Kd;Diu

kdpj kdj;ijg; gz;gLj;jp mijr; nrk;ikahf;Ftd ,yf;fpaq;fs;.

,yf;fpak; vd;gJ kf;fspd; elg;gpay; tho;f;ifiag; gjpT nra;Ak; Mtzk;
vdyhk;. xt;nthU fhyfl;l elg;gpay; tho;fi
; fapy; fhzyhFk; kf;fspd;
tho;f;if Kiw> ehfhpfk;> gz;ghL> gof;ftof;fq;fs;> eilKiwg;Nghf;F
Mfpadtw;iwg; glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lk; fz;zhbahf ,yf;fpaq;fs; jpfo;fpd;wd.
xt;nthU ,yf;fpaKk; jdpkdpjg;Nghf;F> rKjhag;Nghf;F ,e;j ,uz;ilAk;
cs;slf;fpa murpay; Nghf;F Mfpatw;iwg; ghLnghUs;fshff; nfhz;L
gilf;fg;gLtdthFk;. mJNghy ,d;iwag; gilg;ghsh;fs; jq;fs; gilg;Gfspy;
kdpj rKjhaj;jpy; fhzyhFk; epiwFiwfs;> GJikfs; Nghd;wtw;iw
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.,d;iwa fhyfl;lf; ftpQh;fspy; mg;Jy;uFkhd;
rpwg;Gj;jd;ik kpf;fth;. rKjhag; gpur;rpidfisj; jd; gilg;Gfspy; kpFjpahff;
fhl;lf;$ba GJf;ftpijahsh;. jd;Dila GJf;ftpijg; gilg;Gf;fs;>
trdftpijg; gilg;Gf;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; epfo;fhyr; rKjhak;> jdpkdpj murpay;
gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis kpFjpahff; ifahz;Ls;shh;. ,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpy; kype;J
fplf;Fk; th;f;fNgjk;> Ruz;ly;> murpay; rPuopT> tzpfk;> ePjpj;Jiwfspy;
fhzyhFk; Vkhw;W Ntiyfs;> ifA+l;L> tf;Fg; gjpTngw murpaypy;
gad;gLj;jg;ngWk; thf;FWjpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; ,tw;why; jdpkdpjd;> rKjhak;
ghjpf;fg;gLtijAk; mg;Jy;uFkhd; jd; gilg;Gfspy; Nehf;fpAs;s jd;ikia
,t;tha;T ikag;nghUshff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

Ma;Tg;nghUs;

„mg;Jy;uFkhd; gilg;Gf;fs; fhl;Lk; gpd;Gyq;fs;‟ vd;gJ ,t;tha;tpd;

nghUshFk;.

Ma;T Nehf;fk;

,yf;fpaq;fs; rKjhaj;jpypUe;J Njhd;Wk; NghJ rKjha cWg;ghfpa

jdpkdpjd;> mtNdhL njhlh;Gila rKjha epfo;Tfs; Mfpad ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
gjpthfpd;wd. rKjhaj;jpy; fhzyhFk; jdpkdpjg; Nghuhl;lk;> rKjha Vw;wj;
jho;Tfs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F vOj;jhsd; Fuy;nfhLf;fj; jaq;Ftjpy;iy. ,d;iwa

1
ftpQh;fspy; mt;thW Fuy; nfhLg;gjpy; mg;Jy;uFkhdpd; gq;F mstplw;fhpaJ.
,ij ntspf;nfhzh;tNj ,t;tha;tpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

Ma;T %yq;fs;

ftpQh; mg;Jy;uFkhdpd; GJf;ftpij E}y;fshd ghy;tj

P p> Neah;tpUg;gk;>
Rl;Ltpuy;> Myhgid> gpj;jd;> tpijNghy; tpOe;jtd;> Kj;jkpopd; Kfthp>
kpd;kpdpfshy; xU fbjk;> jh$hpd; rpj;uh> gwitapd; ghij> ,we;jjhy; gpwe;jtd;>
Njtfhdk; Kjypa E}y;fSk;> mtuJ fl;Liu E}y;fshd kfue;jr;rpwF>
mtSf;F epyh vd;W ngah;> Kl;ilthrpfs;> njhiyNgrpf; fz;zPh;> G+g;gile;j
rg;jk;> fk;gdpd; murpay; Nfhl;ghL> fhw;W vd; kidtp> cwq;Fk; mofp> neUg;ig
mizf;Fk; neUg;G> grp ve;jr; rhjp> epytpypUe;J te;jtd;> flTspd; Kfthp>
Kj;jq;fs; Xa;tjpy;iy Nghd;w E}y;fSk; ,t;tha;tpw;Fhpa %yq;fshf
mikfpd;wd.

Nkw;$wg;gl;l mg;Jy;uFkhdpd; ftpij> fl;Liu E}y;fs; gw;wpa

Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs;> ,jo;fs;> E}y;fs;> Ma;NtLfs; Nghd;wit Jizikr;
rhd;Wfshf mikfpd;wd.

Ma;T Kd;Ndhbfs;

Ma;T E}y;

fUzhepjp - ftpf;Nfhf; ftp

nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> nrd;id.

2014.

Kidth; gl;l Ma;NtLfs;

nry;tf;fzgjp. nghd; - „GJf;ftpijapy; mq;fjk;‟

nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> nrd;id.

1987.

2
eph;kyh - „i`f;$f; ftpijfs;‟

nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> nrd;id.

1997.

mrd; ghj;jpkh - „GJf;ftpijfspy; Njrpak;‟

kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fofk;>

kJiu. 2003.

ehfghz;b. K. - „mg;Jy;uFkhd;> rpw;gp> Nkj;jh

GJf;ftpijfspy; rKjhaf;fUj;jpay;>

ghujpahh; gy;fiyf;fofk;>

Nfhak;Gj;J}h;. 2007

nrz;gf ts;sp - „mg;Jy;uFkhdpd; gilg;Gf;fiy‟

ma;aehlhh; [hdfpak;khs; fy;Y}hp>

rptfhrp. 2009.

Ma;T mZFKiwfs;

Ma;tpd; KOikf;Fk;> epiwtpw;Fk;> rpwg;gpw;Fk; Kjd;ikf; fhuzkhf

miktJ Ma;T mZFKiwahFk;. ,t;tha;tpy; njhFg;gha;T mZFKiw>
gFg;gha;T mZFKiw> tpsf;fKiwj; jpwdha;T mZFKiw Mfpa
mZFKiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

fUJNfhs;

mg;Jy;uFkhd; ftpijfs; kw;Wk; fl;Liufspy; jdpkdpjd; Fwpj;j mtuJ

vz;zq;fSk;> rKjhak; Fwpj;j mtuJ Nehf;Fk;> murpay; gw;wpa mtuJ
rpe;jidfSk; mtuJ gilg;Gyfg; ghh;itia vt;thW fhl;Lfpd;wd vd;gJ

3
,t;tha;tpd; fUJNfhshFk;. jdpkdpjd;> rKjhak;> murpay;> ,aw;if Mfpa
jsq;fisg; gpd;Gykhff; nfhz;L mth; ntspg;gLj;Jk; fUj;Jf;fs; fUJNfhshf
mikfpd;wJ.

