1

muR cau;epiyg;gs;sp> rpW%u;.

Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; - gj;jhk; tFg;G - Gtpapay; -
myF-1 ,e;jpah - miktplk;> epyj;Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; tbfhyikg;G

1 ,kakiyapd; cl;gpupTfisAk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpAk; tptup?

cl;gpupTfs;:-
1. Nkw;F ,kakiyfs; 2. kj;jpa ,kakiyfs; 3. fpof;F ,kakiyfs;

r
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:-

o
1. njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;iw jLj;J tl,e;jpa gFjpf;F fdkio jUfpwJ.
2. ,e;jpahtpw;F ,aw;if vy;iy muzhf mike;Js;sJ.

o
3. tw;whj ejpfspd; gpwg;gplkhf cs;sJ. (rpe;J> fq;if> gpuk;kGj;uh)

m
4. Rw;Wyh gazpfspd; nrhu;f;fkhf jpfo;fpwJ.
5. Gdpjj;jyq;fs;: mku;ehj;> Nfjhu;ehj;> gj;upehj;.
2 jPgfw;g MWfisg; gw;wp tptup? u
fpof;F Nehf;fp ghAk; MWfs;: tq;ff;flypy; fyf;fpwJ.
Nfhjhtup:- Nkw;F njhlu;r;rp kiyapy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.
irS
fpU\;zh:- Nkw;F njhlu;r;rp kiyapy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.
fhtpup:- jiyf;fhtpup vd;Dkplj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.
Nkw;F Nehf;fp ghAk; MWfs;:- mugpf;flypy; fyf;fpwJ.
eu;kij:- mku;fz;lhf; gPlG+kpapy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.
s,

jgjp:- kj;jpa gpuNjr khepyj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.

h

3 fq;if Mw;wpd; tbepyk; Fwpj;J tpupthf vOJf?

G

 fq;Nfhj;up vd;w ,lj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.

 Rkhu; 8 yl;rk; rJu fp.kP gug;gsit nfhz;lJ.
 Nfhrp> aKid ,jd; JizahWfs; MFk;.
 tskhd tz;ly; kz; rkntspia cUthf;FfpwJ.
 tq;fNjrj;jpy; “ gj;kh ” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 cyfpNyNa kpfg;ngupa nly;lhit cUthf;FfpwJ.
 tq;fhs tpupFlh flypy; fyf;fpd;wd.
1
 2

myF-2 ,e;jpah - fhyepiy kw;Wk; ,aw;ifj; jhtuq;fs;

1 njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W Fwpj;J vOJf?

 [{d; Kjy; thuj;jpy; njhlq;FfpwJ.

 ,e;jpahtpw;F mjpf kioia jUfpwJ.

 ,J 2 fpisfshf gpupfpwJ.

 mugpf;fly; fpis:-

ro
 Nkw;F njhlu;r;rp kiy> tl,e;jpah KOtJk; fdkioia jUfpwJ.

o
 Muty;yp kiy> ,uh[];jhd; gFjpfSf;F kio jUtjpy;iy.

m
 tq;fhs tpupFlh fpis:-

 tlfpof;F ,e;jpahit Nehf;fp tPRfpwJ.


u
Nkfhyahtpy; cs;s nksrpd;uhkpy; kpf fdkioia jUfpwJ.

2
irS
,e;jpaf; fhLfs; gw;wp tptupf;fTk;?
 gRik khwhf; fhLfs;:
Mz;L KOtJk; gRikahf ,Uf;Fk;.
 ,iyAjpu;f; fhLfs;:
s,

Nfhil fhyj;jpy; ,iyfis cjpu;f;Fk;

h

 twz;lf; fhLfs;:
Mykuk;> fUNtyk; Kf;fpa kuq;fshFk;
G

 ghiytd fhLfs;:
uh[];jhdpy; (jhu; ghiytdk;) mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 kiyf; fhLfs;:
,kakiyg; gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 miyahj;jpf; fhLfs;:
fq;if> fhtpup nly;lh gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

