nghwpapay;; njhopDl;gtpay;

ghlj;jpl;lk;
fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug;gj;jpuk; (cau; juk;)
juk; 13
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njhopDl;gf; fy;t pj; Jiw

tpQ;Qhd> njhopDl;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
k`ufk
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nghwpapay; njhopDl; g tpay;

juk; 13

ghlj;jpl;lk;

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- Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

gjpgG
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Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
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ii
nfsut fy; t p mikr;r upd; Mrpr; n ra; j p

,yq;ifapd; vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l k`pe;j rpe;jid apy;> Mfha> tu;j;jf> rf;jp kw;Wk; mwptpd; Nfe;jpu
];jhdkhfTk; njhopDl;g uPjpahf kdpj tsj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;NghJ f.ngh.j. cau;ju
tFg;Gf;fspy; fiy> tu;jj
; fk;> tpQQ
; hdk;> fzpjk; vd;w Jiwfspy; fy;tp toq;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. MapDk;> mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd
khztu;fs; fiyj;Jiwiaj; njupT nra;J fw;gjdhy; ehl;bd; Njitf;Fk; cw;gj;jpf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU nghUj;jkw;w jd;ik
Vw;gLfpwJ. tUlhe;j gy;fiyf;fof cs;thq;fypy; fiyj;Jiwapd; Mjpf;fNk mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa
eltbf;ifahdJ ehk; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; njhopDl;gk; rhu;e;j njhopy;tpUj;jpf;Fg; ghupa jilahf ,Ug;gJ ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJld;
gbg;gbahf ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; jilahf khWtijf; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

Nkw;$wg;gl;l epiyik cldbahf khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ murhq;fj;jpdhy; njspthf ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld;
,isQu;fspd; Ntiyapdi ; k tpfpjj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf njhopDl;gj;ijAk; nghUj;jkhd nkd;jpwd;fisAk; nfhz;l> rthy;fis
vjpuN
; ehf;ff;$ba ,isQu;fs; cUthf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. Gjpjhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpdw
; njhopDl;gj; Jiw ,j;Njrj;J khztu;fSf;F
Gjpa ghijiaj; jpwe;J tpLtJld; Ntiytha;g;Gj; jpwid gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk; gy;fiyf;fofg;
GFKfj; jFjp ngwhjtu;fs; Njrpa njhopw;Jiwj; jifikj; njhFjpf;Fs; (NVQ) nry;yTk; topnra;Ak;.

,j;jUzj;jpy; jkJ mupa Neuj;ijr; nrytpl;L fiyj;jpl;lj;ijf; FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fs; jahupj;Jj; je;j mikr;R> epWtdq;fs;>
jpizf;fsq;fs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; kw;Wk; Vida tsthsu;fSf;Fk; vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

ge;J y Fztu;j d
nfsut fy;tp mikr;ru;>
fy;tp mikr;R>
gj;juKy;y>
,yq;if.

iii
cau; fy;t p mikr;r upd; Mrpr;n ra; j p

Gjpa njhopDl;gg; gpupit mwpKfk; nra;jy;

mjpNkjF [dhjpgjpapd; jiyikapy; Gjpa njhopDl;gg; gpupit> fy;tp> cau; fy;tp> ,isQu; tptfhuk;> jpwd; tpUj;jp Nghd;w
mikr;Rfs; xd;wpize;J mq;Fuhu;g;gzk; nra;Ak; ,e;epfo;r;rp> ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp Kiwikapd; tuyhw;wpy;; jlk; gjpf;Fk; xU
jUzkhFk;.

,g;Gjpa njhopDl;gg; gpuptpd; %yk; mwpTrhu;> Jiwrhu; Mszpapdu; kw;Wk; Ma;thsu;fs; cUthFthu;fs; vd;gJ vkJ
vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;. f.ngh.j. cau;juk; fw;w gpd;du; ,e;ehl;bd; ,isQu;fs; Kfhikahsu;fshf> njhopDl;gtpayhsu;fshf>
Mrpupau;fshf r%fj;jpy; ,izthu;fs; vdTk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpNwhk;. mj;Jld; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; njhopDl;gg; gl;lg; gbg;ig
Nkw;nfhz;ltu;fs; vkJ ehL Mrpahtpd; Mr;rupakhf khWtjw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wdu;.

2016 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; mur gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; ehw;gJ fw;if newpfSld; ,g;Gjpa khztu;fis tuNtw;ff; fhj;jpUf;fpd;Nwd;
vd;gij ,j;jUzj;jpy; ehd; kpfTk; kfpo;r;rpAld; mwpaj;jUfpNwd;.

,g;Gjpa gpuptpd; mwpKfkhdJ epr;rakhf ntw;wpaspf;Fk; vd;gJ vkJ jplkhd ek;gpf;ifahFk;.

v];. gp. jp]hehaf;f

nfsut cau; fy;tp mikr;ru;>
cau; fy;tp mikr;R>
nfhOk;G - 7>
,yq;if

iv
nfsut ,isQu; mYty;f s; kw;W k; jpwd;fs; mgptpUj;jp mikr;r u; mtu;fspd; Mrpr;n ra;j p

njhopDl;gf; fy;tp kw;Wk; njhopw;gapw;rpg; ghlj;Jiwia jw;NghJ ,Uf;fpd;w ,lj;jpypUe;J cau; kl;lj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L
tUtjw;fhf Ntz;ba nfhs;ifuPjpahd jPuk ; hdq;fs; fle;j murhq;fq;fspdhy; vLf;fg;gl;lNghJk; mit vjpu;ghu;j;j ,yf;Ffis
milatpy;iy vd;gJ njs;sj; njspthd tplakhFk;.

k`pe;j rp;e;jid vjpu;fhy Nehf;fpy; toq;fg;gl;l thf;FWjpfSf;F mika ,e;j epiyikf;fhd fhuzq;fisj; Njba ekf;F
mjw;Fupa fhuzk; vd;dntd;W njupa te;jJ. jw;NghJ mgptpUj;jp mile;Js;s INuhg;gpa kw;Wk; Mrpa ehLfspd;
ntw;wpfF
; f; fhuzk; me;ehLfspy; njhopDl;gf; fy;tp kw;Wk; njhopw; gapwr
; pj; Jiwf;Fupa njhopDl;g ghlj;Jiwia gy;fiyf;foff;
fy;tpf;F Vw;wtifapy; rkhe;jukhd xU fy;tpj; Jiwahf mgptpUj;jp nra;jikAk; me;ehLfspYs;s njhopDl;gg; ghlj;Jiwia
mg;ghlrhiyfspy; fhzg;gl;l ghlq;fSld; kpf Kiwahd tifapy; fye;jikAk; MFk;.

,isQu; tptfhuq;fs; vd;w tplaj;Jld; jpwd;fs; mgptpUj;jpiaAk; Nru;j;J xU mikr;rpid cUthf;fpa Kjy; ehL
,yq;ifNa MFk;. mjpNkjF rdhjpgjp k`pe;j uh[gf;\ mtu;fs; ,w;iwf;F ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G mt; caupa
eltbf;ifia vLj;jik mgptpUj;jp mile;j etPd ,yq;ifia cUthf;Fk; gzpapd; mbg;gilahd xU eltbf;ifahFk;.
mjhtJ njhopDl;gg; ghlj;Jiwia ,yq;ifg; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd; cau;jug; ghlnewpfSld; Nru;j;jJld; ,isQu;
mYty;fs; kw;Wk; jpwd;fs; mgptpUj;jp mikr;ir cUthf;Fk;NghJ fhzg;gl;l Muk;g Nehf;fq;fs;> vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; vy;yhk;
tYg;ngw ,Ue;j ,Wjpahd jilAk; ,y;yhkw; NghAs;snjd;gJ vdJ ek;gpf;if MFk;. mjhtJ> ,jpypUe;J njhopDl;gf;
fy;tpj;Jiw %yk; jpwd;fs; mgptpUj;jpf;F EioAk; ,isQu;> Atjpfs; mjw;Fupa mwpT> jpwik Nghd;wtw;Wld; mbg;gil
vz;zf;fUf;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJk; ghlrhiyfs; %yNk MFk;. Fwpg;ghf ghlrhiyg; ghlnewpfSld; njhopDl;gg;
ghlnewpiar; Nru;g;gjd; %yk; ,ijg;gw;wp khzt khztpfsplKk; ngw;Nwhu;fsplKk; cUthFk; tuNtw;G kw;Wk; ek;gpf;if
fhuzkhf mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfspy; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapd; ,Wjpapy; njhopDl;gg; ghlnewpf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s tuNtw;Gf;Fr;
rkkhd tuNtw;G vkJ ehlbYk;; cUthFk; vd;gJ vdJ ek;gpf;ifahFk;.

Fwpg;ghf ehk; tho;fpd;w ,e;j 21Mk; E}w;whz;L> Mrpahtpd; E}w;whz;lhnldg;gLfpwJ. ,e;E}w;whz;L mwpit Nfe;jpukhff;
nfhz;l mwpit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l nghUshjhuj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;ljhFk;. MfNt> kyuTs;s Mrpahtpd; E}w;whz;by;
NghJ mwpthu;ej; nghUshjhuj;jpd; kPJ cUthFk; etPd mgptpUj;jpaile;j ,yq;iff;Fj; Njitahd jpwikAs;s njhopyhsu;fs;
ghlrhiyfspNyNa cUthfl;Lk; vd gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.

ly]; mofg;n gUk

nfsut ,isQu; mYty;fs; jpwd;fs; mgptpUj;jp mikr;ru;
,isQu; mYty;fs; jpwd;fs; mgptpUj;jp mikr;R
epGzl;ll gpar.
nfhOk;G - 05
v
fy;t pf; fz; f hzpg; G g; ghuhSkd; w cWg; g pdupd; Mrpr; n ra; j p

njhopDl;gg; ghlj; Jiwiaj; Njrpa fy;tp Kiwikf;F mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; ,e;j epfo;r;rpf;F Mrpr;nra;jp toq;ff; fpilj;jikia
vdJ ngUk; Ngwhff; fUJfpNwd;.

Nfhl;ghl;L mwpT uPjpahf kl;Lkd;wp f.ngh.j cau;juj;jpy; gapYk; ,yq;if khztu;fs; nrad;Kiw uPjpahd mwpitngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjpy; ,j;njhopDl;gg; ghlj; Jiwapd; mwpKfkhdJ kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xd;whFk;. ,j;njhopDl;gj;Jiwf;fhd
Mff; Fiwe;j jifikahdJ f.ngh.j rhjhuz jug; guPl;irapy; fzpjk;> tpQ;Qhdk; cl;gl VNjDk; %d;W ghlq;fspy;
jpwikr; rpj;jpfSld; MW ghlq;fspy; rpj;jp ngw;wpUj;jy; MFk;.

Nkw;gb ghlj; JiwahdJ khztu;fSf;F NtiyAyfpy; Eiotjw;fhd gpuNahf uPjpahd mwpitAk; njhopDl;gj; Nju;r;rpiaAk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tha;g;ig toq;fp Nfhl;ghl;Lg; gpd;dzpAld; $ba mbg;gil tpsf;fj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;j cjTk;.

NkYk;> ,e;jg; ghlg;gpupitg; gapYk; khztu;fs; f.ngh.j. cau;jug; guPl;irapy; cau; milTfisg; ngWthu;fshapd;
epr;rakhf Njrpa gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; mDkjpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;fs;. mNjNtis gy;fiyf;fof mDkjpf;fhd jFjpiag;
ngwj; jtwpatu;fs; Njrpa njhopy;rhu; jifikia (NVQ) Njrpa njhopDl;g kw;Wk; njhopw;fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; fPo;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

,Wjpahf midj;J fy;tpkhd;fSf;Fk; gy;NtW epWtd mjpfhupfSf;Fk;> mikr;ru;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fSf;Fk;

Nkw;gb Njrpa gzpapy; gq;fspj;jikf;fhf vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

jpU. nkh`hd;yhy; fpNwW

fz;fhzpg;Gg; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;>
fy;tp mikr;R>
gj;juKy;y
,yq;if

vi
fy; t p mikr; r pd; nrayhsupd; Mrpr; n ra; j p

Njrpa fy;tp Kiwikapy; Gjpa njhopDl;gj;Jiwia mq;Fuhu;gg; zk; nra;Ak; jUzj;jpy; Mrprn
; ra;jpia toq;ff; fpilj;jikaplL
;
ngUkfpo;r;rpailfpNwd;. vkJ gl;ljhupfspd; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gLk; Nju;r;rpapd;ik my;yJ Nju;r;rpf; FiwT jkJ njhopiy
rpwg;ghfr; nra;tjw;Fj; jilahf mike;Js;sJ. ,e;j epiyik ,yq;if murpdJk; njhopw; re;ijapdJk; ftdj;ij
ntFthf <u;j;Js;sJ.

njhopw; re;ijapy; mjpfupj;JtUk; Nfs;tpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopw;wpwDs;s ,isQu;fis cUthf;Fk; nghUl;L ,yq;if
murhq;fk; %d;whk;epiyf; fy;tpapy; njhopDl;gj;Jiwia mwpKfg;gLj;j eltbf;if vLj;Js;sJ.

