Professional Documents
Culture Documents
njhy;fhg;gpak; - vOj;jjpfhuk;
(,sk;g+uzu; ciu)
gp.ypl;. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;FupaJ
njhiyf;fy;tp ikak;
ghujpjhrd; gy;fiyf;fofk;
(Njrpa kjpg;gPl;Lj; juepu;zaf;FOtpd; ‘A’ jur; rhd;wpjo; ,uz;lhk; Rw;wpy;
ngw;wJ)
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp - 620 024
2
nghUslf;fk;
njhy;fhg;gpak;
njhy;fhg;gpa ciuahrpupau;fs;
,sk;g+uzu;
md;ghu;e;j khztu;fNs !
- tho;j;Jf;fs; ahtu;f;Fk; -
5
njhy;fhg;gpak; vOj;jjpfhuk;-,sk;g+uzk;
-------------------
1.1. E}d;kuG
,aypd; gFg;GKiw
Kjy; vOj;Jf;fs;
rhHG vOj;Jf;fs;
2. mitjhk;
Fw;wpaypfuk;> Fw;wpaYfuk;
Ma;jk; vd;w
Kg;ghy; Gs;spAk; vOj;J XH md;d. (E}. 2)
Fwpy; vOj;Jf;fs;
3. m , c v x vd;Dk;
mg;ghy; Ie;Jk;
XHmsG ,irf;Fk; Fw;nwOj;J vd;g. (E}. 3)
neby; vOj;Jf;fs;
4. M < C V I X Xs vd;Dk;
mg;ghy; VOk;
<HmsG ,irf;Fk; nel;nlOj;J vd;g. (E}. 4)
msngil
khj;jpiu
8. Xsfhu ,Wtha;g;
gd;<u; vOj;Jk; capHvd nkhopg. (E}. 8)
nka;vOj;Jf;fs;
vOj;Jf;fspd; tuptbtk;
v.L.: f;> q;> r;> Q;> l;> z;> j;> e;> g;> k;> a;> H> y;> t;> o;> s> w;> d;
vd;wthW.
16. vfu xfuj;J ,aw;ifAk; mw;Nw. (E}. 16)
nka;naOj;Jf;fspd; tif
ty;nyOj;Jf;fs;
nknyOj;Jf;fs;
,ilnaOj;Jf;fs;
nka;k;kaf;fk;> cldpiy
Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fk;
kaq;fpd.
kaq;fpd.
15
Gd;fz;> Gd;nra;>
nghd;Qhz;> nghd;ngupJ> - vd;gjpy; dfuj;jpd; Kd;dHf;
nghd;khiy> nghd;ahJ> frQgkat kaq;fpaik fhz;f.
nghd;typJ
cldpiy kaf;fk;
Rl;L vOj;Jf;fs;
tpdh vOj;Jf;fs;
1.2. nkhopkuG
xUnrhy; Fw;wpaypfuk;
GzHr;rpapy; Fw;wpaypfuk;
xUnrhy; Fw;wpaYfuk;
GzHr;rpapy; Fw;wpaYfuk;
xUnrhy; Ma;jk;
GzHr;rpapy; Ma;jk;
capu; msngil
I> Xs msngLj;jy;
XnuOj;njhUnkhop
nrhy;tif
vOj;Jf;fspd; ,af;fk;
nka;k;kaf;fg; Gwdil
<nuhw;W cldpiy
auo vd;Dk; %d;wDs; xd;W Kd; xw;wha; epw;f> frjg qQek vDk;
vl;L xw;WfSs; xd;Wtu> mit ,uz;Lk; ,ize;J <nuhw;Wldpiyaha;
epw;Fk;.
njhlHnkhop ,ay;G
<nwhw;W cldpiy
vOj;Jf;fs; xypg;G
My;> M - fhy;> fh
Nghyp
,ilad; - ,lad;
kilad; - klad;
v-L.: mil> Mil> ,il> <ak;> cuy;> CHjp> vO> Vzp> Itdk;> xsp>
Xtpak;> Xsljk;
28
v-L.: fiy> fhiy> fpsp> fPup> FL> $L> nfz;il> Nfoy;> ifij>
nfhz;ly;> Nfhil> nfsit-vdgjpy; ffuk; gd;dPUapnuhLk; nkhopf;F
Kjypy; te;jd.
