
vd;gijNa gad;gLj;jpdhu;. ,jD}lhf njhf;tpy; rptpy; r%fk; gw;wpa
Njhw;wg;ghLfisNa tpgupj;jhu;.
4. Gjpa khf;]pathj fUj;J (fpuk;rpad; fUj;J)
md;NjhdpNah fpuk;rp vd;w ,j;jhyp ehl;L khf;]pathj rpe;jidahsu; 1930
jrhg;jq;fspy; vOjpa Mtzq;fspy; “rptpy; r%fk;” vd;gjw;F Gjpa

Jareesh Page 29
khf;]pathj mu;j;jg;gLj;jiy toq;fpdhu;. ,jd;gb rptpy; r%fk; vd;gJ
muR kw;Wk; gpuirfSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; r%f fyhrhu tha;g;ghFk;.
Ml;rpahsu; tu;f;fk; jkJ ,iwikia r%fj;jpd; kPJ gpuNahfpf;Fk;NghJ>
Njitg;gLk; nghJkf;fs; tpUg;gj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;Stjw;fhf
mtrpakhdtw;iw ,e;j r%f fyhrhu tha;g;GfspDs; jiyapLtjd; %yNk
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. kjk;> fyhrhuk;> fy;tp Mfpa r%f fyhrhu Jiwfs;
NghyNt ghlrhiy> njhopw;rq;fk;> tpisahl;L fofq;fs;> Clfq;fs;>
gs;spthry;fs; Nghd;w r%f fyhrhu epWtdq;fSk; rptpy; r%fk; vd;w
gug;Gf;Fs; cs;slq;Fk;.

[dehaf r%f murpay; nraw;ghLfSf;F tha;g;gspf;Fk; rptpy; r%fk;.

1970 – 1980 jrhg;jq;fspd; Muk;gg; gFjpapypUe;J rptpy; r%fk; vd;gjw;F
,e;j mu;j;jg;gLj;jy;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. [dehafk; fhzg;glhj ,yj;jpd;
mnkupf;fh> fpof;F INuhg;gh kw;Wk; Mrpahtpy; VNjl;irajpfhu
murhq;fq;fSf;F vjpuhf [dehaf murpay; ,af;fq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;W
r%f murpay; NjitfisAk; ,af;fq;fisAk; mwpKfg;gLj;j ,e;j
vz;zf;fU gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;ehLfs; ahtw;wpYk; vNjl;irajpfhu
Ml;rpg; nghwpKiwfspd; fPo; murpay; fl;rpfs; fhzg;glhikahy; me;j Ml;rp
nghwpKiwf;F vjpuhf r%f murpay; nraw;ghLfshdJ njhopw;rq;fk;> kj
mikg;Gfs;> tptrha ,af;fq;fs;> fyhrhu kw;Wk; fiy mikg;Gfs;>
khztu; ,af;fq;fs; Nghd;w Clfq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl Njhw;wk;
ngw;wJ.
,e;j ,af;fq;fspd; gzpfs; murpay; fl;rpfs; nra;ahj gzpfshfNt
,Ue;jd. ,t;thwhd ,af;fq;fs; gpd;du; [dehaf r%fj;jpd; murpay;
fl;rpfSf;F rkhe;jukhf khw;W murpay; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;f
njhlq;fpd. ,jdhNyNa murpay; fl;rpfs; my;yhj murpay; xOq;fikg;Gfs;
(Non`Party Political Formations) vd;w milahsk; rptpy; r%f mikg;GfSf;F
fpilj;jJ.

rptpy; r%fj;jpd; r%f ,af;fq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

[dehaf kw;Wk; [dehafkw;w r%fj;jpYk;> r%fj;jpd; gue;Jgl;l murpay;
mgpyhirfspd; kPJ nghJrd ,af;fq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd.
cjhuzk; :- tptrha ,af;fq;fs;> ,isQu; ,af;fq;fs;> ngz;zpa
,af;fq;fs;> kj ,af;fq;fs;> njhopw; rq;f ,af;fq;fs;> #oy; ,af;fq;fs;>
kdpj cupikfs; ,af;fq;fs;> gj;jpupif Rje;jpu ,af;fq;fs;. rptpy; r%f
mikg;Gf;fs; rpy :

