myF – 4

,yf;fpa tuyhW
m. gd;dpU jpUKiwfs; ( irth; )
Kd;Diu
irt rkaj;ij jiof;f nra;jth;fs; rkaf; Futh; ehy;th; Mth;. rk;ge;jh;>
ehTf;furh;> Re;juh;> khzpf;fthrfh; Mfpa ehy;tUk; gpwe;jpNuy; irtrkak;
rpije;jpUf;Fk; vd;gh;. ,t;tbath;fs; ghba gf;jpg; ghly;fs; Njthuk;> jpUthrfk;
vDk; jpUg;ngah; ngw;wd. ,it cyfpd; ve;j nkhopapYk; fhzg;glhj msT
czh;thYk; msthYk; jkpopy; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wd. irt E}y;fspd; njhFg;Ng
gd;dpU jpUKiw vdg;gLk;.
gd;dpU jpUKiwfs;
xd;W> ,uz;L> %d;W - jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; Njthuk;
ehd;F> Ie;J> MW - mg;gh; Njthuk;
vO - Re;juh; Njthuk;
vl;L - khzpf;fthrfh;
xd;gJ - xd;gjpd;kh;
gj;J - jpU%yh;
gjpndhd;W - gd;dpUth; ghbaJ
gd;dpnuz;L - Nrf;fpohh; ( nghpaGuhzk; )
jpUQhd rk;ge;jh; ( Kjy; %d;W jpUKiwfs; )
rPh;fhopapy; rptghj ,Ujah; - gftjpahh; vd;gtUf;F kfdhf gpwe;jth;. %d;W
tajpNy Qhdg; ghiyg; gUfp>„NjhLila nrtpad‟‟ vd njhlq;Fk; jpUg;ghliyg;ghb
,iwjhprdk; ngw;whh;. ,th; MSila gps;is> fhopts;sy;> jpuhtpl rpR vd gyg;
ngah; ngw;whh;.
,tUila 16>000 gjpfq;fSs; 384 gjpfq;fNs fpilj;Js;sd. 16-k; tajpy;
jpUg;ngUkz ey;Y}hpy; jpUkz Nfhyj;jpy; ,iwtdb Nrh;e;jhh;. ,tUila Njthuk;
Kjy; 3 jpUKiwfshf 4181 ghly;fs; cs;sd. ,th; KUfdpd; mtjhukhfNt
fUjg;gLfpwhh;. jk; gjpfq;fspy; jpUkhy;> gpuk;kid tpl rptngUkhd; Nkk;gl;lth;
vd;gij typAWj;jpAk;> rkz> ngsj;j kjq;fis rhbAk; jd; ngaiu jkpNohL
,izj;Jf; $wpAk; ghly;fs; mikj;Js;shh;. vspikAk;> fw;gid kpFe;j ,g;ghly;fs;
„Ntjrhukha;‟ tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
“ rpiwahUk; klf;fpspNa ,qN;fth NjndhL ghy;
KiwahNy cz;zj; jUtd; nkha;gtsj;njhU jusk;
JiwahUq; flw;Nwhzp Guj;jPrd; Jsq;Fkpsk;
gpiwahsd; jpUehkk; vdf;nfhU fhy;NgrhNa! ”

1
vd;w mfj;Jiw ghly; %yk; rk;ge;jh; rj;Gj;u khh;f;fj;jhy; ,iwtid topgl;lhh;.
Mjprq;fuUk; jdJ nrse;jupa yfupapy; ,tiuj; „ jpuhtpl rpR ‟ vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
4>5>6 – Mk; jpUKiwfs; - mg;gh; Njthuk;
4>5>6 – Mk; jpUKiwfis mUspath; jpUehTf;furh; Mthh;. ,thpd;
,aw;ngah; kUs;ePf;fpahh; vd;w ngaUld; tho;e;J te;jhh;. rptngUkhdpd; jpUtUshy;
jUkNrdUf;F „#iyNeha;‟ vDk; tapw;Wtyp cz;lhf> rkzh;fshy; Fzg;gLj;j
Kbahj me;Nehapid mtuJ jkf;if jpytjpahh; rptngUkhid tzq;fp jpUePW
mzpe;J Neha; jPh;e;J eyk; ngw;whh;.
rptngUkhNd KOKjw; flTs;. vy;NyhUk; Xh; Fyk; Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fisAk;
gpw rkaf; fho;g;Gzh;r;rp> %Nte;jh;> gy;yth; Fwpg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iwAk; ,th; ghlypy;
fhzyhk;. ,th; ghba 4900 gjpfq;fSs; 313 gjpfq;fNs fpilj;Js;sd.
jhz;lfNte;jh;> thfPrh;> MSil muR vd gy ngah; ngw;whh;.
(v.fh.)
“ khrpy; tPizAk; khiy kjpaKk;
tPR njd;wYk; tPq;fps NtdpYk;
%R tz;liwg; ngha;ifAk; Nghd;wNj
<rd; ve;jd; ,izab epoNy ”
vd;w ghlypd; %yk; ehTf;furUf;F ,iwtdpd; Ie;njOj;J ke;jpuj;jhy;
nfhjpf;Fk; Rz;zhk;G fhsthAk; Fsph; epoy; je;jJ vd;gij mwpayhk;.
7-Mk; jpUKiw – Re;juh; Njthuk;
jpUehtY}hpy; gpwe;jth;. „M&uh;‟ vd;gJ ,thpd; ,aw;ngah;. kzg;ge;jypy;
,iwtdhy; jLj;jhl;nfhs;sg;gl;lth;. mg;giu Nghd;W Jd;gq;fSf;Fs;shfNt
,iwtd; md;gpw;Fg; ghj;jpukhfpath;. ,iwtid Njhodhff; nfhz;likahy;
„jk;gpuhd; Njhoh;‟ vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,iwtdhy; type;J njhz;luhf Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;ljdhy; „td;njhz;lh;‟ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
,th; ghbatw;Ws; 100 gjpfq;fNs fpilj;Js;sd. ,th; ghly;fs; vspik>
eifr;Rit> ,aw;if moF> tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfs;> gonkhopfs; epuk;gpait. ,thpd;
jpUj;njhz;lj; njhifNa nghpa Guhzj;jpw;F mbg;gilahFk;.
“ kpLf;fpyhjhid tPkNd tpwy;
tpraNd tpy;Yf;fpt ndd;W
nfhLf;fpyhjhidg; ghhpNa vd;W
$wpDk; nfhLg;ghh; ,y;iy ”
vd;w ghlypy; fUkpfis ghbf; fhyj;ij tPzhf;Ftij tpl ,iwtidg; ghb gad;
ngWq;fs; vd;W $Wfpwhh;.

2
8-k; jpUKiw – khzpf;fthrfh;
jpUthjT+hpy; gpwe;jjhy; „thjT+uhh;‟ vdg;gl;lhh;. mhpkh;j;jdg; ghz;badplk;
mikr;ruhfapUe;J jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; FUe;j kuj;jbapy; ,iwtdplk; Qhd
cgNjrk; ngw;W rptdbahh; Mdhh;. ,iwtd; ,tUf;F ,l;l ngah; „khzpf;fthrfh;‟
vd;gjhFk;.
„jkpo;Ntjk;‟ vdg; Nghw;wg;gLk; nja;tj; jd;ik kpf;f jpUthrfk;> ,iwtidj;
jiytdhfTk; capiu jiytpahfTk; nfhz;L ghlg; ngw;w jpUf;Nfhitahh; Mfpa
,uz;bidAk; mUspdhh;. ,itapuz;Lk; vl;lhk; jpUKiwahf fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
„jpUthrfj;jpw;F cUfhh; xU thrfj;jpw;Fk; cUfhh;‟ vd;Dk; gonkhop
toq;fg;gLtjhapw;W. rptngUkhNd kdpj tbtpy; te;J jpUtrhfk; KOtijAk;
vOjpajhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,tuJ jpUf;Nfhitahh; Nfhit E}y;fspNy rpwe;jjhff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid „jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf; Nfhitahh;‟ vdTk; toq;Fth;.
khzpf;fthrfh; ,iwtid rd;khh;f;f newpapy; ghb topgl;Ls;shh;.
“thd; fye;j khzpf;f thrfjpd; thrfj;ij
ehd; fye;J ghLq;fhy; ew;fUg;gQ;rhw;wpdpNy
Njd;fye;J ghy;fye;J nrOq;fdpj; jPQ;Rit fye;J vd;
Cd;fye;J caph;fye;J ctl;lhky; ,dpg;gJNt”
vd;W ,uhkypq;f mbfshh; Gfo;e;Js;shh;.
9-k; jpUKiw xd;gjpd;kh;
jpUkhspifj; Njth;> fUT+h;j;Njth;> Nre;jdhh; Kjyhf xd;gJ Ngh; mUspa ghly;fs; 9-
Mk; jpUKiwahf njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it jpUtpirg;gh> jpUg;gy;yhz;L vd
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; cs;s nkhj;jg; gjpfq;fs; 29 MFk;. jpy;iyiag; gw;wpa ghly;fs;
kpFe;J fhzg;gLtjhy; ,J jpy;iy jpUg;gjpfk;vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. jpUkhspifj; Njth;>
fUT+h;j;Njth;> fz;luhjpj;jh;> Ntzhl;lbfs;> G+e;JUj;jp fhlt ek;gp> jpUthyp mKjdhh;>
Nrdhjpuhah;> GUNlhj;jk ehlhh; Nre;jdhh; Mfpa Xd;gJ Ngh; ghbaJ Xd;gjhk;
jpUKiwahFk;.
10-k; jpUKiw – jpU%yh; - jpUke;jpuk;
jpUkiwfspy; kpfTk; goiktha;e;jJ jpUke;jpuk; MFk>; ,jw;F jpUke;jpukhiy> jkpo;
%thahh; vd;Dk; NtW ngah;fs; cz;L. rptNahfp xUth;> ,we;J Nghd %yd; vd;w
,iladpd; clypy; GFe;jpUe;J jpUthLJiw mur kuj;jbapy; Nahf epiy Nkw;nfhz;L
Mz;bw;nfhU ghly; tPjk; %thapuk; ke;jpuq;fis vOjp tPLNgW mile;jjhff; $Wth;.,th;
mUspa jpUke;jpuNk gj;jhk; jpUKiwahFk;. 9 je;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. epiyahik>
nfhy;yhik> md;G> fy;tp Kjyhd mwq;fis typAWj;JtjhfTk;> Nahfg; gapw;rp
ke;jpuq;fs;> irt rpj;jhe;jk;> rpt rf;jp topghL> mbahh; ngUik> Kf;jp Nghd;wit Fwpj;J
tpsf;FtjhfTk; ,g;ghly;fs; mike;Js;sd.
“ Nfhd;Kd;dk; nrd;dp FwptopNa nrd;W
ehd; Kd;dk; nra;jNj ed;dpyk; MdNj ”

