GJf;ftpij tuyhw;wpy; ftpQh; ituKj;J

tho;f;if vd;gJ ,aw;ifNahL ,iae;jJ. cyf caph;fs; midj;Jk;

,aw;ifapd; ,ay;ghd ntspg;ghLfshFk;. ,t;Taph;fspy; ghpzhkr; rpwg;G
nfhz;lJ khDlk;. mwpthYk;> md;ghYk; mikj;Jf;nfhz;l xU $l;LwT
mikg;Ng khDl tho;f;ifahFk;. tho;f;ifapd; ,af;f ntspg;ghNl
,yf;fpak; MFk;.
gbg;Nghh;f;F ,d;gk; jUk; tifapy; Ez;zwpT tha;e;j mwpQh;fs;
jk; czh;r;rpfisAk;> fUj;Jf;fisAk; Kiwg;gLj;jp vOJtJ ,yf;fpak;
MFk;. gilg;ghsp jd;id czh;r;rp tag;gLj;jpa nghUis> epfo;it mNj
czh;NthL ekf;Ff; fhl;Lk; tbtNk ,yf;fpak; MFk;.
fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lk; fz;zhbahf tpsq;Fk; ,yf;fpak; fhye;NjhWk;
Gjpa fUj;Jf;fisg; ngw;W> Gjpa tbtq;fis Vw;W fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g
khw;wq;fisg;ngw;W tsh;e;J te;Js;sJ. ,yf;fpa tbtKk;> ghLnghUSk;
fhye;NjhWk; khwpf;nfhz;Nl tUfpd;wd.
gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk;
GFjYk;

tOty fhy tifap dhNd 1

vd;Dk; ,yf;fzf; fUj;jpw;Nfw;gj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; rq;ffhyk; Kjy;

,f;fhyk; tiu gy khw;wq;fSld; tsh;r;rpngw;W te;Js;sd. rq;f
fhyj;jpy; gj;Jg;ghl;Lk;> vl;Lj;njhifAk; Gyth; gyuhy; ghlg;ngw;wd.
mt;tpyf;fpaq;fs; fhjy;> tPuk; Kjypatw;iwg; ngUk;ghd;ikahfTk; mwk;>
mwpTiu> fy;tp Kjypatw;iwr; rpWghd;ikahfTk; ghLnghUshff; nfhz;L
mf> Gw ,yf;fpaq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. mtw;wpd; tbtq;fs; Mrphpag;gh>
fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh> ntz;gh Nghd;w ghtiffspy; mike;Js;sd.
rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpaq;fspd; tbtq;fshf
ntz;gh ngUk;ghd;ikahfTk;> Vida ghf;fs; rpWghd;ikahfTk;
mike;Js;sd. mtw;wpd; ghLnghUs; mwk; ngUk;ghd;ikahfTk;> fhjy;>
tPuk; Kjypait rpWghd;ikahfTk; fhzg;ngWfpd;wd.
gpd;dh; vOe;j fhg;gpaq;fs; Fbkf;fisg; ghl;Lilj; jiyth;fshff;
nfhz;L> njhlh;epiyr; nra;Ashyhd ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fshf kyh;e;jpUf;fpd;wd.

10
,f;fhg;gpaq;fs; tPuj;NjhL fUiziaAk;> fhjNyhL fw;igAk; fye;J
ghbapUf;ff; fhz;fpNwhk;.
gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; tpUj;jg;ghf;fshy; ghlg;ngw;W
,iwAzh;Tj; Njliyg; ghLnghUshff; nfhz;L tpsq;fpd. mjd; gpd;dh;
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; Vuhskhf cUntLj;jd. mtw;wpy; ,iwtd;> kd;dd;>
ts;sy; Kjyp;Nahh; ghl;Lilj; jiyth;fshf ,lk;ngw;wdh;.
may; ehl;bdh; tUifahy; Gjpa ,yf;fpa tbtq;fshd ciueil
,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpd. “gpw;fhyj;jpy;> rq;ffhyj;jpy; ,y;yhj mstpy; vJif
Nkhidf; fl;Lg;ghLfs; mjpfhpj;jd. mjdhy; nra;Aspy; Ngr;Rj;Njhuiz
Fiwe;J Xirg;gz;G Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngwj; njhlq;fpaJ”2 vd;W tbt khw;wk;
gw;wp vk;.V E/khd; $Wfpd;whh;.
ftpij> ehlfk;> Gjpdk;> rpWfij> ciueil Mfpad ,f;fhyg;
gilg;gpyf;fpaq;fs; MFk;. ciueil> ftpij vd;Dk; ,Utbtq;fspy;
,yf;fpak; gilf;fg;ngWfpd;wJ. vspik> nefpo;Tj; jd;ikfisf; nfhz;lJ
ciueilahFk;. nrwpT> czh;r;rpj; jd;ikfisf; nfhz;lJ ftpijahFk;.
,uz;Lk; ntt;NtW cUtq;fisf; nfhz;litahFk;.

ftpij - tpsf;fk;
ftpij ,yf;fpaf; fiyfSs; rpwe;jjhfg; Nghw;wg;gLtjhFk;.
ftpijf;F %ykhf ,Ug;gJ fw;gidahFk;. fw;gid epuk;gp KOikahFk;
NghJ mjid cUtkhf ntspf;fhl;l nkhop Jiz nra;fpd;wJ.
ftpijapd; clyhf tbtKk;> mjd; capuhf cs;slf;fKk; nghUj;jKw
mikAk;NghJ jukhd ftpij vd;W ngah; ngWfpd;wJ. tbtKk;>
cs;slf;fKk; nghUj;jKw miktJjhd; rpwe;j ftpijnad;W Nkdhl;L
,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;thsh;fs; $wpAs;sdh;.
cs;sj;jpd; czh;TfSf;Fr; rPhpa tbtk; nfhLj;J
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtNj ftpij vdg;gLk;. vz;zq;fspd; ntspg;ghlha;
cUntLg;gJ ftpijahFk;. ftpij Fwpj;J ftpkzp>
cs;sj; Js;sJ ftpij - ,d;gk;
cUnt Lg;
Lg;gJ ftp
ftpij
njs;sj; njspe;j jkpopy; - cz;ik

11
 njhpe;J iug;gJ ftpij 3
vd;W $Wfpd;whh;.
ftpij vd;gJ xU fiyahFk;. ftpQd; jhd; ngWk; mDgtq;fisf;
fw;gid eaj;JlDk;> fUj;Jr; nrwpTlDk; xypeak;> czh;rr
; p> ,dpik>
vspik Mfpatw;iwf; fye;J ftpij tbtq;fshfj; jUfpd;whd;.
ftpQd; cUthf;fg;gLtjpy;iy> mtd; gpwg;gJkpy;iy> Njhd;Wfpwhd;.
“cyfpaypd; ruhrhpj; jsq;fspypUe;J khWgl;l xU kNdhghtj;jpypUe;J
ftpQd; Njhd;Wfpwhd;. me;j kNdhghtk;jhd; Kf;fpak;. ftpQDf;F
nkhop$l ,uz;lhk; gl;rk;jhd;.”4 vd;w ftpQh; ituKj;Jtpd; fUj;J
rpe;jpf;fj;jf;fjhFk;. ftpQh;fspd; kdk; nrk;ikAWk;NghJ mth;fspd;
ftpijAk; nrk;ikAilajhf mikAk;.

ftpijf; fl;likg;G

ftpijiag; gw;wpf; $Wk;nghOJ r.mfj;jpaypq;fk;> “ftpijgw;wp

Muha;e;j Nkdhl;L mwpQh;fs; gyUk; ftpijiaf; fU> cU (content and
form) vd ,uz;lhfg; gphpg;gh;. fpNuf;fehl;L ftpijapayhsh;fSk; Nuhkehl;Lg;
ghtpayhsh;fSk; ,j;jifa gphpitNa jq;fs; Ma;tpy; fz;Ls;sdh;.
gpNsl;Nlh> mhp];lhl;by; KjypNahh; ftpijapd; ngUk; cWg;Gfshff; fU>
cU vd;gtw;iwNa $wpr; nrd;Ws;sdh;”5 vd;fpwhh;.

fUj;ijj; jhq;fptUk; cUtKk;> mf;fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk;

cj;jpfSk; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhFk;. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; cUtKk;>
cs;slf;fKk; fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g khWfpd;wd. murpay;> thzpfk;> FLk;gk;>
tWik> Gul;rp> Nghh;> r%f khw;wk; Kjyhd gy;NtW fhuzpfSk;
,k;khw;wj;jpw;F %yq;fshf mikfpd;wd.

fU> cU> cj;jp ,k;%d;Wk; ftpijf; fl;likg;G MFk;. “fl;likg;G

Ma;tpd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghL jdpf; ftpijf; fl;likg;ig Ma;tjw;Fk;
gbg;gbahff; ftpijapd; nghJf;fl;likg;igf; fhZk; Kaw;;rp
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; Jiz nra;Ak; Ma;T newpNa MFk;.”6 fhye;NjhWk;
ftpijapy; fhzg;gLk; cUt cs;slf;f khw;wq;fis Ma;tJ mtrpak;
Mfpd;wJ.

12
 ftpQd; jhd; thOk; fhyj;ijg; gpujpgypg;gtd; Mfpd;whd;. rkfhy
epfo;Tfis> ey;ydtw;iw> mtyq;fis> vjph;g;ig> vjph;ghh;g;ig> ,yf;Ffis
vd midj;ijAk; ghLnghUshf;Fgtd;. mtd; ftpijfs; gilg;ghspf;Fk;
rKjhaj;jpw;FkpilNaahd Clfkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ftpijapd; mf
mikg;ghd cs;slf;fj;jpw;Fk;> Gw mikg;ghd cUtj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd
cwT epiyfisAk; mit xd;wpw;nfhd;W vt;thW njhlh;Giladthfpd;wd
vd;gJ gw;wpAk; Muha;tJ ‘ftpij fl;likg;G’ MFk;. ftpijfs; vtw;iwr;
nrhy;ypAs;sd vd;gij Muha;tijg;Nghy vt;thW nrhy;ypAs;sd
vd;gijAk; cw;WNehf;FtJ rpwe;jjhFk;.

ftpijapd; ghLnghUs;
ftpijapd; ghLnghUisg;gw;wpj; jdpg;gl;l tiuaiw ,y;iy. mJ
ve;jg; nghUisg;gw;wp Ntz;LkhdhYk; ghlyhk;. ftpQdpd; ftpijapy;
capUs;s> capuw;w nghUs;fs; midj;Jk; ghLnghUshfpd;wd. mJ
mtdJ kdepiy kw;Wk; r%f mf;fiwiag; nghWj;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
myfpy; Nrhjpahd; - <rd;
mUsp dhNy mikAk;
cyfpy; ve;jg; nghUSk; - ftpf;F
chpa nghUshk; Iah 7
vd;W cyfpy; cs;s vy;yhg; nghUSk; ftpijf;Fg; nghUshf mikayhk;
vdf; $Wfpd;whh; ftpkzp;.
ghLgthpd; mDgtj;jpw;Nfw;gTk;> #o;epiyf;Nfw;gTk; ftpijf;Fhpa
nghUs; mike;jpUf;Fk;. ftpijapy; tho;f;iff;Fhpa jj;Jtq;fs;> epfo;Tfs;>
cah; kjpg;Gfs; Mfpad ghLnghUshf mikfpd;wd. ey;yitNa
ghLnghUshf mikaNtz;Lk; vd;W vjph;ghh;f;f KbahJ. ftpQh;fs;
mtuth;> fhl;rpiaAk;> nghUisAk; ve;jf; Nfhzj;jpy; ghh;f;fpwhNuh
mJjhd; ftpijapy; mikAk;. MdhYk; nghJthd fUj;J vd;dntd;why;
ftpQd; xd;iwf; ftpijahf;FtJ r%f tsh;r;rpf;Fhpajhf mikaNtz;Lk;.
kdpj rpe;jid tuyhw;wpy; Gjpa khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;LtUtjhff;
ftpijahdJ vOjg;glNtz;Lk;.

13
 fhye;NjhWk; ftpijapd; ghLnghUSk; khwpkhwp miktJz;L.
ftpijfs; rKjhaj;jpd; Njitfisg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. xt;nthU fhyj;jpYk;
r%f kuGfisg; gpd;gw;Wk; ftpijfSk;> mtw;iw vjph;j;Jg; NgRk;
ftpijfSk; cUthfpf; nfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpd;wd. r%f tpLjiy> murpay;
tpLjiy> nghUshjhu tpLjiy Fwpj;j ftpijfs; cUthfpAs;sd.
r.mfj;jpaypq;fk; “rpwe;j ftpij vd;gJ kf;fisg;gw;wpg; NgRtjhfNt
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;”8 vd;W $Wfpd;whh;. czh;r;rp> fw;gid> fUj;J vd;w
mstpy; ,Ue;j ftpij ,d;W khDl r%fj;ijg; ghLtjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
kf;fspd; tho;f;if> tuyhW Kjyhd ghLnghUs;fisf; ftpij ,yf;fpak;
vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
xt;nthU kdpjDf;Fs;Sk; Xh; cyfk; ,Uf;fpwJ. fdTfs;>
fw;gidfs;> ,d;gq;fs;> Jd;gq;fs;> gyq;fs;> gytPdq;fs;> Mirfs;>
epuhirfs; vd;W gy;NtW czh;Tfis kdpjd; ngWfpd;whd;. ,e;j
czh;Tfs; jUk; tpisTfs; mlq;fpa tho;f;if gw;wpa nra;jpfs;
ftpijf;Fhpa ghLnghUshfpd;wd.
kuGf; ftpij
xU fhyj;jpy; Gjpjhfj; Njhd;wpa ftpij> mLj;j fhyj;jpy;
kuGf;ftpijahfptpLfpd;wJ. kuGf;ftpij ahg;Gf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; tiuaiwf;F
cl;gl;lJ. gh tiff;F Vw;whw;Nghy gh Xir ,lk;ngWk;. ,dpa re;jeak;
,Uf;Fk;. fhjy;> tPuk;> kd;dd;> ,iwtd;> ,aw;if> ehL> fy;tp vdg;
ghLnghUs;fs; mike;jpUf;Fk;. kuGf; ftpijapy; ciueilj; jd;ikAk;>
Ngr;Rnkhop eilAk; FiwT. vOj;J> mir> rPh;> jis> mb> njhil vd;Dk;
tiuaiw kuGf;ftpijf;F cz;L.
jkpopy; Njhd;wpa kuGf; ftpijfs; ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;L goikia
cilad. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpa fhyk; Kjy; ,d;W tiu nra;As;
,yf;fpak; xU jdp ,lj;ijg; ngw;W tUfpwJ. rq;ffhyf; ftpijfs;
,yf;fz tiuaiwf;F cl;gl;ld. njhy;fhg;gpak; ,t;tif ,yf;fpaq;fSf;F
chpa ahg;gpyf;fzj;ijf; $WfpwJ. ,aw;ifiag; ghLtJ> ,aw;if
,d;gj;jpy; Njha;tJ> fhjy;> tPuk; Kjypatw;iwg; ghLtJ rq;f ,yf;fpag;
Nghf;fhFk;. fp.gp 17-Mk; E}w;whz;Ltiu ,e;j kuG ,yf;fpaq;fs;
nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wd. gok;Gyth;fs; gioa kugpy; nra;Al;fis vOj
Mh;tk; fhl;bAs;sdh;.

