1.

1 flTs;

flTs; xUtNu nka;g;nghUs;. mtuhy; midj;J capu;fSk;

gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ahtw;iwAk; fle;j ,iwtd; guk; nghUs;> nja;tk;
Mfpa ngau;fshYk; miof;fg;gLfpd;whd;. flTspd; cz;ik gw;wp
Ntjq;fs; njhlf;fk; irtrpjj
; he;jk; tiu Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,t;thW
flTs; cz;ik gw;wpa fUj;ij Ntjj;jpd; Qhdfhz;lg; gFjpahd
cgepljq;fspy; tUk; fij xd;wpd; %yk; njspthff; fw;Nghk;.

Ntjf; fy;tpia Kbj;J tpl;L tPl;bw;F te;j RNtjNfJ vd;w

kfid je;ijauhfpa cj;jhyfu; vd;gtu; midj;jpw;Fk; mbg;gil
ahJ? vd tpdhTfpd;whu;. RNtjNfJtpw;Fg; gjpy; $w Kbatpy;iy.
,jid mwpe;j cj;jhyfu; vspa cjhuzj;jpd; %yk; flTw; gw;wpa
cz;ikia tpsf;Ffpd;whu;. cg;Gf;fy; xd;iw vLj;J tUk; gbAk;
mjid ePupy; fiuf;Fk; gbAk; Ntz;Lfpwhu;. mt;thW nra;jgpd; cg;Gf;fy;
vq;Nf? vd;W tpdhTfpd;whu;. me;j cg;Gf;fy; ePupy; fye;J gue;Js;sJ.
mJ Nghyj;jhd; flTSk; cynfq;Fk; gue;J tpahgpj;Js;shh;. vd
tpsf;Ffpwhu;. NkYk; Myk; tpijia vLj;Jtug; gzpj;J mijr; rpwpJ
rpwpjhfg; gpupj;Jg; ghu;fF
; k;gb $Wfpd;whu.; Kbtpy; xd;WNk njupatpy;iy
vd;fpwhd; RtNjNfJ mg;gbah ,r; rpwpa Myk; tpij ngupa My
tpUl;rk; MtJ Nghy flTSk; GyDf;nfl;lhky; vq;Fk; tpahgpahfTk;
mtu; xUtNu cz;ikahfTk; cs;shu; vd cj;jhyfu; $Wfpwhu;. ,t;
ciuahly;fs; cgepljq;fspy; rpwe;jjhff; fUjg;gLk; rhe;Njhf;fpa
cgepljj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,f;flTs; cz;ik gw;wp ~~Vfk;]j;|| vd;w Ntj thf;fpaKk;

typAWj;jpAs;sJ. mj;Jld; flTspd; cz;ikj; jd;ikia ~~Xir
xypnay;yhk; Mdha; ePNa.....|| ~~thdhfp kz;zhfp.... ~~vy;yh cyfKk;
Mdha; ePNa...|| vd;w Njthug;ghlybfs; %yKk; ehk; mwpeJ ; nfhs;syhk;.
jpUke;jpuk;> ~~xd;wtd; jhNd||> ~~xUtNd Njtd;|| vd;Wk; ~~Vfd; mNdfd;
,iwtdb tho; f || vdr; rptGuhzKk; > ~~xU ehkk; Xu; cUtk;
xd;Wkpyhu;f;F Mapue; jpUehkk; ghb ehk; njs;Nszq; nfhl;lhNkh||
vd;w jpUthrfg; ghlybAk; flTs; cz;ikia vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

1
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 ghlr; RUf;fk;

• flTs; xUtNu cz;ikahdtu;.

• Ntjk;> cgepljk;> irt rpj;jhe;jk; vd;gd flTs; cz;ikj;
jd;ik gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wd.
• rhe;Njhf;fpa cgepljj;jpy; RtjNfJ - cj;jhyfu; ciuahly;
flTs; cz;ik gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wJ.
• flTs; cz; i kf; F Myk; tpij> cg; G f; f y; Mfpad
cjhuzq;fshff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
• jpUKiwj; Njhj;jpug; ghly;fs;> gpw;fhyj; Njhj;jpug; ghly;fs;
vd;gd flTs; cz;ik gw;wpf; $wpAs;sd.

gap w ; r p f s;

1. flTisf; Fwpf;Fk; NtW ngau;fs; ,uz;L jUf.

2. flTspd; cz;ik gw;wp ve;j cgepljk; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ?
3. flTs; cz;ikf;F cjhuzkhff; fhl;lg;gl;l nghUl;fs;
ahit?
4. flTs; cz;ikf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;l jpUke;jpug; ghlyb
ahJ?
5. Ntj thf;fpak; $Wk; flTs; cz;ikf;Fhpa nrhw;nwhlu; ahJ?

nraw; g hL

flTs; cz;ikia ep&gpf;f khztu;fis ehd;F FOf;fshfg;

gpupj;J xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; fijfisj; NjLk;gb $wp> Nrfupj;j
gpd; tFg;gpw; fye;JiuahlTk;.

2
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 1.2 Mya topghL - I
Myaj;Jf;Fr; nry;Yk; Kiw
,iwtd; tPw;wpUe;J Md;khf;fSf;F mUs; GupAk; ,lk; Myak;
MFk;. Myak; vd;gjpy; ~M| vd;gJ Md;kh: ~yak;| vd;gJ xLf;fk;
vdg; nghUs;gLk;. Md;khf;fs; kdij xU epiyg;gLj;jp ,iwtid
topgLtjw;F Vw;w ,lk; MyakhFk;. Nfhapy; vd;gJ Nfh + ,y;
vdg;gpupf;fg;gLk;. Nfh vd;why; ,iwtd; ,y; vd;gJ ciwAk; ,lkhFk;.
vdNt Nfhapy; vd;gJ ,iwtd; ciwAk; ,lk; vdg;nghUs;gLk;.

,iwtd; vq;Fk; epiwe;jtd;. vy;yhk; mwpgtd;. mtd; vkf;Fs;NsNa

,Uf;fpwhd;. ,t;tpiwtidj; Njb vq;Fk; miya Ntz;bajpy;iy vd;W
ek; Kd;Ndhu; $Wtu;. mg;gbahdhy; ehk; Vd; Myaj;Jf;Fr; nry;y
Ntz;Lnkd;w tpdh vkf;Fs; voyhk;. ,iwtd; ~J}zpYk; ,Ug;ghu;
JUk;gpYk; ,Ug;ghu;| vd;w NghjpYk; mtid tzq;Ftjw;F Vw;w ,lk;
MyaNk MFk;. gRtpd; clnyq;Fk; gue;jpUf;Fk; ghypid mjd;
kbapypUe;J fwe;J nfhs;tjw;F xg;ghdNj Mya topghL. Xsit
%jhl;bapd; ~~Myak; njhOtJ rhyTk; ed;W||. ~~Nfhapy; ,y;yh Cupy;
FbapUf;f Ntz;lhk;|| (cyfehjh;) - (cyfePjp) thf;Ffs; ,jid
mu;j;jg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

Myaj;jpw;F ehk; ehs; NjhWk; nrd;W Kiwg;gb topghL nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. ehs; NjhWk; nry;y Kbahjtu;fs; nts;spf;fpoikfspy;
khj;jpukhtJ nry;tJ mtrpakhFk;. ,jid tpl gpuNjh\k;> ngsu;zkp>
mkhthir> jpUthjpiu> fhu;j;jpif> tpehafu; rJu;j;jp> fe;jr\;b>
rptuhj;jpup> etuhj;jpup Nghd;w tpuj fhyq;fspYk;> rpj;jpiu tUlg;gpwg;G>
Mbg;g+uk;> jPghtsp> ijj;jpUehs; Nghd;w gz;biff; fhyq;fspYk; Myak;
nrd;W ,iwtid juprpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Myak; J}a;ik epiwe;j ,lkhFk;. Mjyhy; mq;F nry;Nthu;
cliyAk;> cs;sj;ijAk; J}adtha; itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mOf;F
epiwe;j clYk;> rQ;ryk; epiwe;j kdKk; topghl;bw;F Vw;wjy;y.
vdNt khkprk; Grpj;jtu;> kJ mUe;jpatu;> mRj;jkhd nghUisj;
jPzb
; atu;> kdjpy; Fw;wk; epiwe;Njhu;> Mrhuq;fisg; gpdg
; w;wp elf;fhNjhu;
Mnrsrk; cs;Nshu; Myaj;Jf;Fr; nry;tijj; jtpu;j;jy; ed;W.
Myaj; J f; F r; nry; N thu; eP u hb> J}a Milfis mzpe; J
rptrpd;dq;fisj; jupj;J ~ekrptha| vd;w rpt ke;jpuj;ij cr;rupj;j
tz;zk; nky;y nky;y ele;J nry;y Ntz;Lk;.

3
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 Mya topghl;Lf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yj;jf;f g+
g+irg;
irg; nghUl;fs;

rhjhuzkhf ehk; ngupatu; f isf; fhzg; N ghFk; NghJ $l

ntWq;ifAld; nry;tjpy;iy vd;gJ vkf;Fj; njupAk;. mJNghy Mya
topghl;bw;fhfr; nry;Yk; NghJ ghy;> japu;> G];gq;fs>; ,sePu; Nghd;w
mgpN\fj;Jf;Fupa nghUs;fis ,aYkhd kl;Lk; vLj;Jr; nry;yyhk;.
g+irg; nghUl;fshfpa ntw;wpiy> ghf;F> thiog;gok; Njq;fha;> fw;g+uk;>
CJgj;jp Nghd;witAk;> Nfhl;Lg;g+> nfhbg;g+> epyg;g+ Mfpatw;iwAk;
NtW Vw;w nghUl;fisAk; nka;ad;NghL g+irj; jl;by; itj;J mtw;iw
miuf;F Nky; iffspy; Ve;jpa tz;zk; ,iwrpe;jidAld; nry;tJ
ed;W. ,tw;Ws; xd;iwNaDk; vLj;Jr; nry;y Kbahjtu;fs; xU
gr;rpiyahtJ nfhz;L nry;tJ ey;yJ.

