1

murpay; fUj;jpay;fs;

murwptpaypy; Muk;g fhyk; KjNy murpay; fUj;jpay;

gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. ,Ug;gpDk; 18Mk;> 19Mk;
E}w;whz;Lfspd; gpd;dNu murpaypy; gpugy;ak; kpf;f mk;rkhf
,J khw;wkile;jJ. ,d;iwa murpay; nrad;Kiwfs;
midj;Jk; VNjhnthUtifapy; murpay; fUj;jpaNyhL
njhlu;Gg;gl;ljhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. murpaiy jPu;khdpf;Fk;
fhuzpahf fUj;jpay;fs; jpfo;fpd;wd.

gpuhd;rpa Gul;rpapd; gpd;dNu mjhtJ> 1789Mk; Mz;L

gpuhd;rpa ru;tjpfhu Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf Gul;rp nra;J kf;fshl;rp
Kiw Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd; NghJ rghehafiu ikakhff;
nfhz;L mit $lg;gl;lJ. mjd;NghJ mitapy; kd;did
Mjupj;J Gul;rpia vjpu;j;jtu;fs; rghehafUf;F
tyg;GwkhfTk;> kd;did vjpu;j;J Gul;rpia Nkw;nfhz;L
kf;fshl;rpia Nfhupatu;fs; ,lg;GwkhfTk; mku
itf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,q;F rghehafUf;F tyg;Gwkhf
mku;e;jtu;fs; tyJrhupfs; vd;Wk;> ,lg;Gwkhf mku;e;jtu;fs;
,lJrhupfs; vd;Wk; ghFg;gLj;jg;gl;ldu;. ,jd;
gpd;dzpapNyNa tyJrhupfs; ,lJrhupfs; vd;w ,U
fUj;jpaiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fUj;jpay;fs; Njhw;wk;
ngw;wd. ,f;fUj;jpaiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
jhuhz;ikthjk;> rkTilik thjk;> Njrpathjk; r%f
[dehafk; khf;rprk;> nydpdprk;> khNthrprk; fUj;jpay;fs;
Njhd;wpd.

jhuhz;ik thjk;

murpay; fUj;jpaypDs; Kjd;ikkpf;f mk;rkhf

jhuhz;ikthjk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. INuhg;ghtpid
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Njhw;wk; ngw;w ,f;fUj;jpay;
,d;Wtiu murpaypy; nry;thf;F kpf;f fUj;jpayhf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. jdpkdpj Rje;jpuj;ij Kw;whf Mjupf;Fk;
,f;fUj;jpay; 17 Mk; E}w;whz;by; epykhdpa> r%f>
nghUsjhu> murpay; Kiwik kw;Wk; ru;tjpfhu Ml;rp
2
vd;gtw;wpw;F vjpuhd ,f;fUj;jpay; Kjyhspj;Jt murpaypd;
XU fUj;jpayhfTk; Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. muR> murhq;fk;
Mfpatw;wpd; Njitaw;w jiyaPl;bypUe;J Rje;jpukiljy;
,f;fUj;jpaypd; gpujhd mk;rkhFk;.
,J Liber vd;w ,yj;jPd; gjj;jpypUe;J Njhd;wpajhFk;.
mjd; mu;j;jk; “Rje;jpuk;”;vd;gjhFk;. jhuhz;ikthj murpay;
jj;Jtj;jpd; %yKk;> nghUshjhu Nfhl;ghl;bd; %yKk;
“Rje;jpuk;” vd;w vz;zf;fU fUjg;gLtJ murpd;
murhq;fj;jpd; Njitaw;w jiyaPl;bypUe;J Rje;jpukiljy;
vd;gjhFk;. (Freedom from undue goverment interference)

17k; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ murdpd; jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhd

Ml;rp Kiwikf;F vjpuhf Gjpa r%f tFg;nghd;wpd; vOr;rp
Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; Muk;g fl;lkhd
,f;fhyj;jpy; cUthd Gjpa tu;j;jf kw;Wk; kj;jpaju
tFg;gpdu;> murpd; jhd; Njhd;wpj;jdkhd Ml;rp KiwapidAk;
jhd;; Njhd;wpj;jdkhd tuj;jf fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; tup
Nrfupg;G KiwapidAk; nfhz;l nghUshjhu fl;Lg;ghLfis
nghWj;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy. ,t;thwhd gpd;dzpapy;
murhl;rpapd; jhd;N;jhd;wpjj;dkhd murpay; kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu jiyaPLfspypUe;J ,tu;fSf;F “Rje;jpuk;”
Njitg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; ,J jhuhz;ikthjj;jpd; mbg;gilf;
Nfhl;ghlhf tsu;r;rp aile;jJ.

,jd;gb jhuhz;ikthj vz;zf;fUtpd; mbg;gil

fUj;J murpd; murhq;fj;jpd; jiyaPl;bypUe;Jk; mjd;
fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;Jk; ngWfpd;w Rje;jpukhFk;. (Freedom from
goverment’s interference and constraints inpoted by goverment)

,f; fUj;J
m. jj;Jthu;j;j
M. murpay;rhu; jsj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; gpize;J
fhzg;gLfpwJ.

3
I jj;Jthu;j;j mbg;gil

gioik jhuhz;ikthjj;jpd; %yk; Rje;jpuk; vd;gjw;F

vjpu;kiw Rje;jpuk; (Negative freedom) vd;w tifapy; Gjpa
tpsf;fnkhd;W toq;fg;gl;lJ. jilfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs;>
jiyaPLfs; ,d;wp egu;fs; mDgtpf;Fk; Rje;jpuNk ,jd; %yk;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

NkYk;> jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhf murpdhy; ifJ

nra;ag;gLtjpypUe;J tpLgLk; Rje;jpuk; (Freedom from arbitary
arrest) jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhf muR gpwg;gpf;fpd;w tup
KiwfspypUe;J tpLgLk; Rje;j;puk; vd;wthW gioik
jhuhz;ikthjj;Jtk; Rje;jpuk; vd;gij “vjpu;kiw Rje;jpuk;”
vd cUthf;fp cs;sJ.

murpay; mbg;gil ,jdhy; fUjg;gLtJ murpd; jiyaplhf;

nfhs;ifahFk;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; nghUshjhu Nfhl;ghlhf
tsu;r;rpaile;;j mur jiyaplhf; nfhs;ifapdhy;
nghUshjhu> r%f> murpay; Jiwfspy; murhq;fj;jpd;
jiyaPL Fiwe;jgl;rkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd $wg;gl;lJ.
Rje;jpu nghUshjhuKk; Rje;jpu re;ijAk; murpd; jiyaplhf;
nfhs;ifAld; ,ize;Js;s gpujhd ,U vz;zf;fUf;fshFk;.

murhq;fj;jpd; jiyaPl;ilAk; fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; Fiwj;Jf;

nfhz;L Rje;jpukhf ,aq;Ffpd;w re;ijnahd;wpd; kPJ
fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l Rje;jpu nghUshjhuk; njhlu;ghd fUj;Nj
,jd; mbg;gilahFk;. jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; vd;gij> Rje;jpjpu
re;ij kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj;jpF mj;jpahtrpakhd mbg;gil
epge;jidahf gioik jhuhz;ik thjk; fUJfpd;wJ.

jhuhz;ikthjKk; jdpahs; Rje;jpuKk;

jdpahs; Rje;jpk; - gioik jhuhz;ik thjj;jpd; mbg;gil

Nfhl;ghlhfTk; eilKiw jhuhz;ik thjj;jpd; murpay;

4
kw;Wk;; murpayikg;G rpe;jidapd; Kjw;gbahfTk; fUjg;gLk;
vz;zf;fUthFk;.

jhuhz;ikthj jj;Jtj;jpYk;> r%f> murpay;>

nghUshjhu jj;Jtq;fspdJk; Nfhl;ghLfspdJk; mbg;gil
fw;ifahd jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; vDk; tplakhdJ gy;NtW
fw;gidfspd; %yk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mitahtd :

r%fkhdJ jdpegu;fshy; MdJ. mjdhy; r%fk;

vd;gJ jdpegu;fspdhy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;s kf;fs;
$l;lhFk;.

r%fj;jpy; cs;s jdpegu;fs; xt;nthUtUk;

(Individuals) Rje;jpukhf (Free) ju;f;f uPjpahf (rational)
rpe;jpf;ff;$ba RahjPdkhd (Autonomous) kdpjdhtu;.

r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Rje;jpukhdJ> ju;f;f uPjpahd

mwpTila kw;Wk; RahjPdkhd egh;fs; jdJ khdpl
Mw;wy;fis cr;rstpy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$bajhf
,Ug;gjhFk;. ntspj;jilfs; mjhtJ> murhq;fj;jpdJk;
r%fj;jpdJk; fl;Lg;ghLfs;> jilfs;> jiyaPLfis Fiwj;J
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLk; Rje;jpukhd #oy; MFk;. ,JNt ‘Rje;jpuk;’
MSfpd;w #oyhFk;.

jdpahs; Rje;jpuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w tifapy;

Ml;rpnra;tNj murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;ghFk;. ,jid rl;lj;jpd;
Ml;rp> Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu> r%f Jiwfspy; Fiwe;j
mur jiyaPl;il cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w murhq;fj;jpdhNyNa
nra;a KbAk;. mJ “jhuhz;ik” murhq;f KiwahFk;.

