Study Centres:

Visiting Centres:

A.H.SAFEER
BA.(Hons .in Political Science), Dip.in.ICT,
Dip.in. Hu.Rights& Peace stu ( University of Colombo)
Dip. In. Conflict Resolution& Peace preparedness
Resource person on peace & power sharing
Dip.in. law, Dip.in. HRM
murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju;r;rp : 14 ru;tNjr murpay;

ru;tNjr murpay;
mwpKfk;

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; mjhtJ KjyhtJ cyfkfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;G ru;tNjr

murpay; fw;if newp Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJ. mjw;F Kd;du; ru;tNjr murpay; gw;wpa
mf;fiw gpujhdkhf Nkw;Fyf ehLfspd; ,uh[je;jpu eltbf;ifNahLk; mf;fhyj;jpy; vOr;rp
ngw;wpUe;j ty;yuRfspd; njhlu;gfNshLk; epd;Wtpl;lJ. Mdhy; Kjyhk; cyf kfhAj;jk;
Vw;gLj;jpa cyfyhtpa jhf;fKk; mjd; gpd;ddpapy; cUthf;fk; ngw;w “ru;tNjr rq;fk;”
ru;tNjr murpaypd; <Lghl;bid gutyhf;fpaJ. ru;tNjr njhlu;GfspYk; Nghf;Ftuj;jpYk;
Vw;gl;l Gul;rpfukhd khWjy;fs; ru;tNjr murpaiy NkYk; Mog;gLj;jpaJ. mjdhy; ,d;W
murwptpay; fw;ifapy; kpfg; gpujhd Jiwahf ru;tNjr murpay; vDk; gug;G tpahgpj;Js;sJ.

ru;tNjr murpay; vd;gJ gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; ntt;NtW ngau;fisf; nfhz;L

miof;fg;gl;L te;Js;sJ. “cyf murpay;”> “ru;tNjr cwTfs;”> “ru;tNjr njhlu;Gfs;”>
“cyf tptfhuk;” Nghd;wiwtfs; mtw;Wy; rpythFk;.

ru;tNjr murpay; vd;gJ “Njrq;fSf;fpilapyhd murpay;” (Politics among nations) vd

vspikahf tpsf;fkspf;fyhk;. ,jpy; Njrk; vd;gjd; %yk; ,iwikkpF Rje;jpu Njrpa
muRfNs fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ “xj;jitay;yhj eyd;fis nfhz;l
,iwik nghUe;jpa muRfSf;fpilapyhd ,il tpidfSk; njhlu;GfSk;” MFk;.

ru;tNjr murpaiyg; gw;wp ed;F ,zq;fz;L nfhs;tjw;F ru;tNjr murpay; gw;wp

tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpa mwpQu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis Nehf;FtJ rpwg;ghdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. me;j
tifapy;

 H. I Morganthau vd;gtu;
“Njrq;fSf;fpilapy; ,lk;ngWk; njpfhuj;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;lKk; mjpfhug; gpuNahfKk;
MFk;.” vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tiutpyf;fzj;jpypUe;J ru;tNjr murpay;
 vd;gJ Njrq;fs; jkJ xj;jpirtw;w eyd;fis mjpfhuj;jpd; %yk; ghJfhj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nrad;Kiw ru;tNjr murpay; vd tpsq;fyhk;.

 Thombson
“Njrq;fSf;fpilapyhd Nghl;b kw;Wk; mtw;Wf;fpilayhd njhlu;Gfis rPuhf;fp
Nkk;gLj;Jk; epiyfs;> epWtdq;fs; vd;gd gw;wpa fw;ifahFk; ” vd;whu;.

 Padelfort & Limclo

“muRfs; jkJ Njrpa eyd;fis Vida muRfspd; eyd;fspw; Nfw;g ,irthf;fk;
nra;ak; nrad;Kiw gw;wpa fw;ifahFk;. khw;wKWk; mjpfhu cwTfSf;Fs; ,lk;ngWk;
mur nfhs;iffspd; ,iltpidfs; ” MFk;.

ru;tNjr murpaiyf; fw;gjd; %yk;> ru;tNjr murpay; vd;why; vd;d> ru;tNjr murpaypd;
gpujhd gpupTfshd muR> murrhu;gw;w nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; ahtu;? mtu;fs; murpaypDs;
vt;thW ele;Jnfhs;fpd;wdu;? kw;Wk; Njrpa muRfs; jkJ ,Ug;gpw;fhf Njrpa mjpfhuk;>
Njrpa mgpyhirfis nraw;gLj;JtJ vt;thW? Nghd;w tplaq;fs; fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;.
mj;NjhL ru;tNjr murpaypd; gpujhd Nghf;Ffshd gy;JUt cyf Kiwik> khw;wPl;L
ru;tNjr njhlu;Gfs;> etpd r%f ,af;fq;fs;> kw;Wk; Nghuhl;l ,af;fq;fs; vt;thW
nraw;gLfpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wpAk; Nkhjy;fisj; jtpu;j;J cyf rkhjhdk;> ghJfhg;G
vd;gtw;iwg; ghJfhj;J Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;Yk; Kiw ahJ? ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf; $ba
cj;jpfs; ahit vd;git gw;wpAk; Muhag;gLfpd;wd.

ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; jw;NghJ 200 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd muRfs; cs;sd. ,it
epyg;gug;G> Fbj;njhif> tsq;fs;> nghUshjhu tY> ,uhZt gyk; Mfpa tplaq;fspy;
xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;ldthf cs;sd. vdpDk; ru;tNjr murpaypy; midj;J muRfSf;Fk;
rkkhd rl;l myFfshff; fUjg;gLk;.

ehLfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfis mikjpg;Nghf;F njhlu;Gfs;> Nghu; uPjpahd njhlu;Gfs;

vd ,U gpupTfshf tFf;fyhk;.

ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; fhzf;$ba rpwg;G mk;rk; mtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; mjpfhukpd;ik

jd;ikahFk;. ,jw;F muRfspd; Gwelj;ijfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F ru;tNjr r%fj;jpDs;
Xu; murhq;fNkh xOf;fnewp Nfhl;ghLfNsh ,y;yhikNa fhuzkhFk;. ru;tNjr r%fk;
mjpfhuk; mw;wjhf ,Ug;gjhYk; mjpy; muRfs; Rje;jpukhf nraw;gl KbAkhjyhYk;
tpku;rfu;fs; rpyu; ru;tNjr murpaiy murhq;fk; ,y;yhj murpay;; (politics Without
Government) vd;W ,dq;fhz;fpd;wdu;.

ru;tNjr murpaypd; ,ay;Gfs;.

1. eyd;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xU nraw;ghlhf mikjy;.

2. eyd;fisAk; Nkhjy;fisAk; epiw nra;J nfhs;s mjpfhuj;ij xU topKiwahf
gad;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghlhf ru;tNjr murpay; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
3. mjpfhuj;jpid ngWtjpidAk; mjid ghJfhg;gjidAk; gpuNahfpg;gjidAk;
Nehf;fhf; nfhz;l xU nraw;ghlhFk;.
4. fglk;> ehrfhuk;> Vkhw;W> ek;gpf;if JNuhfk;> Nghd;w mk;rq;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
5. jkJ eyd;fis miltjw;fhd ,Wjp MAjkhf Nghiu> Aj;jj;ij gad;gLj;jy;.
6. ru;tNjr murpay; NghUk;> rkhjhdKk; kpf;fnthU fw;ifahf mikjy;
7. muRfs; ru;tNjr rl;lq;fshy; Msg;gLjy; vdpDk; ru;tNjr rl;lk; gytPdkhf
fhzg;gLjy;.
Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr murpaypd; NtWghLfs;
Njrpa murpaNyhL (National Politics) xg;gpLjNy ru;tNjr murpaiy
tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jtjpy; kpfTk; kughu;e;jJk; gpugy;akpf;fJkhd cgha Kiwnahd;whFk;.
,t;nthg;gPL murwptpaypDs; fhzg;gLk; gpujhdkhdnjhU gpupg;ghf (Great divede)
,dq;fhzgg;Lfpd;wJ

 Njrpa murpay; vd;gJ muRf;Fs;shd murpaiyf; fw;wyhFk;. murpd; cs;sf

epWtdf; fl;likg;G> mjpfhuk>; muR kw;Wk; epWtdqf;NshL gpuirfs; nfhz;Ls;s
njhlu;Gfs;> mj;njhlu;Gfis jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhfTk; tpgupg;gjw;fhfTk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s
fl;likg;Gfs; Nghd;wd Njrpa murpaypd; Kf;fpj;Jtkhd jiyg;GfshFk;.

ru;tNjr murpay; vd;gJ Njrq;fspd; ntspthupahd njhlu;GfshFk;. ru;tNjr

njhlu;Gfis NgDk; NghJ murhdJ kpfTk; rpf;fhu;e;j njhlu;G tyiaikg;Gf;fs;
kl;Lkd;wp ,j;njhlu;Gfis kpfTk; Kiwahd tifapy; xOq;Fg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf epWtd
tiyaikg;Gfis cUthf;fpf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,jdhy; ru;tNjr murpaypDs;
muRfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfs; kl;Lkpd;wp Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;l rpf;fhu;e;j njhlu;G
tpjpKiwfs; cghaq;fs; kw;Wk; epWtd tiyaikg;GfSk; cs;slq;Fk;.

