10

jkpo;
Study material
,ay; - 1
mKjCw;W
- 1
md;Grhy; khztr; nry;tq;fSf;F!
tzf;fk;>
gyupd; Ntz;;LNfhis Vw;Nwhk; 2019-2020Mk;
fy;tpahz;bw;Fupa gj;jhk; tFg;gpw;fhd
nghJj;jkpo; ghlE}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s Kjy;
myfpw;fhd tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfis kl;Lk;
jq;fs; fdpthd ghu;itf;fhf ,izaj;jpy;
,d;W ntspapl;Ls;Nshk;.

tpiutpy; cq;fs; iffspy; jto cs;s

ciuE}ypy;> Nfs;tpfs; vt;thW
Nfl;fg;gl;lhYk; gjpy; toq;Fk; tifapy;
$Ljy; tpdhf;fisAk;> tpilfisAk;
,izj;J mikj;Js;Nshk;.

ntw;wpf;F top ciuE}iyg; gad;gLj;Jq;fs;!

fhykfs; Nkil mikg;ghs;
cq;fs; fdTfs; edTfshFk;
tho;f tsk;ngw;W!
rpwe;j md;Gld;>
ntw;wpf;F top FOkk;.
10-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; jpwd; mwpNthk; ntw;wpf;F top

,ay; -1
mKjCw;W

jpwd; mwpNthk;

gyTs; njupf
1. ‘nkj;j tzpfyd;’ vd;Dk; njhlupy; jkpoofdhu; Fwpg;gpLtJ –
m) tzpff; fg;gy;fSk; Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fSk;
M) ngUk; tzpfKk; ngUk; fyd;fSk;
,) Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fSk; mzpfyd;fSk;
<) tzpff; fg;gy;fSk; mzpfyd;fSk;
2. ‘fha;e;j ,iyAk; fha;e;j NjhifAk;’ epyj;Jf;F ey;y cuq;fs;. ,j;njhlupy;
mbf;Nfhbl;l gFjp Fwpg;gpLtJ –
m) ,iyAk; rUFk; M) NjhifAk;; rz;Lk;
,) jhSk; XiyAk;; <) rUFk; rz;Lk;
3. ve;jkpo;eh vd;gijg; gpupj;jhy; ,t;thW tUk; –
m) ve; + jkpo; + eh M) ve;j + jkpo; + eh
,) vk; + jkpo; + eh <) ve;jk; + jkpo; + eh
4. ‘Nfl;ltu; kfpog; ghba ghly; ,J’ – njhlupy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s njhopw;ngaUk;
tpidahyizAk; ngaUk; KiwNa –
m) ghba; Nfl;ltu;; M) ghly; ; ghba ,) Nfl;ltu;; ghba <) ghly; ; Nfl;ltu;
5. Ntu;f;fliy> kpsfha; tpij> khq;nfhl;il Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; gapu;tif
m) Fiy tif M) kzp tif ,) nfhOe;J tif <) ,iy tif

FWtpdhf;fs;
1. ‘Ntq;if’ vd;gijj; njhlu;nkhopahfTk; nghJnkhopahfTk; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W xU nghUisAk; mr;nrhy;Ny gpupe;J epd;W NtW nghUisAk;
je;J jdpnkhopf;Fk; njhlu;nkhopf;Fk; nghJtha; miktJ nghJnkhop vdg;gLk;.
v.fh :
 Ntq;if - jdpj;J epd;W Ntq;if vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUtjhy; ,J jdpnkhop
 Ntk; + if -vdj; njhlu; nkhopahfg; gpupe;J epd;W Ntfpd;w if vdTk; nghUs; jUk;.
 ,it> ,UnghUs;fSf;Fk; nghJtha; miktjhy; nghJnkhopahFk;.
2. “kd;Dk; rpyk;Ng! kzpNk fiytbNt!
Kd;Dk; epidthy; Kbjho tho;j;JtNk! - ,t;tbfspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fisj; jtpu vQ;rpAs;s fhg;gpaq;fspd; ngau;fis vOJf.
 rPtf rpe;jhkzp
 tisahgjp
 Fz;lyNfrp
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10-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; jpwd; mwpNthk; ntw;wpf;F top
3. xU jhw;wpy; gy rPg;G thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.
xU rPg;gpy; gy jhW thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.
xU rPg;gpy; gy thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.
Nkw;fz;l njhlu;fspy; rupahd njhlu;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b> vQ;rpa gpioahd njhlupYs;s
gpiof;fhd fhuzj;ij vOJf.
rupahd njhlu;fs; :
1. xU jhw;wpy; gy rPg;G thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.
2. xU rPg;gpy; gy thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.
vQ;rpa gpioahd njhlupYs;s gpiof;fhd fhuzk; :
 xU jhw;wpy; jhd; gy rPg;G thiog;goq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt> ,j;njhlupy; xU
rPg;gpy; gy jhW vdf;; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sjhy; jtW.