,jw;fpzq;f murhq;fk; fiyj;Jiwiaj; njupTnra;Ak; khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiag; gbg;gbahff; Fiwg;gjw;Fj; jpl;l

kplL
; s;sJld; Vida Jiwfspy; khztu;fspd; vz;zpfi ; fiaf; $l;Ltjw;Fk; Gjpa njhopDl;gg; gpupTfis gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk;
njhopDl;g kw;Wk; njhopw; fy;tp epWtdq;fspYk; mwpKfg;gLj;jTs;sJ. ,jd; Nehf;fk; NtiyAyfpwF ; j; Njitahd jifikfis
khztu;fSf;F toq;FtjhFk;.

Nkw;gb cj;Njr njhopDl;gj;JiwahdJ f.ngh.j. cau;juj;jpy; jdpahd gpupthf miktJld;> mjDld; njhlu;Gila
ghlq;fisj; njupT nra;tjd;; %yk; gue;j njhopDl;gg; gug;igf; fw;gjw;F ,aYkhfTkikAk;.

v];. vk;. Nfhl;lhga [auj;d

nrayhsu;>
fy;tp mikr;R>
gj;juKy;y.
,yq;if.
07.A+d;..2103

vii
fy;tp ntspaPl ;L Mizahsu; ehaj;jpd; Mrpr;nra;jp

2014 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopDl;gj;Jiwg; ghlq;fs; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; eilKiwapDs; cs;sPu;f;fg;gl;l
Gjpa tplakhFk;.

muR kw;Wk; fy;tp mikr;R. fhyj;jpd; ngWkjpkpff

; ,g;ghlj;Jiwia njhopwf
; y;tpff
; hd xU gpuNtrkhf eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
,g;Gjpa ghlj;JiwapDs; cs;sPu;f;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlq;fspd; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij mr;rpl;L toq;FtjhdJ. khztu;fs; kw;Wk;
Mrpupau;fSf;Fg; Nghd;Nw mjd; jd;ikapidf; fw;gjw;F tpUk;Gk; midtUf;Fk; fzprkhd msT Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ
vd vz;Zfpd;Nwd;.

,g;ghlj;jpl;l Mf;fj;Jf;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j midtiuAk; ed;wpawpjNyhL kjpf;fpd;Nwd;. ,jidg; gad;gLj;jp ghlg;gug;gpid
tpsq;fp fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; eltbf;iffiag; gaDilajhf Mf;fpf;nfhs;s MrPu;tjpf;fpd;Nwd;.

jp];] N`thtpjhd
fy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafk;>
fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;>
,RUgha
gj;juKy;y.

viii
Njrpa fy;t p epWtfg; gzpg;g hsu; ehafj;j pd; Mrpr;n ra;j p
cj;Njr fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpu cau;ju njhopDl;gj; JiwahdJ ,yq;ifapd; nghJf; fy;tp Kiwikapy; Vw;gl;l xU
jpUg;GKidahFk;. Vnddpy;> ,J tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; njhopDl;gf; fw;iffSf;F mjpf tha;g;ig toq;Ftjd; %yk; f.ngh.j
cau;jug; guPl;irf;F fiyj;Jiwiaj; njupT nra;Ak; khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiag; ngUksTf;Ff; Fiwj;J jw;NghJ
fhzg;gLk; fl;likg;gpd; rkdpiyapd;ikia ePf;FfpwJ.

njhopDl;gf; fy;tpia mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij If;fpa ehLfspd; fy;tp> r%f kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L mikak;
(UNESCO) kw;Wk; ru;tNjr njhopyhsu; mikak; (ILO) tpd; 2002 Mk; Mz;L tpjg;Giu ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ. njhopDl;gf;
fy;tpapd; mwpKfkhdJ NtiyAyfpw;Fk; njhopDl;g cyfpw;Fk; mwpKfj;ijj; jUtJld; fy;tpg;Gyj;ijAk; tpupTgLj;Jk;.
,jd; tpisthdJ fw;wy; rhjdq;fs;> fUtpfs;> cj;jpfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpg; gbKiwfs;> gfpu;T> KOikahd Kfhikj;Jtk;
vd;gtw;iwj; Njbaha;tjhf miktNjhL nrad;Kiw mDgtq;fs; %ykhff; fw;wy; nray;Kiwfis tsg;gLj;JfpwJ.

cyfshtpa uPjpapy; gy ehLfs; njhopDl;gj; Jiwapid rpNu\;l ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jp cs;sJld; mjd;
ed;ikfis jkJ ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fk; gad;gLj;jpAs;sd. ,e;j Gjpa njhopDl;gj; JiwahdJ khztu;fSf;F
nghwpapay; njhopDl;gtpay;> capupay; Kiwikfs; njhopDl;gtpay;> njhopDl;gj;jpw;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; Nghd;w gpujhd
ghlg;gug;Gfis fw;gjw;F re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;Fk;. mj;Jld; Njrpa njhopw;WiwfSf;fhd jifikiaAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
khztu;fSf;F re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;FtJld; cau;jug; guPl;irapd; gpd;du; NtiyAyfpw;F ,yFthfg; gpuNtrpf;fTk; topnra;Ak;.

mjpNkjF [dhjpgjp k`pe;j uh[gf;\ mtu;fs; kw;Wk; fy;tp> cau;fy;tp> njhopw;gapw;rp kw;Wk; jpwd; tpUj;jp Nghd;w
mikr;Rf;fspd; mikr;ru;fs; Gjpa njhopDl;gj; Jiwia mwpKfQ; nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czu;eJ
; s;sijAk; ,yq;ifapd;
fy;tp Kiwikf;F mjid mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jikiaAk; ntFthfg; ghuhl;LfpNwd;.

mikr;Rfspd; nrayhsu;fs;> gy;fiyf;fof khdpaq;fs; Mizf; FOtpd; jiytu; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd;
cgNte;ju;fs; kw;Wk; fiyj;jpl;l mgptpUj;jpf; FO cWg;gpdu;fs; MfpNahupd; ngWkjpkpf;f Nritia Gjpa njhopDl;gj;
Jiwapd; mwpKfj;jpw;fhf Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpw;F toq;fpaikf;F ed;wp $WfpNwd;.

Nguhrpupau; lgps;a+. vk;. mNguj;d gz;lhu

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ix
1.0 mwpKfk;
njhopDl;gf; fy;tpia mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij If;fpa ehLfspd; fy;tp> r%f kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L mikak; (UNESCO)
kw;Wk; ru;tNjr njhopyhsu; mikaj;jpd; (ILO) 2002Mk; Mz;bd; tpjg;Giu Mfpad ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ. njhopDl;gf; fy;tpapd;
mwpKfkhdJ NtiyAyfpw;Fk; njhopDl;g cyfpw;Fk; mwpKfj;ijj; jUtJld; fy;tpg;Gyj;ijAk; tpupTgLj;Jk;. ,jd; tpisthdJ
fw;wy; rhjdq;fs;> fUtpfs;> cj;jpfs; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpg; gbKiwfs;> gfpu;T> KOikahd Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gtw;iw Njbaha;tjhf
miktNjhL nrad;Kiw mDgtq;fs; %ykhff; fw;wy; nrad;Kiwfisg; ngWkjpkpf;fjhf;FfpwJ.
rpNul;l ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy; njhopDl;gj;Jiwia mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy; gy ehLfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mrpag; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy;
mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; kNyrpahtpd; mDgtk; ,jidr; rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,yq;ifapy; f.ngh.j(rhjhuz
juj; j py; ) vy;y h khztu; f Sf; F k; mspf; f g; gLk; njhopy; r hu; ghlq; f spd; njhFjpahdJ cyfshtpa gzpf;F k; > cyfshtpa
njhopy;Dl;gj;jpw;Fk; xU Muk;gg; gbahf ,Ug;gpDk;> Nkyjpfkhf njhopDl;guPjpahf Kidg;Gw;w fy;tpf;F mjhtJ %d;whk;epiyf;
fy;tpiaf; fw;gjw;Nfh> nghUj;jkhd njhopy;tha;g;igg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Nfh NghJkhd tha;g;Gf;fis mtu;fSf;F toq;ftpy;iy.

,yq;ifapd; nghJf;fy;tpapd; xU iky;fy;yhd> jw;NghJ gpNuupf;fg;gl;Ls;s cau;ju njhopDl;gj;Jiwia milahsq; fhzKbAk;.

Vnddpy;> ,J cau;juj;jpy; fiyj;Jiwiaj; njupTnra;Ak; khzu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fiwf;Fk;. mj;Jld; njhopDl;gk; kw;Wk;
tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia 2016Mk; Mz;lstpy; Rkhu; 40%jpdhy; mjpfupf;Fk;. mt;thwhd njhopy;El;gj;jpwd;
nfhz;l khztu;fs; gl;ljhupfshFk;NghJ> ehl;bd; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%fk; rhu;e;j mgptpUj;jpf;F mtu;fshy; Mf;fj;jpwDld;
tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f gq;fspg;ig toq;f KbAk;.

gpNuupf;fg;gl;Ls;s njhopDl;gj;JiwahdJ> cau;ju tFg;gpy; xU jdpahd gpupthf> njspthd tifapy; milahsq; fhzg;gLk;. mJ>
Njitahd ghlnewpfSld; $ba gue;j njhopy;Dl;gf; fw;ifg; gug;gpid cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. fy;tpaikr;rpYk;> gy;fiyf;fof khdpaq;fs;
Mizf;FOtpYk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpYk; eilngw;w fye;Jiuahly;fspd; Ngwhf> nghwpapay; njhopDl;gtpay; kw;Wk; capupay;
Kiwikfs; njhopDl;gtpay; vDk; ,uz;L gue;j njhopDl;gg; gug;Gfs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;lJ. ,it ,uz;bYk; VjhtnjhU ghlj;ij
khztu;fs; njupT nra;ayhk;. ,e;jr; Nru;khdj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ ghlkhd njhopDl;gj;jpw;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; vd;gJ tpQ;Qhdk;.
fzpjk; kw;Wk; jftw;; njhopDl;gk; Mfpad njhlu;ghd mbg;gil mwpit toq;fp> njupTnra;j njhopDl;gg; ghlnewpiaf; fw;f
cjtpahf mikAk;. ,r;Nru;khdj;jpd; %d;whtJ ghlk;> Vw;fdNt f.ngh.j cau;juj;jpw;fhd ghlq;fspd; njhFjpapypUe;;J njupT
nra;ag;gLk;.

njhopDl;gf; fw;ifj; Jiwapy; mlq;Fk; ghlq;fs; tUkhW

1. nghwpapaw;; njhopDl;gtpay; / capupay;Kiwikfs;; njhopDl;gtpay; (Vjhtnjhd;W)

2. njhopDl;gtpaypw;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;
3. gpd;tUk; ghlq;fspy; xd;W
x
 nghUspay;
Gtpapay;
kidg; nghUspay;
Mq;f pyk;
njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clff; fw;if
jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghlw; njhopDl;gtpay;
rpj;jpuk;
tzpff; fy;tp
tptrha tpQ;Qhdk;
fzf; fpay;

Nehf;f q;fs;
ehshe;j tho;tpw;Fg; gad;glj;jf;f tifapy; khztu;fis njhopDl;gj; jpwd;fs; nfhz;Nlhuhf Maj;jk; nra;jy;
gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; njhopDl;guPjpahd jPu;Tfis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
Nkyjpf njhopw;wifikia toq;Fjy;.
NVQ rl;lfj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; khztu;fis mtu;fspd; njhopy;rhu; fy;tpiaj; njhlu ,aYkhdtu;fshf;Fjy;.