Ma;Tg;gFg;G

,t;tha;T Kd;Diu> KbTiu ePq;fyhf Ie;J ,ay;fshfg;

gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Kd;Diu

,ay; - 1 – gilg;ghspAk; gilg;Gf;fSk;

,ay; - 2 – mg;Jy;uFkhd; gilg;Gf;fspy; rKjhag; gpd;Gyk;

,ay; - 3 – mg;Jy;uFkhd; gilg;Gf;fspy; ,aw;ifg; gpd;Gyk;

,ay; - 4 – mg;Jy;uFkhd; gilg;Gf;fspy; jdpkdpjg; gpd;Gyk;

,ay; - 5 – mg;Jy;uFkhd; gilg;Gf;fspy; murpay; gpd;Gyk;

KbTiu

Kd;Diu

Kd;Diuapy; Ma;Tg;nghUs;> Ma;T Nehf;fk;> Ma;T %yq;fs;> Ma;T

Kd;Ndhbfs;> Ma;T mZFKiwfs;> fUJNfhs;> Ma;Tg;gFg;G kw;Wk; xt;nthU
,ay;fspYk; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;s fUj;Jf;fs; Mfpait tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,ay; xd;W

„gilg;ghspAk; gilg;Gf;fSk;‟ vd;Dk; Kjy; ,aypy; ftpQh; mg;Jy;uFkhd;

gw;wpAk; mtuJ gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wpAk; tphpthf tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tuJ
gilg;Gf;fs; ftpij E}y;fshfTk;> fl;LiufshfTk; mike;Js;sd. ftpijfs;
jdpj;jdp E}y;fshfTk;> ftpauq;ff; ftpijfshfTk; mike;Js;sd. fl;Liufs;

4
ngUk;ghYk; [Pdpah; tpfld; ,jo;fspy; ntspahditfs;. mitfs; E}yhf;fk;
ngw;W ntspte;Js;sd.

,ay; ,uz;L

„mg;Jy;uFkhd; gilg;Gf;fspy; rKjhag; gpd;Gyk;‟ vd;Dk; ,uz;lhk;

,aypy;; kdpjh;fspd; $l;likg;ghd rKjhak; gw;wpAk;> mjpy; jdpkdpjd; gq;F
gw;wpAk; Muhag;gLfpd;wJ. rKjhaNk xU ehl;bd; tsj;jpw;Fk;> Nkd;ikf;Fk;
mbg;gilahdJ. mj;jF rKjhaj;jhy; jdpkdpjDf;Fk; ehl;bw;Fk; Vw;gLk;
ey;yit> jPait gw;wpAk;> jdpkdpj murpay;> ehfhpf cyfpd; jhf;Fjy;fshy;
rKjhak; mile;Js;s gyd;fs;> khw;wq;fs; gw;wpAk;> rKjha eyd; ehl;L
eyDf;F vt;thW Jizahf mikfpd;wJ vd;gJ gw;wpAk; mg;Jy;uFkhdpd;
gilg;Gf;fs; top Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.

,ay; %d;W

„mg;Jy;uFkhd; gilg;Gf;fspy; ,aw;ifg; gpd;Gyk;‟ vd;Dk; %d;whk; ,aypy;

,aw;ifia Muhjpf;fhj ftpQDk; ,y;iy@ ghlhj ftpQDk; ,y;iy. me;j
tifapy; ,aw;ifia kdpj tho;f;ifNahL njhlh;GgLj;jpj; jd; ftpijfspy;>
fl;Liufspy; fhl;Lfpwhh; ftpQh;. ,aw;ifapy; fhzyhFk; ejp> Fsk;> ePh; Njf;fk;>
kyh;fs;> gwitfs;> kuq;fs;> Nkfk;> epyT> #hpad;> fly;> fhL> mUtp vdf;
fz;zhy; fhZk; ,aw;ifg; nghUs;fs; midj;ijAk; gpd;Gykhff; nfhz;L
ftpQh; jk; gilg;Gf;fisg; gilj;Js;shh;. ,aw;ifg; gpd;Gyj;ijf; ftpQh;
ctikahf – mwpTiu $w – Rl;bf;$w vdg; gy epiyfspy; gad;gLj;jpAs;s
ghq;if ,t;tpay; tphpthf Muha;e;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

,ay; ehd;F

„mg;Jy;uFkhd; gilg;Gf;fspy; jdpkdpjg; gpd;Gyk;‟ vd;gJ ehd;fhtJ

,aypy; jdpkdpjd; gw;wpAk;> mtdJ vz;zq;fs;> tpUg;gq;fs;> vjph;gg
; hh;g;Gf;fs;>
Mirfs; gw;wpAk;> jdpkdpjd; vt;thW ,d;W tpsq;Ffpwhd; vd;gJ gw;wpAk;>
jdpkdpjid MSk; fhuzpfs; gw;wpAk; mg;Jy;uFkhd; jd; gilg;Gf;fspy;

5
nfhz;Ls;s fUj;Jf;fs; mtuJ gilg;Gf;fspy; ntspg;gl;Ls;s ghq;F jf;f
juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.

,ay; Ie;J

„mg;Jy;uFkhd; gilg;Gf;fspy; murpay; gpd;Gyk;‟ vd;Dk; Ie;jhk; ,aypy;

murpay; vd;gJ gw;wpa tpsf;fk; Kjypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. murpay; vd;gJ
jdpkdpjdpd; Rje;jpuk;> mtdJ chpik Mfpatw;iwg; ghjpg;gJ Fwpj;Jk;>
rKjhaj;jpw;F mjdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;Jk; tphpthf Muha;e;J
ciuf;fg;gLfpwJ. murpayhy; ehLk; kf;fSk; milAk; rpukq;fSk;> murpayhy;
ke;jphp Mdth;fs; kf;fis vg;gbnay;yhk; rPuopf;fpd;whh;fs; vd;gJ gw;wpAk;>
murpaYf;F tUtjw;FKd; xUtd; vt;thW ,Ue;jhd;> murpay; mtid
vg;gbnay;yhk; cah;j;JfpwJ> mikr;rh; Mtjw;Fk;> rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;
Mtjw;Fk; mtd; nra;Ak; gpj;jyhl;lq;fs; gw;wpAk;> murpaYf;F te;jgpd; Vwpte;j
Vzpahd kf;fis vt;thnwy;yhk; ghlha;gg
; Lj;Jfpwhd; vd;gJ gw;wpAk;> murpay;
rPuopT gw;wpAk; mg;Jy;uFkhd; nfhz;bUe;j vz;zq;fis mth; jd;
gilg;Gf;fspy; vt;thW ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shh; vd;gJ rhd;WfSld;
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,Wjpahf KbTiu mikfpd;wJ. xt;nthU ,aypYk; Muha;eJ

ciuf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fspd; mbg;gilapy; KbTiuahfr; rpy fUj;Jf;fs;
,t;tpaypy; mikfpd;wd. mj;Jld; vjph;fhy Ma;Tf;fsq;fs; Fwpj;Jk;
Rl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

JizE}y;gl;baypy; Ma;Tf;F %yE}y;fshfg; gad;gl;l mg;Jy;uFkhdpd;

ftpijg;gilg;Gf;fs;> fl;Liug;gilg;Gf;fs; Kjd;ikr; rhd;whjhu E}y;fshf
mikfpd;wd.

Jizikr; rhd;whjhuq;fshf mg;Jy;uFkhd; gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wpa Ma;T

E}y;fs;> fl;Liufs;> ,jo;fs;> Ma;NtLfs; Nghd;wit mikfpd;wd. Ma;tpw;Fg;
gad;gl;l jkpo;> Mq;fpy nkhop mfuhjpfs; mLj;J mikfpd;wd.