3
11-k; jpUKiw – gd;dpUth;
fhiuf;fhyk;ikahh;> ef;fPuh;> Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhh; cl;gl gd;dpUth; ghba
E}y;fspd; njhFjpNa gjpNdhuhk; jpUKiwahFk;. ,jDs; 40 E}y;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,it
midj;Jk; gf;jpr; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fshFk;. 11 – k; jpUKiwapy; 1430 – ghly;fs; mlq;fpa 40
E}ypd; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
12-k; jpUKiw – Nrf;fpohh;
njhz;il ehl;bYs;s GypA+h;f; Nfhl;lj;jpy; Fd;wj;J}hpy; Nrf;fpohh; Fbapy; gpwe;jhh;.
,thpd; ,aw;ngah; mUz;nkhopj; Njth;. megha Nrhodpd; Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;jth;.
rptdbahh;fspd; tuyhWfisj; njhFj;J „nghpa Guhzkh‟fg; ghbdhh;.
nghpa GuhzNk 12-k; jpUKiwahFk;. 2 fhz;lq;fs;> 13 rUf;fq;fisAk; cilaJ.
„njhz;lh;rPh; guTthh;‟ vd;Dk; gl;lk; ngw;wth;. NkYk; kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;
gps;isath;fs; Nrf;fpohiu „gf;jpr; Rit edp nrhl;lr; nrhl;lg; ghba ftptyt‟ vdg;
ghuhl;Lfpd;whh;. ,aw;if tUzidapYk; gpw GidTfspYk; $lg; gf;jpr; Ritia
ntspg;gLj;Jk; ghq;F nghpaGuhzj;jpy; cz;L.

4
 itzt ,yf;fpaq;fs;
M. ehyhapuj; jpt;ag; gpuge;jk;
Kd;Diu
irtj;ijj; jiof;fr; nra;jth;fs; rkaf; Futh;fs; vd;Wk;> ehad;khh;fs;
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ldh;. itztj;ijj; jiof;fr; nra;jth;fs; Mo;thh;fs; vd;Wk;
Mrhh;ah;fs; vd;Wk; mwpag;gl;ldh;. jpUkhypd; fy;ahz Fzq;fspy; <Lgl;L Mo;e;J
fple;jth;fs; Mo;thh;fs; vdg;gl;ldh;. ,th;fSf;Fg; gpd; Njhd;wp ,th;fsJ
nrhy;iyAk; nraiyAk; gpd;gw;wp itztj;ij tsh;j;jth;fs; Mrhh;ah;fs;
vdg;gl;ldh;. Mo;thh;fs; nkhj;jk; gd;dpUth; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,t;tho;thh;fs;
ghb itj;j ghly;fisr; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; ehyhapuj; jpt;ag; gpuge;jk; vd;Dk;
njhifE}yhfj; njhFj;jdh;. ,g;gzpiar; nra;J Kbj;jth; ehjKdpfs; Mth;.
Mo;thh;fs; gd;dpUtUs; ngha;ifaho;thh;> G+jj;jho;thh;> Ngaho;thh; Mfpa %tUk;
fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;likahy; Kjyho;thh;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,k;%tUk;
rkfhyj;jpy; tho;e;jtuhth;.
ngha;ifaho;thh;
,th; jpUkhypd; jpUrq;fhd ghQ;rrd;dpaj;jpd; mtjhuk; vd;gh;. fhQ;rpGuj;jpy;
ngha;if xd;wpy; jhkiu kyhpy; mtjhpj;jjhff; $Wth;. ngha;ifapy; mtjhpj;jjhy;
ngha;ifahh; vdg;gl;lhh;.
“ itak; jfspah> thh;flNy nea;ahf
nta;a fjpNuhd; tpsf;fhfr; nra;a ”
G+jj;jho;thh;
khky;yGuk; vDk; fly; ky;iyapy; gpwe;jth;. G+jk; vd;w nrhy; ghly;fspy;
tUkhW ghba fhuzj;jhy; ,tUf;F ,g;ngah; te;jJ vd;gh;. ,aw;if vopiyg;
ghLtjpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhh;. ,tuJ ghly;fs; ,uz;lhk; jpUte;jhjpahff;
$wg;gLfpd;wd.
“ Qhdr;Rlh; tpsf;Nfw;wpNdd; ehuzw;F
Qhdj; jkpo; Ghpe;j ehd; ”
Ngaho;thh;
nrd;idapYs;s kapyhg;G+hpy; xU Nfzpapy; mtjhpj;jth;. gf;jpg; gutrj;jhy;
neQ;rQ; Nrhh;e;J> fz; Rod;W> mOJ rphpj;J> Mbg;ghb Nga; gpbj;jhw;Nghy;
,iwtidj; njhOJ kfpo;e;jjhy; Ngahh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,th; ghba gf;jpg;
gDty; 3-k; jpUte;jhjp MFk;.
“ jpUfz;Nld; ; nghd;Nkdp fz;Nld;; jpfOk;
mUf;fz; mzpepwKk; fz;Nld; ”
jpUkopir Mo;thh;

5
 njhz;il ehl;bYs;s jpUkopir vDk; Chpy; gpwe;jhh;. je;ij – ghh;f;ft
Kdpth;. „gf;jprhuh‟; vd;Wk; ,th; miof;fg;gLthh;. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp.6-k;
E}w;whz;lhFk;. jpUty;ypf;Nfzpapy; neLq;fhyk; jtj;jpypUe;jhh;. gpw
rkaq;fspypUe;J ,Wjpapy; itztNk rpwe;jnjd;gJzh;e;J itztuhth;. gpwrka
thjpfSld; thjpl;L ntd;wth;. kwe;Jk; Gwe;njhohj kdj;jpdh;. jd; ghly;fspYk;
gpwrkaj;jpdiu ,th; fz;bg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
“ mwpahh; rkzh; mah;j;jhh; ngsj;jh;
rpwpahh; rptg;gl;lhh;fs; nrg;gpy; - ntwpaha;
khatid> khytid> khjtid Vj;jhjhh;
<dtNu Mjyhy; ,d;W ”
,tuJ rPlh; fzpfz;zd;. ,th; xUKiw Nfhapypy; gzpGhpe;j %jhl;bia
,sk;gUtj;jpdshf;f> mJ fz;l kd;dd; jdf;Fk; ,sik ey;FkhW Ntz;bdh;.
fzpfz;zd; kWf;fNt rPw;wk; nfhz;l kd;dd; mtiu ehL flj;jpdhd;. fzpfz;zd;
jd; Mrhdhfpa jpUkopirahhplk; ,r;nra;jpiaf; $w kopirahh; khztDld; jhDk;
tUtjhff; $wp> NfhapYf;Fr; nrd;W ,iwtdplk;>
“ fzpfz;zd; Nghfpd;whd; fhkUG+q;fr;rp
kzptz;zh eP fplf;f Ntz;lh – JzpTila
nre;ehg;Gytd; ahd; nrhy;fpd;Nwd; ePAKd;wd;
ige;ehfg; gha; RUl;bf;nfhs; ”
vd;W $w> ,iwtDk; jd; ghk;Gg; gLf;ifiar; Rw;wpf; nfhz;L ,th;fSld;
Gwg;gl;ljhfTk;> mjdhy; Ch; nghyptpoe;J fhzg;gl> cz;ik mwpe;j kd;dd;
Gythplk; kd;dpg;G Nfl;L kPz;Lk; ehl;bw;F tUk;gb Ntz;l GytUk; ehL jpUk;gp
jpUkhiyg; ige;ehfg; gha; tphpj;Jj; jq;Fk;gb $w> ,iwtDk; jq;fpajhfTk;>
mjdhy; ehL kPz;Lk; nghypTw;wjhfTk; fij $wg;gLfpwJ. fhQ;rpGuj;Jg; ngUkhDk;>
,jdhy; „nrhd;dtz;zk; nra;j ngUkhs;‟ vd miof;fg;gLfpd;whh;.
nghpaho;thh;
njd;ghz;b ehl;L =tpy;ypGj;J}hpy; me;jz kugpy; Njhd;wpath;. =ty;ygd;
vDk; ghz;bad; fhyj;jth; vdf; nfhz;L ,tuJ fhyj;ij 9-k; E}w;whz;L vd
epWTth;. ,tiug; nghpa jpUtb vdg;gLk; fUlho;thhpd; mtjhukhff; fUJth;. ,tuJ
,aw;ngah; tp~;Z rpj;jh;. gl;lh;gpuhd; vd;Wk; GJit kd;dd;> Ntah; jq;Fyj;Jjpj;j
tp~;;Z rpj;jd; vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;ngWth;.
=tpy;ypg;Gj;J}hpy; xU ee;jtdk; mikj;Jg; G+khiy fl;b ,iwtDf;fzptpj;J
topghL nra;J te;jhh;. G+khiyNahL ghkhiy fl;LtjpYk; ngUtpUg;gpduhfp>
jpUg;gy;yhz;L> nghpaho;thh; jpUnkhop Mfpa ,U E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;.