ee;J> ehiu> epyk;> ePH> Ejy;;> E}y;> nea;> Neak;> ietsk;> nehr;rp>
Nehf;F> nestp-vd;gjpy; efuk; gd;dPUapnuhLk; nkhopf;F Kjypy;
te;jd.
gil> ghy;> gpb> gPL> Gfo;> g+kp> ngil> Ngil> igjy;> nghd;> NghJ>
ngstk; - vd;gjpy; gfuk; gd;dPUapnuhLk; nkhopf;F Kjypy; te;jd.
v-L.: rhe;J> rpdk;> rPw;wk;> RUk;G> #uu;;> nrf;F> Nrty;> nrhy;> NrhW vd;gd.
v-L.: tis> thup> tpsup> tPL> nts;sp> NtH> itak;> ntsT vd tUk;.
Xsfhuk; <whjy;
vfuk; <whjy;
xfuk; <whjy;
rhd;Wfs; tof;nfhope;jd.
74. c> v fhuk; e tnthL etpyh. (E}. 41)
v-L.: cupQ;> kz;> nghUe;> jpUk;> nghd;> Nta;> NtH> Nty;> njt;> tPo;> Nts;
vd tUk;.
79. cr;rfhunkhL efhuk; rptZk;. (E}. 46)
v-L.: cupQ;
81. tfuf; fpstp ehd;nkhop cw;wJ. (E}. 48)
<w;nwOj;J kaf;fk;
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
1.1. E}d;kuG
FWtpdhf;fs; :
fl;Liu tpdhf;fs; :
FWtpdhf;fs; :
fl;Liu tpdhf;fs; :
------------------------------
36
md;ghHe;j khztHfNs>
jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspd; tif> njhif Fwpj;j nra;jpfis Kd; myfpy;
mwpe;Jnfhz;Nlhk;. vOj;Jf;fs; tuptbtKk;> Ngr;nrhypAk; nfhz;ld
vd;gjhy; vOj;Jf;fspd; tbtk; gw;wpa mwpjpwDk;> xyp cr;rupg;G gw;wpa
mwpjYk; vOj;jpyf;fzj;jpy; Kjd;ikahd ,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. Mjyhy;
vOj;Jf;fs; vt;thW gpwf;fpd;wd vd;gjidAk; mwpe;Jnfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;
vd;w Nehf;fpy; njhy;fhg;gpaH jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;gpidg; gw;wp kpf
tpupthf vLj;Jiuf;fpwhH. Kw;wpYk; mwptpay; Nehf;fpy; mike;j gFjp
,JthFk;.
vOj;Jf;fspd; nghJg;gpwg;G
84. mt;top
gd;dPH capUk; jk;epiy jpupah
kplw;Wg; gpwe;j tspapd; ,irf;Fk;. (E}. 2)
m> M gpwj;jy;
87. cC xX xs vd ,irf;Fk;
mg;ghy; Ie;Jk; ,jo; Ftpe;J ,aYk;. (E}. 5)
nka;vOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;G
f> q gpwj;jy;
r> Q gpwj;jy;
l> z gpwj;jy;
Iak; jPHj;jy;
j> e gpwj;jy;
w> d gpwj;jy;
u> o gpwj;jy;
y> s gpwj;jy;
g> k gpwj;jy;
t gpwj;jy;
a gpwj;jy;
,J nky;nyOj;Jf;fSf;Fg; gpwg;Gf;$WfpwJ.
Gwdil
2.2. Gzupay;
104. mtw;Ws;
v-L.: kuk;.
