jkpo;ehL muR

Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rpj;Jiw

gphpT : TNPSC Group II Njh;T

ghlk; : nghJj;jkpo; (,yf;fpak;)
gFjp : nghpaGuhzk;

fhg;Ghpik

jkpo;ehL muRg; gzpahsh; Njh;thizak; F&g; - 2 Kjy;epiy kw;Wk; Kjd;ik

Njh;TfSf;fhd fhnzhyp fhl;rp gjpTfs;> xypg;gjpT ghlf;Fwpg;Gfs;> khjphp Njh;T
tpdhj;jhs;fs; kw;Wk; nkd;ghlf;Fwpg;Gfs; Mfpait Nghl;bj; Njh;tpw;F jahuhFk;
khzt> khztpfSf;F cjtpLk; tifapy; Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rpj; Jiwahy;
nkd;nghUs; tbtpy; jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,k;nkd;ghlf; Fwpg;GfSf;fhd fhg;Ghpik
Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rpj; Jiwiar; rhh;e;jJ vd njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ve;j xU jdpegNuh my;yJ jdpahh; Nghl;bj; Njh;T gapw;rp ikaNkh

,k;nkd;ghlf; Fwpg;Gfis ve;j tifapYk; kWgpujp vLf;fNth> kW Mf;fk; nra;jplNth>
tpw;gid nra;Ak; Kaw;rpapNyh <LgLjy; $lhJ. kPwpdhy; ,e;jpa fhg;Ghpik rl;lj;jpd;
fPo; jz;bf;fg;gl VJthFk; vd njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J Kw;wpYk; Nghl;bj;
Njh;TfSf;F jahh; nra;Ak; khzth;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; fl;lzkpy;yh NritahFk;.

Mizah;>
Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rpj; Jiw
 nghpaGuhzk;
nghpa Guhzk;

Mrphpah; - Nrf;fpohh;
,aw;ngah; - mUz;nkhopj;Njth;
Ch; - Fd;wj;J}h; - fhQ;rpGuk;
fhyk; - 12 Mk; E}w;whz;L
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; - nghpa Guhzk;
rpwg;G ngah;fs; - nja;tr; Nrf;fpohh;> njhz;lh; rPh; guTthh;> cj;jk
Nrho gy;ytuhad;
E}ypd; rpwg;G ngah;fs; - jpUj;njhz;lh;Guhzk;> jpUj;njhz;lh; khf;fij
jpUKiw - 12 Mk; jpUKiw

rpwg;Gfs;:

 nghpaGuhzk; 2 fhz;lq;fisAk;> 13 rUf;fq;fisAk;> 4286 ghly;fisAk;

nfhz;lJ.
 nghpa Guhzj;jpd; Kjy; rUf;fk; jpUkiyr; rWf;fk;> ,Wjpr; rWf;fk; nts;is
ahidr; rWf;fk;.
 meghar;Nrhodplk; jiyik mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jth; Nrf;fpohh;.
 Nrf;fpohh; cj;jk Nrhogy;yth; vd;w gl;lk; ngw;wth;.
 jkpopy; Njhd;wpa ,uz;lhtJ Njrpa fhg;gpak; - nghpa Guhzk;.
 Kjy; Njrpaf; fhg;gpak; vd;gJ rpyg;gjpfhuk;.
 nghpaGuhzj;jpw;F Nrf;fpohh; ,l;l ngah; jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk.;
 nrhw;Nfhapy; vOg;gpa ,th; fw;NfhapYk; vOg;gpAs;shh;.
 Nrf;fpohhpd; ghly;fs; nja;tkzk; fkOk; jd;ikAilait.
 jdpabahh;fs; 63> njhifabahh;fs; 9 Ngh; Kjypa 72 rptdbahh;fspd;
tuyhw;iw $Wtjdhy; ngUik ngw;w Guhzk; - nghpa Guhzk;.
 63 ehad;khh;fspy; %th; ngz;fs; - fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;> ,irQhdpahh;>
kq;ifah;f;furpahh;.
 %yE}y; Re;juh; vOjpa jpUj;njhz;l njhif> top E}y; ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp
ghba jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp.
 nghpaGuhzk; gps;is ghjp> Guhzk; ghjp vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ
 jpy;iy eluhr ngUkhd; cynfyhk; vd mbnaLj;J nfhLf;f ghlg;gl;lJ -
nghpaGuhzk;.
 E}y; Kw;Wg;ngWk; NghJk; cynfyhk; vd KbfpwJ.
 nghpaGuhzj;jpd; fhg;gpa jiytd;- Re;juh;> tpy;yd; rptd;.