14
 nkhopapd; tPr;Rk;> tbtj;jpd; thh;g;Gk; kugpd; MSikf;F Myhgid
MfptpLfpd;wd. ,t;tpuz;Lk; ,izAk;NghJ ftpijapy; MSik
rpwfbj;Jg; gwf;fpd;wJ. ve;j xU nkhopapYk; kugpd; MzpNth; ed;whf
Mokhf Nt&d;wp ,Ue;jhy;jhd; me;j nkhopapd; ,yf;fpaj;jpd;
tbtq;fSk;> tbtq;fspd; top ntspg;gLk; ftpij thh;g;GfSf;fhd gpw
$WfSk; Nkd;ikAWk;. ,e;j kuNg gpd;dh;j; Njhd;Wk; Gjpa tbtq;fspd;
Nghf;fpw;Fk; jlk; mikj;Jj; jUtJz;L.
kugpid ed;Fzh;e;NjhNu kugpid khw;wpaikf;fTk; jiyg;gLtJ
fhytifapd; khw;wj;jpw;F cl;gl;lJ. fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g gilg;gpd; mUikiaj;
jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;sf; ftpQDf;F kugpd; tbtk; cWJiz nra;tNjhL
kuG khw;wj;ijAk; mtdplj;Jf; fpisf;fr; nra;fpd;wJ.

fh.nry;yg;gd; kuigg; gw;wpf; $Wk;nghOJ> “kuigg; gyh; rhjhuz

epiyapy; Vw;Wr;nrd;W tpLfpwhh;fs;. Mdhy; rpyh; mij khw;wp tsh;f;fpwhh;fs;.
rpyh; mij kWj;Jk; tsh;f;fpwhh;fs;”9 vd;fpwhh;;. goikapd; thh;g;gpy; GjpaJ
fhzNtz;Lk; vd;w ce;jhh;tk; xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpy; vOe;j
ftpQdplKk; Kfpo;j;J tsh;e;jpUg;gijf; ftpij tuyhW fhl;Lk;. kugpy;
epw;wy;> kugpypUe;J ntspNawy; vd;w ,uz;Lf;Fkhd ,ilntsp ,yf;fpa
<Lghl;NlhL Nehf;fg;gLk;NghJ ,uz;LNk <nuy;iyfis tFj;Jf;nfhz;L
nraw;gl;lhYk;> kugpd; mZj;Jfs; GJikapy; vq;fhtJ xl;bf;nfhz;Ljhd;
,Uf;fpd;wJ. kuGk;> GJikAk; vy;iyfs; vd;whYk; ,izg;Gg; ghykhfNt
nray;gLtij czu Kbfpd;wJ.
GJikapd; jhf;fj;jpw;Fk;> tPr;rpw;Fk; jq;fisg; GJg;gpj;Jf;
nfhz;lth;fsplk; kugpd; rpy mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs; ,Uf;fNt nra;fpd;wd.
kugpd; topte;j ftpQh; gyUk; ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; vOe;j Gyth;fspd;
rpw;wpyf;fpar; nra;As; tbtpy; jpisj;Jk;> mfg;nghUspd; Moj;jpy; %o;fp
takpoe;Jk; mtw;iwg;Nghyj; jhKk; vOjpg; ghh;j;Js;sdh;.
ftpQh; ituKj;Jtpd; ftpijfspy; kugpd; nry;thf;F
kpFe;jpUf;fpd;wJ. gs;spg; gUtj;jpNyNa ftpijapd; ,yf;fz El;gq;fis
ed;fwpe;J kuGf;ftpijfs; gilj;jth;. mthplk; kugpd; tpaj;jF thh;g;Gfs;
tpUj;jj;jpYk;> ntz;ghtpYk; ntspg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ.

15
 ftpQh; ituKj;J> “kuGf;ftpij vd;gJ rhFk; rq;fjp md;W. <uhapuk;
Mz;Lfsha; tpOjpwf;fpa tpUl;rk; mJ. mjd; Nth; fiuahd;fshy; mhpf;f
Kbahj Moj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ.”10 vd;W $Wfpd;whh;.

ftpQhplk; ,d;wsTk; kugpd; kzk; ePq;fhky; ePbj;J tUtjw;fhd

gpd;dzp mth; nfhz;bUf;Fk; nkhopf;fhjy; MFk;. kw;nwhU gpd;dzp
mthplk; nrwpe;Js;s jd;Dzh;r;rpahFk;. mthpd; Kjy; ftpijj; njhFg;ghd
‘itfiw Nkfq;fs;’ KOtjpYk; kugpd; jhf;fk; kz;bf;fplf;fpd;wJ. jkf;Nf
chpa cs;Szh;tpd; ftpj;jpwj;jhy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ kugpy; NtfKk;>
tPr;Rk; kpFe;jpUf;fpd;wd. ftpQh; ituKj;Jtpd; ftpijfspy; kugpd; MSik
epiwe;Js;sJ. kugpypUe;J khwp GJf;ftpij tbtj;ijg; GFj;jpdhYk; kugpd;
mofpa thh;g;ig mtuhy; xJf;f ,ayhJ.
kuGf;ftpij gilj;jy;Nghy; - xU
kz;lgk; jpUkiy fl;bajhy;

(ituKj;J ftpijfs;> g.814)

vd;w ctik> kuig kwthj ftpQhpd; kdijf; fhl;LfpwJ. mtuJ

njhlf;f fhyf; ftpij tuyhW ,sikj; jhfKk;> ftpij Ntl;ifAk;
,uz;lwf; fye;J kugpw;F mikAk; vy;iyf;$Wfspd; milahsq;fis
czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. ftpQhpd; ntw;wpf;F kuG fhuzkhf ,Ue;jpUg;gNjhL

nrhw;fl;Lkhdq;fs;> ,yFthf ntspg;gl;bUf;Fk; vJif> Nkhidfs;>

re;jeaq;fs; KjypadTk;> nkhop MSikAk;> kugpy; ntspg;ghl;L cj;jp
rpwe;J epw;gJk; fhuzq;fshf cs;sd.

GJf;ftpij
GJf;ftpijahdJ ,uz;lhapukhz;Lj; jkpo;f; ftpij ,yf;fpag;
ghuk;ghpa tuyhw;wpypUe;J Kw;wpYk; khWgl;l mikg;ghfj; jpfOfpd;wJ.
jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; ,f;fhyk;tiu khwp te;jpUf;Fk; ,yf;fpa
tbtq;fspnyy;yhk; ahg;gpd; njhlh;r;rp khwhj xd;whf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
GJf;ftpijapy; kl;LNk ahg;gpd; njhlh;r;rp tpLgl;l epiyapdjhff;
fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. jkpo;g; GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wk; jkpo;f; ftpij
tuyhw;wpy; khWgl;l Nghf;fpdjhfj; jpfOfpd;wJ. GJf;ftpij vd;gJ

16
“ftpijj;Jiwapy; ,e;E}w;whz;by; Vw;gl;Ls;s kpfg;nghpa khWjy;”11 vd;W
kh.vopy;Kjy;td; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,e;epiyapy; jkpo;g; GJf;ftpijapd;
Njhw;wj;ijf; fz;lwptnjd;gJ ,d;wpaikahjjhfpd;wJ. ghujpapd;
tUiff;Fg;gpd; ftpij ,yf;fpak; Gjpa vOr;rpiaAk;> Ntfj;ijAk;
fz;lJ. ghujp rkaj;ijAk; jdpkdpjidAk; rhh;e;J epd;w
jkpo;f;ftpijiar;; rKjhaj;jpd; vy;yhg;gFjpfSf;Fk; chpikahf;fpg;
nghJthf;fpath;.
ghujpahhpd; trdftpijNa jkpo;g; GJf;ftpijf;F mbg;gilahf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. trdftpij nefpo;r;rpahd jd;ikiaf; nfhz;ljhFk;.
ngUk;ghyhd thpfspy; thf;fpak; Kw;Wg;ngw;wpUf;Fk;. trdj;ijNa ftpijj;
jd;ikAld; vOjpdhy; mJ trdftpijahf khwptpLfpd;wJ. nra;As; jd;ik
nfhQ;rKk;> fw;gid eaKs;s ciueilAk; ,ize;J tUtJ trdftpij
MFk;. ngUk;ghYk; kugpd; jhf;fk; trd ftpijapy; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
jkpo;f; ftpijapd; ghpzhk tsh;r;rpiaf; Fwpg;gpLk; rp.R.nry;yg;gh>
“GJf;ftpijf;F Kjw;gb trdftpij. ,jpypUe;J RNar;rh ftpijahfp
mLj;j fl;lj;jpy; GJf;ftpijahf MdJjhd; ftpijg; ghpzhk khWjy;
my;yJ jpUg;gk;”12 vd;W tpsf;Ffpd;whh;.

jkpo;nkhopapy; vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> ahg;G> mzp vd;Dk; Itif

,yf;fzq;fisAk; gpd;gw;wp tUtJ kuGf;ftpij MFk;. ,tw;Ws;
ahg;gpyf;fzk; kPwg;gl;L Vida ehd;F ,yf;fzq;fSld; tUtJ
GJf;ftpijahFk;.
rq;f fhyj;jpy; ahg;G tbt mbg;gilapNyNa ftpijfs; Gidag;gl;ld.
gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapYk;> ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd;
Kw;gFjpapYk; ahg;G tiffspy; gy khWjy;fs; Vw;gl;ld. Kjd;Kjypy;
ghujpahh; vspik> ,dpik> czh;r;rp Mfpatw;NwhL ftpijfs; ,aw;Wtijj;
njhlq;fpdhh;. trd ftpijfSk;> ciueilf; ftpijfSk; GJf;ftpijf;F
tpj;jpl;ld.
ftpij vd;gJ fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g khWk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. vy;yh
nkhopfSf;Fk; ,J nghUe;Jk;. ,yf;fzk;> ,yf;fpak; Mfpatw;wpy;
khw;wq;fs; epfOk; vd;whYk; tpiuthf khWjy; miltJ ftpij vdf;
$Wth;. gioa fhtpa kugpyhd njhlh;epiyr; nra;Al;fspd; mikg;G

17
khwpaJ. ciueil tsh;r;rpapd; xU fl;lkhfg; GJf;ftpij kyh;e;jJ. fhy
khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g khWjYk;> GJikAk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; te;jile;jd.
kugpd; tiuaiwia kPwpaJk;> Ngr;Rf; $Wfs;> ciueilj; jd;ik>
ftpijj;jd;ik Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;lJk;> ntspg;ghl;L Kiwapy; Gjpa
cj;jpfisf; nfhz;lJk;> kugpd; jhf;fk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gJk; GJf;ftpij
MFk;. GJf;ftpij RUq;fr;nrhy;yp tpsq;fitf;Fk; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;ljhf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. “Gjpjhd cs;slf;fq;fis kugpy; nrhy;y KbahJ
vd;gjd;W@ nrhy;yf; $lhJ vd;gNj GJf;ftpijapd; %yhjhuk; vd;W Ghpe;J
nfhz;Nld;”13 vd;W ituKj;J Fwpg;gLfpd;whh;. kuGf;ftpijapy; nrhy;y
Kbe;jijtpl MokhfTk;> Rje;jpukhfTk;> nrhy;Yf;F chpa fUtpahfTk;
,d;W GJf;ftpij jkpopy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;Ws;sJ. jkpo; ,yf;fpa tbtk;
Gjpjhf te;jNghNj mjd; cs;slf;fKk; khwpw;W. Gjpa Gjpa rpe;jidfs;
GJf;ftpijfs; %ykhf ntspg;glyhapd.
jd;Dzh;r;rp ntspg;gLj;jYk;> mf cyf mDgt ntspaPLk;
rq;ffhyj;Jf;Fk; GJf;ftpij fhyj;Jf;Fk; nghJthdjhFk;. fUj;J
xj;jpirit Kd;Df;F itj;J me;jf; fUj;ij eakhf ntspapLk;
Nghf;fpy; jf;f nrhw;fisj; jf;fthW mikj;J me;j mikg;gpy; vOk;
xypea msTf;Fk;> fUj;jsit ftdkhff; nfhz;L mjw;Nfw;g jdpr;nrhy;>
Fwsb Kjy; fopnebyb tiu mbfisf; fye;J ftpij
,aw;wg;ngWfpd;wJ. xNutpj mikg;ghf ntz;gh> tpUj;jk;Nghy; ,y;yhky;
mftw;ghtpd; nefpo;r;rpfisf; fhzyhk;. fUj;J ntspg;ghLjhd;
GJf;ftpijf;F mbg;gilahd gz;ghFk;.
K.Nkj;jh GJf;ftpijf;Ff; ftpij tbtj;jpNyNa tiuaiw$w
Kw;gLfpd;whh;.
fUj;Jf;fs; jk;ikj;
jhNk Msf;
fw;Wf; nfhz;l
Gjpa
kf;fshl;rp KiwNa
GJf;ftpij14

18
vd;W tiuaiw $Wfpd;whh;. GJf;ftpijapd; ,yf;fzk; Fwpj;J
f.,uhkr;re;jpud;; $Wk;nghOJ> “jdpkdpjdpd; gz;Gfs;> ,d;g Jd;gq;fs;> r%fg;
nghUshjhu khWjy;fs;> khwptUk; kdpj cwTfs;> Gjpa tho;f;ifj; jlq;fs;>
eilKiw murpay;> ,g;gb vj;jidNah rhsuq;fs; topahfr; rKjhaj;ijf;
fhl;Lk; fz;zhbahfg; GJf;ftpijfs; jpfo;fpd;wd”15 vd;fpwhh;.

