11.

etfpuf topghL – rdP];tud;

mwpKfk; :
rdp vDk; fpufk; N[hjplj;jpy; rdpgfthd;> rdP];tud; vd;nwy;yhk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J etfpufq;fspy; kpfTk; nkJthf ,aq;ff;$ba fpufk;. xU uhrpapy; 21/2
tUlfhyKk;> xU jlit uhrp kz;lyj;ij tyk; tu 30 Mz;LfSk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; fpufk; rdp
MFk;. rdpapd; jpir Mz;Lfs; 19. rdpapd; el;rj;jpuq;fs; G+rk;> mD\k;> cj;jpuhl;lhjp.

nghJthd fUj;Jf;fs; :
rdp];tud; vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUNs nkJthf efh;gtd; vd;gJ. kfu> Fk;guhrpfspd;
mjpgjpahFk; rdp Jyhkpy; cr;rKk;> Nk\j;jpy; ePr;rKk; milAk; ,lq;fs;. rdp vd;w
thh;j;ijapypUe;J mwpahik vd;w nghUSk; fpilf;fpwJ. rdp xU mRg fpufk;.

MASf;F fhufuhd rdp> Jd;gk;> Jauk;> Kjph;e;j taJ> rhT ,tw;wpw;Fk; fhufh;
Mthh;. NkYk; fl;Lg;ghL> jil> nghWg;G> jhkjk;> yl;rpak;> jiyik> nry;thf;F
mjpfhuk;> mtkhdk;> xw;Wik> mDgtj;jhy; ngWk; mwpT> kWg;G> JwT>
gw;ww;w epiy> Md;kPfk;> fbd ciog;G> epWtdk;> cz;ikj;jd;ik> fhyk;
Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fk; fhufh;. 7-k; ,lk; rdp jpf; gyk; milAk; typikahd ,lk;. mJNghyNt
Nfe;jpu jphpNfhzq;fSk; hp\gk;> Jyhk; yf;df;fhuh;fSf;F mjpf ed;ik jUgth;. thjj; jd;ik
cilath;. 36 tajpy; gf;Ftk; milgth;. #hpaDf;Fk;> rhahTf;Fk; gpwe;j kfd; rdp. rhah
#hpaDf;F ,uz;lhtJ kidtp. Kjy; kidtp rQ;rdhtpd; kfd; vkd; vd;gtd; cijj;jjhy; fhypy;
Cdk; Vw;gl;L nkJthf elg;gtd; rdp. 71/2 ehl;Lr; rdp> uhrpf;F 12>1 kw;Wk; 2-y;
,Uf;Fk; 71/2 tUlq;fs;> 7-y; cs;s fz;lfr;rdp kw;Wk; 8-y; ,Uf;Fk; m\;lkr; rdp kw;Wk;
4-y; mh;j;jh\;lkr;rdp Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; jPa gyd;fs; jUtjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
rdpf;fpoikfspy; rdpiaj; Jjpj;J tzq;fpdhy; ,j;jF ngupa ghjpg;Gfs; vJTk; nra;ahJ.

xU murd; rdp gfthid kpfTk; gf;jpAld; jd; muz;kidapy; topgl;L te;jjhfTk;>

mjdhy; Nfhgkile;j nry;tkhfpa =y\;kp> tskhfpa itgt vDk; flTs;> jh;kk; vDk; ew;
nray; flTs;> Njhpa vDk; nghWikf; flTs;> \kh vDk;kd;dpf;Fk; flTs; KjypNahh;
murid tpl;L ePq;fj; jiyg;gl;ldh;. mth;fisj; jLf;fhj murd;> filrpahf ntspNaw Kad;w
rj;ak; vDk; cz;ikahfpa flTis kl;Lk; NghfNtz;lhk; vdj; jLj;jhd;. rj;jpaj;ijf;
filg;gpbf;Fk; me;j kd;did tpl;L rj;jpaj;jhYk; ePq;f KbahJ NghfNt> mq;NfNa
jq;fptpl;lhd;. jq;fSld; rj;ak; tuhJ fz;l kw;w flTsh; midtUk; jpUk;gTk; kd;ddplNk te;J
Nrh;e;jdh;. vdNt rdpAk;> rj;jpaKk; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; vy;yhNk ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij tpsf;Fk;
fij ,J.

kw;nwhU fij : etfpufq;fSk; jq;fSf;Fs; ahh; typikahdth; vd Nghl;bNghl;ld.