5
 jhuhz;ikthj rpe;jidahsh;fs;

Njhk]; n`hg;]; (1586 - 1679)

,q;fpyhe;jpy; cs;ehl;L Aj;jk; eilngw;w

fhyg;gFjpapy; tho;e;j ,tu; ve;j tifapYk; jhuhz;ikthj
rpe;jidahsu; my;yu;. vdpDk; jhuhz;ik murpay;
jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gil tplaq;fshd
(m) murpd; mbg;gil jdpkdpjdhthd;
(M) jdpegu; ju;f;fuPjpapyhd rpe;jidAs;s
RahjPd kdpjdhthd;.
(,) muR vd;gJ kdpju;fspd; r%fuPjpahd
gilg;ghFk; vd;w fUj;Jf;fspd;
Kd;Ndhbahthu;.

n`hg;]; vNjr;rjpfhu murhq;fj;ij rl;l Kiwahd

murhq;fkhf khw;Wtjw;F 1652 ,y; murpay; jj;Jtj;jpDs;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; nytpajd; (Leviathan) vd;w E}ypid
ntspapl;lhu;.

murpd; Njhw;wk; njhlu;ghf mtu; fl;bnaOg;gpa r%f xg;ge;j

Nfhl;ghl;bDs;> gpd;ida fhyj;jpd; ypguy;thjk; njhlu;gpyhd
rpe;jidsu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fspy; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fs;
%d;Wk; Mokha; fhzg;gl;ld.

N[hd; nyhf; (1632 - 1704)

INuhg;ghtpy;; kd;duhl;rp Kiw khwp [dehafj;jpd; thrk;

ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; Efug;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Ntisapy;
tho;e;jtuhthu;. n`hg;Rf;Fg; gpd;du; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Njhd;wpa
gpujhd murpay; rpe;jidahsuhd ,tu; jhuhz;ikthj
murpay; rpe;jidapd; cz;ikahd Muk;g fUj;jhththu;.

murhl;rpf;F vjpuhdtuhd nyhf; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; kd;du; Ml;rp

kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp Mfpaw;Wf;F ,ilapy; eilngw;w

6
mjpfhu Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ghuhSkd;w thjpfis gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nra;jhu;.

nyhf; 1690fspy; “murhq;fk; njhlu;ghd ,U

fl;Liufs;” vd;w E}iy ntspapl;L gioik
jhuhz;ikthjj;jpd; murpay; mbg;gilapid fl;bnaOg;gpdhu;.
jhuhz;ikthj murpay; fUj;jpaYf;F nyhf; Kd;itj;j
gpujhd fUj;Jf;fis gpd;tUkhW fhl;l KbAk;.

mur mjpfhuj;jpd; %yhjhuk; kf;fshtu;.

kf;fshy; epge;jidfSld; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nghWg;Gld;

(Trusteeship) $ba mjpfhuj;jpdhNyNa murhl;rp
nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; Ml;rpahsUfF; fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wJ

nghJkf;fshy; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j

nghWg;Gld; $ba mjpfhuj;ij epge;jidfis
kPwhjtifapy; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F Ml;rpahsu;
flikg;gl;bUe;jdu;.

nghJ kf;fspd; Rje;jpuk;> tho;f;if> kw;Wk;

nrhj;Jf;fspd; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jy;
me;epge;jidfspd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

jq;fSld; cld;gl;Ls;s Ml;rpahsu;fs; ,e;j

epge;jidfis kPWthu;fshapd; mtu;fSf;F
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuj;ij kPsg;ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
cupik kf;fSf;F cz;L.

murhq;fj;jpw;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuNk

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j mjpfhuk; ,Utopfspy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

7
(m) murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuk;> kf;fshy; Ml;rpahsUf;F
toq;fpAs;s nghWg;Grhu; cld;gbf;ifapd;
epge;jidfs; %yk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gly;.

(M) nghJ kf;fs; Ml;rpahsUf;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l

fhyj;jpw;Nf mjpfhuk; toq;fp ,Ue;jik. nyhf;fpdhy;
mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l ,t;turpay; rpe;jidia
‘tuk;Gila murhq;fk;’ gw;wpa vz;zf;fU vdyhk;.

nkhz;l];fpA+ (1689 - 1755)

gpuhd;rpa murpay; rpe;jidahsuhd ,tupd;> “mjpfhu

Ntwhf;fk;” njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghL jhuhz;ikthj rpe;jidf;F
Kf;fpa gq;fspg;G nra;jJ. fp.gp. 1748 ,y; gpuhd;]pa nkhopapy;
ntspapl;l “rl;lj;jpd; capu;” vd;w fl;Liuapy; ,J njhlu;ghd
rpe;jidia Kd;itj;Js;shh;

,jd; gpujhd %yf;nfhs;ifahtJ> murhq;fj;jpd;

mjpfhukhdJ rl;lj;Jiw> epu;thfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw Mfpa
gpujhd JiwfSf;filNa gpupj;J itf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjhFk;.

mt;thW ,y;yhky; ,t;tjpfhukhdJ xU epWtdj;jplk;

my;yJ xU eguplk; xd;W Ftpf;fg;gLk;NghJ jdpahs;
Rje;jpuj;ij kPWk; Ml;rp Kiwnahd;W cUthFk;;. ,jid
nkhd;l];fpA+ “nfhLq;Nfhy; Ml;rp” (Tyranny) vd
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. murhq;fj;jpd; ,t;tjpfhuq;fis gpujhd
%d;W JiwfSf;fpilNa njspthf Ntwhf;fy; kw;Wk;; ,e;
epWtdq;fs; xt;nthd;iwAk; RahjPdkhf ,aq;fr; nra;tjd;
%yNk ,jid jLf;f KbAk; vd;fpwhu;.

murpay; mjpfhuk; Ml;r;rpahsu;fshy; nfhLq;Nfhz;ikahd

tifapy; gad;gLj;Jk; mghak; njhlu;e;jpUg;gjhy;
nghJkf;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lkhapd; ,e;j
mjpfhuq;fSf;F jilfis Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w
8
rpe;jidapd; tpisthf ,e;j vz;zf;fU
fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.

vdNtjhd; nkhz;l];fpA+ murhq;f mjpfhuj;ij xU eguplNkh

my;yJ epWtdj;jplNkh xd;W Ftpf;ff;$lhJ vd Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

[Pd; n[f; &Nrh (Jean Jacques Rousseau) (1712 - 1778)

gpuhd;rpa ,dj;jtuhd &Nrh r%f xg;ge;j Nfhl;ghl;bid
Kd;ndLj;J nrd;wtu;fspy; xUtuhthu;. 1762 ,y; ntspahd
“r%f xg;ge;jk;”; vDk; E}y; mtupd; gpujhd murpay; E}yhFk;.

&NrhTk;> nyhf;> nkhz;l];fpA+ Nghd;Nw murpdhy;; kdpj

Rje;jpuk; kPwg;gLfpd;wikapypUe;J ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjpy; mf;fiw nrYj;jpdhu;.

kf;fshy; jkJ Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G vd;gdtw;iw

cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l murpdhNyNa
mtu;fspd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F ghjpg;G Vw;gLk; mghak; cs;sJ.
,e;j GjpUf;F &Nrh nfhLj;j jPu;T mur mjpfhukhdJ
murpDs; xOq;fike;Js;s midtupdJk; eyidf; fUj;jpw;
nfhz;ljhf mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.

&Nrh ,uz;L vz;zf;fUf;fis ikag;gLj;jp jdJ

fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;Js;shu;.

I. “nghJ tpUg;gk;”; (General Will) vd;gJ KjyhtjhFk;. muR

gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JtJ Ml;rpahsu; vDk; rpyupd;
tpUg;gpidNah ey;tho;tpidNah my;yhky; murpy;
cWg;gpduhf cs;s midtupdJk; xl;L nkhj;j tpUg;gj;jpid
gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ vd;gNj ,jd; mu;j;jkhFk;.

II. “kf;fs; ,iwik” vd;gJ ,uz;lhtJ MFk;. kf;fs;

,iwikapd; nrhe;jff;fhu; muNrh my;yJ
Ml;rpahsu;fNshtd;wp nghJ kf;fNs vd;gJ ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.
,t; ,iwik ghuhjPdg;gLj;jg;glyhfhJ.
9
 02. rkTilik thjk;

19k; E}w;whz;by; [Nuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l murpay;

fUj;jhFk;. ,f;fUj;jpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F 17k; E}w;whz;bypUe;J
mgptpUj;jp mile;j ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfspy;;
xd;whf INuhg;gpa Kjyhspj;Jt r%fj;jpy; Vw;wg;gl;l
Nkhrkhd tu;f;f Kuz;ghLk;> njhopyhsu; tuf;fj;jpd;
fLikahd tWik epiyAk; ,jw;F fhuzkhfpaJ.