6
jdJ ee;jtdj;jpy; Jsrpr; nrbaUNf xU ngz; kfitf; fz;nlLj;Jf; Nfhij
vdg; ngah; #l;b md;Gld; tsh;j;J te;jhh;. ,k;kfNs Mz;lhs; vd miof;fg;gLk;
mbatuhthh;.
fz;zidf; Foe;ijahf vz;zpj; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs; gy ghbAs;shh;. ,JNt
gpw;fhyj;jpy; gps;isj;jkpo; vd;W ngUtof;Fg; ngw;w rpW gpuge;j tsh;rr
; pf;Fj;
Njhw;Wthahf mike;jJ. vdNt ,tiug; gps;isj;jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb
vd;gh;.
“ khzpf;fk; fl;b tapuk; ,ilfl;b
Mzpg;nghd;dhy; nra;jtz;zr; rpWnjhl;by;
Ngzp cdf;Fg; gpukd; tpLje;jhd;
khzpf; FwsNd jhNyNyh!
itak; mse;jhNd jhNyNyh!! ”
vdtUk; ghly;fs; kpf ,dpik tha;e;jit. mk;Gypg; gUtj;jpy; rhk> jhd> Ngj>
jz;lk; vd;w Kiwapy; ghb mk;Gypiag; ghl;Lilj; jiytDld; tpisahl
miof;Fk; khia ,tNu njhlq;fp itj;jhh; vd;gh;.
Mz;lhs;
nghpaho;thhpd; jpUee;jtdj;jpy; Jsrpr; nrbfSf;F ,ilapypUe;J
nghpaho;thuhy; fz;nlLj;J tsh;f;fg;gl;l nja;tf; Foe;ij. Nfhij vd;W md;Gld;
miof;fg;gl;l ,th; jpUkhYf;F fl;bitj;jpUe;j khiyiaj; jhdzpe;J moF
ghh;j;Jg; gpd;G ,iwtDf;Ff; nfhLj;jDg;gp te;jhh;. xUehs; khiyapy; $e;jypio
xd;W ,Uf;ff; fz;L cz;ikia mwpe;J kdk; tUe;jpa nghpaho;thh;
NtWkhiyfl;b ,iwtDf;F mzptpj;j NghJ ,iwtd; Nfhij#ba khiyNa
jdf;F kfpo;tspg;gJ vd;W $wpdhh;. ,t;thW ,iwtidNa Mz;Lnfhz;ljhy;
„Mz;lhs;‟ vd;Wk;> jhd; #ba khiyia ,iwtDf;Ff; nfhLj;jjhy; #bf;nfhLj;j
ehr;rpahh; vd;Wk; Nghw;wg;gl;lhh;. khjtid kzg;gjhff; fdTfz;L ,th; ghba
ghly;fs; kpf;f eaKilad.
Mz;lhs; ,aw;wpa ghRuq;fs; jpUg;ghitAk;> ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhopAkhFk;.
Kg;gJ ghRuq;fisf; nfhz;L tpsq;Fk; jpUg;ghit E}y;> ghit E}y;fspy; fhyj;jhy;
Kw;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
muq;fdplk; ,th; nfhz;l mstw;w fhjiyg; Gyg;gLj;Jk;> ,ay;ghd mDgt
czh;NthL mfj;Jiw nka;g;ghL Njhd;w jpUkhypd; ifapYs;s ntz;rq;ifg;
ghh;j;Jf;>
“ fUg;G+uk; ehWNkh fkyg;G+ ehWNkh
jpUg;gtsr; nrt;tha;jhd; jpj;jpj; jpUf;FNkh
kUg;ngh rpj;jkhjtd;jd; tha;rR
; itAk; ehw;wKk;

7
 tpUg;Gw;Wf; Nfl;fpd;Nwd; nrhy;yhop ntz;rq;Nf! ”
vd;W Nfl;gJ Ngijg; ngz;zpd; fhjy; cs;sj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf cs;sJ.
ek;kho;thh;
,th; Mo;thh; jpUefhp vdg;gLk; jpUf;FU$hpy; Ntshsh; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;.
,tuJ je;ij – khwd;fhhp> jha; - cila eq;if. gpwe;jJ KjNy Nahfj;jpy;
,Ue;jth;.
ek;kho;thUf;F epoy; je;J fhj;j Gspakuj;ij itzth;fs; „jpUg;Gsp Mo;thh;‟
vd;W miog;gh;. ,tUf;Ff; fhhpkhwd;> tFshguzd;> guhq;Frd;> FUiff; fhtyd;>
jkpo;khwd; vDk; NtW ngah;fSk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
tlehl;bypUe;J kJuftpaho;thh; ek;kho;thhpd; ngUikiaf; Nfs;tpg;gl;Lj;
njd;dhl;bw;F te;J ek;kho;thiuj; jhprpj;J> mtuJ Nahfepiy fz;L ,tUf;F
%r;Rk;> Ngr;Rk; csNjh> vd;wwpa xU rpW fy;iy vLj;J mtuUfpy; Nghl Xir
Nfl;Lf; fz;tpopj;j Mo;thhplj;jpy;>
“ nrj;jjd; tapw;wpy; rpwpaJ gpwe;jhy;
vj;ijj;jpd; Wvq;qNd fplf;Fk;
vd;W Nfl;f ek;kho;thUk;>
mj;ijjpd;W mq;qNd fplf;Fk; ”
vd;W kWnkhop $wpdhh;. mJ Nfl;L kfpo;e;j kJuftpahh; ek;kho;thiuNa jd;
FUthff; nfhz;L mq;NfNa jq;fp Nrit nra;J Mo;thh; ghba jpUtha;nkhopia
Xiyr; Rtbapy; vOjp itj;jhh;.
,th; ghba jpUtpUj;jk;> jpUthrphpak;> nghpa jpUte;jhjp> jpUtha;nkhop Mfpa
ehd;F E}y;fSk;> itzth;fshy; KiwNa ,Uf;F> aRh;> rhk> mjh;tz Ntj
E}y;fshfNt fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ,tuJ jpUtha;nkhopNa jpuhtpl Ntjk;> jpuhtpl
Ntjrhuk;> nre;jkpo; Ntjk;> Md;w jkpo;kiwfs; 1000 vd;nwy;yhk; Gfog;gLfpd;wJ.
,th; jpUthrphpak;> nghpa jpUte;jhjp> jpUtpUj;jk;> jpUtha;nkhop Mfpa E}y;fis
,aw;wpAs;shh;.
Mo;thh;fspNyNa ,th;jhd; jiyikahdtuhff; fUjg;gLfpd;whh;. mjdhy;
ek;kho;thh; „mtatp‟ vd;Wk; kw;iwa Mo;thh;fs; „mtatk;‟ vd;Wk;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
kJuftpaho;thh;
ghz;b ehl;Lj; jpUf;NfhShpy; me;jz kugpy; mtjhpj;jth;. tlf;Nf mNahj;jp
tiu nrd;W gy itztj; jyq;fisAk; jhprpj;jth;. ek;kho;thhpd; mtjhuk; gw;wpf;
Nfs;tpAw;Wj; njd;dhL mile;J ek;kho;thhpd; rPluhf mkh;e;J mth; nkhope;j
Ntjkhd jpUtha;nkhopia Xiyr;Rtbapy; vOjpj; je;jth;. ek;kho;thh; ,iwtdb
Nrh;e;jJk;> mtuJ nja;tj; jpUTUtpidj; jpUf;FU$hpy; epWtp topgl;lhh;.