Fw;wpaYfu <W
capHnka; <W
108. mtw;Ws;
epWj;j nrhy;ypd; <WMF vOj;njhL
Fwpj;JtU fpstp Kjy; vOj;J ,iaa
nganuhL ngaiug; Gzf;Fq; fhYk;
nganuhL njhopiyg; GzHf;Fq; fhYk;
njhopnyhL ngaiug; GzHf;Fq; fhYk;
46
109. mitjhk;
nka;gpwpJ Mjy;> kpFjy; Fd;wy; vd;W
,t; vd nkhopg jpupA khNw. (E}. 7)
,Utifg; GzHr;rp
Ntw;Wik cUGfs; I> xL> F> ,d;> mJ> fz; vd;Dk; MW MFk;.
113. I xL F ,d; mJ fz; vd;Dk;
mt;MW vd;g Ntw;Wik cUNg. (E}. 11)
,J Ntw;Wikapid tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
jhk;+mJ-jk;+mJ-jk+mJ=jkJ vdtUk;
ngaH tiffs;
rhupiag; GzHr;rp
,d;> tw;W> mj;J> mk;> xd;> Md;> mf;F> ,f;F> md; vDk; xd;gJ
nrhw;fSk;> mitNghd;w gpwTk; rhupiar; nrhw;fshFk;.
51
119. mitjhk;
,d;Nd> tw;Nw> mj;Nj> mk;Nk>
xd;Nd> MNd> mf;Nf> ,f;Nf>
md;vd; fpstp csg;gl gpwTk;
md;d vd;g rhupia nkhopNa. (E}. 17)
120. mtw;Ws;
,d;dpd; ,fuk; Mtpd; ,Wjp
Kd;dHf; nfLjy; cupj;Jk; MFk;. (E}. 18)
gj;J+mfy;→gj;J+,d;+mfy;→gj;+,d;+mfy;→gj;+,w;+mfy; =
gjpw;wfy;
gj;J+cof;F→gj;J+,d;+cof;F→gj;+,d;+cof;F→gj;+,w;+cof;F
= gjpw;Wof;F
52
tw;W-mw;W Mjy;
d-w Mjy;
tpstpw;F=tps+F→tps+,d;+F→tps+t;+,d;+F→tps+t;+,w;+F =
tpstpw;F vd tUjy; fhz;f.
Md;-Mw; Mjy;
v-L.: guzpahw;nfhz;lhd;.
53
guzpahw;nfhz;lhd;=guzp+nfhz;lhd;→guzp+Md;+nfhz;lhd;→
guzp+a;+Md;+nfhz;lhd;→guzp+a;+Mw;nfhz;lhd;=
guzpahw;nfhz;lhd; vd tUjy; fhz;f.
v-L.: kfj;Jf;if
kfj;Jf;if=kf+if→kf+mj;J+if→kf+j;J+if→kfj;J+if =
kfj;Jf;if vd tUk;.
v-L.: Mbf;Ff;nfhz;lhd;
Gspaq;NfhL=Gsp+NfhL-
Gsp+mk;+NfhL→Gsp+a;+mk;+NfhL→Gspaq;NfhL vdtUk;.
GspanQup=Gsp+nQup→Gsp+mk;+nQup→Gsp+a;+mk;+nQup →
Gsp+a;+m+nQup→GspanQup vd tUk;
Ntz;bajpy;iy.
fyj;Jf;Fiw=fyk;+Fiw
fyk;+mj;J+Fiw→fy+mj;J+Fiw → fy+j;J+Fiw→fyj;Jf;Fiw
vdtUk;. mJ my;topKbG.
vOj;Jr;rhupia
nel;nlOj;Jr; rhupia
135. mtw;Ws;
fuKk; fhDk; nel;nlOj;J ,yNt. (E}. 33)
Fw;nwOj;Jr; rhupia
I> Xs rhupia
capnuOj;jpd; GzHr;rp
My;+mil=Myil
Fd;W+moF=Fd;woF vdtUk;.