1. cyf tq;fp
2. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp
3. buhd;]; ntud;]p ,d;ue\;dy;

,t;thwhd ,af;fq;fs; murpay; fl;rpfspy; ,Ue;J NtWg;gl;lit. ,it

murpay; fl;rpfs; Nghy Kiwahd epWtd fl;likg;G kw;Wk;
mq;fj;jpdu;fis nfhz;buhj jpwe;j ,af;fq;fshFk;. mtw;Wf;F epiyahd
fUj;jpay;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; ,Uf;Fk;. gue;jstpyhd gy;tif
kf;fis Neub murpay; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;jy; (Mass Action) mjd;

Jareesh Page 30
tpNrl mk;rkhFk;. ,t;thwhd gy;tif kf;fs; ,af;fq;fSk; rptpy; r%f
,af;fkhfNt milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

rptpy; r%fj;jpd; gpujhd gz;Gfs;

1. $l;Lr; nraw;ghLfs;.
2. mjpfhug;gpuNahfkpd;ik.
3. jdpj;Jtk; my;yJ milahsk;.
4. Ms;Gyj;ij epr;rakhf ,dq;fhz Kbahik.

rptpy; r%fk; cUthtjw;F nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;

1. %d;whk; kz;ly ehLfspy; murhq;fq;fspd; [dehafk;
gytPdkiljy;.
2. ,aw;if kw;Wk; khdpl tsq;fs; fhzg;gl;lhYk; nghUshjhu
tpUj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ Nghdik.
3. Coy;>Nkhrb tpidj;jpwdpd;ik fhzg;gl;lik.
4. nghJkf;fspd; murpaywpT NkNyhq;fpaik.
5. kdpj cupikfs;> Rje;jpuk; Nghd;w vz;zf;fUf;fspdJk; mJ
njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fspdJk; tsu;r;rp.
murwptpaypy; rptpy; r%fk; gw;wpa Kf;fpaj;;Jtk; czug;gl;likf;fhd
fhuzq;fs;
1. rptpy; r%fk; Kuz;gl;l xU rf;jpahf nraw;gLtjd; %yKk;
Ml;rpapd; fhty; ehahfr; nraw;gLtjd; %yKk; ey;yhl;rpiaf;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; jhf;fj;ij nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
2. rptpy; r%f ,af;fq;fs;> murpay; fl;rpfSf;F mg;ghy;
rkhe;jukhfTk; murpay; nraw;ghLfs; eilngWk; epWtdq;fshf cs;sik.
3. muRfspYk;> murpay; fl;rpfspYk; kw;Wk; Vida NtWgl;l r%f
murpay; NjitfisAk; rptpy; r%fk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;jy;.
4. gpuirfspd; murpay; gq;Fg;gw;wYf;F murpay; fl;rpfshy;
toq;fg;glhj Gjpa tha;g;Gfs; rptpy; r%fj;jpdhy; fpilf;fpd;wik.
5. Jbg;Gkpf;f rptpy; r%fnkhd;W ,Ug;gjhdJ ehl;bd; [dehafj;ij
Mog;gLj;j cjTk;.
6. murpay; tYT+l;Lk;NghJ murpay; fl;rpfs; kwe;JtpLfpd;w my;yJ
jifikfsw;w fUj;jpay;fs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fspd; fPo; gpuirfis
xOq;Fg;gLj;Jk;.
7. rptpy; mikg;Gfis tYT+l;Ltjd;%yk; gpuirfs; murpay; uPjpahf
tYg;gLj;j xj;Jiog;G toq;Fk;.

rptpy; r%fj;jpd; gzpfs;

1. rl;lj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk; ghJfhj;jy;.
2. kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;.
3. ey;yhl;rpiaAk; [dehafj;ijAk; cWjp nra;jy;.
4. #oy; ghJfhg;G.
5. jdpg;gl;ltupd; r%f nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp.
6. r%fj;jpy; rkhjhd fyhrhuj;ij cUthf;Fjy;.