Mya tPjpia mile;jJk; g+irj; jl;by; jhq;fpr; nrd;w nghUl;fis

Mya ntspg;Gw ePu; epiyapy; fOtpa gpd; if> fhy;> Kfk;; fOtp
tpjpf;fg;gl;l xOq;F Kiwapy; topghL nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. MyaQ;
nrd;W mq;F eilngWk; g+ir topghLfspd; epiwtpy; toq;fg;gLk;
tpG+jp> gpurhjk; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Mya top g hl; b y; nra; a j; j f; f it?

Myaj;Jf;Fr; nry;Yk; mbahu;fs; vg;gb xOf Ntz;Lnkd;w epajp

cz;L. mit> kdj;NjhLk; nray;fNshLk; njhlu;Ggl;lit. Myaj;Jf;Fr;
nrd;wJk; rka Mrhuq;fisg; gpd;gw;wp elf;f Ntz;Lk;. J}a;ik
nghUe;jpa mt;tplj;jpy; kdij xU epiyg;gLj;jp ,iw rpej
; id kpff
; jha;
itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. kdk;> thf;F> fhak; Mfpa jpupfuzq;fSk;
,iwtd;ghy; jpUk;g Ntz;Lk;. kdk; ,iw rpej
; idapYk;> thf;F ,iwtd;
Gfo; ghLjypYk; > fhakhfpa cly; ,iwtid tzq; F jypYk;
gzpnra;tjpYk; <Lgly; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW rka tpOkpaq;fis ehk;
filg;gpbf;Fk; NghJ ,iwaUs; vkf;Ff; fpl;Lk;. kd mlf;fk;> kd
xUikg;ghL Nghd;w rka tpOkpaq;fs; vkJ tho;it Nkk;gLj;JtJld;
rKjha tho;itAk; tsg;gLj;Jk;.

g+ir njhlq;fp KbAk; tiu mt;tj; nja;tq;fis cupa mDl;lhd

Kiwfis tzq;Fjy; mtrpak;. ,t;thW xOf;f epajpfisf;
filg; g pbj; J xOFk; NghJ ,iwtd; mUshy; mjd;
gyhgyd;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

4
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 Mya top g hl; b y; nra; a j; j fhjit

Myak; ,iwtdpd; ciwtplk;. mq;F ,iw mUisg; ngWtjw;fhfr;

nry;fpd;w mbahu;fs; kdJf;Fk;> clYf;Fk; xt;thj nray;fisr;
nra;af;$lhJ. NfhapYf;Fr; nry;tjw;F cupa Mrhu Kiwfis jtwpr;
nry;yy;> fhy; fOthJ nry;yy;> vr;rpy; Jg;Gjy;> kyryq;fopjj; y;> %f;Fr;
rpe;Jjy;> J}q;Fjy;> fhiy ePl;bf; nfhz;bUj;jy;> jiy kapupidf;
fl;Ljy;> #jhLjy;> jiyapNy Miliaj; jupj;Jf; nfhs;sy;> NjhspNy
rhy;itiaj; jupj;Jf; nfhs;sy;> ghjzpfis mzpe;J nfhs;Sjy;>
rz;ilapl;Lf; nfhs;Sjy;> tpf;fpufq;fisj; njhLjy;> J}gp> gypgPlk;>
tpf;fpufk;> Nghd;wtw;wpd; epoiy kpjpj;jy;> Rthkpf;Fk; gypgPlj;jpw;Fk;
,ilapy; ek];fupj;jy;> jpiu ,l;l gpd; tzq;Fjy; Nghd;wit nra;aj;
jfhj nray;fshFk;. ,f;Fw;wq;fisg; Gupgtu; eufj;jpNy tPoe
; J
; tUe;Jtu;.

,ak> ep a kq; f s;

,iwtidg; Nghw;wp thOk; NghJ ek; tho;T Nkd;ik milAk;.

mj;jifa Nkd;ikapidg; ngw vg;NghJk; ehk; filg;gpbj;J tho
Ntz;bait ,akk; vdg;gLk;. capu;fsplk; md;G fhl;Ljy;> vg;NghJk;
cz;ikiag; NgRjy;> %j;Njhiu kjpj;jy;> fsntLf;fhjpUj;jy;> ,uf;fr;
rpe; j id> tQ; r id nra; a hik> nghWikiaf; filg; g pbj; j y; >
kdq;fyq;fhik Nghd;wit ,akq;fSs; mlq;Fk;.

~epidT ey;yJ Ntz;Lk;> neUq;fpd nghUs; ifg;gl Ntz;Lk;|

vd;w ghujpapd; $w;wpidg; NghYk; re;jh;g;g #o;epiyfSf;F Vw;wthW
cw;w Jiz epw;git epakk; MFk;. flTs; cz;L vDk; ek;gpf;if>
jtk;> capu;fSf;F cWjp gaf;Fk; mwpT E}y;fis thrpj;jy;> fu;tkpd;wp
mlf;fkhf ,Uj;jy;> nrgk;> tpujk; Nghd;wd epakg; gz;GfshFk;.

ghlr; RUf; f k;
• MyakhdJ ,iwtd; rpwg;ghf tPw;wpUe;J mUs; GupAk;
,lkhFk;.
• Myaj;jpw;F cupa Kiwapy; nry;Yjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• Myaj;jpw;Fr; nry;Nthu; g+irg; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L
nry;Yjy; cj;jkk;.
• Myaj;jpwF; r; nry;Nthu; nra;aj; jf;f nray;fisf; filgpbf;Fk;
mNj Ntis nra;aj; jfhj nray;fis tpyf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• Myaj;jpy; nra;aj;jf;f njhz;Lfs; vkJ Md;kPf czu;it
tsu;f;f ty;yd.
5
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 gap w ; r p f s;

01. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpiljUf

1. Myak; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
2. Mya topghL Vd; mtrpakhFk;?
3. Myaj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yf; $ba g+irg;nghUl;fs; %d;W
jUf.
4. Myaj;jpy; nra;aj; jf;f nray;fs; ehd;F jUf.
5. Myaj;jpy; nra;aj; jfhj nray;fs; %d;W jUf.
6. Myaj;jpy; nra;af; $ba njhz;Lfs; ehd;F jUf.

ü ) rupnadTk;
02. gpd;tUk; thf;fpaq;fs; rupahapd; ((ü
gpioahapd; ((x)) gpionadTk; milg; G f; Fwpf; F s;
milahskpLf.

1. Nfhapypy;yh Cupy; FbapUf;fyhk; ( )

2. Myak; J}a;ikAk; nja;tf

P j; jd;ikAk; epiwe;j ,lkhFk; ( )

3. tpf;fpufq;fisj; njhl;L tzq;FtJ rhyr; rpwe;jjhFk; ( )

4. Myaj;jpy; nra;aj;jfhj nray;fSk; cz;L ( )

5. Myaj;jpy; mikjpiag; NgZjy;; mtrpakhFk; ( )

nraw; g hL

Myaj;jpy; nra;aj; jfhj nray;fisj; Jz;Lg; gpuRukhf

vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

6
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 1.3 Mya topghL - II
NfhGu juprdk;
Nfha p ypy; %y];
jhdj;jpw;F NeNu gpujhd
thapy; mikf;fg;gLk;. me;j
thapYf; F Nky; cau; e ; j
NfhGuk; xd;W fhzg;gLk;.
Nfhapypy; cs;s Vida
tpkhdq;fis tpl me;jf;
NfhGuk; kpf cau; e ; J
fhzg;gLk;. neLe; njhiy
tpypUe;J ghu;j;jhy; $l
fk;guP khff; fhl;rp mspfF
; k;.
mjw; F ,uh[ NfhGuk;
vd;Wk; ngau; cz;L.
,jid J}yypqf ; k; vdTk; miog;gu;. ntF njhiytpypUe;J fz;Zf;Fj;
njd;gLk;NghJ mij nja;t nrh&gkhfNt vz;zp tzq;Fthu;fs;.
~~NfhGu juprdk; Nfhb Gz;zpak;|| vd Md;Nwhu; Fwpg;gpLtu;.

NfhGu mikg;gpy; gy;NtW tifahd tbtq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mitahtd Njtu;fsJ> Njtfzq;fs;> nja;ttbtq;fs;> gwit rpdq;fs;>
kpUf ,dq;fs;> Guhz ,jpfhr fhl;rpfs;> khdpl tbtq;fs;> nka;abahu;fs;
kw;Wk; Vida tbtq;fshFk;. ,t;Tyfpy; ,it midj;jpwF ; k; ,lKz;L
vd;gJ Nfhl;ghlhFk;. ,f;Nfhl;ghL mz;lj;jpy; ,d;dJ cs;sJ ,d;dJ
,y;iy vd;w fUj;ij tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

,uh[NfhGuj;jpd; mLf;Ffs; nghJthf xw;iw tpOk; vz;zpy;

mike;jpUf;Fk;. %d;W> Ie;J> VO> xd;gJ> gjpndhd;W ,t;thW mjpy;
mike;Js;s epiyfs; xd;wd; Nky; xd;whfg; ngUfpf; nfhz;Nl NghFk;.

gQ;Nre;jpupaq;fspidf; nfhz;L Gw cyif mwpfpd;w nraiy

epWj;jp> kdj;ij xU epiygLj;jp guk;nghUshfpa ,iwtdplj;Nj jk;
gazk; mika Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Nfhl;ghl;il ,uh[NfhGuj;jpd;
thapDs;Ns gpuNtrpj;jy; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

7
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 gyp g P l k;
Myaj;jpd; thapypd; NkNy mikf;fg;gLk; ,uh[NfhGuj;ijj; jhz;b
Myaj;jpDs;Ns Eioe;jTld; vk; fz;Zf;F vjpupNy Gyg;gLtJ
nfhbj;jk;gk;> gypgPlk;> ee;jp vDk; %d;WkhFk;. ,tw;wpy; gypgPlj;jpd;
mUfpy; nrd;W tPo;e;J topgLfpd;wNghJ vkJ kdjpy; vOk; jPa
vz;zq;fs;> ,r;irfs; midj;Jk; gypgPlj;jpy; gyp nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,jd; gpd;du;@ ehk; J}a rpe;jid> Nkyhd vz;zj;Jld; kdpjj;jd;ik
tha;ej
; kdpjdhf vOe;jpUf;fpdN ; wd; vd;w vz;zNk typik ngWfpdw; J.
mt; vz;zj;jpd; rf;jp ehk; GjpanjhU gpwtp vLg;gjw;Fr; rkdhFk;.

ee; j p
MfkKiwg;gb mikf;fg;gl;l Myaq;fspy; rptypqf ; k;> ee;jp> gypgl P k;>
nfhbkuk; vd;gd xNu tupirapy; ,Uf;ff; fhzyhk;. fu;g;gf;fpUfj;jpNy
cs;s rptidg; ghu;j;jthW ee;jp mike;jpUf;Fk; ee;jp [Pthd;khitf;
Fwpff
; pwJ. ,J %yg;nghUshd ,iwtidg;; ghu;jj ; tz;zkhf cs;sJ.
,iwtidr; nrd;wila Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj xt;nthU [Pthd;khtpDk;
Fwpf;Nfhs; MFk;. ,f;Nfhl;ghl;il tpsf;Fk; tz;zkhf ee;jp rptid
Nehf; f pf; fhzg; g Lfpd; w J. vdNt> gf; j u; f s; topgLk; ; N ghJ
%y];jhdj;jpw;Fk; ee;jpf;Fk; FWf;Nf nry;yhky; topgl Ntz;Lk; vd;w
epajp cz; L . ,e; e e; j papd; cj; j uT ngw; N w fu; g ; g f; fpufj; j py;
vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; rptid ehk; juprdk; nra;aNtz;Lk;.