Njrpa murpaypy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;> neUf;fbfs;> Nkhjy;fs; vd;git Nju;jy;fs;

%yk; jPu;ff
; g;gLfpd;wd. mjpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F murhq;fk; (Government)
Kf;fpakhdnjhU gpupthf nraw;gLfpd;wJ.

ru;tNjr murpaypy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfSk;> rpf;fy;fSk; uitfs;> Njhl;lhf;fs; (Ballot

vs Bullet) %yk; jPu;ff
; g;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; ,JNghd;w
mjpfhukpf;f murhq;fk; xd;iw fhz KbahJ. ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; KOikahf
rpf;fyhd epiyAk; Nkhjy; epiyAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ru;tNjr murpaypy;
fl;lhakhf Vw;glg;NghFk; muh[f (Anarch) epiyia Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf nghJ
cld;gbf;iffs;> xj;Jiog;G epWtdq;fs;> cyf mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; rl;l kw;Wk;
xOf;fk;rhu; rpWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; Vw;Gilikfs; gy fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Lss;d.

 ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd gz;G muRfspd; Rakhd ,Ug;G> mjhtJ

ghJfhg;G> nfsutk;> nghUshjhuj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gjy;> Njrpa fUj;jpaiyg;
ghJfhj;jy;> Njrpag; nghJeyid Nkk;gLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iwaidj;Jk; xt;nthU
Njrpa murpdJk; jdpg;gl;l nghWg;ghf ,Ug;gNjhL mj;Njitfis G+u;j;jp
nra;tjw;Nfh milag;ngWtjw;Nfh $bathwhd Xu; Ml;rp ru;tNjr murhq;fj;jpy;
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. NtW tifapy; $wpd; jkJ eyd;fisAk; NjitfisAk;
Nehf;fq;fisAk; jhNk epuiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidfspd;
mbg;gilapy; nraw;gLk; murhq;f KiwNa ru;tNjr murpaypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;
tpisthf muRfs; gyj;j Nghl;b epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;bUg;NjhL jkJ Nehf;fq;fis
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F KbTwh Nghuhl;lj;Jf;Fl;gl;Ls;sd.

 Ml;rpay;yhj muh[f #o;epiyapy; Ra ,Ug;ghdJ jkJ jdpg;gl;l nghWg;ghf

,Uf;Fk; NghJ mJ njhlu;ghd epu;zapg;Gr; rf;jpahf mikAk; fhuzp mjpfhukhFk;.
NtWtifapy; $wpd; mjpfhuj;jpd; mstpd; mbg;gilapy; ,Ug;G jq;fpapUf;Fk;. ,jd;
NgWNgwhf muRfs; mjpfhuj;ij ehbr; nry;Yk; epiy epjKk; epyTtijAk;
xUtUf;nfhUtu; vjpupfshf fUJk; epiy Vw;gLtijAk; fhzyhk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf
ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; rkhjhdj;ij tpl Aj;jNk epjKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

 ru;tNjr murpaypy; Kf;fpa gz;ghf fglk;> ehrfhuk;> Vkhw;W> ek;gpf;if JNuhfk;

vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; Njrpa murpaypy; xOq;F epakdq;fs; gpd;gw;wg;gLk;.
muR jdJ gpui[fspd; eyd;fis xOq;FgLj;Jk;. Njrpa murpaypy;
 nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; (jdpg;gl;ltu;fs;) murpd; gyte;j mjpfhuj;jpw;F fPo;gl;ltu;fshtu;.
Ru;tNjr murpaypy; muRfs; gytPdkhd ru;tNjr rl;lj;jpd; %yk; Msg;gLfpd;wd.
ru;tNjr muRfspy; ,Wjp Majk; Nghu;> Njrpa murpaypy; rkhjhd topKiwfis
ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Njrpa murpay; ghku kdpju;fis ftUk; xU
JiwahFk;. Ru;tNjr murpay; rhjhuz kdpjiu ftUk; xU Jiway;y.

Mdhy; Njrpa murpay; ,jid tplTk; Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;ljhFk; Njrpa murpaYk; mjpfhug;
Nghuhl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUe;jhYk; mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <LgLk;
nraw;ghl;lhsu;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; gpd;tUk; ,U rf;jpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

i. murhq;fk;>
ii. xOf;fk;

Njrpa r%fj;jpy; murpayhdJ xU Gwk; ehl;bd; mbg;gilr; rl;lkhd murpay; ahg;gpy;

,lk;ngWk; Vw;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. kWGwk; ,iwik mjpfhuj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L murhq;fk; gpwg;gpf;Fk; rl;lq;fSf;F murpay; kPJ tiuaiwfis
tpjpf;fpd;wd.

Njrpa murpaypy; rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;F fPo;gl;Nl murpay; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

mr;rl;lq;fis kPWk; NghJ jz;lidf;F cl;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy; jz;lidfSf;Fg; gae;J
murpay; tpisahl;by; <LgLNthu; mr;rl;l jpl;lq;fSf;F cl;gl;Nl murpaiy Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.

Njrpa murpayhdJ r%fk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;s xOf;fr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fl;gl;Nl

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,it rl;lq;fs; Nghy; gyk; tha;e;jitay;yhtpbDk; ehfuPfj;
jd;ikia epu;zapg;gjpy; mtw;iwg; gpd;gw;WjNyh> gpd;gw;whjpUj;jNyh ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,U fhuzpfspdJk; ghjpg;gpdhy; Njrpa murpaypy; rkhjhdk; epyTtijr; rhu;G

uPjpahf fhzyhk;. NtWtifapy; $wpd; Njrpa murpaypy; ,itfspd; %ykd;wp Nju;jy;fs;
%yk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;J nfhs;tjw;F Kjyplk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk; ru;tNjr
murapyhdJ xu; murhq;fj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Nfh ru;tNjr uPjpahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l
xOf;fj;jpw;F fPo;gl;lNjh md;W. mjdhy; Nkhjy;fis jPu;fF ; k; gpujhd topKwiahf Aj;jk;
iff;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

ru;tNjr murpay; fw;ifapd; tplag;gug;Gf;fs;.

ru;tNjr epiyikfSk;> Njrq;fSf;fpilapyhd cwTfspd; ,ay;Gk; fhyj;jpw;F fhyk;
khw;wj;jpw;F cl;gLtjhy; ru;tNjr murpaypd; ghlg;gug;gpid epu;zak; nra;tJ fbdkhFk;.
vdpDk; ru;tNjr njhlu;GfisAk; murpaiyg; gFg;gha;T nra;Ak; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;sy; (Theories of International Politics) Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ru;tNjr murpay; kpfTk; mtrpakhd
Jiw vd;gjhy; mjd; Nfhl;ghLfis fw;gjd; %yk; VNjDk; Kwiahd mwpKfk; xd;W
toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;Jiw rhu;e;j mwpQu;fs; ,g;ghlj;Jiwapd; tplag;gug;ghf gpd;tUk;
mk;rq;fis gpujhdkhf epu;zak; nra;fpd;wdu;.

1. muR Kiwik : ru;tNjr murpay; gw;wpa fw;if muR KiwikAlNdNa Muk;gkhfpwJ.