GJf;ftpij vd;gJ kuig cilg;gjhy; kl;Lk; cz;lhtjy;y. mJ

Gjpa r%fj;ijg; gilf;Fk; Nehf;NfhL vOjg;gLtjhFk;. ahg;gpyf;fzg;gb
vOJtnjy;yhk; ftpijahfp tplhjJ NghyNt mt;tpyf;fzj;ijkPwp
vOjg;gLtnjy;yhk; ftpijahf khl;lhJ vd;gJ rpe;jpf;fj;jf;fjhFk;.
GJf;ftpijapd; ,yf;fzj;ijf; ftpQh; ituKj;J>
GJf;ftpij
vd;gJ
nrhw;fs; nfhz;lhLk;
Rje;jpu jpdtpoh (ituKj;J ftpijfs;> g.126)
vd;W $Wfpwhh;.
nrhw;fs;> kuGf;ftpijf;Fhpa ,yf;fzk;> ahg;G> vJif> Nkhid>
jdpnkhop Nghd;w fl;Lg;ghl;bidj; jfh;j;njwpe;J Rje;jpukhf ,aq;FtJk;
GJf;ftpij MFk;. MfNt GJf;ftpij vd;gJ ,yf;fz topapy; nry;yhJ
fUj;Jf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; je;J> vspa Kiwapy; ahUk; vLj;Jf;$w
toptif nra;Ak; xU Kaw;rpahFk;.

GJf;ftpijapd;
tpijapd; mikT
GJf;ftpijnad;W ,d;W toq;fg;gLtJ> njhlf;f fhyj;jpypUe;J
gyuhYk; gy ngah;fshy; toq;fg;gl;L te;Js;sJ. tbt mstpy; Gjpa
Kaw;rpNa tpLepiyg; ghl;L(free verse) vd;W fUjpa jpwdha;thsh;fSk;
gyuhth;. ,f;fhyf; ftpij> jw;fhyf; ftpij> FWk;gh> etPd ftpij>
,yFftpij> Gjpaghl;L> GJf;ftpij> ciutPr;R> nrhw;Nfhyk;>
Rje;jpuf;ftpij> fk;ghrplh; ftpij> fl;lw;w ftpij> ahg;gw;w ftpij>
Gul;rpf;ftpij> kPwy; ftpij> kdKzh; ftpij> eWf;Ff; ftpij> Ngr;R
epiyg;gh> goFjkpo;f; ftpij vDk; gy ngah;fs; ghujpapd; topte;j trd
ftpijapd; Gj;jhf;f tbtq;fisj; jkpo;g;gilg;ghspfs; cUthf;fpdh;.

19
GJf;ftpij - nrhy;yhl;rp
gy;NtW ngah;fSs; ‘GJf;ftpij’ vDk; ngaNu epiyj;j tho;tpidg;
ngw;Wtpl;lJ. ,e;jg; ngauhy; jk;Kila ftpijiar; Rl;bath; ghujpaplk;
,Ue;J ce;Jjy; rf;jpiag; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; ngw;wtuhd gpr;r%h;j;jpNa
Mthh;.

f.eh.Rg;gpukzpad;> ‘New verse’ vd;W Mq;fpyj;jpy; miof;fg;gl;lijj;

jkpopy; nkhopngah;j;Jg; ‘GJf;ftpij’ vd;W Kjd;Kjypy; ngahpl;lioj;jth;;
Mthh;. ,Jgw;wp f.eh.R $Wk;NghJ> “1959-,y; ehd; GJf;ftpij vd;fpw
thh;j;ijia ve;j Nkjh tpyhrj;JlDk; nrhy;yptpltpy;iy. New verse vd;W
Mq;fpyj;jpy; toq;fpa xU nrhy;iyj;jhd; nkhopngah;j;Jr; nrhd;Ndd;”16
vd;fpd;whh;.

GJik tsk;
GJf;ftpijapd; tUif jkpo;f;ftpijapd; ghpzhkg; ghijapy;
jtph;f;f Kbahjjhf> jLf;f Kbahjjhf mike;Jtpl;lJ. ghujpahhpd;
thf;fpw;Nfw;g RitapYk;> nghUspYk;> tsj;jpYk;> nrhy;ypYk; gw;gy
GJikfisf;nfhz;L ,d;iwa GJf;ftpijfs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. kuigg;
Gwf;fzpj;j my;yJ kPwpa GJf;ftpijfistpl kugpidj; jOtp my;yJ
kugpd; mbapy; kyh;e;j GJf;ftpijfNs kpfTk; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
,d;W GJf;ftpijj;Jiwapy; ngaUk;> GfOk; ngw;wpUf;Fk; ftpQh;fSs;
ftpQh; ituKj;J Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftuhthh;. kuGf; fUj;jpid fhyg;Nghf;fpw;F
Vw;w tifapy; GJ tz;zj;jpy; ghLk; ghq;fpid mtUila ftpijfspy;
rpwg;ghff; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
GJf;ftpijapd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfshd nrhw;rpf;fdKk;>
nghUl;nrwpTk; ituKj;Jtpd; ftpijfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vz;zj;ij
Neubahf ntspg;gLj;JtJk;> cs;slf;fj;jpw;F Vw;w nrhw;fisNa Njh;e;J
ifahStJk; ftpQh; ituKj;Jtpd; ftpijr; rpwg;ghFk;. gbkk;> FwpaPL
Nghd;w ntspaPl;L cj;jpfis rpwg;ghff; ifahSk; jpwikiaAk; ,tuJ
ftpijfspy; gutyhff; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

20
Ritg; GJikAk; nghUl;
nghUl; GJikAk;
GJf;ftpijfs; eif> mOif Kjyhd vz;tifr; Ritfspd;
fsQ;rpaq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. mq;fjr;RitAk;> Kuz; RitAk; ,d;iwa
GJf;ftpijfspy; NkNyhq;fpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,d;iwa tho;f;if
kdpjDf;Fj; jUk; mDgtq;fs; El;gkhdit> rpf;fyhdit> fyitahdit>
New;iwa kdpjd; mDgtpj;J mwpahjit. tho;f;if czh;j;Jk;
mDgtq;fSk;> czh;r;rpfSk;> KbTfSk;> cz;ikfSk; ,d;iwa
GJf;ftpijfSf;F mbg;gilahf mikfpd;wd.

Nguhrphpah; ghyh $WtJNghy;> “Gjpa tho;f;iff; fsq;fs;> r%fg;

nghUshjhu khWjy;fs;> khwp tUk; kdpj cwTfs;> gz;ghl;Lr; rpf;fy;fs;>
Gjpa r%f mq;fPfhuq;fs;> rpdpkhTk; gj;jphpf;ifAk; Vw;gLj;Jk; [duQ;rff;
fyhr;rhuk;> eilKiw murpay; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ,d;iwa tho;f;if
gpwg;ngLf;fpd;wJ. ,tw;wpd; tpisthfTk;> vjph; tpisthfTk; ,d;iwa
,yf;fpag; gilg;Gj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.”17 vd;fpd;whh;. ,d;iwa ,yf;fpag;
gilg;ghspfs; ,e;j tho;f;ifiaf; $h;e;J Nehf;Ffpd;wdh;@ JUtp
Muha;fpd;wdh;. JzpNthL jpwdha;T nra;J cz;ikfis ntspr;rk;Nghl;Lf;
fhl;Lfpd;wdh;. GJf;ftpijfspd; ghLnghUs; vy;iy gue;J tphpe;J
tho;f;ifapd; vy;yh epiyfisAk; njhl;L epw;fpd;wJ. ftpQd; nrhy;y
te;j fUj;ijj; njspthf czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.

GJf;ftpijapd; ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;iffs;

cUtj;jpYk;> cs;slf;fj;jpYk; fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g khw;wq;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJk;> goikia tpkhprpj;Jk;> ahg;Gf; fl;Lf;fis kPwpAk;
vOe;Js;sJk; GJf;ftpijahFk;. kdpj tho;itAk;> r%f khw;wf;
nfhs;ifiaAk; Kjd;ikahff;nfhz;L GJf;ftpij tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. gbkk;>
FwpaPL> mq;fjk; Nghd;w cj;jpfs; mika ,aw;wg;gLgit GJf;ftpijahFk;.
njhlf;fj;jpy; kuGf;ftpijNghy; ntspte;J trdk; r%fj;
Njitahdjhy; GJf;ftpij mjdbg;gilapy; mikag;ngw;wJ.
cs;slf;fkhdJ rPh;jpUj;jthjk;> cUtthjk;> tpkhprd vjhh;j;jthjk;>
Nrhryp];l; vjhh;j;jthjk; Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. kf;fs;
rf;jp xUq;fpizg;G> Njr tpLjiy> r%f khw;wk;> rhjp vjph;g;G Mfpad
GJf;ftpijf; nfhs;iffshf ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. nghJthf GJf;ftpijg;

21
gilg;ghsh;fspd; ftpijfspy; r%f Nehf;fNk Kf;fpakhdjhf
Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

NkiyehLfspy; GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wk;

ftpijfs; gpwg;ngLg;gNj r%f khw;wq;fspd; topNajhd;. ,r;r%f
khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLk;NghJ kdpj tho;tpy; rpe;jid khw;wq;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; mk;khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. Xh;

,yf;fpak; vr;#oypy; Njhd;WfpwNjh mr;#oypd; jhf;fk; mt;tpyf;fpaj;jpYk;
,lk;ngWfpwJ.
gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;by; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Vw;gl;l njhopw;Gul;rp> gjpndl;lhk;
E}w;whz;by; mnkhpf;fhtpy; Vw;gl;l tpLjiyg;Gul;rp> gpuhd;rpy; Vw;gl;l
murpay; Gul;rp> ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; u\;ahtpy; Vw;gl;l
ghl;lhsp th;f;fg; Gul;rp> cyfg; Nghh;fs; Nghd;w tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;
INuhg;ghtpYk; cyfpd; gpw gFjpfspYk; r%f murpay; tho;tpy; gy
khw;wq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jd. ,j;jifa khw;wq;fs; ,yf;fpaj; JiwapYk;
Gjpa #oiy Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,jdhy; ciueil ,yf;fpak; nry;thf;Fg;
ngw;wJ. ,jd; gpujpgypg;ghf mnkhpf;fh jk;Kila Rje;jpukhd ftpij
Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lJ.

mnkhpf;ff; ftpQh; thy;l; tpl;kd; 1885-Mk; Mz;L ‘Gy;ypd;

,jo;fs;’(Leaves of Grass) vd;Dk; GJf;ftpij E}iy Kjd;Kjypy;
ntspapLfpd;whh;. njhlf;fj;jpy; vjph;g;G ,Ue;jhYk; mf;ftpij tbtk; gpd;dh;
midtuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;ngWfpd;wJ. mtiuj; njhlh;e;J b.v];.vypal;
‘gho;epyk;’ (Waste Land) vd;Dk; GJf;ftpij E}iy ntspapLfpd;whh;.
mf;ftpij E}Yf;F Nehgy;ghpR fpilj;jJ. ,e;E}y; jdpkdpj Rje;jpuj;ijg;
ghLnghUshff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;ljhFk;.

GJf;ftpijiag; gpnuQ;rpy; ‘verse libre’ vd;Wk;> mnkhpf;fhtpy; ‘free

verse’ vd;Wk;> ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ‘blank verse’ vd;Wk; toq;Ffpd;wdh;. nghJthf
‘New poetry’ vd;Dk; tof;Fk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; jkpohf;fNk ‘GJf;ftpij’
vd;whapw;W.

22
 mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;> mfkd Muha;r;rp> Gw cyf khw;wq;fs;
Kjypad ftpijapd; ghLnghUs; khw;wq;fSf;Fk;> ngUf;fj;jpw;Fk;
fhuzq;fshf ,Ue;jikahy; ,f;fUg;nghUSf;F tbtk; nfhLg;gjw;F
kugpd; ahg;G tbtq;fs; NghjhjdthfTk; fUj;Jf;fis Neubahf
ntspg;gLj;j ,ayhjdthfTk; tpsq;fpd. vdNt Gjpa kuG gilf;fj;
njhlq;fpaNghJ ‘GJf;ftpij’ vd;w Gjpa tbtk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

GJf;ftpijapd; nghUis ntspg;gilahff; $WtJ> Njitaw;w

nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jhik> nrhy; myq;fhuk; ,y;yhik> jl;Lg;ghLk; jilAk;
,y;yhj Xir xOq;iff; ifahStJ> Xiriaf; fl;lhag;gLj;jpj;
jpzpf;fhik Nghd;wit ntspehl;Lg; GJf;ftpijfspd; nfhs;iffshf
tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
mnkhpf;fr; #oy;
#oy
fp.gp 1861 Kjy; 1865 tiu mnkhpf;fhtpy; ele;j cs;ehl;Lg; Nghh;
cz;lhf;fpa rKjha khw;wk; Fwpj;j kf;fspd; kdepiy> ,ay;ghfNt
,q;fpyhe;jpd; rhh;gpypUe;J mnkhpf;f Mq;fpy ,yf;fpak; tpLgl Ntz;Lk;
vd;wpUe;j ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gepiy Mfpatw;wpd; fhuzkhf thy;l; tpl;kdpd;
ftpijg; GJikahf;fk; mnkhpf;fhtpy; 1885-,y; Njhw;wk; ngWfpwJ.
ftpijj;Jiwapy; tpl;kd; Vw;gLj;jpa trd ftpijg; Nghf;F mtiu
mnkhpf;fhtpd; Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j ftpQuhf;fpaJ. ,jdhy;jhd; mwpQh; v];uh
gTz;l;> tpl;kid> “Kiwahf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l ftpQh;fSs; xNu xU
mnkhpf;ff;ftp”18 vd;W mtuJ ftpijg; Nghf;fpidg; Ghpe;Jnfhz;L
ghuhl;Lfpd;whh;. thy;l; tpl;kd; jdJ trd ftpij thh;g;gpw;Fg; gpnuQ;Rf;
FwpaPl;bayhshpd; ‘fl;lw;w ftpij’ vDk; tbtg; Nghf;fpid ce;Jjyhfg;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;. mtuJ ftpijfspd; cs;slf;fk; jdpkdpj tpLjiy>
rKjha tpLjiy> Md;kPf tpLjiy vDk; mnkhpf;fhtpd; mf;fhyr;
rKjhaj; Njitfisr; rhh;e;jjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

‘&Nrh’tpd; Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk; (liberty, equality,

fraternity) vd;w nfhs;iffspd; tpisthy; Mq;fpyf; ftpij Kw;wpYk; Gjpa
ghLnghUisAk; mikg;igAk; ngw;wJ. Nthh;l;];nthh;j;> n\y;yp>
[hd;fPl;];> yhh;l; igud; Nghd;w kfhftpQh;fs; Njhd;wpdh;.