,e;jpudhYk; jPh;f;f Kbahj ,g;gpur;ridiaj; jPh;f;f ty;ytd; vd tpf;fpukhjpj;a kd;ddplk;
mit mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;ld. mtw;wpd; epiyia Muha;e;j kd;dd;> jq;fj;jpdhy; Md ,Uf;ifia
#hpaDf;Fk;> ,t;thNw thpirahf kw;w cNyhfq;fspy; kw;w fpufq;fSf;Fk; ,Uf;if
mspj;J> ,Wjpahf ,Uk;gpdhy; Md ,Uf;ifia rdpf;F mspj;jhd;. ,jd; %yk; #hpadpd;
Nkd;ik kw;Wk; typikia czh;j;jpdhd; vd fUj;J. ,jdhy; Nfhgkile;j rdp>
tpf;ukhjpj;aDf;F jd; typikiaf; fhl;LfpNwd; vd $wpr; nrd;whh;.

rpwpJ ehl;fs; fopj;J> tpf;ukhjpj;a kd;ddpd; c[;[apdp ehl;Lf;F xU Fjpiu

tpahghhp jd; FjpiufSld; te;jhd;. mtdplkpUe;jjpy; xU rpwe;j Fjpiuapy; Vwp rthhp
nra;a tpf;ukhjpj;ad; tpUk;gp> mjd; kPJ cl;fhh;e;jhd;. me;jf; Fjpiu clNd fhw;nwdg;
gwe;J nrd;W fhdfj;jpy; vq;Nfh kiwe;jJ. ahuhYNk FjpiuiaAk; mjd; kPjkh;e;j
kd;didAk; fz;L gpbf;f ,aytpy;iy. vq;Nfh nrd;w kd;dd; mwpKfkpy;yhj ehl;by; grp
jhfk; fisg;ghy; Jd;Gw;W> tpahghhp xUtdplk; jQ;rkile;jhd;. tpahghhp mtDf;F czT
cil ,Ug;gplk; mspj;jhd;. md;W ,uT tpahghhp tPl;by; tpiyAah;e;j Kj;J khiy xd;W
fhzhky; NghdJ. murndd;W mwpahjjhy;> tpf;ukhjpj;aNdf; Fw;wthsp vd KbT
nra;ag;gl;L> mjw;F jz;lidahf iffhy;fs; Jz;bf;fg;gl;lhd;. mtd; kPJ ,uf;fk; nfhz;l
vz;nza; tpahghup xUtd; kd;dDf;F cl;fhh;e;jthNw nrf;F khLfis ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
Ntiy je;jhd;. xU ehs; Cdkhd kd;dd;> xU ghliyg; ghbf;nfhz;Nl Ntiy nra;a> mijf;
Nfl;l me;ehl;bd; ,sturp> kd;ddplk; fhjy; nfhz;L> ngw;Nwhh; jLj;Jk; Nfshky;>
Cdkhd kd;didNa kze;jhs;. md;wpuT kd;dd; fdtpy; Njhd;wpa rdp jd;id kjpf;fhjjhy;>
tpf;ukhjpj;aDf;F Vw;gl;l fjp ,J vd $wpdhh;. kd;dd; kd;dpf;f Ntz;b kd;whl>
kdkpuq;fpa ke;jd; (rdp) kd;did kd;dpj;J> kzkf;fis kfpo;r;rpapy; Mo;j;jp>
CdKw;wtidAk; jpUk;g gioagb Njhw;wk; Vw;glr; nra;jhd;. ,jw;fpilNa Kj;Jkhiy
fhzhky; Nghd tpahghhp tPl;bNyNa ,Ue;J fpilj;jJ. kd;dpg;G Ntz;ba tpahghhp> jd;
kfisAk; kd;dDf;F kzKbj;jhd;. ,U kidtpaUld; ehL jpUk;gpdhd; tpf;fpukhjpj;ad;.

rdp gw;wpa jfty;fs; :

Ntjj;jpy; $wg;gLgit :
fpufq;fspy; ,tNd kpf ke;jkhdtd;. rdp];tud;> \dp];tud;> ridr;rud;> ke;jd;>
Nfhz];jd;> gpq;fsd;> nrshp vd NtW ngah;fs; cilatd;. rdpapd; mjpNjtij gpuk;kd;.
g;ujpajp Njtij vkd;. rdpapd; ,Uk;G ujk;> fOfhy; ,Oj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpwJ.
thAtpd; kfd; rdp vd;w fUj;Jk; cz;L
#hpadpd; kfd; rdp> mtdJ jhahh; rhah
Guhzq;fspy; $wg;gLgit :
rptidNa xU jlit gpbf;fr; rdp nrd;whd;. mtdplkpUe;J jg;g> xU goj;jpd;
tpijahfj; jd;id kiwj;Jf; nfhz;l rptdplk;> ifyha kiy thrj;ij tpl;L> rhjhuz goj;jpd;
tpijapy; rptd; tho Nehpl;lNj> jhd; rptidg; gpbj;jjhy; jhd; vd rdp tpsf;fpdhd;.