Page 1
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

 kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; “gf;jp Rit edp nrhl;lr; nrhl;lg; ghba

ftptyt” vd Nrf;fpohiu ghuhl;bAs;shh;.
 cyfk;> caph;> flTs; ,it %d;iwAk; xUq;Nf fhl;Lk; fhtpak; jhd;
nghpaGuhzk; vd jpU.tp.f $wpAs;shh;.
 Nrf;fpohh; Guhzk; ghbath; ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh;.
 Nrf;fpohh; gps;isj;jkpo; ghbath; kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is.
 jpUQhdrk;ge;jhpd; tuyhW kl;Lk; 1256 ghly;fshfg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt
gps;is ghjp Guhzk; ghjp vdg;gLfpwJ.
 Nrf;fpohh; jw;Nghija fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s Fd;wj;Jhhpy; gpwe;jth;.
,th; megha Nrhodplk; jiyik mikr;ruhfj; jpfo;ej ; th;. cj;jk Nrho
gy;ytuhad; vd;W gl;lk; ngw;wth;. NkYk; khNjtbfs; vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngaUk;
,tUf;F cz;L.
 NkYk; nja;tr; Nrf;fpohh; vd;Wk;> njhz;lh; rPu; guTthh; vd;Wk; Nrf;fpohh;
Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;.
 jdpabahh; mWgj;J%tUk;> njhifabahh; xd;gjpd;kUk; Mf vOgj;jpUth;
rptdabahh; Mth;. mt;tbahh;fspd; tuyhw;iwf; $Wtjhy;> ngUik ngw;w
Guhzk; vd;Dk; nghUspy; nghpa Guhzk; vd;Dk; ngah; ngw;wJ.
 ,e;EhYf;F Nrf;fpohh; ,l;l ngah; jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk; vd;gjhFk;. ,jid
jpUj;njhz;lh; khf;fij vd;Wk; $Wth;.
 jpy;iy eluhrg; ngUkhs;> cynfyhk; - vd;W mbnaLj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;
ghlg;ngw;wnjdTk; $Wth;. Ehy; Kw;Wg; ngWk;NghJ cynfyhk; vd KbfpwJ.
 Nrf;fpohhpd; ghly;fs; midj;Jk; nja;t kzk; fkOk; jd;ikAilad.
vdNt jhd;> kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;> gf;jpr; Rit edp nrhl;lr;
nrhl;lg; ghba ftp tyt - vd Nrf;fpohiug; Gfo;e;Jiuj;Js;shh;.
 cyfk;> caph;> flTs; Mfpa %d;iwAk; xUq;Nf fhl;Lk; fhtpae;jhd;>
nghpGuhzk; vd;ghh; jpU.tp.fypahdRe;judhh;.
 nghpGuhzkhdJ njhlh;epiyr; nra;Asha; xU goQ;rhpjj;ijr; nrhy;tjha;
xU nghpa cs;sPlhfpa fw;gidia vLj;Jf; fhl;Ltjhf cs;s xU
ngUq;fhg;gpak; - rp.Nf.Rg;gpukzpa Kjypahh;.
 nghpaGuhzk; ,uz;L fhz;lq;fspy;> jpUkiyr; rUf;fk; Kjy; nts;is
ahidr; rUf;fk; Kba 13 rUf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L mike;Js;sJ. 4286
tpUj;jg;ghf;fs; nfhz;lJ.
 4286 ghf;fspy; 1252 ghly;fs; jpUQhd rk;ge;jh; gw;wpNa ghLtjhy; gps;is
ghjp Guhzk; ghjp vd;w tof;Fk; Vw;gl;lJ.
 Kjy; fhz;lj;jpy; 5 rUf;fq;fSk;> ,uz;lhtJ fhz;lj;jpy; 8 rUf;fq;fSk;
cs;sd.
 Re;juu; ghba jpUj;njhz;lj; njhif Kjy; Ehy; (njhif Ehy;).
ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp ghba jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp topEhy; (tif Ehy;).
Nrf;fpohh; vOjpa jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk; rhu;G Ehy; (tphpEhy;).