23
 gy khWjy;fSf;F cl;gl;l Mq;fpyf; ftpij ‘khlh;d; nghal;hp’
vd;Dk; GJ tbtk; ngWtjw;F tpl;kdpd; trd ftpijf; ifahSifAk;>
gbktpay;thjpfspd; Gjpa ftpijf; Nfhl;ghLfSk; cWJiz Ghpe;jd.
cs;slf;f epiyapYk;> cUt mbg;gilapYk; khWjy;fs; epfo;tjw;Fr;
rKjhar; #oy;fNs fhuzq;fshf mikfpd;wd.

jkpopy; GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wk;

rKjha muq;fpy; tptrhar; rKjhak; khwpj; njhopy;epiyr; rKjhak;
cUthfptpl;ljhy; ,r;r%f khw;wk; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifr; #oiyAk; khw;wp
mikj;jJ. kf;fspd; tho;f;ifr; #oy; khwpaikahy; ,yf;fpag; Nghf;FfSk;
khWjy; fz;ld. “GJik vd;gJ xU rkfhyr; rKjhak; kuGld; epfo;j;Jk;
cwtpd; tpisT> kuGld; epfo;j;Jk; tprhuizapd; tpisT ,J jtph;f;f
,ayhky; eilngWfpwJ.”19 vd;w ghyhtpd; $w;W%yk; r%f khw;wj;jpw;Fk;>
GJikahf;fj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhlh;gpid mwpayhk;.
Xh; ,yf;fpak; tho;fpwJ vdpy; mJ> gy;NtW tbt khw;wq;fSf;F
cl;gl;Lg; gy;NtW tifikfshy; khwp tsh;e;J tUfpwJ vd;gJ
nghUshFk;. jkpopyf;fpaKk; fhye;NjhWk; ‘cs;slf;fj;jpw;Nfw;w cUtk;’
vDk; mbg;gilapy; gy;NtW tifikfsha; tbt khw;wk; mile;J
tsh;e;J te;jpUf;fpwJ. Nkw;fpy; Njhd;wpa GJf;ftpijj; Njhw;wk; mjd;
,ay;ghd kungjph;g;gpd; fhuzkha;j; Njhd;wpaJ MFk;. Mdhy; ,yf;fpa
epiyapy; Njhd;wpa ,t;tpay;ghd Nkw;fj;jpa tbt khw;wg; Nghf;if
jkpopYk; Vw;wpg; ghh;g;gJ vd;gJ ,ayhj nrayhfNt cs;sJ. Vnddpy;
jkpopy; Mrphpag;gh> ntz;gh> fypg;gh> tpUj;jk; vd;W fhye;NjhWk; ghtpdq;fs;
kugpdbg;gilapy; khw;wk; ngw;wJ Nghyg; GJf;ftpij Njhd;wpaijAk; ghtpy;
Vw;gl;l ,ay;ghd khw;wk; vd;W vspjpy; nfhz;Ltpl KbahJ. GJf;ftpij
jkpopyf;fzk; Rl;Lk; kughd ahg;ig Gwf;fzpj;jjhf cs;sJ.
Vwj;jho 700 Mz;Lfhy ,yf;fpag; ghuk;ghpaj;ijf; nfhz;l Mq;fpy
nkhopapy; GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wk; Xh; ,ay;ghd khw;wk; vd;W nfhz;lhYk;
<uhapu Mz;L fhy ,yf;fz> ,yf;fpa kuGfisf; nfhz;l jkpopy; mk;kuig
Kw;wpYk; Gwf;fzpj;Jtpl;L xU GJtiff; ftpij Njhd;wpAs;sij ,yf;fpa
kugpy; Vw;gl;l ,ay;ghd khw;wk; vdf; nfhs;s KbahJ.

24
 GJf;ftpijapy; kuG kPwg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ nghJthff; $wg;gLfpwJ.
GJf;ftpQh;fs; NgRk; kuG vd;gJ ,yf;fzq;fs; czh;j;Jk; nra;As;
tbtq;fisNa MFk;. ghujpf;F Kd;Gk;> ghujp fhyj;jpYk;> ghujpf;Fg; gpd;
rpwpjstpYk; ,Ue;j Gyth;fspd; ftpijg; gilg;G epiyia K.tujuhrd;
gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. “rpNyilakfr; nrhy;yzpfSk; ,ul;il
ehfge;jk; Kjyhd rpj;jpuf;ftpfSk; ghb> cs;sj;J czh;r;rpf;Fk;
fw;gidf;Fk; ,lkpy;yhky; ntWQ;nrhw;fspd; ,d;gj;jpYk; vOj;Jf;fis
mikj;J moF ghh;f;Fk; rpWtpisahl;bYk; mf;fiw nfhz;l gFjp mJ”20
vdNt jw;fhy cs;slf;fj;ijg; gpujpgypf;f VJthd fUtpahf kuGr;
nra;As; tbtq;fs; JizGhpatpy;iy vd;W GJf;ftpQh;fs; vz;zpdh;.

rp.R.nry;yg;ghtpd;> “tskhd fw;gidAk; rj;jhd fUj;Jk; ,y;yhky;

E}jd eilAk; Mo;e;j N;ehf;fKk; ,y;yhky; jPghtspf;Fk; nghq;fYf;Fk;
ghuhl;Lf;Fk; tho;j;Jf;Fk; gj;jphpf;ifr; nra;As;fshf /ghh;Kyh cUtKk;
];lhf; cs;slf;fKk; nfhz;l nrhy;Nyhirr; nra;As;fSk;
nkl;Lg;ghl;Lf;fSk; vj;jid ftpij vd;w ngahpy;?”21 vDk; $w;W
GJf;ftpQh;fSf;F kugpy; Vw;gl;l rypg;gpidg; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
GJf;ftpQh;fs; Rl;Lk; kuG vd;gJ 19-Mk; E}w;whz;Lg; Gyth;fs; fl;ba
nghUshokw;w nra;Al;gpd;dy;fs;jhk; vd;gijAk; mk;kugpy; Vw;gl;l rypg;gpd;
fhuzkhfNt GJf;ftpij Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ vd;gijAk; fz;lwpayhk;.
gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;Ltiu jkpo; ,yf;fpatbtk; vd;gJ nra;As;
tbtk;jhd;. trd E}yhf ,Ue;jhYk;> itj;jpa E}yhf ,Ue;jhYk;> jj;Jt
E}yhf ,Ue;jhYk; nra;As; eilapy;jhd; vOjpg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;ld. mr;R
,ae;jpuk; ,y;yhj mf;fhyj;jpy; tpiutpy; vOjp Kbf;fTk;> mij Xiyr;
Rtbfspy; ghJfhj;J itf;fTk; nra;As; tbtNk Vw;wjhff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
NkiyehLfspy; Vw;gl;;l njhopw;Gul;rp kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa cyfpy;
Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; fhyk; jho;j;jp te;jhYk; jkpo;ehl;bYk; khw;wq;fs;
epfoj;njhlq;fpd. Mq;fpyf; fy;tpapd; tbthy; Nkiyehl;L ,yf;fpag; gapw;rp>
mr;R ,ae;jpu tuT> gj;jphpf;if Mfpatw;wpd; Njhw;wk; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy;
gpw mwpTj;Jiw E}y;fs; ahTk; nra;As; tbtj;ijtpl;L ciueilf;F
khwpaJ. ehty;> rpWfij Nghd;w ciueil ,yf;fpa tiffs; Njhw;wk;
ngw;wd. murh;fspd; me;jg;Guq;fspYk;> gz;bjh;fspd; iffspYk; rpf;fpapUe;j
ftpij gpd;dh; kf;fs; ftpijahf - GJf;ftpijahf cUntLj;jJ. jw;fhyr;
25
r%fg; Nghf;fpw;Nfw;w cs;slf;fj;ij Vw;w nra;As; tbtk; NghJkhdjhf
,y;iy vd;gJ czug;gl;ljhy; GJf;ftpij Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. fhye;NjhWk;
cUtj;jhYk;> cs;slf;fj;jhYk; khw;wk; ngw;WtUk; jkpo;f;ftpij kugpy;
GJf;ftpij Njhd;wpaJ xU kuNg MFk;. jkpo;f;ftpij tuyhw;wpy; khw;wk;
vd;gNj kughf tUfpd;wJ. ,g;GJikahf;fj;jpw;Fj; jkpopy; Gjpjhfj;
Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpar; rpw;wpjo;fSk; Jiz Ghpe;jd.

mg;Jy; uFkhd;> “ gpnuQ;R> n[h;kdp> Mq;fpy nkhopfspy; Vw;gl;l

GJf;ftpij ,af;fj;jpd; ghjpg;G> jkpopy; vy;yh ,yf;fpaj;JiwfspYk;
Vw;gl;l Gj;njOr;rp> gioa jlq;fspy; Vw;gl;l rypg;G> ,yf;fpaj;jpw;nfd;Nw
Njhd;wpa rpw;wpjo;fspd; typikahd gpur;rhuk; ,it jkpopy; GJf;ftpij
Njhd;wf; fhuzkhapd.”22 vd;fpwhh;. ,t;tifapy; jw;fhyj; jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy;
epfo;e;j khw;wq;fs; jkpopy; GJf;ftpij Njhw;wk;ngwf; fhuzkhapd. NkYk;
Nkw;fpy; epfo;e;j GJf;ftpijg; Nghf;Ffs; jkpo;f; ftpijapd; cUtk;>
cs;slf;fk; Mfpa mstpy; ngUksT khWjy;fis cUthf;fpd.
GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wk; - ghujpapd; gq;F
Njq;fpf; fple;j jkpohpd; rpe;jidapy; xU khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpath;
ghujp. ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpapy; xU jpUg;gj;ij cz;lhf;fpath;.
Kjd;Kjyhfj; jkpopy; Gjpa ,yf;fpa cUtpidf; nfhz;Lte;J kf;fs;
neQ;rq;fspy; Gul;rpf; fdiy %l;bath; ghujp. jkpo; ,yf;fpa cyfpy;
Vw;gl;l ,k;khw;wj;jpw;F Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;e;jth; ghujp Mthh;. mtUf;F
Kd; ,uz;L E}w;whz;Lfs; jkpo;f;ftpij Njf;fepiyapy; mkpo;e;jpUe;jJ.
jkpo;f;ftpijf;F Gj;Jap&l;Lk; #oy; ghujpf;F mike;jJ.
vspa nrhw;fs;> vspa eil> vspjpy; mwpe;Jnfhs;sf;$ba re;jk;>
vspa nghUs; ,it ghujpahhpd; ftpijfspy; fhzg;glf;$bait MFk;.
,utPe;jpuehj; jh$hpd; fPjhQ;rypiaAk;> thy;l; tpl;kdpd; ‘Gy;ypd; ,jo;fs;’
ftpijfisAk; gbj;j ghujpahh; mjd; jhf;fkhf trd ftpijfis
,aw;wpAs;shh;. mthpd; trd ftpijfs; fhl;rp> rf;jp> fhw;W> fly; Mfpa
ehd;F jiyg;Gfisf; nfhz;lit MFk;.

mtw;iw mLj;J ‘[fj; rpj;jpuk;’ ‘tpLjiy’ Mfpa ,U ehlfq;fis

trd ftpijapy; ,aw;wpAs;shh;. fhl;rpapy; ,d;gk;> Gfo;> QhapW Mfpa
cs;jiyg;Gfis mikj;Jg; ghLfpd;whh;. ghujp fhl;Lk; fhl;rpfspd; gy

26
gFjpfs; ftpij xsp nghjpe;j rpWrpW glyq;fshfNt jpfo;fpd;wd. MapDk;
mit ftpij MfptplhJ. “trd ftpij vDk; Gjpa tbtj;jpd; [PtDs;s
rpj;jpuq;fs; mit”23 vd;W ty;ypf;fz;zd; $Wfpd;whh;. ghujpahhpd; fhl;rpfs;
trd ftpijfNs jtpu GJf;ftpijfs; my;y. Mdhy; jkpopy;
GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F mit Kd;Ndhbfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
kugpd; gpbapy; rpf;fpapUe;j jkpo;f;ftpijiag; ghujpahh; me;jg;
gpbapypUe;J tpLgl itj;jpUf;fpwhh;. ‘ekf;Fj; njhopy; ftpij’ vd;gijf;
nfhs;ifahff; nfhz;l ghujpahh; ‘Gjpad tpUk;G’ vd;W nghJthff;
$wpdhYk; jk; ftpijfspy; Gjpadtw;iw tpUk;gpg; gilj;Js;shh;. NkYk;
jk; ftpijfisg; gw;wpf; $Wk;NghJ>
Rit GjpJ nghUs; GjpJ tsk; GjpJ
GjpJ
nrhw; GjpJ Nrhjp kpf;f

etftpij…
etftpij …24

vd;fpd;whh;. Mdhy; ve;j ,lj;jpYk; GJf;ftpij vd;W Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.

,t;Tyfk; ,dpaJ ,jpYs;s thd;
thd; ,dpik
Ailj;J:
fhw;Wk; ,dpJ.
jP,dpJ. ePh;,dpJ. epyk;,dpJ.
QhapW ed;W: jpq;fSk; ed;W 25

vd;gd ghujpahhpd; fhl;rpfs; jiyg;gpy; ,lk;ngWk; ,d;gk; vd;w trd

ftpijapd; thpfs; MFk;.
ghujpAk; gpr;r%h;j;jpAk;
ghujpf;Fg;gpd; ghujpjhrd; guk;giu vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ftpQh;fspd;
gilg;Gfs; xNu khjphpahd cs;slf;fKk; cUtKk; ngw;witahf
tpsq;fpd. ghujpf;Fg; gpwF 1934-,y; gpr;r%h;j;jpjhd; GJf;ftpijapy;
ghpNrhjid Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhs;fpwhh;. ghujpapd; trdftpij Kaw;rpfs;
gpr;r%h;j;jpf;F ey;y ce;Jjiy mspj;Js;sd. “ghujpapd; trdftpijfSk;
tpl;kdpd; ftpijfSk; je;j jhf;fj;jpd; tpisthfNt> jhd; GJf;ftpij

27
Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;ljhf”26 gpr;r%h;j;jp Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,t;tifapy; ghujpiaj;
jkpo;g; GJf;ftpijapd; Kd;Ndhb vd Fwpg;gpl toptif cz;lhfpd;wJ.
1934-,y; GJf;ftpij Kaw;rpiaj; njhlq;fpa gpr;r%h;j;jp gpd;dh;
F.g. uhrNfhghyd;> ty;ypf;fz;zd; Nghd;NwhUld; ,ize;J mjid Xh;
,af;fk; Nghy tsh;f;fj; jiyg;gl;lhh;. Nky;ehl;Lf; ftpij vy;iyf;Fj;
jkpo;f;ftpijia ,l;Lr; nrd;Wtpl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gpr;r%h;j;jpapd;
GJf;ftpijahf;fj;jpd; Fwpf;NfhshFk;. vdNt jkpo;g; GJf;ftpijiaj;
jkpopd; xU Gjpa ,yf;fpa tifahf cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
vz;zj;ijg; gpr;r%h;j;jp nfhz;bUe;jjhy; mtNu Xh; ,af;fkhf epd;W
jkpo;g; GJf;ftpijiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jth; vd;W $wyhk;. ghujpiaj; jkpo;g;
GJf;ftpijapd; Kd;Ndhb vd;Wk;> gpr;r%h;j;jpia jkpo;g; GJf;ftpijapd;
je;ij vd;Wk; $wyhk;. eh.fhkuhrd;> ,d;Fyhg;> rpw;gp> jkpod;gd;> kPuh
Nghd;Nwhh; GJf;ftpijapd; Njf;fepiyiag; Nghf;fpdh;. ,t;thwhd
ftpQh;fs; thpirapy; GJf;ftpij tuyhw;wpy; ftpQh; ituKj;JTf;nfd;W
xU rpwg;ghd ,lk; cz;L.