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

fzpg; gPL
ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL> ghlrhiyfspNyNa elhj;jg;gLk;. mjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fSk; topfhl;ly;fSk; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G
topfhl;bapy; toq;fg;gLk;.

kjpg;gP L
fzpg;gPlhdJ guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; elhj;jg;gLk;. Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapy; khjpup tpdhj;jhs;fs; gpuRupf;fg;gLk;.
vt;thNwDk; mwpKiwg; guPl;irf;fhf 75% Gs;spfSk;> nra;Kiwg; guPl;irf;fhf 25% Gs;spfSk; toq;fg;gLk;.

njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk

xi
02. Njrpa nghJ ,yf;Ffs;
Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ> jdpegu;fF
; k; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk;
FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk; jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk;
epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhyf; fy;tp mikg;Gf;fspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff;
fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf> epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fUj;jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf;$ba
gpd;tUk; ,yf;Fj; njhFjpapid Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.
I. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUf;fs; Njrpag;gpizg;G> Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;>
rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy; %yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy; %yKk;
Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifau; vDk; milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.
II. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL> Njrpa ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis
mq;fPfupj;jYk; NgZjYk;.
III. kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> xUtu; kPJ xUtu; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j>
,ilawhj mf;fiwAzu;T vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;f;ifKiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa
Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjupj;jYk;.
IV. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff;
Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;
V. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fupa Mf;fr; rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk;
cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
VI. jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijg; Ngh~pf;ff; $baJk; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;
$baJkhd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jp.
VII. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g> ,zq;fp thoTk; khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk; jahu;gLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy;
rpf;fyhdJk;> vjpu;ghuhjJkhd epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
VIII. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu kupahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> ru;tNjr rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhu; ,lj;ijg;
ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$ba kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;jy;.

xii
3.0 mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;
fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.
I. njhlu;g hly; Nju;r;rpfs;
njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT>
jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik.
vOj;jwpT: ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk; nrk;ikahfTk;
vOJjy;> gad;jUk; tifapyhd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;
vz;zwpT: nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;F
Kiwahf msj;jy;
rpj;jpu mwpT: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;. tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iw
NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;
jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik: fzpdp mwpT - fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;> nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;g hly;
njhopDl;gq;fisg; (ICT) gad;gLj;jy;
II. MSik tpUj;j p njhlu;g hd Nju;r ;rpfs;
- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;> EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid>
mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;> jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd jpwikfs;.
- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj; jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;.
- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT.
III. #oy; njhlu;g hd Nju;r;r pfs;
,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd - r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk;
r%fr; #oy;: Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk;
Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk;
rl;lG+u;tkhdJkhd rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy; mf;fiwAk;
capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay; #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;> fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;>
tpyq;F> kdpj tho;T Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;
fw;wYf;Fk; Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk; tho;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk; njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk;
,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
xiii
 ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;>
Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs;
Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tk; Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk; Ntiy
nra; t jw; F k; tho; t jw; F k; fUtpfisAk; njhopDl; g q; f isAk; gad; g Lj; J k; jpwd; f Sk; ,q; F
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

IV. Ntiy cyfj;j pw;Fj; jahu; nra;j y; njhlu;g hd Nju;r;rpfs;.

khztu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg; Ngh~pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu;
jpwd;fs;.
- nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;.
- mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;Gf;fisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;.
- mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;.
- gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;.

V. rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;g hd Nju;r;rpfs;.

md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk; ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp
njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;

VI. Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;g Lj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;w pa Nju;r;rpfs;.

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T Neug; nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fG+u;tr;
nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; Nghd;w kdpj mDgtq;fs;

VII. fw;w Yf;F f; fw;wy; njhlHghd Nju;r;rpfs;.

tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy; xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk;
khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;KiwA+lhf> khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk;
ngwr; nra;jy;.
(Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003 bnrk;gu;)
xiv
 cs; s lf; f k;
juk; 13
gf;fk;
nfsut fy;tp mikr;rupd; Mrpr;nra;jp iii
nfsut cau;fy;tp mikr;rupd; Mrpr;nra;jp iv
nfsut ,isQu; mYty;fs; kw;Wk; jpwd;fs; mgptpUj;jp mikr;r upd; Mrpr;nra;jp v
fy;t pf; fz;fhzpg;Gg; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdupd; Mrpr;nra;jp vi
fy;t p mikr;r pd; nrayhsupd; Mrpr;nra;jp vii
fy;t p ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; Mrpr;nra;jp viii
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; Mrpr;nra;jp ix
mwpKfk; x
Njrpa nghJ ,yf;Ffs; xii
mbg;gilj; Nju;r ;rpfs; xiii

myF
01. kpd; nghwpfSk; tYj;njhFjpfSk; 01
02. mbg;gil ,yj;jpudpay; njhopDl;gKk; mjd; gad;ghLk; 06
03. tPl;L ePu;toq;fYk; foptfw;wYk; 12
04. gha;kg; nghwpfs; (gk;gpfs;> Roypfs;) 14
05. ve;jpupa epakq;fSk; juepu;zaj; njhFjpfSk; 18
06. epy mstPL 20
07. kjpg;gPLk; msitr;rpl;il jahupj;jYk; 29
08. Kaw;rpahz;ikAk; Kfhikj;JtKk; 30

xv
nghwpapay; njhopDl;gtpay; - juk; 13 myF 1 - kpd;nghwpfSk; tYj;njhFjpfSk;
ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
1.0 k p d ; t Y i t g ; 1.1 Roy; nghwpnahd;wpd; rf;jp epiy khw;wk; gpd;tUk; rf;jp epiykhw;wq;fs; epfOk; 04
gpwg;gpj;J mjid Nfhl;ghl;il tpsf;F- jf;ifj; jpUF tpjp tpjj;ij me;je;j tpjpiaj; Jizahff;
CLflj;JtJ thu;. tyf;if tpjp nfhz;L tpsf;Fthu;.
gw; w p tptupj; J > ,lf;if tpjp nghwpKiwr;rf;jp kpd;rf;jp
ghJfhg;ghfg; Nkhl;lupd; njhopw;ghL kpd;rf;jp nghwpKiwr;rf;jp
gad;gLj;JtNjhL> gpwg;gpj;jw; njhopw;ghL
Njitf;Nfw;g
k p d ; n g h w p i a j ; 1.2 MlNyhl;lg; nghwp- MlNyhl;lg; gpwg;ghf;fpfs; MlNyhl; l Nkhl;l nuhd; w pd; eOty; 08
njupTnra;J fspd; rpwg; g pay; - Rakhf mUl;ba gpwg;ghf;fpfs; tisaq;fspd;(Slip rings) njhopw;ghl;il
nfhs;thu;. Gfisf; fw;W> (Self excited generators) tpsf;Fthu;.
Njitf;Nfw;g> kpfTk; jdpjj ; dpNa mUl;ba gpwg;ghf;fpfs; MlNyhl;l gpwg;ghf;fpapd; gag;G (output)
nghUj;jkhd (Seperately excited generators) Kidfspy; mikAk; Nthy; w ; w sT
Nkhl; l iuj; njupT MlNyhl;l Nkhl;lu; tiffs; miyia tiuthu;.
nra;J nfhs;thu;. KWf;F (windings) mw;w Roypfs; Rakhf mUl;ba kw;Wk; jdpj;jdpNa
xd; w p mtj; i jj; J}z; b mUl;ba gpwg;ghf;fpfspd; njhopw;ghl;il
Nkhl;lu; (Single phase induction tpsf;Fthu;.
motor) MlNyhl;l Nkhl;liu tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
% mtj;ijj; J}z;b Nkhl;lu; MlNyhl;l Nkhl;lupy; Roy; fhe;j g;
(Three phase induction motor) GyKk;> njhlf;f KWf;fKk; Njhd;Wk;
kiwg;gpl;l KidT Nkhl;lu; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
(Shaded pole motor) Nkw ; g b x t ; n t hU Nkhl; l updJk;
KWf; F fs; (windings) cs; s gad;ghLfis tptupg;ghu;.
Nkhl;lu;fs;
rktPj Nkhl;lu;
(Synchronous motor)
mfpy Nkhl;lu;
(Universal motor)

1
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
1.3 ntt;NtW NeNuhl;l Roy; nghwpnahd; w pd; mNkr; r u; NeNuhl;l Nkhl;lnuhd;wpd; jpirkhw;wpapd; 05
Nkhl;lhu;fspd; KWf;F> ntspr; Rw;Wld; njhlu;GWk; (Commutator) njhopw;ghl;il tpsf;Fthu;.
rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; tpjk; NeNuhl;lg; gpwg;g hf;fpnahd;w pd; gag;G
fw;W> Njitf;Nfw;g MNkr;rupy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; Kidfspd; miytbj;ij tiuthu;.
nghUj;jkhd Nthy;w;wsT NeNuhl; l g; gpw g; g hf; f papd; gag ; G
Nkhl;liuj; NeNuhl;l Nkhl;lupy; Gy KWf;Fk; Nthy;w;wsit mjpfupf;fj;jf;f tpjj;ij
njupTnra;J (Field winding) MNkr;ru; KWf;Fk; tpsf;Fthu;.
nfhs;thu;. (Armature winding) njhluhd Rw;W (Series wound)> gf;fu;r;
NeNuhl; l Nkhl; l upd; MNkr; r u; Rw; W (Shunt wound)> $l; L r; Rw; W
Xl;lj;jpd; gb KWf;fKk; NtfKk; (Compound wound) Nkhl;lu;fspy>; RUs;fs;
NtWgLjy;. ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ij tiuthu;.
xt;nthU Nkhl;lu; tifapdJk;
Ntfj;ijAk; KWf;fj;ijAk; xg;gpLthu;.
ntt; N tW NeNuhl; l Nkhl; l u; f spd;
gad;ghLfis tptupg;ghu;.

1.4 Fwpj;j Ntiyf;Fg; kpd;fhe;jj; J}z;ly; (Electro magnetic RUnshd;wpy; J}z;lg;gl;l Nthy;ww
; sit 05
nghUj;jkhd induction) tpsf; F jYf; f hd / tiutpf; f zg; -
kpd;khw;wpiaj; Ra J}z;ly; (Self induction) gLj;JjYf;fhd Nfhitnahd;w pidf;
njupTnra;J jk;Ks; J}z;ly; (Mutual induction) Fwpg;gpLthu;.
nfhs;thu;. J}z; l y; Nthy; w ; w sTld; Xl; lk; gbFiw epiykhw;w pnahd;w pd; gag;G
NtWgLk; tPjj;Jf;Fk; fhe;jg;ghak; Nthy;w;wsit msg;ghu;.
NtWgLk; tPjj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
njhlu;G
kpd;khw;wp KWf;Ffspd; Rw;Wf;fspd;
( winding) vz;zpf;iff;Fk;
Nt hy ; w ; w sT f; F k; ,i la py hd
njhlu;G

2
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
epiykhw; w p tiffs; (types of g p d ; t U k ; epiykhw;wpfspd;
transformers) njhopw; g hl; i lAk; gad; g hLfisAk;
t Y epi y khw ; w pfs; ( power tpsf;Fthu;.
trasformers) gbFiw epiykhw;wp
gbFiw (step down) gb$l;L epiykhw;wp
gb$l;L (step up) jdpahf;fy; epiykhw;wp
jdpahf;fy; (Isolation) Xl;lepiy khw;wp
Xl; l epiykhw; w pfs; (current mOj;j epiykhw;wp
trasformers) jd;dpaf;f (Auto) epiykhw;wp
mOj;j epiykhw;wpfs; (potential
trasformers)
jd;dpaf;f epiykhw;wpfs; (Auto
trasformers)

1.5 kpd;Dw;gj;jp kP s g; g pwg; g pf; f j; j f; f rf; j pfSk; kP s g; g pwg; g pf; f j; j f; f (Regenerative)> 07

epiyaq;fs; kPsg;gpwg;gpf;f Kbahj rf;jpfSk; kPsg;gpwg;gpf;f Kbahj rf;jpfis (Non
njhlu;ghf rf;jp Kjy;fs; regenerative) tpsf;Fthu;.
vspikahf ePupd; mOj;jr; rf;jp kpd; r f; j piag; gpwg; g pf; f j; j f; f rf; j p
tprhupj;jwpthu;. ntg;g rf;jp Kjy;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
vupnghUs; rf;jp xt;nthU rf;jp KjypdhYk; kpd;rf;jp
fhw;Wr; rf;jp gpwg;gpj;jiyr; RUf;fkhf tptupg;ghu;.
Qhapw;Wr; rf;jp e P u ; kp d ; c w ; g j ; j p e p i y a q ; f s p y ;
flyiyr; rf;jp gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; Royp tiffisf;
epyf;fPo; ntg;gr; rf;jp Fwpg;gpLthu;.
Royp (turbine) tiffs; eP u ; k pd; cw; g j; j p epiyankhd; w pd;
ePu; kpd;cw;gj;jp epiyaq;fspy; gag;G mbg;gilahd jpl;lj;jpd; tupg;glj;ij
Nt hy; w ; w sT fs; > $k; G Foha; tiuthu;.
(Penstock), fpsk;gy; miw (surge kpd; cw;gj;jp epiyaq;fis> ntt;NtW
fhuzpfSf;F mika tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