Njrpa muRfspd; Njhw;wj;jpd; gpd;du; ru;tNjr ghlg;gug;gpy; muR KiwikNa nry;thf;F
nrYj;jp te;Js;sJ. ru;tNjr murpaiyf; fw;Fk; NghJ mjd; NtWgl;l mjd;
epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; mikg;Gf;fspd; njhFjpfs; nraw;gLfpd;wd. ,jd;gb ru;tNjr
murpay; fw;ifapd; mjd; gpujhd nraw;ghl;lhsuhd muR Fwpj;J fw;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

2. Njrpa eyd; : muRfs; jkJ mjpfhuj;jpd; %yk; mila Kw;gLk; ,yf;FfNs Njrpa
eyd;fshFk;. xt;nthU Njrpa muRk; xj;jpirtw;w Njrpa eyd;fis nfhz;Ls;sd. me;j
eyd;fis Rw;wpNa ru;tNjr murpay; xOq;fikfpd;wd.
3. Njrpa mjpfhuk; : 2k; cyf NghUf;Fg; gpd;du; ru;tNjr murpay; fw;ifapd; ikaf;fU
Njrpa mjpfhukhFk;. ru;tNjr murpay; vd;gJ mjpfhuj;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;lNk md;wp
Ntnwhd;Wkpy;iy (Morganthau) ru;tNjr murpaypy; Njrpa mjpfhuj;jpd; jd;ik>
mjpfhuj;jpd; %yf; $Wfs;> mstPL vd;gd gw;wpAk; tYr;rkepiy> mjpfhur; rkd;ghLfs;>
mjpfhuj;jpd; kPjhd tiuaiwfs; vd;gd gw;wpAk; fw;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

4. ru;tNjr murpay; fUtpfs; : ru;tNjr murpaypy; muRfs; eyd;fisAk; Nehf;fq;fisAk;

epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F ,uh[je;jpuk;> ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if> ru;tNjr tu;j;jfk;>
nghUshjhuk;> ,uhZtk; Nghd;w fUtpfis gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpd;wd.

5. Njrpa thjk;> fhydpj;Jthjk; kw;Wk; Vfhgj;jpathjk; : Njrpa muRfspd; Njhw;wj;jpd;

gpd;du; ,k;%d;Wk; ru;tNjr murpaypy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa fhuzpfs; MFk;.

6. ru;tNjr murpay; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLfs; : ru;tNjr murpaypy; muRfspd; nraw;ghLfis

fl;Lg;gLj;jp xOq;FgLj;Jtjpy; tYr;rkepiy> $l;Lg; ghJfhg;G Kiw> ru;tNjr rl;lk;>
ru;tNjr epWtdq;fs;> gpuhe;jpaf; $l;Lf;fs;> MAjg;gupfuzk; Nghd;w fUtpfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

7. ru;tNjr Kiwik : ru;tNjr murpay; vd;gJ ru;tNjr Kiwik gw;wpa fw;ifahfTk;

mikfpd;wJ. rkfhyj;jpy; ,UJUt Kiwik> gy;JUt Kiwik vd;gtw;wpd;
mbg;gilapYk;> fz;lq;fs;> gpuhe;jpaq;fs; Kiwik vd;w mbg;gilapYk; ru;tNjr
murpay; fw;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

8. NghUk; rkhjhdKk; : nghJ rl;lj; njhFjpnahd;wpidf; nfhz;L fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;s

murhq;fk; xd;wpid gpuNahf uPjpaw;wJ vd;gjhy; ru;tNjr murpaiy xU tifahd
muh[fk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;gw;w ,ay;nghd;wpid nfhz;ljhFk; ,t;tplaj;jhy; cyf
ghJfhg;G (Global Security) ru;tNjr Kiwikapay; (Order in International System) vd;gd
rkhjhdj;ijg; Ngdpf; nfhs;tjw;F Kf;fpakhdJ. ru;tNjr ghJfhg;G gw;wpa fw;ifAk;
mg;ghJfhg;Gf;F Vw;gl;Ls;s mr;RWj;jyfspd; ,ay;Gfs;> mt;thwhd mr;RWj;jy;fypd;
guty; tpUj;jpailAk; NghJ Vw;gLk; Kuz;ghLfs; kw;Wk; ,k;Kuz;ghLfis jPu;f;Fk;
epWtdq;fSk; KiwikfSk; gw;wpAk; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ

9. ru;tNjr epWtdq;fs; : ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; kPz;Lk; mt;thwhdnjhU

cyf mopnthd;W Vw;gLtij jtpu;g;gjw;fhf cyf kf;fs; If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;ij
cUthf;fpdu;. mJ cyf epUthf mynfhd;W vDk; epiyf;F (Unit of Global Governance)
khw;w kila Ntz;Lkh? vDk; tpthjKk; ru;tNjr murpay; njhlu;Gfspy; NknyOe;j
gpur;rpidahf khwpaJ. vdNt If;fpa ehLfs; (United Nations) kw;Wk; mjd; njhlu;ghd
murpaiyf; fw;wYk; ru;tNjr murpaypy; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ.

10. ru;tNjr murpay; nghUshjhuk; (International Politics Economy) : cyfpd; ve;jnthU muRk;
Kw;W KOjhf jdpikg;gl;L jd;dpiwT milahJ vd;gjhy; rkfhy muRfs; kpfTk;
gue;j tifapy; ru;tNjr nghUshjhuj;Jld; njhlu;Gfisg; NgDfpd;wd. ru;tNjr
nghUshjhu njhlu;Gfs; ru;tNjr murpaypd; xOq;fpid jPu;khdpg;gjpy; kpfTk; Mokhd
jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ru;tNjr murpay; nghUshjhuk; (International Politics
Economy) ru;tNjr murpay; fw;ifapy; Kf;fpakhdnjhU tplag;gug;ghf cs;sJ
 ru;tNjr murpaypd; mur kw;Wk; murrhu;gw;w nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;
ru;tNjr murpaypd; xOq;fpid jPu;khdpg;gjpy; mjd; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fspd; elj;ijfs;
jPu;khdkpf;fjhf cs;sJ. gue;jtifapy; fye;JiuahLk;NghJ ru;tNjr murpaypy; ,U
gpujhd tifahd nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; cs;sdu;.

01. Njrpa muRfs;

02. murrhu;gw;w nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; (Non - State Actors)

01. Njrpa muRfs;

INuhg;ghtpy; 1618 Kjy; tpUj;jpaile;j Kg;gJ tUl fhy Aj;jk; KbTWj;jg;gl;L INuhg;gpa
,dj;jtupilNa 1648,y; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l cld;gbf;if nt];ghypah rkhjhd cld;gbf;if
(Westphalia Peace Treaties) vd ,dq;fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. INuhg;ghtpd; gpujhd muRfSf;fpilNa
Ms;Gy vy;iyfis jPu;khdpg;gJk; Njrq;fSf;fpilapyhd ,iwik njhlu;ghd mbg;gilf;
fUj;Jf;fis nghJ mq;ff P huj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jy; Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; ru;tNjr murpaypDs;
,t;Tld;gbf;if Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ. ,f;fUj;J etPd ,iwikkpF RahjPd Njrpa
muRfspd; xOq;fikg;gpw;fhd %yhjhuj;ij Nghrpj;Js;sJ. gpd;du; ,g;NghJ Vw;Gilik
ru;tkakhfpaNjhL Njrpa muRfs; ru;tNjr murpaypy; Kf;fpakhdnjhU ,lj;jpidg;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. ,jd;gb Njrpa muRfs; (Nationa State) ,d;W tiu ru;tNjr murpaypd;
gpujhd nraw;ghl;lhsuhf ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdhNyNa gpujhdkhf Njrpa
muRfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfs; ru;tNjr njhlu;Gfs; vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

02. ru;tNjr mur epWtdq;fs;

ru;tNjr r%fk; jkJ njhlu;Gfis ,yFg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk;> Kiwg;gLj;jTk;> nghJ

eyid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> gy;NtW JiwfSf;fpilNa cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s epWtdj;
njhFjpfs; ru;tNjr murrhu; epWtdq;fs; (Inter Governmental organizations) vd mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
,J njhlu;gpyhd gpujhd cjhuzk; If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdkhFk; (United Nations Organization).
jw;Nghija cyf Kiwikapy; rpyijj; jtpu;j;J Vida rfy muRfSk; If;fpa ehLfs;
jhgdj;jpy; mq;fj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sd. ,J jtpu gpd;tUk; tifapyhd Kiwapy; mur
rhu;G epWtdq;fspd; nraw;ghl;bid fhzyhk;.

 murrhu;G gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs; (Regional Orgarnizations) cjhuzkhf mnkupf;f

muRfspd; mikg;G (Organization of American States – OAS), Mgpupf;f If;fpa mikg;G
(Organization of African Unity – OAU)> muG yPf; > Mrpahd; (Association of South – East Asian Nation –
ASEAN) rhu;f; (South Asian Association for Reginal Cooperation)> INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; (European
Union) vd;git gy cjhuzq;fshFk;
 ghJfhg;G mjpfhu epWtdq;fs; cjhuzkhf tl mj;jpyhe;jpf; cld;gbf;if mikg;G
(NATO) Nghd;wdTk;>
 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupd; gpd;du; cyfg; nghUshjhuj;ij ,ay;G epiyf;F
nfhz;LtUk; Nehf;fpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l g;&d;Tl;]; epWtd tiyaikg;G (Bretoon Woods
System) mjhtJ ru;tNjr ehza epjpak; kw;Wk; cyf tq;fp tiyaikg;G Nghd;wd
ru;tNjr murrhu;G mikg;Gf;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fshFk;.