xg;gPl;L murpay; (Comparative Politics)

Jareesh Page 31
xg;gPl;L murpay; vd;Dk; gjj;ij Njrq;fisAk; > murpay;
KiwikfisAk;> xg;gPl;Lf; fw;Fk; fw;if newpnad
tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jyhk;.
xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpf;Fupa cs;slf;fq;fs; fpNuf;f fhyj;jpypUe;J
ngwg;gl;L te;jJ. ,e;jtifapy; xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;wy; tuyhwhdJ
mup];Nlhl;bNyhL Muk;gpj;jNjhL ,tu; kpfTk; rpwg;ghd murpayikg;gpid
Kd;itg;gjw;fhf mf;fhy fpNuf;fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l Guhjhd efu muRfs;
gytw;iwAk; Ma;T nra;jhu;. kf;fpaty;ypapd; fl;Liuf;fhfTk;
,t;tZFKiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. khf;fpaty;ypAk; jkJ murpay;
fUj;Jf;fSf;fhf xg;gPl;L murpaiy gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
,Ug;gpDk; 1950fs; tiu ,itfs; vt;tpj Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidAk;
ngwtpy;iy. MapDk; ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jk; Kbtile;j gpd;dH
xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpahdJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngwj;njhlq;fpaJ.
,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;ijj; njhlHe;J cyf xOq;fpy; Vw;gl;l
khw;wq;fs; rHtNjr mstpy; murwptpayhsHfspd; ftdj;ij <Hj;jJ.
mjhtJ xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpahdJ rHtNjr ehLfspd; murhq;f
Kiwikfis fw;fpd;w XH newpahf khw;wkile;jJ.
,e;jtifapy; xg;gPl;L murpay; 1950 fspd; gpw;gFjpapy; jdpahdnjhU fw;if
newpahf If;fpa mnkupf;f murwptpayhsHfshy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. 1960
fspy; xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpapd; tsHr;rp rpwg;ghdjhf ,Ue;jJ.
MapDk; kPz;Lk; 1970 fspy; xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpapd; kjpg;G
Fiwtile;jpUe;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk; 1980 fspy; ,f; fw;if newp Gduikg;Gr;
nra;ag;gl;L kpfTk; MNuhf;fpakhf tsHr;rpaile;J tUfpd;wJ. jw;NghJ
murwptpay; Jiwapd; “fw;wy; JiwahfTk;” kw;Wk; “fw;wy;
tpjpKiwahfTk;” khwpAs;sJ.

murwptpaypd; rk;gpujha fw;wpypy; <Lgl;bUe;j INuhg;gh kw;Wk;

mnkupf;fhTf;F mg;ghy; cyfpd; Vida ehLfspy; murpay; Kiwikj;
njhlu;gpy; fw;gjw;fhd murwptpayhsu;fspd; <LghL> xg;gPl;L murpay;
fy;tpahf tsu;r;rpaila fhuzkhfpaJ.

,jd;gb xt;nthU ehLfspYk; murpaiy xg;gPl;L uPjpahf Muha;tjd; %yk;

murpay; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
nghJikg;gLj;jg;gl;l KbTfSf;F tUtjw;Fk;> murpay;thjpfs;
J}z;lg;gLtijAk; fhuzkhff; nfhz;L mJ tpjpKiwahf khwpaJ.
cjhuzk;:- Nju;jy; Kiwik> thf;fhsu; elj;ijapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk;
tpjj;jpid ehLfs; rpytw;wpid Ma;T nra;J nghJ KbTfSf;F
(nghJikg;gLj;jg;gl;l) tUtjw;fhd tha;g;G fpl;Lk;. ,e;j tpjpKiwapid
xg;gPl;L tpjpKiw vd milahsg;gLj;jyhk;.
cz;ikapy; xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpapd; tsHr;rpf;F If;fpa mnkupf;f
murpaywpQHfs; mjpfstpy; gq;fspg;gpidr; nra;jpUe;jdH.
,f;fy;tpapashsHfspd; gq;fspg;gpid %d;W fhyfl;lq;fshf gpupj;J
Nehf;fyhk;.