3
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
chamber)> Ruq; f top (Tunnel)
Mfpatw;wpd; njhopy;fs;
kpd; cw;gj;jp epiyaq;fspd; ghFghL
msT (size) f;F mika
gad;gLj;Jk; rf;jpf;F mika

1.6 ,yq;ifapy; kpd;tY CLflj; j Yf; F k; (Transmission), ,yq;ifapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; CLflj;jy; 07

CLflj;jy; kw;Wk; gfpu;Tf;Fk; (Distribution) ,ilapyhd Nthy;w;wsTfisAk; gfpu;T
tpepNahfg; NtWghL Nthy;w;wsTfisAk; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
nghwpKiwia CLflj;jy; Nthy;w;wsT kpd; gpwg; g hf; f pnahd; w pypUe; J tP L
,dq;fz;Lnfhs;thu;. gfpu;T Nthy;w;wsT tiuapy; kpd;rf;jp gfpug;gLk; tpjj;ij
nea;aup cg epiyak; (Grid substation) tptupg;ghu;.
CLflj;jy;> gfpu;T Mfpatw;Wf;Fj;
Njitahd Jizr; rhjdq;fSk;
cgfuzq;fSk;
kpd;rpl;i lnahd;W jahupg;g jw;Fj;
Njitahd juTfs;

1.7 kpd;idg; kpd;jhf;Ffs; kpd;j hf;F Vw;g Ljtw;Ff; fhuzq;fs; 08

gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ fhtyp NrjkilT $Wthu;.
Ml;fspd; ghJfhg;G Gtpj;njhLg;G Kidapy; kpd;jhf;F Vw;gLk; tpjj;ijAk; Xl;l
kPJ nry;thf;Fr; FiwghLfs; msTfisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.
nrYj;Jk; Ml;fSld; njhlu;Gila ,ay;Gfs; kpd; j hf; F Vw; g Ltjpy; nry; t hf; F r;
Kd;ghJfhg;G fpsk;gy; ghJfhg;G (Surge protection) nrYj;Jk; Ms; rhu; e;j ,ay;G fis
eltbf;iffisg; kpdd
; y; (Lightning) vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
gpd;gw;Wthu;. kpd; d y; fhuzkhf> kpd; f lj; j pfspy;
e pf Ok ; f ps k ; g y ; n j h o p w ; g hl ; i l
tpsf;Fthu;.

4
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
ghJfhg;G cgfuzq;fs; kpd; guhkupg;gpd;NghJ Fwpj;j ghJfhg;G
ghjzp (Boots) cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
ifAiw (Gloves)
fhtyplg;g l;l cgfuzq;f s; /
fUtpfs;

1.8 cgfuzq;fspd; jPg;ghJfhg;G ru;tNjr kpd; ve;jputpay; xOq;Ftpjpfspd; 06

ghJfhg;Gf;Fupa cau; Xl;lk; gha;jy; ( International Electrical Engineering
Kw;ghJfhg;G jsu;thd ,izg;Gf;fs; Regulations) gb Kw;ghJfhg;G
eltbf;iffisg; jPaiz fUtpfs; eltbf;i ffisg; gpd;g w;w Ntz;ba
gpd;gw;Wthu;. tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
jP tiff;F Vw;g> gad;gLj;Jk;
jPaizfUtp tifia tptupg;ghu;.

5
nghwpapay; njhopDl;gtpay; - juk; 13 myF 2 - mbg;gil ,yj;jpudpay; njhopDl;gKk; mjd; gad;ghLk;
ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
2.0 gy ; N tW Fiw - 2.1 Fiwflj;jpg; nghUs;- Fiwflj;jpfs; P tif kw;Wk; N tiff; Fiwflj;jpg; 02
flj;j pr; Jizr; fspd; rpwg; g pay; - Fiwflj;jp %yfq;fs; nghUs;fspd; mikg;ig tpsf;fp> mit
rhjdq;fspd; Gfis tpsf;Fthu;. P tif kw;Wk; N tiff; flj;jhiwf; fhl;Lk; tpjj;ijr; RUf;fkhf
rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; Fiwflj;jpfs; tpsf;Fthu;.
fUj;jpw; nfhz;L
xg; G sp> ,af; f 2.2 ntt; N tWtif P-N P-N re;jp P-N r e ; j p n a h d ; w p d ; , y l ; r p a r ; 08
,yj;jpudpay; re;j pfisf; Fwpj;j ,Uthap (Diode) tiffs; rpwg;gpay;Gfisk; eilKiwr;
njhopDl;gj;Jf;fhf NjitfSf;fhfg; rPuhf;fp ,Uthap ( R e c t i f i e r rpwg;gpay;GfisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.
mj;Jizr; rhj- gad;gLj;Jthu;. Diode) rPuhf;fp ,Uthapfs;> Nrdu; ,Uthapfs;>
dq;fisg; gad;- Nrdu; ,Uthap (Zener Diode) xspfhYk; ,Uthapfs;> Gs;spj;njhLif
gLj;jj;jf;f tpjj;- xspfhYk; ,Uthap(Light Emitting ,Uthapfs; Mfpatw;w pd; Kd;K ff;
Nfhly; kw; W k; gpd; K ff; Nfhly;
ij tprhupj;jwpthu;. Diode - L.E.D.)
rpwg;gpay;G tisapfis tiuthu;.
Gs;spj; njhLif ,Uthap (Point
Nkw;gb ,Uthapfspd; njhopw;ghl;ilAk;
Contact Diode)
gad;ghLfisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.
Nkw;gb ,Uthapfisf; NfhlYwr; P-N-P kw;Wk; N-P-N jpuhd;rpw;wu;fspd;
nra;jYk; mtw;wpd; gpuNahfq;fSk; mikg;ig tiuthu;.
P-N nghUs;fspd; NtW njhlu;Gfs; mt;ntht;nthU jpuhd;rpw;wupYk; cs;s
,Uik KidT jpuhd;rpw;wu; P-N re; j pfs; ,uz; i lAk; Nfhlr;
(Bipolar transistor) nra;aNtz;ba tpjj;ij tpsf;fp> Fwpj;j
Gy tpisTj; jpuhd;rpw;wu; (Field Rw;Wtupg;glj;ij tiuthu;.
Effect Transistor - E.F.T) jpuhd;rpw;wupy; Xl;lk; ghAk; jpiriaf;
fhl;b> mjd; njhopw;ghl;il tpsf;Fthu;.
re; j p Gy tpisTj; jpuhd; r pw; w upd;
(J.F.E.T) cs ; s i kg; i g t iue; J
tpsf;Fthu;.
J.F.E.T (jpuhd;rpww
; u;fis) Nfhlr; nra;Ak;
tpjj;ij tiue;J tpsf;Fthu;.
J.F.E.T (jpuhd;rpw;wu;fspd;) njhopw;ghl;il
tpsf;Fthu;.

6
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
2.3 NeNuhl;lj;Njitfis miymiur; rPuhf;fy; (Half wave miu miyr; rPuhf;fr; Rw;wpd; 06
epiwTnra; J nfhs; - rectification) Rw;Wtupg;glj;ij tiuthu;.
tjw;fhf P-N re;jpia KO miyr; rPuhf;fy; ( Full wave ikaj; njhlYW ( Centre tapped)
rP u hf; f pahfg; gad; - rectification) epiykhw;wpnahd;wpidg; gad;gLj;jp> KO
gLj;Jthu;. tbfl;ly; (Filtering) m i y r ; rP u hf ; f p r ; R w ; n w h d; w pi d
nkd;gw;whR gpbj;jy; (Soft Soldering) xUq;fikg;ghu;. (assemble)
Nthy;w;wsTr; rPuhf;fk; ( V o l t a g e ghyr; rPuhf;fpnahd;wpidg; gad;gLj;jp>
rectification) KO miyr; rPuhf;fpr; Rw;nwhd;wpid
xOq;fikg;ghu;.
tbfl;b ,l;ljd; gpd;du;> NeNuhl;l kl;lk;
mjpfupj;J> Fw;wiy Nthy;w;wsT kl;lk;
(Ripple voltage level) FiwtilAk; vdf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
Nthy; w ; w sTr; rP u hf; f pnahd; w pidj;
njhLg;gjd; %yk; gag;G Nthy;w;wsit
epiyg;gLj;Jthu;.

2.4 x g ; G s p tif xg; G sp tifFwpj; j Yk; ,yf; f xg;Gsp (Analog) kw;Wk; ,yf;fr; (Digital) 02
Fwpj;jYf;Fk; ,yf;f tifFwpj;jYk; rkpf;iQfspd; ,ay;Gfis ntt;Ntwhf
tifFwpj;jYf;Fk; xg;Gspr; rkpf;iQfisAk; ,yf;fr; Kd;itg;ghu;.
,ilapyhd NtW- rkpf;iQfisAk; xg;gpLjy;
ghl;il tpsf;Fthu;. xg;Gsp kw;Wk; ,yf;fr; rkpf;iQfspd;
gad;ghLfs;
nga;gG; kw;Wk; gag;Gr; rkpf;iQfshf
xg;Gspr; rkpf;iQfisg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;

7
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
; iu Mspahfg; jpuhd;rpww
2.5 jpuhd;rpww ; upd; gukhdq;fs; (Parameters) jpuhd;rpww
; u;j; juTfis thrpfF
; k; jpwidg; 07
gad;gLj;Jthu;. eak; (Gain) ngWthu;.
cr;r Nrfupgg ; hd; Xl;lk; (Maximum Fwpj;j Njitf;Nfw;g jpuhd;rpw;wiuj;
collector current) njupT nra;thu;.
tY tpuak; (Power dissipation) jpuhd;rpw;wiu Mspahfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
cr;r toq;fy; Nthw;wsT nghwpKiw Mspf; F k; jpuhd; r pw; w u;
jpuhd;rpw;wupd; ,lkhw;Wr; Mspf; F k; ,ilapyhd NtWghl; i l
rpwg;gpay;Gfs; (Transfer characteristics) xg;gpLthu;.
Jz;bg;Gg; gpuNjrk; (Cut off region)
capu;g;Gg; gpuNjrk; (Active region)
epuk;gy; gpuNjrk; (Saturation region)
jpuhd;rpw;wiu Mspahfg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;.

2.6 rkpf; i Q kl; l j; i j jpuhd;rpw;wiu> tpupayhf;fpahf Nfhlr; gpd;tUk; Nfhly;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf 12

tpupayhf;fj;jf;f xU nra;jy;. Rw;wtupg;glq;fs; tiuthu;.
Rw;whf tpupayhf;fpiag; epiyj;j Nfhly; (Fixed biasing) epiyj;j Nfhly; (Fixed biasing)
gad;gLj;Jthu;. jw; Nfhly; (Self biasing) jw; Nfhly; (Self biasing)
mOj;jg;gpupg;Gf; Nfhly; (Potential mOj;jg;g pupg;Gf; Nfhly; (Potential
divider biasing) divider biasing)
jpuhd; r pw; w iu tpupayhf; f pahfg; Nkw;gb Nfhly;fs; njhlu;ghd
gad;gLj;Jjy;. vspikahd fzpj;jy;fs; nra;thu;.
FET i a t p u p a y h f ; f p a h f g ; mOj;jg; gpupg;Gf; Nfhliyg; gad;gLj;jp
gad;gLj;jy;. rpwpa rkpf;i Q tpupayhf;f pnahd;i w
nraw;ghl;L tpupayhf;fp (Operational xUq;fikg;ghu;.
amplifier) miyTfhl;bj;jpiuapy;> nga;g;G> gag;G
Fw;wptupg;glk; miy tbtq;fisf; fhl;Lthu;.
,yl;rpar; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; FET ,l;L> tpupayhf;fpr; Rw;nwhd;w pd;
tupg;glk; tiuthu;.