03. ru;tNjr murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;

Njrpa muRfspd; cj;jpNahfg;G+u;t murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; my;yhj ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;spd;

tiyaikg;Gf;fis ru;tNjr mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; (International Non Governmental Organizations)
vd milahsg;gLj;jyhk;. tpNrlkhd njhU Nehf;fk;> gy Nehf;fq;fs; my;yJ Fwpj;j
tplak; xd;wpid ikag;gLjj;p cUthfpapUg;gNj ,e;epWtdq;fspd; ,ay;ghFk;. ,Ugjhk;
E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhk; miug;gFjpapy; kpfTk; tpiuthf gutyile;j murhu;gw;w
epWtdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if ,d;W Rkhu; 5000 ,id jhz;bAs;sJ vd cj;jpNahfg;G+u;t
mwpf;iffs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,e;epWtdq;fspy; nraw;ghLfs; kdpj cupikfis ghJfhg;gJ
njhlf;fk; (Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International) tpyq;Ffspd; cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gJ tiu
(World Wildlife Fund) gue;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

04. gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfs;

Njrpa muRfspd; vy;iyfisf; fle;J cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s cyfj;juj;jpyhd tpahghu

epWtdq;fspd; tiyaikg;gpid gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfs; (Trans National Organizations) vd miog;gu;.
jw;Nghija ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; muRfis tplTk; tsq;fis cilaJk; %yjdq;fis
ifahSk; epWtdf; fl;likg;Gfshf gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfs; khwpAs;sd. muRfspd;
vy;iyfisf; fle;J ru;tNjr murpay; kw;Wk; nfhs;if fl;likg;GfspYk; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jk; ty;yik ,e;j gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfSf;F cz;L.

,e;jg; ghupa fk;gdpfs; ngw;Ws;s nghUshjhu gyj;jpdhy; ru;tNjr tptfhuq;fspy;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fspg;gpid Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. cyf vz;nza; tpepNahfj;jpy; $l;Lr;
nraw;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mur vjpu;g;Gr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLfpd;wd. cjhuzk; 1973
,y; rpypapd; khu;f;rpr rhu;G [dhjpgjp Saladore Allede iag; gjtp ftpo;j;J nfhiy nra;jik>
neju;yhe;J ,sturu;> [g;ghdpa gpujku; vd;w kl;lq;fs; tiu ,yQ;rk; thq;fpaik> ru;tNjr
fk;gdpfspd; nkhj;jf; $l;L cw;gj;jpia gy ehLfspdJk; nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jpfSld;
xg;gpLtjd; %yk; ,tw;wpd; nghUshjhuj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. 1987 ,y; ghupa gy;Njrpaf;
fk;gdpahf General Morors of America 101.8 gpy;ypad; mnkupf;f nlhyu; ngWkjpahd nkhj;jf;
$l;L cw;gj;jpia nfhz;bUe;jJ.

05. fPu;j;jpkpF jdpegu;fs;

Njrpa muR kw;Wk; ru;tNjr mikg;Gfisj; jtpu;j;J rpyNtisfspy; ru;tNjr murpaypd;
,ay;gpidj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; fPuj
; ;jpkpF jdpegu;fs; Njhd;wpAs;sdu;.
,tu;fs; rpyNtisfspy; gpd;tUk; jd;ikapy; fhzg;glyhk;.
 kj Nghjfu;fshf ,Uf;f KbAk; cjhuzk; : gupRj;j Nghg;ghz;ltu;
 nghJ cld;ghl;bdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s ru;tNjr mikg;Gfspd; jPu;khdk;
vLg;gtu;fshf ,Uf;f KbAk; cjhuzk; : If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; nghJr;
nrayhsu; ehafk;
 jw;Nghija mjpfhu rkepiy kw;Wk; ahjhu;j;jj;jpDs; mjpfhuk; kpf;f muRfspd;
jiytu;fSk;> ru;tNjr murpay; njhlu;gpy; jPu;khdkpf;fnjhU jhf;fj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;s
KbAk;. cjhuzk; : mnkupf;fhtpd; Kd;dhy; [dhjpgjpfshd guhf; xghkh> gps;f;
fpspd;ld;> gpupj;jhdpahtpd; Kd;dhs; gpujku; nlhdp gpNsau;

06. gaq;futhjf; FOf;fs;

rkfhy ru;tNjr murpaypDs; gpujhdkhnjhU gpur;rpidahf gaq;futhj;ijf; (Terrorism)

Fwpg;gplyhk;. muRfspd; vy;iyfisf; fle;J nrd;W midj;J ghJfhg;G mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk;
njhFjpfSf;F rthy; tpLf;Fk; gaq;futhj mikg;Gfspd; tiyaikg;Gfs; ru;tNjr
murpaypy; jhf;fj;ij nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf Kjyhspj;Jt mur fl;likg;Gk;>
rkTlik mur fl;likg;Gf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gl;l gzpg;Nghu; (Cold War) epiwtile;j
epiyapy; cyf rkhjhdj;jpw;F tpLf;fg;gl;l gpujhdkhd rthy; gaq;futhjkhFk;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gl;l gpujhd nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSf;F mg;ghy; ru;tNjr murpaypd; ,ay;gpid

jPu;khdpg;gjpy; #oy;rhu; mOj;jkhf (tpNrlkhf Gtp ntg;gkiljy;> ePu;g; gw;whf;Fiw> ,aw;if
mdu;j;jq;fs;> Rfhjuhg; gpur;rpidfs; HIV/AIDS) Nghd;wdTk; jPu;khdkpf;fnjhU jhf;fj;jpid
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
Nkw;Fwpg;gl;l gpujhd nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSf;F mg;ghy; ru;tNjr murpaypd; ,ay;gpid
jPu;khdpg;gjpy; #oy;rhu; mOj;jkhf (tpNrlkhf Gtp ntg;gkiljy;> ePu;g; gw;whf;Fiw> ,aw;if
mdu;j;jq;fs;> Rfhjuhg; gpur;rpidfs; HIV/AIDS) Nghd;wdTk; jPu;khdkpf;fnjhU jhf;fj;jpid
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

ru;tNjr murpaypy; muRfspd; ntspthupahd Nehf;f

; q;fs;
ru;tNjr murpaypy; xt;nthU ,iwikauRk; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; jhd; epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUJk; gy Nehf;fq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mit ntspthupahd Nehf;fq;fs;
vdg;gLk;. me;Nehf;fq;fs; Njrpa eyd; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. murpd; ntspthupahd
Nehf;fq;fis gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

1. Njrpa ghJfhg;G
ntsp mr;RWj;jy; kw;Wk; Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fspypUe;J ehl;ilg; ghJfhg;gNj Njrpa
ghJfhg;ghFk;. ,J gpujhd Nehf;fkhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ru;tNjr murpaypy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
Nghl;bLk; ,iwik muRfisf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy; ve;jnthU muRk; jdJ ghJfhg;gpid
KOikahf cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbahJ. mjdhy; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; xt;nthU
muRk; XusT mgha epiyapNyNa cs;sJ. Mdhy; xt;nthU muRk; jdJ
mjpfhuj;jpw;Nfw;g me;j mgha epiyia jdf;Fr; rhjfkhf gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;. ,J
gytPdkhd ehLfis tpl gykhd ehLfSf;Nf rhjkhf mikAk;.

2. Njrpa nfsutk;
Vida muRfSf;F kj;jpapy; jhd; gykpf;ftdhf vOr;rp ngWjYk; me;epiyapid Vida
muRfs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sr; nra;tJNk Njrpa nfsutkhFk;.

3. Njrpa nghUshjhuj;ij ghJfhj;jYk; tpUj;jp nra;jYk;

Xu; murpd; Njrpa ghJfhg;Gk; Njrpa nfsutKk; mjd; nghUshjhu gyj;jpy;
jq;fpapUf;Fk;. mjdhy; muRfs; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; jk;ik nghUshjhu uPjpahf
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L mjid NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;a Kw;gLfpd;wd. nghUshjhuk;
gytPdKw;why; Njrpa ghJfhg;Gk; Njrpa nfsutKk; gytPdKWk;.