,NjNghy;> ,uhkhazj;jpy; jruj kd;dd; rdp jUk; Jd;gq;fis cyf kf;fshy; jhq;f
,ayhJ vdTk;> rdp fUiz Ghpa Ntz;Lk; vdTk; rdpaplk; ,iwQ;rp Jjpj;jhd;. kdkfpo;e;j
rdp> jrujdpd; me;j N\hlr ehk];Nyhfk; vDk; topghl;Lg; ghly;fis ghbj; Jjpj;J jd;id
tzq;Fk; kf;fis jhd; vd;Wk; iftpl khl;Nld; vd;W $wpajhf jfty; cs;sJ.

rj;atpuj ehl;by; Fzuj;dfhud; vd;w me;jzd; tho;e;J te;jhd;. jd;id 71/2 ehl;Lr;
rdp gpbf;f ,Ug;gij jd; Kd;Ndhh; %yk; fdtpy; mwpe;j Fzuj;dfhud;> rdpaplk; jd;idf;
fhg;ghw;WkhW Ntz;bdhd;. 71/2 Mz;Lfs; Jd;gk; nra;akhl;Nld;. Mdhy; 31/2
kzpNeuk; mtidg; gpbj;Nj jPUNtd; vd rdp tukspj;jhd;. rdpapd; ghjpg;G jd;id VJk;
nra;ahJ ,Uf;f> fhl;by; jdpikapy; nrd;W me;j Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; jtk; ,aw;wyhk; vd
vz;zp> ifapy; czTf;$il kl;Lk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L fhL Nehf;fpr; nrd;whd; Fzuj;dfhud;.
me;Neuk; =y\;kpGuk; vd;w ehl;bd; kd;dd; tpRghyd; vd;gtd; muz;kidapy;
nfhs;isabj;j rpy jpUlh;fs; eif %l;ilfSld; me;j topNa Xbr; nrd;wdh;. mth;fisj; Juj;jp
te;j kd;ddpd; tPuh;fs; fz;%bj; jtj;jpy; ,Ue;j Fzuj;dfhuidAk;> mtdplkpUe;j czT
%l;ilia> eif %l;il vd epidj;J> mijAk; vLj;Jr; nrd;W> mtidj;Jd;GWj;jp murdplk;
nfhz;L epWj;jpdh;. %l;il jpwe;J cz;ik ntspahdJ. ele;j tp\aq;fis kd;ddplk; $wp> ,it
rdpapd; jpUtpisahly;fs; vdf; $wpr; nrd;whd; Fzuj;dfhud;.

rdpf;fpoikad;W jpUg;gjp VOkiyapy; tPw;wpUf;Fk;

= ghyh[p Ntq;flhrygjpia Ntz;bdhy;> rdpapdhy; Jd;gk; VJk; tuhJ.

rdp – Njhw;wKk;> jd;ikAk; :

ePyepw (fUikepw) rdp> ePyepw (fUikepw) Mil mzpe;J> jiyapy; xsp tPRk;
jq;ff; fphPlk; mzpe;J> fOF (fhfk; vd;gh;) thfdj;jpy; rdp tPw;wpUf;fpwhh;. rpj;u
ujd; vd;gtdpd; kfshfpa rjp vd;gts; mtd; kidtp. xU Kiw mts; MirAld; jd; fztd; rdpia
neUq;f> jtj;jpy; <Lgl;bUe;j rdp mtis ehltpy;iy. Foe;ijg;NgW Ntz;b te;J Vkhe;j
kidtp> jd;id kjpahj fztd; jtk; vt;tsT nra;jhYk; mtdpd; ghh;it jPikjUtjhfNt mikAk; vd
rgpj;jhs;. vdNt jhd; rdp jPik nra;gth; Mdhh; vd;gij tpsf;Fk; fij ,J. ,Ue;Jk; jd;idj;
Njb> ehb te;J thb epw;Fk; kf;fis Xb te;J fhf;Fk; ,uf;f Fzk; cilatNu rdp.
Nkw;FNehf;fp> tpy;tbt Mrdj;jpy; tPw;wpUg;gth;.