6
 ,ay; - 1

gilg;ghspAk; gilg;Gf;fSk;
ftpij vd;gJ nkd;ikahd ,sq;fhw;Wg; Nghd;wJ. njd;wypd; jOtiy
xj;jJ ftpij. ePz;l fhyk; gz;gl;L tsh;;e;j ,ir kugpd; tz;zk; NghyTk;>
,yf;fpaf; fiyapd; kpfg; gz;gl;l xU tbtkhfTk; ftpij cs;sJ. mwptpw;F
cjTtjhf> fw;gidiaj; Jizahff; nfhz;L cz;ikia kfpo;r;rpA+l;Lk;
tz;zk; fye;jJ ftpijf;fiy MFk;. Xh; Xtpaj;ij Xtpaf; fiyQd;
tz;zq;fspd; cjtpahy; vijr; nra;fpd;whNdh mijNa nrhw;fspd; Jiz
nfhz;L nra;Ak; fiyNa ftpijahFk;. ,j;jF ftpijapd; tbtq;fshf
tpsq;Ftd kuGf;ftpij kw;Wk; GJf;ftpij vd;gd. ,yf;fz tuk;gpw;F cl;gl;L
ctik> fw;gidiaj; Jiz nfhz;L ,aw;wg;gLtJ kuGf;ftpij. Nkdhl;lhh;
njhlh;ghy; ,yf;fz tuk;G fle;J vOJNthhpd; fw;gidf;Nfw;w tbtj;Jld;>
nrhy;yg;gLk; fUj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; je;J gilf;fg;gLtJ GJf;ftpij MFk;.
,d;iwaf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; midtuhYk; tpUk;gg;gLtJ GJf;ftpijahFk;. ,d;W
thOk; ftpQh;fspd; ngUk;ghNyhh; GJf;ftpijahsh;fshf cs;sdh;.

mt;tifapy; jdf;nfdg; Gjpa jlj;jpid mikj;Jf; ftpijfisAk;>

fl;LiufisAk; gilj;J tUgth; ftpQh; mg;Jy;uFkhd; Mthh;. nrhw;rpj;jpuq;fs;
tiutjpy; mw;Gjkhdth;. thh;j;ijfspy; rpj;J tpisahl;L vd;gJ mthpd;
fLe;jtk;. mth; njhlhj nghUz;ikNa ,y;iy vd;W $Wk; mstpw;Ff;
ftpijfisf; fjuhilfshf> ftpDW gl;lhilfshf nea;J nfhLj;J kdpjdpd;
khdk; fhf;Fk; epiwFlf; ftpQuhthh;. GJf;ftpijapy; GJnewp gilj;jth;.
GJnewpf; ftpij tpijfis mth; ,d;W vq;Fk; J}tp tUfpwhh;. ftpij
E}y;fNsad;wpf; fl;Liu E}y;fSk; gy gilj;Js;shh;. mitfs; Ritf; fdpiag;
gpope;njLj;j rhw;Wj;jkpo;@ eWkyh;fs; Nfhh;j;j kyh; khiy@ monfhOf
vOjg;gl;Ls;s Xtpaj;jkpo;@ mwpT nfhSj;Jk; Qhdj;jkpo; vdyhk;.

,t;thW ftpij> ciueil (m) trd eilapy; gilg;Gf;fs; gy gilj;Jg;

Gfo; ngw;wth; mg;Jy;uFkhd; Mthh;. mtuJ gilg;Gf;fis Muha;tjw;F
mtUila tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; Njitahf cs;sd. xU ftpQhpd;

7
ftpijfis cs;sJ cs;sgbg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sTk;> mtuJ gilg;Gf;fspd;
cd;djj;ij mwpe;J gad;ngwTk; mtuJ tho;f;if epiyia mwpa
Ntz;bAs;sJ.

,t;tpaypy; Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf;nfhz;l ftpQh; GJf;ftpQh;fs; thpirapy;

Kd;dzpf; ftpQuhfj; jpfo;tjhy; mtuJ ftpijf; fskhd GJf;ftpij gw;wpAk;>
ftpQhpd; gpwg;G> fy;tp> gzp> mtuJ fhyf;fl;lk;> ftpAyf tuT> GJik Ntl;if>
gd;nkhopg;Gyik> gjpg;Gg;gzp> mtUila gilg;Gf;fspd; gl; bay; Mfpa
nra;jpfs; Muha;e;J ,t;tpaypy; ciuf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

GJf;ftpij

gh> ghtpdk; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gw;wp ePz;l fhyk; cs;s kuGf;fl;Lg;ghLfisg;

gw;wp mjpfkhff; ftiyg;glhky; gilg;ghsp jd; rpe;jidia my;yJ
czh;tpidj; jkf;Fj; Njhd;wpa xU tbtj;jpy; ntspapLtijg; GJf;f tpij
vdyhk;. ,jd; Njhw;wj;ij Ma;tpd; trjpf;fhf ,U tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;.

1. Nky;ehl;Lr; #oy;

2. jkpo;ehl;Lr; #oy;

1. Nky;ehl;Lr; #oy;

Nkdhl;lhh; ,f;fhyf; ftpijfis ,f;fhyf;ftpij (Modern Poetry)>

GJf;ftpij (New Poetry)> GJg;gh (New Verse) vd;w ngah;fspy; mioj;jdh;.
,tw;iw i. Mq;fpy ehl;Lr; #oy;> ii. mnkhpf;f ehl;Lr; #oy; vd;w ,U gphpTfspy;
tpsf;fyhk;.

i. Mq;fpy ehl;Lr; #oy;

Mq;fpyj;jpy; fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd; Nghd;w nkhopfspd; ,yf;fzf; $Wfs;

epiwe;Js;sd. Mq;fpynkhopr; nrhw;fspy; ngUk;ghyhditfspd; mbr;nrhw;fs;
gpwnkhopapypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;litfshFk;. Mdhy; Mq;fpyf; ftpQh;fs; gpwnkhop
Mjpf;f kugpypUe;J tpLgl tpUk;gpdh;. ,t;tpUg;gKk;> ,yf;fzf;fl;Lg;ghLk;
gjp%d;whk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J njhlq;fpd.

8
 Mq;fpNyah; elj;jpa gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rp> rKjha khw;wk;> GJik Ntl;if
Nghd;w fhuzpfs; ,j;jifa vjph;g;Gzh;it NkYk; tYg;ngwr; nra;jd. ,uz;lhk;
cyfg;Nghhpd; tpisT> gz;ghl;L kugpy; Vw;gl;l tPo;r;rp> kj ek;gpf;iffspy;
cz;lhd jsh;r;rp> mwptpaypd; tsh;r;rpahy; jfty; njhlh;Gr; rhjdq;fspy;
Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rp> jdpkdpj epiyapy; cz;lhd rpijT Mfpad me;ehl;L f;
ftpQh;fisg; ghjpj;jd. mf;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; cUthd ,af;fq;fSk; ftpijf;
Nfhl;ghLfSk; ,j;jifa ftpij Kaw;rpf;Fk; tsh;r;rpf;Fk; MjuT je;jd. 1912-
f;Fk; 1917-f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; mnkhpf;fhtpYk; ,q;fpyhe;jpYk; gbktpay;
,af;fk; fhy;nfhz;L tsh;e;jJ.

“kuG topahd ftpijr; nrhw;fisAk; ahg;G KiwfisAk; tpLj;J

cUtf;ftpQh;fs; (gbktpay; ,af;ff; ftpQh;fs;) ve;jf; fUj;jpidAk;
vLj;jhsTk; ve;j xypfisAk; gad;gLj;jTk;> cyfpaw; nrhw;fis
vLj;jhsTk; mtw;wpd; %yk; xU cUitg; gilf;fTk; tpioe;jdh;”.
(ftpf;Nfh> ftp> g - 13)

vd;Wk;> mth;fs; ftpij tpLjiyg; ghthy; (Free Verse) vOjg;ngw;wJ vd;Wk;

$Wth;.

ii. mnkhpf;f ehl;Lr; #oy;

mnkhp;f;f ehl;L ,yf;fpak; Mq;fpNyahpd; rhh;igg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. mnkhpf;ff;

ftpQh;fs; GJik tpUk;gpfshf ,Ue;jjhy; mr;rhh;gpypUe;J tpLgl Kide;jdh;.
mnkhpf;fhtpy; epfo;e;j cs;ehl;Lg; Nghh; (fp.gp.1861 – fp.gp.1865) me;ehl;L kf;fspd;
kdg;Nghf;ifg; ghjpj;Jr; rKjha khw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzpahdJ.