4. “cLg;gJ}ck; cz;gJ}ck; fhzpd; gpwu;Nky;

tLf;fz; tw;whFk; fPo;” - ,f;Fwspy; mike;Js;s msngilapd; tifiar; Rl;b> mjd;
,yf;fzj;ij jUf.
 nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;jpYk; ,dpa Xirf;fhf msngLg;gJ ,d;dpir
msngil MFk;.
 ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; ,d;dpir msngil gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
 cLg;gJk; cz;gJk; vd;W nrhw;fis mikj;jhNy nghUs; jUk;.
 nra;Aspd; Xir ,dpik fUjp cLg;gJ}ck; cz;gJ}ck; vd;W Fwpy; nebyhfp
gpd; msngLj;Js;sjhy; ,/J ,d;dpir msngilahFk;.

5. jw;fhy ciueilapy; rpNyil mikAk;; eaj;jpw;F Xu; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.

 ghthzu; xU ehs; jhiukq;fyk; vd;Dk; Cupy; cs;s ez;gu; tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;whu;.
mq;Nf ,uT jq;fptpl;L kWehs; fhiyapy; jpUk;gpdhu;.
 mtiu md;gu; rpyu; R+o;e;Jnfhz;L> Cu;nrd;W te;jjidg; gw;wpf; Nfl;ldu;.
 mtUs; xUtu;> Iah gfYzTk; ,uhTzTk;; vt;thW ,Ue;jd? vdf; Nfl;lhu;.
 ghthzu; gfYzT> gfy; czthfTk;> ,uhTzT ,uh czthfTk;; ,Ue;jd vd;whu;.
 gfy; czT vd;gjdpy;> gfypy; fpilj;j rpwpjsT czitNa midtUk;
gFj;Jz;z Neu;e;jnjdTk; ,uh czT vd;gjdpy;> midtUk; cztpd;wp
,uitf; fopf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ vdTk; czu;e;J nfhz;ldu;.

rpWtpdhf;fs;
1. jkpod;idia tho;j;Jtjw;fhd fhuzq;fshfg; ghtyNuW Rl;Ltd ahit?
 md;id nkhopNa! mofha; mike;j nrOe;jkpNo!
 goikf;Fg; goikaha;j; Njhd;wpa eWq;fdpNa!
 fly; nfhz;l Fkupf; fz;lj;jpy; epiyj;jJ murhz;l kz;Zyfg; NguurpNa!
 ghz;ba kd;ddpd; kfNs!
 jpUf;Fwspd; ngUk; ngUikf;FupatNs!
 gj;Jg;ghl;Nl! vl;Lj;njhifNa! gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;Nf!
 epiyj;j rpyg;gjpfhuNk! mofhd kzpNkfiyNa!
 vk;Ks; nghq;fpnaOk;; epidTfshy; ck;ikj; jiygzpe;J tho;j;Jfpd;Nwhk;.

2. ‘Gspaq;fd;W Mokhf elg;gl;Ls;sJ’

,JNghy; ,sk; gapu; tif Ie;jpd; ngau;fisj; njhlu;fspy; mikf;f.
njd;dk;gps;is Njhg;gpy; njd;dk; gps;isfis New;W el;Nld;.
khq;nfhl;ilapy; ,Ue;J khq;fd;W ed;F
khq;fd;W tsu;e;Js;sJ.
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10-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; jpwd; mwpNthk; ntw;wpf;F top
ney; igq;$o; vq;fs; ney;ypd; igq;$o; ed;whf tsu;e;Js;sJ.
re;ijapypUe;J fj;jpup ehw;Wfs; thq;fp te;J taypy;
fj;jpup ehw;W gapupl;L cs;Nsd;.
rhiy Xuj;jpy; elg;gl;l gidapd; tpj;jpypUe;J
gid klyp my;yJ tlyp klypfs; my;yJ tlypfs; ed;F tsu;e;Js;sd.

3. ‘mwpe;jJ> mwpahjJ> Gupe;jJ> GupahjJ> njupe;jJ> njupahjJ> gpwe;jJ> gpwthjJ’

,it midj;ijAk; ahk; mwpNthk;. mJgw;wp ckJ mwpTiu vkf;Fj; Njit
,y;iy. vy;yhk; vkf;Fj; njupAk;.
,f;$w;wpy; tz;z vOj;Jfspy; cs;s tpidKw;Wfisj; njhopw;ngau;fshf khw;wp vOJf.
tpidKw;W njhopw;ngau;
mwpe;jJ mwpjy;
mwpahjJ mwpahky;
Gupe;jJ Gupjy;
GupahjJ Gupahky;
njupe;jJ njupjy;
njupahjJ njupahky;
gpwe;jJ gpwj;jy;
gpwthjJ gpwthky;

4. jkpoofdhu; jkpioAk; fliyAk; ,ul;LwnkhopAk; ghq;fpid tpsf;Ff.

jkpo; fly;
jkpo; ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd fly; Kj;jpidAk; mkpo;jpidAk; jUfpwJ.
Kj;jkpoha; tsu;e;jJ.
Kjy;> ,il> fil Mfpa ntz;rq;F> ryQ;ryk; ghQ;rrd;ak; Mfpa
Kr;rq;fq;fshy; tsu;f;fg;gl;lJ. %d;W tifahd rq;Ffisj; jUfpwJ.
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fis kpFjpahd tzpff; fg;gy;fs; nry;Yk;gb
mzpfyd;fshfg; ngw;wJ. ,Uf;fpwJ.
rq;fg; gyifapy; mku;e;jpUe;j fly; jd; miyahy; rq;fpidj; jLj;J
rq;fg;Gytu;fshy; fhf;fg;gl;lJ. epWj;jpf; fhf;fpwJ.
,t;thW jkpoofdhu; jkpOk; flYk; xd;Nw vd;fpwhu;.