Kjyhk; fhyfl;lk;

Jareesh Page 32
Kjyhk; fhyfl;lj;jpy; xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpapd; tsHr;rpf;F
mup];Nuhl;by;> khf;fpaty;yp> buf;Ftpy;> gpiu];> ntgH> Nghd;wtHfs;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;sdH. ,tHfs; murpay; xOq;fikg;Gf;fspd;
njhopw;ghl;bid rpwg;ghf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F xg;gPl;L Kiwapidg;
gad;gLj;jpapUe;jdH.

,uz;lhk; fhyfl;lk;
,uz;lhk; fhyfl;lj;jpy; 1950fspy; xg;gPl;lurpay; jdpnahU fw;ifahf
tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;ijj; njhlHe;J
mnkupf;f murpay; mwpQHfshd rhKy;> vr;.gPH> vk;.`h];> NgHdhl; cyhk;
Ngd;wtHfs; xg;gPl;L murpaypd; tsHr;rpf;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;sdH. vdNt
Kjyhk; fhyfl;lj;ij tpl ~,uz;lhk; fhyfl;lj;jpy; xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if
newpahdJ kpfTk; Jy;ypakhf tsHr;rpaile;jJ vdf; $wyhk;.
%d;whk; fhyfl;lk;
%d;whk; fhyfl;lj;jpy; Nltpl; <];ud;> fg;upay;> V.my;kz;l;>
N[k;];.rp.Nfhy;kd;> fhy;^r;> I. gp. gty;> `Nuhy;l; yh];nty;> NuhNgl; V.
lhy;> Nltpl; mg;uH Nghd;wtHfs; xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpapd;
tsHr;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jpUe;jdH. ,t; Ma;thsHfs; xd;Wld; xd;W
njhlHGila vz;zf;fUf;fis cUthf;fp xg;gPl;L gFg;gha;Tf;F jkJ
gq;fspg;gpid toq;fpapUe;jdH.
xg;gPl;L murpayhdJ ,t;thwhf tsu;r;rp fzbUg;gpDk; mJ gy;Ntwhd
fhyfl;lq;fspYk; gy;Ntwhd ,ay;GfisAk; gz;GfisAk; jd;dfj;Nj
nfhz;L tsu;r;rpaile;J tUfpd;wJ. ,e;jtifapy; xg;gPl;L murpaypd;
,ay;Gfis gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;
gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; mDgtj;jpyhd Ma;T
xg;gPl;L murpaYf;Fs; gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; mDgtj;jpyhd Ma;T
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik %yk; murpay; tpQ;Qhd fw;if newp Gjpa tbtj;ijg;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. Muk;g fhyq;fspy; murpay; tpQ;Qhdf; fw;if newpiaf;
fw;Wf;nfhs;sg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j tpguz Kiwik iftplg;gl;L mjw;Fg;
gjpyhf gFg;gha;Tk; kw;Wk; mDgt tprhuiz Kiwik
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd;%yk; jHf;f uPjpahd KbTfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
Kbe;jJ.
cl;fl;likg;Gf; fw;ifnewp
xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newp khztHfs; nghJ tptfhuq;fSld;
njhlHGgLtJld;> mJ gw;wpa Muha;r;rpfisAk; fUj;jpy; vLf;fpd;whHfs.
xg;gPl;L murpay; tpQ;Qhdpfs; murhq;fk; vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf murpay;
Kiwik vd;w gjj;jpid gad;gLj;JtNj nghUj;jkhdJ vdf; $Wfpd;wdH.
murpay; Kiwikf;Fs; rl;lj;Jiw> epHthfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw> murpay;
fl;rpfs;> mKf;ff;FOf;fs; Nghd;wd Kf;fpa gq;Ftfpf;fpd;wd. ,itfs;
xt;nthd;Wk; xd;Wld; xd;W njhlHGgl;litfshFk;.
mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; r%fq;fs; gw;wpa fy;tp
tsHKf ehLfspd; murpaiy tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F ngUk;ghyhd
tpQ;Qhdpfs; xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpiag; gad;gLj;Jfpd;whHfs;.
Muk;gfhyj;jpy; xg;gPl;L murpayhdJ njupT nra;ag;gl;l INuhg;gpa ehLfs;