19k; E}w;whz;bd; Kd;diug; gFjpapy; njhopw;rq;f

,af;fq;fSk; Nghuhl;lq;fSk; Fiwe;j $yp ngWfpd;w mjpf
ciog;G Ruz;lYf;F cl;gl;l njhopyhsu; tFg;gpd;
cupikfis ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; Nehf;NfhL
tsu;r;rpaile;jpUe;jJ.

rkTilikthjk; vDk; fUj;Jf;fspd; tsu;r;rpia ,U

fhyfl;lq;fshf tFj;J Nehf;f KbAk;.

jdpahu; nrhj;Jilikia ePf;fp nghJ nrhj;Jilikia

Vw;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; vOe;jJ. ,jd; %yk; cw;gj;jp gq;fPl;L
mk;rq;fs; jdpahuplk; nrwpe;Jf; fhzg;gLtij ePf;fp xU
nghJ nrhj;J Kiwia Vw;gLj;JtJ %yk; r%f Vw;wj;
jho;it ePf;fyhk; vd vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;l;lJ.

fhu;y;khu;f;]; kw;Wk; ngl;upf; Vq;fy;]; Mfpa ,UtUk;

,ize;J Kd;itj;j rkTilikthjk; njhlu;ghd etPd
fUj;J ‘khf;]pathjk;’ vd mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.

jkJ Gjpa Nfhl;ghl;bid rkTilik njhlu;ghd gioik

fUj;jpypUe;J NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;F “tpQ;Qhd
rkTilik” thjk; vd ,tu;fs; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis
milahsg;gLj;jpdu;. ,J khf;]pa rkTilikthjk; vdTk;
mwpag;gLfpwJ. 1848 ,y; khu;f;]; kw;Wk; Vq;fy;]; ntspapl;l
‘fkpA+dpr mwpf;if’ %yk; “rkTilikthjk;”; gw;wpa khf;rpa
Nfhl;ghL Kjd;Kiwahf xOq;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
10
mjpy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd fUj;Jf;fs; rpytw;iw gpd;tUkhW
RUf;fkhf Fwpg;gplyhk;.

Kjyhspj;Jt r%f> nghUshjhu Kiwik njhopyhsu;

tFg;gpd; ciog;igr; Ruz;Ljy; kPJ fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;s
kw;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; mynfhd;whFk;.

jdpahs; nrhj;J Kiwik kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp topKiwfspy;

jdpahs; cupikfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Kjyhspj;Jt
Kiwik fhzg;gLk; tiu ciog;Gr; Ruz;ly; kw;Wk; r%f
mrkj;Jt epiy fhzg;gLk;.

,e;j ciog;G Ruz;ly;> tWik kw;Wk; r%f rkj;Jtkpd;ik

vd;gtw;iw ,y;yhJ nra;a Ntz;Lkhapd; Kjyhspj;Jt r%f
nghUshjhu Kiwikia ,y;yhJ nra;J mjw;F gjpyhf
rkTilik r%f nghUshjhu Kiw xd;wpid Gjpjhf
cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nrhj;J kw;Wk; nghUshjhu cw;gj;jp topKiwfspy; jdpahu;

cupikia ,y;yhJ nra;J mtw;iw nghJ r%f cupikahf
fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jd; NghJ
nghUshjhu tsj;jpw;fhd nrhe;jf;fhuu;fshf nghJkf;fs;
fhzg;gLtu;. tug;gpurhjq;fisg; ngw;w xUrpyu; my;yu;.

,jd; NghJ r%f tsq;fspd; %yk; cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gLfpd;witfis ahtUk; rkkhd Kiwapy;
mDgtpf;f KbAk;. cw;gj;jp> gupkhw;wk; kw;Wk; Efu;T
rkj;Jtj;jpd; kPJ fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;. ,jd;NghJ r%f
tFg;Gf;fshf gpupe;J nry;tJ (tu;f;fNtWghL) njhlu;e;jpUf;f
khl;lhJ.

,t;thwhd r%f nghUshjhu gupkhw;wq;fs; Vw;gl

Ntz;Lkhapd; mjid r%f Gul;rp xd;wpd; ClhfNt
rhj;jpag;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; jiyikj;Jtk;
jhq;FtJ njhopyhsu; tu;f;fkhFk;. njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jpd;
11
jiyikapy; Vw;gLk; ‘rkTilik Gul;rp’ Kjyhspj;Jt
r%fj;jpy; njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jpw;Fk; Kjyhspj;Jt
tu;f;fj;jpw;FkpilNa Vw;gLk; tu;f;f Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
tpisNtahFk;.

rkTilikg; Gul;rp jPtpu murpay; gupkhw;wkhFk;. ,jd;NghJ

Kjyhspj;Jt muir tPo;j;jp njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jpdhy; mur
mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf;nfhs;tJ ,lk;ngWk;. ,jd;%yk;
Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fj;jpd; murpay; mjpfhuk; ,y;yhJ NghFk;.

rkTilik murhq;fj;jpd; gpujhd flikahtJ Kjyhspj;Jt

nghUshjhu Kiwikia> nrhj;J njhlu;ghd nghJ
cupikia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l rkTilik nghUshjhu
kw;Wk; r%f Kiwik xd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd
jPtpu gupkhw;wj;jpw;F jiyikj;Jtj;ij toq;FtjhFk;.

rkTilik r%fj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; “fk;A+dp];” r%f

Kiwikahf gupkhw;wk; milAk;. nfhkpAdp];l; r%f
Kiwik KOikahf xw;Wik kw;Wk; rkj;Jtj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l r%f gupkhw;wkhf cUntLg;gNj
,jd; ,Wjp ngWNgwhFk;.

,J jhuhz;ikthjj;jpid Nghd;N;w r%f nghUshjhu

murpay; fl;likg;Gf;fis cUthf;Fk; kw;WnkhU
fUj;jpayhFk;.

vdpDk; jhuhz;ikthjk; Kjyhspj;Jt fUj;jpayhFk;.

rkTilikthjk; Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij ,y;yhnjhopf;Fk;
fUj;jpayhFk;.

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; rkTilikthjk; murpay; jj;Jtkhf

khwpaJ. ,jd; %yk; Kjyhspj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd ghupa
tpku;rdq;fs; khw;Wf; fUj;Jf;fs; INuhg;ghtpYk; fhyzpj;Jt
ehLfspYk; ngupJk; gutpaJ.

12
cjhuzkhf : 1917 ,u\;a Gul;rp> 1949 rPdg;Gul;rp> ,uz;lhk;
cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; Nkw;F INuhg;ghtpd; rkTilik
murhq;fq;fs; jhgpf;fg;gly;> 1959 fpA+g Gul;rp> INuhg;ghtpd;
njhopyhsu; tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; vd;gd rkTilik
fUj;jpaypdhy; cUg;ngw;witahFk;.

rkTilikthjk; murpay; fUj;jpayhf ,d;ndhU

gupkhw;wj;jpw;F cs;shdJ. khf;\pathjk; fw;gpj;j “Gul;rpfu
rkTilikf;F” (Revolutionary Socialism) rkhe;jukhf
“%d;whk; cyf ehLfspd; rkTilik” (Third World Socialism)
thjk; vd;w fUj;Jk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;jpahtpd; [t`u;yhy; NeU> vfpg;jpd; mg;Jy;fkhy; erhu;

kw;Wk; jd;rhdpahtpd; [Pypa]; epauhNu Nghd;Nwhu; ,jd;
Kf;fpa rpe;jidahsu;fshtu;.

%d;whk; cyf rkTilikthjk; khf;\pa rkTilik

Nfhl;ghLfspy;; fhzg;gl;l rkj;Jtk; kw;wk; r%f ePjp
njhlu;ghd fUj;jpd;; mbg;gilapNyNa fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fhyzpj;Jt fhyj;jpy; ypguy; Kjyhspj;Jtthjpfs; jhq;fs;

cupikahf;fpf; nfhz;l ehLfspd; nghUshjhu FiwtpUj;jp
kw;wk; r%f rkj;Jtkpd;ikf;F gupfhuk; fpilf;fhJ vd;gij
Vw;Wf;nfhz;l ,e;j jiytu;fs; gpd; fhydpj;Jt
r%fq;fSf;F kpfTk; nghUj;jKila nghUshjhu
khw;wq;fis Njbdu;. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpdJk;>
rkTilikthjj;jpdJk; %yf; nfhs;iffis fye;J
cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;j khw;Wf;fUj;jpidAk; ‘rkTilikthjk;’
vd;Nw miof;fpd;wdu;.

13
 3 . FbauRthjk;
murpay; ghlg;gug;gpy; Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpd;w fUj;jpay;fSs;
FbauRthjk; vd;w fUj;jpaYk; Kf;fpakhdJ ,J ypguy;
thjk; Nghd;Nw murpay; rpj;jhe;jkhf ,Ug;gNjhL murpay;
Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; murpay; jj;Jtk; vd;w tifg;gLj;jYf;Fk;
cl;gLfpd;wJ.

FbauRthjk;> murpay; vz;zf;fUthfTk;> jj;JtkhfTk;

ePz;l tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j tuyhW fpNuf;f>
cNuhk Afq;fs; tiu ePz;L fhzg;gLfpwJ.

ypguy;thjk; kw;Wk; FbauRthjk; vd;gd xd;Nwhnwhd;W

khWgl;l murpay; fUj;jpayhf ,y;yhjtplj;Jk;> ,it
,uz;Lf;Fkpilapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w NtWghLfis mwpe;J
nfhs;sy;> ,f;fUj;jpay;fis rupahf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sTk;
cjTk;.

murpay; gpuirfs;> gpurh cupik> Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; murpay;

njhlu;ghd FbauRthj fUj;Jf;fs; etPd muR> mjd;
,ay;igAk; Nehf;fq;fisAk; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; Kf;fpa
gq;fhw;wpAs;sJ.

FbauRthj fUj;jpd; tsu;r;rpia ehd;F fl;lq;fspy; fhl;l

KbAk;.

1. gioik FbauRthjk; :-
fpNuf;f kw;Wk; cNuhk FbauRthj Afk;
mup];Nlhl;by;> nghypgpa]; kw;Wk; rprNuh

2. INuhg;gpa kWkyu;r;rp fhyk; :-

kf;fpahty;yp mgptpUj;jp nra;j FbauRthj rpe;jid

14
 3. gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpuhd;]; kw;Wk; mnkupf;f
FbauRthjk; :-
&Nrh> nkhz;l];fpa+> mnkupf;fhtpd; Njhk]; n[gu;rd;
kw;Wk; N[k;]; nkbrd;.

4. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; FbauRthjk; :-

`dh Mu;nld;l;> FNtd;bd; ];fpdu;>
gpypg; ngl;bl;> (Hannah Arendt, Quenton Slicner, Philip
Pettit)

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L FbauRthjj;jpd; gpujhd

fUj;jpayhsu;fspd; Fbahl;rpthjj;jpy; nghJthd
%yf;nfhs;iffs; rpy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

(m). FbauRthjk; murhl;rp Kiwikf;F

NenujpuhdjhFk;. ,J 18Mk; 19Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy;
jhuhz;ikthjj;jpw;F rkhe;jukhf mgptpUj;jpaile;j
njhd;whFk;.

(M) FbauRthjj;jpd;gb ,iwikapd; cupikahsd;

murpd; Ml;rpahsd; md;wp nghJkf;fshtu;. ,JTk; gioik
jhuhz;ikthjj;jpw;F rkhe;jukhf Njhw;wk; ngw;w murhl;rpf;F
vjpuhd epiyg;ghlhFk;.

(,) murpd; jiytd; kf;fspd; thf;Ffspdhy; njupT

nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpaNjhL ,f;fUj;J
18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd; tsu;r;rpaile;j Nfhl;ghlhFk;.

(<) gpuirfs; murpay; uPjpahf cz;ikahfTk;>

JUtpuha;fpd;w murpay; tpyq;fhf nraw;ghLfspy;
gq;Fg;gw;Wthu;.
murpay; uPjpahf nraw;ghl;Lld; ,Ue;J nghJ
ed;ikf;fhf mu;g;gzpg;Gld; cioj;jy; FbauRthj
gpuirnahUtupd; gpujhd gz;ghFk;. ,J mup];Nlhl;bypd;
fhyj;jpypUe;J ,lk;ngw;WtUk; fUj;jhFk;.

15
 ,e;j Fzhk;rq;fisNa “rptpy; ey;nyhOf;fk;” (Civic
Virtue) vd;fpd;wdu;.

(c) midj;J gpuirfspdJk; nghJ eyDf;fhfNt

gpuirfs; murpay; r%fkhf xOq;fike;Js;sdu;.

(C) murpaypd; Nehf;fk; Rje;jpukhFk;. mJ gpuirfspd;

nraw;ghl;bdhNyNa ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;glf; $bajhFk;.
,yFtpy; ,y;yhky; Nghff;$ba tskhd Rje;jpuj;ij
ghJfhff;f; $baJ gpuirfspd; murpay; gq;Fgw;wypdhyhFk;.

rpy gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; jhuhz;ikthjk; kw;Wk;

FbauRthjk;; Mfpad xd;wpw;nfhz;L NtWgLfpd;wJ.

m) gpuirAk; murpaYk;
FbauRthjj;jpw;F Vw;g gpurh cupik vd;gJ ntWkNd
murpd;/ murpay; r%fj;jpy; cWg;Gupikia ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ
kl;Lky;y. murpay; nraw;ghl;by; nraY}f;fj;Jld; gq;Fgw;Wk;>
mjD}lhf nghJ ed;ikf;fhf mu;g;gzpg;Gld; ciof;fpd;w
gpuirfspd;
ew;gz;ghFk;.

“murpaypy; <LgLjy;” vd;gJ me;j nghJ ed;ikAk;>

Rje;jpuj;ijAk; mile;Jf;nfhs;tij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L
Vida gpuirfSlDk; ,ize;J $l;Lzu;Tld;
nraw;gLtjhFk;. gpuir nraY}f;fj;Jld; murpaiy
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; epiyapy; Rje;jpuk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.

vdpDk; ,J gw;wpa jhuhz;ikthj fUj;J NtWgl;ljhFk;.

gpurhTupik vd;gJ murpd; / murpay; r%fj;jpy; mq;fj;Jtk;
fpilg;gjhFk;. jhuhz;ikthj [dehaf murpy; gpuir jdf;F
fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;s Rje;jpuj;ij jdpahfTk;> mikjpahfTk;
mDgtpgg; jhFk;. jhuhz;ikaw;w kw;wk; [dehafkw;w
murpay; KiwapNyNa gpuirfs; nraY}f;fj;Jldhd murpay;
Nghuhl;lk; ,lk;ngWk;.
16
 M) Rje;jpuk;
jhuhz;ikthjk; “Rje;jpuj;ij” jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; (Personal
Freedom) vd;Nw mu;j;jg;gLj;jpaJ. mjhtJ murpd;> r%fj;jpd;
kw;Wk; VidNahupdJ jilfspYk;
jiyaPLfspYkpUe;J tpLgl;L jdpegu;fs; jdJ tpUg;gg;gb
VidNahUf;F ,ilA+W Vw;glhtz;zk; rpe;jpf;fpd;w
nraw;gLfpd;w kw;Wk; tho;tjw;fhd Rje;jpukhFk;. ,jid
“vjpu;kiw Rje;jpuk;” (Negative Freedom) vd Fwpg;gpLtu;.
mjhtJ jilfs; ,d;wp
fpilf;fpd;w Rje;jpuk; (Freedom From Constraint) vd;gjhFk;.

FbauRthjj;jpw;fpzq;f Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ gpuirfs; jq;fsJ

Nghuhl;lq;fspd; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;w kw;Wk; ghJfhj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;w cupikahFk;. Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ ,ayg;ghf
,of;fg;glf;$ba mr;RWjj;jYf;F Kfk; nfhLfpd;w nghJthd
cupikahFk;. mjid ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F
jhuhz;ikthjk; Kd;itf;Fk; rl;luPjpahd> murpay;
tiuaiwfs; NghJkhdjhf ,y;yhjpUg;gNjhL mjw;fhf
gpuirfspd; gq;Fg;gw;wy; (Civic engegment) mj;jpatrpakhFk;.

jw;fhy FbauRthj rpe;jid

20 Mk; E}w;whz;by; FbauRthjj;jpd; gpujhd
rpe;jidahsu;fshd n`dhn`ud;bl;> FNtd;bd;
];fpdu;> gpypg; ngl;b MfpaNahupd; rpe;jidfspy; gpujhd ,U
fUj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
92
murpay; Mjpgj;jpathjj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;l Rje;jpuk;
Rje;jpuj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Clfkhf gpuirfspd;
nraw;ghL 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; FbauRthjk; gpuirfspd;
murpay; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; gzpfs; njhlu;gpy; tpNrl ftdk;
nrYj;Jfpd;wikahy; mJ “gpuirfspd; FbauRthjk;” (Civics
Republication) vdTk; miof;fg; gLfpwJ.

17
 4 r%f [dehafk;

,J gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpaiug;gFjpapy;

Muk;gkhfp jw;fhyj;jpYk; nraw;gLfpd;w vz;zf; fUthFk;.

1860fspy; N[u;kdpapy; njhopyhsu; ,af;fj;ij mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L Njhw;wk; ngw;w N[u;kdpa r%f [dehaf fl;rp ,jd;
Kd;Ndhbahf fhzg;gl;lJ.

20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;g jrhg;jq;fspy; [Nuhg;gpa ehLfspy;

njhopyhsu; tFg;gpdiu mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L xOq;fike;j
njhopw;rq;fq;fspd; Clhf r%f [dehaffl;rp Njhw;wk;
ngw;Ws;sij fhzyhk;. N[u;kdpapy; njhopyhsu; ,af;fj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Njhw;wk; ngw;w N[u;khdpa r%f
[dehaf fl;rp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

r%f [dehafk; vDk; NghJ jhuhz;ikthjk; kw;Wk;

khf;rpathjj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mtw;wpd; Kf;fpa
mk;rq;fis jd;dfj;Nj cl;nfhz;L fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l fUj;J
tbtkhFk;. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpdJk; khf;rpathjj;jpdJk; fyg;G
vd;Wk; $wyhk;. Muk;gj;jpy; r%f [dehafk; $Ljyhf
khf;rpathj jhf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jw;F njhopw;rq;f
,af;fq;fNs mbg;gilahf mike;jd.

r%f [dehaf ,af;fq;fspy; Gjpa kWkyu;r;rpia ,uz;lhk;

cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; N[u;kd; kw;Wk; ];nfd;bNdtpa
ehLfspy; fhz Kbe;jJ.

khf;]p;thjj;jpd; nry;thf;if ngw;Wf; nfhz;Lk; mjidNa

jkJ epiyg;ghlhff; nfhz;Lk; INuhg;ghtpy; r%f [dehafk;
Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. me;j r%f [dehaf njhopyhsu; fl;rpfs;
Muk;gj;jpy; khf;]pathjj;jpd; nry;thf;if ngw;Wf;
nfhz;lit fshf fhzg;gl;ld.

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;g jrhg;jq;fspy; r%f

[dehafkhdJ khf;]pathj kw;Wk; Gul;rpfu
18
rkTilikthjj;jpypUe;J NtWgl;l fUj;jpay;
Kidg;gpidAk; murpay; uPjpahd milahsj;jpidAk;
ngw;wJ. N[u;kd; r%f [dehaf fl;rpapd; jiytuhd vl;tu;l;
Ngd;];ild; (1850 - 1932) (Edward Bernstein) mjd;
Kd;NdhbAk; ,e;jf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; gpujhd
rpe;jidahsUkhthu;.