neLtpdhf;fs;
1. kNdhd;kzPak; Re;judhupd; jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;Jg; ghliyAk; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhupd; jkpo;
tho;j;ijAk; xg;gpl;L Nkilg;Ngr;R xd;iw cUthf;Ff.

 kNdhd;kzPak; Re;judhu; jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J

 ngUQ;rpj;jpudhupd; jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J
 xg;gPL

kNdhd;kzPak; Re;judhu; jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J :

 %d;WGwKk; fly; ePuhy; R+og;gl;L gpwehl;ltu; tpaf;Fk; tifapy; vopy;kpF ghuj
fz;lj;jpd; njw;fpy; ngUikAld; tpsq;FtJ jpuhtpl ehL.
 rpwpa new;wpapy; xU jdpj;Jtkhd ‘jpyfk;’ nfhz;L ,lg;gl;l gpiw Nghy;;
n[hypf;fpd;wJ.
 me;jj; jpyfj;jpd; thrid NghyNt ,t;itaf khe;ju; kfpo;Tw vy;yhj;
jpirfspYk; jd; jdpj;Jtj;ij epiyepWj;jpa ngUikkpf;f jkpo;j;jhNa!

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10-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; jpwd; mwpNthk; ntw;wpf;F top
 cd; khl;rpikAk;; ,sikAk;! ngUKaw;rpAilikAk; vq;fSf;F kpFe;j tpag;ig
mspg;gNjhL> nray;jid kwe;J cd; jhs;;gzpa cd; Gfo;ghb cd;id tho;j;jp
kfpo;fpNwhk; vd;fpwhu; kNdhd;kzPak; Re;juk;gps;is.
ngUQ;rpj;jpudhupd; jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J :
 md;id nkhopNa! mofha; mike;j nrOe;jkpNo!
 goikf;Fk; goikaha;j; Njhd;wpa eWq;fdpNa!
 fly; nfhz;l Fkupf;fz;lj;jpy; epiyj;J murhz;l kz;Zyfg; NguuNr!
 ghz;ba kd;ddpd; kfNs!
 jpUf;Fwspd; ngUk; ngUikf;FupatNs!
 gj;Jg;ghl;Nl! vl;Lj;njhifNa! gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;Nf!
 epiyj;j rpyg;gjpfhuNk! mofhd kzpNkfiyNa! ck; nghq;fpnaOk;
epidTfshy; jiygzpe;J tho;j;Jfpd;Nwhk;.
 nrOikkpf;f jkpNo! vk;KapNu! nrhy;Yjw;fupa epd; ngUikfis vd; jkpo;
ehf;F vt;thW tpupj;Jiuf;Fk;?
 gok; ngUikAk; jdf;nfdj; jdpr;rpwg;Gk; ,yf;fpa tsKk; nfhz;l jkpNo!
 tpaf;fj;jf;f cd; ePz;l epiyj;j jd;ikAk; Ntw;Wnkhopahu; cd;idg; gw;wp
ciuj;j GfOiuAk; vkf;Fs; gw;Wzu;it vOg;Gfpd;wd.
 vk; jdpj;jkpNo! tz;lhdJ nre;jhkiuj; Njidf; Fbj;Jr; rpwfirj;Jg; ghLtJ
Nghd;W ehq;fs; cd;idr; Ritj;J cs;sj;jpy; fdy; %s> cd; ngUikia
vq;Fk; Koq;Ffpd;Nwhk; vd;fpwhu; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhu;.
xg;gL
P :
 Re;juk; gps;is mtu;fSk;> ngUQ;rpj;jpudhUk; jkpopd; epiyj;j jd;ikiaAk;>
goikj; jd;ikiaAk; ,yf;fpa tsj;ijAk; Ntw;W nkhopahu; ciuj;j
GfOiufisAk; vq;Fk; Koq;fpl> Nghw;wp tho;j;Jfpd;wdu;.

2. jkpopd; nrhy;tsk; gw;wpAk; Gjpa nrhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd Njit Fwpj;Jk; jkpo; kd;wj;jpy;