8
 jpUkhybatUs; xUtuhff; fUjg;gl;lNghJk; ,th; jpUkhiyg; ghlhJ>
ek;kho;thiuNa fz;fz;l flTshfTk;> mj;jdhfTk;> md;idahfTk; fz;Lfspj;Jg;
ghbAs;shh;.
“ NjT kw;wwpNad; ; FU$h; ek;gpg;
ghtpd; ,d;dpir ghbj; jphptNd ”
vd;w nfhs;ifAld; tho;e;J ek;kho;thhpd; ngUikia cyfwpar; nra;jhh;.
jpUkq;ifaho;thh;
Nrho kz;lyj;jpy;> jpUthyp ehl;by;> jpUf;FiwaY}hpy; fs;sh; kugpy; ePyd;
vd;gtdpd; kfdhfj; Njhd;wpdhh;. khtPuuhfj; jpfo;e;j ,th;> jpUthyp ehl;bd;
kd;ddhfTk;> NrhoDf;Fg; gilj; jiytdhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhh;. ,tuJ ,aw;ngah; -
fypad;. ,th; fypehld;> kq;ifah;Nfhd;> Fiwayhsp> kq;ifNte;jd;> mUs;khhp>
gufhyd;> fypfd;wp Nghd;w gy ngah;fshy; mwpag;gl;lhh;. guk itzt Fyj;ijr;
Nrh;e;j FKjty;yp vDk; ngz;iz kze;J kjKk; kdKk; khwp> kidtpapd;
tpUg;gg;gb> ehs;NjhWk; 1008 mbath;f;F mKJ gilj;J te;jhh;. ,jdhy; Nrhog;
NguurDf;Fj; jpiw nrYj;jTk; nghUspd;wp tUe;jp> jpUkhy; mUshy; nghUs;
ngw;Wr; NrhoDf;F mspj;jhh;. Mdhy; mbahh;f;F mKJ gilf;fg; nghUspd;wp
topg;gwpapy; <Lgl;lhh;.
,th; ghba nghpa jpUnkhop> jpUf;FWe;jhz;lfk;> jpUneLe;jhz;lfk;> rpwpa
jpUkly;> nghpa jpUkly;> jpUntO$w;wpUf;if Mfpa MW ghly;fSk;> ek;kho;thh;
ghba jkpo; Ntjkhd jpUtha;nkhopapd; MW mq;fq;fnsdg; ghuhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
,tuJ ghly;fs; cUf;fKk;> gf;jpAk;> eaKk; epiwe;jjhFk;. ,aw;ifaoFk;
epiwe;J tpsq;ff; fhzyhk;.
njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thh;
Nrho ehl;by; jpUkz;lq;Fbapy; me;jzh; kugpy; Njhd;wpath;. tpg;uehuhazh;
vd;gJ ,aw;ngah;. nghpaho;thiug; NghyNt jpUtuq;fj;jpy; ee;jtdk; mikj;Jj;
jpUkhiy fl;br; rhh;j;jp kyh;j; njhz;lhw;wp te;jhh;.
NjtNjtp vd;Dk; guj;ijapd; ikaYf;F Ml;gl;Lg; gpd; jpUkhyhy;
Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;lhh; vd;gh;. jpUkhypd; mbatuha; khwpj;jk; ngaiuAk;
njhz;lubg;nghb vd khw;wpf; nfhz;lhh;. ,th; mUspa E}y;fs; jpUkhiy> jpUg;gs;sp
vOr;rp vd;gd. ,th; ,aw;wpa jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp> khzpf;fthrfhpd; jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rp
Nghd;W ftpij eaKk;> ,aw;if vopYk; epiwe;jjhFk;.
,iwtdpd; gf;jpr; Ritapy; <Lgl;L ,th; ghba ghly;fSs; midtuhYk;
mwpag;gl;l ghly;>
“ gr;irkh kiyNghy; Nkdp gtstha; fkyr;nrq;fz;
mr;Rjh mkuNuNw Mah;jk; nfhOe;Nj vd;Wk;
,r;Rit jtpu ahd;Ngha; ,e;jpuNyhf khSk;
9
 mr;Rit ngwpDk; Ntz;Nld; muq;fkh efUshNd ” vd;gjhFk;.
jpUg;ghzho;thh;
Nrhoehl;by; ciwA+hpy; ghzh; Fyj;jpy; Njhd;wpath;. ,irapy; ty;ytuhd
,th; ifapy; ahNoe;jpj; jpUkhy; Gfiof; fy;Yk; fiue;JUfg; ghb te;jhh;. jho;e;j
Fyj;jtuhjyhy; muq;fj;jpDs; Eioa mQ;rpf; fhtphpapd; njd;fiuapypUe;Nj
muq;fid topgl;L te;jhh;.
muq;fDf;F ePh; nfhz;L nrd;w Nyhfrhuq;fh; vDk; me;jzh; jiyth; ,tiu
tpyfpr; nry;yf; $wpAk;> tpyfhjjhy;> cld; te;jth;fs; ,th; kPJ fy;nywpe;J
fhag;gLj;jpdh;. ,jdhy; tUe;jpa ,iwtd; Nyhfrhuq;fhpd; fdtpy; Njhd;wp> ghziuj;
Njhspy; Rke;J tUkhW gzpj;jhh;. muq;fdpd; Mizia Vw;w me;jzUk;> ghziuj;
Njhspy; Rke;J nrd;W muq;fdpd; jpUKd;dh;r; Nrh;j;jhh;. Mo;thUk; muq;fdpd;
moiff; fz;Fspuf; fz;L „mkydhjpg;gpuhd;‟ vdj; njhlq;Fk; 10 ghRuq;fisg;
ghbdhh;. ,J cs;sq;fth; mofdhd muq;fj;jk;khd; kPJ kq;if xUj;jp fhjy;
nfhz;ljhfg; ghlg;gl;l gf;jpr; Rit nghUe;jpa E}yhFk;. ,jpy; vspikiaAk;>
Mokhd czh;r;rpg; ngUf;ifAk; fhzyhk;.
FyNru Mo;thh;
jpUtQ;irf; fsk; vDk; Chpy; gpwe;jth;. Nru ehl;il Ml;rp Ghpe;jth;.
jpUkhyplj;Jf; nfhz;l gf;jpapdhy;>„fk;gkjahidf; fOj;jfj;jpd; kPjpUe;J ,d;gkUk;
nry;tKk; ,t;tuRk; ahd; Ntz;Nld;‟– vd;W muirj; Jwe;J mbatuhdth;. ,th;
jk;ikf; nfhy;ypf; fhtyd;> $ly; ehafd;> Nfhopf;Nfhd; vd;W $wpf; nfhs;tjhy;
ghz;ba> Nrho ehl;Lf;Fk;> jiytuha; ,Ue;jhh; vd;gJ ngwg;gLk;.
jkpopy; ngUkhs; jpUnkhopAk;> tlnkhopapy; KFe;jkhiyAk; ghbAs;shh;. 105
ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ ,tuJ ngUkhs; jpUnkhop MFk;.
,uhkhtjhuf; fijapy; nghpJk; <LghL nfhz;lth;. xUKiw ,uhkhazf;
fijiag; ngsuhzpfh; $wf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;j nghOJ> fuJ}lzh; gjpdhapuk;
NridfSld; ,uhk yf;FtUld; NghUf;Fg; Gwg;gl;ldh; vd;W $wf;Nfl;L> jhNd
,uhkDf;Fj; Jizahfg; gilfSld; Gwg;gl;lhh; vDk; fijf; Fwpg;G ,tuJ ,uhk
gf;jpia tpsf;Fk;. ,tuJ ,uhftd; jhyhl;L rpwg;Gila xd;whFk;.
“ kd;DGfo;f; Nfhriyjd; kzptapW tha;j;jtNd!
njd;dpyq;iff; Nfhd;Kbfs; rpe;Jtpj;jha; nrk;nghd;Nrh;
fd;dped;kh kjps; Gil#o; fzGuj;njd; fUkzpNa
vd;Dila ,d;dKNj! ,uhftNd! jhNyNyh!! ”
vd;W jhad;NghL ,uhftidj; jhyhl;Lk; ,th;> fpU~;zhtjhuf; fhl;rpfisAk;
moFwg; ghbAs;shh;. Njtfp> jrujh; Gyk;gy;fshf ,th; ghbAs;s ghly;fs; cs;sk;
cUfr; nra;tdthFk;.

10
 ,. irt klq;fspd; jkpo;g;gzp
Kd;Diu
irt klq;fs; rkag; gzpNahL jkpopyf;fpag; gzpapidAk; rpwg;Gwr; nra;J
te;jd. ,k;klq;fspy; jkpowpT epuk;gpa Gyth;fs; gyh; jq;fpapUe;J jkpo;j; njhz;L
Ghpe;Js;sdh;. ,k;klq;fspd; jiyth;fSk; rpwe;j ,yf;fz> ,yf;fpa mwpT
epuk;gpauha; tpsq;fpaikahy; gioa E}y;fisg; ghJfhj;J te;jNjhL> Gjpa Gjpa
E}y;fs; Njhd;Wtjw;Fk; fhuzkhf tpsq;fpdh;. vdNt jkpowpe;j rhd;Nwhh;f;F
,k;klq;fspy; rpwg;ghd ,lk; ,Ue;jJ. Kfk;kjpahpd; gilnaLg;ghy; irtKk; jkpOk;
kpfTk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. mt;tkak; ,k;klq;fNs jkpNoLfSk; jkpo;g; Gyth;fSk;
mope;J tplhky; ghJfhj;jd. Nghw;wTk;> ghJfhf;fTk; Mspd;wpj; jtpj;j Gyth;fSf;F
,k;klq;fNs Gfyplk; je;J Gj;Jap&l;bd.

jpUthtLJiw MjPd klk;

,ij epWtpath; ekr;rptha %h;j;jpfs;. ,J 14-k; E}w;whz;by; epWtg;gl;lJ.
ekrptha Njrpfh; ,Ugh ,UgJ> tpdh ntz;ghTf;F ciu vOjpAs;shh;.
jl;rpzh%h;j;jp Njrpfh; jrfhhpak;> cgNjr g/nwhil ,aw;wpdhh;. <rhd Njrpfh;
,yf;fzf; nfhj;J ,aw;wpdhh;. ed;D}y; ciuahrphpah; rq;fu ekr;rpthah;
,k;klj;jtNu. rptQhd KdptUk; ,k;klj;ijr; Nrh;e;jtNu.
,th; NrhNkrh; KJnkhop ntz;gh> mKjhk;gpif gps;isj;jkpo;> fiyir
me;jhjp> njhy;fhg;gpa #j;jputpUj;jp> fhQ;rp Guhzk; Nghd;wd gilj;jth;.
rptQhd Nghjfj;jpw;Fj; „jpuhtpl khghbak;‟ fz;lth;. ,t;thjPdj;jhh; Mz;L
NjhWk; jpUke;jpu khehL elj;Jfpd;wdh;. mhpa gy E}y;fis ntspapl;L ,ytrkhf
toq;Ffpd;wdh;. ,J nkhl;il klk; vd;Dk; ngaiu cilaJ. klq;fspy; kpfg;
goikahdJ ,JNtahFk;.
jUkGu MjPdk;
,ij epWtpath; FUQhd rk;ge;j Njrpfh;. ,th; vOjpa E}y;fs; rptNghjrhuk;>
nrhf;fehj ntz;gh> gukhde;j tpsf;fk;> Kf;jp epr;rak; Kjyhdit MFk;.
nts;spak;gyj; jk;gpuhd; rptQhd rpj;jpahh;f;F „Qhdtuz tpsf;fk;‟ vd;w tphpTiu
tiue;Js;shh;. jpUKy;iy thapy; Guhzk; ghbath;. ,t;thjPdg; Gyth; tLfehj
NjrpfNu rk;ge;j ruzhyah; „fe;j Guhzr; RUf;fk;‟ nra;Js;shh;. Njthuj;
jpUKiwfSf;F ,t;thjPdk; NgUiufs; vOjp ntspapl;Ls;sJ. Mz;LNjhWk;
nja;tj; jkpo; khehl;il elj;jp tUfpwJ. „Qhd rk;ge;jk;‟ vd;Dk; jpq;fs; Vl;bidj;
jpwk;gl elj;JfpwJ. jkpo;f; fy;Y}hpAk; rpj;jhe;jf; fy;Y}hpAk; ,aq;fp tUfpd;wd.
,q;Fs;s Vl;Lr; RtbfNs jkpo;j; jhj;jh c.Nt.rh. mth;fSf;F rq;f