Page 2
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

 gd;dpU jpUKiwapy; 12-Mk; jpUKiwahf nghpaGuhzk; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jkpopd; ,uz;lhtJ Njrpaf;fhg;gpak; vd;W nghpa Guhzj;ijf; $Wth;.
(Kjy; Njrpaf; fhg;gpak; rpyg;gjpfhuk;).
 Nrf;fpohh; Guhzk; vd;w Ehiyg; ghbath; ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh;. Nrf;fpohh;
gps;isj; jkpo; ghbath; kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is.
 nghpaGuhzk; - Xh; Ma;T vd;w Ehiy ,aw;wpath; m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd;.
 Re;ju%h;j;jp ehadhhpd; tuyhw;wpy; njhlq;fp> mth; ghbAs;s 63
ehad;khh;fspd; tuyhw;wpidAk; tpsf;fp> eLtpYk; KbtpYk; Re;ju%h;j;jpapd;
tuyhw;wpidNa nrhy;yp Kbj;J> fhg;gpaj; jiytd; (Re;juu;) xUtd; vd;W
$Wk;gbahf nghpa Guhzj;ij Nrf;fpohh; mike;Js;shh;.
 ,e;Ehy; kw;w rka> kjq;fspd; nry;thf;ifg; gut tplhky; jLg;gJld;> irt
rka ek;gpf;ifia rpwg;Gld; tsh;f;Fk; EhyhfTk;> irt rkaf; fUj;Jf;fisg;
gug;Gk; tifapYk; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
 kd;dd; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; rkzj;jpd; kPJ gw;W nfhz;L> rPtf
rpe;jhkzpapy; kdk; nrYj;jpa epiyapy;> Nrhoid ey;topg;gLj;jg; ghlg;gl;l
Ehy; nghpaGuhzk; vd;gh;.

nghpa Guhzk; jUk; nra;jpfs;

 63 ehad;khu;fspy; ngz;fs; %tu;. Fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;> ,irQhdpahh;

kw;Wk; kq;ifau;f;furpahh; MfpNahh;.
 njhifabahh;fs; xd;gjpd;kh; (9 Ngu;). 1) jpy;iytho; me;jzh; 2)ngha;
mbik ,y;yhj Gdpjth; 3) gj;juha; gzpthh; 4) gukidNa ghLthh; 5)
rpj;jj;ijr; rptd;ghy; itj;jth; 6) jpUth&h; gpwe;jhh; 7) Kg;NghJk; jpUNkdp
jPz;Lthh; 8) KOePW g+rpa Kdpth; 9)mg;ghYk; mbNrh;e;jhh; MfpNahh;.
 jpUNkdp jPz;Lthu; 8) KOePW g+rpa Kdpth; 9)mg;ghYk; mbNrh;ej
; hh;
MfpNahh;.
 KJik Ntz;bg; ngw;W ghbNa ifyhak; nrd;wth; fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;.
 $d;ghz;baid irtj;jpw;F khw;wpath; kq;ifau;f;furpahh;. kdj;jpy; Nfhapy;
fl;batu; g+ryhh;.
 jpUehTf;furiu topgl;ltu; mg;g+jpabfs;. jpUQhdrk;ge;jiu topgl;ltu;
fzehj ehadhu;.
 ePuhy; tpsf;nfhpj;jtu; fzk;Gy;ytu;. ,uj;jj;jhy; tpsf;F Vw;wpatu; fypadhu;.
jk; fz;fis rptDf;F mspj;jtu; fz;zg;gu;.
 tpijj;j ney;iy vLj;Jr; rikj;J rptdbahu;f;F czT gilj;jtu;
,isahd;Fb ehadhu;.
 gps;isf;fwp rikj;Jg; gilj;jtu; rpWnjhz;lu;. Koq;ifahy; re;jk;
miuj;jtu; %h;j;jp ehadhh;.

Page 3
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

 jpUePW mzpe;J te;j giftDld; Nghhplhky; ntl;lg;gl;;ltu; Vdhjpahu;.

 jpUehisg; Nghthu; vdg;gLgtu; ee;jdhu;. khzpahu; vdg;gLgtu; kq;ifau;f;furpahh;.
 kidtpiaj; jP;z;lhJ tho;e;jtu; jpUePyfz;l ehadhu;.

ehyhapu jpt;tpa gpuge;jk;

gd;dpU Mo;thh;fSk; jpUkhypd; mofpy;> mUspy; kaq;fp gy ghly;fisg;

ghbdhh;fs;. Mo;thh;fspd; fhyj;jpw;F gpd; te;j ehjKdpfs; Mo;thh;fspd;
ghly;fs; midj;ijAk; njhFj;jhh;. mit ehyhapu jpt;tpa gpuge;jk; vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

 itzt flTisg; Nghw;wp ghLtJ kq;fsh rhrdk; nra;jy; vdg;gLk;.