125125 – jhd; thy;l;tpl;kd; „Gy;;ypd; ,jo;fs;‟ (Leave of Grass) %yk;

GJf;ftpijiag; Ngzp tsh;j;jhh;. ,tNu GJf;ftpijapd; je;ij vd
kjpf;fg;gLgth;. mth; jd;Dila ftpij E}ypy; (Myself 1855) GJf;ftpijiar;
nray;gLj;jpdhh;. 1900-fspy; gbktpay; ,af;fk; mt;tiff; ftpijf;F Cf;fk;
nfhLj;jJ. mnkhpf;fg; gpwg;ghsuhd b.v];. ,ypal;Lk;> v];uh. gTz;Lk;
,t;tpaf;fj;ijr; rhh;e;J fl;Lg;ghlw;w ftpijfis (Free Verse) tsh;j;jdh;.

9
1912-,y; ghLnghUis NeuhfNt Nehf;Fjy;> Njitaw;w nrhw;fisj; jtph;j;jy;>
nrhw;nwhlh;fspd; ,irePlr
; p Mfpa ,tw;wpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; je;J GJf;ftpijia
tsh;j;jdh;. v];uh gTz;L „GJf;ftpij gpuk;kh‟ vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
B.v];.,ypal;bd; „gho;epyk;‟ vd;w ftpij mtUf;F Nehgy; ghprpidg; ngw;Wj;
je;jJ. ,tuJ Nghf;Fk; Nehf;Fk; cyf nkhopfspy; nry;thf;Fk; jhf;fKk;
ngw;wd.

2. jkpo;ehl;Lr; #oypy; GJf;ftpij

,e;jpahit Mq;fpNyah; Mz;l fhyj;jpy; mbik epiy ,Ue;jJ vdpDk;

Mq;fpyf;fy;tp gapy;fpd;w tha;gG
; g; gutyhf midtUf;Fk; fpilj;jJ.
Mq;fpyf;fy;tp %yk; cyf mstpy; ,aq;Fk; ,yf;fpag; Nghf;fpid mwptjw;fhd
tha;gG
; jkpoh;fSf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. mt;tifapy; Nkiyehl;L ,yf;fpa
,af;fq;fs;> mtw;wpd; Nghf;Ffis mwpe;J jkpopYk; mijf; nfhzu Kaw;rpfs;
ele;jd. mk;Kaw;rpfis ,dpf;fhzyhk;.

Kd;Ndhbfs;

jkpopy; GJf;ftpij tuyhw;wpy; Kjyplk; ngWgth; ghujpahh; Mthh;.

ghujpahhpd; trd ftpijfs; Nkdhl;lhhpd; jhf;fj;jhy; gpwe;jitfs;. thy;l;
tpl;kidg; ghujp ed;F mwpe;jpUe;jyhy; „fhl;rpfs;‟ vd;w trd ftpijia mth;
vOjpdhh;.

“ghujpapd; trd ftpij Ntjq;fs; kw;Wk; tpl;kdpd; fyitahf cs;sJ.

mtUila trd ftpijapd; rpe;jid> cs;slf;fk;> Ntjq;fspypUe;Jk;>
tbtg;Nghf;F Ntjke;jpu eilapypUe;Jk;> tpl;kdpd; trd ftpij
eilapypUe;Jk; ngwg;gl;lit” (ftpf;Nfh ftp. g.15)

vd;w fUj;J <z;L Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. ftpijapd; nghUz;ik> tbtk; Mfpatw;wpy;

ghujpahh; gy Nrhjid Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lth;. mth; mjw;Fg; GJf;ftpij
vd;w ngaiuj; jutpy;iy@ xU Gjpa Kaw;rpahff; nfhz;lhh;. NkYk; rg;ghdpah;>
ntw;W thh;j;ijf; Fg;igfis tpyf;fp>

10
 “eWf;Fj; njwpj;jhw; Nghyr; nrhw;fl;Lld; RUf;fKk; ,Wf;fKk; nfhz;L
ftpij ahg;gpidg; ghuhl;b> xU rg;ghdpahpd; tPL jP gw;wpr; rhk;gyhd
NghJk; jhd; rhk;gp kbahJ rydkw;wpUe;j rhy;gpidj;> “jPg;gl;nlhpe;jJ
tpOkyhpd; - mikjpnad;Nd” (ftpf;Nfh ftp. g.27)

vd;w ftpijapy; fz;L fdpe;JUfpdhh; vd;gh;.

vdNt jkpopy; Kjd;Kjypy; GJf;ftpijf;F tuNtw;G ey;fpath; ghujpahh;

Mthh;. tpl;kd; jh$hpd; ftpijfspy; jpisj;jth; vd;Wk;> Njrpak; ,tUf;Fj;
J}z;Ljy; je;jJ vd;gJk; trd ftpijapidj; njhlq;fp itj;j th; vd;gJ
epidT nfhs;sj; jf;fJ. njhlf;fj;jpy; kpf;f vjph;g;Gf;Fk; Nfypf;Fk; cs;shd
GJf;ftpij td;ikahd fz;ldj;Jf;Fk; chpajhapw;W. ,Ue;jhYk; GJf;ftpij
tsuNt nra;jJ. ,q;fpyhe;J> mnkhpf;fhtpy; Njhd;wpa gbkf; nfhs;ifah;
,af;fk; (Imagist Movement) ,jw;F ce;J rf;jpahf mike;jJ. fhyj;jpd;
Njit> ,e;E}w;whz;Lj; njhlf;fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l r%f – nghUspay; khw;wq;fs;>
Gjpa Njitfisg; Nghf;Ffisg; gioa ahg;G Kiwapy; ntspapl ,ayhik
Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; GJf;ftpij GJNtfk; ngw;wJ.

kzpf;nfhbf;fhyk;

kzpf;nfhb ,jo; (1933 - 1939) jw;fhyj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpf;Fg;

ngUk; gq;F Mw;wpaJ. jkpopy; GJf;ftpij tsk; ngw kzpf;nfhb ,jo;
cjtpaJ. jkpopy; GJf;ftpijj; Jiwapy; Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;e;jth;
e.gpr;r%h;j;jp Mthh;. mjw;Fhpa #oiyf; Fwpj;J mth;>

“rk;gpujhakhd ahg;G KiwfSf;F cl;glhky; ftpijiaf; fhZk;

GJf;ftpij Kaw;rpf;F ahg;G kuNg fz;buhj tifapy; mnkhpf;ff; ftpQh;
thy;l; tpl;kd; vOjpa „Gy;ypd; ,jo;fs;‟ vd;w ftpijapd; Cw;Wf;fs;
vdf;Fj; njhpe;jJ. gpd;dh; ghujpapd; trd ftpijiag; gbf;f Neh;e;jJ vd;
fUj;J tYtile;jJ. ,tw;wpd; tpisthf vd; czh;r;rpg; Nghf;fpy;
,f;ftpijfis vOjpNdd;”. (e. gpr;r%h;j;jp> fhl;Lthj;J Kd;Diu> g - 2)

vd;W Fwpg;gpLtJ mtuJ GJf;ftpijg; gq;fspg;ig cWjp nra;fpwJ.