%ytu;
%ytu; vd;gtu; Myaj;jpd; %ykhfpa fu;gg
; fpufj;jpy; cs;s rptypqf
; k;
MFk;. ,tiuj; juprpf;f Mya thapypy; vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; Jthu
ghyfu;fsplk; mDkjp ngw;Nw nry;y Ntz;Lk;.

,ypq;fk; vd;gjw;F Fwp vd;W nghUs;. Fwp vd;why; milahsk;

,ypq;fk; vd;w nrhy;iy ypq;+ fk; vdg; gpupf;fyhk;. ~~ypq;|| vd;gJ
mz;lruhruq;fs; midj;Jk; xLq;Fkplk; vd;Wk; ~~fk;|| vd;gJ mt;thW
xLq;fpa mg;nghUs; kPzL
; k; Njhd;Wtjw;Fupa ,lk; vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;.
,iwtdpd; mUTUtj; jpUNkdpNa rptypq;fkhFk;.

rptypqf; j;jpd; mbg;ghfk; gpukghfk; vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,t;ypqf

; q;fs;
Rak;Gypq;fk;> fzypq;fk;> ijtpfypq;fk;> khDlypq;fk;> Muplypq;fk;
vd Ie;J tifg;gLk;.
8
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
Rak;Gypq;fk; :- jhNd Njhd;wpaypq;fk;
fzypq;fk;:- tpehafu;> ,uhku;> KUfd; Nghd;w fzq;fshy;
];jhgpf;fg;gl;l ypq;fk;.
ijtpfypq;fk; :- ,Ubfshy; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;l ypq;fk;.
khDlypq;fk; :- kdpju;fshy; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;l ypq;fk;.

rptypq;fj;ij topgl;lhy; ahtw;iwAk; topgl;l gyd; fpilf;Fk;.

,r;rptypq;f topghl;bid 28 rpthfkq;fSk; tpupthf tptupf;fpd;wd.
kf;fs; ed;ndwpAld; tho ehad;khu;fs; mtjupj;J gy jyq;fSf;Fk;
nrd;W juprpj;J ekf;F Kj;jpailAk; khu;ff
; j;ijAk; fhl;bapUf;fpwhu;fs;.
,e;j fypAfj;jpw;F rptQhdNk rpwe;j Qhdk;.

gupthu nja;tq;fs;
fUtiwapYs; s %ytpf; f pufj; j pw; F g; Gwk; g hf gpufhuq; f spy;
mikf;fg;gLk; nja;tq;fs; gupthu nja;tq;fshFk;. rptd; Nfhapy;fspy;
gpujhd Myaj;jpd; (tyg;Gwkhf) njd;Nkw;F %iyapy; fpof;F Nehf;fpg;
gps;isahUk; (,lg;Gwkhf) tlNkw;F %iyapy; fpof;F Nehf;fpr;
Rg;gpukzpag; ngUkhDk; tPw;wpUg;gu;. tlfpof;fpy; njw;F Nehf;fp tre;j
kz;lgKk;> Nkw;F Nehf;fp ahfrhiyAk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. mjd; mUfpy;
Nkw;F Nehf;fp itut %u;j;jKk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. Vida gupthu
nja;tq;fs; cl;gpufhuj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk;. cl;gpufhuk; vd;gJ Myaj;jpd;
KjyhtJ cs; tPjpahFk;.

ee;jp> gyPgPlk;> nfhbkuk; vd;gtw;wpw;F Neu; tlf;Nf etf;fpufKk;>

fpof;F Nehf;fpa NfhGuj;jpw;F cs;Ns mjd; ,UGwj;Jk; Nkw;F
Nehf; f pathW #upa re; j puu; ; f Sf; n fdj; jdpahd re; e pjhdKk; >
ehad;khu;fSf;fhd re;epjhdk; njw;fpy; tlf;F Nehf;fpathW miktJ
kuG.

mUr; r id
,iwtDila gy;NtW jpU ehkq;fis xt;nthd;whfr; nrhy;yp
kyupl;Lg; g+rpg;gJ mUr;ridahFk;. ,J g+irapd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk; .

~~jpUehkk; Ie;njOj;Jk; nrg;ghuhfpy.; ..|| vd;Dk; mg;gUila Njthug;

gjpfk; mUr;ridapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; rpwg;ghf vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wJ.
mUr;ridapy; kyu;fs; gpujhdkhdit. vdpDk; Fq;Fkk;> tpyt ; k; Kjypa
gj;jpu tiffs;> khJsk;> Kj;J vd;gdTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. kyu;ej ;

9
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
cs;sj;ij ,iwtdplk; rku;g;gpf;Fk; KfkhfNt kyu;fshy; mUr;rid
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. mUr;ridapd; Muk;gk; Ntj fhyk; njhl;L ,d;Wtiu
eilngw;W tUtJ rpwg;Gf;FupajhFk;. mjhtJ aRu; Ntjj;jpy; ,iwtdJ
E}W ngau;fisf; $wp tzf;fk; nra;J topgLk; kugpidnahl;b
mUr;rid Muk;gpj;jJ. ehkq;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g mu;r;ridfs;
gpd;tUkhW miof;fg;gLk;.

mitahtd@

gjpdhW ehkq;fs; cr;rupj;jy; :- Nrhlrehk mUr;rid

E}w;nwl;L ehkq;fs; cr;rupj;jy; :- m\;Nlhj;ju ehk mUr;rid
Kd;D}W ehkq;fs; cr;rupj;jy; :- jpuprjp ehk mUr;rid
Mapuk; ehkq;fis cr;rupj;jy; :- r`];u ehk mUr;rid

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l mUr;ridfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf ,yl;\hu;r;rid>

etNfhb mu;r;rid vd;gdTk; eilngWk;.

tpehafu;> rptd; MfpNahUf;Fupa tpNrl mu;r;ridia gQ;rKf

mu;rr
; id vd;Wk;> KUfDf;Fupa mUr;rid \z;Kf mUr;rid vd;Wk;
mk;ghspw;Fupa mUr;rid etrf;jp mUr;rid vd;Wk; $wg;gLk;.
mUr;rid ,Wjpapd; rpwg;G ahnjdpd; Ntj ke;jpuk; $wp G\;ghQ;ryp>
ke;jpu G\;ghQ;ryp> uh[G];ghQ;ryp vd tpupAk;. ,jidj; njhlu;e;J
gQ;rhuhj;jp fhl;lg;gLk;.

Njhj; j p u k;
g+irapd; mLj;j mq;fkhf gQ;rhuhj;jp fhl;ba gpd; Njhj;jpuk;
,lk; ngWk; . ,jpy; ehy; Ntjq; f Sk; > Qhdpfshy; ,aw; w g; g l; l
RNyhfq;fSk;> jkpo; Ntjkhd jpUKiwg; ghly;fSk; Xjg;gLk;.
jpUKiwg;ghly;fspy; Njthuk;> jpUthrfk;> jpUtpirg;gh> jpUg;gy;yhz;L>
jpUg;Guhzk; vd;w xOq;F Kiwapd;gb Xjg;gLk;. gQ;r Guhzj;jpd; gpd;
jpUg;Gfo;> mgpuhkp me;jhjp> fe;juDg+jp vd;gd Xjg;gLk;.

ml;lhq;f ek];fhuk;
Myaj;jpw;Fr; nry;Nthu;> Kiwg;gb ,iwtid topgl Ntz;Lk;.
Mz;fs; ml;lhq;f ek];fhuk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ml;lhq;f ek];fhuk;
vdg;gLtJ jiy> fhypuz;L> nrtpapuz;L> Nkhtha;> Gaq;fspuz;L
vd;Dk; vl;L mtatq;fSk; epyj;jpNy nghUe;Jk;gb tPoe
; J
; tzq;Fjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
10
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 ml;lhq;f ek];fhuk; gz;Zk;Kiw
,e;ek];fhuj;ijg; g+kpapNy rpuir itj;J> khu;G g+kpapNy gLk;gb
tyf;ifia Kd;Dk; ,lf;ifia gpd;Dk; NeNu ePl;b gpd; mk;KiwNa
klf;fp> tyg;GaKk;> ,lg;GaKk; kz;zpNy nghUe;Jk;gb iffis
miuia Nehf;fp ePlb; tyf;fhij Kd;Dk; ,lf;fhijg; gpdD; k; kz;zpNy
nghUj;jr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

gQ;rhq;f ek];fhuk;
,k;Kiwia Myaq;fspy; ngz;fs; Nkw;nfhs;tu;. ,e;ek];fhukhdJ
jiy> ifapuz;L> Koe;jhspuz;L vd;Dk; Ie;J mtatq;fSk; epyj;jpNy
nghUe;Jk; gb tzq;Fjy;

ek];fhuk; gz;zpagpd; nra;a Ntz;bait

ek];fhuj;ijg; gz;zpa gpdd; u; vOe;J> ,uz;L iffisAk; FtpjJ
;
= gQ;rhul;ruj;ij cr;rupj;Jf; nfhz;L> fhy;fis nky;y itj;J
%d;WjukhapDk;> Ie;JjukhapDk;> VOjukhapDk;> xd;gJjukhapDk;>
gjpide;J jukhapDk;> ,Ugj;njhU jukhapDk; Myag; gpufhuj;ij
tyk; te;J kPz;Lk; re;epjhdj;jpNyNa ek];fhuk; gz;zy; Ntz;Lk;.