%d;W fhyfl;l ,af;fq;

qfs;
;fs;
GJf;ftpijapd; ,khya tsh;r;rpf;F kzpf;nfhb> vOj;J> thdk;ghb
Mfpa %d;W ,af;fq;fspd; gq;fspg;G cd;djkhdjhFk;. ,t;tpaf;fq;fisr;
rhh;e;j ftpQh;fs; jq;fspd; rpe;jidfisg; gjpT nra;a ,jo;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp Vw;wk; ngw;wdh;.
kzpf;nfhbf; fhyk; (1930 Kjy; 1945 tiu)

KjyhtJ fhyfl;lj;jpid ‘kzpf;nfhbf; fhyk;’ vdyhk;. Njrpa

vOr;rpapd; ce;Jjyhy; njhlq;fg;gl;l kzpf;nfhb vd;Dk; gj;jphpf;ifapy;
Jbg;G kpf;f ,isQh;fs; Gjpa rpe;jidf;Ff; fl;baq;$wp tuNtw;gspf;Fk;
tifapy; jkpopy; gy ,yf;fpag; ghpNrhjidfis epfo;j;jpdh;. ghujpahUf;Fg;
gpwF 1921-Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1933-Mk; Mz;L tiu jkpopy; trdftpij
tsh;r;rpaw;Wf; fple;jJ. gpr;r%h;j;jp 1934-Mk; Mz;L ‘fhjy;’ vd;Dk;
jiyg;gpy; ftpij vOJfpd;whh;. ghujpf;Fg; gpwF Mjpf;fr; rhjpapdhpd; ngUk;
gj;jphpf;iffis vjph;j;Jg; ghujpia kl;Lky;y> ghujpjhridAk; xUNru
itj;J ,yf;fpa kugpd; njhlh;r;rpiaf; fhg;ghw;wpaJ kzpf;nfhbahFk;.

28
gpr;r%h;j;jp> F.g.uh[Nfhghyd;> ty;ypf;fz;zd;> J}ud;> njh.K.rpjk;gu uFehjd;
Nghd;Nwhh; kzpf;nfhbapy; GJf;ftpij vOjp tsh;j;jth;fs; Mth;.
gpr;r%h;j;jp
gpr;r%h;j;jpapd; GJf;ftpijr; rhjidiar; rp.R nry;yg;gh>
“gpr;r%h;j;jp vd;why; GJf;ftpij> GJf;ftpij vd;why; gpr;r%h;j;jp vd;W
gu];gu ,izg;Gf; nfhLj;Jg; NgRk; msTf;F kfj;jhd rhjid
mtUilaJ”27 vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. jkpo;g; GJf;ftpijapd; je;ijahd
gpr;r%h;j;jpapd; GJf;ftpijfs; Kjypy; fhl;Lthj;J (1962)> topj;Jiz
(1964)> vd ,U njhFjpfshf ntspaplg;gl;L gpd;dh; 1975-Mk; Mz;L
‘gpr;r%h;j;jp ftpijfs;’ vd xNu njhFjpahf ntspaplg;gl;ld.

gpr;r%h;j;jp ftpijfspd; cs;slf;fkhdJ jw;fhy tho;f;ifapd;

mtyq;fs;> kdpj kdj;jpd; Ez;ikahd mirTfs;> ,d;iwa ve;jpukakhd>
Nghh; kakhd #oypy; md;Gk; mfpk;irAk; kwf;fbf;fg;gl;l jd;ik>
nghUl;gpj;Jk; jd;dyKk; nfhz;l kdpj kdq;fspd; fsq;fk; Nghd;wit
,tUila ftpijfspy; ghLnghUshfpd;wd. NkYk; ,tUila ftpijfspy;
,aw;ifnewp rhh;e;j Njly; mike;Js;sJ. ,tUila ftpijfs;
,aw;ifiaAk;> kdpj tho;itAk; nghUj;jpf; fhl;Lk; jj;Jt ntspg;ghLfshf
mike;Js;sd.
gpr;r%h;j;jpapd; cs;slf;fq;fs; gy jpwg;gl;lit vd;whYk;
,ay;ghfNt mtUs; ,Uf;Fk; Ntjhe;j Qhdk; mtUila midj;Jf;
ftpijfspYk; ,ioe;Js;sjidf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
F.g.uhrNfhghyd;
F.g.uhrNfhghyd;
F.g.uhrNfhghyd;; gpr;r%h;j;jpNahL rkfhyj;jpy; GJf;ftpij
Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lth; Mthh;. jw;fhyj; jkpOyfpy; ,ul;ilah;fs; vd;W
,tiuAk; gpr;r%h;j;jpiaAk; miog;gh;. vOj;Jf; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;tho;e;j
,tUila ftpijfs; nrd;id thrfh; tl;lk; vd;Dk; Gj;jf ntspaPl;L
epWtdj;jhy; 1969-,y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,j;njhFg;gpw;Fr; ‘rpwpJ ntspr;rk;’
vd;W ngahplg;gl;lJ. ,j;njhFg;gpYs;s ftpijfs; fyhNkhfpdp> ghujkzp>
fpuhkCopad;> kzpf;nfhb Mfpa ,jo;fspy; ntspahdit vdyhk;.

29
 ghyh> “Mz; ngz; czh;r;rpfisg;gw;wp mfj;Jiwf; ftpijfs;
gilj;j F.g.uhrNfhghyidj; jkpopd; Kjy; GJf;ftpQh; vdyhk;”28 vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ghYzh;T gw;wpa tpfhukw;w czh;r;rp tUzidfs;>
fpuhkpa tho;f;ifapy; cs;s khRglhj fhjy; epiyfs;> tho;f;ifapy;
,ioe;NjhLk; kdpjhgpkhdk; Mfpad F.g.uh ftpijfspd; cs;slf;fkhfj;
jpfo;fpd;wd. vspikahd nrhw;fspy; mofpay; rhh;e;j kdj;NjhL ,tUila
ftpijfs; mike;Js;sd.
F.g.uhtpd; ftpijfSs; tho;f;if gw;wpa mtuJ fUj;Njhl;lj;ij>
tho;f;if xU ntw;wp> xU Jbg;G
xU fhjw;gh> xU ,ir
kz;zpd; khaNkhidapy; gpwe;J
}f; fj;jpYk; mjpraj;jpYk; mJ cjpf;fpwJ29
miuj;J}f;
vd;wikAk; thpfs; KOikahf tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
GJikg;gpj;jd;

‘jkpo;r; rpWfijapd; kd;dd;’ vd;W Nghw;wg;ngWk; GJikg;gpj;jd;

GJf;ftpijfisAk; gilj;Js;shh;. GJikg;gpj;jdpd; ftpijfspy; Ngr;R
nkhopeil mjpfk;. rpy ftpijfs; trd ftpijj; jd;ikapYk;> gy
ftpijfs; GJf;ftpijj; jd;ikapYk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.

GJikg;gpj;jdpd; ‘kfhfhtpak;’ vd;Dk; ftpijapy; g/nwhil

ntz;ghtpd; ,yf;fzk; mjpfk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Vida ngUk;ghyhd
ftpijfspy; fypntz;ghtpd; ,yf;fzk; fye;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kuGf;ftpij
gw;wp>
gz; vd;ghh; ghtnkd;ghh; gz;G kungd;wpLthh;
fz;izr; nrhUfpf; ftp vd;ghh; - mz;zhe;J
nfhl;lhtp tpl;lnjy;yhk; $W jkpo;g; gh
ghl;lhr;Nr
Kl;lhNs ,d;Dkh ghl;L? 30

vd;W vLj;jpak;gplf; fhzyhk;.

30
ty;ypf;fz;zd;
ty;ypf;fz;zd;> njhlf;ffhyj; jkpo;g; GJf;ftpQh;fspd; thpirapy;
%d;whtjhf itj;J vz;zj;jf;fth;. ,th; ‘uh[ty;ypGuk; fpU\;zrhkp’
vd;W jhd; gpwe;j Chpd; ngaiuAk; ,aw;ngaiuAk; RUf;fpj; jdJ ngaiu
‘ty;ypf;fz;zd;’ vd itj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. 1942 Kjy; jdJ GJf;ftpij
Kaw;rpiaj; njhlq;fpa ty;ypf;fz;zd; mjw;F Kd;dh; jkpopyf;fpa
cyfpy; rpWfijahrphpauhf mwpKfkhdth;.

ty;ypf;fz;zdpd; ‘mkuNtjid’ ftpijj; njhFg;G ey;y ftpijf;

fl;likg;gpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ty;ypf;fz;zd; GJf;ftpij> rpWfij Nghd;w
jw;fhy ,yf;fpak; gw;wpa jpwdha;tpYk; ftdk; nrYj;jpAs;shh;. jw;fhyj;
jkpopyf;fpaj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;ngWk; ,yf;fpa Kaw;rpfspd; midj;J
tptuq;fisAk; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;bUf;Fk; Ngioahfj; jpfOfpd;whh;.

ty;ypf;fz;zdpd; ‘GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;’ vd;w E}y;

1978-Mk; Mz;bd; ‘rhfpj;a mfhlkp’ ghpirg; ngw;wJ.

ty;ypf;fz;zdpd; ftpijf; Nfhl;ghl;bw;fpzq;fNt mtUila

ftpijfs; kdpj tho;tpd; mtyq;fisf; fz;L ntk;Gtdthf cs;sd.
kdpj tho;tpy; cs;s mwpahik> ,ayhik> tWik> Ruz;ly;> grp
Nghd;wtw;iw tpsf;Ftdthf mtUila ftpijfs; mike;Js;sd. vspa
nrhw;fs;> vspa njhlh;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; Neubahfg; NgRk; ftpij eilia
ty;ypf;fz;zdpd; ftpijfs; nfhz;Ls;sd.
kzpf;nfhb ,yf;fpa ,jopy; gpr;r%h;j;jp> F.g.uh[Nfhghyd;>
GJikg;gpj;jd;> ty;ypf;fz;zd; KjyhNdhh; GJf;ftpijfis vOjp
ntspapl;ldh;. njhlf;ffhyg; GJf;ftpijfs; trdj; jd;ikiaNa mjpfk;
ngw;wpUe;jd. gpd;dh; mth;fspd; ftpijfspy; nefpo;r;rp Fiwe;J nrwpT
mjpfhpj;jJ.
GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wKk;> Nrhjid Kaw;rpfSk; kzpf;nfhb
fhyj;jpy;jhd; eilngWfpd;wd. mjdhy; ,d;iwa GJf;ftpijapd; cUt>
cs;slf;fj;jpypUe;J md;iwa GJf;ftpijapd; cUt> cs;slf;fq;fs;
ngUk;ghYk; NtWgLfpd;wd.

31
vOj;J fhyk; (1950f;Fg; gpwF)

‘vOj;J’ ,jopd; njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; jkpo;g; GJf;ftpij Xh;

,af;fkhf cUntLj;J tsh;fpd;wJ. vOj;J ,jioj; njhlq;fpa
rp.R.nry;yg;gh me;j ,jopy; GJf;ftpijfisAk;> GJf;ftpij njhlh;ghd
jpwdha;T tpkh;rdf; fl;LiufisAk; ntspapLfpd;whh;. GJf;ftpijapd;
cUtj;jpw;F mjpf mf;fiw nrYj;jpaJ ‘vOj;J’ ,johFk;. vOj;Jf;
fhyj;jpy; trd ftpijfs; Fiwe;jd@ GJf;ftpijfs; mjpfk; Njhd;wpd.
rp.R.nry;yg;gh me;jf;fhyf; ftpQh;fspd; ftpijfisj; njhFj;Jg;
‘GJf;Fuy;fs;’ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; E}yhf ntspapl;Ls;shh;. mLj;jLj;J
xt;nthU ftpQhpd; GJf;ftpijfisAk; jdpj;jdp E}yhf vOj;Jg; gpuRuk;
%ykhf ntspapl;Lg; GJf;ftpijfis tsh;j;Js;shh;. vOj;J ,jopy;
,lk;ngw;w GJf;ftpijfspd; fUthfg; ghypay; rpijT> kzKwpT> Jf;fk;>
epuhir Nghd;wit mike;jd. kdpjDila tpUg;G> ntWg;Gfs;
GJf;ftpijfspy; mjpfk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

‘vOj;J’ ,jopy; gpr;r%h;j;jp> rp.R.nry;yg;gh> ty;ypf;fz;zd;> rp.kzp>

jUK rptuhK> Nf.,uhrNfhghy;> jp.Nrh.NtZNfhghyd;> gRta;ah>
b.Nf.Jiurhkp> itj;jP];tud; KjyhNdhh; GJf;ftpijfis vOjpAs;sdh;.
rp.R.nry;yg;gh
GJf;ftpijiar; rp.R.nry;yg;gh Xh; ,af;fkhf top elj;jpath;.
jw;fhyj; jkpOyfpy; ,th; vOjpAs;s GJf;ftpijfistpl ,tUila
GJf;ftpij gw;wpa jpwdha;TfNs nghpJk; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. 1959 rdthpapy;
,th; njhlq;fpa ‘vOj;J’ ,yf;fpar; rpw;wpjo; khj ,johfTk;> fhyhz;L
,johfTk;> tUlk; Kk;Kiw ,johfTk; 1970-Mk; Mz;L tiu
ntspte;jJ. ,yf;fpa tpkhprdj;jpw;nfd;W njhlq;fg;gl;l ,t;tpjiog;
GJf;ftpij ,lk;gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.

ty;ypf;fz;zd;> “,e;jg; gjpndhU Mz;Lfspy; vOj;J 460f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l

GJf;ftpijfisg; gpuRhpj;Js;sJ.”31 vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. jkpo;f;
ftpijAyfpy; GJf;ftpij vd;w tifik tsu rp.R.nry;yg;ghtpd; ‘vOj;J’
,jo; Mw;wpa gzp ngUk;ghd;ikahdJ. ‘vOj;J’ ,jopy; rp.R.nry;yg;gh vOjpa