2
 3

myF-3 - ,e;jpah - Ntshz;ik

1 ,e;jpa kz; tiffs; VNjDk; Ie;jpidf; Fwpg;gpl;L> kz;zpd;

gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; guty; gw;wp tptup?
(jkpo;ehL kz;tiffs; tpdh Nfl;lhYk; ,ijNa vOjTk;)
,e;jpa kz; tiffs;:-
tz;ly; kz;> fupry; kz;> nrk;kz;> ruis kz;> kiy kz;
gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; guty;:-

tz;ly; kz;:-
 MWfspd; gbaitj;jyhy; cUthfpwJ.

ro
 guty;: fhtpup> fq;if nly;lh
fupry; kz;:-

o
 jPg;ghiwfs; rpijtiltjhy; cUthfpwJ.

m
 guty;: Nfhak;Gj;J}u;> jf;fhz> khstg; gPlG+kp
nrk;kz;:-
 goikahd gbf ghiwfs; rpije;J cUthfpwJ. u
 guty;: rptfq;if> uhkehjGuk;> Nfush> fu;ehlfh.
ruis kz;:-
irS
 kz;Rtuy; Vw;gl;L cUthfpwJ.
 guty;: ePyfpup> Nfhit> mrhk;> Nfush.

kiy kz;:-
s,

 ngsjPf rpijthy; cUthfpwJ.

h

 guty;: ,kakiy> Nkw;F kw;Wk; fpof;F njhlu;r;rp kiyfs;.

G

2. gy;Nehf;Fj; jpl;lk; vd;why; vd;d? VNjDk; ,uz;L ,e;jpa

gy;Nehf;F jpl;lq;fs; gw;wp vOJf?

gy;Nehf;Fj; jpl;lk;:-
gy;Nehf;Fj; jpl;lk; vd;gJ Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf
mizfis fl;LtjhFk;.
v.fh. ePu;g;ghrdk;> ePu;kpd; cw;gj;jp> FbePu; trjp> ePu;topg; Nghf;Ftuj;J.
3
 4

`puhFl; jpl;lk;:-
 ,J kfhejpapd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,J cyfpd; kpf ePskhd mizahFk;.

 Xbrh khepyj;jpw;F ePu;g;ghrd trjpia mspf;fpwJ.

Nkl;^u; miz jpl;lk;:-
 ,J fhtup Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

r
 ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;goikahd mizfspy; xd;W.

o
 jQ;ir nly;lh gFjpfSf;F ePu;ghrd trjpia mspf;fpwJ.

o
3 jPtpu Ntshz;ik kw;Wk; Njhl;l Ntshz;ikapd; gz;Gfis ntspf;

m
nfhzu;f?
( jkpo;ehl;bd; Njhl;l Ntshz;ik gw;wp tpsf;Ff?)
u
jPtpu Ntshz;ik:-

 ,ae;jpuq;fs;> etPd Af;jpfs; %yk; cw;gj;jpia mjpfupj;jy;.

irS
 rpwpa epyj;jpy; mjpfgl;r tpisr;riy ngWjy;.
 ney;> NfhJik> jpid tiffs; cw;gj;jpia mjpfupj;jy;.
 fUk;G> gUj;jp> rzy;> Gifapiy> vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs; cw;gj;jpapy;
s,

jd;dpiwT ngWjy;.
h

Njhl;l Ntshz;ik:- tpuptpdh gf;f vz;: 247 (1 tJ Nfs;tp)

G

 Kf;fpa gapu;fs;: Njapiy> fhgp> ,ug;gu;> Ke;jpup> kpsF.

 Ntshz;ik: fpof;F> Nkw;F njhlu;r;rp kiyfs;> fpof;F ,kakiyapd;
kiyr;rupTfs;.
 Njapiy cw;gj;jp: mrhk; Kjyplk;> jkpo;ehL ,uz;lhkplk;.
 fhgp cw;gj;jp: fu;ehlfh Kjyplk;> jkpo;ehL ,uz;lhkplk;.
 fd;dpahFkup ,ug;gu;> flY}u; Ke;jpup.
4
 5

myF-4 - ,e;jpah - tsq;fs; kw;Wk; njhopyfq;fs;