jp a hdk;
cly; eyk; Nghw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W nrhd;dtu;fs; cliyg;
Nghw;Wfpd;w topKiwfisAk; tpsf;fpAs;sdu;. mtw;Ws; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
xd;W jpahdkhFk;. jpahdk; vd;gJ kdij xU epiyg;gLj;jp gpugQ;rg;
Nguhw;wYld; kdpjd; jd;id ,izj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;w topahFk;.

jpahdj;jpd; %yk; cly; MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd rf;jpia

Ntz;ba nghOJ ek;khy; ngw Kbfpd;wJ. ek;Kd;Ndhu;fs; fz;l
kw;nwhUKiw Nahfg;gapwr; pahFk;. Rthrj;ijf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L
tUtjd; %yk; cly; cWg;Gf;fspd; ,af;fj;ijr; rkd;gLj;Jfpd;w top
,J. vy;yhNk ,aw;ifNahL njhlu;Gila MNuhf;fpa Kiwfs; vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

11
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 ghlr; RUf; f k;

• ,uh[NfhGuk; J}yypq;fk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

• ,uh[NfhGuk; gy mLf;Ffspy; mikf;fg;gLk;.
• topgLgtdpd; jPa vz;zq;fs; gypgPlj;jpy; gypaplg;gLfpd;wd.
• ee;jpapd; cj;juT ngw;Nw %ytiu tzq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ,iwtdpd; mUTUtj; jpUNkdp rptypq;fkhFk;.
• ,ypq;fq;fs; gy tifg;gLk;
• Nfhapw; g pufhuq; f spy; mikf; f g; g Lk; nja; t q; f s; gupthu
nja;tq;fshFk;.

gap w ; r p f s;

01. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.

1. J}yypq;fk; vdg;gLtJ ahJ?

2. Rak;Gypq;fk; vd;why; vd;d?

3. gQ;rGuhzk; xJk; Kiwia tupirg;gb vOJf.

4. jpahdk; vdg;gLtJ ahJ?

5. mUr;ridfs; ,uz;L $Wf.

nraw; g hL

MfkKiwg;gb mikf;fg;;gl;l Myankhd;wpw;F MrpupaUld;

nrd;W topghl;by; <Lgl;L> mJ njhlu;ghd mwpf;ifia
tFg;giwapy; rku;g;gpf;Ff.

jQ;irg; ngUq;Nfhapy; tpkhdk; gw;wpAk; mjd; tpNrlk; gw;wpAk;

Muha;f.

12
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 1.3 tpOkpaq;fs;
flTspd; gilg;Gfspy; kdpjNd Nkyhd gilg;ghFk;. tpyq;F
tho;ifapypUe;J NtWgl;L kdpjd; kdpjdhf tho;tjw;F cjTfpd;w
ngWkjpkpf;f tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfs; tpOkpaq;fshFk;. ,d;W tpQ;Qhd>
njhopEl;g> njhlu;ghly; rhjdq;fs; mw;Gjkhf tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sd.
,jd; gadhf kf;fspd; tho;f;if trjpfs;> etehfupfq;fs; vd;gd
kf;fspilNa ngUfpAs;s NghjpYk; kf;fs; ,d;gkhf tho;fpwhu;fs;
vdf; fUj KbahJs;sJ. kf;fs; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w Mir> Nkhfk;>
Raey Ntl; i f vd; g dNt mtu; f spd; Jd; g j; j pw; F f; fhuzkhf
mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ.

kf;fs; vt;tsT nrhj;J Rfq;fis itj;jpUe;jhYk; cz;ikapy;

kdpj tpOkpaq;fis mDrupjJ ; thOk;NghJ jhd; ,d;gkhd tho;fi; fia
tho KbAk;. gpw capu;fs; kPJ md;G fhl;Ljy;> Nritnra;jy;> cz;ik
NgRjy;> Neu;ikahf elj;jy;> ,d;dh nra;ahik> nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fisg;
ghJfhj;jy;> %j;Njhiu kjpjj
; y;> ey;ygof;ftoq;fisg; NgZjy; Nghd;w
kdpj tho; f ; i fia Nkk; g Lj; J k; tpOkpaq; f isf; filgpbg; g jd;
%ykhfNt kdpj tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.

(m) kdtlf;fk;
vkJ rpej
; idapy; gy vz;zq;fs; Njhd;Wfpdw
; d. mtw;wpy; ey;ydTk;
cz;L> jPadTk; cz;L. vkJ vz;zq;fisg; nghWj;Nj vkJ nray;fSk;
mikfpd;wd. xU kdpjd; jPa nray;fisj; jtpu;j;J ew;nray;fisr;
nra;a kdtlf;fk; cjTfpd;wJ.

xU kdpjid ,af; F tJ mtdJ kdkhFk; . kdk; gykhf

Ntz;Lkhdhy; kdf;fl;Lg;ghL ,Ug;gJ mtrpak;. kdk;
gytPdkilfpd;wNghJ mk;kdpjDk; gytPdkhfptpLfpd;whd;. cly;
MNuhf; f pak; ,Ue; J tpl; l hy; kl; L k; xUtd; gyk; ngw; w tdhf
MfptpLtjpy;iy.
Rafl;Lg;ghl;bd; MjhuNk kdf;fl;Lg;ghlhFk;. ,jid xUtu; Gupe;J
nfhs;tjd; %yk; kfpo;r;rpahdJk; ntw;wpfukhdJkhd tho;f;ifia
elj;jpr; nry;y KbAk;. kdf;fl;Lg;ghl;bd; %yk; xUtu; kd mikjp>
kdj;J}a;ikia milfpd;whu;. ghtk; nra;jy;> Mir nfhs;sy; Nghd;w
gytPdkhd elj;ijfspypUe;J xUtu; tpyfp epw;fpd;whu;. mjdhy;
mk;kdpjuplk; ftiyfs; Njhd;w ,lkpyi; y. Jd;gk;> Jau; Vw;gLtjw;fhd.
tha;g;Gk; ,y;iy.

13
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 kd mikjp> kdf;fl;Lg;ghL ngw;w kdpju; vLj;j fhupaq;fspy;
vy;yhk; ntw;wp milfpd;whu;. ePjpapd; topapy; Neu;ikapy; cau;e;J
epw;Fk; NghJ mtu; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w ve;j fhupaq;fspYk; Kd;Ndw;wk;
fhz;ghu;. jhd; ntw;wpfukhd tho;f;ifia tho;tNjhL VidNahUk;
mt; t hwhd tho; f ; i f tho; t jw; F j; Jiz epw; f pd; w hu; . mjdhy;
vy;NyhUila md;igAk; MjuitAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;. vdNt
r%fj;jpy; cau; me;j];j;ijg; ngw;wtuhf tpsq;Fthu;.

kd mlf;fk; cila xUtu; ,y;yw tho;fi; fapy; rpwg;ghf tho;thu;.

jkJ tUkhdj;jpw;Nfw;g fl;Lg;ghlhd tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
czTg; gof;fj;jpYk; fl;Lghl;ilg; Ngzp Nehaw;w tho;f;iff;F
Mshthu;.

kdpjd; Nky; k l; l capupdj; i jr; Nru; e ; j td; . KbAk; vd; w

jd;dk;gpf;ifNahL kdijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;gtd; kdpjupy; cau;eJ
;
tpsq;Ffpd;whd;. mj;jifa fl;Lg;ghl;bYs;s kdpjd; jhd; cyfpy;
rhjid Gupgtdhthd;.

(M) ,dpait $wy;

kdpj tho;thdJ cau;e;j ,yl;rpaq;fisAk;> vz;zq;fisAk;
nfhz;ljhf mika Ntz;Lk;. vk;kPJ md;Gk;> fUizAk; nfhz;L
ek;ikf; fhg;gtuhff; flTis ek; kdjpy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa
nrayhy; khrw;w kdijg; ngwKbAk;. khrw;w kdk;> ey;y nrhy;
Cw;nwLg;gjw;F rpwe;jnjhU mbj;jskhFk;.

,uf;fk;> ey;nyhOf;fk;> mlf;fk; vd;gdtw;iw xt;nthUtUk; jkJ

capupYk; Nkyhf kjpj;J thoNtz;Lk;. ,j;jifa gz;Gfs; kdpj
tho;f;ifiar; nrk;ikg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mt;tifapy; ,dpait $wYk;
kdpj tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;Jk; gzpapy; Kf;fpakhf mikfpd;wd.

gpwUf;F ve;j tifapYk; Jd;gj;ij Vw;gLj;jhJ kfpo;r;rpia

Vw;gLj;Jk; nrhy;Ny ,dpa nrhy;yhFk;. kf;fs; kdk;> nkhop> nka;
Mfpa %d;wpdhYk; mwk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Ngr;rpd; capu; ehbahf
miktJ ,dpait $wyhFk;. ,dpa nrhw;fs; vd;gJ khrpyy ; h md;igg;
Nghd;wJ. mJ rhd;Nwhupd; cs;sj;jpypUe;J Njhd;Wfpd;w nrhw;fshFk;.
ngupNahu;fsplj;jpy; gzpTk;> midtuplj;jpYk; ,dpa nrhw;fs; NgRjYk;
xU kdpjDf;Fupa mzpfyd;fshFk;. ,jidj; jpUts;Stu;

14
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 ~~mfd;mku;e;J <jypd;; ed;Nw Kfd;mku;e;J
,d;nrhyd; Mfg; ngwpd;||

kdKte;J xUtUf;F xU nghUisf; nfhLg;gij tpl Kfkyu;e;J

$Wk; ,dpa nrhw;fs; rpwe;jjhFk; vd;whu;. ~~thNa tho;j;J fz;lha;||
vd;whu; ehTf;furu;. tho;j;JtJ ehtpdJ njhopw;ghlhFk;. kdpjd; jdJ
vz;zq;fisAk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; gpwUf;F toq;Ffpd;whd;. ,dpait
$Wk; gz;gpid tsu;gg ; jpy; xUtUila r%fr; #oy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
r%fr; #oy; ed;whf mikAk; NghJ gps;isfsplk; ew;gz;Gfs; ey;y
gof;ftof;fq;fs; cUthfpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; gps;isapd;
kdjpy; ey;y rpe;jid vOfpd;wJ. mwpthw;wypYk; ew;gz;GfspYk;
rpwe;jtu;fis Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;L tpsq;Ffpdw; NghJ ey;y rpej
; id
Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,it ekJ tho;tpw;F topfhl;bahf cau;e;j epiyia
miltjw;F cjtpahf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

cyfpy; ,d;ge;jUk; ,dpa nrhy;ypUf;f Ntjid jUk; fLikahd

nrhw;fisf; $WtJ ,dpa fdpia cz;zhJ ,dpikaw;w fhia
cz;gjw;F xg;ghFk;.