8
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
nga;g;Gj; jlq;fs; nraw;ghl;L tpupayhf;fpapd; Fw;wptupg;glk;
gag;Gj; jlq;fy; tiuthu;.
jpwe;j jl eak; ,yl;rpar; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
gl;il mfyk; (band width) juTg; gj; j punkhd; w pypUe; J ngw; w >
jug; g l; l nraw; g L tpupayhf; f papd;
rpwg;gpay;Gfis> ,yl;rpar;
rpwg;gpay;GfSld; xg;gpLthu;.
nraw;ghl;L tpupahyf;fpapd;
gpuNahfq;fs; Neu; k hw; w y; tpupayhf; f pnahd; w pid
Neu;khw;wy; (Inverting) tpupayhf;fp xUq;FNru;j;Jf; fzpj;jwpe;j eaj;ijAk;
Ne u; k h w ; w y ; my ; y hj ( Non- miyTfhl;bapy; mse;J ngw;w
Inverting)tpupayhf;fp eaj;ijAk; xg;gpLthu;.
xg;ghsp (comparator) nraw;ghl;L (Oscillator) tpupayhf;fpiag;
gad; g Lj; j p xsp czupnahd; w pd;
czu; j pwid tpUj; j pnra; t jw; f hf
xg;gPl;Lr; Rw;Wf;fis xUq;F Nru;g;ghu;.

2.7 miy tbtg; miyT fhl; b f; F upa mbg; g il miyT epfOtjw;Fj; Njitahdtw;iwf; 03
gpwg;ghf;fpahf vz;zf;fU fye;JiuahLthu;.
miyTfhl;bia miyTfhl;b tiffspy; gad;gLk; ntt;NtW miyTfhl;br; Rw;Wf;fisg;
,dq;fhz;ghu;. Jizf;$Wfs; gad;gLj;jp miy tbtq;fisg; ngWthu;.
NE 555 Neur; Rw;W

9
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
2.8 Njitf;Nfw;g ahNj- Jtpj vz;fs; (Binary numbers) ,yf;fq;fis tif Fwpg;gjw;fhf Jtpjf; 13
Dk; nrad;Kiwiaf; ju;f;fg; gliyfs; (Logic gates) Nfhyj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
fl;L g;g Lj;Jtjw;fhf cz;ik ml;ltizfs; (Truth tables) gpd; t Uk; ju; f ; f g; gliyfSf; F upa
,yf;fj;njhopDl;gj;ijg; FwpaPLfis tiue;J cz;ik
gad;gLj;Jthu;. Nru; k hdj; ju; f ; f r; Rw; W f; f s; ml;ltizfis mikg;ghu;.
(Combination logic circuits) AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR,
vspikahd ju;f;fr; Rw;Wf;fs; EXCLUSIVE OR
gupghilahf;fp (Encoder) ju; f ; f g; g liyfisg; gad; g Lj; j pg;
gpd;tUk;; Rw;Wf;fis xUq;FNru;g;ghu;.
gupghilePf;fp (Decoder)
jrk vz;fisj; Jtpj vz;fshf
khw;w tjw;fhd gupghilahf;fpfis
xUq;F Nru;g;ghu;.
Jtpj vz;fisj; jrk vz;fshf
khw; W tjw; f hf gupghileP f ; f pfis
xUq;F Nru;g;ghu;.
ntt;NtW nga;g;Gfspd;
Nru;khdq;fspd;gb> gag;igg; ngwj;jf;f
vspa ju;f;fg; gliyfis xUq;F
Nru;g;ghu;.
Jtpj vz; Nky; vz;zpnahd;wpid (Up
counter) xUq;FNru;g;ghu;.
,yf;f vz;zpfs; (Digital counters) N ky ; v z ; zp n a hd ; w p i d > k Pb w d ;
gpupapahfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f tpjj;ij
tpsf;Fthu;.
epuypj; j ju; f ; f f; fl; L g; g hl; L j; PLC fspy; tpupayhf;fiy tpsf;Fthu;.
njhFjpfs; (Programmable Logic PLC fspd; gad;fisAk; mD$yq;-
Control -PLC) fisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.
PLC fspd; Fw;wptupg;glk; tiuthu;.
PLC fspy; juT Fwpf;fg;gLk; tpjq;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.

10
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
2.9 n j h i y j ; n j h l u ; G j ; top CLflj;jy; (Line transmission) n j h i y j ; n j h l u ; G t o p n a h d ; w p d ; 10
NjitfSf;fhf xg;Gsp> thndhyp CLflj; j y; (Radio Kjd; i kf; Fzfq; f isf; (Primary
, y f ; fr ; r k pf ; i Q - transmission) coefficient) $Wthu;.
fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. cau; kP b wd; CLflj; j ypd; N ghJ
Kjd;ikf; Fzfq;fspd; tpisTfisf;
fye;JiuahLthu;.
cau; kPbwd; CLflj;jy; topfspy;
epfOk; kpd; fhe;jf; fjpu;g;ig (Electro -
Magnetic Radiation) vspikahf
tpsf;Fthu;.
k p d ; f h e ; j m i y f s ; g w ; w p a kpd;fhe;j miynahd;wpd; $WfisAk;>
vz;zf;fU mtw;wpd; rhu;gstpyhd jpirfisAk;
xg;Gspr; rkpf;iQ %yk; fhtpapy; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
epfOk; tPrr ; kl;birg;Gk; (Amplitude
modulation) kP b wd; kl; b irg; G k;
(Frequency modulation - FM)

,yf;fr; rkpf;iQ %yk; nra;ag;gLk; tPr;r kl;birg;G rkpf;iQnahd;wpdJk;

tPrr
; kl;birg;Gk; kPbwd; kl;birg;Gk; kPbwd; kl;birg;Gr; rkpf;iQnahd;wpdJk;
kl;birg;G mopj;jy; gw;wpa miy tbtq;fis tiue;J fhl;Lthu;.
vz;zf;fU kl;birg;G mopj;jy; gw;wpa
vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthu;.

11
nghwpapay; njhopDl;gtpay; - juk; 13 myF 3 -tPl;L ePu;toq;fYk; foptfw;wYk;
ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
3.0 tPl;L ePu;t oq;fy; 3.1 tiuaiwg;gl;l tsk; ePupd; tiuaiwg;gl;l msT ePu; guk;gpAs;s tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;. 02
kw;Wk; fopT vd;w tifapy; ePupd; ed;dPu; - epyf;fPo; ePu;> fpsrpau;> ePu; tl;lj;ij tiuthu;.
Kfhikj;Jtk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij I]; kiy> rJg;G epyk;> Vupfs;
gw; w pa fw; w ypy; tptupg;ghu;. kw;Wk; Vida ePu; %y Kjy;fs;
<LgLthu;. - 3%
ctu; ePu; - rKj;jpuk; - 97%
ePu; tl;lk;

3.2 eP i ug; gupfupj; J / fhw;W}l;ly;> jpusr; nra;jy;> gbar; nraw;ifahd Kiwfshy; kl;Lkd;wp 08
Rj;jpfupj;J tpep- nra; j y; > tbj; j y; > ,urhadg; ,aw;ifahd Njhw;wg;ghLfs; %yKk; ePu;
Nahfpj;jiy tptupg;- nghUs;fs; Nru;jy;> er;R ePf;fy; Rj;jpfupjj
; y; epfOfpd;wikia tptupg;ghu;.
ghu;. GtpaP u ; g ; G Kiw> gk; G k; Kiw> tPl;L ePu;tpepNahfj; njhFjpnahd;wpd;
mKf; f g; gk; g p Kiw> eP u ; e puy; > Nfhl;L tupg;glj;ij tiuthu;.
cwpQ;ry; epuy;> tpepNahf epuy;

3.3 tP l ; L eP u ; toq; f y; fsQ;rpaj; njhl;b> Nritf; Foha;> tPl;L ePu;toq;fy; njhFjpnahd;iwj; / 08

njhFjpnahd; i w / PVC Foha;fSk; nghUj;JfSk;> gFjpnahd;iwj; jpl;lkpLthu;.
ghfnkhd;iwj; Foha; thapy;fs;> thy;Tfs;> gk;gp tPl;L ePu;toq;fy; njhFjpnahd;Wf;Fj;
jpl;lkpl;L mikg;ghu;. tiffs; Njitahd ePuf ; F
; oha;fisAk; Jizg;
nghUj;Jf;fisAk; / ghfq;fisAk;
ngaupLthu;.
tPl;Lg; gk;gp Kiwfis tupg;glq;fs;
%yk; tptupg;ghu;.
tPl;L ePu;toq;fy; njhFjpnahd;iwj; /
gFjpnahd;iw mikg;ghu;.

12
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
3.4 t P l; L f; f o pT fsp d; eP u ; g ; g hq; f hd fopTfs; > jpz; k f; tPlb
; y; fopTfs; cUthFk; Kiwfisj; 02
t i f g ; g L j ; j i y fopTfs; (Solid) Nfl;lwpthu;.
tptupg;ghu;. tPl;Lf;fopTfis tifg;gLj;jp
ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.

3.5 t P l ; L f ; f o p T f i s vupj;jy; tifg;gLj;jpa fopTfis ntspNaw;Wk; 15

ntspNaw; W k; Kiw- kPs; Row;rpg;gLj;jy; Kiwfis tptupg;ghu;
fis tptupg;ghu;. kPsg; gad;gLj;jy;
gpupe;jopar; nra;jy;
$l;nlU jahupj;jy;
capu;thA cw;gj;jp nra;jy;
mOf;Fj; njhl;bf;F (Septic Tank)
#oYf;Fg; ghjpg;G Vw;g lhjthW>
epyf;fPo; ePUk; tspAk; ghlrhiyr; #oypy; fopTfis
khrilahjthW ntspNaw;Wjy; Kiwikahf ntspNaw;Wk; Kiwfis
cldyg; ghJfhg;G cgfuzq;fs;> jpl;lkpLthu;.
ePu;j;jilfs;> ePu; milg;Gfs; (trap, khjpupf; Fspayiwnahd;wpy; rhjdq;fs;
seal) nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s Kiwapid tupg;glk;
xd;wpd; %yk; fhl;Lthu;.

13
nghwpapay; njhopDl;gtpay; - juk; 13 myF 4 - gha;kg; nghwpfs; (gk;gpfs;> Roypfs;)
ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
4.0 md; w hlk; gad; - 4.1 m d ; w h l N t i y - gha;kq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghwpfs; , a e ; j p u q ; f S f ; f p i l a p y ; j p u t 06
gLj; J k; gha; k g; fSf; f hf gha; k g; (Machinery associated with fluids) ,ae;jpuqpfis NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
nghwpfspdJk; nghwpfisg; gad; - mwpKfk; ng hwpapa y; nra w; g hLf spd; N g hJ
cgfuzq;fspdJk; gLj; J k; rhj; j pag; - thA (Pneumatic) jputq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; re;ju;gg; j;ij
nraw; g hl; i lAk; ghl;il tprhupj;- ePupay; (Hydraulic) ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; jwpthu;. gha;kq;fspd; gad;ghL jput gad;ghl;L ,ae;jpuq;fspy; gpujhd
,dq; f z; L guh- r f; j p C L fl j ; j y ; ( Energy cg ghfq; f spd; nraw; g hLfisf;
kupg;ghu;. transmission) Nfl;lwpthu;.
rf; j pg; gpwg; g hf; f k; (Energy
generation)
NtW
fhw;Nwhl;lk; (Ventilation)
m j pu ; r ; rp A w pQ ; r y ; ( Shock
absorbing)
cuha;it ,opthf;fy;
gha; k k; gad; g hLk; nghwpfspd;
gpujhd ghfq;fspd; {gk;gp (pumps)>
n e U f ; f p ( Compressors) R o y p
(Turbines) njhopy;fs;

4.2 Fwpj;j Ntiyf;Fg; gha; k neUf; f y; kw; W k; gha; k gy;NtW epajpfspd; mbg;gilapy; gha;k 10
nghUj;jkhd CLflj;jy; NtiyfSf;fhf neUf;fy; kw;Wk; gha;k CLflj;jy;
gk; g piaj; njupe; - gad;gLj;Jk; gk;gp tifSk; mtw;wpd; nraYf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; gk;gpfis
njLf;Fk; Mw;wiyf; nraw; g hLfSk; > gad; g hLfSk; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
fhl;Lthu;. gpujhd ghfq;fSk; mg; g k; g pfspd; gpujhd gFjpfisg;
epfu;khw;W (Reciprocating) ngaupLthu;.
MLjz;L tif (Piston type) m g ; g k ; g p f s p d ; nraw;ghl;ilf;
nkd;wfL tif (Diaphragm type) fhl; r pg; g Lj; J k; vspa khjpupfis
Roy; tif (Rotary type) cUthf;Fthu;.
14
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
jpUF tif (Screw type) gy;NtWgl;l gk;gp tiffspy; gha;k
jl;il tif (Vane type) neUf; f y; Vw; g Lj; j g; g Lk; tpjj; i j
];FNuhy; tif (RUsp) (Scroll tptupg;ghu;.
type)
ikatfw;rp tif (Centrifugal type)

4.3 v s p a N j i t f i s jd;ikf;F / tbtj;jpwF ; Vw;g Roypfisg; 08

epiwNtw; w pf; nfhs; - Royp tif (Turbine types) ngaupLthu;.
tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghL Roypfs; nrad;Kiwapy;
Roypfs; jahupf; F k; gad;ghL gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ijf;
Mw;wiy fhl;rpg;- gpujhd gFjpfs; fhl; l f; $ bahW vspikahd nghwp
gLj;Jthu;. khjpupfs; jahupg;ghu;.