NgRtjw;fhd ciuf; Fwpg;Gfis vOJf.
 ‘ehLk; nkhopAk; ekf;fpU fz;fs;’ vd;fpwhu; kfhftp ghujpahu;. jkpo;
fhynts;sj;jpy; fiue;JNghd nkhopfSf;fpilapy; ePe;jp jd;id epiyepWj;jpf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ; vd;d tsk; ,y;iy vd;W vz;zj;jf;fthW gy;NtW
rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; nfhz;L tpsq;FfpwJ. ek; nre;jkpo; nkhop midj;J tsKk;
cz;nld;W tpilgfu;fpwJ ek; jkpo;rn ; rhy; tsk;.
 nrhy;tsk; ,yf;fpar; nrk;nkhopfSf;nfy;yhk; nghJNtDk;> jkpo;kl;Lk; mjpy;
jiyrpwe;jjhFk;.
 nrhy;ypy; jhd; czu;Tk; nghUSk;; nghjpe;J fplf;fpd;wd. nrhy;tsk; vd;gJ
xU nghUs; Fwpj;JtUk; gy nrhy;yha; gy nghUs; Fwpj;J tUk; xU nrhy;yha;
tUjYk; ek; jkpo;nkhopapy; cz;L.
 nrhy;tsk;; vd;gJ jdpr;nrhw;fsha; epiwe;J miktijAk; Fwpf;Fk; xd;ww;F
Nkw;gl;l nrhw;fs; ftTf;if nefpohky; Kaq;fpf; fplg;gijAk; Fwpf;fpwJ.
 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,jid mjpfkhff; fhzyhk;.
 cau;jdpr; nrk;nkhopahk; jkpopy; ,OnkDk; nkhopahy; tpOkpaJ gaf;Fk;
tifapy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gilf;fg;gl;ld.
 jkpou;fspd; moFzu;T> kyUk; kzKk; Nghyf; ftpijAld; nrhy;tsk; ,uz;lwf;
fye;jpUf;fpwJ.
 ,d;iwa mtru Afj;jpy; jkpopd; gad;ghL Fiwe;J tUtjhy; ,yf;fpaq;fSk;
mjpy; ifahSk; nrhy;tsKk; Fiwe;J tUfpd;wd.
 fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g nrhy;tsk; ngUFk;; tifapy; ehk; ,yf;fpaq;fis ,aw;wpl Ntz;Lk;.
 jkpo;tsk; fhg;Nghk;! nrhy;tsk; ngUf;FNthk;!

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10-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; jpwd; mwpNthk; ntw;wpf;F top
3. xU gf;f mstpy; ciuahly; vOJf.
R+oy; - ntspehl;bypUe;J cq;fs; ,y;yj;jpw;F te;jpUf;Fk; cwtpdupd; kfSf;Fj; jkpo;
nkhopiag; Ngr kl;LNk njupAk;. Mq;fpy ,yf;fpak; gbj;j mtuplk; jkpo; ciueilapd;
rpwg;Gg; gw;wp ciuahLjy;.
gq;FngWNthu;
mz;zd; : eyq;fps;sp
jq;if : Kfpopdp

eyq;fps;sp th Kfpopdp ,UtUk; rw;W Neuk; tPl;bd; ntspNa mku;e;J

ciuahLNthk;.
Kfpopdp ciuahLNthkh? mg;gb vd;why; vd;d?
eyq;fps;sp ciuahLtJ vd;why; xUtUf;nfhUtu; Ngrpf;nfhs;tJ.
rhup mz;zh! Mq;fpyk; gbj;j fhuzj;jhy; jkpopy; cs;s
Kfpopdp nrhw;fSf;F mu;j;jk; vdf;Fj; njupahJ. ePq;fs; mjidg; gw;wp
$Wq;fs; njupe;Jnfhs;fpNwd;.
jkpopy; ehk; NgRk;NghJ czu;rr
; pfisf; fhl;l ctik nfhz;l
eyq;fps;sp nkhopeilNa Vw;wfUtp. mjidNa vOj;jhsu;fs; mjpfk;
gad;gLj;Jtu;.
Kfpopdp ctik eilah? tpsf;fkhff; $Wq;fs;.
eyq;fps;sp ngz;zpd; Kfj;ij moF vd;W $w epyT Nghd;w Kfk;
vd;ghu;fNs! mJjhd;.
Kfpopdp NtW vd;d eiliaf; ifahSthu;fs;?
eyq;fps;sp jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ctikia tpl cUtfNk czu;Tfisj;
J}z;b vOg;Gtjpy; ntw;wpngWfpd;wJ.
Kfpopdp Gupatpy;iyNa… vdf;F…
eyq;fps;sp ‘Kfepytpy; tpau;it Kj;Jfs; Jspu;j;jd’ mjhtJ epyTNghd;w
Kfj;jpy; Njhd;wpa tpau;it> Kj;Jfs; Nghd;W ,Ue;jjhk;..
Kfpopdp ml! vd;Nd fw;gid! NkYk; Nfl;f Mtyhf cs;sNj $Wq;fs;.
m/wpizg; nghUs;fisAk; cau;jpizahff; fUjp fw;gid
eyq;fps;sp
nra;J ‘J}J’ vd;w ,yf;fpa tifapid cUthf;fp ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;.
Kfpopdp ,dpa Xirapd;gk; gaf;Fk; tifapy; rpyu; NgRfpd;wdNu… vg;gb?
X… mJth? NkhidAk; vJifAk; nra;Aspy; tUkhapd; ,dpa
eyq;fps;sp Xirapd;gk; gaf;Fk;. ,e;eilia nrhy;ypd; nry;tu;
,uh.gp.NrJg;gps;is ‘jkpopd;gk;’ vd;Dk; E}ypy; vOjpAs;shu;.
Kfpopdp Nfl;fNt tpag;g;hf ,Uf;fpd;wNj!......
gbg;gtUf;F Kuz;gLtJ Nghy ,Uf;Fk; cz;ikapy; Kuz;glhj
eyq;fps;sp
nka;k;ikiar; nrhy;tJ ‘Kuz;gL’ nka;k;ik vd;gu;.
Kfpopdp tpsq;;Fk;gb rhd;W $Wq;fs;…
eyq;fps;sp “,e;j cyfj;jpy; gak; vd;w xd;wpw;Fj; jtpu NtW vjw;F ehk;
gag;gl Ntz;Lk;”
Nfl;Fk; NghNj rpypu;g;G cz;lhfpwJ jkpopd;; ngUik
Kfpopdp
vdf;Fj;njupahky; Nghapw;Nw…
eP CUf;Fr; nry;tjw;Fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; cdf;F tpsf;fpf;
eyq;fps;sp $WfpNwd;. th… mk;kh miof;fpwhu;fs;. czT cz;zr;
nry;Nthk;. th…