11
 e. gpr;r%h;j;jp> F.g. ,uh[Nfhghy; Mfpa ,UtiuAk; ,ul;ilah; vd;gh;.
GJf;ftpijf;F vjph;g;G te;j NghJ f.eh.R „kad;‟ vd;w Gidg;ngahpy;
vjph;g;Gf;fis vjph;nfhz;L Mjuthf vOjpdhh;. „ghujp mbr;Rtl;by;‟ vd;W
jiyg;gpl;L ty;ypf;fz;Zk; jpUNyhf rPjhuhKk; ftpijfisf; „fpuhk Copad;‟
vd;w ,jopy; vOjpdh;.

vOj;Jf;FOtpdh;

e. gpr;r%h;j;jp Muk;gpj;J itj;j GJf;ftpij Kaw;rp ,af;fk; „vOj;J‟

,jopy; njhlh;e;jJ. ,jpy; e.gpr;r%h;j;jp> F.g.uh.> f.eh.R. Nghd;Nwhh;
GJf;ftpijfs; vOjpdh;. kad;> rpl;b> ty;ypf;fz;zd;> jp.Nrh. NtZNfhghyd;>
jUK rptuhK> rp.kzp> v];.itj;jP];tud; Nghd;Nwhh; ,f;FOitr; rhh;e;jth;fs;.
rp.R. nry;yg;gh 1962-,y; „GJf;Fuy;fs;‟ vd;w ftpijfspd; njhFg;G E}iy
ntspapl;lhh;.

gpw ,jo;f;FOtpdh;

ru];tjp> ,yf;fpa tl;lk;> eil> jhkiu> frljgw Nghd;w ,jo;fs;

GJf;ftpijfis ntspapl;ld. eil vDk; ,jo; Nryj;jpypUe;J ntspte;jJ.
,jpy; rp. kzp> e. Kj;Jrhkp> v];. itj;jP];tud; Nghd;Nwhh; vOjpdh;. eFyd;
vd;gth; „FUN\j;jpuk;‟ vd;w ,jioj; jpUtde;jGuj;jpypUe;J ntspapl;lhh;.
Kw;Nghf;F ,johd jhkiuapd; Mrphpah; [Pth> kPuh> jkpo;ehld;> rf;jpf;fdy;> rpw;gp
Nghd;Nwhh; GJf;ftpijf; ftpQh;fshth;. ,th;fs; ,t;tpjopy; vOjp te;jdh;.
frljgw vd;w ,jo; (1970 - 1973) khj ,johfg; gy Nrhjidf; ftpijfisf;
nfhz;L te;jJ. ,g;gj;jphpf;iffs; midj;Jk; rpw;wpjo;fshFk;@ GJf;ftpijf;F
tsk; Nrh;j;j ,jo;fshFk;.

thdk;ghb ,af;fk;

„thdk;ghb‟ vd;w GJf;ftpij ,jo; 1971-,y; Nfhitapy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

thdk;ghbf; ftpQh;fspd; Nghf;if „ehq;fs;‟ vd;w ftpij topahfr; rpw;gp
ntspapl;l FOtpy; rpw;gp> GtpauR> NtYr;rhkp> ,utPe;jpud;> ef;fPud;> ,sKUF>

12
gpugQ;rd;> rf;jpf;fdy;> Nkj;jh> ghyh> mf;dpGj;jpud;> jkpod;gd;> jkpo;;ehld;>
,d;Fyhg; Nghd;w ftpQh;fs; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jdh;.

,jo;fF
; Otpdh;

kzpnfhb> vOj;J> thdk;ghb Nghd;w GJf;ftpij ,jo;fspy; ftpijfisg;

gilj;Jj; jq;fSf;nfd mikg;Gf;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhz;lth;;fs; ,f;FOtpdh;.
,th;fsJ fhykhf kzpf;nfhb ,jo; njhlq;fpa fhyk; Kjy; (1933 - 1973)
thdk;ghb ,jo;fhyk; tiuf; $wyhk;. ,t;tpjo;f; FOtpdhpd; fhyj;jpy; jhd;
mg;Jy;uFkhdpd; ftpijfSk; Njhd;wpd. vdpDk; ,tuJ ftpijg;Nghf;F ,jo;
FOtpdhpd; Nghf;iftpl kpFe;j NtWghL cilaJ. ,th; kuGf; ftpijapypUe;J
GJf;ftpijf;F te;jth; vd;whYk; ,thpd; ftpijg; gilg;Gf;fis Nkiyehl;L
,yf;fpa ,af;fq;fNshL – xg;gpl;Lg; ghh;;f;Fk; mstpw;Fr; rpwe;jdthf
kjpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. ,d;iwa fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; VuhskhNdhh; GJf;ftpijfisg;
gilj;J tUfpd;wdh;.

GJf;ftpij ahg;igg; gw;wpf; ftiyg;glhjJ. fUj;J tbtNk tbtk; vdf;

nfhz;lJ. rpy rkak; rpj;jpuf; ftpijfisg; Nghd;wJ. rpNyilapy; kPz;Lk;
<LgLtJ. xsptPr;Rg; Nghy mwpT tPr;rhf miktJ. czh;tpy; ijf;FkhW
ciug;gJ. mit fUj;ij NeNu Kfj;jpybj;jhw; Nghy ntspg;gLj;JtJz;L@
,Uz;ikahf;fp cs;Siwg; nghUshfj; jUtJz;L.

gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fisAk; xypfisAk; vOj;ijAk; tuk;gpd;wpg; GFj;JtJk;>

ghYzh;tpy; %o;fpj; jpisg;gJk;. Fw;wq;fisNa vjpYk; fhz;gJk;> kpif
elg;gpay; vd;w ngauhy; gr;irahf vOjpg; ghh;gg
; Jk; mjd; gz;GfshFk;.

mg;Jy;uFkhdpd; gpwg;G

,th; kJiu fPo;r;re;ijg;Ngl;ilapy; v];.iraJ mfkJtpw;Fk;>

]]dgPf;Fk; kfdhf 09-11-1937 ,y; gpwe;jhh;. ,tUld; cld; gpwe;Njhh; ,uz;L
rNfhjuh;fSk; xU rNfhjhpAk; Mth;.

13
fy;tpAk; gzpAk;

mg;Jy;uFkhd; gs;sp ,Wjp tFg;gpw;Fg; (1954) gpwF ijaw; filapy; rpwpJ

fhyk; Ntiy nra;jhh;. kJiu jpahfuhrh; fy;Y}hapy; MW Mz;Lfs;
(1955-1961) jkpior; rpwg;Gg; ghlkhff; fw;whh;. gpd;dh; nrd;idg;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; „GJf;ftpijapy; FwpaPL‟ vd;w nghUspy; 1985 ,y;
Muha;r;rpg;gl;lk; ngw;whh;. thzpak;ghb ,Ryhkpaf; fy;Y}hapy; (1961)
tphpTiuahsuhfTk;> jkpo;j;Jiwj; jiytuhfTk; gzpahw;wp (1961 - 1993)> gpd;
gzp tpUg;g Xa;T ngw;whh;. jw;NghJ KONeuKk; ,yf;fpag; gzpahw;wp tUfpd;whh;.

,yf;fpa <LghL

kJiuapy; ,th; trpj;j gFjp fPor;re;ijg;Ngl;il. mq;F ngUk;ghYk;

Kfkjpah;fs; trpj;J te;jdh;. Mz;Lf;F xUKiw mq;Fr; rkaj; jpUtpoh
elf;Fk;. mjpy; ,yhtzpg; ghly;fisg; Nghyg; ghly;fisg; ghlf; „ft;thsp
ghlfh;fis mioj;J tUth;. tpba tpba mg;ghliy ,th; Nfl;ghh;. NkYk; ,th;
trpj;j njUtpw;F mLj;J xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; trpj;J te;jdh;. mq;F xU Fwtd;
Fwj;jp eldf;FO ,Ue;jJ. mth;fs; kJiu tPud; Nghd;w ehl;Lg;Gw tPuh;fspd;
fijfis ,irg;ghly;fshfg; ghb te;jdh;. mjd; <h;g;gpy; kjpkaq;fpg; Nghdhh;.
mg;NghJ ,tUf;F taJ gj;J. ,th; cah;epiyg; gs;spapy; gapd;w NghJ ,tuJ
tPl;lUfpy; jp.K.f.> jp.f.> fhq;fpuR.> fk;a+dp];l; Nghd;w ,af;fq;fs; rhh;;e;j
gbg;gfq;fs; ,Ue;jd. gs;spg; ghlE}y;fis tpl mq;F tUk; ,jo;fisg;
gbg;gjpy;jhd; kpf;f Mh;tj;Jld; tpsq;fpdhh;. fk;a+dp];l; gbg;gfj;jpw;F tUk;
ru];tjp ,yf;fpa ,jioj; jtwhJ gbg;ghh;. mjpy; n[afhe;jDk;
Re;juuhkrhkpAk; vOj Muk;gpj;jpUe;jdh;. Gspa kuj;jpd; fijia mq;Fjhd;
gbj;jhh;.