Muk;gj;jpy; khf;]pathjpahd ,tu; njhopyhsu;fspd; fl;lhag;

Gul;rp njhlu;ghd fUj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy.
ghuhSkd;wj;ij Clfkhf Vw;Wf; nfhz;L rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd;
%yk; njhopyhsu; tFg;gpdu; rkTilikthj Nehf;fq;fis
mile;J nfhs;s KbAk.; vd;w Gjpa rpe;jidia r%f
[dehafthjj;jpw;F ,tu; toq;fpdhu;.

1930fspd; gpd;du; murpd; eyd;Gupthj fUj;J r%f [dehaf

rpe;jidAld; xd;wpize;jJ. r%f [dehafj;ij
rkTilikthj;jpd; xU Jiwahf fUJtjw;fhd gpd;dzpahf
,e;j rpe;jidapd; ,izg;G fhzg;gl;lJ.

murpay; rpe;jidahf r%f [dehafj;jpd; gpujhd

mbg;gilfs; Kjyhspj;Jt r%f nghUshjhu Kiwikapdhy;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w jPtpu nghUshjhu mrkepiy> tWik
kw;Wk; r%f mePjpfSf;F Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpDs;
jPu;tpd;ikapdhy; me;j Kiwikia epuhfupf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjhFk;.

Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;F khw;wPlhf Njhw;wk; ngw;w

rkTilikthjk; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l
gpur;rpidfSf;F rpwe;j Kd;nkhopTfis nra;jJ. vdpDk;>
Gul;rp xd;wpD}lhd epiykhw;wj;jpdhy; rkTilikthjj;ij
Njhw;Wtpg;gJ vd;gJ khf;rpathjj;jpd; eilKiwf;F
mg;ghw;gl;L cs;sJ.

Kjyhspj;Jt Kiwik> r%f rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; r%f ePjp

gw;wpa rkTilikthj mbg;gilfspy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis

19
Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; Kjyhspj; Jtj;jpd; gpur;rpidfSf;F
rkTilikthj jPu;Tfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij rkTilikthj mbg;gilfSf;F Vw;g

kWrPuikg;G nra;j NghJ xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l nfhs;if uPjpahd
mbg;gilfs; gpd;tUkhW>

01. nghUshjhuj;Jiwapy; murpd; jiyaPL :

,J mur jiyapLfsw;w jhuhz;ik Kjyhspj;Jt
mbg;gilapy; ,Ue;J njspthf NtWg;gl;ljhFk;. mur
jiyaPl;bd; %yk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; Nghf;fpid epUtfpj;jy;
kw;Wk; top elj;jf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;. ,jd; %yk; re;ijg;
nghUshjhuj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd r%f> nghUshjhu
tpisTfSf;F (r%f rkkpd;ik> tWik> r%f mePjp) jPu;T
fhzKbAk;.

02. fyg;G nghUshjhuk;

,jD}lhf Kjyhspj;Jt kw;wk; rkTilik thj
nghUshjhu mbg;gilfisAk; nfhs;iffisAk;
xd;wpizj;jNy Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ. re;ijg; nghUshjhuk;
,lk;ngWk; mNjNeuk; mjid muR epUtfpj;jy; fyg;G
nghUshjhuj;jpd; (Mixed Economy) gpujhd gz;ghFk;.

03. r%f eyd;Gup

Kjyhspj;Jt jhuhz;ikthj nghUshjhu Kiwapy;
r%f eyd;Gup vd;w vz;zf;fU fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,J
re;ij rf;jpfs; %yk; eyd;Gupfis tYg;gLj;Jtjhf
mike;jJ.
,e;j fUj;jpid r%f [dehafthjk; KOikahf
epuhfupg;gNjhL Rje;jpu re;ijahdJ mrkepiyia
Vw;gLj;JNk jtpu ,tw;Wf;fhd jPu;Tfis ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fhJ
vd;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.4 ,jw;fhf r%f
[dehafthjkhdJ nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%fj; Jiwfspy;
murpd; Neub jiyaPl;Lldhd r%f eyd;Gupfis (Social
Welfarism) Kd;nkhope;jJ.
20
 04. nry;tk; kw;Wk; tUkhdq;fis r%fj;jpw;F
kPs gfpu;e;jspj;jy;.

Kjyhspj;Jt re;ijg; nghUshjhuj;jpd;; ghjfkhd

tpisnthd;whf nryTk; kw;Wk; tUkhdq;fis gfpu;tjpy;
fhzg;gLk; ghupa rkkpd;ik> nry;tk; Fwpj;j xUrhuhupd;
iffspy; xd;WFtpjy; Mfpatw;Wf;fhf r%f [dehafk;
tUkhdk; kw;wk; nry;tq;fis kPsg; gfpu;e;jspf;Fk;
vz;zf;fUtpid khw;wl
P hf Kd;nkhope;jJ.
nry;te;ju;fsplkpUe;J mwtplg;gLk; tUkhdtupfis r%f
eyd;Gup nraw;ghLfSf;F nrytopj;jy; ,jw;fhf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s gpujhd cghakhFk;.

05. $l;L Nguk; NgRjy;

rhjhuz kf;fs; kw;Wk; njhopyhsu; tFg;gpdu; eyd;fis

Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L cau; FohkpdUld; $l;L xg;ge;jq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sjy;.

r%f [dehaf fUj;jpay; jhuz;ikthj rpe;jidfspd;

ngUk;gFjpf;F vjpu; epiyapidAk;> rkTlikapd;
ngUk;gFjpapid Mjupf;Fk; epiyapidAk; nfhz;l xU
fUj;jpayhFk;.

5.5 ghrpr thjk;

17–18 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfsy; jhuhz;ikthjKk;> 19 Mk;

E}w;whz;by; rkTilikthjKk; Kf;fpak; ngw;wijg; Nghd;W
20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kjy; miug;gFjpapy; ghrprthjk;
Kf;fpak; ngw;wJ.

,J Kjyhk; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l

fhyj;jpy; Xu; jj;JtkhfTk;> murpay; ,af;fkhfTk; Njhw;wk;
ngw;wJ. ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; ,j;jhyp kw;Wk;
21
N[u;kdpapd; tPo;r;rpNahL Njhy;tpaile;jJ. Muk;gj;jpy;
ghrprthjk; vd;w nrhy; ,j;jhypapy; ngdpw;Nwh KNrhypdpapd;
jiyikapy;; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ru;tjpfhu MAj gyk; nfhz;l
murpay; ,af;fj;ij Fwpg;gpl gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; mJ
N[u;kd;> [g;ghd; Mfpa ehLfspy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ,dthj
MAj gy kw;Wk; ru;thjpfhu murpay; ,af;fq;fs; kw;Wk; mur
Kiwikfis Fwpg;gpl gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nghJthdnjhU
murpay; gjkhf khw;wk; mile;jJ.

N[u;kdpa ghrprk;> eh]prthjk; (Nazism) vdg;gl;lJ. ,J

Njrpa rkTilikthjk; (National Socialism) vd;w N[u;kd;
nrhy;ypd; jpupghFk;.

,j;jhypapYk; N[u;kdpapYk; ghrprthjkhdJ Kjyhspj;Jtk;>

jhuhz;ik [dehafk;> rkTilikthjk; kw;Wk; nfhkpAdpr
thjq;fSf;F Nenujpuhd jj;JtkhfTk;> murpay;
,af;fkhfTk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

Kjyhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; Njhy;tpia mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L ,j;jhypapYk;> N[u;kdpapYk; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ghupa
murpay; neUf;fb> 1920fspy; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu ke;jj;jpdhy;
Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f tPo;r;rp vd;gd ghrprthjk;
kw;Wk; ehrprthjk; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd gpd;dzpahf mike;jJ.

N[u;kdpa ehrprthj Ml;rpahsuhd mnlhy;g; `pl;yu; (Addolph

Hitler) 1925 - 1926 fspy; murpay; rpiwf; ifjpahf
,Ue;jNghJ ntspapl;l ‘vdJ Nghuhl;lk;’ (Mein Kamp) vd;w
E}ypy; ghrprthjj;jpd; mbg;gil kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fis kpfTk;
njspthf vOjpAs;shu;.

`pl;yu; kw;Wk; ,j;jhypa ghrprthj jiytdhd ngdpw;Nwh

KNrhypdp ntspapl;l fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; gad;ghLfspd;
mbg;gilapy; ghrprthj rpe;jidapd; gpujhd gz;Gfis
,dq;fhz KbAk;.

22
 m) murpay; midj;jhz;ikthjk; (Totalrianism)
ghrprthjkhdJ xU tifapy; ru;thjpfhu Ml;rp
Kiwnahd;wpid fl;bnaOg;Gtij Nehf;fhf
nfhz;bUe;jNjhL ,J murpay; Nfhl;ghl;by;
midj;jhz;ikthjk; vDk; vz;zf;fUthf
milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb muR mbg;gil apNyNa
ru;tjpfhukhdJk;> ru;tjpfhu Ml;rp fl;likg;gpd; %yk; KO
r%fj;ijAk;> murpay; KiwikiaAk; jdJ KOikahd
fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fk;> Mjpf;fj;jpw;Fk; cl;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjhFk;.