1 ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s gUj;jp nerthiyfspd; guty; gw;wp vOJf?
 gUj;jp nerthiyfs; Ntshz; JiwapypUe;J %yg;nghUs;fis
ngWfpwJ.
 ,J Ntshz; rhu;e;j njhopyfk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 Kk;ig: JiwKfk;> re;ij> Nghf;Ftuj;J> fupry; kz;> fhyepiy> kpd;trjp
Nghd;wit mjpf nerthiyfs; ,Ug;gjw;F rhjfkhf mikfpwJ.

r
 Kk;ig ,e;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lu; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

o
 jkpo;ehl;by; Nfhak;Gj;J}u;> jpUg;G+u;> <NuhL Mfpa gFjpfspy; mjpf
vz;zpf;ifapyhd gUj;jp nerthiyfs; cs;sd.

o
 Nfhak;Gj;J}u; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lu; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

m
2 ,e;jpaj; njhopyfq;fs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; Kf;fpa rthy;fs; gw;wp vOJf?
 kpd;rhu gw;whf;Fiw
 njhopw;rhiy njhlq;f epyk; ,y;yhjJ. u
 fld; ngWtjpy; rpf;fy;fs;> mjpf tl;b tpfpjk;.
 Fiwthd Cjpaj;jpw;F Ntiyahl;fs; fpilf;fhik.
irS
 Copau;fSf;fhd njhopy;El;g gapw;rpfs; ,y;yhik.
 njhopw;Ngl;ilfSf;F mUfpy; trpg;gjw;F Vw;w #oy; ,y;yhik.

myF-5
s,

,e;jpah - kf;fs; njhif> Nghf;Ftuj;J> jfty; njhlu;G kw;Wk; tzpfk;

h

1 efukahf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; rpf;fy;fs; ahit?

G

fpuhkg;Gw rKjhak;> efu;Gw rKjhakhf khw;wkiltijNa

efukakhf;fk; vd;fpNwhk;.

1. efu tpupthf;fk;
2. mjpf kf;fs; neUf;fb
3. FbapUg;Gfspd; gw;whf;Fiw
4. Fbirg; gFjpfs; Njhd;Wjy;
5. Nghf;Ftuj;J neupry;.
6. FbePu; gw;whf;Fiw

5
 6

7. tbfhy; gpur;ridfs;
8. jplf;fopT Nkyhz;ik
9. Fw;wq;fs; mjpfupj;jy;.
2 ,e;jpahtpy; nraw;iff;Nfhs; jfty; njhlu;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
tpsf;Ff?
,e;jpahtpy; 1969Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rp
ikak; (ISRO) ngq;f@upy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
 ifNgrp> njhiyf;fhl;rpfSf;F rpf;dy;fis mDg;GfpwJ.

 ,e;jpa uhZtj;jpw;F gad;gLfpwJ.

r
 ngUk; epyg; gug;gug;gpid Gifg;glk; vLf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

o
 thdpiy jfty;fs;fis Jy;ypakhf mspf;fpwJ.

o
 ekJ mz;il ehLfspd; vy;iyfis fz;fhzpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

 ,d;lu;nel; gad;ghl;bw;F kpfTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

m
3 ,e;jpahtpd; rhiyfis tifg;gLj;jp tpsf;Ff?
fpuhkr; rhiyfs;:- u
gy;NtW fpuhkq;fis> efuq;fSld; ,idf;fpwJ.
khtl;lr; rhiyfs;:-
khtl;l> tl;lhu jiyik ,lq;fis ,izf;fpwJ.
irS
khepy neLQ;rhiyfs;:-
khepyj;jpYs;s Kf;fpa efuq;fis khtl;l jiyefUld; ,izf;fpwJ.
Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs;:-
khepy jiyefuq;fs;> Kf;fpa efuq;fs;> JiwKfq;fs;> ,uapy;
epiyaq;fs; kw;Wk; njhopy; ikaq;fis ,izf;fpwJ.
s,

vy;iyg;Gwr; rhiyfs;:-
h

ehl;bd; vy;iyg;gFjpfspy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s rhiyahFk;. ,J

vy;iyGwr; rhiyfs; epWtdj;jhy; (BRO) guhkupf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
G

myF-6 jkpo;ehL - ,aw;ifg; gpupTfs;.

1 jkpo;ehl;bd; gPlG+kp epyj;Njhw;wj;jpd; jd;ikia tptupf;fTk;?