,tuJ je;ij nrd;idapypUe;J tpahghuk; Kbe;Jj; jpUk;Gk; NghJ ftpQH;

,f;ghypd; ftpij E}y;fisAk;> ghurPff; ftpQh;fspd; nkhopngah;gG
; f;fisAk;
,tUf;fhf thq;fp tUthh;. ,tuJ gjpide;jhtJ tajpy; Kjd;Kjypy;
mwpKfkhdJ ,j;jifa cah;jukhd ,yf;fpaq;fs;. mNj Nghy fk;a+dp];l;
gbg;gfj;jpy; ,th; gbj;j rkud; Nghd;w ,jo;fs; ,tuf;Fg; nghJTilikr;

14
rpj;jhe;jj;ij czh;j;jpaJ. ,tuJ je;ijahUk; fk;a+dp];l;> Rakhpahij
,af;fj;jpy; jPtpukhf ,Ue;jhh;. mjdhy; Kw;Nghf;F vz;zq;fs;> rpe;jidfspd;
mwpKfk; vd;gJ ,tUf;F cah;epiyg; gs;spapNyNa Vw;gl;lJ. jp.K.f.
gbg;gfj;jpy; tpLjiy> jpuhtpl ehL> Kunrhyp Nghd;w ,jo;fs; ,tUf;Fj;
jpuhtpl ,af;fj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpd. fz;zjhrdpd; njd;wYk; KunrhypAk;
,tUf;Fs; ,yf;fpa Ntl;ifia cUthf;fpd.

kJiuapy; ,th; ghh;j;j cUJj; jpiug;glq;fspd; ,irg;ghly;fs;

fw;Wf;nfhLj;j ftpij <LghL> ,e;jpj; jpiug;glq;fs; vd;W Rtnuhl;bfspy;
Vkhw;W tpsk;guk; nra;thh;. Mdhy; mit midj;Jk; cUJj; jpiug;glq;fs;.
me;jg; glq;fspd; ghly;fs; midj;Jk; rpwpJk; tzpf Nehf;fpd;wp ,yf;fpaj; juk;
tha;e;jit. me;jg; ghly;fs; Gj;jfq;fshf ntsptUk;. mtw;iw thq;fpg; gbg;ghh;.
,it vy;yhKk; Nrh;e;J Vw;gLj;jpa ce;Jjy; fy;Y}hp te;j gpwF jPtpuf; ftpijj;
jhfj;ij ,tUf;Fs; fpisj;J vof; fhuzkhf mike;jJ.

,th; gs;spg; gbg;ig Kbj;Jf; fy;Y}hpapy; Nrh;e;jjw;Ff; fhuzNk

ahg;gpyf;fzk; fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfj;jhd;. ftpijg; grpf;Fk;
Mh;tj;jpw;Fk; tapWk; kdKk; Kl;lj;jkpo; czT jUfpw tug;gpurhjf; fy;Y}hpahf
kJiu jpahfuhrh; fy;Y}hp mike;jJ. ,th; gbf;Fk; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; kpfg;nghpa
mwpT eyk; rhd;w jkpo; mwpQh;fs; mf;fy;Y}hpapd; jkpo;j;Jiwapy; ,Ue;jdh;.
mq;Fjhd; ,z;lh;kPbal; gbg;gpy; jkpOf;Fk;> ftpijf;Fk; gykhd mbj;jsk;
mike;jJ. xU Jz;Lr; rPlb; y; jiyg;G gapw;rp fpilj;jJ. mq;F gapd;w MW
Mz;LfSk; fy;Y}hapy; ele;j ftpijg; Nghl;bfspy; Kjy; ghpR ngw;whh;.
mf;fy;Y}hp E}yfKk; ,tUf;Fg; nghpa Mrhdhf ,Ue;jJ. njhlf;fj;jpy; ghujp>
ghujpjhrd; Mfpath;fis tpl mjpfk; <h;j;j ftpQH; fk;gjhrd;jhd;. mg;NghJ
ahUf;Fk; njhpahky; Nehl;Lg; Gj;jfj;jpy; vOjp itj;Jf; nfhs;thh;. mtuJ
ftpijfs; ,tUf;F tpj;jpahrkhdjhfg; Gyg;gl;lJ.

jpir jpUg;gpa ,U jpUg;gq;fs;

Kjy; jpUg;gk; jh$h; ftpijfisAk;> fk;gjhrd;> Rujh ftpijfisAk;

thrpj;jhh;. %yg;gilg;GfSf;Ff; nfhQ;rKk; juk; Fiwe;Jtplhky; mw;Gjkhd
jkpo; eilapy; nkhopngah;j;jpUe;jhh; tp.Mh;.v];.nrl;bahh;. ,e;j eiliag;

15
gbj;Jj;jhd; fz;zjhrd; vOj Muk;gpj;jhh; vd;gh;. jh$hpd; ,e;j nkhop
ngah;gG
; f;fs; ed;whfj;jhNd cs;sJ. ,ij Vd; ahUNk Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iy vd;W
vz;zpdhh;. NkYk; ,th; ,z;lh;kPbal; gbj;j NghJ ahg;gpyf;fzj; jPtputhjpahf
,Ue;jhh;.

,uz;lhtJ nghpa jpUg;gk; ,th; ,sq;fiy gapd;w NghJ ,tUf;F

Mq;fpyg; Nguhrphpauhf tpsq;fpa jpU.rf;jpNty; mth;fs; cyf
,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;J Gjpa nra;jpfisj; njhpe;Jte;J khzth;fSf;Fr;
nrhy;Ythh;. mth; xUehs; tFg;giwapy; rh;hpayprk; vd;w thh;j;ijiag;
gad;gLj;jpdhh;. mJ Fwpj;J mthplk; Nfl;Lj; njhpe;Jnfhz;lhh;. mjw;Fhpa
E}y;fs; fpilf;ftpy;;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; Nguhrphpah; je;j tphpthd tpsf;fj;ij kdjpy;
,Uj;jpf;nfhz;L rh;hpayprj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpg; GJf;ftpijapy; Nrhjid
Kaw;rpfisr; nra;a Muk;gpj;jhh;. mJjhd; ghy;tj
P p njhFg;ghf ntspte;jJ.
e.gpr;r%h;j;jp Nghd;wth;fs; 1930-fspy; GJf;ftpij Kaw;rp nra;jpUe;jhYk; mjd;
gpwF kpfg;nghpa xU ,ilntsp fhzg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,ilntspf;Fg; gpd; 1958-,y;
njhlq;fpj; jkpopy; GJf;ftpij> rh;hpayprg; GJf;ftpij ,uz;ilAk; Kjd;Kjypy;
vOjj; njhlq;fpath; ,tNu.

jpUkz tho;f;if

mg;Jy;uFkhdpd; jhj;jhTk; je;ijAk; ftpQh;fshf ,Ue;Js;sdh;. ,tuJ

je;ijahh; iraJ mfkJ vOjpa ftpijfs; tlehl;bypUe;J ntspte;j cUJ
,jo;fspy; ntspahfpAs;sd. „k`;jp‟ vd;w Gidg;ngahpy; mth; vOjp te;jhh;.
NkYk; cU\;ag; Gul;rp> ,kaj;jpd; rphpg;G Nghd;w E}y;fisAk; vOjpAs;shh;.
Nehd;G Nkw;nfhs;Sk; uk;[hd; fhyq;fspy; mjpfhiyapy; ghLjw;fhd ftpijfs;
gyTk; vOjpAs;shh;.