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10-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; nkhopg;gapw;rp ntw;wpf;F top

,ay; - 1
mKjCw;W
nkhopia Ms;Nthk;!
gbj;Jr; Ritf;f
ghlypy;> kuk; vd;Dk; nrhy;> ,lj;jpw;Nfw;gg; nghUs; jUtjha; 11 ,lq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
nghUs;fisg; nghUj;jpg; gbj;Jr; Ritf;f.
1 murd;
(murkuk;)
2 kh – Fjpiu
“ kukJ1 kuj;jpy;2 Vwp (khkuk;)
kukijj;3 Njhspy; itj;J 3 Nty; (fUNtyk;)
kukJ4 kuj;ijf;5 fz;L 4 murd;
kuj;jp6 dhy; kuj;ijf;7 Fj;jp 5 Gyp (Ntq;if)
8
kukJ topNa nrd;W 6 Nty;
tskidf; NfFk; NghJ 7 Gyp (Ntq;if)
8 fhl;L top
kukJ9 fz;l khju; 9 murd;
kuKld;10 kuk;11 vLj;jhu;” 10 My; (Mykuk;)
11 mj;jp (mj;jp kuk;)
My; mj;jp Muj;jp

nkhopngau;gG
;
1. If you talk to a man in a language he eP xU kdpjdplk; xU nkhopapy; Ngrpdhy;
understands, that goes to his head. If you mJ mtDila mwpitr; nrd;wilAk;.
talk to him in his own language that goes Mdhy; mtdplk;; jha;nkhopapy; Ngrpdhy;
mtDila kdjpw;Fr; nrd;wilAk;.
to his heart – Nelson Mandela - ney;rd; kz;Nlyh.
2. Language is the road map of a culture. It nkhop vd;gJ fyhr;rhuj;jpd; topfhl;b.
tells you where its people come from and mJ kdpjd; vq;fpUe;J te;jhd; vq;Nf
where they are going – Rita Mae Brown nry;fpwhd; vd;gij ekf;Fg; Gupaitf;Fk;.
- uplhNk gpnusd;.
re;jf; ftpijapy; te;j gpiofisj; jpUj;Jf
“NjzpNy Cupa nre;jkpopd; - Rit
NjUk; rpyg;gjp fhwkij
CdpNy vk;Kapu; cy;yyTk; - epjk;
Xjp Adu;e;jpd; GUNthNk”
- ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafdhu;.
gpiojpUj;jk; :
“NjdpNy Cwpa nre;jkpopd; - Rit
NjWk; rpyg;gjp fhukij
CdpNy vk;Kapu; cs;ssTk; - epjk;
Xjp Azu;e;jpd; GWNthNk”
- ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafdhu;.

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10-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; nkhopg;gapw;rp ntw;wpf;F top
fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;fspd; $l;lg;ngau;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;J vOJf
(Ftpay;> Fiy> ke;ij> fl;L)
nrhy; $l;lg;ngau; nrhy; $l;lg;ngau;
fy; fw;Ftpay; Gy; Gw;fl;L
gok; gof;Fiy ML Ml;Lke;ij

tpidKw;iw tpidahyizAk; ngauhf khw;wpj; njhlu;fis ,izj;J vOJf

t.vz; tpidKw;Wj; njhlu;fs;
1. fiyauq;fj;jpy; vdf;fhff;
fhj;jpUf;fpwhu;. mtiu mioj;J
thUq;fs;.
2. Cl;lkpF czT cz;lhu;. mtu;
ePz;l tho;ehs; ngw;whu;.
3. New;W vd;idr; re;jpj;jhu;. mtu; vd;
ez;gu;.
4. nghJmwpT E}y;fisj; Njbg;
gbj;jhu;. Nghl;bj; Nju;tpy; ntd;whu;.
tpidahyizAk; njhlu;fs;
fiyauq;fj;jpy; vdf;fhff;
fhj;jpUg;gtiu mioj;J thUq;fs;.
Cl;lkpF czT cz;ltu; ePz;l
tho;ehs; ngw;whu;.
New;W vd;idr; re;jpj;jtu; vd; ez;gu;.
nghJ mwpT E}y;fisj; Njbg;
gbj;jtu; Nghl;;bj; Nju;tpy; ntd;whu;.