N[hjplj;jpy; rdp :
nrsuh\;bu ehl;by;> fh];ag Nfhj;jpuj;jpy; tpgt tUlk;> ijkhjk;> Rf;ygl;rk; etkp
jpjpad;W@ rdpf;fpoik guzp el;rj;jpuj;jpy; Njhd;wpath;. 3>6>11-y; rdp [hjfj;jpy;
,Ug;gJ ed;W. 19 tUlk; rdp jpirf;fhyk;.
 MAs;> kdpjdpd; kdg;ghq;F> rpf;fd Fzk;> nghWik> nghWj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;>
jj;Jt Qhdk;> Fzk;> fy;tp> ePy Milfspy; tpUg;gk;> ntspehl;L thrk; Mfpa ahTk; rdp
jUgit.

vjph;kiwg; gyd;fs; : -
#jhl;l Nkhfk;> ,opthd ngah;> xOq;F Kiwapy;yhj eltbf;iffs;> js;spg;NghLk;
Fzk;> Kl;lhs; jdkhd eltbf;iffs;> Nfhio Fzk;> taJf;F kPwpa Kjph;r;rp (clystpy;)
Mfpad Vw;gLk;.

rdp – topghl;L Kiwfs; :

fhf j;t[ha tpj;kN`
fl;f `];jha jPk`p
je;Neh ke;jg; gpuNrhjahj;
vd;gJ rdpgfthDf;Fhpa fhaj;hp ke;jpuk;.
tpahrh; jUk; rdpf;Fhpa Jjp
ePyhk;[d rkhgh]k; utpGj;jpuk; akf;fu[k;
r;rhah khh;j;jhz;l rk;G+jk; jk; ekhkp rid];tuk;

fUg;G epwj;jtDk;> vkdpd; rNfhjuDk;> #hpadpd; kfDk;> rhahtpd; %yk;

gpwe;jtDk;> ke;jkhf ,aq;FgtDkhfpa rdpia tzq;FfpNwd; vd;gJ nghUs;.

Nfhr;rhuj;jpy; 1>2>4>5>7>8>9>10>11>12-k; tPLfspy; rhjfkw;W

rQ;rhpf;Fk; rdpia tzq;Fk; ghly;
#h;a Gj;Nuh jPh;f;f Nj`
tprhyh\ rpt gphpa
ke;jrhu gpurd;dhj;k
gPlhk; `uJ Nk rdp
 ey;y clYld;> mofpa fz;fisAk; nfhz;ltDk;> #hpadpd; kfDk;> rptDf;Fg;
gphpakhdtDkhfpatDk;> nkJthf ,aq;FgtDkhfpa rdpia tzq;FfpNwd; vdg;nghUs;.

gP[ ke;jpuk; :
`;hpk; =k; f;u` rf;u th;j;jpNd
ridr;rhua f;yPk; ,k; r` ];th`h

rhkhd;a ke;jpuk;:
Xk; \k; ridr;ruha ek`

Guhz ke;jpuk; :
Xk; guk; g;hPk; g;nusk; r`
ridr;ruha ek`

gpw ke;jpuk; :
Xk; f;uk; f;hpk; f;nusk; r` rdpNa ek`

topgLk; Kiw :
1. rptidAk;> mDkidAk;> rdpf;fpoikfspy; tzq;fTk;.
2. `Dkd; rhyp]h Nghd;w `Dkhd; Jjpfisf; $wTk;.
3. rdpapd; gP[ ke;jpuj;ij 40 ehl;fspy; 19000 jlit n[gpf;fTk;.
4. ,ju rdp Jjpfis $wp tuTk;.
5. jhdk; : vUik> vs; vz;nza; vDk; ey;nyz;nza;> rpwpa epyk;> fUg;G epwg;gR>
fUg;G vs; kw;Wk; fLF> Njhy; nghUl;fs;> rikay; ghj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; rikay;
mLg;G Mfpad rdpf;fpoik khiy Ntisapy; xU Vio kdpjDf;F mspf;fTk;. Fil>
nrUg;G> ePykyh;fs; jhdk; nra;ayhk;.
6. tpujk; : rdpf;fpoikfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
vspa ghpfhuk;:
1. fUg;G Milfs; mzpjy;> fUg;G epw iff;Fl;il itj;jpUj;jy;
2. fUg;G epwg; nghUl;fs; jhdk;.