 kq;fsh rhrdk; ghbath;fs; Mo;thh;fs;.
 ,iwtdpd; jpUtbapy; Mo;e;jth;fs; Mo;thh;fs; vdg;gLth;.
 Mo;thh; gd;dpUtuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ ehyhapu jpt;tpa gpuge;jk.;
 ehyhapujpt;tpa gpuge;jj;jpy; 105 ghRuq;fs; cs;sd.
 Ehyhapu jpt;a gpuge;jk; 3776 ghly;fis nfhz;lJ.
 ehyhapujpt;tpa gpuge;jj;ij njhFj;jth;- ehjKdpfs; Mthh;.
 Mo;thh;fspd; mUspr; nraYf;Fg; nghpa thr;rhd; gps;is ciu
vOjpAs;shh;.
 NjdpDk; ,dp jPej ; kpo; gDty; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; E}y; - ehyhapu jpt;tpa
gpuge;jk;.
 Mo;thh;fs; 12 Ngh; ghba ghly;fspd; njhFg;Ng ehyhapu jpt;tpagpuge;jk;
MFk;.
 mUe;jkpo; gDty; vd miof;fg;gLtJ ehyapu jpt;tpa gpuge;jk;.
 Mo;thh; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F Mo;ej ; wpAk; mwpit fUtpahf cilath; vd;W
nghUs;.
 ehyhapu jpt;tpa gpuge;jj;jpy; cs;s nkhj;j Ehy;fs; 24.
 jpUkhypd; Ik;gilfs; 1) rf;fuk; (Rju;dk;) 2) tpy; (rhuq;fk;) 3) ths;
(ee;jfk;) 4) jz;L (nfsNkhjfp) 5) rq;F (ghQ;r rd;dpak;).
 jpUkhypd; thfdk; fUld;> jpUkhypd; njhz;ld; mDkd;.
 jpUkhiyg; ghlhky; ek;kho;thiuNa nja;tkhfg; ghbatu; kJu ftpaho;thu;.
 ngz;zhfpa Mz;lhisAk;> jpUkhiyg; ghlhj kJuftpaho;thiuak; ePf;fp
Mo;thu; nkhj;jk; 10 Ngu; vd;Wk; $Wtu;.
 ngha;ifaho;thu;> g+jj;jho;thu;> Ngaho;thu; vd;Dk; %tUk; Kjyho;thu;fs;
vdg;gLtu;.
 irt rkaj;jpd; jpUQhdrk;ge;ju;> jpUehTf;furu;> Re;juu; Mfpa %tUk;
%tu; Kjypfs; vdg;gLtu;.

Page 4
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

E}ypd; rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs;:

 jPe;jkpo; gDty;> jpuhtpl rhfuk;>

Mo;thh;fs; E}y;fs; ghly;fs;

1. ngha;ifaho;thh; Kjy; jpUte;jhjp 100
2. G+jj;jho;thh; ,uz;lhk; jpUte;jhjp 100
3. Ngaho;thh; %d;whk; jpUte;jhjp 100
4. jpUkopiraho;thh; 1. ehd;Kfd; jpUte;jhjp 96
2. jpUr;re;j tpUj;jk; 120
5. ek;kho;thh; 1. jpUtpUj;jk; 100
2. jpUthrphpak; 7
3. nghpa jpUte;jhjp 87
4. jpUtha;nkhop (1-10 gj;J) 1102
6. kJuftpaho;thh; fz;zpEz; rpWjhk;G 11
7. nghpaho;thh; 1. jpUg;gy;yhz;L 12
2. jpUnkhop 461
8. Mz;lhs; 1. jpUg;ghit 30
2. ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhop 143
9. jpUkq;ifaho;thh; 1. nghpa jpUkly; 78
2. rpwpa jpUkly; 40
3. jpUf;FWe;jhz;lfk; 20
4. jpUneLe;jhz;lfk; 30
5. jpUntO$w;wpUf;if 1
6. nghpa jpUnkhop 1084
10. njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thh; 1. jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rp 10
2. jpUkhiy 45
11. jpUg;ghzho;thh; 1. mkydhjp gpuhd; 10
12. FyNrfuho;thh; 1. ngUkhs; jpUnkhop 105

Mo;thh;fspd; njhFg;G ehd;F gphpTfshf gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

 m. Kjy; Mapuk;
1. nghpaho;thh; jpUnkhop (jpUg;gy;yhz;L cl;gl)
2. ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhop
3. ngUkhs; jpUnkhop