32
GJf;ftpij gw;wpa fl;Liufs; gy GJf;ftpQh;fisj; jkpOyfpw;Fj; je;jd
vdyhk;.
GJf;ftpij tsu> Nkw;fj;jpas GJf;ftpijg; Nghf;Ffisj;
njhpe;Jnfhz;L mjw;Nfw;gj; jkpopy; GJf;ftpij gw;wpa Nfhl;ghLfisAk;
rp.R.nry;yg;gh tFj;jhh;. vdpDk; jkpo; kugpy; rq;f ,yf;fpa
eilg;Nghf;ifAk; jw;fhyg; GJf;ftpij ngwNtz;Lk; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;ilAk;
nfhz;bUe;jhh;.
njhlf;ffhyj; jkpo;g; GJf;ftpQh;fspd; ftpijj; njhFg;Gf;fis
,tUila ‘vOj;J gpuRuk;’ ntspapl;lJ. mt;tifapy; jw;fhyj; jkpo; tsu
cjtpa ntspaPl;lhsuhf rp.R.nry;yg;gh jpfOfpd;whh;. jkpo;g; GJf;ftpij
tsug; gy;yhw;whDk; Jiz epd;w ,tiu “tsh;r;rp mile;jpUf;Fk;
,d;iwa GJf;ftpijf;Ff; fhy;Nfhs; epWtpath;”32 vd;W rp.,.kiwkiy
Fwpg;gpLtJk; nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.

rp.R.nry;yg;gh> “vd; ftpijfs; Vf;fk;> Ntjid> jhh;kPff; Nfhgk;>

kdg;GOf;fk;> FikT nfhz;ljhfNt ,Uf;Fk;”33 vd;W ‘khw;W ,jak;’
ftpijj; njhFg;gpd; Kd;Diuapy; Fwpg;gpLtJ mtUila ftpijfs;
KOikf;Fkhd kjpg;gPlhfNt mikfpwJ.
jw;fhy cyfpd; mwptpay; tsh;r;rpahy; NeUk; mopTfs;> cyf
ehLfSf;fpilNa epyTk; rkhjhdkpd;ik> Rje;jpuk; NjLk; kdpj kdj;jpd;
Md;kPfg; gazk;> jw;fhy efu ehfhpfq;fshy; cz;lhfpAs;s rPuopT
Mfpait rp.R.nry;yg;ghtpd; ftpijapd; cs;slf;fq;fshFk;.
rp.kzp

‘vOj;J’ ,jopy; jdJ ftpijg; gilg;igj; njhlq;fpa rp.kzp

vOj;jpw;Fg; gpd; ‘eil’ vd;w ,jopy; nry;tk;> khyp vd;w Gidg;ngah;fspy;
jdJ gilg;Gf;fisAk;> ftpij gw;wpa jpwdha;TfisAk; ntspapl;Ls;shh;.
[g;ghdpa ‘i`$’ ftpijfis Kjd;Kjypy; nkhopngah;j;Jj; jkpOyfpw;F
mwpKfk; nra;Jitj;j ngUik ,tiur; rhUk;.

33
 rp.kzp jd;Dla ftpij cUtk; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghl;ilf; Fwpg;gpLk;nghOJ
“ePl;b Kof;fhky; ,Wf;fkhfj; juNtz;Lk; vd;W vz;Zk;NghJ RUq;ff; $wy;
vd;Dk; cj;jpiaf; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ”34 vd;W $Wfpd;whh;.

rp.kzpapd; ftpijfs; ‘tUk; NghFk;’ ‘xspr;;Nrh;f;if’ vd;w ,U

njhFg;Gf;fshf ntspte;Js;sd. kughd jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;J
ngwg;gl;l nrhw;fSk;> njhlh;fSk; jpwikAld; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd.
kdpjid ,d;W rPuoptpid Nehf;fp ce;jpj; js;Sfpw rKjhar; rf;jpahfg;
ghYzh;T khwptpl;lJ vd;gijf; NfypAk; fpz;lYk; nra;J tpkhprpf;Fk;
Nghf;fpdjhf rp.kzpapd; ngUk;ghd;ikahd ftpijfs; mike;Js;sd.
,it jtpu mfTyfj; Njly;> rhT> ,ayhik Nghd;w cs;slf;fq;fSk;
,tUila ftpijfspy; mlq;fpAs;sd.
jUK rptuhK
jUK rptuhKtpd; ,aw;ngah; j.rp.uhkypq;fk; vd;gjhFk;. Mo;e;j
rpe;jidia ntspg;gLj;Jk; fdkhd fl;Liufis ‘vOj;J’ ,jopy;
njhlh;e;J vOjpf;nfhz;bUe;j jUK rptuhK 1960-,y; czh;T
mDgtq;fSk;> fw;gid tsKk; epiwe;j ftpijfis vOj Kw;gl;lhh;.

jUK rptuhKtpd; ftpijfspy; ‘gbkk;’ Kjd;ikahdjhf cs;sJ.

“jUK rptuhKtpd; ftpijfspy; gbkk; Xh; cj;jpay;y. mJ mtuJ
ghh;itfis ntspg;gLj;j cjTk; nkhopahfNt cs;sJ”35 vd;W mg;Jy;
uFkhd; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
kjq;fspd; Jizapd;wp Md;kPfj; Njlypy; <LgLk; jdpkdpj
mDgtq;fshfTk;> mDgtq;fs; tpistpf;Fk; Fog;gq;fshfTk;> ,aw;ifapd;
rf;jpiaAk;> ,af;fj;ijAk; $WtdthfTk;> r%fj;jpd; ,opepiyfs; gw;wpa
tpkhprdq;fshfTk; jUK rptuhKtpd; ftpij cs;slf;fq;fs; mikfpd;wd.
jp.Nrh.NtZNfhghyd;
jp.Nrh.NtZNfhghydpd; ftpijfs; ‘Nfhil tay;’ ‘kPl;rp tpz;zg;gk;’
Mfpa njhFg;Gf;fspy; ntspte;Js;sd. tho;f;ifj; jj;Jtq;fisr; rhjhuz
epfo;r;rpfNshL nghUj;jpg; gbkg;gLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ ,tUila ftpijfspd;
ngUk;ghd;ikahd Nghf;fhFk;. epfo;fhyr; rKjhak; typikaw;wpUg;gij kwf;f
kungd;Wk;> gz;ghnld;Wk; $wpj; jphpAk; Nghypj;jdj;ijr; rhLjy;> ,yf;fpa

34
Qhdkpy;yhj jw;fhy kdpjh;fspd; Edpg;Gy; NkAk; jd;ik> Md;kPfj; Njly;>
jj;Jtf; Fog;gq;fs;> gioa kugpw;Fk;> Gjpa ehfhpfg; Nghf;fpw;Fk; ,ilNa
rpf;fpj; jtpf;Fk; jdpkdpj kdk;> Vf;fk;> Vkhw;wk;> Nfhgk; fye;j czh;r;rp
Mfpad NtZNfhghydpd; ftpijfspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
gRta;ah (Re;ju uhkrhkp)
gRta;ahtpd; ngUk;ghd;ikahd ftpijfs; FwpaPl;Lg; ghq;fhdit
MFk;. ‘ahNuh xUtDf;fhf’ ‘eLeprp eha;fs;’ vd;w ,uz;L GJf;ftpijj;
njhFjpfis ntspapl;Ls;shh;. ‘eLeprp eha;fs;’ vd;w ftpijj; njhFg;G
1986-Mk; Mz;bw;fhd Mrhd; tpUijg; ngw;wjhFk;.
tho;f;ifapd; cs;shh;e;j mh;j;jj; NjlyhfTk;> kdj;jpd; cs;Kfj;
NjlyhfTk; mikAk; ,tUila ftpijfspy; rKjhak;> ,yf;fpak;
Mfpatw;wpy; epiwe;Js;s Nghypikfisr; rhLjy;> kdpj kdj;jpd;
mrpq;fq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jjy;> fhyk;> flTs; gw;wpa Md;kPfj; Njly; Mfpad
cs;slf;fq;fshf mike;Js;sd.
itj;
itj;jP
j] P ;tud;
fw;gid> czh;r;rp Mfpatw;iwg; gpd;Df;Fj; js;sptpl;Lg; gbkg;
gpd;dzpAld; ,tuJ ftpijfs; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. tho;f;ifapd; midj;J
,ay;GfisAk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Ljy;> ,aw;ifapd; tpag;Gfisf; $Wjy;
Mfpad itj;jP];tudpd; jdpj;Jtj; jpwd;fs; MFk;.
jw;fhy tho;tpd; mtyq;fisAk;> jdpkdpj kd cisr;ry;fisAk;
ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,tuJ ftpijfs; ,j;jF kdTzh;tpy; cs;s thrfDf;F
MWjiyAk;> mikjpiaAk; cUthf;Ftdthf mikaNtz;Lk; vd;gNj
itj;jP];tudpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
tho;f;ifr; rPuopT> jdpkdpjr; Rje;jpuj;ij tw;GWj;Jk; mfTyfj;
Njly; Nghd;wtw;iwj; jj;Jthh;j;j KiwapYk;> Md;k tprhuizNahLk;
,aw;if kw;Wk; Gwr;#oy;fspd; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jjy; KiwapYk; ntspg;gLj;JtJ
itj;jP];tudpd; ftpijg; Nghf;FfshFk;.
thdk;ghb fhyk; (1970f;Fg; gpwF)
GJf;ftpij tuyhw;wpd; %d;whtJ fhyfl;lk; Nfhitapy; ,Ue;J
1971-,y; ntspte;j ‘thdk;ghb’ vd;Dk; ,jio ikakhff; nfhz;L
njhlq;FfpwJ. thdk;ghbf;F Kd;Ndhb vdf; Fwpg;gpLk; tifapy;

35
Nfhitapy; gy ,yf;fpa mikg;GfSk; ,jo;fSk; ,Ue;jd. mitfspd;
gpd;Gyj;jpypUe;J thdk;ghb Kisj;njOe;jJ.
thdk;ghb ,jo; 1971 mf;Nlhgh; 9-Mk; Njjp ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
thdk;ghb ,jo; kl;Lky;y@ ,af;fKk;jhd;. ,t;tpjo; GJf;ftpij tsh;r;rpf;Fg;
nghpJk; Jiz nra;jJ. ,t;tpjopy; vOjpa GJf;ftpQh;fs; r%f
mtyq;fSf;Ff; ftpQd; vd;w epiyf;Fs;spUe;J rpy vjph;tpidfis
Kd;itj;jdh;. ftpauq;fk; vd;w tbtj;jpy; GJf;ftpijia
nghJkf;fspilNa mjpfkha;g; gad;gLj;jr; nra;jth;fs; thdk;ghbfNs Mth;.

‘ehd;’ vd;W jd;ik epiyapy; mftakhf ,Ue;j GJf;ftpij ‘ehq;fs;’

vd;W $l;Lzh;tpd; Fuyhf xypf;f thdk;ghbfspd; Kaw;rpNa fhuzkhFk;.
thdk;ghbf; ftpQh;fSs; ngUk;ghNyhh; jkpio Kiwahfg; gbj;jth;fs;.
jkpohrphpah;fshf> fy;Y}hpg; Nguhrphpah;fshf tho;f;ifia elj;jpath;fshth;.
tpuf;jpf; FuYf;nfjpuhd jd;dk;gpf;iff; Fuy; xypf;FkhW ftpij nra;jdh;.
kdpj Neak;> r%f cs;slf;fk; vd;w mbf;fUj;Jf;fSf;F thdk;ghbf;
ftpQh;fs; mjpf mOj;jk; mspj;jdh;. thdk;ghbfs; jq;fsJ fUj;jpaiy
epiyepWj;j kuNghbize;j GJikiaf; iff;nfhz;ldh;. gbkk;> FwpaPL>
mq;fjk;> Kuz;> njhd;k cj;jpfis GJf;ftpijapd; xU jd;ikahfNt
fUjpf; ifahz;ldh;. fpwpj;Jt ,iwapay; $Wfisg; nghUj;jkhd gd;Kfg;
nghUspy; GJf;ftpijapy; gad;gLj;Jtij cj;jpahf;fpdh;.
mth;fSila ftpijfspy; fhzg;gLk; jdpr;rpwg;G> GJf;ftpijapd;
tbtj;jpNy gspr;rpLfpwJ. ftpijapd; thp ePskhf ,Ue;jhy; czh;r;rp
Fiwe;Jk; ciueilj;jd;ik kpFe;Jk; fhzg;ngWk;. mjdhy; GJf;ftpijapd;
thptbtKk; ,d;wpaikahj ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ. thptbt mikg;gpy;
thdk;ghbf; ftpQh;fs; ftdk; nrYj;jpdh;. thdk;ghbf; ftpijfspy;
kuGf;ftpijfspd; mikg;Gk;> ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspd; rhaYk;
fhzg;ngWfpd;wd. ,t;tpaf;fk; rhh;e;j ftpQh;fs; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fisj;
jhuhskhff; ifahz;Ls;sdh;.
thdk;ghb tl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j rpw;gp> kPuh> ,d;Fyhg;> jkpod;gd;>
mg;Jy; uFkhd;> K.Nkj;jh> jkpo;ehld;> Ky;iy Mjtd;> fq;ifnfhz;lhd;>
NfhNte;jd;> mf;dpGj;jpud;> GtpauR> rpw;gp ghyRg;ukzpak;> ituKj;J
Nghd;Nwhh; jkpo; tsh;f;Fk; gzpapy; <Lgl;Ls;sdh;. thdk;ghb Kjy; ,jopd;
Kjy; ftpijNa>