Mypiy=My;> ,iy
142. mitjhk;
Kd;dg; nghUs; GzHr;rpthapd;
,d;d vd;Dk; vOj;Jf; fld; ,yNt. (E}. 40)
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
2.1. gpwg;gpay;
FWtpdhf;fs;
fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;
2.2. Gzupay;
FWtpdhf;fs;
fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;
-------------------
62
Nehf;fk;
capH <Wk; nka;<Wk; Kd;dH epw;g> f> r> j> g vd;w nka;fis
Kjyhf cila nrhw;fs; te;jhy;> mtw;wpw;F NkNy Njhd;Wk; ,ay;ig
cila> nky;nyOj;Jf;fs; KiwNa q> Q> e> k vd;Dk; xw;Wf;fs; MFk;.
mt;thW tUtJ mj;jF kuigf; nfhz;l nkhopfspd; ,lj;Njahk;.
145. mtw;Ws;
nky;nyOj;J ,aw;if cwopDk; tiuahH
nrhy;ypa njhlHnkhop ,Wjpahd. (E}. 3)
rpwg;Gtpjp
eq;if Fwpas;
eq;if rpwpas; capuPw;W caHjpiz ngz;ghw; ngaH
eq;if jPas; my;topf;fz; ty;ypdk; tu ,ay;ghapw;W
eq;if ngupas;
mtd; Fwpad;
mtd; rpwpad; Gs;spaPw;W caHjpiz Mz;ghw; ngaH
mtd; jPad; my;topf;fz; ty;ypdk; tu ,ay;ghapw;W.
mtd; ngupad;
rpwg;G tpjp
154. mtw;Ws;
,fu <w;Wg; ngaH jpupG,ld; cilj;Nj. (E}. 12)
v-L.: vl;br;rhj;jd;
nrl;bf;$j;jd; my;topf;fz; ,fu <w;Wg;ngaHfs;
fhtpjpf;$j;jd; kpf;F Kbe;jd.
ek;gpg;gps;is-
69
vl;bg;g+
nrl;bg;GuT - Ntw;Wikf;fz; ,fu <w;Wg;ngaHfs;
fhtpjpg;g+ kpf;F Kbe;jd.
ek;gpg;NgW
GypNfhl;gl;lhd;
Gyprhug;gl;lhd; ,tw;wpy; capuPw;W %d;whk; Ntw;Wikf;
GypjPz;lg;gl;lhd; fUj;jhr; nrhy; ty;ypdk; tu ,ay;ghapw;W
Gypghag;gl;lhd; ; fhz;f.
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;jpupG
v-L.: gUj;jp FwpJ> gUj;jp rpwpJ> gUj;jp jPJ> gUj;jp ngupJ vd;Gop ,fu
<w;Wg;ngaH vOtha;j; njhlHf;fz; ,ay;ghapw;W.
v-L.: mNjhspf;nfhz;lhd;>
,Njhspf;nfhz;lhd;> - Rl;L Kjyhfpa ,fu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs;
cNjhspf;nfhz;lhd; kpf;F Kbe;jd.
v-L.: cof;fpd;Fiw
foQ;rpd;Fiw
xd;wpd;Fiw - ,tw;wpy; Fw;wpaYfu <w;W msT> epiw>
vz;Zg;ngaHfs; FiwnahL GzUq;fhy; ,d; rhupia ngw;W
te;Js;sijf; fhz;f.
v-L.: fyj;Jf;Fiw.
Gwdil
kUtpd; ghj;jp
3.2. cUgpay;
173. m M c C V Xs vd;Dk;
mg;ghy; Mwd; epiynkhop Kd;dH
Ntw;Wik cUgpw;F ,d;Nd rhupia. (E}. 1)
ahtw;iw = ah+tw;W+I
mtw;iw> mtw;nwhL
,tw;iw> ,tw;nwhL - Rl;LKjy; xfhuk; tw;Wr;rhupia
ctw;iw> ctw;nwhL nghUe;j nka;nahLk; nfl;L Kbe;jJ.
mitaw;iw =mit+tw;W+I
epd;id=eP+I.