4.4 t Y CLflj;jy; ePupay; tY CLflj;jy; (Hydrolic gha;k tY CLflj;jypd; gpuNahfq;fisf; 08

nraw;ghl;bw;fhfj; gha;- power transmission)
kj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; mwpKfk;
rhj;jpag;ghl;il gpuNahfq;fs;
tprhupj;jwpthu;. thA tY CLflj;jy; (Pneumatic
power transmission)
mwpKfk;
gpuNahfq;fs;
gha;k tY CLflj;jy; njhFjpfs;
Jizf; $WfSk; mtw; w pd;
njhopy;fSk;
njhopw;ghL
ePupay; / gha;k tY CLflj;jy;
njhFjpfspd; thy;Tfs; (Valve)
%yk; nra;ag;gLk; njhopy;fs;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
thA tY CLflj;jypd; gpuNahfq;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
ePupay; kw;W k; thA tY CLflj;jy;
Kiwfspd; mD$y gpujp$yq; f is
kw;iwa tY CLflj;jy; KiwfSld;
xg;gpl;L mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
gha; k tY CLflj; j y; njhFjpapd;
Jizf;$Wfspd; nraw;ghLfis
tptupg;ghu;.
gha;k tY CLflj;jypy; thy;Tfshy;
(Valves) nra; a g; g Lk; Ntiyfisf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.

15

Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k;
4.5 g h a ; k neUf;fy; ghJfhg;G thy;T (Safety valve)
nraypd; N ghJ ghJ- thA neUf;fy; njhl;b
fhg;G tpjpKiwfisg; Mtp neUf;fy; njhl;b
gpd;gw;Wtjd; Kf;fpaj;- mKf;f mLg;G (Pressure cooker)
Jtj;ij cWjpg;- FspNuw;wfspy; kpifr;Rik njhluW
gLj;Jthu;. fUtp (Over load cut out) kw;Wk; mjp
Kf;f njhluWfUtp (High pressure
cut out)
gha;k mKf;f njhFjpfspy;
mKf; f j; i j tpLtpf; F k; thy; T
(Pressure relief valve)
cgfuzq;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf; fhuzp
(Safety factor)
ghl
fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
neUf;fy; gha;kg; gad;ghl;by; tpgj;J 02
Vw;glj;jf;f tpjk; gw;wpf; Nfl;lwpthu;.
neUf; f y; gha; k g; gad; g hl; b d; N ghJ
tpgj; J f; f isj; jtpu; j ; J f; nfhs; s g;
gad;gLk; cj;jpfisg; ngaupLthu;.
neUf;fy; gha;kg; gad;g hl;by; cupa
ghJfhg;G tpjpKiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wthu;.
gha;kg; nghwpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ
ghJfhg; G vy; i yia kP w hjpUg; g ij
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;thu;.

4.6 m d ; w h l nraw;- ntd;Wwpj; njhopw;ghL gad;g Lk; rptpwpapd; nraw;ghl;il tpsf;Fthu;. 03

ghl;bf;fhf ntd;Wwpj; cgfuzq;fs; ntd;Wwpr; nraypd; NtW gpuNahfq;fis
njhopw;ghl;ilg; rptpwy; Jtf;F fUtp (Spray gun) tprhupj;jwpthu;.
gad;gLj;Jk; rhj;jpag;- fhgd;Nru; fUtp (Carburettor) ntd;Wwpr; nray; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
ghl;il tpdtpawpthu;. vspa rptpwy; ifg;gk;gp vspa cgfuzq;fisr; nraw;ghLj;Jthu;.

4.7 FspNuw; w y; nraw; - Mtp neUf; f y; FspNuw; w papd; Mtp neUf;fy; FspNuw;wpapd; Fspu;j;J 08
ghl; b f; f hfg; gad; - njhopw;ghL nj hFj pa pd; g p uj hd g hf q ; f i s g ;
gLj;Jk; gha ;k FspNuw;wpapd; Fspu;j;jy; njhFjp ngaupLthu;.
neUf;f y; gk; g pfspy; gpujhd ghfq; f Sk; mtw; w pd; Fspu; j ; Jk; njhFjpapd; nraw; g hl; i l
cs;s gy;tifj;- nraw;ghLfSk; tptupg;ghu;.
jd; i kia tprhupj; - neUf;fpfs; (Compressors)
jwpthu;.

16
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
Kj;jpiuapl;l tif(Hermatic Type / t P l ; L F s p N u w ; w p f s p y ; g u t y h f g ;
Seal Type) gad;g Lj;j g;g Lk; neUf;f w; gk;g pfis
gFjp Kj;jpiuapl;l tif(Semi mtw;wpd; njhopw;ghl;Lf;Fk; mit cw;gj;jp
Hermatic Type) nra;a g; g l; L s; s tpjj; J f; F k; mika
jpwe;j tif (Open Type) tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

17
 nghwpapay; njhopDl;gtpay; - juk; 13 myF 5 - ve;jpupa epakq;fSk; juepu;zaj; njhFjpfSk;
ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
5.0 njhopDl;gr; 5.1 nghwpapay; juepakq;- nghwpapay; juepakq;fs; mwpKfk; n g h w p a p a y ; juepakq;fsJk; 02
#oypy; fsJk; tptuf;$w;Wf;- ng hw p a pa y ; j uep a kq ; f S f; F k; tptuf;$w;Wf;fsJk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
nghwpapay; fsJk; Kf;fpaj;J- tptuf;$w;Wf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd tptupg;ghu;.
juepakq;fisAk; tj;ij tptupg;ghu;. NtWghL
tptuf;$w;Wf; nghwpapay; juepakq;fs; %yk;> Fwpj;j
fisAk; gz; l j; j py; my; y J Nritapy;
gad;gLj;Jthu;. mlq;fpAs;sitnad cWjpg;-
gLj;jg;gLk; ,ay;Gfs;
ghJfhg;ghdJ
ek;gfkhdJ
caupa juk;
cw;gj;jpapd; NghJ ,opT
tPz;tpuaKk; tOf;fSk;
cau; tpisjpwd;

5.2 nghJg; g ad; g hl; b y; nghwpapa y; juepakq; f isAk; e p u ; k h z j ; J i w f ; F u p a r p w g ; g h d 05

fhzg; g Lk; > nghwp- tptuf;$w;W f;fisAk; jahupg;Nghu; juepakq;fs; kw;Wk; tptuf;$w;Wf;fisg;
apay; juepakq;fs; ahtu;? ngaupLthu;.
kw;Wk; tptuf;$w;Wj; nghJthfg; gad; g hl; b y; cs; s
njhFjpfisg; juepakq;fSk; tptuf;$w;Wf;fSk;
ngaupLthu;. ISO
BS
SLS
ICTAD
Building Regulations

18
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
5.3 epu;khz eltbf;if- e p u ; k h z j ; J i w a p d ; g y ; N t W juepakq;fSf;Fupa tptug;gl;bay;fspy; 05
fSf;fhf nghwpapay; gpupTfSf;Fupa nghwpapay; (Catalogue) ,Ue;J gy;NtW epu;khzpg;G
juepakq;fisAk; juepakq;fSk; tptuf;$w;Wf;fSk; eltbf;iffSf;Fupa juepakq;fisAk;
tptuf;$w;Wf;fisAk; ICTAD tptuf; $ w; W f; f isAk; njupTnra; J
gad;gLj;Jthu;. fl; l q; f s; > ngUe; n jUf; f s; > nfhs;thu.
ePu;g;ghrd topfs;
Nghd;wtw;wf;Fupa epakq;fs;
SLS / BS
fl;llg;nghUs;fSf;Fupa
epakq;fSk; epakkhd msit
KiwfSk;
BR - Building Regulations
fl; l lq; f isj; jpl; l kpLjy;
njhlu;ghd rl;ljpl;lq;fs;
ISO
epu;khz Kfhikf;Fupa
juepakq; f Sk; tptuf; $w; W f; -
fSk;

19
nghwpapay; njhopDl;gtpay; - juk; 13 myF 6 - epy mstPL
ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
6.0 rpW fhzpnahd;- 6.1 e p y msitf; epy msit - tiutpyf;fzk; epy msit vdg;gLtJ ahJ vd;gij 02
iw mse;J mjd; Nfhl;ghLfis (Prin- epyj;jpd; kPJ mike;Js;s tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.
jsj;jpl;lnkhd;iw ciples of surveying) nghUl;fspd; rhu;ghd mikT (Relative rpWfhzpnahd; w pYs; s nghUl; f spd;
msTj;jpl;lj;jpw;F tpsf;Fthu;. position) rhu; g sT mikit jhspy; tiue; J
mika tiue;J ngupa fsg;gug;nghd;wpypUe;J rpwpa fhl;Lthu;.
N j i t a h d fsg;gug;G tiu msf;Fk; Nfhl;ghL epy msitapd; mbg;gilf;
jfty;fSld; (Work from whole to part principle) Nfhl; L ghLfspd; Kf; f paj; J tj; i j
Kd;itg;ghu;. epyj;jpd; kPJ fhzg;gLfpdw ; Fwpgg ; pl;l tpsf;Fthu;.
,U ,lq; f s; rhu;g hf gpwpnjhU Fwpj;j ,U ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J gpwpNjhu;
,lj;jpd; mikitf; fhl;Lk; Nfhl;ghL ,lj;jpd; rhu;gsT mikit jhspy; tiuG
,U J}u msTfs; %yk; (By two Kiwapy; milahskpLthu;.
distances)
xU J}u mstpdhYk;
milNfhzj; j pdhYK; (By a
distance and an angle)
,U Nfhzq;fs; %yk; (By two
angles)
nrq;Fj;Jj; J}uk; %yk; (By the
perpendicular distance)

20
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
6.2 epy msitapd; NghJ e P s j ; i j m s f ; F k ; ( Linear eP s j; i j msg; g jw; F gad; g Lj; J k; 02
gad; g Lj; j g; g Lfpd; w measurements) cgfuzq;fs; cgfuzq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; tpjpfs; /
gy;NtW mstPl;L msf;Fk; ehlh (Tape) newpfisAk; mt;Tgfuzq;fspd;
tiffis (Types of rq;fpyp (Chain) nrk;ikiaAk; xg;gpLthu;.
measurements) A k ; jpupNfhzfzpj Kiw (Trignometry
mjw;fhfg; gad;- method)
gLj;Jfpd;w epy ,yj;jpudpay; Kiw (Electronic
msit cgfuzq; - method)
fisAk; (Surveying
instruments) ngaupLthu;. Nfhzq;fis msj;jy; (Angular epiyf;Fj;J kw;W k; fpilj;j sq;fspd;
measurements) Nfhzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ejpnahd;wpd;
Nfhz tiffs; mfyj;ijAk; kunkhd;wpd; cauj;ijAk;
fpilj;jsf; Nfhzq;fs; fzpg;gpLthu;.
(Vertical Angles)
epiyf;Fj;Jj;jsf; Nfhzq;fs;
(Horizontal Angles)
mff;Nfhzq;f s; (Interior
Angles)
Gwf;Nfhzq;fs; (Deflection
Angles)
jpirNfhs;(Bearings)
cgfuzq;fs;
rha;T khdp (Clinometer)
jpNahliyw;W (Theodolite)