,ae;jpuq;fs;
vz; tbtpyhd ,ae;jpuk;:

12 13 8

7 11 15

14 9 10

NtjPa ,ae;jpuk;:
tsh;gpiw rdpf;fpoikapy; nrg;Gj; jfl;by; vOjp G+[pf;fg;gLtJ> ntw;wpfisAk;>
tpahghu Kd;Ndw;wq;fisAk;> ngUk; cah;Tk; jUk;. rz;il tof;Ffspy; ntw;wp> ehs;gl;l
Neha;fs; Fzkhjy;> ,Uk;G njhlh;ghd tpahghuj;jpy; <Lgl;lth;f;F ntw;wp> Mfpad
jUk;.

njhFg;Giu:
xUtdpd; fh;ktpidf;Nfw;g mtid murdhfNth> Mz;bahfNth nra;gtNd rdp. kdpj
kdj;jpd; ,Uz;l> ntspNa njhpahjtw;iw Ms;fpwhd;. rdp nfhLg;gtd;. mtNd nfLg;gtd;.
jd;id Ntz;LNthh;f;Ff; nfhLg;gtd;. #hpadplkpUe;J 8.871 ,yl;rk; iky;fs; njhiytpy; rdp
fpufk; cs;sJ. jdJ ehd;F fuq;fspYk; KiwNa tpy;> jphp#yk;> mk;G> tu kspf;Fk;
Kj;jpiu nfhz;L rdpgfthd; Nkw;F Nehf;fp tPw;wpUf;fpwhh;. Jyhyf;dk; rdpf;F Vw;w
,lk;. G+rk;> mD\k;> cj;jpul;lhjp Mfpad rdpapd; el;rj;jpuq;fs;. fpU\;z gfthdpd;
rNfhjuh; gyuhkUf;Fk; mtsJ kidtp Nutjpf;Fk; gpwe;jtd; rdp vd xU Guhzj; jfty; cs;sJ.
rdp jdJ Nfhr;rhuj;jpy; xUtdJ uhrpia tpl;L efUk; NghJ mstplw;fhpa nry;tk; ms;spj;
je;Nj nry;fpwhh;.

tp\k; njhlh;ghd ghjpg;G> je;ijaplkpUe;J gphpT> kidtp Foe;ijfSf;F Neha;>

murhq;ftopapy; gpur;ridfs;> rpiwthrk; Nghd;w Jd;gq;fs; rdp topghl;by; ePq;Fk;.
rdpf;fpoik jpuNahjrp ehs; rdptopghl;Lf;F kpfTk; cah;thdJ. guhruh; rdpapd;
mjpNjtij gpuk;kd; vd;fpwhh;. gyjPgpifapy; ke;jNu];tuh; vkd; vd;fpwhh;. ngz;
nja;tk; fhsp vdTk; fUj;Jf;fs; cs;sd.

1. mjpNjtij : gpuk;kd;
2. g;ujpajpNjtij : vkd;
3. ghypdk; : myp
4. epwk; : fUik
5. Fzk; : jhk]k;
6. cNyhfk; : ,Uk;G
7. kyh; : td;dp> fUq;Ftis
8. ,uj;jpdk; : ePyk;
9. jpir : Nkw;F
10. Mrdk; : tpy; tbtk;
11. el;rj;jpuq;fs; : G+rk;> mD\k;>
cj;jpul;lhjp
12. jrh Mz;Lfs; : 19
13. fhufk; : MAs;
14. gpzp : thjk; njhlh;ghdit
15. cgfpufk; : Fspfd; (ke;jd;)
16. ,uhrpapy; rQ;rhpf;Fk;
fhyk; : 21/2 Mz;Lfs;
17. jhdpak; : vs;
18. gQ;rG+jk; : thA
19. rkpj;J : td;dp
20. el;ghd Nfhs;fs; : Gjd;> Rf;fpud;
21. giff; Nfhs;fs; : #hpad;> re;jpud;
22. rkk; Nfhs;fs; : FU> nrt;tha;
23. Ml;rp tPL : kfuk;> Fk;gk;
24. cr;rk; tPL : Jyhk;
25. ePr tPL : Nk\k;
26. %yj;jphp Nfhz tPL : Fk;gk;
27. gwit : ePh;f;Nfhop
28. Neha; : euk;Gj; jsh;r;rp> thA
njhlh;ghdit
29. cwT : %j;j rNfhjuh;.
30. ,lk; : Nrkpg;Gf;fplq;F> Xl;L tPL