md;Gk; mUSk; epiwe;j ,dpa ciufs; gpwUf;F ,d;gj;ijf;;

nfhLf;Fk;. giftu;fisf;$l ,d;nrhy;yhy; ntw;wp nfhs;syhk;.
nfhjpf;Fk; neQ;irAk; Fspu; nkhop mizf;Fk; vd;gJ Rthkp
tpNtfhde;jupd; nghd;nkhop. xUtu; vt;tsT Jd;gk; juf; $ba td;
nrhw;fisf; $wpdhYk; mtuplk; ,dpa thu;j;ijfisNa $w Ntz;Lk;.
,d;nrhw;fis NgRfpd;w xUtu; kfpo;r;rpfukhd tho;f;ifia tho;thu;.
r%fj;jpy; cau;e;j me;j];;ijg; ngWthu;.

ghlr; RUf; f k;

• flTspd; gilg;Gfspy; kdpjNd Nkyhd gilg;ghFk;.

• kdf;fl;Lg;ghL ngw;w kdpjd; tho;fi
; fapy; ntw;wp ngWfpwhd;.
• khrw;w kdk; ey;y nrhy; Cw;nwLg;gjw;Fr; rpwe;jnjhU
mbj;jskhFk;.
• Ngr;rpd; capu; ehbahf miktJ ,dpait $wyhFk;.
• ,d;nrhw;fisg; NgRfpd;w xUtu; kfpo;rr
; pfukhd tho;fi; fia
tho;thu;.

15
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 gap w ; r p f s;

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf

1. kdpj tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;Jk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fs; ehd;F
jUf.
2. kdtlf;fk; Vd; mtrpakhdJ?
3. ,dpait $wy; vd;gJ ahJ?
4. xUtupd; ntw;wpfukhd tho;tpw;F mtrpakhdit vit?

nraw; g hL

1. kdpj tho; f ; i ff; F mtrpakhd kdpj tpOkpaq; f isg;

gl;baw;gLj;Jf.

2. jpUf;Fwspd; ,dpait $wy; vDk; mjpfhuj;jpid vOjpf;

fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

3. ~~,dpa csthf ,d;dhj $wy;

fdpapUg;gf; fha;ftu;e;jW|| vd;w Fyj;jtu; $Wk; fUj;ij
tpsf;fp vOJf.

16
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 (,) #oiyg; NgZjy;
kdpj tho;fi
; fapy; #oy; vd;gJ
Kf;fpakhdnjhd;whFk;. xU kdpjd;
ey;ytdhfNth jPatdhfNth
tho; t jpy; #oy; Kf; f pa ,lk;
tfpf;fpd;wJ. ehk; jpdrup fhZk;
fhl;rpfs;> ciuahly;fs;> thndhyp>
njhiyf; f hl; r p Mfpad ekJ
elj;ijfspy; khw;wq;fis
cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
ey;y E}y;fs;> ey;y Rw;wk;>
ey;y ez;gu;fs; Nghd;w fhuzpfs;
kdpj elj; i jfspy; Kd; k hjpup-
fshfTk; > kdpj tho; ; f ; i fia
Nkk;gLj;JtdthfTk; mikfpd;wd.
ey;y ez;gu;fspd; Nru;fi
; fahy; gyu; jkJ nfl;l gof;f tof;fq;fspypUe;J
tpLgl;Lj; jpUe;jp cs;sdu;. tho;fi
; fapy; GJ xsp ngw;W Kd;NdwpAs;sdu;.;
ngsjpf #oyhdJ kdpju;fspd; ftdkpd;ikapdhYk;
nghWikapdi ; kapdhYk; rPuopfpdw
; J vdyhk;. r%fr; #oy; kdpju;fshy;
,d;W mjpfkhf khRg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. #oy; khriltjdhy; vkJ
kdk; khrilfpd;wJ. vkJ clypy; Neha; njhw;w tha;g;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
kdpju;fspd; clypy; Vw;gLfpd;w Neha;fSf;F vt;thW ehk; kUe;Jfis
cgNahfpf;fpd;NwhNkh mt;thNw jPa fhupaq;fspdhy;> jPa el;gpdhy;
ekf;F Vw;glf; $ba ghjpg;Gf;fis jLg;gjw;fhf ey;y E}y;fisAk;>
rpe;jidfisAk; Njbawpa Ntz;Lk;. clypd; tsu;r;rpf;F ey;y czT
vt;thW mtrpaNkh mt;thNw ey;y rpe;jid tsu;r;rpf;F ey;y
kdpju;fspdJ topfhl;ly; mtrpak;.
FUtplkpUe;J fy;tp ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. me;j FU Mrpupadhf
,Uf;fyhk;. ngw;whu;> Rw;wj;jpdu;> ez;gu;fs;> rfghbfs;> ngupahu;fshfTk;
,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ jpiug;glk;> njhiyf;fhl;rp> nra;jpj;jhs; Nghd;w
njhlu;G rhjdq;fshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. fij> ehty; Nghd;w E}y;fshfTk;
tpsq;fyhk;. mit ahTNk kdpju;fSf;F mDgtk;> jfty;> mwpTiufis
toq;fp mtu;fspd; mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;F rhu;e;j khw;wq;fis
Vw;gLj;Jfpdw ; d. ehk; fw;Fk; fy;tpahdJ ePzl
; fhyk; epdW
; epiyg;gjdhy;
kfpo; r ; r pahdjhf mikjy; Ntz; L k; . Mdhy; jP a khw; w q; f is
Vw;gLj;Jkhdhy; KO tho;f;ifAk; gho;gl;L tpLk;. vdNt ehk; thOk;
Rw;Wg; GwKk; #o;epiyAk; Rj;jkhdjhfTk;> J}a;ikAilajhfTk;
,Uj;jy; mtrpak;.

17
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 (<) nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fisg; Ngzp ghJfhj;jy;
kdpjdpd; tho;fi
; fahdJ mikjpahdjhfTk;> ehfupfkhd xd;whfTk;
mika Ntz;Lkhapd; nghJ trjpfs; epiwe;j #oy; fhzg;gly; mtrpak;.
me; j tifapy; ekf; F k; gpwUf; F k; ed; i k gaf; F k; tifapy;
murhq;fj;jhYk; r%fj;jhYk; nghJ epWtdq;fshYk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s
mirAk; mirahr; nrhj;Jf;fs; nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fs; vdyhk;.

,tw; w py; nghJr; nrhj; J f; f shAs; s tw; i w cupa Kiwapy;

gad;gLj;JtJ ehl;bd; xt;nthU gpuirapdJk; jiyaha flikahFk;.
mLj;j jiyKiw mtw;iw gad;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ifaspj;jy;
Kf;fpakhFk;. Vnddpy; nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fs; ehl;bd; nry;tq;fshFk;.

nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fspd; kPJ xt;nthUtUf;Fk; jdpj;jdpahfTk; mNj

Neuj;jpy; $l;lhfTk; nghWg;Gf;fs; cs;sd. mtw;iw rpwe;j Kiwapy;
Ngzpg;ghJfhg;gjd; Clhf rpwe;j Nritapid ehk; midtUk; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. mj;Jld; fhyjhkjk; Vw;gLjiyj;
jtpu;f;fg;gLk; nghJ Rfhjhuk;> #oy; khriljiyj; jLj;jy; r%f
mikjp> ehfupkhd tho;f;if Kiw> moFzu;T Nghd;witfs; kf;fs;
kj;jpapYk; r%fj;jpYk; Vw;glTk; tha;g;Gf;fs; mjpfupf;Fk;.

nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fisj; jfhj Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jjy;; rl;luPjpahd

Fw;wkhtJld; kdpj ehfupfj;jpw;F Kuz;gl;l nrayhFk;. mit ghupa
nghUl; nrytpidf; nfhz;lhjhf ,Ug;gjdhy; mtw;wpd; nghUj;jkw;w
gad;ghlhdJ ehl;bd; nghUshjhu rPu;FiyitAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;.

vdNt> nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fis cupa Kiwapy; Ngzpg;ghJfhg;gjhy;

ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F mtw;iw gad;gLj;jf; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. mLj;j
jiyKiwapdUk; gad; g Lj; J k; tifapy; mtw; i wg; nghWg; G ld;
ifahSNthk;.

18
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 ghlr; RUf; f k;

•kdpjdpd; tsu;;r;rpapy; #oy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ.

•ey;y #oy; kdpjid Nkk;ghlilar; nra;fpwJ.
•ey;y fy;tp kdpj elj;ijfisj; jPu;khdpf;fpd;wJ.
•nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fis rpwe;j Kiwapy; Ngzpg;ghJfhg;gJ ekJ
flik.
• mLj;j jiyKiwapdUf;F nghJ nrhj;Jf;fisr; rpwe;j
Kiwapy; ifaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gap w ; r p f s;

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.

1. ey;y #oy; kdpjdpd; tsu;r;rpf;F Vd; mtrpakhfpd;wJ?
2. Nkhrkhd gof; f tof; f k; cs; s ez; g Uf; F eP u ; $Wk;
MNyhridfs; 4 jUf.
4. nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fis rpwe;j Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
MNyhridfs; 3 jUf.
5. nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fshf ePu; mwpe;jit 5 jUf.

nraw; g hL

1. nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fisr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; gad;gLj;JtJ

njhlu;ghf ,UtupilNa ,lk;ngw;w fye;Jiuahly; xd;wpid
ciuahly; tbtpy; vOJf.
2. ~~ey;y E}y;fs; ey;y ez;gu;fs;|| vDk; jiyg;gpy; 5 epkpl
Ngr;R xd;wpidg; Ngrpf;fhl;Lf.