11
,yf;fpaq;fisg; gjpg;gpf;fg; ngUe;Jiz Ghpe;jd. ngUk; nghUl;nrytpy; „jpUf;Fws;
ciutsk;‟ ntspapl;Ls;sJ. ,J jhb klk; vdg;gLk;.

jpUg;gde;jhs; fhrp klk;

1720-y; jpy;iy ehaf Rthkpfshy; epWtg;gl;lJ. jUikahjPdj;jpd; rhh;G klk;
,J. fe;j Guhzk;> jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;> nghpa Guhzk;> gd;dpU jpUKiwfs;
Kjypatw;iwg; gjpg;gpj;J ngUQ;Nrit nra;Js;sJ.
jpUke;jpuk;> fe;jh; fypntz;gh> ePjpnewptpsf;fk;> rfyfyhty;yp khiy
Nghd;wtw;iw ,e;jp kw;Wk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngah;j;Js;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
nre;jkpo;f; fy;Y}hp xd;iw elj;jp tUfpwJ. jpUf;Nfhapy; NjhWk;
jpUKiwfis ryitf; fw;fspy; nrJf;fp itj;j gzp epiyahdJ. FkuFUguh;
FUG+i[apd; NghJ Gyth;f;F rd;khdk; toq;fpg; ngUikg;gLj;JfpwJ. jkpo;
tpj;Jthd; Njh;tpy; khepy Kjy; epiy ngw;wth;f;F Mapuk; ntz;nghw;fhRfs; ghpR
ey;fp tUfpwJ.
kJiu klk;;
fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;l ,k;klk; kJiu kPdhl;rpak;kd; NfhtpYf;fUfpy;
mike;Js;sJ. Qhdrk;ge;jh; jq;fpajhy; ,k;klk; „jpUQhd rk;ge;jh; jpUklk;‟ vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,k;klk; xU GJikahd njhz;bidr; nra;J tUfpd;wJ. mjhtJ
gpw rkaj;jpy; rhh;e;J tpl;lth;fis kPz;Lk; rpt jPl;iraspj;J irt rkaj;jpy;
Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; gzpapidr; nra;J tUfpd;wJ.
tPuirt klq;fs;
tPu irt rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;jtUk; 17-k; E}w;whz;by; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa
Gyth;fSs; xUtUkhfpa Jiw kq;fyk; rptg;gpufhr Rthkpfshy; ehl;bd; gy
gFjpfspYk; ,t;tPu irt klq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld. khh;gpy; ,ypq;fk; fl;bf; nfhs;Sk;
tof;fKilatNu tPu irth;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ldh;. irtj;ijAk;> jkpioAk;
xUq;Nf tsh;j;JtUk; ,k;klk; rptg;gpufhur Rthkpfspd; E}y;fisAk;> gpuGypq;fyPiy
ciuapidAk; ntspapl;Ls;sJ.
=y= rpjk;gu Rthkpfshy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l jpUg;Ngh&h; klk; ghY}h;
fz;zg;g Kjypahhpd; ciuAld; $ba Nrf;fpohh; gps;isj;jkpopid ntspapl;Ls;sJ.
,k;klq;fNshL jpUg;ghjphpg; GypA+h; Qhdpahh; klk;> jpUtz;zhkiy klk;
KjypadTk; ew;gzp Ghpe;J tUfpd;wd. Fd;wf;Fb mbfshh; klk; nghJ kf;fspilNa

12
ige;jkpo; gug;gp tUfpwJ. fhQ;rp fhkNfhb gPlk;> jpUg;ghit> jpUntk;ghit
khehLfs; elj;jp tUfpwJ.
KbTiu
,k;klq;fnsy;yhk; jkpo;f; fy;Y}hpfis epWtpj; jkpOk; irtKk; jiof;fj;
njhz;lhw;wpAs;sd. ,k;klq;fspd; Kaw;rpapdhy; gy ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fs;
kf;fspilNa gutpg; ngUk;Gfo; ngw;Ws;sd.

C. rpw;wpyf;fpa tuyhW
Kd;Diu
rpw;wpyf;fpa Njhw;wk;
12-k; E}w;whz;bw;Fg; gpd; jkpofk; me;epah; Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;jJ. mth;fs;
nkhopNa nry;thf;F ngw> jkpo;nkhop Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ. Gyth;fs; MjuT ,y;yhky;
Jd;gkhd #oypy; thbdh;. mth;fs; tho;Nt Fiye;J epw;Fk;NghJ> tskhd
fhtpaq;fSf;Fk;> rpwg;ghd ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fk; ,lk; ,y;yhky; Nghapw;W. nre;jkpopd;
rpwg;gpid mwpahj rpw;wurh;fs;> nry;te;jh;fspd; Mjutpid vjph;ghh;j;J Gyth;fs;
tho;e;jdh;. mth;fspd; cs;sk; kfpoNt rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; gy nra;J jq;fSila
Njitfis epiwNtw;wpdh;.
Nghpyf;fpaq;fs;> rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;
Nghpyf;fpaq;fs; mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;w ehd;F cWjpg;
nghUs;fisAk; czh;j;Jk;. ,tw;wpy; xd;Nwh> gyNth Fiwe;J thpd; mit
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffs;
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; 96 tifg;gLk;. gd;dpUghl;bay;> ntz;ghg; ghl;bay;> etePjg;
ghl;bay;> ,yf;fz tpsf;fg; ghl;bay;> rpjk;gug; ghl;bay; Nghd;wit
rpw;wpyf;fpaj;jpw;F ,yf;fzk; ,ak;Gk; E}y;fshFk;.
rpw;wpyf;fpak; mfk; gw;wpad> Gwk; gw;wpad> gf;jp gw;wpad vd %tifg;gLk;.
,tw;Ws; me;jhjp> J}J> gps;isj;jkpo;> fyk;gfk;> cyh> gs;S> FwtQ;rp> guzp
Mfpad Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitahFk;.
1. me;jhjp
me;jj;ij Mjpahf itj;Jg; ghLtJ. Kd; ghlypd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s mbNah>
rPNuh> mirNah> vOj;Njh mLj;j nra;Aspd; Kjyhf itj;J khiyNghy;
njhLf;fg;gLtJ me;jhjp MFk;. ,jidr; „nrhw;nwhlh; epiy‟ vdTk; $Wth;.
me;jhjp njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wk; „,iaG‟ tifapy; mlq;Fk;. ,J ntz;ghtpNyDk;>
fl;lisf; fypj;JiwahNyDk; ghlg;ngWk;.

13
 me;jhjpg; Nghf;Fk;> KiwAk;> rq;f ,yf;fpak;> Njthuk;> jpUthrfk;> jpt;ag;
gpuge;jq;fspdhy; mike;Js;sJ. midtuhYk; me;jhjpg; ghly;fis ghl ,ayhJ.
xU rpyNu rpwe;J tpsq;Fth;. mt;tifapy; xl;lf;$j;jh; „me;jhjpg; Gytd;‟ vd;w
rpwg;gpidg; ngw;Ws;shh;. xypae;jhjp> gjpw;we;jhjp> akf me;jhjp> ePNuhl;lakf
me;jhjp vdg; gytifg;gLk;.
„%q;fpy; ,iyNkNy J}q;Fk; gdpePNu
J}q;Fk; gdpePiu thq;Fk; fjpNuhNd‟
vd;w ehNlhbg; ghly; jdpae;jhjpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf $Wth;.
rpy E}y;fs;
 ehd;Kfd; jpUte;jhjp - jpUkopiraho;thh;
 mgpuhkpae;jhjp - mgpuhkp gl;lh;
 jpUtuq;f me;jhjp - gps;isg; ngUkhs; Iaq;fhh;
 mw;Gjj; jpUte;jhjp - fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;
 rlNfhgue;jhjp - fk;gh;
2. J}J : jd; fUj;ij gpwpnjhUtUf;F njhptpf;FkhW ,ilapy; xUtiu jd;
rhh;ghf mDg;GtNj J}J vdg;gLk;. ,J mfj;J}J> Gwj;J}J vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
mfj;J}J –jiytd; Nky; fhjy; nfhz;l jiytp> jdJ kdj; Jaiu jiytDf;F
ciuj;J th vd;W cah;jpiz my;yJ m/wpiz nghUisj; J}jhf mDg;GtJ
mfj;J}J vdg;gLk;. ,J ngUk;ghYk; jiytp jiytdplk; J}J mDg;GtjhfNt
mike;jpUf;Fk;. kpf mhpjhfj; jiytd; jiytpaplj;Jj; J}J mDg;GtJ
mike;jpUf;Fk;. \tpwyptpLJ}J‟ E}y; jiytd; jd; kidtpaplj;J mDg;Gk;
J}jhFk;.
Gwj;J}J –Gwj;J}jpw;Fr; rpwe;j rhd;whfj; jpfo;tJ GwehD}w;wpy; mjpakhd; rhh;ghfj;
njhz;ilkhdplk; J}J nrd;w xsitahhpd; J}jhFk;.
J}Jg; nghUs;fs; - md;dk;> kapy;> fpsp> Nkfk;> G+it> Njhop> Fapy;> neQ;R>
njd;wy;> tz;L vDk; gj;JNk J}JtpLk; jFjpAila nghUs;fshff; fUjg;gl;ld.
fhyg; Nghf;fpy; gzk;> jkpo;> Gifapiy> ehiu> ney;> khd;> nrUg;G vd;gdTk; J}Jg;
nghUs;fshf ,lk;ngwj; njhlq;fpd.
,yf;fpaj;jpy; J}J ngWk; ,lk;
rpw;wpyf;fpa tifahfr; rpwe;J tsh;e;Js;s J}J> Guhz fhg;gpaq;fspYk; xU
gFjpahf ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. „esntz;gh‟ md;dj;jpd; J}jpidr; rpwg;ghf $Wfpd;wJ.
,J mfj;J}J. ,uhkhazj;jpy; mDkd; J}Jk;> mq;fjd; J}Jk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
ghujj;jpy; fz;zd; J}Jk;> fe;jGuhzj;jpy; tPuthFj;Njth; J}Jk; Gwj;J}jpw;Fr;
rpwe;j rhd;WfshFk;. fyk;gfk;> me;jhjp Mfpa rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fspYk; Xh; cWg;ghfj;