“ftpij ,uj;jj;jpd; topahf vd;dplk; te;jJ. vd; jhj;jh ghurPfj;jpYk;>

cUJtpYk; ftpij vOJthh;. vd; je;ij cUJf;ftpQh;. jkpopYk; rpwe;j
vOj;jhsh;” (mg;Jy;uFkhd;> ,y;iyapYk; ,Uf;fpwhd;> g-92)

vd;w fUj;J Nkw;nrhd;d ftpQh; FLk;gk; gw;wpa nra;jpfis cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.

16
mg;Jy;uFkhdpd; tuT

ftpf;FLk;gj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ,th; ,ay;ghfNt ftpijj;Jiwapy; Mh;tk;

cs;stuhf ,Ue;Js;shh;. ftpijapy; tUk; re;j moF jkf;F kpfTk;
gpbj;Js;sjhff; ftpQh; $wpAs;shh;. Fwtd; Fwj;jp eldkhLk; FOg;ghlypy; jd;
kdijg; gwpnfhLj;Js;sjhff; $wpAs;shh;. mg;ghly;fs; midj;Jk; rpe;Jg;
ghly;fs; vd;gijg; gpw;fhyj;jpy; mwpe;jjhfTk; $wpAs;shh;.

“me;jr; rpe;Jg;ghly;fspd; re;jq;fspy; eldkhLk; ftpij Njtpapd; ryq;if

xypiaf; Nfl;Nld;. ehDk; vd; nrhw;fSf;Fr; ryq;if fl;b tpl;Nld;.
me;jr; re;j rq;fPjj;jpy; cy;yhrj; jhsyaj;jpy; vd; kdk; eldkhlj;
njhlq;fptpl;lJ”. (e.gpr;r%h;j;jp> fhl;Lthj;J> Kd;Diu> g-93)

vd;fpwhh;.

ftpAyf EioT

mg;Jy;uFkhd; jk; 13 MtJ tajpy; vl;lhk; tFg;Gg; gbj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;j

NghJ Kjd;Kjypy; ftpij vOjpdhh;. mf;ftpij 1950-,y; ,tuJ gs;sp Mz;L
kyhpy; ntspte;jJ. mf;ftpij>

“vopyd;id Ml;rpah – mJ

vq;nfq;Fk; fhZjlh

nghopnyq;Fk; ghLfpwhs; - GJg;

G+f;fspy; Gd;difj;jhs;

khiy kjpaj;jpYk; - me;jp

ke;jhu thdj;jpYk;

Nrhiyapd; njd;wypYk; - Rf

Nrhgdk; $Wfpwhs;

17
 kiyfspd; Nkhdj;jpNy – Ml

thdtpy; tz;zj;jpNy

miyfspd; ghlypNy – mts;

mUs; nghq;fp topAjlh” (ftpf;Nfh ftp> g-20)

jkpod;idia ,aw;if moNfhL ,izj;Jg; ghLk; ftpj;jpwk;

gs;spg;gUtj;jpNyNa ftpQUf;Ff; ifte;j fiyahf ,Ue;jij ,f;ftpij
vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

“,aw;ifiaj; jhahfg; ghh;j;Njd;. xt;nthU g+tpYk; mtsJ fbjk;

,Ue;jJ. G+kp vq;Fk; elf;Fk; mtspd; mofhd Ml;rpia tpae;Njd;. ,e;j
tpag;Ng vd; Kjy; ftpijia cUthf;fpaJ. vd; gjp%d;whtJ tajpy;
vl;lhk; tFg;Gg; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j NghJ vd; Kjy; ftpijia
vOjpNdd;”. (mg;Jy;uFkhd;> ,y;iyapYk; ,Uf;fpwhd;> g-92)

vd;fpwhh;. NkYk;>

“Ik;gJfspd; gpw;gFjpapy; GJf;ftpijNahL vdf;F mwpKfk; Vw;gl;lJ.

mg;NghJ ehd; gpr;r%h;j;jpia mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. vOj;J ,jOk;
gpwf;ftpy;iy”. (ftpf;Nfh ftp> g-20)

vd;w fUj;ijf; $Wfpwhh;. vdNt vOj;Jf; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng GJf;ftpijapy;

mg;Jy;uFkhd; <Lgl;lth; vd;gJ njhpatUfpwJ.

mth; „fhjy; nfhz;Nld;‟ vd;w jiyg;gpy; vOjpa ftpij Mde;jtpfldpy;

ntspte;jJ. kuGf;ftpQuhd mth; Mq;fpy ,yf;fpa mwpthy; GJf;ftpijapy;
ehl;lk; nrYj;jpdhh;. „kz;‟ vd;w jiyg;gpy; trd ftpij xd;iw 1959-,y;
vOjpdhh;. fy;Y}hp kyhpy; mJ ntspapl kWf;fg;ngw;wJ. Mdhy; mf;ftpij
Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;L mNj kyhpy; ntspapLk; #oy; fpilj;jJ.
mf;ftpijiag; NguwpQh; mz;zh gyKiw gbj;Jf; fhl;lr; nra;J kfpo;e;jhh;.

18
GJik Ntl;if

mg;Jy;uFkhd; vg;nghOJk; Gjpa Kaw;rpfspy; <LgLk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;@

GFj;j Kide;J ntw;wpAk; fz;lth;. ftpijia El;gkhfTk;> RUf;fkhfTk;
gilg;gjpy; if Njh;e;jth;. kPnkk;ikapay; ghpNrhjid Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;L
Kaw;rpAk; fz;lth;. ghurPf> cUJf; ftpijfspy; fhzyhFk; f]y;> e[;k; Nghd;w
ftpij tbtq;fisj; jkpOf;Fj; je;Js;shh;. cUJ K\hapuh ghzpapy;
ftpauq;ff; ftpijfisj; je;jth;. ftpauq;fpw;F Xh; ,uh[ghl;ilia cUthf;fpj;
je;jth;.

“gpwehl;L ey;ywpQh; rhj;jpuq;fs;

jkpo;nkhopapy; ngah;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;” (ghujpahh; ftpijfs;> g - 156)

vd;w ghujpapd; $w;wpw;Nfw;g cyff; ftpQh;fspd; ftpijfis nkhopngah;j;J

mth;fisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfisf; fl;Liuahf;fk; nra;Js;shh;. rpwe;jtw;iw vq;Ff;
fhzpDk; mijj; jhNk nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Kidg;Gilath;. ,tuJ
ftpijapy; tUk; xt;nthU thpAk; mjw;F mLj;J tUk; thpNahL kl;Lkd;wpf;
ftpijapd; kw;w thpfNshLk; njhlh;G nfhz;L nghUs;juf; $baJ vd;w
mikg;Gf; fUj;ij ,tuJ f]y; ftpijfspy; fhzyhk;. [g;ghdpa i`f;$f;
ftpijfisj; jkpOf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; ,tNu. cUJ> ,e;jp nkhopfspy;
cs;s „fpj;‟ vd;w ,irg;ghly; tbitj; jkpOf;Fg; GFj;jpath; ,tNu.

gd;nkhopg;Gyikah;

,th; gpwe;jJ kJiuahifahy; jkpopy; Gyik ngw;whh;. ,th; ,Ryhk;

rkaj;jtuhifahy; muG> ghurPf cUJ nkhopawpitAk;> Mq;fpy nkhop
mwpitAk; tsh;j;Jf;nfhz;lhh;. tl,e;jpa nkhopfspYk;> ,tUf;F Mh;tk;
Vw;gl;Lg; gy nkhopf;fUj;Jf;fisAk; fl;Liuahf;fpj; je;Js;shh;.

gjpg;Gg;gzp

gy ftpQh;fspd; ftpijfis E}yhf ntspapl;Ls;shh;. 1975-,y;

khzth;fspd; ftpijj;njhFg;G E}y;fshd „nrt;te;jp‟> 1976-,y; „,ytrj;jpw;F

19
xU tpiy‟ 1976-,y; „kahdj;jpy; xU njhl;by;‟> 1977-,y; „ePUf;Fj; jhfk;‟
Nghd;w E}y;fisAk; ntspapl;Ls;shh;. „jPgq;fs; vhpal;Lk;‟ vd;w ftpijj;njhFg;G
1978-,y; ntspte;jJ. ,jpy; mg;Jy;uFkhdpd; jiyikf; ftpijAk; gpw
ftpQh;fspd; ftpijfSk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,th; „Fzq;Fbahh;‟ vd;w E}iyAk;
ntspapl;Ls;shh;.