19
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 c. jhd jUkk;
,iwtd; kPJ gf;jp nfhz;l mbahu;fs; ahtUk; ,iwtd; kPJ
nfhz;Ls;s md;igg; Nghy Vida capu;fsplj;Jk; Neakhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa ntspgg
; hl;L mk;rq;fSs; xd;whf mikag; ngWtJ
jhd jUkkhFk;. vspa tho;f;ifapNyNa kfpo;r;rpiaf; fhzKbAk;.
,j;jifa tho;f;ifiag; ngWtjw;F ,iwAzu;Tld; $ba jhd
jUkq;fisr; nra;J tUtJ rpwe;jjhFk;.

ahfq;fs;> N`hkq;fs; nra;Ak; NghJ mtutu;fs; kdKte;J

jhdq;fs; nra;tJ rh];jpu tpjp. me;j tifapy; jhdq;fs; md;djhdk;>
t];jpu jhdk;> g+kpjhdk;> Nfhjhdk;> jPgjhdk;> muprpjhdk;> ghy;jhdk;
Nghd;w gy;NtW jhdq;fs; cz;L. ,t;thW jFjpawpe;J nra;Ak;
jhdq;fshy; vkf;Fg; gy Gz;zpa gyd;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.

jUkk; vd;gJ Mrhuk; my;yJ tho;f;ifapd; xOq;F. mJNt

jUkk;. ek; xOf;fq;fSf;F mbg;gil nry;tk;> moF> ePz;l MAs;>
re;jjptpUj;jp Kjyhd ed;ikfis ,iwtd; mspg;ghd;. Ntjq;fspy;
kdpj ,dj;jpd; rpwe;j ,yl;rpakhf ju;kj;jpw;F Kjyplk;
nfhLf; f g; g l; L s; s J. vdNt> flTis mila rpwe; j topahf
Gz;zpaq;fspd; topapNyNa nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vkJ jiyaha
flikahFk;.

jk;kpy; cau;eN
; jhuhy; kjpff
; g;gLk; xUtiug; gpujp nra;J> kjpgN
; ghL
toq;fg;gLk; jhdk; nja;tfP khdJ. ePqf ; s; Kdptu;fs; Jwtpfs;> gpuhksu;
KLypNahjf;F jhdk; toq;Fq;fs;.

kdpjd; mikjpahf tho Ntz;Lkhdhy; mtd; vg;nghOJk;

jd;id mwr; nray;fspy; <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;tNjhL ju;kj;Jf;F jd;idNa
mu;gzpjJ
; f; nfhs;sTk; Ntz;Lk;. mg;nghOJ jhd; cyfKk; mikjpia
mDgtpf;f KbAk;. mwtopapy; my;yhJ NtW ve;j topapYk; kd
mikjpiaAk; ,iwtdpd; jpUtUisAk; ngw KbahJ. kdpj Fyj;jpd;
ed;ikf;F ju;kNk Mjhuk;. ju;kj;jpd; xsp kdpj tho;it xsp ngwr;
nra;ahtpbd;@ kf;fs; Jd;gk; vDk; ,Ushy; #og;gLtu;.

Vio vspatu;fs;> NehahspfSf;F nfhLq;fs;. mq;ftPdu;fs;>

fjpaw; w tu; f s; > tpjitfSf; F cjTq; f s; . kupahij> mlf; f k; >
kdntOr;rpNahL jhd jUkk; nra;Aq;fs;. gpwUf;Fj; jUkk; nra;a
tha;gG
; fpilj;jjw;fhf Mde;jkilAq;fs;> ed;wp nrYj;Jq;fs;. rupahd

20
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
kdepiwNthL jhd jUkk; nra;tjhy; flTis milayhk;.
ghlr; RUf;fk;

♦ vy;yh capu;fsplj;jpYk; md;G nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

♦ jhdq;fs; gy tifg;gLk;.
♦ flTis mila Gz;zpaq;fspd; top nry;yy; Ntz;Lk;.
♦ vspatu;fSf;F cjt fpilj;jikf;fhf Mde;jkilAq;fs;.

gap w ; r p f s;

gpd; t Uk; tpdhf; f Sf; F tpilnaOJf.

1. jhdk; vdg;gLtJ ahJ?
2. jhdq;fs; %d;wpid vOJq;fs;
3. jhdk; nra;a Ntz;bajd; mtrpaq;fs; ,uz;L vOJf.
4. ePq;fs; jhd jUkk; nra;j ,uz;L re;ju;g;gq;fis vOJf.

nraw; g hL

1. ~capuf
; splj;jpy; md;G nrYj;JNthk;| vDk; nghUs;gl FOthf
,ize;J ehlfnkhd;wpidj; jahupj;J muq;Nfw;Wq;fs;.

2. ~vspatu;fSf;F cjTNthk;| vDk; jiyg;gpy; tpy;Yg;ghl;L

xd;wpid Mf;Ff.

21
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 1.4 gpwe;jehs; tpoh
irt rkaj;jtu;fshy; nfhz;lhg;gLk; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs; gy
cs; s d. mit ,iw rpe; j idAld; tho; t jw; F k; kfpo; r ; r pia
ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; rKjha cwit tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wd.
tho;tpay; rlq;FfSs; ngau; #l;Ljy;> NrhW}l;ly;> VL njhlf;Fjy;
vd;gd gw;wp Kd;ida tFg;gpy; fw;wPu;fs;. tUle;NjhWk; xUtupd; gpwe;j
el;rj;jpu jpdj;jd;W ,iwtid topgl;L epiwe;j fy;tpg; Ngw;iwAk;>
nry;tj;ijAk; ePzl ; MAisAk; Ntz;b> ngw;Nwhiu tzq;fp Mrpngw;W>
FLk;gj;jpdUlDk;> Rw;wj;jpdUlDk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; tpoh gpwe;jehs;
tpohthFk;.

tUle;NjhWk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; gpwe;j ehs; tpohf;fis tpl mWgJ>

vOgJ> vOgj;ije;J> vz;gJ taJfspy; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; gpwe;jehs;
tpohf; f s; Kf; f pakhdit. ,it gw; w p rka ,yf; f paq; f spy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;> gpd;te;j Nrhou;fhy
,yf;fpaq;fspYk; kf;fSk; kd;du;fSk; jj;jkJ gpwe;j ehs; tpohf;fisf;
nfhz;lhbaij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. Nrhog; ngUkd;ddhd ,uh[uh[d;
jdJ gpwe;j ehisr; rpwg;ghff; nfhz;lhbaNjhL> Nfhapy;fSf;F
khdpaq;fs; toq;fpajhf mf;fhyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

ek; xt;nthUtu; tho;tpYk; gpwe;jehs; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhd

njhd;whFk;. gpwe;jehspy; ehk; Kjypy; ePuhb> Gj;jhil mzpNthk;.
tPl;by; Rthkp glq;fspd; Kd; tpsf;Nfw;wp> jpUKiwfs; Xjp ,iwtid
topgLNthk;. gpd; fy;tp> nry;tk;> Nehaw;w tho;T> Kjyhdtw;iwj;
je;J> ey;ytu;fshf tho itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ,iwtidg; gpuhu;jj ; id
nra;Nthk;.

khiyapy; tpsf; N fw; w p> nghq; f iyg; gilj; J ,iwtid

topgLNthk;. Rthkpf;Fg; gilj;j nghq;fiyg; ngw;Nwhu;> gpwe;j ehisf;
nfhz;lhLgtUf;F Cl;Ltu;;. gpwe;j ehspy; ,iwtid tzq;fp mUs;
ngw;wijg; Nghd;W tPl;by; cs;s jha;> je;ij> ngupNahu;fis tzq;fp>
mtu;fsJ Mrpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhsNthk;. mt;Ntis cwtpdu; Muhj;jp
vLg;gu;> mjidj; njhlu;e;J ez;gu; cwtpdUf;F nghq;fy;> til>
Nkhjfk; Nghd;w rpw;W}z;bfisf; nfhLj;J cz;L kfpo;Nthk;. gpwe;j
ehisf; nfhz;lhLgtUf;Fg; md;W tpNrl gupRg; nghUl;fis toq;fp
tho;j;Jf; $Wtu;;. gpwe;j ehs; tpohtpd;NghJ kq;fs thj;jpaq;fis
,irj;J kfpo;Nthk;. ez;gu;fs;> cwtpdu;fNshL MbAk; ghbAk;
FJfypg;Nghk;.
22
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 gpwe; j ehs; tpoh nfhz; l hLtjdhy; gy ew; g z; G fs;
tsu; f ; f g; g Lfpd; w d. cw; w hu; > cwtpdu; > ez; g u; f s; > maytu; f s;
MfpNahu;fSld; czitg; gfpu;eJ ; cz;Zjy;> rpw;Wz;bfs; toq;Fjy;
vd;gd ,lk;ngWk;. ,it fl;lhak; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. KjpNahu;
,y;yk;> rpWtu; guhkupg;G ,y;yk; Kjyhd ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W>
mq;Fs;stu;fSf;F cjtp nra;jy;> czT toq;Fjy; Kjyhd
nray;fisr; nra;Nthk;. Viofs;> mehijfs; vd;NghUf;F czT>
cil toq;Fjy; Kjyhd jhd jUkg; gzpfspYk; <LgLNthk;;.

gpwe;j ehs; tpohitf; nfhz;lhLk;NghJ> ehk; jtpu;j;J nfhs;s

Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; gy cs;sd. Kjypy; tPz; Mlk;guq;fisj; jtpuj ; J
; f;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; jPgj;ij thahy; Cjp mizj;jy; vkJ
gz;ghl;L epiyghl;Lf;F Vw;wjy;y vd;gjhy;> mjidj; jtpu;j;J
tpsf;Nfw;wpf; nfhz;lhLk; xOf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
md;iwa jpdj;ijg; Gdpj ehshff; fUjp khkpr czTfisj; jtpu;j;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.

,t;Tyfpy; ehk; gpwe;j gaid epidT $u;tjw;Fk;> mjid

NkYk; tsu; j ; J r; nry; t jw; F k; gpwe; j ehs; tpoh ce; J rf; j pahf
mikfpd; w J. mjdhy; mt; t pohitr; irt kugpw; F mikaf;
nfhz;lhLNthk;.

ghlr; R Uf; f k;

• tho;tpay; rlq;Ffs; kf;fs; ,iwrpe;jidAld; tho;tjw;Fk;>

kfpo;r;rpia ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> rKjhaj;jpy; cwTfis
tsu;j;Jr; nry;yTk; cjTfpd;wd.