36
 Foiyf; nfhLq;fs; CJfpNwd;
mdiyg; Gdyha; khw;WfpNwd; 36
fpNwd
vd;W Gul;rpAld; njhlq;FfpwJ. ,it Gtpaurpd; ftpij thpfs; MFk;.
Gjpa Ntfj;NjhLk;> vOr;rpNahLk; nray;gl;L te;j thdk;ghb
,af;fk; rpWrpW FOthfg; gphpe;jJ. Nts;tp> Jspfs;> G+ Nghd;w ,jo;fspd;
top thdk;ghbf; ftpQh;fs; ftpijfisg; gilf;fyhapdh;. thdk;ghbf;
ftpQh;fs; jq;fs; ftpijfspy; nghJTilikr; nrhy;yhl;rpfisg; gad;gLj;jp
,Uf;fpd;wdh;. GJf;ftpij cyfpy; ,d;Wk; Ngrg;gl;L tUk; Gfo;kpf;f
GJf;ftpQh;fs; gyh; thdk;ghbapy; cUthdth;fs; Mth;.
mg;Jy; uFkhd;
ftpQh; mg;Jy; uFkhd; thdk;ghb ,af;ff; ftpQh;fspy; xUtuhthh;.
ftpf;Nfh vd;W rpwg;ghff; Fwpg;gplg;gLgth;. ,tUila Myhgid ftpijj;
njhFg;Gf;fhf rhfpj;a mfhlkp tpUJ ngw;wth;. ghy;tPjp vd;Dk; ftpijj;
njhFjp %yk; jk;ik xU Nrhjidg; gilg;ghspahf ,dq;fhl;bf;
nfhz;lth;. ctikfs;> cUtfq;fs;> gbkq;fs;> FwpaPLfs; Mfpatw;wpd;
%yk; ftpij ntspaPl;L Kiwia mikj;Jf;nfhz;lth;. i`f;$> f[y;
Mfpa gpwnkhop ,yf;fpaq;fis jkpopy; je;jtuhthh;. ‘GJf;ftpijapy;
FwpaPL’ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; Ma;T nra;J nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;
Kidth; gl;lk; ngw;wth;. thzpak;ghb ,Ryhkpaf; fy;Y}hpapy; jkpo;g;
Nguhrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpath;.
K.Nkj;jh
ftpQh; K.Nkj;jh kJiuf;fUNf nghpaFsj;jpy; gpwe;jth;. ,th; nrd;id
khepyf; fy;Y}hpapy; jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wp Xa;T ngw;wth;.
GJf;ftpijf;F Vw;wk; je;j ftpQh;fSs; ,tUk; xUtuhthh;. K.Nkj;jhtpd;
GJf;ftpijfs; rhpahd ftpijf; fl;likg;gpidf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,tUila
ftpijfs; fhjy; NrhfKk;> jkpo;j; jhfKk; ,ioNahLk; gilg;Gfshf
tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ctik cUtfq;fspy; goikiaAk;> GJikiaAk; ,izj;j
K.Nkj;jhtpd; ftpijfs; tskhd fw;gidiaAk;> vspa eil> vspa
nrhy;yhl;rpNahL kdpj czh;Tfspd; gjpTfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
K.Nkj;jhtpd; ftpijfisg;gw;wpj; jpwdha;e;j rp.,.kiwkiy
“Nkj;jhtpd; GJf;ftpij> kuig mopj;Jg; GJik fhz tpUk;gtpy;iy

37
kugpd; njhlh;r;rpahf> tsh;r;rpahfg; GJik newpia Vw;wJ> ahg;ig kPw
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf kPwhky;> cs;slf;fj;jpw;Nfw;g ahg;ig tisaitf;Fk;
jpwj;NjhL tpsq;fpaJ”37 vd;fpwhh;. r%f tpkhprdg; Nghf;fpy; mike;j
‘Njrg;gpjhTf;F xU njUg;ghlfdpd; mQ;ryp’ vd;w ftpij K.Nkj;jhtpw;F
Gfo;Njbj; je;j ftpijahFk;. ftpQhpd; ‘Ch;tyk;’ vd;w ftpijj; njhFg;G
jkpof murpd; Kjy; ghprpidg; ngw;wjhFk;.
rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;
ftpQh; rpw;gp Mj;Jg; nghs;shr;rp fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jth;. Nfhit ghujpahh;
gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo;j;Jiwj; jiytuhfg; gzpahw;wpath;. njhlf;fj;jpy;
kuGf;ftpij vOjpf; nfhz;bUe;j rpw;gp GJf;ftpij vOjj; njhlq;fpaJk;
vspikahd> ntspg;gilahd fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l GJf;ftpijfisg;
gilj;jhh;. rpw;gpapd; ‘rh;g;gahfk;’ ‘rpfuq;fs; nghbahFk;’ Kjyhd ftpijfs;
neLq;ftpijfshFk;. ftpQh; rpw;gpapd; ‘xU fpuhkj;J ejp’ rhfpj;a mfhnjkp
tpUJ ngw;w E}yhFk;. ftpQhpd; ‘nksd kaf;fq;fs;’ vd;w GJf;ftpij E}y;
jkpo;g; GJf;ftpijapy; ntspte;j Kjy; fijf; ftpij (Fiction Poetry)
E}yhFk;.
kPuh

ftpQh; kPuh 1971-,y; ‘fdTfs; + fw;gidfs; = fhfpjq;fs;’ vd;Dk;

GJf;ftpijAk;> trd ftpijAk; fye;j fhjy; fhtpaj;ijg;
gilj;jpUf;fpd;whh;. kPuhtpd; %d;Wthpf; ftpijfs; Kjy; vl;Lthpf; ftpijfs;
tiu cs;stw;wpd; njhFg;G ‘Ff;$’ E}yhFk;. ,e;E}ypd; ftpijfspy;
xypeak; kpsph;fpd;wJ. ,iaGj; njhileak; mjpfk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

ftpQh; ituKj;J
ftpQh;fis Kjd;ikahf;Ftjpy; Kf;fpag;gq;F tfpg;gJ fhyk; vd;gij
mwpQUyfk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ftpijj;Jiwapy; gpufhrpf;fpd;wth;fisg;
gpurtpg;gth;fshf khw;Wk; khahrf;jp fhyj;jpw;F kl;LNk cz;L. ts;Std;>
,sq;Nfh> fk;gd;> N\f;];gpah;> n\y;yp> tpl;kd;> ghujp> ghujpjhrd; Nghd;w
kfhftpQh;fis cyfpw;Fj; je;jJ fhyk;jhd;. me;jf; fhyj;jpd; gzp
epd;Wtpltpy;iy> mJNt fskhfTk; ,Ue;J mth;fis vOj
itj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,d;Dk; gy ftpQh;fis vOjj; J}z;LfpwJ. ,g;Nghf;F

38
gilg;Gf;fiy midj;jpw;Fk; XusT nghUe;JkhapDk; ftpijf;F Kw;wpYk;
nghUe;Jk;. ftpQd; fhyj;jpd; Fuyhf epw;gtd;. mtdplj;jpypUe;J tUk;
ve;jnthU nrhy;Yk; r%fj;ijg; gpujpgypg;gjhfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.
,yf;fpag; gilg;Gfs; jd;dpayhf ntsptUtjpy;iy. mtw;wpd;
cUthf;f %yk;> cUtk;> cs;slf;fk; Mfpatw;iw ntspf;nfhzu
mg;gilg;GfNshL njhlh;Gila gy;NtW r%f> gz;ghl;L> nghUshjhu>
murpay; fhuzpfis mwpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Xh; vOj;jhsdpd; gilg;G
mtdJ jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifiaAk;> mtdJ fhyr; rKjhaj;ijAk;
vLj;Jiug;gjhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. mtdJ tho;f;if tuyhw;NwhLk;> tuyhw;Wr;
#oNyhLk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f njhlh;GilaJ MFk;.
xU gilg;ghsdpd; vOj;J mtdpd; Mw;wy;> mwpT ,itfis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Njhd;wpdhYk; gpwe;J tsh;e;j #oYk;> tho;f;ifg;
gpd;dzpAk;> gilg;ghsdJ gilg;ghw;wYf;Fj; J}z;LNfhyhfTk;>
JizahfTk; epw;fpd;wJ.
,yf;fpa cUthf;fj;ijg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; f.eh.Rg;gpukzpad;>
“,yf;fpak; rpU\;bahfpw rkaj;jpy; MrphpaDf;F kl;LNk mJ nrhe;jkhd
tp\ak;. r%fk;> jdpkdpjd;> tsh;g;G> gapw;rp> #o;epiy> FLk;gk;> kjk;>
nfhs;iffs; mtd; ,dj;jthpd; ,uj;j Xl;lk;> kz;thrid vy;yhKkhfr;
Nrh;e;Jjhd; mtDila rpU\;bia XusTf;F cUthf;Ffpd;wd vd;gJ
cz;ikNa”38 vdf;; Fwpg;gpLtjpypUe;J ftpijfspy; r%f kjpg;Gfs; vj;jifa
cz;ikia cs;slf;fp cs;sd vd;gij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. rpWtajpypUe;J
jhd; ghh;j;Jg; gofpa kdpjh;fSk;> Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oYk;> r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW
,ay;GfSk; gilg;ghsDf;Fs; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. gpd;dh; mit
gilg;Gfspy; ntspg;gLfpd;wd vd mwpayhk;.
GJf;ftpij ,yf;fpaj;jpy; kWkyh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpa kfhftp ghujpiaj;
jd; FUthfg; Nghw;Wk; ftpQh; ituKj;J jw;fhyf; ftpQh; ngUkf;fs;
thpirapy; Kjyplk; ngWfpd;whh;. thdk;ghb ,af;fk; ms;spj;je;j ftpijf;
Foe;ijia ,d;dKJ}l;b tsh;j;j ngUkf;fspy; ituKj;JTk; xUth; vdyhk;.
kuGf;ftpij> GJf;ftpij ,uz;bYk; ,yf;fpag; gug;gpy; Ritapd;gj;ijf;
$l;Ltpf;Fk; tifapy; jdJ gilg;Gfisg; gilj;Js;shh;. ituKj;J
gilj;jpl;l ftpijg; gpd;Gyj;jpd; %yk; mtuJ tho;f;ifg; gpd;dzpia
mwpe;J nfhs;tJ ,d;wpaikahjjhfpd;wJ.
39
 jkpo; ,yf;fpa cyfpYk;> jkpo;j; jpiug;glj;JiwapYk; Gfo;
ngw;Wtpsq;Fk; ituKj;J 1953-Mk; Mz;L [_iyj;jpq;fs; 13-Mk; ehs;
kJiu khtl;lk; nkl;^hpy; ,uhkrhkp NjtUf;Fk; mq;fk;khSf;Fk; kfdhfg;
gpwe;jhh;. Muk;gf; fy;tpia jhkiuf;Fsj;jpYk;> cah;epiyf; fy;tpia
tLfgl;bapYk; fw;Wj;Njh;e;jhh;. tptrhaf; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;J> #o;epiyia
ed;F czh;e;J jd;id cah;j;jpf;nfhz;L ,e;jr; rKjhaj;jpy; jdf;nfd
jdp,lj;ij cUthf;fpAs;shh;.
fy;Y}hpg; gbg;igr; nrd;id gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}hpapy; njhlq;fpdhh;.
fy;Y}hpg; gbg;gpw;fpilapy; 1972-,y;; gj;njhd;gjhk; tajpy; ‘itfiw
Nkfq;fs;’ vd;w Kjy; ftpij Ehiy ntspapl;lhh;.

ituKj;J tho;f;ifapy; ,y;yhshfg; nghWg;Ngw;wth; nghd;kzp

Mthh;. ituKj;J - nghd;kzp ,UtUk; jq;fs; md;gpd; ntspg;ghlhf
kjd;fhh;f;fp> fgpyd; vd;w ,Ukfd;fSf;Fg; ngw;Nwhuhfpdh;.
ituKj;Jitf; ftpQdhf;fpa fjhghj;jpuq;fs;

ituKj;J> “tptrhaf; FLk;gk; - kz;iz Nerpf;Fk; kdpjh;fs; -

thdk; ghh;j;j G+kp - ,e;;jpa Njrg;glj;jpd; njw;ifg;Nghy; ,isj;jpUe;j
,wit khLfs; - fk;gspNahL gpwe;j nrk;kwp MLfs; - Nja;e;j fyg;ig -
kOq;fpa kz;ntl;b - vq;fs; fpuhkj;Jg; ngURfspd; kPir Nghd;w mhpths; -
Nrhsf;$o;@ Rl;l kpsfha; - jz;ll;b Ml Ml ntw;wpiy vr;rpy; Jg;Gk;
fhJ tsh;j;j fdq;Fio khjh;fs; - rl;nld;W Nfhgk; nfhz;L rl;nld;W
fz;zPh; rpe;Jk; czh;r;rp kakhd Rw;wk; - vOj;jwptpy;yhj jhj;jhtpd;
,jpfhr cjhuzq;fs; - gioa ek;gpf;iffs;@ kuGfs;”39 ,g;gbg;gl;l
fyhr;rhug; gpd;dzpapy; gpwe;J tsh;e;jth; vd;W $wpf;nfhs;fpd;whh;. njd;id
kuq;fs; mlh;e;j gRikAk;> murkuj;jpd; ryryg;Gk;> Ntg;gkuj;jpd; jsjsg;Gk;.
epwk; khWk; thdKk;> tpkhdk;Nghy; gwe;JtUk; gwitfspd; fhl;rpfSNk
ituKj;Jitf; ftpnaOjr; nrhy;Yk; fjhghj;jpuq;fs; MFk;. nkhj;jj;jpy;
,aw;ifNa mtuJ ftpij vDk; Mykuj;jpd; rpWtpij MFk;.
thypgk; je;j Qhdk;
gs;spg; gbg;Gf; fhyj;jpy; tay;ntspfspd; tug;Nghuk; mz;zd; tPl;Lj;
njd;de;Njhg;gpy; ,isg;ghWk; Neuk; fpuhkg;Gwj;jpy; kuq;fNshLk; nrbfNshLk;

40
$ba ,aw;if je;j fhl;rpfs;> gdpRkf;Fk; Gy;ntspfs;> ,uTg;nghOjpd;
Fk;kpUl;L> ngsh;zkpg;nghOJ el;rj;jpuq;fNshL $ba epyh> thdk;
,itnay;yhk;; ftpQUf;F tpag;ig Vw;gLj;jpa tpj;jpahrq;fshf ,Ue;jd.
ve;j NjtijAk;
,tid
MrPh;tjpf;ftpy;iy
fz;zPhpYk;
uj;jj;jpYk;
ftpijf;F
ik jahhpj;jtd;
vd;W vOJq;fs;
s; (ituKj;J ftpijfs;> g.558)
vd;ghh; ituKj;J. ,itnay;yhk; mth; mDgtj;jhy; ngw;w Qhdq;fshFk;.
kuGk; GJikAk;
njhlf;fj;jpy; ituKj;J kuGf;ftpijfs; vOjpf;nfhz;bUe;jhh;. mjpy;
Gjpa rpe;jidfisf; fhl;lj; jtwtpy;iy. kugpd; MzpNtiu ed;whf
mwpe;jth; mth;. mtuJ Kjw;ftpijj; njhFg;ghd ‘itfiw Nkfq;fs;’ gpwF
ntspte;j ‘vd; gioa gid Xiyfs;’ ‘uj;j jhdk;’ Mfpait KOf;f
KOf;f gy;NtW ahg;Gfshy; Md kuGf;ftpij E}y;fshFk;.
kugpypUe;J khw;wk; ngw;w ftpQh; ituKj;J kuG ,yf;fzk; Ntypahf
cs;snjd;Wk;> nraw;ifj; jd;ik tha;e;jit vd;Wk; Rl;bf;fhl;l Kw;gLfpwhh;.
kugpd; jhf;fj;jpypUe;J tpiue;J Gwg;gl;Lr; Rje;jpukhfj; jphptNj
GJf;ftpij vd vz;Zfpwhh;.
GJf;ftpijthjpfshy; jhk; rKjhar; rpe;jidiar; rhpahfj; ju
KbfpwJ vd;gijAk;> cz;ikahd tho;f;ifapd; epfo;r;rpfis
kuGf;ftpijiatplg; GJf;ftpijNa Ghpa itf;fpwJ vd;gijAk; mtuJ
ftpijfspy; gutyhff; fhzyhk;. kuGf;ftpij fw;gid thdpy;
kpjg;gjhFk;. GJf;ftpijNah Viof;Fbirapy; nrd;W mth;fspd;
fz;zPiuj; Jilg;gjhFk;. ftpQh; ituKj;J kugpYk; GJf;ftpijapYkhfj;
jd; jdpj;jd;ikia ,UepiyfspYk; nka;g;gpj;Jf; fhl;bath;.