Nfhxid=Nfh+xd;+I
tps+t;+mj;J+fz; vdtUk;.
nka; <Wfs;
cupQpid=cupQ;+,d;+I
,tw;iw> ,tw;nwhL
ctw;iw> ctw;nwhL
mtw;iw=m+tw;W+I vdtUk;.
Ek;ik=Ek;+I
jhk;> ehk; vd;Dk; kfu <Wk;> ahk; vd;Dk; kfu <WfSk; Ek;nkd;Dk;
kfu <W Nghy mj;Jk; ,d;Dk; ngwhJ KbAk;. ahk; vd;Dk; kfu <w;Wr;
nrhy;ypy; cs;s Mfhuk;> VfhukhFk;. mt;tplj;jpy; afukhfpa nka; nfLjy;
Ntz;Lk;. Vida jhk;> ehk; vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; neLKjy; FWfpj; jk;> ek;
vd tUk;.
vy;yhek;ikAk;=vy;yhk;+ek;+I+ck;.
vy;yhHjk;ikAk;=vy;yhH+jk;+I+ck; vdtUk;.
jhd;+I=jd;id; ahd;+I=vd;id.
Void=Vo;+md;+I vdtUk;.
197. mitjhk;
,aw;ifa MFk; nraw;ifa vd;g. (E}. 25)
Gwdil
mjhtJ> ,yf;fzk; $wg;ngwhj Gs;sp <Wfsha z> a> u> y> s Tk;
capuPwhfpa , Ak; cUGfs; Vw;Fk;NghJ rhupia ngw;W tu Ntz;Lk; vd;w
flg;ghLilad my;y. ngw;Wk; ngwhJk; tUk; vd;gjhk;.
capH <Wfs;
tw;Wr;rhupiafs;>
nka; <Wfs;> jhk;> ehk;> ahk;> vy;yhk; vd;Dk; kfu <Wfs;
vy;yhUk;> vy;yPUk; vd;Dk; kfu <Wfspd; KbT
Kw;Wfu> Fw;Wfu <Wfspd; KbT
xd;W Kjy; gj;J vz;Zg;ngaHfspd; Fw;Wfu <Wfs; md; rhupia
ngWjy;
92
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
FWtpdhf;fs;
fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;
1. njhifkugpd; ngau;g;nghUj;jj;ij Muha;f.
2. Kd;dpiy tpidr;nrhw;Fhpa rpwg;Gg; Gzh;r;rp tpjpfisf; $Wf.
3. msitg; ngah;fs; jk;Kd; jhk; Gzh;jy; - tpsf;Ff.
4. caphPW> nka;aPWfspd; nghJg;Gzh;r;rpia tpthp.
5. cah;jpizg; ngah;fs; ehw;fzj;jpYk; GzUkhw;iw tpsf;Ff.
6. Gzh;r;rpapy; Ifhu Ntw;Wik jphpAk; ,lq;fisf; $Wf.
7. ‘Ifhu Ntw;Wik jphpngd nkhopg’– tpsf;Ff.
3.2. cUgpay;
FWtpdhf;fs;
fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;
caphPW
,t;tpaypy; mfu <W> Mfhu <W> ,fu <W> <fhu <W> cfu <W>
Cfhu <W> vfu <W> Vfu <W> Ifhu <W> xfhu <W> Xfhu <W> xsfhu <W
Kjyhd <Wfs; my;topapYk;> Ntw;WikapYk; GzUkhw;iw tpsf;Ffpd;whH.
(caph;f;fzk;> nka;naOj;Jf;fspy; td;fzk;> nkd;fzk;> ,ilf;fzk;
vd;gd ,yf;fz tof;fhW MFk;.)
mfu <W
v-L.: thof;nfhz;lhd;
thor;nrd;whd; - nrantd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;
thoj;je;jhd; kpf;F Kbe;jJ.
thog;Gf;fhd;
nfhs;nsdf; nfhz;lhd;>
nfhs;nsdr; nrhd;dhd;
nfhs;nsdj; je;jhd;
nfhs;nsdg; ngw;whd; - ,jpy; vdntd; vr;rk; kpf;F Kbe;jJ.