14
J}J ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. gf;jp ,yf;fpaKk; J}jpidf; ifahz;bUg;gijj;
jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;> khzpf;fthrfh; Mfpath;fspd; ghly;fspy; fhzyhk;.
rpwe;j J}J ,yf;fpaq;fs;
kpfr; rpwe;j E}y; -
 jkpo;tpLJ}J - ,jd; Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy.
 neQ;RtpL J}J - nfhw;wtd;Fb ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpah;
(fp.gp.4)
 mofh;fps;is tpL J}J - gygl;lilr; nrhf;fehjg; Gyth;
 $sg;gehaf;fd; tpwyp tpL J}J- Rg;ujPgf; ftpuhah;
 tz;LtpL J}J - fr;rpag;g Kdpth;
3. gps;isj;jkpo;
gps;isj;jkpioj; Njhw;Wtpj;jth; nghpaho;thh; Mthh;. Gyth;fs; jhk; tpUk;Gk;
nja;tj;ijNah> muridNah> ts;siyNah Foe;ijahfg; ghtpj;J ghLtJ
gps;isj;jkpo; vdg;gLk;. ,J gps;isf; ftp> gps;isg; ghl;L vdTk; $wg;gLk;. fhg;G
Kjyhf gj;J gUtq;fspy; gUtj;jpw;F 10 ghly;fs; tPjk; E}W ghly;fs;
,aw;wg;gLk;. ,t;tpyf;fpak; Mz;ghy; gps;isj;jkpo;> ngz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpo; vd
,Utifg;gLk;.
njhlf;fk;> KbT ,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhy; rptngUkhd; kPJ gps;isj;jkpo;
ghLtjpy;iy. tpehafh;> KUfd;> jpUkhy;> ckhNjtp Nky; gps;isj;jkpo; gy
cs;sJ.

gps;isj;jkpo; mikg;G
fhg;G> jhy;> nrq;fPiu> rg;ghzp> Kj;jk;> tUif> mk;Gyp> rpw;wpy;> rpWgiw>
rpWNjh; vd;Dk; gj;J gUtq;fs; mlq;fpaJ Mz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpo; MFk;. ,Wjp 3
gUtq;fSf;F gjpyhf foq;F> mk;khid> Cry; vDk; gUtq;fs; mlq;fpaJ
ngz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpo; MFk;. rpyh; Mz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpo; 16 Mz;Lfs; tiuAk;>
ngz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpo; G+g;G epfOk; tiuapYk; ghl Ntz;Lk; vd;gh;.
fhg;G mikg;G
Kjw;gUtkhd fhg;Gg; gUtj;jpy; ghl;Lilj; jiytidf; fhj;jUSkhW
,iwtid Ntz;Lth;. ngUk;ghYk; jpUkhiyf; fhg;Gf; flTshff; $WtJ kuG. ,J
Foe;ijapd; 3-Mk; khjj;jpw;FhpaJ.
jhyg; gUtk;
jhy; - ehf;F. Foe;ijapd; 5-Mk; khjj;jpw;Fhpajhd ,g;gUtj;jpy; Foe;ijia
ehtirj;J xyp vOg;GkhW Ntz;Lth;.

15
nrq;fPiu
nrq;fPiu – xU fhiy kbj;J> xU fhiy ePl;b> ,U iffisAk; Cd;wpf;
fPiu mirtJ Nghy; MLjy;. 7-Mk; khjj;jpw;Fhpajhd ,/J Foe;ijiar;
nrq;fPiu MLkhW Ntz;LtjhFk;.
rg;ghzp
,J 9-Mk; khjj;jpw;FhpaJ. ,J Foe;ijia ,U iffisAk; nfhl;LkhW
Ntz;LtJ.
Kj;jk;
,g;gUtk; 11-Mk; khjj;jpw;FhpaJ. ,J Foe;ijia Kj;jk; nfhLf;Fk;gbahfj;
jhAk; gpwUk; Ntz;LtJ.
tUif my;yJ thuhid
Foe;ijapd; 13-Mk; khjj;jpd; epfo;rr
; piaf; $Wk; ,g;gUtj;jpy; Foe;ijiaj;
jsh;eilapl;L tUf vd miog;gJ.
mk;Gyp
15-Mk; khjj;jpw;Fhpa ,g;gUtj;jpy; epyitg; ghl;Lilj; jiytDld;
tpisahl tUk;gb miog;gh;. ,g;gUtj;ijr; rhk> Ngj> jhd> jz;lk; vDk; ehd;F
topfshy; ghLth;. ,g;gUtk; ghLtjw;Ff; fbdkhd gUtk; vd;gh;. ,jdhy;
„Gyth;fl;F mk;Gyp Gypahk;‟ vDk; thf;F vOe;Js;sJ.
,t;NtO gUtq;fSk; ,Ughw;gps;isj;jkpopw;Fk; nghJthk;.
Mz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpOf;F chpaJ
rpw;wpy;
17-Mk; khjj;jpw;Fhpajhd ,g;gUtj;jpy; ngz; Foe;ijfs; fl;b tpisahLk;
rpw;wpiy Mz; Foe;ijfs; nrd;W rpijg;gij Fwpf;Fk;.
rpWgiw
19-Mk; khjj;jpw;Fhpa ,g;gUtk; Foe;ij rpWgiw Kof;fp tpisahLjiyf;
Fwpf;Fk;.

rpWNjh;
21-Mk; khjj;jpw;Fhpa ,jpy; Foe;ij rpWNjh; cUl;b tpisahLjy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLk;. ,k;%d;W gUtq;fSk; Mz;ghw; gps;isj; jkpOf;Nf chpad.
ngz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpOf;F chpaJ
ePuhly;
Foe;ijia ePhpy; Fspf;Fk; gb Ntz;Ljy;.
mk;khid - foq;F
foq;fpid NkNy tPrp MLk;gb Ntz;Ljy;.

16
Cry;
CQ;rypy; MLk;gbf; Foe;ijia Ntz;Ljy;.
rpwe;j gps;isj;jkpo; E}y;fs;
gps;isj;jkpopy; fpilf;Fk; Kjy;E}y; „FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; gps;isj;jkpo;‟.
,jd; Mrphpah; xl;lf;$j;jh;. gps;isj;jkpopy; rpwe;jit FkuFUguhpd; kPdhl;rpak;ikg;
gps;isj;jkpo; kw;Wk; Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkpg; gps;isj;jkpo;.
 mKjhk;gpif gps;isj;jkpo; - rptQhd Rthkpfs;
 jpUr;nre;J}h; KUfd; gps;isj;jkpo; - gfopf;$j;jh;
 fhe;jpkjpak;ikg;gps;isj;jkpo; - mofpa nrhf;fehjh;.
4. fyk;gfk;
gy;tif kyh;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l fjk;gk; Nghd;W gy;NtW cWg;Gfisf;
nfhz;L mfk;> Gwkhfpa $Wfs; fye;J tu ,aw;wg;gLtJ fyk;gfk; MFk;.
GatFg;G> jtk;> tz;L> mk;khid> Cry;> thz;> kjq;F> iff;fpis> rpj;J> fsp>
klf;F> Ch;> kwk;> fhyk;> jio> ,uq;fy;> rk;gpujk;> fhh;> J}J> Fwk;> gpr;rpahh;>
nfhw;wpahh; vDk; gjpndl;Lk; fyk;gfj;jpd; jiyaha cWg;Gfs; MFk;.
Mrphpag;gh> fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh> klf;F> kUl;gh Mfpa ghf;fSk;> jhopir>
Jiw> tpUj;jk; Nghd;w ghtpdq;fSk; ,iae;Jtu ,aw;wg;gLtJ ,f;fyk;gf
,yf;fpakhFk;.
rpwe;j fyk;gf E}y;fs;
fyk;gf ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJk;> Gfo; ngw;wJkhf tpsq;FtJ
„ee;jpf; fyk;gfk;‟ MFk;. ,J jtpu jpUtuq;f fyk;gfk;> jpUthkhj;J}h; fyk;gfk;>
jpy;iyf; fyk;gfk;> kJiuf; fyk;gfk; MfpaitAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit MFk;.
“<l;L Gfo; ee;jp ghz! eP vq;ifah;jk;
tPl;L ,Ue;Jghl> tpbT msTk;> Nfl;bUe;Njhk;.
Nga; vd;whs; md;id> gpwh;>“ehp” vd;whh;> Njhop
„eha;‟ vd;whs;> eP vd;Nwd; ehd; ”
vd;w ,g;ghly; ee;jpf;fyk;gfj;jpy; guj;ij tPl;bw;F nrd;W jpUk;gpa jiytid
,opj;Jiug;gjhf jiytp ghba eifr;Rit ghlyhFk;.
5. cyh
ghl;Lilj; jiytd; ahid> Fjpiu> Njh; Nghd;wtw;wpy; cyh tu> mJ fz;l
Ngij> ngJk;ig> kq;if> kle;ij> mhpit> njhpit> Nghpsk;ngz; Mfpa 7 gUt
kfspUk; fhjy; nfhz;L tUe;Jtjhf ghlg;gLtJ cyh ,yf;fpakhFk;. ,jid
„cyhg;Gwk;‟ vd;Wk; $Wth;. ghl;Lilj; jiytd; gtdpNa nghpJk; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLtjhy;
„cyh‟ vd;Wk; ngah; ngw;wJ. ,jpy; cyh jiytdJ Fyk;> Fbg;gpwg;G> kuG> moF>
mwpT> Mz;ik> md;G Mfpad $wg;ngWk;.