Jareesh Page 33
gw;wpAk;> If;fpa mnkupf;fh gw;wpaJkhd fw;if newpahfNt ,Ue;jJ.
,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;dH ,e;epiy khw;wkile;J>
tsHr;rpaile;J tUfpd;w Mrpa> Mgpupf;f> ,yj;jPd; mnkupf;f ehLfs;
gw;wpa fw;if newpahf khw;wkile;Js;sJ.
cs; njhlHGf; fw;ij newp
xg;gPl;L murpay; jdpf;fw;if newpahf tsHr;rpaile;jhYk;> r%ftpQ;Qhd
kw;Wk; ,aw;if tpQ;Qhdf; fw;if newpfSld; neUq;fpa njhlHgpidf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. xg;gPl;L murpay; Nfhl;ghl;lhsHfs; r%ftpay;> cstpay;>
nghUspay;> khdpltpay;> capupay; Nghd;w fw;if newpapypUf;Fk; gy
tplaq;fis xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpf;Fs; cs;thq;fp
gad;gLj;Jfpd;whHfs;. ,tw;iw tpl murpay; mgptpUj;jp> murpay;
etPdj;Jtk;> murpay; r%fkathf;fk;> murpay; khw;wk;> murpay;
jiyikj;Jtk; Nghd;w gy tplaq;fisAk; xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newp
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpapy; murpay; vd;w gjk; gpd;tUk; 03
mk;rq;fSld; njhlu;Ggl;ljhFk;.
01. murpaw; nraw;ghL
02. murpay; epfo;T
03. murpay; mjpfhuk;

vdNt ,j;njhopw;ghLfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjd; %yNk xg;gPl;L murpaiy

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ ,yFthdjhFk;. mtw;iw gpd;tUkhW Nehf;f KbAk;.
murpaw; nraw;ghL
murpaw; nraw;ghLfs; njhlHghf xf];nfhl; vd;gtH “nraw;ghL vd;gJ
kdpj ,ay;ghFk;. ,t;tpay;ghdJ r%f mikg;gpy; kdpjHfs; xUtUld;
xUtH nfhs;Sk; cwTlDk; kw;Wk; r%f xOq;fikg;Gj; njhlHghf rpe;jpj;J
fUj;J njuptpg;gJld; ,J njhlHGilajhFk;. vdf; $WfpwhH. ,tiu tpl
`Nuhy;l; yh];nty;> nuhgHl; lhy;> Nghd;wtHfs; mjpfhuj;ij
mDgtpg;gJld; njhlHGilaNj murpaw; nraw;ghL vdf; $Wfpd;whHfs;.
,tHfspd; fUj;Jg;gb> murpaw; nraw;ghL mjpfhuk; gw;wpajhf ,Ug;gjdhy;
mJ r%f Nkhjiyj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ. ,k; Nkhjiyj; jPw;gjw;fhd
Nfhupf;iffs; vOk; NghJ mikg;G uPjpahd murpaw; nraw;ghL
Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
murpay; epfo;T
murpay; epfo;T vd;gJ murpaw; nraw;ghl;bd; njhlHr;rpahFk;. murpay;
rKjhaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; vy;yh epWtdq;fSk; jPHkhdk; vLf;Fk;
nra;Kiwapy; gq;F nfhs;fpd;wd. xU murpay; rKjhaj;jpy; nraw;gLk;
muR rhHgw;w epWtdq;fSk; ~mjpfhuj;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy;| <LgLfpd;wd.
,jd;%yk; mur rhHgw;w epWtdq;fs; mrhq;fj;jpw;Fs; jkJ nry;thf;ifg;
gpuNahfpj;J murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;if cUthf;fj;j py; gq;nfLf;fpd;wd. ,JNt
rkfhyj;jpy; murhq;fq;fspd; murpay; epfo;thf cs;sJ.
murpay; mjpfhuk;
mjpfhuk; vd;w gjj;jpw;F fhHy; N[. gpul;wpr; vd;gtH ~rpy tifahd kdpj
cwTfNs mjpfhuk;’ vd tpsf;fkspj;Js;shH. ut;dp vd;gtH ~jdp kdpjd;
my;yJ jdpkdpjf; FOf;fs; Vida jdpkdpjd; kPJ my;yJ jdpkdpjf;
FOf;fs; kPJ jkJ tpUg;gq;fis jpzpj;J KbTfis khw;wpaikf;Fk;