Rl;bd;Kd; Q e k nka;
Kbe;jJ.
Rl;bd;Kd; a t
v-L.: nghd; md;d Fjpiu> nre;eha;> jfH> gd;wp vdTk;> Cunfhs;> nry;>
jh> Ngh vdTk;> cz;kd Fjpiu> nre;eha;> jfH> gd;wp vdTk;> nry;f
Fjpiu> nre;eha;> jfH> gd;wp vdTk;> cz;l Fjpiu> nre;eha;> jfH>
gd;wp vdTk;> ,jd; vjpHkiwahf cz;zhj Fjpiu vdTk;> ,jd;
Fwpg;G ey;y Fjpiu> nre;eha; vdTk;> cz;zpa nfhz;lhd;> nrd;whd;>
je;jhd;> Nghapdhd; vdTk;> mk;k nfhw;wh> rhj;jh> Njth> g+jh
vdTk;> gy Fjpiu> nre;eha;> jfH> gd;wp vdTk; tUk;.
gy;gil> gd;dhs;
gy;ahid> gy;yhW
rpy;gil> rpd;dhs; jk;Kd; jhk;tu mfuk; nfl yfuk; jpupahJ
rpy;ahid> rpy;yhW epd;wJ.
v-L.: ,Utpsf;nfhw;wd;>
,Utpsr;rhj;jd;
,Utpsj;Njtd;
,Utpsg;g+jd; - mfu <w;Wg;ngaH Ntw;Wikf;fz; kpf;F Kbe;jJ.
kug;ngaHg; GzHr;rp
kfj;Jf;if=kf+mj;J+if
Mfhu <W
v-L.: cz;zhf;nfhz;lhd;>
cz;zhr;nrd;whd;
cz;zhj; je;jhd; - nra;ah vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk
cz;zhg;Nghapdhd;; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbe;jJ.
kug;ngaHfs; Gzu;jy;
,fu <W
Rl;Lg;GzHr;rp
v-L.: J}zpg;gjf;F.
ehop+cup=ehLup vdtUk;.
Gsp kug;ngaH
Gsp+mk;+NfhL=Gspaq;NfhL.
<fhu <W
gP FwpJ> gP rpwpJ
gP jPJ> gP ngupJ - ,lf;fHg; ngaH ,ay;ghapw;W.
eP vd;Dk; ngaH
cfu <W
cfur;Rl;L
nra;Aspy; Rl;L
Ntw;Wikg;GzHr;rp
xL kug;ngaH
Cfhu <W
v-L.: cz;Z}f;nfhz;lhd;
cz;Z}r; nrd;whd; - Cfhu <w;W tpidnar;rk; kpf;F Kbe;jJ.
cz;Z}j; je;jhd; ,J nra;a+ vd;Dk; tha;ghL.
cz;Z}g; Nghapdhd;
p
ifJ}f;nfhw;wh
ifJ}r;rhj;jh
ifJ}j;Njth
ifJ}g;g+jh - Kd;dpiy tpid ty;nyOj;J kpf;fJ.
115
nfhz;%f;Fohk;>
nfhz;%r;nryT - Cfhu <w;Wg; ngaH Ntw;Wikf;fz;
nfhz;%j;Njhw;wk; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbe;jJ.
nfhz;%g;giw
Fwpy;fPo; CfhuKk; jdpnkhop CfhuKk;
C vd;Dk; ngaH
Vfhu <W
Vfhu ,ilr;nrhw;fs;
Nr vd;Dk; kug;ngaH
Ifhu <W
Rl;Lg;ngaH
mtw;Wf;NfhL>
,tw;Wf;NfhL> - vd;gjpy; Rl;L Kjy; Ifhu <w;Wg;ngaHfs;
ctw;Wf;NfhL tw;Wg;ngw;W Ifhuk; nfl;L Kbe;jJ.
v-L.: gid+ml;L=gdhl;L.
gidKd; nfhb
v-L.: gid+nfhb=gidf;nfhb.
kioapw;nfhz;lhd;>
kioapw;nrd;whd;
kioapw;we;jhd; kio vd;gJ ,iaG ty;nyOj;jpd;wp ,d;
kioapw;Nghapdhd; rhupia ngw;W Kbe;jJ.