21
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
6.3 epy msitapd; NghJ ePsj;ij msf;Fk; NghJ Vw;gLk; eP s j; i j msf; F k; NghJ Vw; g Lk; 03
ePsk;> Nfhzk; Mfpa- tOf;fs; (Errors) tOf;fs; gw;wp tptupg;ghu;.
tw;iw msf;Fk; G+r;rpa tO
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Vw;gLk; msT ehlh tpuptiltjdhy;
tOf;fis ,dq;fz;L Vw;gLk; tOf;fs;
mt;tOf;fisj; msT ehlhit fpilahf
jpUj;jQ; nra;Ak; itf;fhikapdhy; Vw;gLk; tOf;fs;
nray;Kiwapidg; mstPL fis thrpf;Fk; NghJk;
gpd;gw;Wthu;. Fwpf;Fk; NghJk; Vw;gLk; tOf;fs;

Nfhzq;fis msf;Fk; NghJ Vw;gLk; Nfhzq;fis msf;Fk; NghJ Vw;gLk;

tOf;fs; tOf;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
cgfuzq;fis Kiwahff;
,lg; g Lj; j hikapdhy; Vw; g Lk;
tOf;fs;
msTfi s t hrpf; F k; N g hJk;
Fwpf;Fk; NghJk; Vw;gLk; tOf;fs;
Ftpar; nra;jy; tOf;fs;
nghUw;jpaikahik tO
tOf;fisf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F tOf;fisf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; topKiwfs; eltbf;if vLg;ghu;.
G+r; r pa tOit guP l ; r pj; j Yk; ahNjDk; mstPl;bd; ,Wjp tOitf;
cgfuzq;fis msitj; jpUj;jk; fzpg;gpLthu;.
nra;jYk; ,Wjp tOit mstPl;L
cgfuzq;fis cupa epiyaq;fSf;fpilNa ,ilNa gq;fpl;L>
epge; j idfspd; fP o ; khj; j puk; tOf;fspd;wpa glj;jpid jahu;nra;thu;.
gad;gLj;Jjy;
ePsk; $ba mstPLfisg;
gFjpgFjpahf msj;jy;

22
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
rup ghu;j;jy; NfhLfisg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;
juTfisf; FwpjJ; f; nfhs;s Kd;>
kPz;Lk; xU Kiw guPl;rpj;Jg;
ghu;jj
; y;.
,Wjp tOit (Final error) fzpj;jy;
mff;Nfhz kw;Wk; Gwf;-
Nfhzq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif %yk;
tiuG Kiwapd; %yk;
,Wjp tOit gpujhd msit
epiyaq;fSf;fpilNa gq;fpLjy;
tiuG Kiw %yk;
tpfpjhrhu Kiw Kyk;

6.4 r q ; f p y p msit Kf;Nfhz Kiwg;gLj;jy; rpW fhzpnahd;iw rpy Kf;Nfhzq;fshfg; 08

Kiwia> msg;g jw;- (Triangulation) gpupj;J rq;fpyp msitapd; mbg;gil
Fupa fsj;jpy; rq;fpyp msitapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjpfs; / newpfis tptupg;ghu;.
nrad;Kiwahfg; nrhw;fs; rq;fpyp msitapd; NghJ
gad;gLj;Jthu;. msitf; NfhLfs; (Survey lines) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w nrhw;fspd;
gpujhd msit epiyak; (Main nghUs;fisAk; kw;Wk; gad;ghl;ilAk;
survey station) tptupg;ghu;.
Jizg; Gs; s pfs; (Subsidiary
points)
mbj;jsf;NfhL (Base line)
Fj;jsTfs; (Off sets)
epiyf;Fj;Jf; Fj;jsT
(Perpendicular offset)

23
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
rupTf; F j; jsTfs; ( oblique
offsets)
fsg; gjpNtL (Field book)
xw;iwf; Nfhl;Lg; gjpTKiw
(Single line booking)
,ul;ilf; Nfhl;Lg; gjpTKiw rq;fpyp msitapd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
(Double line booking) cgfuzq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
rq;fpyp msitapd; NghJ
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cgfuzq;fs;
cUf;F msf;Fk;ehlh (Metallic
tape)
tupirg;gLj;Jk; Nfhy;fs;
(Surveying Poles)
ku Kisfs; (Wooden pegs)
fsg; gjpNtL (Field Book) rq;fpyp msit Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp
rpwpa epyg;gFjpnahd;iw mse;J mjd;
glj;ijj; jahupg;ghu;.
rq;fpyp msitapd; gbKiwfs;
mstpLk; gpuNjrj;ijg; guprPypj;jy;
(Reconnaissance)
gUkl;lhd glnkhd;wpy;
(Prospection diagram) Kf;fpakhd
jfty;fisf; Fwpj;jy;
epyj;jpd;kPJ msit
epiyaq;fisf; Fwpj;jy;
Kf; N fhzpfspd; gf; f q; f spd;
ePsq;fs; Mfpatw;iw
jfty;fSf;fhf mstPL vLj;jYk;
mtw;iwf; Fwpj;jYk; .
glj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
m s T j ; j p l ; l j ; i j j ; ( scale)
njupTnra;jy;.

24
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
6.5 k l ; l q ; fhzy; glj;ijj; jahupj;jy; kl;lq;fhzy; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij 02
(Levelling) njhlu;ghd k l ; l q ; fhzy; vd;gjd; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.
mbg; g il tplaq; - tiutpyf;fzk; (Definition of levelling) 'epyj;jpd; cauk;" njhlu;ghd mstPLfs;
fis Njbawpthu;. ep y j ; j p d; ca u k; nj hlu ; g hd g a d; g L j ; j g ; g L k; re ; j u ; g ; g q ; i f s
mstPLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tptupg;ghu;.
re;ju;g;gq;fs; epy j ; j pd; ca u j ; i j t i uG% y k;
epyj;jpd; cauj;ij tiuG %yk; fhl;lj;jf;f gy;NtW Kiwfisg; glq;fs;
fhl;Ljy;. %yk; fhl;Lthu;.
rkTauf; Nfhl;Lg;glk; (Contour
map)
neLf;F ntl; L (Longitudinal
section)
Fwpg;gpl;l / Kf;fpa Gs;spfspd;
cauk; (Spot height) kl;lq;fhzypd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpdw
;
kl; l q; f hzypd; N ghJ gad; g Lj; - nrhw;fis tptupg;gjw;F tupg;glj;jpid
jg;gLk; nrhw;fs; tiuthu;.
kl;l Nkw;gug;G (Level surface)
ruhrupff ; ly; kl;lk; (Mean sea level)
fpilj;jsk; (Horizontal surface)
epiyf;Fj;Jj;jsk; (Vertical surface)
xLf;fpa kl;lk; (Reduced level)
gPlf;Fwpfs; (Bench marks)
rkhe;juf;NfhL (Parallal line)
njiyfhl;bapd; mr;R (Axis of the
telescope)
Fkpopf; Fohapd; mr;R (Axis of
the tube bubble)
Kd;ghu;it (Fore sight)
gpw;ghu;it (Back sight)

25
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
,ilg; ghu;it (Intermediate sight)
jpUk;gw; Gs;sp (Turning point)
cgfuzj;jpd; / fUtpapd; cauk;
(Hieght of the instrument)
Ftpar; nra;jy; (focussing)
vOg;gk; (Rise)
tPor ; ;rp (Fall) kl;lq;fhzYf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk;
kl; l k; fhzYf; F j; Njitahd cgfuzq;fspd; khjpupfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
cgfuzq;fs;.
kl; l k; fhzYf; f hd gpujhd
cgfuzk; (Level)
kl;lf; Nfhy; (Levelling staff)
kl;lg;; Gj;jfk; (Level book)
6.6 neLf;Fntl;L xd;iwj; FWfpa ghijg;gFjpnahd;w pd; neLf;F 06
jahupg;g jw;F kl;lq;- epiyaq;fis ,dq;fhzy; ntl;il tiuGj;jhs; xd;wpy; tiue;J
fhzy; Nfhl;ghl;ilg; cgfuzq;fis ,lg;gLj;jYk; fhl;Lthu;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;. (setting the level) mjid jw;fhypfkhf
nrg; g Q; nra;j Yk; / rPu hf;f Yk;
(Temporary adjustment)
mstPLfis thrpj;jYk; Fwpj;Jf;
nfhs;sYk; ( Data reading &
recording)
fzpg;gplYk; tiujYk; (Calculation
and drawing)
6.7 jpNahliyw;W mstpL- jpNahliyw;W xd;wpd; njhopw;ghl;bid 03
j y p d ; ( Theodolite jpNahliyw;W xd;w pd; mbg;gil tptupg;ghu;.
surveying) Nfhl; g hL- mk;rq;fs; jpNahliyw;W xd;wpd; nraw;ghLfis /
fis tprhupj;jwpthu;. jpNahliyw;W xd;wpd; ghfq;fis gpuNahfq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
,dq;fhzy;

26
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
Nghfply; (Traversing)
jpwe;j Nghfply; (Open Traversing)
%ba Nghfply; (Closed Traversing)
jpNahliyw;W xd;wpd; njhopw;ghL fpilf; N fhzj; i jAk; epiyf; F j; J f;
jpNahliyw;W mstpLtjypd;NghJ Nfhzj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp fzpj;jy;fspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nrhw;fs; <LgLthu;.
fpilj;jsk; (Horizontal Surface)
epiyf; F j; J j; jsk; (Vertical
Surface)
njhiyfhl;bapd; mr;R (Axis of
the telescope)
Fkpopf;Foha; (Tube Bubble)
fpilf; N fhzq; f s; (Horizontal
Angles)
epiyf;Fj;Jf;Nfhzq;fs; (Vertical
Angles)
jpNahliyw;W msitf;Fj; Njitahd
Njitahd cgfuzq;fs; cg f uz q ; f i s g ; g l q ; f s ; % y k;
jpNahliyw;Wk; mjd; ghfq;fSk; tptupg;ghu;.
tupirg;gLj;Jk; Nfhy;fs;
(Surveying poles)
cUf;F msf;Fk; ehlh (Metallic
Tape)
kuKisfs; (Wooden pegs)
fsg; gjpNtL (Field book)
tiujy; cgfuzq;fs; (Drawing
instruments)

27
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
6.8 jpNahliyw;W ms- msf;Fk; gpuNjrj;i j guprPypj;j y; jpNahliyw; i wg; gad; g Lj; j p rpwpa 08
tpLjiy (Theodolite (Reconnaissance) fhzpnahd;iw msg;ghu;.
surveying) fsj; j py; gUkl;lhd glnkhd;wpy; Kf;fpakhd mjd; fpilg;glj;ij msTj; jpll ; j;jpdg
; b
nrad;Kiwahfg; ,lq;fisf; Fwpj;jy; (Prospection tiuthu;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;. diagram) fhzpapd; gug;gsitf; fzpg;ghu;.
msit epiyaq;fis
,dq;fhZjYk; mtw;iwg; gUkl;lhd
glj;jpy; Fwpj;jYk;
epyj;j py; msit epiyaq;f is
milahskpLjYk;
cgfuzq;fis ,lg;gLj;jy; (Setting
the instruments)
jw;fhypf nrg;gQ; nra;jy; (Temporary
adjustment)
Nfhzq;fis thrpj;jYk;
milahskplYk;
msf;Fk; epiyaq;fSf;fpilNaahd
J}uj;ij msj;jy;
Kf;fpa jfty;fSf;fhf
mstPL fisg; ngw;W f; nfhs;s y;
(Offsets)
,Wjp tOitf; fzpgg ; ply; (Final error
calculation)
tOf;fisg; gfpuj ; y; (Error distribution)
fpilg;glj;ij tiujy;(Drawing the
plan)
epyj;jpd; gug;gsitf; fzpj;jy; -
Kf;Nfhz Kiwg;gLj;jy;
(Triangulation)

28
nghwpapay; njhopDl;gtpay; - juk; 13 myF 7 - kjpg;gPLk; msitr;rpl;il jahupj;jYk;
ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
7.0 fl;bl 7.1 jpl;lg; glj;jpw;F Vw;g fzpa mstPl;lhsu; (Quantity fzpa mstPl;lhsUf;Fj; Njitg;- 10
jpl;lj;jpw;F epak msf;Fk; Surveyor)xUtupd; Mtzq;fs; gLfpd;w Mtzq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
mika epak K i w f i s g ; cl;gLj;jYf;Fupa epakq;fs; gpujhd Ntiy cUg;gbfSf;fhf> epak
msf;Fk; Kiw- gad;gLj;jp msitr; epak mstPl;L Kiwfs; msj;jy; Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp msitf;
fisg; rpl;ilfs;; jahupg;ghu;. gpujhd Ntiy cUg;gbfSf;fhd fzpg;gpLthu;.
gad;gLj;jp msit vLj;jy;
msitr; rpl;ilfs; jahupj;jy;
rpl;ilfisj; msitr; rpl;ilnahd;wpd; Kf;fpa
jahupj;Jf; gFjpfs;
fpuaj;ijf; msitr; rpl;il jahupf;Fk;
fzpg;gpLthu;. Kiw
rpl;il jahupj;jy;