4. Njrpa nghJ eyid Nkk;gLj;jy;

ve;jnthU murpdJk; cs;thupahdJk; ntspthupahdJkhd nfhs;ifapd; ,Wjp ,yf;F
Njrpa nghJ eyid Nkk;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,k;Kaw;r;rpapd; NghJ muRfs;> gy;Njrpaf;
fk;gdpfs;> murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;> muR rhu;G epWtdq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; Jizia
ehLfpd;wd. ngUk;ghyhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; muRfSf;Fk; me;epWtdq;fSf;F ,ilapy;
Nkhjy;fSk; Vw;gLfpd;wd.

5. murpaw; nfhs;ifapid ghJfhj;jy;

Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; mike;j r%f ,Ug;gpd; %yk; jdpkdpj kw;Wk; r%f
eyd;fis milaKbAnkd;w ek;gpf;iffspd; $l;L nkhj;jNk murpaw; nfhs;ifahFk;.
,jd; gz;Gfshtd> jhk; ek;gpf;if nfhz;Ls;s murpaw; nfhs;if Vidatw;iw tpl
rpwe;jJ vd ek;Gjy;. ,f; nfhs;if KO cyfpYk; epytNtz;Lk; vd ek;Gjy;.
cjhuzkhf mnkupf;fh ek;gpf;if itj;j jhuhs [dehaf kw;Wk; nghUshjhuf;
nfhs;if> Nrhtpaj; A+dpad; ek;gpf;if itj;jpUe;j fk;A+dprf; nfhs;if> 1979 y; <uhdpy;
mjpfhuj;Jf;F te;j Maj;Jy;yh nfhNkdp Kd;itj;j ,];yhkpa nfhs;if
,e;Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;L ehLfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;ig NgZk; topKiwfs;

ru;tNjr Kiwikapy; muRfs; jkJ Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjpYk;

jkf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;tjpYk; gpd;tUk; topKiwfis gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd.

1. ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if
ru;tNjr #oYf;F Vw;g Vida ehLfspd; elj;ijia khw;Wk; tifapYk; jkJ
nraw;ghLfis xOq;FgLj;Jk; tifapYk; r%fq;shy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; nraw;ghLfspd;
nrad; KiwNa ntsp ehl;Lf; nfhs;ifahFk; my;yJ ,d;iwa G+Nfhs fpuhk
Kiwikapy; jtpu;f;f Kbahj muru;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;GfSk; gu];guk; jq;F epiy
vd;gtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Kiwahf tFf;fg;gl;l xU nfhs;if KiwNa ntsp ehl;Lf;
nfhs;ifahFk;. xU muR jdJ Kf;fpa eyd;fis ghJfhj;J Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F Vida
muRfSld; njhlu;Ggl;Lr; nraw;gLk; NghJ mtw;wpd; elj;ijg; gq;fpid cUtikf;Fk;
%yf; nfhs;iffNs ntsp ehl;Lf; nfhs;ifahFk;.

2. ,uh[je;jpuk;
Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfspd; %yk; ru;tNjr cwTfis Kfhikg;gLj;Jtjw;F my;yJ muR
cwTfis re;ju;g;g #o;epiyf;Nfw;g xOq;FgLj;jp Kfhikg;gLj;j gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
cghak; MFk;. (Oxford Dictionary) my;yJ ,iwik nghUe;jpa Rje;jpu muRfspd;
murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapy; ,lk;ngWk; cj;jpNahf G+u;tkhd cwTfisf; nfhz;L
elj;Jtjw;F mwpitAk; cgha KiwfisAk; gpuNahfpf;Fk; fiyahFk;.
nghUl;gLj;Jtjw;F mwpitAk; cgha KiwfisAk; gpuNahfpf;Fk; fiyahFk;. (Earnest
Satow )

3. nghUshjhu mjpfhuk;
jw;fhy ru;tNjr murpaypy; ehLfs; jkJ Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;Fk; Vida ehLfis
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; xU gpujhd fUtpahf nghUshjhuj;ij gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. 1945k;
Mz;L America gpd;gw;wpa ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if ru;tNjr murpaypy; mnkupf;fhtpd;
nry;thf;F cauiltjw;F me;j ehl;bd; nghUshjhu gyNk Kf;fpa fhuzkhf
mike;jJ.

3. CLUTjYk; jiyapLjYk;
muRfs;> gifik ehl;bd; cs; tplaq;fspy; ,ufrpa KiwfspD}lhf gy;NtW
jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jp me;j muir jkf;F Njitahd tpjj;jpy; topg;gLj;Jtjw;F
eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sy; CLUty; MFk;. gifik ehl;bd; mrpaypy; nraw;ghLfspy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; murpd; elj;ijia khw;wpaikj;jy;> jiyapLjy;
vdg;gLk;. ,jd; nghUl;L muRfs; ntspg;gilaw;w Kiwfis gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,ufrpa
csTr; Nrit> NtW kiwKfkhd cj;jpfs;.

4. Nghu;
xt;nthU muRfSk; jkJ Njrpa eyd;fisAk;> ntspthupahd Nehf;fq;fisAk; G+u;j;jp
nra;tjw;F gpwpnjhU fUtp Nghu; MFk;. Kuz;gl;l ,U murpay;fis topelj;jpr;
nry;Yk; FOf;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; jdJ nfhs;ifia kw;wtu; kPJ jpzpg;gjw;fhf me;jf;
FOf;fspilapy; ,lk;ngWk; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l mjpfhug; gpuNahfk; Nghu; MFk;. Nghu;
vd;gJ murpay; nrayhFk;. ,J Xu; murpay; #o;epiyapypUe;Jk; Xu; murpay;
cj;Njrj;jpd; tpisthfTk; Njhd;Wk;.

Njrpa mjpfhuKk; Njrpa mgpyhirAk;

ru;tNjr murpaiyf; fw;Fk; NghJ Njrpa mjpfhuk;> Njrpa mgpyhir gw;wpAk; njupe;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Njrpa mjpfhuk; vd;gJ “Xu; murhq;fk; ,d;ndhU murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfisAk;
vz;zq;fisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy; ,Uf;FNkahapd; mjid Njrpa mjpfhuk;” vd
`hd;]; N[ Nkhu;fd;Njh Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,d;ndhU tifapy; $Wtjhapd; Xu; muR jdJ
tpUg;ig NtnwhU murpd; kPJ jpzpj;J jkf;Fj; Njitahd Kiwapy; Fwpg;gpl;l me;j
muirf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk; mjw;F fPo;gbahtpby; jdJ nry;thf;if gpuNahfpg;gjd; %yk;
fPo;gba itf;Fk; Mw;wy; Njrpa mjpfhuk; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

,dq;fs; jkJ murpay; elj;ijfspd; NghJ ePz;lfhykhf jkJ ghJfhg;G>

nrsghf;fpaj;Jf;fhf nfhz;bUf;Fk; mgpyhirfs; kw;Wk; tpUg;gq;fs; Njrpa mgpyhirfs;
(National Interest) vd milahsg;gLj;j KbAk;. ,it gpd;tUk; ,U tifapy; fhzg;glyhk;.
i. murpay; mgpyhir
ii. nghUshjhu my;yJ fyhrhu mgpyhirfshf ,Uf;f KbAk;.

ngUk;ghYk; Njrpa mgpyhirfs; xt;nthU ehLk; nfhz;Ls;s mjpfhuj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhf

mikAk;. mjpfhuj;jpw;F ,izahd mgpyhirfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; cyf murpaypDs;
kpfTk; ahjhu;j;jkhdjhFk;.