M) muRf;F mbgzpjy;
murhdJ KO ,dj;jpdJ cau;T> nfsutk; vd;gjpdhy; rfy
gpui[fSk; vt;tpjkhd epge;jidfNsh> Nfs;tpfNshapd;wp
murpw;F mbg;gzpa Ntz;Lk;. murpypUe;J tpyfpa jdpahs;
Rje;jpuk; ,q;F ,y;iy.
96
,) jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; ,d;ik
jhuhz;iikthjj;jpd; mbg;gil fU> murpdhy;
ghJfhf;fg;gLk; jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; vd;why; ghrprthjj;jpd; fPo;
‘jdpahs; Rje;jpuk;’ vd;w vz;zf;fU kWf;fg;gLjNy
gpujhdkhdjhFk;. ghrprthjj;jpy;; jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ>
murpw;Fk;> ,dj;jpw;Fk; jiytDf;Fk; epge;jidapd;wp fhl;Lk;
mbgzptpd; jd;ikiag; nghWj;Nj fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

<) ehafu; topghL (jiytUf;F mbgzpjy;)

jiytdpd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; Mjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F rfy
gpuirfSk;> KO r%fKk; epge;jidapd;wpAk; Ra
tpUg;gj;Jld; mbgzpjy; ghrprthjj;jpd; tpNrl gz;ghFk;.

c) jPtpu tu;f;fthjk; /,dthjk;

ghrprj;jpy; ,dthjkhdJ NkhNyhq;fp fhzg;gLk;. ,tu;fs;
N[u;kdpa ,dkhd Mupa ,dNk cyfpy; jiyrpwe;j ,dk;
vd;fpd;wdu;. ,dthjk; ghrprj;jpy; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gNjhL
mJNt tuyhw;wpy; fUJNfhs; vd;fpd;wdu;. `pl;yu; jhd;
vOjpa 'nkapd; Nfk;" vd;w E}ypy; Kjyhk; cyf kfh
23
Aj;jj;jpy; N[u;kdp gLNjhy;tpaile;jikf;F mq;Fs;s
A+ju;fSk; rh];jpupfSk; fhuzk; vd;fpwhu;. ghrprthjp jkJ
,dj;ij Nkk;gLj;jp fhl;Ltjw;fhf ,dj;ij gpd;tUkhW
tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.

• fyhrhuj;ij Njhw;Wtpg;Nghu;
• fyhrhuj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Nthu;
• fyhrhuj;ij mopg;Nghu;.
,k; %d;W tifapdUs;; N[u;kdpa Mupa ,dj;ij>
fyhrhuj;ij Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; gpuptpYk; cyfpy; A+ju;fs; jtpu;e;j
VidNahiu fyhrhuj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Nthu; vd;Wk;>
A+ju;fis fyhrhuj;ij mopg;Nghu; vd;Wk;
tifg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;. vdNt ,e;j fyhrhuj;ij mopf;Fk;
A+ju;fis xopf;f Ntz;Lk; vd fUjp> jdJ Ml;rpfhyj;jpy;
Rkhu; 14 ,yl;rk; A+ju;fis er;Rtha;T+l;b nfhiy
nra;fpd;whu;.

C) jPtpu ,uhZtthjk; (Extreme Militarism)

[dehaf Ml;rp Kiwapy; rfy re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; Aj;jkhdJ
epuhfupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Nrhrypr Ml;rp Kiwapy; xU fl;lj;jpy;
khj;jpuk; Aj;jkhdJ mDkjpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Mdhy;
ghrprj;jpy; rfy re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; Aj;jkhdJ
mDkjpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. vdNt jhd; ,jid 'Aj;jj;jpdhy;
Njhd;wp> Aj;jj;jpdhy; tsu;e;J> Aj;jj;jpdhy; kbAk; muR"
vd;fpwhu;fs;.
ghrprthjpfs;> rkhjhdk; vd;gJ Nfhiofspd; fdT
vd;fpd;whu;fs;. mj;Jld; ,iwik gilj;j ve;jnthU ehLk;
fl;lhak; Aj;jk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;wdu;. ,iwikg;
gilj;j ve;jnthU egUk; ve;j xU muRk; ahUf;Fk;
fl;Lglf;$lhJ vd;fpd;wdu;.
ghrpr muir xU kukhf vLj;J nfhz;lhy;> mjw;F
ePuhf Cw;wg;gLtJ kdpj ,uj;jkhFk;> grisahf ,lg;gLtJ

24
kdpj vYk;GfshFk;. ,t;thW ghrprj;jpy; Aj;jkhdJ
Nkk;gLj;jp fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ghrpr jiytu;fSs; xUtuhd KNrhypdp gpd;tUkhW
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. vdf;F fiy vd;Dk; nrhy;iy Nfl;lTld;
Jg;ghf;fpia vLj;J Row;Wk; vz;zk; jhd; epidTf;F
tUfpd;wJ. Aj;j fyNk xU kdpjdJ MSikia
ntspg;gLj;jtjw;F rpwe;j ,lk; vd;fpd;whu;.
Aj;jk; nra;a Kbahj ehLfs; midj;Jk; Njq;fp epw;Fk;
ePUf;F rkd; vd;fpwhu;. ,t;thW ghrprj;jpy; Aj;jk; Kjy;
epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gjhy; Aj;jj;jpdhy; Njhd;wp Aj;jj;jpdhy;
tsu;e;J Aj;jj;jpdhy; kbAk; muR vdg;gLfpwJ.

v) td;KiwAk;; jPtputhj;ijAk; murpay;

mjpfhu Clfkhf gadg;gLj;Jjy;
ghrpr murpd; mbg;gilg; gz;ghf KO r%fj;ijAk; jq;fsJ
Mjpgj;jpaj;jpd; fPo; gyte;jkhf cl;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjhf
,Ue;jJ. jdJ mjpfhuj;jpw;F cld;glhj rfy r%f / ,dg;
gpuptpdiuAk; mbikg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; kw;Wk; clypay;
uPjpahf mopit Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ghrpr thjpfs;
xOq;fike;jpUe;jdu;.

,d Rj;jpfupg;G (Genocide) ghrpr murpd; flik Mf;fg;gl;lJ.

ghrprthjj;Jld; cld;glhj kf;fSfF; ,U khw;WtopfNs
fhzg;gl;ld. xd;W ehl;il tpl;Lr; nry;Yjy; my;yJ ,d
Rj;jpfupg;Gf;F cl;gLjy; vd;gditNa mit. Kjyhk; cyf
Nghupd; gpd; ,j;jhypapYk;> N[u;kdpapYk; ntspg;gl;l
ghrprthjk;> ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpy; me;ehLfs;
mile;j
Njhy;tpapdhy; cj;jpNahf g+u;tkhf epiwtile;jd.
ghrprthjk; khdpl gz;ghl;by; Vw;gl;l khwhf; fyq;fkhf
fUjg;gLfpwJ.

25
ghrpr rpe;jid ,d;W Njhy;tpaile;J fhzg;gl;lhYk; mjd;
jhf;fj;jpw;Fl;gl;l rpwpa FOf;fs; INuhg;ghtpYk;>;
mnkupf;fhtpYk; ,d;Wk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

6. Njrpa thjk;

19Mk; kw;Wk; 20Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; tsu;r;rpaile;j

gpujhdkhd murpay; fUj;jpay; Njrpa thjkhFk;
(Nationilism). ,J murpay; fUj;jpayhfTk;> murpay; kw;Wk;
r%f ,af;fkhfTk; ,Ug;gNjhL etPd cyfpy; murpd;>
murpay; Kuz;ghLfs; kw;Wk; muRfSf;fpilapyhd
njhlu;Gfs; vd;gtw;iw jPu;khdpg;gjpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;w
gpujhd rhjdKk; MFk;.

Njrpathjj;jpd; flikg; nghWg;Gfis kwe;J etPd

cyfj;ij tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s KbahjsTf;F etPd tuyhw;wpd;
topiaAk; kdpju;fspd; murpay; jiytpjpia jPu;khdpg;gjpYk;
Njrpathjk; gq;fspg;G nra;Js;sJ. jq;fis “,dnkd;W”
Fwpg;gpLk; Ra Gupe;Jzu;Tila kf;fs; Fwpj;j murpay;
Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf Kd;ndLf;fpd;w ‘,dk;’ gw;wpa fUj;jhf
Njrpathjk; vd;gij RUf;fkhf Fwpg;gpyhk;.

fUj;jpayhfTk; rpe;jidahfTk; Njrpathjj;jpy; ,uz;L

rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; fhzyhk;. Njrpathjk; vd;gjw;F Kiwahd
xUKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l rpe;jid nahd;wpy;iy. ,J Fwpj;j xU
rpe;jidahsupdhNyh my;yJ jj;JttpayhsupdhNyh
Kd;itf;fg;gl;ljy;y. mjw;nfd jdpj;Jtkhd
rpe;jidahsu;fSk; ,y;iy.

,J gw;wp ngdbf;l; vd;lu;rd; vDk; murpay; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;

1983Mk; Mz;L ntspapl;l fw;gidg; r%fq;fs; (Imagined
Communities) vDk; E}ypy; tpsf;fkhf $wpAs;shu;.

Njrpathjk; murpay; uPjpahf vt;tsT gykhdjhf

fhzg;gl;lhYk; mJ jj;Jtk; vd;wtifapy; fPo; epiyahdJk;
26
mbg;gilnahd;Wk; mjpy; fhzg;gl tpy;iy. Vida murpay;
fUj;jpaisg; Nghd;W jdf;nfd;w jdpj;Jtkhd
rpe;jidahsu;fisNah> Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fisNah ,J
cUthf;fp nfhs;stpy;iy. Njrpathjj;jpw;F n`hg;];>
nfhf;tpy;> khf;];> ntgu; Nghd;wnuhUtu; ,y;iy. (vd;lu;rd;
1983) jdpj;Jtkhd jj;Jttpashsu;fs;> rpe;jid
ahsu;fspdhy; Njw;Wtpf;fg;glhtpl;lhYk; gy;NtW
r%fq;fspypUe;J Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;s Njrpathj
fUj;jpay;fspy; nghJthd fl;likg;nghd;W fhzg;gLfpwJ.
c+k; : rpq;fs Njrpathjk;> [g;ghd; Njrpa thjk;>
Mq;fpy Njrpa thjk;> ,u\;rpa Njrpathjk; Nghd;wthW
xd;wpw; nfhd;W Neubj; njhlu;Gfs; mw;w
Njrpathjq;fspd; fl;likg;Grhu; xOq;fikg;G
nghJj;jd;ik cilajhFk;.