17
 Mjp cyh> nja;tPf cyh vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;ngWk; Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhh;
nra;j jpUf;ifyha Qhd cyhNt Kjy; cyhthFk;. cyh ghLtjpy; ty;yth;
xl;lf;$j;jh;. ,tuJ „%tUyh‟ kpfTk; rpwg;G rhd;wJ.
jpUTyh khiy - MSilg; gps;isahh;
Vfk;guehjcyh - ,ul;ilg; Gyth;fs;
jpUth&h; cyh - me;jff; ftp tPuuhft Kjypahh;
6. gs;S
gs;sh; tho;itr;rpj;jhpg;gJ gs;S ,yf;fpakhFk;. gs;sd; xUtd;
,Ukidtpaiu kze;J nfhz;L mth;fspilNa Vw;gLk; G+ry;> gs;spah;
xUtiunahUth; Vry; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L vspa eilapy; eifr;RitNahL
ehlfg; ghq;Fld; vOjg;gLtJ gs;S ,yf;fpakhFk;. ,J coj;jpg; ghl;L vd;Wk;
toq;fg;gLk;. ,J ehlf tif ,yf;fpak;> ,irNahL gapd;W tUtJ.
gs;Sg; ghl;L kUjepy ee;jh tpsf;fk; vdyhk;. ,g;gs;S ,yf;fpa thapyhf
tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs;> gs;sh; ngUik> kiof;Fwp> Mw;W nts;sk;> gs;sd; - gs;spah;
Ngr;R> ney;tif> khl;L tif> Vh;f;fhy; tif> cOJ tpijj;J> ehw;W el;L
mWtil nra;Ak; gaph;j;njhopy; El;gq;fSk;> cotuJ tho;tpaYk; mwpayhk;.
„ney;Y tifia vz;zpdhYk; gs;S tifia vz;z KbahJ‟ vd;w KJnkhopg;gb
vz;zhpa gs;Sg; ghl;Lfs; cs;sd.
rpwe;j gs;S E}y;fs;
Kf;$lw;gs;S> jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S> rPh;fhop gs;S> jpUth&h; gs;S>
jpUr;nre;J}h; gs;S> fjpiukiy gs;S vd vz;zw;w gs;S E}y;fs; cs;sd.
,tw;wpy; rpwe;J tpsq;FtJ Kf;$lw;gs;S MFk;.
7. FwtQ;rp
jiytd; kPJ fhjy; nfhz;L tUe;Jk; jiytpapd; ifiag; ghh;j;J Fwj;jp> eP
tpUk;gpa fztid miltha; vd;W Fwp $Wtjhf miktJ FwtQ;rp MFk;. ,J
Fwj;jpg; ghl;L vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. FwtQ;rp ehlfk;> FwtQ;rp ehl;bak; vd;Wk;
toq;fg; ngWk;.
FwtQ;rp FwpQ;rp epyf; fiy Xtpakhf mikfpwJ. Fwtd; - Fwj;jpah; $j;J
Gyth; iftz;zj;jhy; FwtQ;rpahdJ Fwj;jpapd; nra;jpNa kpFjpAk;
nfhz;bUg;gjhy; FwtQ;rp vDk; ngah;ngw;wJ.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f FwtQ;rp E}y;fs;
nja;tj;ijj; jiyik nfhz;L jPl;lg;ngWk; FwtQ;rp rpw;wpyf;fpak;>
ehsiltpy; kdpjh;fisg; gw;wpg; ghLk; epiyf;Fk; khwpaJ. tpuhyp kiyf; FwtQ;rp
,jw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L. murh;Nky; mioj;J ghlg;gl;lJ ruNge;jpu G+ghyf; FwtQ;rp>
FkNurh; FwtQ;rp> mofh; FwtQ;rp> jpUth&h;f; FwtQ;rp> eFkiyf; FwtQ;rp Nghd;w
gy cs;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk; FwtQ;rp ,yf;fpaj;jpy; jiyrpwe;jJ jpUf;Fw;whyf;

18
FwtQ;rpNa. jphp$luhrg;gf; ftpuhah; jPl;baJ. vspik> ,dpik> vJif – Nkhid>
fw;gid moF> ftpijr; Rit> re;j eak;> nre;jkpo; tsk; Mfpa midj;Jk;
mike;j rpwe;j mKjf; fyrkhFk;.
8. guzp
Nghh;f;fs ntw;wpiag; Gfo;e;J ghLtNj guzpahFk;.
“ Mid Mapuk; mkhpil ntd;w
khztDf;F tFg;gJ guzp ”
vd;gJ ,yf;fz tpsf;fg; ghl;bay; $Wk; tpsf;fkhFk;. ,t;thNw gpw ghl;bay;
E}y;fSk; Nghhpy; Mapuk; ahidfis nty;gtUf;F guzp ghlg;gLk; vd;w fUj;ij
typAWj;jpf; $Wfpd;wd. guzp el;rj;jpuj;jpy; gpwe;jtshd fhspiar; rpwg;gpj;Jg;
ghLtjhy; guzp vdg;gLfpwJ vDk; fUj;J nghUj;jKilajhf cs;sJ. jpidg;Gdk;
fhg;Nghh; Gdj;jpy; guzikj;J mjd; kPjpUe;J gwitfisj; Juj;JtJ Nghd;W>
Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; tPud; xUtd; ahid kPjkh;e;J vjphpfisj; Juj;jyhy;> guzp
vdg;gl;lJ vd;Wk;> murdpd; gilf; fUtpfshd tpy;> ths;> Nty; Mfpa gilf;
fUtpfshy; mikf;fg;gl;l Nghh;g;guz; kPjpUe;J Nghh;f; fhl;rpia Nehpy; fz;L Gyth;
ghLtjhy; „guzp‟ vdg;gl;lJ vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ.
Gwj;jpizapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s fsNts;tp> fs tho;j;J> Kd;Njh;f;Fuit>
gpd;Njh;f;Fuit Nghd;witNa guzp ,yf;fpak; Njhd;w mbg;gilfshFk;.
guzp E}ypy; rpwg;gplk; ngWtJ fypq;fj;Jg; guzpahFk;. ,J fypq;f ehl;by;
Nrho kd;dd; Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fDf;Fk;> fypq;f kd;dd; mde;jth;k
Nfhlq;fDf;Fk; eilngw;w Nghiuf; Fwpj;jJ. ,g;Nghhpy; Njhw;w fypq;fd; ngauhy;
,e;E}y; ,g;ngaiug; ngw;wJ. ,e;E}y; nraq;nfhz;lhuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ.
flTs; tho;j;J> filjpwg;G> fhL ghbaJ> Nfhapy; ghbaJ> Njtpiag; ghbaJ>
Nga;fisg; ghbaJ> ,e;jpurhyk;> kd;dd; kuGiuj;jy;> Nga;Kiwg;ghL> mtjhuk;>
fhspf;Ff; $sp $wpaJ> Nghh; ghbaJ> fsk; ghbaJ Kjyhd 13 cWg;Gfs; guzp
,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk;.
KbTiu
md;dpah; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; rpwg;Gkpf;f Nghpyf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wtpy;iy
vd;whYk; Gw;wPry; Nghy 96 tif gpuge;jq;fs; Njhd;wpaJ. ,tw;wpy; kpfr; rpwe;j
XhpU gpuge;jq;fis kl;Lk; ,f;fl;Liuapy; fz;Nlhk;. vz;zpylq;fh rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;
,d;Wk; rpwe;j epiyapy; cs;sd.