• irtrkaj;jtu;fs; tUle;NjhWk; gpwe;j el;rj;jpuj;jpy; gpwe;j

ehisf; nfhz;lhLtu;.

• gpwe;j ehs; nfhz;lhl;lj;jpd; NghJ nra;a Ntz;ba flikfspy;

,iwtopghL Kjd;ikahdJ.

• gpwe;j ehs; nfhz;lhl;lj;jpd; NghJ jhd jUkg; gzpfspy;

<LgLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

23
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 gap w ; r p f s;

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.

1. tho;tpay; rlq;Ffspy; ehd;fpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
2. gpwe;j ehs; tpoh vd;why; vd;d?
3. irt rkaj;jtu;fs; nfhz;lhLk; gpwe;j ehs; tpoh %yk;
tsu;f;fg;gLk; ew;gz;Gfs; ehd;F jUf.
4. cq;fsJ gpwe;j ehs; tpohtpd; NghJ jtpu;f;f epidf;Fk;
nray;fs; %d;wpidj; jUf.

nraw; g hL

• irt Kiwg;gb nfhz;lhba gpwe;jehs; tpohitg; ghu;itaplL

;
mtw;iw mwpf;ifahf;fp tFg;giwapy; rku;g;gpf;f.

24
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 1.5 gz;biffs;
gz;bif vd;w nrhy; ngUehs;> tpNrl ehs; vd;Dk; nghUisj;
jUk;. rkak; rhu;eJ
; k;> r%fk; rhu;eJ
; k; gy;NtW topghLfs;> tpUe;JfSld;
nfhz;lhlg;gLtJ gz;bifahFk;. gz;biffs; jdp kdpjDf;Fk;
rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; ed;ikfisj; jUfpd;wd.

gz;bif ehl;fspy; kf;fs; mjpfhiyapy; vOe;J> ePuhb Gj;jhil

mzptu;. mjd; gpd;du; Myaq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W topgLtu;. gz;bif
ehl; f spd; NghJ tpNrl czT tiffisj; jahupj; J > cw; w hu;
cwtpdUf;Fk; ViofSf;Fk; gfpu;e;jspg;gu;.

njhopy; fhuzkhfj; J}u ,lq;fspy; trpg;gtu;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;j

Cu;fSf;Fr; nrd;W jq;fs; FLk;gj;jpdUlDk; cwtpdu;fSlDk;
gz;bifiaf; nfhz;lhLtu;.

cwtpdupd; ,y;yq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W tho;j;Jf; $wy;> mstshtp

kfpoj
; y;> cw;whu; cwtpdupilNa ,Ue;j kdf;frg;G> gifik vd;gtw;iw
kwe;J> kd;dpj;J cwTfisg; GJgpj;Jf; nfhs;sy; vd;gd gz;biff;
fhyq;fspy; fhzf;$ba rpwg;ghd gz;GfshFk;.

gz;biffs; FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fspilNa neUf;fj;ijAk; md;Gg;

gpizg;igAk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. kf;fis xUtNuhL xUtu; ,ize;J
thog; gof;Ffpd;wd. nghJ eyj;ijg; NgzTk; kw;wtu;fSf;F cjtTk;
topfhl;Lfpd;wd. rKjha ed;ikf;Fk;> jdpkdpj Nkk;ghl;Lf;Fk; cjTk;
,dpa gz;Gfis tsu;gg ; jpy; gz;biffs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;ej
; itahFk;.

Xzk; gz;bif
gz;bifapd; gy;NtW rpwg;gk;rq;fisAk; mwpe;J nfhz;l ehk;>
irt rkaj;jtu;fs; nfhz;lhLk; gz;biffspy; xd;whd Xzk; gz;bif
gw;wp ,q;F fw;Nghk;.

Mtzp khjj;Jg; G+uizAld; $ba jpUNthz el;rj;jpuj;jpy;

Xzk; gz;bif nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wJ. Xz el;rj;jpuk; jpUkhYf;Fupa
tpNrl el;rj;jpukhapDk;> vt;tpj NtWghLkpd;wpr; irt rkaj;jtu;fshYk;
nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wJ.

25
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 Mtzp khjj; jpUNthz el;rj;jpuk; eluh[g; ngUkhDf;Fupa
tpNrl mgpNlfj; jpdq;fspy; xd;whFk;. nfhOk;gpYs;s
nghd;dk;gythNzr;ru Myaj;jpy; ,e;j mgpNlfj; jpdk; rpwg;ghf
mDl;bf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

irtu;fs; Xzk; gz;bifiaf; nfhz;lhbdhu;fs; vd;gij

Nky;tUk; jpUQhdrk;ge;jg; ngUkhdpd; Njthuk; %yk; mwpayhk;.

ikg;gae;j xz;fz; kl ey;yhu; khkapiyf;

ifg;gae;j ePw;whd; fghyPr;ru kku;e;jhd;
Ig;grp Xz tpohTk; mUe;jtu;fs;
Ja;g;gdTk; fhzhNj NghjpNah G+k;ghtha;

,yq;ifapy; thOk; ,e;jpag; G+u;tPfKs;s kf;fspilNa rpwg;ghf>

kiyahspfspilNa Xzk; gz;bif ,d;Wk; Kf;fpa gz;bifahff;
nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;gz;bifapd;NghJ kiyahsj;jtu; Gj;jhil
mzptu;. nry;te;ju;fs;> ViofSf;F czT> cil vd;gd toq;fp>
mtu;fis kfpo;tpg;ghu;fs;. kiyahs Mz;bd; njhlf;f ehs;> Xzk;
ehshFk;. kiyahs kf;fSf;F md;iwa ehs; kpfkpfr; rpwe;j ehshFk;.

Xzk; gz;bif njhlu;ghd fij xd;Wz;L. jpuptpf;fpukuhd

jpUkhy; %d;wb epyk; Nfl;L khgypr; rf;futu;j;jpia ntd;W mtuJ
fu;tj;ij mlf;fpdhu;. mg;NghJ> khgypr; rf;futu;jj
; p xt;Nthu; Mz;bYk;
Mtzp jpUNthz el;rj;jpuj;jd;W jdJ ehl;ilAk; kf;fisAk; fhz
Ntz;Lk; vd;W jpUkhyplk; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;. mjd; fhuzkhf> khgypr;
rf;futu;jj
; papd; epidT ehshfTk;@ mtu; kf;fisf; fhztUk; ehshfTk;
Xzk; gz;bif nfhz;lhlg;gLtjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

Xzk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F MW vd;w nghUSk; cz;L. ~~fq;if

ahjp XzePu;|| vd;W NrJ Guhzk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,e;j Xz ed;dhspy;
Gdpj jPuj
; j
; j; Jiwfspy; ePuhb rptngUkhdidAk; jpUkhiyAk; topgl;L
mtu;fsJ mUisg; ngWfpd;wdu;.

26
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 ghlr; RUf; f k;

• rkak; rhu; e ; J k; > r%fk; rhu; e ; J k; gy; N tW topghLfs; >

tpUe;JfSld; nfhz;lhlg;gLtJ gz;bif vdg;gLk;.
• gz; b if ngUehs; > tpNrl ehs; vd; D k; ngau; f shYk;
miof;fg;gLk;.
• gz;bif %yk; ew;gz;Gfs; gy tsu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
• irt rkaj; j tu; f s; nfhz; l hLk; gz; b iffSs; Xzk;
gz;bifAk; xd;whFk;.
• Mtzpj; jpUNthz el;rj;jpuk; eluh[g; ngUkhDf;Fupa tpNrl
mgpNlfj; jpdkhFk;.
• Mtzp Xzj;jpy; jpUkhYf;F G+irfs; Nkw; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
• kiyahs kf;fspd; gz;bif ehshfTk;> kiyahs Mz;bd;
njhlf;f ehshfTk; Xz ed;dhs; mikfpd;wJ.

gap w ; r p f s;

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.

1. gz;bif vd;why; vd;d?
2. gz;bif vd;gjd; kWngau;fs; ,uz;L vOJf.
3. ~~irt rkaj;jtu;fs; Xzk; gz;bifiaf; nfhz;lhbdhu;fs;||
vd;gjw;F ePq;fs; $Wk; Mjhuk; ahJ?
4. Xzk; gz;bifAld; njhlu;Gila fijia vOJf.

nraw; g hL

• gz;bif ehspy; ePq;fs; nra;Ak; nray;fis gbKiwahf

vOJf.
• ~~gz;bif ehspy; ePqf
; s; kfpor
; r
; pahf ,Uf;fpdw
; uP f
; s;|| ,jw;fhd
fhuzq;fis tpsf;fkhf vOJq;fs;.

27
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 1.6 tpujq;fs;
tpujq; f s; kf; f Sf; F j; nja; t ek; g pf; i fia Vw; g Lj; j pAk;
kdtypikiaf; nfhLj; J k; mth; f s; tho; t py; kfpo; r ; r pia
cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. tpujq;fis mEl;bg;gjdhy; xUtuJ tho;tpy;
jd;dk;gpf;if> gzpT> gf;jp> JzpT> md;G> fUiz vd;gd Vw;gLtJld;
xOf;fk;> Neu;ik Nghd;w Fzq;fSk; tpUj;jpailfpd;wd.

xt;nthU tpujq;fSf;Fnkdr; rpwg;ghd g+ir Kiwfs;> topghl;L

Kiwfs;> czTf;fl;Lg;ghLfs; vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tpujq;fis
mDl;bg;gjw;Fg; nghJthd tpjpKiwfshf mjpfhiyapy; JapnyOjy;>
ePuhLjy;> Njha;j;Jyu;e;j Mil mzpjy;> fhiy khiy ,iwtopghL
nra;jy;> Mya topghL nra;jy;> Njhj;jpug; ghly;fis XJjy; czit
Fiwj;jy; my;yJ jtpu;j;jy; Nghd;wit gpujhdkhFk;.

ehk; rpy tpujq;fisAk;; mtw;iw mEl;bf;Fk; KiwfisAk;>

mtw;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; gad;fs; vd;gdtw;iwAk; gw;wp tpupthff; fw;Nghk;.