Njrpa mgpyhirf;fhd Af;fjpfs;

munrhd;W Rakhd Njrpa mgpyhirfis ntw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; Clfq;fs;(Media) my;yJ
cghaq;fs; (Stergies) gy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

i. ,uh[je;jpuk; :
munrhd;W Rakhd Njrpa mgpyhirfis ntw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; kpfTk; Vw;GilikahdJk;
gpurpj;jpngw;wJkhd cghaKiwahf ,Ug;gJ ,uh[je;jpu njhlu;GfshFk; (Diplomacy
,jid J}Jtu;fs; ,uh[je;jpupfs; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. muRfspd; ,uh[je;jpu
njhlu;Gfs; mtw;wpd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;iffis (Foriegn Policy) Clfkhff; nfhz;Nl
topelj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

ii. nghUshjhu mjpfhuk;.

xU ehL ,d;ndhU ehl;bw;F gy;NtW tpjkhd nfhilfis toq;Ftjd; %yk;
Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;ilf; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;. cjhuzk; nghUshjhu cjtpfs;> murpay;
,uhZt nghUl;fs; fld;fs;> ed;nfhilfs;> kw;Wk; NtW cjtpfspD}lhf Njrpa
mgpyhirfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; Kiwia cjhuzkhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

iii. $l;likg;ghjy; kw;Wk; cld;gbf;iff;F tUjYk; (Alliances and Treaties)

muRfs; jkJ mgpyhirfis ntw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;Jk; kw;WnkhU
KiwahFk;. ,f;$l;likg;ghjy; murpay; epWtdq;fs;> ghJfhg;G epWtdqf;s; ( NATO,
SEATO, CENTO, ANZUS)> my;yJ nghUshjhu epWtdq;fs; (EEC, TPP - Trans Pasific Partnership)
Mf ,Uf;f KbAk;

iv. mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;jy;

rpyNtisfspy; jkJ Njrpa mgpyhirfis ntw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf mjpfhuj;ij
(Coercive Means) gad;gLj;JtijAk; fhz KbAk;. Vida muRfspd; nraw;ghLfspy;
gyhj;fhukhf jiyapLjy;> ifg;gw;wy;> ,uhDtj;ij epiy epWj;jy;> jhf;Fjy;
elhj;Jjy; Nghd;wtw;iw cjhuzq;fshf Fwpg;gpl KbAk;. xU muR jdJ Njrpa
gyj;ij cUthf;fp nfhs;tjpy; gy fhuzpfs; ,ize;Js;sd.
 ,aw;ifahd fhuzpfs; - ehl;bd; miktplk;> ,aw;if tsk; rdj;njhif
 tpQ;Qhdk;> njhopy;El;gk;> ifj;njhopy; fhuzpfs;> njhopy;El;gj; jpwd;>
tptrhaj; jpwd;> gilj; jpwd;
 murpay; fhuzpfs; - murhq;fj;jpd; jd;ik> gzpf;FO Kiw cj;jpNahfG+u;t
mjpfhu Kiw) cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiw mjd; tpidj;jpwd;.
  r%fk; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fs; rhu;e;j fhuzpfs; - ehL Vw;Wf; nfhz;l Njrpa
fUj;Jf;fs;> Njrpa czu;Tfs;> Njrpa jzpj;Jtk;> r%ff; fl;likg;G> Njrpa
xUikg;ghL
 ntspthup kw;Wk; NtW fhuzpfs; - ehl;bd; ngUikAk;> ew;ngaWk;> ntsp
ehl;L cjtpiag; ngWk; Mw;wy;> ,ufrpa csTr; Nritapd; tpidj;jpwd;.

v. jz;lid tpjpj;jy;
nfhil toq;Ftij epWj;Jtjd; %yKk; KjyPLfis epWj;Jtjd; %yKk; Xu;
muRf;F jz;lid toq;f KbAk;. Mj;Jld; muRf;nfjpuhd gpurhuq;fis nra;tjd;
%yk; Nfhg%l;Lk; eltbf;iffisAk; nra;tJld; NtW muRfSf;F ntspg;gilahd
cjtpfis toq;Ftjd; %yk; Fwpg;gpl;l muRf;F kiwKfkhd jz;lid toq;f
KbAk;.

vi. gpur;rhuk; (Propaganda)

muRfs; jkJ mgpyhirfis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gad;gLj;Jk; kw;WnkhU
ClfkhFk;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fs; %yk; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w mjpfhukpd;ik fhuzkhf

muRfs; jhk; tpUk;gpathW el;g;gjw;F ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; ,lkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;
fhuzkhfNt muRfSf;fpilapy; mbf;fb Aj;jk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ehLfSf;fpilapy;
rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;j fbdkhd xd;whf fhzg;gLfpwJ. MfNt ehLfSf;fpilapy; mjpfhug;
Nghl;bfis fl;Lg;gLj;jp ru;tNjr r%fj;ij ey;y Kiwapy; Kd;ndLj;J nry;y Ntz;Lk;.

muRfSf;fpilapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;jp ru;tNjr

rkhjhdj;ij cUthf;fp Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F ru;tNjr murpaypy; gad;gLj;jf; $ba
cj;jpfs; gpd;tUkhW.

1. mjpfhur; rkepiy
,e;j vz;zf;fUtpd; %yk; mjpfhur; rkkpd;ik epyikfs; epyTk; NghNj muRfs;
Nghupy; <LgLfpd;wd. muRfs; rkkhd mjpfhuKiladthf ,Ug;gpd; Nghupy; <Lgl
Kd;tukhl;lhJ. Vnddpy; rkkhd mjpfhuKila ,U ehLfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W Nghu;
nra;Ak; NghJ ve;ehLk; ntw;wpia cWjpahf ngwKbahjpUg;gjdhyhFk;. ,jdhy;
muRfspy; mjpfhuq;fis rk msthdjhf mikg;gpd; muRf;fSf;fpilapy; Nghu;
Vw;gLtij jtpu;j;J ru;tNjr rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhj;J Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;y KbAk;.
mjpfhur; rkepiy cUthf;fg;gLtjid muRfs; jdpj;jdpahf nra;aKbAk; md;Nwy;
muRfs; $l;lkhd kl;lj;jpy; nra;a KbAk;.

2. $l;Lg; ghJfhg;G
rkhjhdj;ij tpUk;Gk; muRfs; midj;Jk; xd;whf ,ize;J jkJ $l;L mjpfhuj;ij
rkhjhdj;jpw;F vjpuhf nraw;gLk; muRfSf;F my;yJ mur FOf;fSf;F vjpuhf
gad;gLj;jp Mf;fpukpg;G; jd;ikAs;s muR my;yJ mur FOf;fis mlf;fp ru;tNjr
rkhjhdj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jp Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;Yjy; vd;Dk; mbg;gil kPJ ,e;j
vz;zf;fU cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1918 ,y; ru;tNjrr; rq;fk; 1945y; If;fpa ehLfs;
rig vd;gd jhgpf;fg;gl;lik ,e;Nehf;fj;ij fUj;jpf; nfhz;lahFk;. vdpDk; ,uz;L
mikg;GfSk; vjpu;ghu;j;j tpjj;jpy; $l;Lg; ghJfhg;G vz;zf;fU nraw;ghl;il
Kd;ndLf;f ,ayhjpUe;jd. ,jw;F ,e;j mikg;Gf;fspd; cWg;G muRfSf;fpilNa
$l;Lg;ghJfhg;Gr; nraw;ghL cUthf;fj;Njiitahd nghJ tpUg;gpid Vw;gLj;j
KbahikNa fhuzkhFk;.

3. ru;tNjr rl;lk;
ru;tNjr muRfspd; njhlu;Gfs; nghJthf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l rl;lj; njhFjpia
mbg;gilahf nfhz;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLkhapd; muRfSf;F ,ilNa Vw;gLk;
Nkhjy;fs;> gpur;rpidfs; vd;gtw;iw Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;J ru;tNjr rkhjhdj;ij
 epiyepWj;j KbAk; vd;gJ ,e;j vz;zf;fUtpdhy; typAWj;jg;gLfpd;J. vdpDk; ,J
njhlu;ghf vOe;Js;s gpur;rpidfs; ahnjdpy; ru;tNjr rl;lk; ahUf;fhf
eilKiwg;gLj;jggLfpwJ? ru;tNjr rl;lk; ahuhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ?
vd;gjhFk;. rl;lthf;fk; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; vd;gd nfhz;l rl;lq;fis Mf;fp>
muRfspd; ,iwik mjpfhuj;jpw;F Nkyhf nraw;gLtjw;fhd Mw;wy; cila cyf
murhq;fk; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; ,y;yhjpUg;gjdhy; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;rpidfs;
vOe;Js;sd.

4. MAjq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jYk; MAjg;gupfuzKk;

,e;j vz;zf;fU cUthf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ muRfs; Nghu; nra;tJ MAjq;fis
nfhz;bUg;gjdhyhFk;. vdNt muRfspd; Nghu; MAjq;fis ,y;yhnjhopg;gpd; muRfs;
Nghu; nra;a khl;lh vdf; fUJtjd; mbg;gilapyhFk;. muRfsplk; cs;s Nghu;
MAjq;fis ,y;yhnjhopf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,e;j vz;zf;fU %yk;
typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpapy; ,e;jf; fUj;J kpfr; rupahf ,Ug;gpDk;
nrad;Kiwapy; ,jid eilKiwg;gLj;jtjpy; gy gpur;rpidfs; cs;sd. Kf;fpa
gpur;rpid vd;dntdpy; Nghu; MAjq;fs; ,y;yhJ muRfspd; Njrpa ghJfhg;ig
eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ vt;thW vd;gjhFk;. vt;thnwdpDk; 1945 d; gpd;du; If;fpa ehLfs;
rigAk; jdpg;gl;l kl;lj;jpYk; muRfspd; Nghu; MAjq;fs; fl;Lg;ghL> MAjg;gupfuzk;
njhlu;ghd eltbf;iffs; gytw;iw vLj;Js;sd. vdpDk; ,d;dKk; Kw;whf
MAjg;gupfuzj;Jf;F muRfs; Kd;tuhjpUg;gJld; Nghu; MAj cw;gj;jpiaAk; muRfs;
epWj;jptpltpy;iy.