Page 5
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

4. jpUr;re;j tpUj;jk;
5. jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp
6. mkydhjpgpuhd;
7. fz;zpEz; rpWjhk;G

 M. nghpa jpUnkhop
1. jpUkq;if Mo;thh; ghly;fs;

 ,. jpUtha;nkhop
1. ek;kho;thh; ghly;fs;

 <. ,aw;gh
1. Kjy; jpUte;jhjp
2. ,uz;lhk; jpUte;jhjp
3. %d;whk; jpUte;jhjp
4. ehd;Kfd; jpUte;jhjp
5. jpUtpUj;jk;
6. jpUthrphpak;
7. nghpa jpUte;jhjp
8. jpUntO $w;wpUf;if
9. rpwpa jpUkly;
10. nghpa jpUkly;

ngha;ifaho;thh;

Ch; - fhQ;rpGuk; (jpUnt‡fh)

mk;rk; - ghQ;r rd;dpak; vDk; rq;fpd; mk;rk;
kyhpd; gpwg;G - jhkiu ngha;if
ghly;fs; - 100 ghly;fs>; Kjyhk; jpUte;jhjp
rpwg;G - jpUkhypd; gj;J mtjhuq;fisAk; ghbath;

Nkw;Nfhs;:

itak; jfspah> thh;flNy nea;ahf

nta;a fjpNuhd; tpsf;fhfr; nra;a
Rluhop ahd; mbf;Nf #l;bNdd; nrhy;khiy

G+jj;jho;thh;

Ch; - khky;yGuk;
mk;rk; - fjhAjj;jpd; mk;rk;

Page 6
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

kyhpd; gpwg;G - FUf;fj;jp kyh;

ghly;fs; - 100 ghly;fs>; ,uz;lhk; jpUte;jhjp
rpwg;Gg; ngah; - ngUe; jkpod;

Nkw;Nfhs;:-
md;Ng jfspah Mh;tNk nea;ahf
,d;GUF rpe;ij ,Ljphpah - ed;GUfp

Ngaho;thh;

Ch; - kapyhg;G+h;
mk;rk; - thspd; mk;rk;
kyhpd; gpwg;G - nrt;ty;yp kyhpd; mk;rk;
ghly;fs; - 100 ghly;fs>; %d;whk;; jpUte;jhjp
rpwg;Gfs; - jpUkhypd; Nfhyj;ijf; fz;L kfpo;e;jth;

Nkw;Nfhs;:-
jpUf;fz;Nld; nghd;Nkdp fz;Nld; jpfOk;
mUf;fd; mzpepwKk; fz;Nld;- nrUf;fpsUk;
rpwg;Gfs;:
 Kjyho;thh;fs; - ngha;ifaho;thh;> G+jj;jho;thh;> Ngaho;thh;
 %tUk; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lth;fs;. jpUkhyhy; xNu rkaj;jpy;
Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;lth;fs;.
 Kjyho;thh;fs; %tUk; re;jpj;j ,lk; jpUf;NfhtpY}h;.
 Kjyho;thh;fs; %tUk; Ig;grp khjj;jpy; mLj;jLj;j ehspy; Njhd;wpath;fs;.
 #hpaidAk;> gUg;nghUisAk; tpsf;fhf Vw;wpath; - ngha;ifaho;thh;
 Qhdj;ijAk;> Ez;nghUisAk; tpsf;fhf Vw;wpath; - G+jj;jho;thh;.

jpUkopiraho;thh;

Ch; - jpUkopir (njhz;il ehL)

mk;rk; - rf;fuj;jpd; mk;rk;
ghly;fs; - ehd;fhk; jpUte;jhjp ehd;Kfd; jpUte;jhjp> jpUre;j tpUj;jk;
rPlh; - fzpfz;zd;

rpwg;Gfs;:
 ehuhazidg; ghLk; thahy; euid ghNld;
 ,iwtidr; nrhd;d tz;zk; nra;j ngUkhs;
 ige;jkpo; gpd;nrd;w gr;ir gRq; nfhz;lNy

Page 7
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

Nkw;Nfhs;:-

‘ehd; Kfid ehuhazd; gilj;jhh; - ehd; KfDk;

jhd; Kfkha;r; rq;fuidg; gilj;jhh;”

ek;kho;thh;