njhlu;fspy; cs;s tz;zr; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf mNj nghUSila NtW

nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj; njhlu;fis kPs vOJf

1. cyfpy; thOk; kf;fspy; rpyu; fdpapUf;ff; fha; Grpj;jiyg;Nghy> ,d;nrhy; ,Uf;f

td;nrhy; Ngrp ,d;dw;gLfpd;;wdu;.
Gtpapy; thOk; kdpju;fs; rpyu; gokpUf;ff; fhia cz;gijg;Nghy> ,dpanrhy; ,Uf;f
jPanrhy; Ngrp Jd;gg;gLfpd;;wdu;.
2. ts;sy; Fkzd; tWikahy; thbte;j GytDf;Fj; jdJ jiyiaf; nfhLj;J
kq;fhg;Gfo; ngw;whd;.
ts;sy; Fkzd; nghUs;,y;yhJ thbte;j ftpQDf;Fj; jdJ jiyia toq;fp
mopahg;NgW ngw;whd;.
3. esDk; mtdJ JiztpAk;; epljehl;Lf;F te;jijf; fz;L> me;ehl;L kf;fs;
kioKfpy; fz;l kQ;iQ Nghyf; fsp nfhz;ldu;.
esDk; mtdJ kidtpAk; epljehl;Lf;F te;jijf; fz;L> me;ehl;L kf;fs;
kioNkfk; fz;l kapy; Nghy kfpo;r;rp nfhz;ldu;.
4. Nrhiyapw; G+j;j kzkyu;fspy; RUk;Gfs; nkha;j;Jg; gz;ghb kJTz;ld.
fhtpy; G+j;j kzkyu;fspy; tz;Lfs; nkha;j;Jg; gz;ghb %jDz;ld.
5. gRg;Nghy; rhe;jKk; GypNghy; jPuKk; ahid Nghy ciog;Gk; kdpjDf;F Ntz;Lk;.
Mg;Nghy; mikjpAk; Ntq;ifNghy; JzpTk; fspW Nghy ciog;Gk; kdpjDf;F
Ntz;Lk;.
fl;Liu vOJf
Fkupf; fly;KidiaAk; Ntq;fl kiyKfl;ilAk; vy;iyahff; nfhz;l njd;dtu;
jpUehl;bw;Fg; Gfo; Njbj;je;j ngUik> jifrhy; jkpod;idiar; rhUk;. vopy;Nru;
fd;dpaha; vd;Wk; jpfOk; mt;td;idf;F> gps;isj;jkpo; Ngrp> rjfk; rikj;J> guzp ghb>
fyk;gfk; fz;L> cyhte;J> me;jhjp $wp> Nfhit ahj;J> mzpahfg; G+l;b mo$l;b
mfk;kpf kfpo;e;jdu; nre;ehg; Gytu;fs;.
,f;fUj;ijf; fUthff; nfhz;L ‘rhd;Nwhu; tsu;j;j jkpo;’ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu vOJf.

jiyg;G – ‘rhd;Nwhu; tsu;j;j jkpo;’

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10-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; nkhopg;gapw;rp ntw;wpf;F top

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
 Kd;Diu
 jkpo; tsu;j;j rhd;Nwhu;fs;
 tPukhKdptupd; jkpo;j;njhz;L
 Fzq;Fbk];jhd; rhfpG
 MWKf ehtyu;
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu :
 nre;jkpo; xU G+e;Njhl;lk;. mg;G+e;Njhl;lj;jpy; md;wyu;e;j kyu;fs; kzk; gug;gp
tUfpd;wd. mk;kyu;fs; xU nrbapNyh nfhbapNyh G+j;jit my;y tz;zk;>
tbtk;> msT> kzk; Mfpatw;why; xd;Wgl;litAk; my;y.
 mt;thNw fhye;NjhWk; ee;jkpo;ehl;by; jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhu; gyu; Njhd;wp
jkpo;nkhopf;Fg; Gj;Jap&l;bg; GJkzk; gug;gp tUfpd;wdu;.
 jk;Ks; gyu; Njhd;wpj; jkpo; tsu;r;rpf;F cWJizaha; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wdu;.
jkpo; tsu;j;j rhd;Nwhu;fs; :
 GJf;ftpijf;Fg; ghujpahu;> rKjhag; Gul;rpf;Fg; ghujpjhrdhu;> nghJTilikf;Fj;
jpU.tp.f.> jdpj;jkpOf;F kiwkiyabfs;> Ngr;Rf; fiyf;F mwpQu; mz;zh>
rpWfijf;Fg; GJikg;gpj;jd; KjypNahu; jkpOf;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpdu;. mtu;fSs;
rpyiug; gw;wpf; fhz;Nghk;.
tPukhKdptupd; jkpo;j;njhz;L :
 jkpo;nkhopapd;ghy; ngupJk; <u;ff
; g;gl;L jkpo;nkhopNahL njYq;F> tlnkhop Kjypa
nkhopfisAk; fw;Wj;Nju;e;jhu;.
 jkpopy; Kjd;Kjyhfr;; rJufuhjp vd;Dk; mfuKjypia ntspapl;lhu;.
 jkpo; vOj;J tuptbtj;ij; jpUj;jp> vOj;Jr; rPu;jpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
 Njk;ghtzp> fhtY}u;f; fyk;gfk;> fjk;g khiyahff; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ;
njhd;D}y; nghd;; E}yhf ,yq;Ffpd;wJ.
Fzq;Fbk];jhd; rhfpG :
 jhAkhdtupd; ghly;fshy; ngupJk; <u;f;fg;gl;L mtUila guhguf;fz;zpiag;
NghyNt Xireakpf;f ,Ryhkpag; ghly;fis ,aw;wpAs;shu;.
MWKf ehtyu; :
 MWKf ehtyNu Kjd; Kjypy; ,yf;fz tOtw;w J}a;ikahd vspa jkpo;
ciueil E}y;fis vOjp ciueil tsu;r;rpf;F tpj;jpl;ltu;.
KbTiu :
jkpo; Njhd;wpa fhyj;ij fzf;fpl Kbahjijg; Nghy;> mjid tsu;j;j
rhd;Nwhu;fs; tPukhKdptu;> Fzq;Fbk];jhd; rhfpG> MWKfehtyu; Nghd;W gyuhtu;. jkpopd;
njhd;ikAk; J}a;ikAk;; tz;ikAk; tdg;Gk; cyfshfpa mstpy; cs;s midtiuAk;
<u;j;Js;sJ. ‘cyfk; ahitAk; jhKsthf;fpj;’ jk; fiyfisAk; rpe;jidfisAk;
tsu;j;Jj; jkpo; tsu;r;rp ngw ,isa jiyKiwapdu; ehSk; rhd;Nwhu; top
njhz;lhw;WNthk;.