5. cyf murhq;fk;
muRfspd; ntspthup elj;ijiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j rl;lthf;f epiwNtw;W> ePjpj;Jiw
mjpfhuq;fs; nfhz;l cyf murhq;fk; xd;W mikf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gjpy; ,e;j
vz;zf;fU ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. ,J ntWkNd xU vz;zf;fU kl;LNk.
eilKiwapy; ,t;thhwhd murhq;fk; mikg;gJxU fdT vd tpku;rfu;fs;
fUJfpd;wdu;. fhuzk; cyf kl;lj;jpy; jd;dhjpf;f mjpfhuKila cyf
murhq;fj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;F muRfs; jkJ jdpg;gl;l ,iwikajpfhuj;ij tpl;Ltpl
tpUk;ghd;ikahFk;.

4. mjpfhur; rkepiy
,e;j vz;zf;fUtpd; %yk; mjpfhur; rkkpd;ik epyikfs; epyTk; NghNj muRfs;
Nghupy; <LgLfpd;wd. muRfs; rkkhd mjpfhuKiladthf ,Ug;gpd; Nghupy; <Lgl
Kd;tukhl;lhJ. Vnddpy; rkkhd mjpfhuKila ,U ehLfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W Nghu;
nra;Ak; NghJ ve;ehLk; ntw;wpia cWjpahf ngwKbahjpUg;gjdhyhFk;. ,jdhy;
muRfspy; mjpfhuq;fis rk msthdjhf mikg;gpd; muRf;fSf;fpilapy; Nghu;
Vw;gLtij jtpu;j;J ru;tNjr rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhj;J Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;y KbAk;.
mjpfhur; rkepiy cUthf;fg;gLtjid muRfs; jdpj;jdpahf nra;aKbAk; md;Nwy;
muRfs; $l;lkhd kl;lj;jpy; nra;a KbAk;.

5. $l;Lg; ghJfhg;G
rkhjhdj;ij tpUk;Gk; muRfs; midj;Jk; xd;whf ,ize;J jkJ $l;L mjpfhuj;ij
rkhjhdj;jpw;F vjpuhf nraw;gLk; muRfSf;F my;yJ mur FOf;fSf;F vjpuhf
gad;gLj;jp Mf;fpukpg;G; jd;ikAs;s muR my;yJ mur FOf;fis mlf;fp ru;tNjr
rkhjhdj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jp Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;Yjy; vd;Dk; mbg;gil kPJ ,e;j
vz;zf;fU cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1918 ,y; ru;tNjrr; rq;fk; 1945y; If;fpa ehLfs;
rig vd;gd jhgpf;fg;gl;lik ,e;Nehf;fj;ij fUj;jpf; nfhz;lahFk;. vdpDk; ,uz;L
mikg;GfSk; vjpu;ghu;j;j tpjj;jpy; $l;Lg; ghJfhg;G vz;zf;fU nraw;ghl;il
Kd;ndLf;f ,ayhjpUe;jd. ,jw;F ,e;j mikg;Gf;fspd; cWg;G muRfSf;fpilNa
$l;Lg;ghJfhg;Gr; nraw;ghL cUthf;fj;Njiitahd nghJ tpUg;gpid Vw;gLj;j
KbahikNa fhuzkhFk;.
 6. ru;tNjr rl;lk;
ru;tNjr muRfspd; njhlu;Gfs; nghJthf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l rl;lj; njhFjpia
mbg;gilahf nfhz;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLkhapd; muRfSf;F ,ilNa Vw;gLk;
Nkhjy;fs;> gpur;rpidfs; vd;gtw;iw Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;J ru;tNjr rkhjhdj;ij
epiyepWj;j KbAk; vd;gJ ,e;j vz;zf;fUtpdhy; typAWj;jg;gLfpd;J. vdpDk; ,J
njhlu;ghf vOe;Js;s gpur;rpidfs; ahnjdpy; ru;tNjr rl;lk; ahUf;fhf
eilKiwg;gLj;jggLfpwJ? ru;tNjr rl;lk; ahuhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ?
vd;gjhFk;. rl;lthf;fk; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; vd;gd nfhz;l rl;lq;fis Mf;fp>
muRfspd; ,iwik mjpfhuj;jpw;F Nkyhf nraw;gLtjw;fhd Mw;wy; cila cyf
murhq;fk; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; ,y;yhjpUg;gjdhy; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;rpidfs;
vOe;Js;sd.

6. MAjq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jYk; MAjg;gupfuzKk;

,e;j vz;zf;fU cUthf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ muRfs; Nghu; nra;tJ MAjq;fis
nfhz;bUg;gjdhyhFk;. vdNt muRfspd; Nghu; MAjq;fis ,y;yhnjhopg;gpd; muRfs;
Nghu; nra;a khl;lh vdf; fUJtjd; mbg;gilapyhFk;. muRfsplk; cs;s Nghu;
MAjq;fis ,y;yhnjhopf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,e;j vz;zf;fU %yk;
typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpapy; ,e;jf; fUj;J kpfr; rupahf ,Ug;gpDk;
nrad;Kiwapy; ,jid eilKiwg;gLj;jtjpy; gy gpur;rpidfs; cs;sd. Kf;fpa
gpur;rpid vd;dntdpy; Nghu; MAjq;fs; ,y;yhJ muRfspd; Njrpa ghJfhg;ig
eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ vt;thW vd;gjhFk;. vt;thnwdpDk; 1945 d; gpd;du; If;fpa ehLfs;
rigAk; jdpg;gl;l kl;lj;jpYk; muRfspd; Nghu; MAjq;fs; fl;Lg;ghL> MAjg;gupfuzk;
njhlu;ghd eltbf;iffs; gytw;iw vLj;Js;sd. vdpDk; ,d;dKk; Kw;whf
MAjg;gupfuzj;Jf;F muRfs; Kd;tuhjpUg;gJld; Nghu; MAj cw;gj;jpiaAk; muRfs;
epWj;jptpltpy;iy.

7. cyf murhq;fk;
muRfspd; ntspthup elj;ijiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j rl;lthf;f epiwNtw;W> ePjpj;Jiw
mjpfhuq;fs; nfhz;l cyf murhq;fk; xd;W mikf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gjpy; ,e;j
vz;zf;fU ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. ,J ntWkNd xU vz;zf;fU kl;LNk.
eilKiwapy; ,t;thhwhd murhq;fk; mikg;gJxU fdT vd tpku;rfu;fs;
fUJfpd;wdu;. fhuzk; cyf kl;lj;jpy; jd;dhjpf;f mjpfhuKila cyf
murhq;fj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;F muRfs; jkJ jdpg;gl;l ,iwikajpfhuj;ij tpl;Ltpl
tpUk;ghd;ikahFk;.

rkfhy ru;tNjr murpaypd; gpujhd Nghf;Ffs;

,g;gFpjpia Nehf;Fk; NghJ Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fs; rkfhy cyf epfo;Tfis

ikakhf itj;J Nehf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tplaq;fs; midj;J
fhyg;gFjpf;Fk; nghUj;jkhdjhf> KOikahdjhf ,Uf;fhJ. Mjyhy; ,g;gFapy;
tpdhf;fs; tUk; NghJ mtw;iw mg;Nghija eilKiwf;F Vw;g vOjg; gapw;rp ngw
Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gFjapy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fs; mbg;gilahd tplaq;fs; khj;jpuNk
md;wp KOikahdJ my;yJ.

rkfhy ru;tNjr murpay; Nghf;fpid milahsg;gLj;JtJ mt;tsT ,yFthd xU

fhupaky;y. Vddpy; ru;tNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Njrpa muRfs; xt;nthd;Wk; tpj;jpahrkhdJk;
xd;NWhL xd;W Kud;gl;ljkhd Nghf;fpid ifahz;L tUtjdhyhFk;. ,jdhy; rkfhy
ru;tNjr murpay; Nghf;Ffis gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; Muayhk;.
 1. gy;JUt cyf Kiwik (Multi polar world system)

,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; ,Jtiu INuhg;ghit ikag;gLj;jpapUe;j mjpfhur;

rkepiy njspthd khw;wj;jpw;F cs;shdJ. ,jpy; mnkupf;fh cyf ty;yurhf
tpUj;jpailjy; njspthf eilngw;wJ. Kd;dzp nghUshjhu murpay; ghu;itahd
Kjyhspj;Jt ypguy; rdehafk;> mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa muRfis gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nra;jNjhL> ,J xU JUt murpayhf Nehf;fg;gl;lNjhL ngUk;ghyhd cyf ehLfs;
mnkupf;fh Nehf;fpajhfNt ,Ue;jJ

,jw;F khw;wPlhf u];ah rkTilikthjj;ij jkJ murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu

nfhs;ifahf nfhz;L mjpfhu rkepiyf;Fs; te;jJ. ,jdhy; cyfk; Kjyhspj;Jtk;>
rkTlik vd; mnkupf;fh jiyikapy; Nkw;F INuhg;gpa ehLfSk;> jiyikapYk; u\;ah
jiyikapy; fpof;F INuhg;gh ehLfSk; vd ,U JUtq;fshf khwpd.