Ch; - Mo;thh; jpUefhp (m) jpUf;FU$h;

mk;rk; - ,iwtd; mk;rk;
ngw;Nwhh; - fhhpah;> cilaeq;if
ghly;fs; - jpUtpUj;jk;> jpUthrphpak;> jpUtha; nkhop> nghpa jpUte;jhjp
mtjhuk; - MjpNrldpd; mtjhuk;
rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs; - rlNfhgh;> ek;kho;thh;> guhq;Frh;> khwd;> jpUg;Gspaho;thh;

rpwg;Gfs;:
 ek;kho;thh; ghba jpUtha;nkhop jpuhtpl Ntjk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 irtj;jpw;F khzpf;fthrfidg; Nghy; itztj;jpw;F ek;kho;thh;.
 ek;kho;thiuNa nja;tkhf tzq;fpg; Nghw;wpath; -kJuftpaho;thh;
 khwd; mfg;nghUs;> khwd; myq;fhuk; Mfpait ek;kho;thh; ngauhy; Njhd;wpa
,yf;fz E}y;fs; MFk;.
 rJh;Ntjj;jpw;F epfuhd E}y;fis ,aw;wpajhy; Ntjk; jkpo; nra;j khwd; vd
miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

kJuftpaho;thh;

Ch; - ghz;ba ehl;L jpUf;Nfh@h;

ghly;fs; - fz;zpEz; rpWj;jhk;G
mk;rk; - fUlho;thh; mk;rk;
rPlh; - ek;kho;thhpd; rPlh;

rpwg;Gfs;:
 jpUkhiyg; ghlhky; ek;kho;thiu kl;LNk ghbath;
 tljpirapy; mNahj;jp tiu nrd;w xNu Mo;thh; - kJuftpaho;thh;

Nkw;Nfhs;:-
‘NjT kw;wwpNad; FU$h; ek;gpg;
ghtpd; ,d;dpirg; ghbj; jphptNd”

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 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;

Mrphpah; ngah; - guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth;

ngw;Nwhh; - kPdhl;rp Re;ju Njrpfh;
Ch; - jpUkiwf;fhL (Ntjhuz;ak;- ehif khtl;lk;)
fhyk; - 16 Mk; E}w;whz;L
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; - jpUtpisahlw; Nghw;wp fypntz;gh> kJiu
gjpw;Wme;jhjp> Ntjhuz;a Guhzk; (m) jpUkiwf;fhl;L
Guhzk; (nkhopngah;g;G E}y;)
ghly;fs; - 3363 tpUj;jg;ghf;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;l ghly;fs;
glyq;fs; - 64 glyq;fs; (nghpa gphpT fhz;lk;> cl;gphpT glyk;)
%yE}y; - fe;j Guhzj;jpd; Myhrpa khd;kpak; vd;w tlnkhop
E}ypd; jOty; MFk;.

jpUtpisahly; Guhzj;jpd; Kg;ngUk; gphpTfs; :-

fhz;lk; glyq;fs;
1. kJiuf; fhz;lk; 18 glyk;
2. $lw; fhz;lk; 30 glyk;
3. jpUthytha;f; fhz;lk; 16 glyk;

 Guhzk; vd;why; tuyhW vd;W nghUs;.

 rptngUkhd; kJiuapy; epfo;j;jpa 64 jpUtpisahly;fisg; gw;wpf; $Wk; E}y;
jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;.
 jpUtpisahlw; Guhzj;jpw;F gz;bjkzp e.K.Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhh; ciu
vOjpAs;shh;.
 jpUtpisahlw; Guhzj;ij guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth>; kJiu rptngUkhd; Nfhapy;
vjpNu cs;s mWfhy; gPlj;jpy; muq;Nfw;wpdhh;.
 ,iwtdpd; jpUtpisahly;fisg; gw;wpf; $wpa Kjy; E}y; - fy;yhlk;>
Re;jughz;bak;.
 fy;yhlj;jpd; Mrphpah; fy;yhlh;> 11 Mk; E}w;whz;il Nrh;e;jth;.
 Kjypy; jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk; ghbath; ngUk;gw;wg; Gypah; ek;gp.
 mLj;J guQ;NrhjpKdpth; jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk; vOjpdhh;.
 njhil eaKk;> gf;jpr;RitAk; kpf;f E}y; jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;.
 ghz;bah; Fynja;tkhfpa nrhf;fehjh>; nfhq;FNjh; tho;f;if vdj; njhlq;Fk;
ghliy ,iwtdplk; Ntz;bajd; nghUl;L jUkpf;F nfhLj;jhh;.
 ghz;badplk; nghd; Kbg;ig ngwr; nrd;w jUkpiaj; jLj;jth; - ef;fPud;.
 ,iwtDf;F nrz;gf khiy #b topgl vz;zp #lhkzp ghz;bad; nrz;gf
ee;jtdj;ij Vw;gLj;jpajhy; ,th; nrz;gfg; ghz;bad; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l hh;.
 mstpy;yhj E}y; mwpT cilath;fs; 49 rq;ffhy Gyth;fs;.
 cly; KOtJk; fz;fis cilatd; ,e;jpud;.