 Nkw;F kw;Wk; fpof;F njhlu;r;rp kiyfSf;F ,ilNa mike;Js;sJ.

 ,J Kf;Nfhz tbtj;ij nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 ghuk`hy; gPlG+kp> ik#u; gPlG+kpapd; xU gFjpahFk;.
 Nfhak;Gj;J}u; gPlG+kp> kJiu gPlG+kp> rp$u; gPlG+kp cs;sJ.

6
 7

 gthdp> neha;ay;> mkuhtjp MWfs; gs;sj;jhf;Ffis cUthf;fp cs;sd.

 itif> jhkpuguzp tbepyg; gFjpfs; ,q;F mike;Js;sd.

2 fhtpup MW Fwpj;J njhFj;J vOJf?

 jiyf;fhtpup vd;Dkplj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.
 ,J Rkhu; 800 fp.kP ePsk; gha;fpwJ.
 xNfdf;fy; - ePu;tPo;r;rpia cUthf;FfpwJ.
 jQ;ir gFjpapy; nly;lhit cUthf;FfpwJ.

r
 fy;yiz Nkl;^u; miz fhtpupapd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

o
 tq;ff;flypy; fyf;fpwJ.

o
3 jkpo;ehl;bd; Nfhil kw;Wk; Fspu; gUtq;fspd; gz;Gfis
tptupf;fTk;?

m
Nfhil gUtk;:-
 jkpofk; G+kj;jpaNuiff;F mUfpy; cs;sJ.


u
mf;dp el;rj;jpuj;jpd; jhf;fk; mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
jkpofk; ntg;gr;ryd kioia ngWfpwJ.
irS
Fspu; gUtk;:-
 jkpofj;jpy; rw;W Fspuhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 Fiwthd ntg;gepiyapdhy; %Lgdp> mlu; %Lgdp cUthfpwJ.
 ,g;gUtj;jpy; twz;l thdpiyNa epyTfpwJ.
s,

jkpo;ehl;bYs;s kz;tiffspd; guty; gw;wp tpsf;Ff?

h

4.
tz;ly; kz;:-
G

fhtpup nly;lh> itif> jhkpuguzp Mw;W gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

gapu;: ney;
fupry; kz;:-
Nfhak;Gj;J}u;> kJiu> tpUJefu; gFjpfspYk; cs;sJ.
gapu;: gUj;jp
nrk;kz;:-
rptfq;if> ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lq;fspy; mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
gapu;: fUk;G> gUg;G tiffs;

7
 8

ruis kz;:
 ePyfpup gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. gapu;: Njapiy> fhgp.
ctu; kz;:-
 Nrhokz;lyf; flw;fiu gFjpfspy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

5 GaYf;F Kd;dUk;> gpd;dUk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba mgha Neu;T Fiwg;G

eltbf;iffis vOJf?
 tje;jpfis ek;gf;$lhJ. gjw;wk; milaTk; $lhJ.

r
 thdpiy mwpf;ifia njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

o
 mj;jpahtrpag; nghUl;fis jahuhf itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 kPdtu;fs; flYf;F nry;tij jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

o
 kpd;rhu fk;gpfis njhlf;$lhJ.

m
 ghk;G> G+r;rpfsplkpUe;J vr;rupf;ifahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
myF-7 jkpo;ehL - khDlg; Gtpapay;

1.
u
jkpo;ehl;bd; Njhl;l Ntshz;ik gw;wp tpsf;Ff?
 Njapiy> fhgp> ,ug;gu;> Ke;jpup> kpsF Mfpait Njhl;l Ntshz;ikapd;
irS
Kf;fpa gapu;fshFk;.
 ePyfpup> Nfhak;Gj;J}u; gFjpfspy; Njapiy Njhl;lq;fs; mjpfk; cs;sJ.
 Njapiy cw;gj;jp: mrhk; Kjyplk;> jkpo;ehL ,uz;lhkplk; tfpf;fpwJ.
 fhgp cw;gj;jp: fu;ehlfh Kjyplk;> jkpo;ehL ,uz;lhtJ ,lk; tfpf;fpwJ.
s,

 fd;dpahFkup ,ug;gu; mjpfstpy; fpilf;fpwJ.

h

 flY}u; khtl;lj;jpy; Ke;jpup gapuplg;gLfpwJ.