Xfhu <W
Xfhu ,ilr;nrhy;
xopapir Xfhuk;
Ntw;Wikg; GzHr;rp
Xsfhu <W
nkhopf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk; Q> z> e> k> d> a> u> y> t> o> s Mfpa
gjpNdhU Gs;sp<WfSk; ngUk;ghYk; td;fzj;NjhLk;> rpWghd;ik Vidf;
fzj;NjhLk; GzUkhw;iw ,t;tpay; $Wjypd; ,J Gs;spkaq;fpay; vd;Dk;
ngaH ngw;wJ.
nky;nyhw;W <Wfs;
Q e k tTld; tUjy;
tpz;zj;Jf; nfhl;Fk;=tpz;+mj;J+nfhl;Fk;.
NkYk; xUKbT
v-L.: Mapuk;+xd;W=Mapuj;njhd;W
Mapuj;njhd;W=Mapuk;+mj;J+xd;W.
134
milaLj;j Mapuk;
E}whapuj;njhd;W> ,UE}whapuj;njhd;W.
vy;yPUk;+ehk;+if = vy;yPu;Ek;ifAk;
v-L.: ePapH FwpaPH> ePapH rpwpaPH> ePapH jPapH> ePapH ngupaPH - vd;gjpy; Ek;kpd;
jpupgha ePapH vd;gjd;Kd; nky;nyOj;J kpfhJ ty;ypdk; ,ay;ghf
epw;wiyf; fhz;f.
fk;+Nfhy;=fk;kf;Nfhy;
v-L.: kfj;jhw;nfhz;lhd;=kfk;+mj;J+Md;+nfhz;lhd;.
kfj;jhw;nfhz;lhd;> kfj;jhw;nrd;whd;
kfj;jhw;we;jhd;> kfj;jhw;Nghapdhd;.- kfk; vd;Dk; kfu <w;W
ehl;ngaH Md; rhupia NkYk; mj;Jr;rhupia ngw;W te;jJ.
kpd;Df;fLik> kpd;Dr;rpWik>
144
rhj;je;ij=rhj;jd;+je;ij. g+j;je;ij=g+jd;+je;ij.
145
Me;ij=Mjd;+je;ij.
NkYk; xU KbG
352. jhd;> ahd; vDk; ngaH cUG ,ay; epiyAk;. (E}. 57)
my;topapy; mr;nrhw;fs;
jhd;+ngupad;=jhd;ngupad;
,ilnahw;W <Wfs;
v-L.: rhHf;fho;
gPu+
; Nfhb=gPuq;nfhb - nfhbg;ngaH.
NkYk; xU KbG
v-L.: ty;+
; gyif=ty;Yg;gyif> ty;Yeha; vdtUk;.
ntapypw; nfhz;lhd;
ntapypw; nrd;whd;
ntapypw; we;jhd;
ntapypw; Nghapdhd; - ntapy; vd;Dk; nrhy; ,d; rhupia ngw;wJ.
154
my;top KbG
NtW KbGfs;
v-L.: VO+gj;J=vOg/J
VOk; MapuKk;
v-L.: VO+Mapuk;=vohapuk;.
VOk; E}Wk;
v-L.: VO+E}whapuk;=Vo;E}whapuk;.
Ngnuz;fs; tupd;
NkYk; xU KbG
NkYk; xU KbG
NkYk; xU KbG
Gwdil
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
FWtpdhf;fs;
fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;
FWtpdhf;fs;
fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;
Nehf;fk;
Fw;wpaYfug; nghJg;Gzu;r;rp
407. mtw;Ws;
<Hxw;Wj; njhlHnkhop ,ilj;njhlH Mfh. (E}. 2)
v-L.: ehF fbJ> tuF fbJ> njs;F fbJ> v/F fbJ> Fuq;F fbJ -
my;topf;fz; jd; miukhj;jpiu mstha; epd;wJ.