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 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

Nkw;Nfhs;:- (,iwtd; jUkpf;F mUspa ghly;)

‘nfhq;FNjh; tho;f;if mQ;rpiwj; Jk;gp
fhkk; nrg;ghJ fz;lJ nkhopNkh
gapypaJ nfoP,a el;gpd; kapypay;
nrwpnaapw; wupit $e;jypd;
ewpaTk; csNth eP mwpAk; G+Nt” - FWe;njhif

,iwtdpd; jpUtpisahly;fs; gw;wpa gpw E}y;fs;: -

 GypA+h; ek;gp ghba jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk; jpUthytha; cilahh; Guhzk; (m)
Ntk;gj;J}uhh; jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 flk;g Guhzj;ij ,aw;wpath; - njhz;ilehl;bd; ,sk;G+h; tPkehjgz;bjh;.
 Re;jpughz;bak; vOjpath; -njhz;ilehl;L thapw;gFjp mdjhhpag;gd.;

Njk;ghtzp

 Njd;+ gh + mzp - Njk;ghtzp. Njd; Nghd;w ghf;fis mzpahf cilaJ

vd;Wk;> thlhj khiy vd;Wk; nghUs; jUk;.
 Njk;ghtzp ,NaR ehjhpd; tsh;g;Gj; je;ijahfpa tsd; vd;w #irag;giu
jiytuhf nfhz;L ghlg;gl;lJ.
 Njk;ghtzp fpwpj;Jt rkaj;jpd; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 Njk;ghtzp 3 fhz;lk;>36 glyk;> 3615 ghly;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 kftUs; glyk; Njk;ghtzpapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
 jkpo; fhg;gpaq;fisg; gpd;gw;wp ehl;Lg;glyKk;> efug;glyKk; E}ypd;
njhlf;fj;jpy; mike;Js;sd.
 jpUf;Fwspd; mwj;Jg;ghy; kw;Wk; nghUl;ghiy ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy;
nkhopngah;j;jth;; - tPukhKdpth;.
 jhtPJ kd;dd; mur kugpy; Njhd;wpatd; tstd; vd;w #irag;gh; Mthh;.
 A+Nja ehl;by; rTy; kd;dd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ gpypj;ijah; vd;w kf;fs;
jpUkiwia gopj;Jk;> flTis ,fo;eJ ; k; rTy; kd;dDf;F vjpuhf
gilnaLj;jdh;.
 Nfhypahj;J vd;w muf;fd; ,th;fspilNa Njhd;wp xUtiu NghUf;F
mioj;jhd;. ahUk; nry;ytpy;iy. gpd; jhtPjd; ftzpilf; nfhz;L
muf;fiz tPo;j;jp jiyia nfha;jhd;.
 njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;> Fl;bj; njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 jkpopd; Kjy; mfuhjp rJufuhjp. mjd; Mrphpah; tPukhKdpth;.
 fj;Njhypf;f rigapd; nfhs;iffSk;> mwpTiufSk; fijtbtpy; ,lk;ngw;w
E}y; Njk;ghtzp.
 ,e;jpahtpd; fhd;];lhd;bd; vd miof;fg;gl;lth; - mNrhfh;.

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 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

 Njk;ghtzp kw;Wk; jpUfhtY}h;f; fyk;gfk; - fjk;g khiyahf fhl;rp

mspf;fpwJ> njhd;D}y; nghd; E}yhf ,yq;Ffpd;wJ> rJufuhjp Kj;jhukhf
kpsph;fpd;wJ vd;W $wpath; -uh.gp. NrJgps;is.
 jkpo; Kdpth;fSs; xUtuhf tPukhKdpth; tpsq;Ffpd;whh; vd nrhy;ypd;
nry;th; uh.gp. NrJgps;is ghuhl;bAs;shh;.