gilg;Gf;fs;

,th; ftpijj;njhFg;Gfs;> trd ftpijj;njhFg;Gfs;> fl;Liu E}y;fs;>

Ma;T E}y;fs; vdg; gyjpwg;gl;l E}y;fisg; gilj;Js;shh;.

ftpijj; njhFg;G
; fs; : 11

1. ghy; tPjp (1974)

2. Neah; tpUg;gk; (1978)

3. Rl;Ltpuy; (1989)

4. Myhgid (1995)

5. gpj;jd; (1998)

6. tpijNghy; tpOe;jtd; (1998)

7. Kj;jkpopd; Kfthp (1998)

8. ufrpag; G+ (2005)

9. gwitapd; ghij (1006)

10. ,we;jjhy; gpwe;jtd; (2007)

11. kpd;kpdpfshy; xU fbjk; (2014)

20
fl;Liu E}y;fs; : 20

1. mtSf;F epyh vd;W ngah; (1986)

2. Kl;il thrpfs; (1986)

3. kuzk; Kw;Wg;Gs;sp my;y (1986)

4. tpyq;Ffs; ,y;yhj ftpij (1987)

5. fiufNs ejpahtjpy;iy (1987)

6. G+g;gile;j rg;jk; (1999)

7. njhiyNgrpf; fz;zPh; (1999)

8. fhw;W vd; kidtp (2003)

9. cwq;Fk; mofp (2003)

10. neUg;ig mizf;Fk; neUg;G (1988)

11. grp ve;jr; rhjp (2003)

12. epidtpypUe;J te;jtd; (2003)

13. flTspd; Kfthp (2003)

14. Kj;jq;fs; Xa;tjpy;iy (2003)

15. fhf;ifr;NrhW (2004)

16. NrhjpkpF etftpij (2004)

17. ,J rpwFfspd; Neuk; I + II (2005)

18. rpye;jpapd; tPL (2005)

19. ,y;iyapYk; ,Uf;fpwhd; (2006)

21
trdf;ftpij : 1

1. nrhe;jr;rpiwfs; (1987)

Ma;T E}y;fs; : 2

1. GJf;ftpijapy; FwpaPL (1989)

2. fk;gdpd; murpay; Nfhl;ghL (1990)

gjpg;gpj;j E}y;fs; : 6

1. Fzq;Fbahh; ghly; Nfhit (1980)

2. Ie;J rpW ftpijj;njhFjpfs;

Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs; : 15

Ma;Tr;nrhw;nghopTfs; : 50 –f;F Nky;

ngw;wr;rpwg;Gf;fs; :

tpUJfs; :

1. ftpaurh; - ghhp tpoh> Fd;wf;Fb mbfshh; (1986)

2. jkpod;id tpUJ – jQ;ir jkpo;gg

; y;fiyf;fofk; (1989)

3. ghujpjhrd; tpUJ – jkpof muR (1989)

4. fiykhkzp tpUJ – jkpof muR (1989)

5. ml;ru tpUJ – mf;dp (1992)

6. rpw;gp mwf;fl;lis tpUJ (1996)
7. fiyQh; tpUJ (1997)
8. uhzh ,yf;fpa tpUJ (1998)
9. rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ> nly;yp (1999)

22
rpwg;Gg;gzpfs;

1. kJiu „jkpo;ehL‟ ehspjo; - Mrphpah; gzp

2. nrd;id „jkpod;‟ ehspjo; - Mrphpah; gzp

3. rptfq;if „md;dk; tpL J}J‟ - Mrphpah; gzp

4. ,yf;fpaj; jpq;fspjo; - Mrphpah; gzp

5. nrd;id „kf;fs; Nerd;‟ ehspjo; - Mrphpah; gzp

6. nrd;id „ftpf;Nfh‟ ftpij khj ,jo; - Mrphpah; gzp

7. rkepiyr; rKjhak; khj ,jo; - MNyhrfh;

ghuhl;Lf;fs;

“ntw;wp gy fz;L ehd;

tpUJ ngw;W tUk;NghJ

ntFkhdk; vd;d

Ntz;Lk; vdf; Nfl;lhy;

mg;Jy;

uFkhidj; jUf vd;Ngd;” (Kj;jkpo; mwpQh; lhf;lh;. fiyQh;)

“ehd; fyPy; ,g;uhidg; gbf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk; „jkpopy; ,g;gb vOj

ahUkpy;iyNa‟ vd;W Vq;FNtd;. me;j Vf;fk; ,g;NghJ ,y;iy. ,Njh
mg;Jy;uFkhd; te;Jtpl;lhh;. ,tUila ftpijfis Mq;fpyj;jpy;
nkhopngah;j;J ntspapl;lhy; „ahh; ,e;jf; ftpQd;‟ vd;W cyfk;
tprhhpf;Fk;”. ftpQh; fz;zjhrd;

23
 “fk;gDf;Fk; Njhd;whj fw;gidfs;

uFkhDf;Fj; Njhd;Wfpd;wd” (fp. th[fehjd;)

“uFkhd;! ftpauq;fq;fspy; eP vg;NghJk; gpwiu nty;tha;

,d;W cd;idNa ntd;Wtpl;lha;” (m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd;)

njhFg;Giu

ftpAyfpy; jdf;nfdj; jdpaplk; ngw;wth; mg;Jy;uFkhd;. kJiuapy; gpwe;j

mth; jdJ gs;spg;gUtj;jpy; jd; Kjy; ftpijiag; gilj;jhh;. vt;tpj
,af;fq;fisAk; rhuhky; jdpj;J epd;W ftpijf;F tsk; Nrh;j;Js;shh;. ftpij>
trdf;ftpij> ciueilapy; gy gilg;Gf;fisj; je;jth;.

gs;sp ,Wjp tFg;gpw;Fg; gpwF ijaw; filapy; rpwpJ fhyk; Ntiy

nra;jhh;. kJiu jpahfuhrh; fy;Y}hpapy; MW Mz;Lfs; jkpior; rpwg;Gg; ghlkhff;
fw;whh;. ,sq;fiy> KJfiyg; gl;lq;fisg; ngw;W> nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;
Kidth; gl;lk; ngw;whh;. thzpak;ghb ,Ryhkpaf; fy;Y}hp;apy; tphpTiuahsuhfTk;>
jkpo;j;Jiwj; jiytuhfTk; gzpahw;wp gzp tpUg;g Xa;T ngw;whh;.

jd; gjp%d;whtJ tajpy; gs;sp Mz;L kyhpy; ftpij vOjpdhh;. vOj;J

,jo; Njhd;Wk; Kd;Ng ,sq;fiy gapd;w fhyj;jpy; kPnka;ikapaf; ftpijfspy;
ghpNrhjid Kaw;rpfisr; nra;jth;. ,tuJ FLk;gk; ftpijf; FLk;gkhFk;.

fy;Y}hpapy; Vw;gl;l jpUg;gq;fs; mtiu GJf;ftpijfspy; <LghL nfhs;sr;

nra;jJ. Nkiyehl;L ,yf;fpag; GJikfisj; jkpopy; GFj;j Kide;J ntw;wpAk;
fz;lth;. rpwe;jtw;iw vq;Ff; fz;lhYk; jhNk nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w GJik
Ntl;if nfhz;lth;. gd;nkhopg; Gyik kpf;fth;. gjpg;Gg; gzpapy; <LghL
nfhz;lth;. gj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ftpijg; gilg;Gf;fisAk;> ,Ugjpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
fl;Liu E}y;fisAk; vOJk; gzpapy; <LghL nfhz;lth;.

24