NkYk; xU KbG
Fw;wpaYfug; nghJg;GzHr;rp
ahL+fhy;→ ahl;L+fhy;→ahl;Lf;fhy;
,ilj;njhlH> Ma;jj;njhlH
td;njhlH> nkd;njhlH
nebw;nwhlH> td;nwhlH
vz;Zg;ngau;
tpdhg;ngaH> Rl;Lg;ngaH
my;topapy; Rl;Lg;ngaH
td;nwhlH
v-L.: Mq;Ff;nfhz;lhd;
Mq;Fr;nrd;whd; - mfur;Rl;L ePz;l nkd;nwhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk;
Mq;Fj;je;jhd; ty;nyOj;J kpf;fJ.
Mq;Fg;Nghapdhd;;
174
jpirg;ngaH
gj;Jld; vz;Zg;ngaH
vz;Zg;ngaNuhL gj;J
v-L.: njhz;Z}W
xd;gJ+gj;J=njhz;Z}W
msT> epiwg;ngaHfs;
v-L.: Itl;b.
v-L.: %d;W+cof;F=%Tof;F.
MW vd;Dk; nrhy;
v-L.: xd;gJ+E}W=njhs;shapuk;.
njhs;shapuk;=xd;gJ+E}W→njhd;gJ+E}W→njhs;s;+E}W→njhs;s+;
IW→njhs;s;+MW→njhs;s;+M,uW→njhs;s+ ; M,uk;→njhs;shapuk;
vdtUk;.
xuhapuk;=xd;W+Mapuk;→xd;+Mapuk;→xH+Mapuk;→xU+Mapuk;→
xH+Mapuk;→xuhapuk;.
,uhapuk;=,uz;L+Mapuk;→,uz;+Mapuk;→,uH+Mapuk;→,uU+Mapuk;→
,U+Mapuk;→,H+Mapuk;→,uhapuk;
465. Kjy;epiy ePbDk; khdk; ,y;iy. (E}. 60)
Xuhapuk;=xd;W+Mapuk;→xd;+Mapuk;→xH+Mapuk;→xU+Mapuk;→
xH+Mapuk;→xH+Mapuk;→Xuhapuk;.
<uhapuk;=,uz;L+Mapuk;→,uz;+Mapuk;→,uH+Mapuk;→,uU+Mapuk;→
,U+Mapuk;→,H+Mapuk;→<H+Mapuk;→<uhapuk;.
v-L.: Kt;thapuk;.
Kt;thapuk;→%d;W+Mapuk;→Kd;+Mapuk;→Kd;+Mapuk;→Kt;thapuk;.
v-L.: ehyhapuk;.
ehyhapuk;→ehd;F+Mapuk;→ehd;+Mapuk;→ehd;+Mapuk;→
ehy;+Mapuk;→ehyhapuk;.
186
v-L.: Iahapuk;.
Iahapuk;→Ie;J+Mapuk;→Ie;+Mapuk;→Ia;+Mapuk;→Iahapuk;.
MW Kd; Mapuk;
v-L.; xd;gjpdhapuk;.
xd;gjpdhapuk;→xd;gJ+Mapuk;→xd;gJ+,d;+Mapuk;→xd;gjpdhapuk;.
xUE}whapuk;→xd;W+E}whapuk;→xd;+E}whapuk;→xH+E}whapuk;→
xUE}whapuk;.
xUgj;njhd;W=xUg/J+xd;W.
mtw;wpd;Kd; Mapuk;
xUg/J+Mapuk;=xUgjpdhapuk;.
189
mjpfhug; Gwdil
glyg;Gwdil
Gweil
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
FWtpdhf;fs;
fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;
ghlE}y; :
ghu;it E}y;fs; :