eak; ghuhl;Lf
NjdpDk; ,dpaew; nre;jkpo; nkhopNa
njd;dhL tpsq;Fwj; jpfOe;njd; nkhopNa
CdpDk; xspu;TWk; xz;lkpo; nkhopNa
czu;tpDf; Fzu;tjha; xspu;jkpo; nkhopNa
thdpDk; Xq;fpa tz;lkpo; nkhopNa
khe;jUf; fpUfzh taq;Fed; nkhopNa
jhddp rpwg;GWe; jdpj;jkpo; nkhopNa
jioj;jpdp Njhq;Ftha; jz;lkpo; nkhopNa
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10-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; nkhopg;gapw;rp ntw;wpf;F top

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
 Kd;Diu  vJif eak;
 ikaf;fUj;J  ,iaG eak;
 jpuz;l fUj;J  re;j eak;
 nrhy; eak;  mzp eak;
 njhil eak;  KbTiu
 Nkhid eak;

Kd;Diu :
 Gytu; fh. ekr;rpthau; jkpopd; ngUikfis ,g;ghlypy; gy eaq;fs; mika
mofhf ,aw;wpAs;shu;.
ikaf;fUj;J :
jkpopd; ngUikapidf; $wp tho;j;jpAs;shu;.
jpuz;l fUj;J :
 jkpo;nkhop NjdpDk; ,dpikahdJ.
 njd;dhL Gfo;ngw;w CdpDk; xspUk; xz;jkpo;. nkhop czu;tpid czu;j;Jk;
xsp nghUe;jpa nkhop. thdshtpa Gfiog; ngw;wJ.
 cyfkdpjUf;F ,Ufz;fisg; Nghd;wJ. jhDk; rpwg;Gw;W gpwiuAk;
ngUikg;gLj;Jk; nkhop. ,j;jF rpwg;Gg; ngw;w jkpNo jioj;jpdpJ Xq;Fthahf!
vd;W Gytu; tho;j;Jfpwhu;.
nrhy;eak; :
“NfhtpYf;F kzp moF
ghlYf;Fr; nrhy; moF”
vd;gjw;fpzq;fg; Gytu; ghlypy; eak;kpf;f nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;.
 v.fh. nre;jkpo;> xz;lkpo;> tz;lkpo;> jdpj;jkpo;
njhil eak; :
“njhilaw;w ghl;L
eilaw;Wg;vd;NghFk;
w fUj;
” jpw;F
Vw;gj; njhileaq;fs; mika ghly; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nkhid eak; :
“kd;dDf;Fj; Njit Nrid
ghlYf;Fj; Njit Nkhid”

 nra;Aspy; rPu;NjhWk;> my;yJ mbNjhWk; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ

Nkhid eakhFk;.
 v.fh. CdpDk;> czu;tpDe;
jhddp> jioj;jpdp
vJif eak; :
“kJiuf;F moF itif
ghlYf;F moF vJif”
 nra;Aspy; rPu;NjhWk;> my;yJ mbNjhWk; Kjnyj;J msnthj;jpUf;f> ,uz;lhk;
vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ vJif MFk;.
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10-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; nkhopg;gapw;rp ntw;wpf;F top
 v.fh. CdpDk;> thdpDk;
,iaG eak; :
 xU nra;Aspd; mbNjhWk; ,Wjp vOj;Njh> my;yJ rPNuh xd;wptuj;;njhLg;gJ
,iaGj; njhilahFk;.
 v.fh. nre;jkpo; nkhopNa
xz;lkpo; nkhopNa
xspu;jkpo; nkhopNa
re;j eak;; :
“ahidf;F je;jk; nrhe;jk;
re;jk; nra;ASf;F nrhe;jk;”
,g;ghlypy; Xir eak; kpf;f re;j eaj;;NjhL mike;Js;sJ.
mzp eak; :
“mzpaw;w ghly; mofw;Wg; NghFk;”
 ,g;ghlypy; jkpopd; ngUikiag; Gytu; cau;j;jpf; $wpAs;sikahy; cau;T etpw;rp
mzpahFk;.
KbTiu :
 ftpQu; fh. ekr;rpthau; jkpopd; ngUikapid vLj;Jf; $Wk; ,g;ghlypy; nrhy;
eak;> vJif> Nkhid> ,iaG> re;jk;> mzpeaq;fs; mika mofhfg;
ghlg;gl;Ls;sd.

nkhopNahL tpisahL

nrhw;fis ,izj;Jg; Gjpa nrhw;fis cUthf;Ff.

(Njd;> tpsf;F> kio> tpz;> kzp> tpyq;F> nra;> Nkfiy> thd;> nghd;> G+)
v.fh : G+kzp

 Njd; kio  nghd; tpyq;F

 kzp tpsf;F  nghd; kzp
 thd; kio  G+tpyq;F
 tpz; nra;  tpz;kio
 kzp Nkfiy

Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L tpdhtpNyNa tpil ,Ug;gJ Nghd;W tpdhj;njhlu;fs; mikf;f..

(Fwspd;gk;> Ritf;fhf ,sePu;> fhg;gpar; Rit> kdpjFy Nkd;ik> tpLKiwehs;)

v.fh. Fwspd;gk; Fwspd;gj;jpy; jpisf;fhj jkpod; cz;lh?

Ritf;fhf ,sePu; Ritf;fhf ,sePu; gUFthu; cz;Nlh?
fhg;gpar; Rit rPtfrpe;jhkzpapy; fhg;gpar;Rit czu;ej
; J cz;lh?
kdpjFy Nkd;ik kdpjFy Nkd;ikf;F midtUk; ciof;f Ntz;Lkd;Nwh?
tpLKiwehs; ,d;W tpLKiw ehsh?

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10-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; nkhopg;gapw;rp ntw;wpf;F top
vz;Zg;ngau;fisf; fz;L> jkpo; vz;fspy; vOJf.

nra;Aspy; mb vz;Zg;ngau; jkpo; vz;

ehw;wpirAk; nry;yhj ehby;iy ehd;F r
vWk;Ge;jd; ifahy; vz;rhz; vl;L m
Ie;Jrhy;G Cd;wpa J}z; Ie;J U
ehYk; ,uz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;F cWjp ehd;Fk; ,uz;Lk; r c
Mid Mapuk; mkupil ntd;w Mapuk; f000
khdtDf;F tFg;gJ guzp

mfuhjpapy; fhz;f
 mltp - fhL> Nrhiy> ee;jtdk;> jpus;> $l;lk;> njhFjp
 mty; - tpisepyk;> gs;sk;> Fsk;
 Rty;; - KJF> NkL> njhy;iy
 nrW - tay;> Fsk;> Nfhgk;
 godk;; - tay;> kUj epyk;> ngha;if
 GwT - fhL> Ky;iy epyk;> gapupLk; epyk;> Ky;iyf;fhb.
fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vOJf

E}y;gyfy;
mwpitg; G+l;;b itf;fhNj!
mwpahik ,Uspy; jiyFdpahNj!
mwpTg;G+l;ilj; jpwe;jpL!
mwk; nghUs; ,d;gk; fw;wpL!
mtdpapy; cau;e;J rpwe;jpL!

nray;jpl;lk;
ePq;fs; thOk; gFjpapYs;s vitNaDk; Ie;J gapu;tifr; nrhw;fSf;fhd glj;njhFg;ig
cUthf;Ff.

ney; fk;G

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10-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; nkhopg;gapw;rp ntw;wpf;F top
Nfo;tuF thio

cSe;J fUk;G

epw;f mjw;Fj; jf

,d;nrhy; top jPa nrhy; top

gpwu; kdk; kfpOk; gpwu; kdk; thLk;
mwk; tsUk; mwk; NjAk;
Gfo; ngUFk; ,fo; ngUFk;
ey;y ez;gu;fs; NrUtu; ey;y ez;gu;fs; tpyFtu;
md;G epiwAk; gifik epiwAk;

,jpy; ePq;fs; nry;Yk; top ahJ? cq;fs; ez;gUf;Ff; fhl;Lk; top ahJ?
 ehd; ,d;nrhy; topNa elg;Ngd;.
 ,d;nrhy; top ele;jhy;> mwk; tsUk;; Gfo; ngUFk;; md;G epiwAk;; gpwu; kdk;
kfpOk; vd;W nrhy;yp vd; ez;gu;fis Mw;Wg;gLj;JNtd;.

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