G

2. jkpo;ehl;bd; ePu; Mjhuq;fisg; gw;wp vOjTk;?

 ,e;jpa mstpy; jkpo;ehl;bd; gug;gsT 4%> kf;fs; njhif 6%.
 ePu; tsk;: 2.5 % kl;LNk nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 Nkw;gug;G ePu; 95% kw;Wk; epyj;jb ePu; 80% .
 Mw;W tbepyq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 17.
 81 ePu;Njf;fq;fs;> 41127 Vupfs; cs;sd.

8
 9

 jkpofj;jpy; mizfspd; %yKk; ePu; Njf;fp itf;fg;gLfpwJ.

v.fh. Nkl;^u;> gthdp rhfu;> rhj;jD}u;> itif mizfs;.
 Mo;Jis> jpwe;jntsp fpzWfs; Kf;fpa ePu; Mjhuq;fs; MFk;.

3. jkpo;ehl;bd; fdpk gutiy tptup?

 flY}u; khtl;lk; nea;Ntypapy; gOg;G epyf;fup fpilf;fpwJ.
 Nryk;> jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpy; ,Uk;Gj;jhJ fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 Nryk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}u;> jUkGup Nkf;dill; fpilf;fpwJ.

r
 ghf;irl; Nru;tuhad; kiyapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

o
 jpUr;rp> J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lq;fspy; [pg;rk; fpilf;fpwJ.

o
 fd;dpahFkup flw;fiuapy; ,y;kidl; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 Nfhak;Gj;J}u;> ehkf;fy;> Nryk; khtl;lq;fspy; Rz;zhk;G fpilf;fpwJ.

m
4. jkpo;ehl;by; mlu;j;jpahd kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l gFjpfs; kw;Wk;
mjw;fhd fhuzq;fis vOJf?
u
 nrd;id> jpUts;@u;> fhQ;rpGuk;> NtY}u;> tpOg;Guk;> flY}u;> Nfhit>
jpUr;rp> Nryk;> kJiu> jpUney;Ntyp kw;Wk; fd;dpahFkup.
 tptrhak;> njhopy; tsu;r;rp
irS
 jukhd fy;tp> kUj;Jt trjp
 Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs;> Ntiytha;g;G>
 kpd;rhuk;> jfty; njhopy;El;gk;> ghJfhg;G
s,

5. jkpo;ehl;bd; gy;NtW Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfis tptup?

h

rhiy Nghf;Ftuj;J:
 ,e;jpahtpy; rhiy trjpapy;; jkpofk; ,uz;lhkplk; tfpf;fpwJ.
G

v.fh. khtl;l rhiy> khepy rhiy

,uapy;Nt Nghf;Ftuj;J:
 Nfush> fu;ehlfh> Me;jpuh ,uapy; ghijfs; %yk;
jkpofj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 thd;top Nghf;Ftuj;J:
 nrd;id ehl;bd; %d;whtJ ngupa tpkhd epiyak; MFk;.
 Nfhit> jpUr;rp> kJiu gpw ru;tNjr tpkhd epiyaq;fs;

9
 10

ePu;top Nghf;Ftuj;J:
 nrd;id> vz;Z}u;> J}j;Jf;Fb Kf;fpa JiwKfq;fshFk;.
 jkpo;ehl;by; 15 rpwpa JiwKfq;fSk; cs;sd.

6. rhiyg; ghJfhg;G tpjpfs; gw;wp vOjTk;?

 Xl;Leu; cupkk; cs;stu;fs; kl;LNk thfdq;fis ,af;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ,Urf;fu thfdq;fis ,af;Fk; NghJ jiyf;ftrk; mzpa Ntz;Lk;.
 tupf;Nfhbl;l ,lq;fspy; kl;LNk rhiyia flf;f Ntz;Lk;.

r
 fhu;fspy; nry;Yk; NghJ rPl; ngy;l; mzpa Ntz;Lk;.

o
 Nghf;Ftuj;J rpd;dq;fs;> FwpaPLfs;> iriffs; filgpbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 thfdq;fSf;F ,ilNa Fwpg;gpl;l ,ilntspapy; nry;y Ntz;Lk;.

o
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10