7.2 m s i t r ; r pl ;i l f ;F v y ; y h t w ; i w cs;slf;fpa myF tpiyiaAk; nkhj;j myFf;fhd 15

Vw;g m y F t pi y - tpiyiaf; fzpg;gpLthu;. tpiyiaAk; xg;gpLthu;.
i a f ; f z pg;g hu;. %yg; nghUs;fs; jug;gl;Ls;s juTfspd;gb gpujhd Ntiy
Ntjdr; nryT cUg;g bfSf;f hd myF tpiyiaf;
,ae;jpuhjpfSf;fhd $yp fzpg;ghu;.
myFf;fhd Njwpa tpiy>
myFf;fhd nkhj;j tpiy (Net unit
rate, Gross unit rate)
myFf;f hd tpiyapy; mlq;Fk;
gFjpfs;
,yhgKk; Nke; j iyr; nryTk;
(Profits & over heads)
myFf;fhd tpiyiaf; fzpj;jy;

29
nghwpapay; njhopDl;gtpay; - juk; 13 myF 8 - Kaw;rpahz;ikAk; Kfhikj;JtKk;
ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
8.0 n t w ; w p f u k h d 8.1 K a w ; r p a h z ; i k > Kaw;rpahz;ik tiutpyf;fzk; Kaw;rpahz;ik> Kaw;rpahsUk; 02
tzpf Kaw; r p- Kaw; r pahsu; kw; W k; Kaw;rpahsu; tiutpyf;fzk; Kfhikj;JtKk; vDk; vz;zf;fUitr;
nahd;wpw;fhf Kfhikj;Jtk; gw;wpa Kfhikj;Jt tiutpyf;fzk; rupahf tptupg;ghu;.
Kaw; r pahz; i k- tiutpyf; f zq; f is Kaw;rpahsu; xUtUf;F Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy;
iaAk;> Kfhikj;- tpsf;Fthu;. cs;s Njitia tpsf;Fthu;.
Jt KiwfisAk;
tpisj; j pwdhfg; 8.2 K f h i k j ; J t j ; j p d ; Kfhikj;Jt rhu;Gfs; (gz;Gfs;) rpW tzpf Kaw;rp xd;iw ntw;wpfukhf 02
gad;gLj;Jthu;. rhu;Gfis (gz;Gfis) jpl;lkply; Kfhik nra; t jw; F j; Njitahd
tpsf;Fthu;. xOq;fikj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtg; gz;Gfis tptupg;ghu;.
jiyikj;Jtk; Kfhikj; J tg; gz; G fis rpw; w sT
fl;Lg;gLj;jy; tzpfnkhd; W f; f hfg; gad; g Lj; J k;
tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

8.3 Kaw;rpahsu; xUtupd; Kaw; r pahsnuhUtupd; MSikg; Kaw;rpahsnuhUtupd; MSikg; 02

MSik gz;Gfisg; gz;Gfs; gz;Gfis tptupg;ghu;.
gFg;gha;T nra;J cz;Kf MSik Kaw;rpahsu; xUtupd; rpwe;j
tptupg;ghu;. tzpfnkhd; w pidj; njhlq; F - MSikg;gz;Gfis jk;kplj;jpy;
tjw;Fupa caupa Mw;wy; tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;thu;.
jilfis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rf;jp
Fwpf;Nfhis mile;J nfhs;t-
jw;fhd Mu;tk;
jd;dk;gpf;if
fhyk; tpiue; N jhLfpwJ vDk;
tpsf;fk;

8.4 tzpf Kaw;rpnahd;wpd; re;ij kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; Nfs;tp> epuk;gy; tisNfhl;bd; %yk; 03
r e ; i j t h a ; g ; i g A k ; mbg;gilf; fhuzpfs; tpiy jP u ; k hdpf; f g; g Lk; tpjj; i jAk;
#oiyAk; tptupg;ghu;. Nfs;tpiaj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; Nfs;tpapYk; epuk;g ypYk; nry;thf;Fr;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; nrYj; J k; fhuzpfspy; Vw; w j; j ho; T
30
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
epuk;giyj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; fhuzkhf tpiy NtWgLk; tpjj;ijAk;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; tiuG %yk; tptupg;ghu;.
Nfs;tp> epuk;gy; %yk; tpiyiaj;
jPuk
; hdpj;jy;

8.5 t z p f K a w ; r p - tzpf Kaw;rpnahd;wpy; nry;thf;Fr; tzpf Kaw;rpnahd;wpy; nry;thf;Fr; 01

nahd;wpy; nry;thf;- nrYj;Jk; rpw;wpdr;#ow; fhuzpfs; nrYj;Jk; rpw;wpdr; #oy; fhuzpfis
Fr; nrYj;Jk; epWtdKk; nfhs;ifAk; ,dq;fz;L nfhs;tjd; %yk; rpw;wsT
rpw;wpdr; #ow; fhuzp- thbf;ifahsu; tpahghunkhd;wpy; rpw;wpdr; #oy; jhf;fQ;
fis tptupg;ghu;. toq;Fdu; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
Nghl;bahsu;
tpepNahfpf;Fk; topfs;
nghJkf;fs;

8.6 t z p f K a w ; r p - tzpf Kaw;rpnahd;wpy; nry;thf;Fr; tzpf Kaw;rpnahd;w py; nry;thf;Fr; 01

nahd;wpy; nry;thf;- nrYj;Jk; Ngupdr; #oypd; $Wfs; nrYj;Jk;; Ngupdr; #oy; fhuzpfs; rpW
Fr; nrYj;Jk; rKjha njhlu;ghd fhuzpfs; tpahghunkhd;wpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
Ngupdr; #oiy ,aw;ifr; #oy; tpjj;jpid tptupg;ghu;.
tptupg;ghu;. murpay; fhuzpfs;
nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;
r%ff; fhuzpfs;
njhopy;El;gf; fhuzpfs;

re; i jg; g Lj; j y; jpl; l nkhd; w pd; r e ; i j g ; g L j ; j y ; j p l ; l n k h d ; w p d ; 04

8.7 r e ; i j g ; g L j ; j y ;
mbg;gilg; gbKiwfs; Njitiaf; fhl;bf;nfhLg;ghu;.
jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jah- nghJthd Nehf;fk;
upf;Fk; gbKiwfis re;ijg;gLj;jj; jpll ; nkhd;iwj; jahupfF ; k;
tpw;gidf; fzf;fha;T
tptupg;ghu;. mbg; g ilg; gbKiwfis tpsq; f p
gyk;> gytPdk;> re;ju;;g;gk;> rthy;;
(ggrr- SWOT) mbg; g ilapy; tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
tpgupj;jy;

31
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
re;ijg;gLj;jw; Fwpf;Nfhs;
re;ijg;gLj;jy;; cj;jpfs; / cgha
topfs; (Strategies)
tpw;g id Ntiyj;j pl;lq;f is
eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

8.8 re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;l- re; i jg; g Lj; j y; jpl; l nkhd; w pd; rpw;wsT tzpfnkhd;wpw;Fupa 02
nkhd;wpd; cs;slf;f- cs;slf;fk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lnkhd;iw
j;ij tptupj;J epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;fk; Vw;W f;n fhs;s g;g l;l khjpupnahd;Wf;F
re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;l- jw; N ghija re; i jg; g Lj; j y; mikaj; jahupj;J Kd;itg;ghu;.
nkhd;iwj; jahupj;J epiyik
Kd;itg;ghu;. gyk;> gytPdk;> re;ju;gg ; k;> rthy;
(ggrr -SWOT) mbg;gilapy;
tptupj;jy;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; epfo;TfSk;
cj;jpfs;
Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs;
tuT nryT
fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

8.9 epjpj; j pl; l nkhd; i w epjpj;jpl;l tiutpyf;fzk; 'epjpj;jpl;lk;" vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;- 04

Vw; W f; n fhs; s g; g l; l vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;w tUtha;f;
khjpupnahd;Wf;fika $w;W
jahupj;J Kd;itg;ghu;. vjpug ; hu;ff
; g;gLfpdw; nryTf; $w;W
vjpu;ghu;ff ; g;gLfpd;w ,yhg el;lf;
fzf;F
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;w Ie;njhif
gLj;Jthu;.
Kaw;rpahsu; xUtUf;F epjpj;jpl;lkplypd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
, y hg $w ; i w V w ; W f ; n f hs ; s g ; g l; l
khjpupapd; mbg; g ilapy; jahupj; J
Kd;itg;ghu;.

32
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;w epjpg;gha;r;rw; nryTf; $ w; i w Vw; W f; n fhs; s g; g ll
$w;W khjpupapd; mbg; g ilapy; jahupj; J
,yhgr; rkg;ghl;Lg; Gs;spiaf; Kd;itg;ghu;.
fzpg;gply; vjpu; g hu; f ; f pd; w ,yhgel; l f; $w; i wj;
jahupg;ghu;.
vjpu;ghu;ff
; pdw
; Ie;njhifiaj; jahupg;ghu;.
vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;w epjpg;gha;r;ry; $w;wij;
jahupg;ghu;.
,yhg rkg;ghl;Lg; Gs;spiaf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
rpw;wsT tzpfnkhd;Wf;Fupa
epjpj;jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.

8.10 t z p f n k h d ; w p y ; jdpegu; / gq;Flik tzpfk; xd;wpd; tzpf Kaw;rpnahd;wpy; jhf;fQ;nrYj;Jk; 04

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; gpujhd rl;l Mtzq;fs; rl;lG+u;t r%f> xOf;f uPjpahd
rl;lG+u;t> r%f> jdpegu; / gq;Flik tzpfk; xd;iw fhuzpfisg; ngaupLthu;;.
xOf;f uPjpahd gjpTnra;jy; njhlu;ghd jdpegu; my;yJ gq;Flik tzpfnkhd;wpy;
fhuzpfis ,dq; - rl;lG+u;tkhd gpd;dzpAk; khjpupg; nry; t hf; Fr; nrYj; J k; rl;l G+u; t khd
fz;L mf;fhuzpfspd; gbtq;fSk; Mtzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
jhf; f k; fhuzkhf jdpegu; / gq;Flik tzpfnkhd;wpd; jdpahu;> my;yJ gq;Flik
Vw; g Lfpd; w tzpfr; ,yhgg; gq; f P L > gq; f hsu; f isr; tz pf n k hd ; i w g ; g j pT n ra ; j i y
re;ju;g;gj;ijAk; Nru;jJ
; f; nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; fiyj;jy; tptupg;ghu;.
mr; R Wj; j y; f Sf; F gw;wpa nghJthd rl;ljpl;lq;fs;
jdpahu;> my;yJ gq;Flik
Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; tzpfnkhd;wpw;Fupa xOf;f kw;Wk;
tzpfnkhd; i wg; gjpT nra; t jw; F j;
tpjj;jpidAk; r%f fhuzpfs; tzpfnkhd;w py;
Njitahd khjpupg; gbtq;fisj; njupT
tptupg;ghu;. jhf;fQ; nrYj;Jk; tpjk;
nra;thu;.
tzpfnkhd;wpd; r%f eyd; fhj;jy;
tzpfr; re;j u; g ;g q;f Sk; tzpfk;
njhlu;ghd mr;RWj;jy;fs;

33
 ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs ;
jdpegu; my;yJ gq;Flik
tzpfnkhd;wpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
nghJthd rl;lq;fis tpsf;Fthu;
tzpf Kaw;rpnahd;wpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj; J k; r%f kw; W k; xOf; f f;
fhuzpfspd; jhf;f j; j pid tpsq;f pf;
nfhs; t jd; %yk; tzpfr; #oiy
ntw;w pfukhf vjpu;n fhs;tJ vt;thW
vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
tzpf Kaw;rpnahd;w pd; r%f eyd;
fhj;jy; rhu;e;j nghWg;i gAk;; mjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk;; cWjp nra;thu;.
r%frl;l kw;Wk; xOf;ff; fhuzpfspd;
jhf;fq;fs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk;
mghaq;fis ,dq;fz;L rthy;fis
ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;thu;.

34