19
 irtrpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuq;fs;

fsg;gpuh; fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF Nrhoh; Ml;rpapy; fp.gp. 789 Mk;

E}w;whz;Lfspy; Myag;gzpNa Mz;ltd; vd;Dk; rpe;jid Nt&d;wpaJ. rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fs; kd;diuAk;> kf;fisAk; ghbd> gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs;
,iwtidAk;> ,iw mbahiuAk; rpwg;gpj;jd. „Nfhapy; ,y;yhj Chpy;
FbapUf;f Ntz;lhk;‟ “jpUePwpy;yhj new;wpgho;” vd;Dk; vz;zk; kf;fs;
kdjpy; Cd;wg;gl;lJ. ehnlq;Fk; Nfhapy;fs; vOg;gg;gl;ld. ,aw;wg;gl;l
,yf;fpa tifikfs; midj;Jk; irt rkak; rhh;e;jjhfNt cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; cUthdNj irtrpj;jhe;j rhj;jpu E}y;fshFk;.
irt rpj;jhe;jk; tpsf;fk;:
rptj; njhlh;Gw;wJ irtk;. rptnewpr;rhh;ghd Ez;zpa KbTfis
cilaJNt rpj;jhe;jk; vdg;ngWk;. irtrpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuq;fs; nkhj;jk; 14
E}y;fshFk;> jkpoh;fSf;Nf chpajhd njhd;ik kpFe;j jj;Jtk; vd;W
Nghw;wg;gLfpd;w ,e;j irt rpj;jhe;jk; 12 – Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,uz;Lk;> 13 –
Mk; E}w;whz;by; ehd;Fk; > 14 – Mk; E}w;whz;by; vl;Lkhfj; Njhd;wpaJ.
irt rpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuk; rk;ge;jkhfj; jkpopy; cs;s E}y;fs; ahTk;
nra;As; tbtpYk;> rhj;jpu tbtpYk; mike;J tpsq;Ffpd;wd. mitfs; ahTk;
xOf;fk; rhh;e;J mikTwf; fw;Fk; epiyapNyNa cs;sd. rpy E}y;fs;
cgNjr Kiwapy; mwpa Ntz;LtdthfTk; cs;sd.
irt rhj;jpu E}y;fs;
irt rpj;jhe;jq;fis czh;j;Jk; 14 E}y;fs; nka;ff; z;l rhj;jpuq;fs;
vdg;gLk;. ,jid>
“ce;jp> fspW> cah;Nghjk;> rpj;jpahh;
gpe;jpUgh> cz;ik> gpufhrk; - te;j mUs;
gz;Gtpdh> Nghw;wp> nfhb gWkpyh neQ;RtpL
cz;iknewp> rq;fw;gk; cw;W”
vd;Dk; ghly; thpirg;gLj;Jk;.

1. jpUTe;jpahh;
2. jpUfspw;Wg;gbahh;
3. rptQhdNghjk;
4. rptQhd rpj;jpahh;
5. ,Ugh ,Ug/J
6. cz;ik tpsf;fk;
7. rptg;gpufhrk;
8. jpUtUl;gad;
9. tpdhntz;gh
10. Nghw;wpg/nwhil ntz;gh
11. nfhbf;ftp
12. neQ;RtpL J}J
13. cz;ik newp tpsf;fk;
14. rq;fw;g epuhfuzk;.

20
1. jpUTe;jpahh;
Mrphpah; jpUtpaJ}h; ca;ate;j Njtehadhh;. ,e;E}y; 45 nra;Al;fis
nfhz;L tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jd; fhyk; fp.gp. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;L „ce;jpgw‟
vd;Dk; kfsph; tpisahl;L mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jpUTe;jpahh;
vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,y;ywj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ,iw ,d;g newpAk; milayhk;
vd;Dk; fUj;jpid $WfpwJ.
2. jpUf;fspw;Wg;gbahh;
,jd; Mrphpah; jpUf;flt+h; ca;ate;j Njtehadhh.; 63 – ehad;khh;fspd;
tuyhw;wpypUe;J rpy nra;jpfis tpsf;Fk; tifapy; ,e;E}y;
mike;Js;sJ. irtrkaj;ij tpsf;fj; jpUf;Fws;fs; Nkw;Nfhs;fshf
Msg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpy;iyf;Nfhapypd; gbapy; mkh;e;J ghlg;gl;l ,e;E}y;
gbapy; cUtr;rpiyahf mike;jpUe;j fspW vLj;J eluhrhpd; ghjj;jpy;
itj;jjhy; ,e;E}Yf;F ,g;ngah; vd;gu;. gjpahfpa ,iwtd;> gRthfpag;
Md;kh> ghrk; ,tw;iwf; $WfpwJ. 100 ntz;ghf;fs; cilaJ.
3. rptQhd Nghjk;
,jd; Mrphpah; nka;f;fz;lhh;. irtrpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuq;fs; gjpdhd;fDs;
jiyik tha;e;jjhf $wg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; fhyk; fp.gp 13 – Mk; E}w;whz;L
MFk;. 81 ntz;ghf;fs;> 12 #j;jpuq;fs; cilaJ. ,e;E}iy jUf;f E}y;
vd;gu;.
4. rptQhdrpj;jpahu;
,jd; Mrphpau; mUs; ee;jp rpthr;rhhpahu;. ,tu; nka;ff ; z;lhh;
khztuhthu;. ,th; fhyk; fp.gp. 13 – Mk; E}w;whz;L MFk;. ,e;E}y;
rptQhd Nghjj;jpd; topE}y; vd;gu;. gugf;fk;> Rgf;fk; vd;Dk; ,U
gFg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ.
1. ,Ugh ,Ug/J
,jd; Mrphpah; mUs;ee;jp rpthr;rhhpahh;. g/J = gj;J. ,Ug/J =
,UgJ. me;jhjp njhilapy; mike;Js;s ,e;E}y; gj;J Nehpir
ntz;ghf;fSk; 10 Nehpir Mrphpag;ghf;fSk; khwp> khwp tug;ghlg;gl;ljhFk;.
,e;E}y; 20 nra;Al;fshy; MdJ. Mztk;> fd;kk;> khia vd;Dk; irt
jj;Jtq;fis tpsf;Ftjhf cs;sJ. ,jd; Mrphpauhd mUs;ee;jp
rpthr;rhhpahh; jdJ Mrphpauhd nka;f;fz;l Njtiu topgl;L tpdtp
cz;ikawptJ Nghd;W irtrpj;jhe;j cz;ikfs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
6. cz;ik tpsf;fk;
,jd; Mrphpah; nka;f;fz;l Njthpd; kw;nwhU khztuhfpa „jpUtjpif
kdthrq;fle;jhh;‟ Mthh;. ,e;E}y; irt jj;Jtq;fis tpsf;FfpwJ.
mitahtd Md;k jj;Jtq;fs; 24> tpj;jpahjj;Jtq;fs; 7> rptjj;Jtq;fs;
5> nkhj;jk; 36 jj;Jtq;fSk; irt jj;Jtq;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,e;E}y;
„ekrptha‟ vd;Dk; Ie;njOj;J ke;jpuj;jpd; jj;Jtg; nghUis njsptha;
$Wfpd;wJ.
7. rptg;gpufhrk;
,jd; Mrphpah; ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh;. ,e;E}y; 100 tpUj;jg;ghf;fshy;
MdJ. rptQhdrpj;jpahh;> rptQhdNghjk; vDk; ,uz;L E}y;fisAk;>

21
 mbnahw;wp vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,/J nghJ cz;iknad ,uz;L gphptpdjha;
gjp> gR> ghrepiyiaj; njspthf;FfpwJ.
1. jpUtUl;gad;
,jd; Mrphpah; nfhw;wtd;Fb ckhgjp rptk;. ,e;E}y; gj;J
mjpfhuq;fSk;> 100 ghly;fSk; cilaJ. caph;fs; ,iwtdpd; mUis
mwpahky; ,Ug;gjid>
“ghyhop kPd; MSk; ghd;ikj;J mUs; caph;thh;
khy;Mop MSk; kwpj;J”

vd;w ghly; tpsf;FfpwJ.

9. tpdh ntz;gh
,e;E}y; Mrphpah; nfhw;wtd;Fb ckhgjprptk;. ,/J 13 ntz;ghf;fs;
cilaJ. Mrphpahplk; tpdh vOg;gp tpil mwpAk; tifapy;
mike;Js;sjhy; ,e;E}y; ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ.
10. Nghw;wpg; g/nwhilntz;gh
,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; nfhw;wq;Fb ckhgjprptk;. ,th;jhd; QhdFUtpd;
mUl;nray;fis mfq;Fspu Nghw;wpg;Gfo;e;Js;shh;. ,e;E}y; fyp
ntz;ghthy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nghw;wp Nghw;wp vd tUjypd; E}Yf;F
,g;ngah;ngw;wJ.
11. nfhbf;ftp
Mrphpah; nfhw;wtd;Fb ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpah; ,/J 5 ntz;ghf;fshy;
MdJ. ,e;E}y; jpUite;njOj;jpd; rpwg;gpid ciuf;fpd;wJ. ,e;E}y;
jpy;iyapy; nfhbNaw;wy; Kiwapy; irtrpj;jhe;j fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
12. neQ;R tpLJ}J
,e;E}yhrphpah; ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahu;> ,/J 129 fypntz;ghf;fshy;
MdJ. jiytdplk; (,iwtdplk;) khiy thq;fp tu neQ;irj; J}J
tpLtJ Nghd;w ghq;fpy; mike;Js;s E}yhFk;.
13. cz;ik newp tpsf;fk;
,jd; Mrphpah; nfhw;wq;Fb ckhgjprptk;. irtrpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuj;jpy;
$wg;gLk; jtfhhpak; gj;Jk; ,e;E}ypy; tpsf;fpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
14. rq;fw;g epuhfuzk;
,jd; Mrphpah; nfhw;wq;Fb ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh;. rq;fw;gk; - nfhs;if
epuhfuzk; - kWg;G. irt rkaj;jpw;F Gwk;ghd fUj;Jf;fis kWj;Jiug;gjhy;
,g;ngah; ngw;wJ.

22