Nrhtpal; u];ahtpd; rkTilikthj nfhs;ifapd; gbg;gbahd tPo;r;rp 1980 fspy; njspthf

njd;gl;lJ. rdhjpgjp kpfha;y; nfhu;gr;Nrh Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpDs; mtu; rkTilikthj
khw;wPlhd topnahd;wpid fUjpdhYk; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;F kpfTk; neUf;fkhd nghUshjhu
kWrPuikg;Gfis mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. fk;A+dpr rPdhtpd; jiytu; nlq; Xgpq; (Deng Oping)
rPdhtpd; nghUshjhu kWrPuikg;Gfis ngupJk; %yjdj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
topKiwapd; Clhf mgptpUj;jpr; nra;jhu;. rkTilikthjj;jpw;F XusT rhu;e;Jss; fpof;F
N[uk;dp> tlf;F N[uk;dpAld; xd;wpize;J N[uk;dpa $l;likg;ig cUthf;fpaJ. ,t;thW
rpy rkTilikthj Kfhk;fs; Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk;fshf khw;wkile;j ,UJUt cyf
Kiw (Bi - Polar World Sysytem) gbg;gbahf tPo;r;rpaile;J rkTilik u\;ahtpd; tPo;r;rpAld;
mnkupf;f Mjpgj;jpak; Kd;dpiy mile;jNjhL> Nkw;F Kfhk;fs; ntw;wpia Nehf;fp xU
JUt murpay; Nehf;fp mz;kpj;jJ.

1990 jrhg;jq;fspd; gpd;du; muRfSk; gyg; gpuhe;jpaqf;Sk; ru;tNjr murpaypd;

tYrr;kepiyapd; ebfuf;shf khwpAs;s epiyapid fhz Kbe;jJ. Fwpg;ghf

i. fpof;fhrpa muRfs; nghUshjhu uPjpahf gykpf;fitahf khwpd.

ii. INuhg;gpa muRfs; jkJ nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; mjpfhuj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhf
INuhg;gpa rq;fj;ij (European Union) cUthf;fp nfhz;Ls;sd.
iii. rPdh> ,e;jpah> njd;dhgpu;f;fh> u\;ah kw;Wk; XusT gNwrpy; tsu;e;J tUk;
nghUshhjhu kw;Wk; murpay; gyrhypfshf tsu;e;J tUk; ,ay;gpid fhl;Lfpd;wd.

mz;ikf;fhykhf ru;tNjr murpay; Ma;thsu;fs; nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; mnkupf;fhit

tpl rPdh xU gb Nky; nrd;Ws;sjhff; Fwpg;gpLtu;. ,Ug;gpDk; rpy Ma;thsu;fs; mnkupf;f
r%f> gz;ghl;L> fl;likg;G tsu;r;rp rPdhit tpl Kd;Ndw;w fukhdjhf ,Ug;gjhff;
Fwpg;gpLtu;. ,jd;gb rkfhy; cyf Kiwik gy;JUt (Multi polar world system) Mf
milahsk; fhz KbAk;.

2. khw;W ru;tNjr njhlu;G tiyaikg;G

etPd cyf KiwikapDs; Kd;du; fhzg;gl;l ru;tNjr mikg;Gfs;> ,uh[je;jpu njhlu;Gfs;

kw;Wk; nghUshjhu njhlu;Gfshy; topelj;jg;gLfpd;w cyf Kiwikf;F khw;wPlhf ru;tNjr
njhlu;Gfs; tiyaikg;gpid fhz Kbfpd;wJ. cyfkakhff;y; cyfg; gupkhdg; gukg;y;
njhlug;hly; kw;Wk; fy;tpapd; tpUj;jpapd; Clhf ,e;j khw;wPl;L njhlu;Gfis Nkd;epiy
milar; nra;Js;sJ.
 3. etPd r%f ,af;fq;fs;

rpf;fhu;e;j khdpl njhlu;Gfshy; nghJtpy; ru;tNjr murpay; tsu;r;rpapf; fl;likg;gpy; (Classical

forms) cs;slf;fg;glhj mgpyhirfis cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; GhJfhj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;FkhfNt Gjpa r%f ,af;fq;fs Njhw;wk; (New social movements) ngw;Ws;sd.
muRfspd; vy;iyfisf; fle;J jkJ Njitfs; kw;Wk; mgpyhirfis cWjpgg;Lj;jpf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf ,t;thwhd r%f ,af;fq;fis Clfkhff; nfhz;L xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;s
ru;tNjr r%fk; mjD}lhf muRfspd; cs;sf kw;Wk; ntspaf nfhs;if nraw;ghl;bw;F
mOj;jk; nfhLf;fpd;wd.

mJ kl;Lkd;wp> ,r;r%f ,af;fq;fs; kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gJ Kjy; tpyq;F kw;Wk;

jhtuq;fspd; cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;> Xupdr;Nru;f;if kw;Wk; ghy;khw;wk; ( Trans - Sexual)
cupikfs;> Aj;j kw;Wk; td;Kiw vjpu;g;G> nghypj;jPd; ghtidia vjpu;j;jy; (Thola Aandolam
Movement) Nghd;wd kpfTk; rpf;fyhdJk; gue;j tifapYk; gutpAs;sJ.

4. cyf Kiwikf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;l ,af;fq;fs;

cyf tYr;rkepiyf;Fk; kw;Wk; gpurpj;jpg; ngw;Ws;s cyf Kiwikf;Fk; vjpuhf Nghuhl;l

,af;fq;fspd; mgptpUj;jpiaAk; gutyhd tifapy; ru;tNjr murpaypy; fhzf; fpilf;fpd;wJ.
,t;tpaf;fq;fs; rkhjhd topKiw njhlf;fk; MAj kw;Wk; gaq;futhj topKiw tiu jkJ
nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLg;gij fhz Kbfpd;wJ. kj;jpa fpof;F gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; mz;ikapy;
gutyile;Jss; IS ,af;fk; (Islamic State) ,t;thwhd MAj ,af;fnkhd;whFk;.

etPd cyfg; Nghf;Ffs; ,yq;if kPJ Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fs;

ru;tNjr r%fj;jpd; cWg;gpdd; vd;w tifapy; ,yq;ifAk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l rfy ru;tNjr
mirTfspd; czu;thu;e;j njhFjpahf mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk;. cyf Kiwikf;Fs; ve;jnthU
muRk; ,e;j mirtpaf;fj;jpypUe;J ,Ue;J tpyfpapUf;f KbahJ.

xd;Wld; xd;W gpize;Js;s murpay;> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; fyhrhu njhlu;G

tiyaikg;Gf;fshy munrhd;whf ,yq;ifAk; cs;sf murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
nfhs;iffSk; mirTf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ru;tNjr kdpj cupikfs; gpufldk; kw;Wk;
kjpg;gPLfspdhy; rkfhy ,yq;ifapd; murpay; mirTfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. tpNrlkhf rptpy;
Aj;jj;jpw;F gpd;duhd murpay;> nghUshjhu ,ay;Gfis cs;sf mgpyhirfSf;F Vw;g
jPu;khzpf;Fk; ,aYik ,yq;iff;F ,y;iy.

ru;tNjr r%fj;jpd; cWg;gpdu; vd;wtifapy; ru;tNjr kjpg;gPLfs; (Universal Values)> Njrpa

kjpg;gPLfshf (National Values) Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba rthy;fis Vida muRfisg;
NghyNt ,yq;iff;Fk; cz;L. ,J cyf murpay; nghUshjhujj;pDs; muRfspd;
mirtpaf;fq;fspd; ajhu;j;jkhf mwpe;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

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