41
ituKj;JTk; GJf;ftpijAk;
vOgJfspy; Njhd;wpa GJf;ftpijr; nry;thf;F ituKj;JitAk;
rpe;jpf;f itg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ. eh.fhkuhrd;> mg;Jy; uFkhd;> kPuh> rpw;gp>
,d;Fyhg;> jkpod;gd;> K.Nkj;jh Nghd;w ftpQh;fspd; tUifahy; jkpo;f;
ftpijAyfk; Gjpa nghypT ngw;wJ. ,j;jifa fhyr; #oypy;
ituKj;Jtpd; ftdKk; GJf;ftpijkPJ nrd;wJ. mth; vk;.V jkpo;
,yf;fpak; Kjyhkhz;L gapYk;NghJ md;iwa jkpof Kjy;th;
K.fUzhepjpapd; jiyikapyhd GJf;ftpijf; ftpauq;fpy; gq;Nfw;Fk;
tha;g;Gsf; fpilj;jJ. G+k;Gfhh; flw;fiuapy; eilngw;w mf;ftpauq;fpy;
ituKj;JTf;Fg; GJf;ftpijj; jlj;jpy; jdpaplk; cWjpahf;fg;gl;lJ.
czh;NthL xd;Wk; ftpij
jkpopy; Gjpa nrhw;fSk;> Gjpa nrhy;yhly;fSk; cUthfpf;nfhz;Nl
,Uf;fpd;wd. Gjpa nrhw;fs; nkhopia moFgLj;Jfpd;wd. ftpijapd;
Ritia mjpfhpf;fpd;wd. fUj;J> tbtk;> Xir> Rit ,itfis
jdpj;jdpahf Ma;tjpy;jhd; ftpijapd; %yk; mlq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ.
vJTNk ,iykiw fhahf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;ghh;fs;. ftpij
Gypj;Njhy; Nghh;j;jpa gRthf ,Uf;f tpUk;gtpy;iy. jdf;nfdg; Nghl;bUe;j
fl;Lg;ghLfisf; fise;Jtpl;L tPjpfspy; elkhlj; njhlq;fpaJ. Gjpa
ghh;itiaAk;> Gjpa jhf;fq;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jpa GJf;ftpij nkhopapd;
tsh;r;rpf;Fj; Njitahfj;jhd; ,Ue;jJ. ftpijapd; vspikNa GJf;ftpijf;F
Cd;WNfhyhapUf;fpwJ.
ftpijahdJ epiyNgwhd fiyaoF jJk;gpa ntspaPLk;> kdpj
kdj;jpd; czh;Tk;> xypeak; rhd;w mfKk;> cyfpid CLUtp Nehf;Fk;
cah;eyKk; tha;e;jth;fshy; vOjg;gLk; ,yf;fpaf;fiyahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
fw;gid> czh;r;rp> czh;j;Jjy;> xypeak;> tbtk; Mfpa midj;jpDk;
khz;Gw;W tpsq;FtJ rpwe;j ftpijahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,dpa nghUs;
Nehf;fpw;F mbg;gilahf cs;s jFe;j nrhw;fisj; Njh;e;njLj;J Xir
xOq;fpw;Nfw;g epuy;gLj;jp gilf;fg;gLtJ ftpijahFk;.
,j;jifa ,ay;Gfs; midj;ijAk; fUjpf; nfhz;L ftpQd; ftpij
,aw;Wtjpy;iy. mtdJ cs;Szh;T J}z;l ntspapLk; ntspaPl;by;
,itaidj;Jk; jhNk te;J nghUe;jptpLfpd;wd.

42
 ,d;iwa GJf;ftpijfs; vjhh;j;j tho;f;ifia vspikahff;
$Wfpd;wd. jdpkdpj czh;r;rpfisAk;> rKjhag; gpur;rpidfisAk;> jhd;
tho;e;j tho;f;if je;j mDgtq;fisAk;> kz;izAk;> kf;fisAk; ghLk;
fUtpahf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,t;tifapy; ftpQh; ituKj;J jhd; gpwe;j
kz;zpd; tsj;ijAk; gz;ghl;ilAk; fyhr;rhuj;ijAk; jd; ftpijfspy;
gjpT nra;jpUf;fpwhh;. gpwe;J tsh;e;j fpuhkj;jpd; RfJf;fq;fisg;
ghLk;Nghnjy;yhk; mk;kf;fspd; tho;tpay; $WfSk; tuyhw;Wr; RtLfSk;
gjpthfp cs;sd.
ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; ek;gpf;iffs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs;> gz;ghLfs;>
fyhr;rhuq;fs;> cwTKiwfs;> kuGfs;> ghly;fs;> ,irfs;> tl;lhu tof;F
nkhopfs;> gonkhopfs;> tpLfijfs; vd;w midj;J mk;rq;fSk;
NeubahfTk;> kiwKfkhfTk; gjpthfp cs;sd. ,g;gjpTfs; ftpQiuj;
jdpj;jd;ikAilatuhff; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
ituKj;Jtpd; ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gfspy; kuGk;> etPdKk; xd;iwtpl;L
xd;W gphpf;fKbahj tifapy; gpd;dpg; gpize;Js;sd. nkhop> fiy>
r%fk;> gz;ghL> kdpj tpOkpak;> mwptpay; vd vy;yhj; jsq;fspYk;
mtuJ vOj;Jf;fs; tphpe;J> gue;J> Mo;e;J tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
,aw;ifahfNt Cwp tope;jpLk; jdJ cs;sj;J czh;TfspdhYk;>
gd;D}y; fw;w GyikapdhYk;> ftpijapd; cs;slf;fk; vy;yhk; ,ay;ghfNt
iftug; ngw;Wtpl;ljhy; ituKj;Jtpd; ftpij xt;nthd;wpYk;
caph;j;Jbg;gpid czuKbfpd;wJ.
fU> cU> cj;jp vd;w epiyapy; Nehf;fpdhy; ftpQh; ituKj;Jtpd;
ftpijfs; jdpkdpj vz;zq;fisAk;> rKjhag; ghpkhzq;fisAk;
fUthff; nfhz;L> kuGf;ftpij> GJf;ftpij vd;w cUtpidf; nfhz;L
,aw;wg;gl;L> nrhy;yikg;G> njhluikg;G> mzpeyd;fs; Nghd;w gy;NtW
cj;jpKiwfshy; fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fUTk;> cUTk;> cj;jpAk; ftpij Ma;tpd; Ma;Tg; nghUshff;
nfhz;L vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. khh;f;rpaf; fUj;jhf;fKk;> #oypay;
tpopg;Gzh;Tk; nfhz;l ftpijfs; Ma;Tnra;ag;gl;L Nfhl;ghl;L Nehf;fpy;
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

43
 ituKj;Jtpd; ftpijfis Mo;e;J Nehf;fpdhy; NkYk; gy;Ntwhd
Nfhl;ghl;L epiyfisf; fz;lwpa ,aYk;. Ma;T vy;iyia tiuaWj;Jf;
nfhz;ljhy; cj;jp> cs;slf;fk;> tbtk; vd;w epiyapy; Ma;thdJ
mikfpd;wJ.
ftpQh; ituKj;J ftpijfspd; nghJ ,ay;Gfshfj; jd;dk;gpf;if
kpf;f ntspg;ghL> rhjp> kj kWg;G> kdpjhgpkhdk;> rkfhyr; rpf;fy;fisAk;
rPh;NfLfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jjy;> midj;Jyfg; ghh;it> tuyhw;Wzh;NthL
tho;tpy; ek;gpf;if Cl;ly; Mfpait ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
nrOikkpf;f jkpopyf;fpag; gilg;gpy; Cwpj;jpisj;jth; ituKj;J
Mthh;. fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g Gjpa fw;gidfisAk;> goikNghw;Wk; ghq;fpidAk;
nfhz;L gyJiwfspYk; gilg;Gfs; gyTk; gilj;jpUf;fpwhh;. mtuJ
gilg;Gfspy; gd;Kfj; jpwikfs; ntspg;gLfpd;wd. mtuJ ftpijfs;
Mq;fpyk;> ,e;jp> ehh;Ntak; Kjyhfg; gy nkhopfspy; nkhop
ngah;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Njrpa tpUJfisAk;> gj;k=> gj;k g+\z;
tpUJfisAk; ngw;W ,yf;fpa cyfpy; rhjid gilj;J tUfpd;whh;.
thdk;ghb ,af;ff; ftpQuhf milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;L> GJf;ftpij
tuyhw;wpy; ftpQh; ituKj;J ngw;Ws;s ,lk; Nkw;fz;lthW
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;;sJ.
fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lk; fz;zhbahf tpsq;Fk; ,yf;fpaj;jpd;
tbtq;fSk;> ghLnghUs;fSk; fhye;NjhWk; khwpf;nfhz;Nl tUfpd;w
jd;ikAk;> rkfhy epfo;Tfisg; gpujpgypg;gdthfTk; gilg;ghspf;Fk;>
rKjhaj;jpw;FkpilNaahd ClfkhfTk; ftpijfs; tpsq;FtJk;
,t;tpaypy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ftpijapd; fU> cU> cj;jp Mfpatw;wpw;fpilNaahd cwTepiyfisf;
fz;lwpAk; fl;likg;GKiwAk;> Nkw;fj;jpar; #oypYk;> jkpo; ,yf;fpar;
#oypYk; GJf;ftpij ngw;Ws;s Njhw;wq;fSk;> khw;wq;fSk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
jkpo;g; GJf;ftpij ghujpahiu Kd;NdhbahfTk;> gpr;r%h;j;jpia
Kjy;tuhfTk; nfhz;L Njhw;wk; ngw;w epiy ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;L>
GJf;ftpijapd; tsu;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhd kzpf;nfhb> vOj;J> thdk;ghb
Mfpa %d;W ,af;fq;fspy; ftpijfs; vOjp kWkyh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpa
ftpQh;fspd; rpe;jidg; gjpTfs; tpthpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

44
 GJf;ftpij tuyhw;wpd; %d;whtJ fhyfl;lkhd thdk;ghb ,jopy;
ftpijfs; vOjpath;fSs; xUtuhd ftpQh; ituKj;Jtpd; ftpijg;
gpd;GyKk;> gd;Kfj;;jd;ikfSk; ,t;tpaypy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

45
 rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;
1. ed;D}y;> E}w;gh vz;.462.
2. vk;.V.E/khd;> jpwdha;Tf; fl;Liufs;> g.13.
3. Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is> kyUk; khiyAk;> g.51.
4. ituKj;J> Nfs;tpfshy; xU Nts;tp> g.81.
5. r.mfj;jpaypq;fk;> ftpij cUthf;fk; - 2> g.24.
6. nr.it.rz;Kfk;> ftpijf; fl;likg;G> g.5.
7. Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is> kyUk; khiyAk;> g.50.
8. r.mfj;jpaypq;fk;> njhy;fhg;gpaf; ftpijapay;> g.47.
9. fh.nry;yg;gd;> ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gok; GJikAk;> GJg; goikAk;> g.14.
10. ituKj;J> uj;jjhdk; - Kd;Diu> g.1.
11. kh.vopy; Kjy;td;> trd ftpij> g.446.
12. rp.R.nry;yg;gh> CJtj;jpg; Gy;> g.39.
13. ituKj;J> ,Jtiu ehd;> g.169.
14. K.Nkj;jh> Ch;tyk;> g.86.
15. f.,uhkr;re;jpud;> GJf;ftpijapy; gd;Kfg; ghh;it> g.62.
16. f.eh.Rg;ukzpad;> e.gpr;r%h;j;jp epidthf> njhFjp 2> g.30.
17. ghyh> GJf;ftpij xU GJg;ghh;it> gf;.17-18.
18. Re;ju MTilag;gd; (Nkw;Nfhs;)> jkpo;g; GJf;ftpijfspy; Nkw;fj;jpaj;
jhf;fk;> g.53.
19. ghyh> GJf;ftpij xU GJg;ghh;it> g.21.
20. K.tujuhrd;> jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW> g.336.
21. rp.R.nry;yg;gh> GJf;Fuy;fs;> g.10.
22. mg;Jy; uFkhd;> NrhjpkpF etftpij> g.12.
23. ty;ypf;fz;zd;> GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;> g.13.
24. ghujpahh;> ghujpahh; ftpijfs;> gf;.318-319.
46
25. NkyJ> g.587.
26. gpr;r%h;j;jp> gpr;r%h;j;jp ftpijfs;> g.13.
27. rp.R.nry;yg;gh> gpr;r%h;j;jp ftpijfs;-Kd;Diu> g.1.
28. ghyh> GJf;ftpij xU GJg;ghh;it> g.163.
29. F.g.uhrNfhghyd;> rpwpJ ntspr;rk;> g.133.
30. GJikg;gpj;jd;> GJikg;gpj;jd; ftpijfs;> g.75.
31. ty;ypf;fz;zd;> GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;> g.170.
32. rp.,.kiwkiy> GJf;ftpijapd; Njf;fepiy> g.50.
33. rp.R.nry;yg;gh> khw;W ,jak;-Kd;Diu> g.8.

34. rp.kzp> ‘ahid’ eil 2 ([dthp 1969)> g.73.

35. mg;Jy; uFkhd;> GJf;ftpijapy; FwpaPL> g.67.

36. jkpo;ehld; (Nkw;Nfhs;)> xU thdk;ghbapd; ,yf;fpa thdk;> g.16.
37. rp.,.kiwkiy> GJf;ftpijapd; Njf;fepiy> g.60.
38. f.eh.Rg;ukzpad;> f.eh.R ftpijfs;-Kd;Diu> g.1.
39. ituKj;J> ,e;jf; Fsj;jpy; fy;nywpe;jth;fs;> g.210.

47