Njrpathjj;ij gpujhd %d;W mZFKiwfspD}lhf

,dq;fhzyhk;.
01. etPd mZFKiw (Modernist)
18Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;du; INuhg;gpa ifj;njhopy;
Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfspy; Njrpa muRfs;
tsu;r;rpailAk; nraw;ghl;Lld; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l
fUj;jhFk;.

02. kuG uPjpahd mZFKiw (Primordialist)

,jd; fUj;J> Njrpathjk; gy;yhapuk; Mz;Lfs;
gioikahd kdpj tuyhw;iwg; Nghd;Nw
gioikahd epfo;thf nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

03. fUtpthj mZFKiw (Instrumentalist)

,dk; vd;w fUj;J murpay;thjpfs; kw;Wk; murpay;
gpuKfu;fs; murpay; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;Jfpd;w fUtpahFk; vd
,jdhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ‘,dTzu;tpd;’;
mbg;gilAk; NjrpathjKk; “VNjDk; r%fj;jpw;F
jhq;fs; midtUk; $l;lhf ,dk; vd;fpd;w ghupa
27
 r%fj;jpw;Fs; cld;gLNthk; vd;fpd;w czu;tpidf;
fl;bnaOg;GtNj Njrpathjj;jpd; gpujhd
gzpahFk;.”. mjhtJ Njrk; vd;fpd;w r%fj;jpw;F
cld;gly; vd;w czu;thFk;.

‘xNu ,dkhf’ rpe;jpg;gjw;F mtu;fSf;fpilNa nghJ j;jd;ik

njhlu;ghd cWjpg;ghL ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Njrpathjpfs;
,jid ‘Njrpa milahsk;’ (National Identity) vd;fpd;wdu;.
Njrpa milahs rpd;dq;fshf nkhop> kjk;> fyhrhuk;> nghJ
tuyhW kw;Wk; rpy Neuq;fspy; nghJthd epy gpuNjKk;
mlq;Fk;.

nghJj;jd;ik njhlu;ghd czu;tpd; %yk; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;w

Njrpathjk; gpd;du; murpay; jd;ikiaAk; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;fpwJ. ,jd; %yk; ‘,dk;’ vd;gjw;F murpay;
milahsnkhd;W fpilg;gNjhL mjD}lhf kf;fSf;F
murpay; ,yf;Ffis ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J ,dj;ij murpay;
uPjpahf topelj;Jk;. murpay; Rje;jpuk;> gpuNjr Ra Ml;rp
kw;Wk; r%f FOf;fspd;; cupikfs; ,e;j murpay;
Nehf;fq;fspy; gpujhdkhditahFk;.

Raepu;za cupik Njrpa thjj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;l gpujhd

vz;zf; fUthFk;. ,jdhy; fUjg;gLtJ jdJ murpay;
jiytpjpiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; cupik rfy ,dq;fSf;Fk;
cupj;jhdJ vd;gjhFk;. murpay; uPjpahf gpupe;J Ntwhd
munrhd;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tNjhL> gpuptpid> gpuNjr
Rahl;rp> Njrpa Ra epu;za cupik vd;gjd; %yk;
epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fq;fshFk;.

murpay; uPjpahf Njrpathj fUj;jpaypd; gzpahtJ ,dk;

vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w xU r%fj;ij Vida
r%fq;fspypUe;J NtWgLj;jp milahsk; fhzg; jhFk;.
Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;ljd;gb ,jd; epakq;fshf nkhop> kjk;>
fyhrhuk; Mfpa Njrpa milahs fUtpfshFk;.

28
Njrpathjk; fUj;jpayhfTk; murpay; ,af;fkhTk; (18
E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; ,d;Wtiu) gpujhd ,uz;L
jd;ikfisf; nfhz;lJ.
01. Njrpa - mur Njrpathjk;
02. ,dj;Jt Njrpathjk;

01. Njrpa - mur Njrpathjk;

,J Njrpathjj;jpd; gioik Njhw;whFk;. ,jd; gpujhd

gz;ghf fhzg;gLtJ Njrpa murpd; milahsj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUg;gjhFk;.

INuhg;ghtpy; 18k; E}w;whz;by; Njhw;wk; ngw;w Njrpa

muRfspd; Njhw;wg;ghL “xUNjrk; - xU muR” vd;w
#j;jpuj;jpd;gb xU ,dj;jpw;Fl;gl;l kf;fs; mt;tpdj;jpd;
Njrj;jpw;F cl;gLfpd;wdu;. Njrj;jpd; kPjhd cupik> gpizg;G
kw;Wk; md;G Nghd;wd mt;tpdj;jpd; muRld; me;epak;
MFk;NghJ fpilf;Fk; gpizg;G kw;Wk; Nerpg;GkhFk;. c-k;; :
,yq;ifau;fs;> ,e;jpaufs;> jha;yhe;jpau;fs; vd;gjdhy;
fUjg;gLtJ ,e;j Njrpa muRfspd; rpe;jidahFk;.

02. ,dj;Jt Njrpathjk;

Njrpa murpDs; tho;fpd;w ,df;FOf;fSf;fpilapy;

Vw;gLfpd;w $l;lhd FOnthd;W njhlu;ghd murpay; mwpT
‘,dj;Jt Njrpathjk;’ (Ethinic Nationalism) vd
miof;fg;gLk;.

mjw;Fk; mbg;gilahf miktJ nkhop> kjk;> fyhrhuk;

Mfpa nghJ milahsq;fshFk;. ,dj;Jt Njrpathjk; gw;wpa
fUj;jhly; Njhw;wk; ngWtJ jhDk; cWg;Gupikia
mDgtpf;fpd;w Njrpa murpDs; Njrpa -mur Njrpathjj;jpDs;
jdf;F rkkhd cupikfs; fpilf;fhik kw;Wk;
Ntw;WikfSf;F cl;gly; Mfpa ,d;dy;fSf;F kj;jpapyhFk;.
mt;thwhd ,dj;Jt Njrpa thjj;jpDs; murpay;

29
Nfhupf;iffSs; rkkhd cupikfs;> gpuNjr Ra Ml;rp kw;Wk;
gpupe;J nry;yy; Mfpad mlq;Fk;.
18k; E}w;whz;bypUe;J Njrpa thjj;jpd; tuyhw;W
mDgtkhdJ fyg;ghd xd;whFk;. mJ rhjfkhd kw;Wk;
ghjfkhd tpisTfis ngw;Wf; nfhLj;Js;sJ.
01. cyfpd; etPd muRfs; mbg;gilapNy Njrpa
murthj Njrpa thjj;jpdhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
02. murpay; Rje;jpuk;> tpLjiy njhlu;ghd fUj;J
Njrpa thjj;jpy; kpfTk; gpugykhf tifapy;
kf;fs; $l;Lzu;tpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
03. Njrpathj muR kw;Wk; Njrpathj ,af;fq;fs;
Aj;jk;> ,d Rj;jpfupg;G> td;Kiw Nghd;wtw;wpw;F
topg;gL j;jpAs;sJ.

6 kjrhu;gw;w thjk; (Secularism)

kjrhu;gpd;ikthjk; vd;gJ rkaj;ijAk; murpaiyAk;
NtWgphpj;J mwptjhFk;;. mur Jiwf;F rkaj;jpd; mOj;jNkh>
rka Jiwf;F murpd; mOj;jq;fNsh ,y;yhky; ,it
,uz;Lk; xd;wpw;nfhd;W NtWgl;L RahjPdkhd ,uz;L
Jiwfshf fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk;
fUj;jpayhFk;.

rkak; murpaYf;Fs; gpuNtrpj;jy;> murpaYf;fhf rkaj;ij

Clfkhf gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; gpd;dzpapy; rka
Kuz;ghLfs; gpujhd murpay; fUj;jpayhf fhzg;gLfpd;w
jw;fhyj;jpy; kjrhu;gw;wthjk; njhlu;ghd <LghL
mjpfupj;Js;sJ.

,J njhlu;ghf ePz;l fye;Jiuahlnyhd;W ,e;jpahtpy;; ,lk;

ngw;Wf; nfhz;bUg;gNjhL muR kjrhu;gw;wjhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd 1975,y; murpayikg;gpw;F Nru;f;fg;gl;l
rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpYk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,J [dehafj;ij
Nghd;Nw Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtNjhL> ,e;jpa
murpayikg;gpYk; murpay; KiwikapYk; mbg;gilahd
Nfhl;ghlhfTk; cs;sJ.