Jareesh Page 34
ty;yikNa mjpfhuk;’ vdf; $WfpwhH. mjpfhuk; gw;wpaJk;> mjd; gpuNahfk;
gw;wpaJkhd xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghNl murpay; vdg; nghJthff;
$wyhk;. murpaypy; jPHkhdk; vLf;Fk; nra;Kiw epfo Ntz;Lkhapd;
vLf;fg;gLk; jPHkhdk; vd;d tifahdJ vd;gij tiuaiw nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
gpd; mjw;F vt;tifahd mjpfhuk; Njit vd;gJ jPHkhdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
kf;fspd; mbg;gil eyd; ghjpf;fg;glhj tifapy; mjpfhuk;
gpuNahfpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
xg;gPl;L murpaiy tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F murpaw; nraw;ghL> murpay;
epfo;T> murpay; mjpfhuk; vd;w %d;W mbg;gil tpilaq;fisAk; fw;Wf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,k;%d;wpYk; mjpfhuk; vd;gJ gpujhdkhdJ. Vnddpy;
vy;yh cwTfisAk; jPHkhdpf;Fk; ty;yik mjpfhuj;jpw;NfAz;L.
xg;gPl;L uPjpahf murpay; kw;Wk; murhq;fj;ij fw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F
murwptpayhsu;fs; fuprid nfhs;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;.
1. murpaiy NtW ehLfSld; xg;gpLtjd; %yk; vkf;F vkJ ehl;bd;
murpay; gw;wpa kpfTk; rpwe;j njspnthd;wpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $bajha;
,Uj;jy;.
2. Vida ehLfspd; murpaiyg; gw;wp rpwe;j njsptpidg; ngWtjhy;
ehq;fs; me;j ehLfs; xt;nthd;W gw;wp kl;Lky;yhJ ,d;Dk; rpy ehLfs;
njhlu;ghf xg;gPl;L ghu;g;gjw;Fk; ngupJk; cjtpahf mikAk;.
3. murpay; Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; fUj;jpay;fs; njhlu;ghd
nghJikg;gLj;jg;gl;l nghJ KbTfSf;F tUtNj etPd murwptpay;
Ma;tpy; tpgupg;ghf ,Ue;jJ.

xg;gl
P ;L Kiwapd; gad;fs;
1. murwptpayhsu;fs; ehLfSf;fpilNaahd xg;gPLfis
Nkw;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. cjhuzk; : murpay; fl;rp Kiwik gw;wp ehLfs;
rpytw;wpid ikag;gLj;jp xg;gPl;L Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. (Cross
National Compatiosons)
2. ehl;bDs;Sk; fUj;jpay;fis xg;gPL nra;a KbAk; cjhuzk; :
Mz; ngz; Nju;jypy; gq;Fg;gw;wypd; Nghf;Ffs; gw;wp fpuhk kw;Wk; efu
uPjpahf xg;gPl;L Muha KbAk; (Within`Country Comparisons)
3. murwptpaypy; Kf;fpakhd fUj;jpay;fis ru;tNjr uPjpapy; xg;gPl;L
Muha KbAk; cjhuzk; :
[dehaf gupkhw;wk;> [dhjpgjp murhq;f Kiwikapd; rhjf ghjf jd;ik
 tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw> gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehaf Kiwapy;
Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fk;
 ngz;fspd; murpay; gq;Fg;gw;wypd; Nghf;Ffs; Nghd;wd
xg;gPl;lha;tpd; mbg;gilapy; Ma;T nra;af;$ba fUj;jpay;fs; MFk;.

Jareesh Page 35
 Fwpg;Gf;fs;

Jareesh Page 36