Nkw;Nfhs;:-

 “eifnra; jd;ikap dk;ngoP ,j; jha;Jfs;

Gifnra; neQ;rKk; gw;WY nkhd;Ww” - Njk;ghtzp

 nty;it Nty;nrA kplyJd; kplylh ehNdh

vy;iyah jutpaw; nwjphp yhj;jpwf; flTs; - Njk;ghtzp

rPwhGuhzk; njhlh;ghd nra;jpfs;

Mrphpah; - ckWg;Gyth;
fhyk; - 17 Mk; E}w;whz;L
Ch; - ehfyhGuk; (J}j;Jf;Fb)
ngw;Nwhh; - nra;F KfkJ mypahh;
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; - rPwhg;Guhzk;> KJnkhopkhiy (80 ghf;fs; nfhz;lJ)>
rPjfhjp nehz;b ehlfk;
Mjhpj;jth; - mg;Jy; fhjph; kiuf;fhah;

tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk; gpwg;gpaw;fhz;lk; gpwg;Gk; ,sikAk; jpUkzKk;

24 glyq;fs;
EGt;tj;Jf; fhz;lk; nrk;nghUl; fhz;lk; jpUkiw mUsg;gl;lJ kw;Wk;
21 glyq;fs; kf;fj;J epfo;Tfis $WtJ
`p[;uj;Jf; fhz;lk; nrytpaw;fhz;lk; kf;fj;ij tpl;L ngUkfdhh;
47 glyq;fs; kjPdk; nry;Yjy;

rpwg;Gfs;
 ckWg;Gyth; vl;laGuk; fbif Kj;J Gythpd; khzth;.
 ckWg;Gyth; ,];yhkpa fk;gh; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
 ckWg;Gyth; vl;laGuk; mitf;fsg; Gytuhf ,Ue;jth;.
 mg;Jy; fhjph; kiuf;fhah; vd;w ts;sy; rPjf;fhjp Ntz;LNfhSf;F ,zq;f
ckWg;Gyth; rPwhg;Guhzj;ij ,aw;wpdhh;.

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 jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

 E}y; KOik ngWtjw;F Kd;Ng rPjf;fhjp ,we;jjhy; mGy;fhrPk; vd;w ts;sy;

cjtpahy; ,th; rPwhg;Guhzj;ij epiwTnra;jhh;. mGy;fhrpik E}ypy; gy
,lq;fspy; epidT $h;e;Js;shh;.
 rPwhg;Guhzk; 3 fhz;lk;> 92 glyq;fs;> 5027 tpUj;jg; ghly;fis nfhz;lJ.
 rPwhg;Guhzk; vd;w nrhy; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw Fwpf;Fk;.
 rPwhg;Guhzk; egpfs; ehafj;jpd; tuyhw;iw vLj;Jf;$Wk; E}y;.
 rPwj; vd;w muGr;nrhy; rPwh vd;W toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 egpfs; ehafKk; ,thpd; Jizth; mG+gf;fh; ,UtUk; njsh vd;w
kiyFifapy; jq;fpapUe;jdh;. ,f;Fifapy; nghe;Jfs; mjpfk;.
 mG+gf;fhpd; cs;sq;fhypy; ghk;G gy Kiw jPz;baJ.
 rpd;dh rPwhit ,aw;wpath; gD mFkJ kiuf;fhah; Mthh;. ,jpy; ngUkfdpd;
J}atho;T KOtJk; ghb Kbf;fg;gl;lJ.
 rpd;d rPwh 39 glyq;fisAk;> 1829 tpUj;jq;fisAk;> 2145 ghly;fisAk;
nfhz;l E}yhFk;.
 fz;zd; (fh;zd;) kbapy; jiy itj;J cwq;fpath; - guRuhkd;.
 mfkJ vd;Dk; jpUg;ngaiu ngw;wth; KfkJ egp.

Nkw;Nfhs;:

“gLnfhiyGyp nka;Awg; gzpe;jth; ghjj;J

mbt zq;fpa fhuz tjprak; mjdhy;
cila td;jpU J}jNu cz;iknad; Wd;dpj;
jpdK ilj;jneQ; rhapdh; mwptpdpy; njspe;Njhh;” - rPwhg;Guhzk;

“,Usfw;wpa fjputd; fjpnud tpjopw;

ghpT ngw;wpLk; mkph;jePh; clnyyhk; gue;j - rPwhg;Guhzk;

epuk;Gk; ts;Sfph; klq;fypd; ,dq;fspy; epzKz;

bUk;g idf;ifKk; kjfupf; Nfhl;bid aPo;j;jpl;L - rPwhg;Guhzk;

Page 12