30
18-19k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; INuhg;ghtpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
INuhg;gpa jj;JQhdpfspd; rpe;jidapd; xU gFjpahFk;.
mjdhy; kjrhu;gpd;ikthjkhdJ gioik
jhuhz;ikthjj;NjhLk; rkTilikthj rpe;jid AlDk;
njhlu;Ggl;lJ. INuhg;gpa kjrhu;gpd;ikthjk;> kj;jpa
fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp fhyj;jpy; gpujhd mq;fkhf khwpaJ. muR
kw;Wk; jpUr;rigfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gl;l epWtd
,izg;gpd;kPJ murhl;rpapd; fhtydhf jpUr;rig
,Ue;jikf;F vjpuhf tsu;r;rpAw;wJ. murhl;rp Kiwikf;F
vjpuhd ,af;fq;fs; muR kw;Wk; jpUr;rigfSf;fpilapy;
fhzg;gl;l ,e;j “J}a;ikaw;w $l;bw;F” vjpuhdjd;
tpisthfthNt kjrhu;gpd;ikthjkhdJ Njhd;wpaJ.

kjrhu;gpd;ik thjk; Njhw;wk;ngWtjw;fhd kw;WnkhU

fhuzkhf INuhg;gpa kWkyu;r;rp Afj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ju;f;f
mwpTf;F Kjyplk; nfhLj;jikia Rl;bf; fhl;l KbAk;.

kWkyu;r;rp fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa kjrhu;gpd;ikthjk;> gioik

jhuhz;ik thjj;jpdJk;> rkTilik thjj;jpdJk; rpe;jid
uPjpapyhd %ykhFk;. jhuhz;ik thjk;> kjr;rhu;gpd;ikapy;
jdpahs; Rje;jpuk;> rpe;jid kw;Wk; kdrhl;rpia gpd;gw;Wk;
Rje;jpuk; Mfpa %yj;jj;Jtq;fis <u;j;Jf; nfhz;lNjhL
rkTilikthjk; r%f mOj;jj;jpd; epWtdkhf kj
Mjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhf Gul;rp nra;jiy Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.
,jd;gb “jpUr;rigAk; muirAk; xd;wpypUe;J xd;W
NtWgLj;JtJ” INuhg;gpa jhuhz;ikthj kw;Wk; rkTilik
thj rk;gpujhaj;jpDs; Njhw;wk; ngw;w gpujhd mk;rkhFk;.

,jdhy;> murpd; jd;ik> murpd; nfhs;if vd;gtw;iwj;

jPu;khdpg;gjpy; rkak; jiyaplf;$lhJ vd;gNjhL rka
tplaq;fspy; muR jiyaplf; $lhJ vd fUjg;gLfpwJ.

muR rkaj;jld; md;Nahd;akhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ kw;Wk;

rka fw;iff;Fk; gpurhjj;jpw;Fk; muR njhlu;GglhjpUj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. muR ve;jnthU rkaj;jpw;Fk; gf;fr;rhu;ghf ,Uf;ff;
31
$lhJ. rkak; kdpju;fspd; jdpg;gl;l tplakhdtNjhL mij
murpaYf;F nfhz;L tu Ntz;bajpy;iy. kjj;ij
Gwf;fzpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd jhuhz;ik kjr;rhu;gpd;ikthjk;
Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.
rka Rje;jpuk; gpuirfspd; mbg;gil cupikfspy;
xd;W vd;gNjhL rkaj;jpd; ngauhy; ve;jnthU gpuirf;Fk;
ghFghL fhl;lf;$lhJ vd;gjpNyNa ,J ftdk; nfhs;fpd;wJ.

rkTilikthj kjr;rhu;gpd;ik khf;rpathjpfs; rkak;

r%fj;ij Jd;gj;jpw;F cs;shf;Fk; epWtdk; xd;nwdTk;
cyfk; gw;wpa jtwhd tpsf;fk; xd;iw Jd;gj;jpw;Fs;shd
kf;fSf;F ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; fUj;J njhFjp xd;nwdTk;
mwpKfk; nra;jdu;.

rkTilikthj kjr;rhu;gpd;ikapd; mbg;gilfs;

rkTilikthj muR KOikahf rkaj;jpypUe;J muR
NtWgLj;jg;gl;bf;f Ntz;Lk;> kjkhdJ murpd;
mDkjpAlNdNa epyt KbAk;. rkTilikthj KiwapDs;
rkak;rhu;> murpay;rhu; epWtdq;fSf;F ,Ug;G fpilahJ.
murpd; jPtpu Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo; rkTilikthj muRf;F
mjdhy; mr;RWj;jy; ,y;yhj tiuapy; kl;LNk khf;rpathj
KiwikapDs; rka epWtdq;fSf;F ,lk; fpilf;Fk;.

rka milahsj;Jld; murpay; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%f

,af;fq;fis epWTtjw;F tha;g;G ,y;iy.

32
,e;jpa kjrhu;gpd;ikthjk;

jhuhz;ikthj rpe;jidapd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpa

kjr;rhu;gpd;ik fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpa
kjrhu;gpd;ikapd; gpujhd gz;Gfs; :

(m). jhuhz;ik kjrhu;gpd;ik thjj;jpd; Nfhl;ghl;L

uPjpahd mbg;gil midj;J kjq;fisAk; gf;frhu;gpd;wp
(Impartical) ghu;g;gjhFk;. ,e;jp nkhopapy; mJ “mwnewp
rhu;gpd;ik” vd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

(M). rfy kjq;fisAk; rkkhf kjpj;jy;. mjhtJ rfy

kjq;fSk; rkkhdit vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjhFk;. ,J “ru;t
mwnewpfspdJk; Nru;f;if” vd;w vz;zf;fUtpdhy;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. jdpegu;fspd; rka milahsq;fis
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;shJ murhdJ rfy gpuirfisAk; xNu
rkkhf kjpg;gspj;jy; gpuirfspd; cupikfis ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk;NghJ ve;jnthU gpuirf;Fk; jdJ rka
milahsq;fs; jilahf ,Uf;f khl;lhJ.

kjrhu;gpd;ikapd; jw;fhy Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

kjr;rhu;gpd;ikthjk; cyf murpaypy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw ,U

fhuzpfs; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpAs;sd.

rka mbg;gilthjj;ij Jizahff; nfhz;l kjk;rhu;

muRfs; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; fhzg;gly;.

gd;ikfyhrhu thjj;jpid ikag;gLj;jprka milahsq;fis

cila rpWghd;ik r%fq;fspd; cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;.

33
 ngz;zpa thjk;

murpay; fUj;jpanyhd;wpw;fhf ngz;zpay;thjj;jpd; jiyaPL

1970 fspy; Mukg; khdJ. Nfhl;ghl;L kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;L
r%f fw;ifahf INuhg;ghtpYk; mnkupf;fhtpYk; Njhw;wk;
ngw;w ,e;j fUj;jpay; gpd;du; r%fq;fspYk; gutpaJ.

ngz;zpay;thj ,af;fj;jpYk; rpe;jidapYk; gpujhd Ie;J

Jiwfis ,dq;fhzyhk;.

01. jhuhz;ik ngz;zpay; thjk;

02. rkTilik ngz;zpay; thjk;
03. jPtpu (nubfy;) ngz;zpay; thjk;
04. gpd;etPd ngz;zpay; thjk;
05. gpd; fhydpj;Jt ngz;zpay; thjk;

jhuhz;ik ngz;zpay; thjk;

fy;tp> njhopy; tha;g;G kw;Wk; rkkhd Cjpak; vd;gtw;iw

ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; ngz;fSf;fhd murpay; kw;Wk; rl;l
cupikfisngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;;. jdJ clypay; njhlu;ghd
jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gjw;F ngz;fSf;F cupik cz;L
rkkhd njhopy;> rkr; rk;gsk; kw;Wk; rkkhd cupikfs;
vd;gd jhuhz;ik ngz;zpa thjj;jpd; gpujhd
Nfhrq;fshFk;.

rkTilik ngz;zpay; thjk;

rkj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;. tpjj;jpy;; ,J jhuhz;ik

thjj;jpypUe;J NtWgLfpwJ. ngz; tpLjiyf;fhd Nghuhl;lk;
rkTilik thjj;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;lj;Jld; xd;wpizf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> Vida r%ff; FOf;fs; jkJ
cupikfSf;fhf nra;fpd;w Nghuhl;lj;Jld; ngz;fspd;
Nghuhl;lj;ijAk; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpYk; ftdk;
nrYj;jpaJ.
34
jPtpu (nubfy;) ngz;zpathjk;

je;ijtop jiyikj;Jtj;ij Kw;whf ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;

ngz;tpLjiyf;F fl;lhakhdJ vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ.
104
gpd; etPd ngz;zpathjk;

ngz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fspd; Jd;gpay;fs; rkkhdjy;y

vd;gNjhL mtu;fs; Jd;gj;ij gy;NtW tpjq;fspy;
mDgtpf;fpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; ngz;fspd; Nfhupf;iffs; xNu
jd;ikahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy. mJ gd;ikahdJ.
gy;NtW r%f #oy;fspy; ngz;fspd; rpukq;fs; me;j #oYld;
ngz;fspd; tFg;G NtWghLfs;> epwNgjq;fs;> njhopy; Nghd;w
fhuzpfs; rkkhf ,y;yhjpUg;gjdhy; me;j NtWghLfs; kw;Wk;
tpN\lj;Jtq;fis mb;gilahff; nfhz;l ngz;zpathjj;jpd;
Njit ,jd; %yk; czu;j;jg;gLfpwJ.

gpd; fhydpj;Jt ngz;zpathjk;

,jd;fPo; fhydpj;Jtq;fshf ,Ue;J Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l

r%fq;fspy; ngz;fspd; Jd;gpaYf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fp
ngz;fspd; cupikfs; vd;w vz;zf;fU
kPSUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. FbNaw;wthjj;jpw;Fk; cl;gl;l
r%fq;fspy; cs;s ngz;fspd; mDgtk; Nkw;fj;Nja
r%fq;fspy; ngz;fSila mDgtq;fis tpl NtwhdJ
vd;gjhy; mtw;wpy; ftdk; nryj;jp ngz;zpay;thj murpaiy
fl;bnaOg;g ,tu;fs; Kd;nkhope;jdu;.

35