Mtzp QhapW
Mtzp khj tpujq;fSs; rpwg;ghd tpujkhf Mtzp QhapW
tpujk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. QhapW vd;why; ~#upad;| MFk;. #upad;
etf;fpufq;fspy; Kjd;ikahdjhf mike;Js;sJ. ,g;gpugQ;rj;jpw;F
xspiaAk; ntg;gj;ijAk; mspgg
; J #upaNd. vkJ #upagfthid tzq;fp
,e;Jf;fshy; ,t;tpujk; mEl;bf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Mtzp khjj;jpy; xt;nthU Qhapw;Wf; fpoikfspYk; tpujkpUe;J

#upaid topgLtu;. ,Wjp Qhapw;Wf;fpoik #upaDf;Fg; nghq;fy; nra;J
gilj;J topgLtJk; tof;fkhFk;. tUlj;jpd; midj;J Qhapw;Wf;
fpoikfspYk; tpujk; mEl;bf;f KbahtpbDk; Mtzp Qhapwpy;
kl;LkhtJ tpujkpUj;jy; rpwg;ghFk;.

#upa topghl;bdhy; ek; cly; cWjpahtJld;> fz; rk;ge;jkhd

Neha;fSk; Vw;glhJ vd;gJ ,e;Jf;fspd; ek;gpf;if.

28
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 Mtzpr; rJu;j;jp
tpehafUf;Fupa tpujq;fSs; Kf;fpakhd xd;whf Mtzpr; rJu;jj ; p
tpujk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. xt;nthU khjKk; mkhthirapd; gpd; tUk;
ehyhk; ehs; rJu; j ; j pahFk; . rptdpypUe; J Ntwhfhj rf; j pahf
tpehafg;ngUkhd; Njhw;wk; ngw;w jpdNk Mtzp khjr; rJu;j;jp MFk;.
,jdhNyNa Vida khj rJu;jj ; p jpdq;fis tpl tpNrlkhdjhf ,j;jpdk;
nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
f[KfhRud; vd;Dk; mRud; rptngUkhid vz;zpj; jtkpUe;J
Njtu; f s; > kdpju; f s; > tpyq; F fs; > MAjq; f s; vtw; w hYk; jhd;
nfhy;yg;glhjthW tuk; ngw;whd;. mjd; fhuzkhf Njtu;fisf;
nfhLikg; g Lj; j pdhd; . Njtu; f Sk; ,f; n fhLikapypUe; J jk; i kf;
fhj;jUSk;gb ,iwtid Ntz;bdu;. ,jw;fpzq;fp> f[KfhRuidf;
nfhd;W mtdpd; nfhLikapypUe;J Njtu;fis tpLtpf;Fk; nghUl;L
rptgpuhd; tpehafiuj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;. ahid KfKk; kdpj clYk;
nfhz;l tpehafu; Njhd;wpa ehNs Mtzp khjr; rJu;;j;jp jpdkhFk;.
tpehafUk; jd; tyj;je;jj;ij xbj;J mjdhy; mRuidf; nfhd;whu;.
Njtu;fs; jk; Jau; mfw;wpa tpehafiur; rJu;j;jp jpdj;jpy; rpwg;ghfg;
Nghw;wp topgl;lhu;fs;.
Myaq;fspy; ,e;ehspy; tpNrl g+ir topghLfs; eilngWk;.
,j;jpdj;jpy; tpehafiu ,Ugj;njhU gj;jpuk;> ,Ugj;njhU G\;gk;>
,Ugj;njhU mWfk;Gy; Kjypatw;iwf; nfhz;L mu;r;rid nra;jy;
rpwe;j gyd; jUk;. ,t;tpujj;ij mEl;bg;gjd; %yk; re;jjp tpUj;jpiaAk;
nry;tr; rpwg;Gk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. irt Myaq;fspNy Mtzpr;
rJu;j;jpj; jpUtpoh gf;jp g+u;tkhf eilngWk;.

Gul;lhjpr; rdp
etf;fpufq;fspy; jdprr
; pwg;Gf; nfhz;ltuhf rdP]t; uu; tpsq;Ffpdw
; hu;.
,tu; #upa gfthDf;Fk; c\hNjtpfF ; k; kfdhfj; Njhd;wpdhu; vd;gJ
Guhzf; fij. ,tu; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ Gul;lhjp khj Kjw; rdpf;fpoik
MFk;. ,jdhNyNa Gul;lhjp khj rdpf;fpoik rdp gfthDf;F tpNrl
ehshff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
rdP]t ; ud; jk;ik topgLk; Md;khf;fspd; ghtq;fis eptu;jj ; p nra;J
mtu;fSf;F kfpor ; r
; pia mUs;gtu;. tUlj;jpy; midj;Jr; rdpff
; poikfspYk;
tpujk; mEl;bf;fKbahtpbDk; Gul;lhjp khjr; rdpf;fpoikfspyhtJ
tpujkpUe;J topgLtJ ed;W. etf;fpufq;fs; mike;Js;s Nfhtpyf ; s;>
rdP]t; uDf;nfdj; jdpahf mike;j Nfhtpyf ; s; vd;gtw;wpy; Gul;lhjp
khjr; rdpff; poikfspy; rpwg;Gg; g+ir topghLfs; eilngWk;.
29
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 rdP];tuDf;F gpupakhditahf vs;Sj;jhdpaKk;> fWg;G epwKk;
mike;Js;sd. ,jdhNyNa rdP]t ; uDf;F fupaepwg; gl;lhilAk;> vs;Sr;
rhjj; i jAk; gilg; g u; . ,tupd; thfdkhf fhfk; tpsq; F fpd; w J.
mjdhNyNa ,e;Jf;fs; rdpf;fpoikfspy; fhfj;jpw;F czT gilg;gij
toikahff; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. mj;Jld; jhk; cz;Zk; cztpYk;
ey;nyz;nza;> vs;S Kjypatw;iwr; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;fs;.

rdpff; poikfspy; vs;S> fWg;Gj;Jzp> ey;nyz;nza; Mfpatw;iwj;

jhdk; nra;tjhy; rdp Njhrk; ePq;Fk; vd;gu;. ey;nyz;nzia nrg;G
ghj;jpuk; xd;wpy; vLj;J mjpy; Kfj;ijg; ghu;jj
; gpd;G mt;ntz;nziaj;
jhdQ; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

vs;nsz;iz vupf;Fk; tof;fk; gpurpj;jkhdJ. Nfhapy;fspy;

Gul;lhjp khjr; rdpf;fpoikfspy; fWg;Gj; Jzpapy; rpwpjsT vs;is
nghl;lykhff; fl;b mjid xU rpwpa kz;rl;bapy; itj;J ey;nyz;nza;
tpl;L vupj;J topgl;lhy; ght eptu;j;jp Vw;gLk;. nghl;lyk; Kw;whf
vupe;J ePwhtjw;F Vw;w msTf;F vz;nza; tpl;nlupj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
nghl;lyk; ghjpapy; vupahJ vQ;Rjy; $lhJ vd;gu;.

Gul;lhjp kfhsak;
Gul;lhjp khj mkhthirf;F Kd;tUk; gjpide;J ehl;fisAk;
kfhsagl;rk; vd;gu;. ~kfhsak;|vd;gJ ngupa ,Ug;gplk; MFk;. mjhtJ>
gpupe;j Md;khf;fs; (gpj;Uf;fs;) xd;W NrUkplk;.

ehk; kfpo; r ; r p; a hf thoj; Njtu; f isAk; gpj; U f; f isAk;

jpUg; j pg; g Lj; j Ntz; L k; . ,jw; F Njtu; f Sf; f hf N`hkq; f Sk; >
gpj;Uf;fSf;fhf rpuhu;j;jk;> ju;g;gzk; KjypadTk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
rpuj;ijAld; nra;ag;gLtNj rpuhu;j;jk; MFk;. kfhsa gl;r fhykhd
gjpide;J ehl;fSk; gpj;Uf;fis epidj;J mtu;fspd; nghUl;L
md;djhdk; nra;tJ rpwg;ghFk;. ,ayhJ Nghdh xU ehshtJ
md;djhdk; nra;tJ ed;W.

ekJ xU tUlfhyk; gpj;Uf;fSf;F xU ehshFk;. ,jdhy;>

tUlj;jpy; xU ehs; kl;Lk; nra;ag;gLk; rpuhu;j;jk;> ju;g;gzk; vd;gd
ehk; mtu;fSf;Fj; jpdKk; nra;tjw;Fr; rkdhdjhFk; vd;gu;.

#upad; rpkk
; > fd;dp ,uhrpfspw; gpuNtrpjj
; Tld; gpjU
; f;fs; akju;kdplk;
mDkjp ngw;W g+Nyhfk; te;J kfhsa gl;rj;jpd; gjpide;J ehl;fSk; jk;
FLk;gj;Jld; jq;fpapUg;gu; vd;gJ ,e;Jf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifahFk;.

30
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 tpehafu; r\;b (ngUq;fij)
tpehafUf;Fupa tpujq;fspy; Kf;fpakhd xd;whf tpehafu; r\;b
tpujk; mike;Js;sJ. fhu;j;jpif khjj; Nja;gpiw njhlf;fk; khu;fop
khj tsu;gpiw r\;b tiuahd ,Ugj;njhU ehl;fs; mEl;bf;fg;gLk;
tpujkhFk;. kfhtp\;Z jhk; ngha;r;rhl;rp nrhd;djhy; Vw;gl;l rhgj;ij>
tpehafiu topgl;L ePf;fpf; nfhz;l ehNs tpehafu; r\;b MFk;. ,t;
,Ugj;njhU ehl;fisAk; ~~ngUq;fij tpujk; || vd;Wk; $Wtu;.

,t;tpujj;jpd; Kjy; ,UgJ ehl;fSk; kjpak; xU nghOJ kl;Lk;

czT cl;nfhz;L> ,uT Ntisfspy; ghy;> gok; mUe;JtJ rpwg;ghFk;.
,Wjp ehshd ,Ugj;Njhuhk; ehs; cgthrk; ,Ue;J kWehs; ghuiz
nra;J tpujj;ij epiwT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,Ugj;njhU ,ioahyhd
fhg;ig (E}y;) Mz;fs; tyf;fuj;jpYk;> ngz;fs; ,lf;fuj;jpYk; mzpeN
; j
tpujj; i j mEl; b f; f Muk; g pg; g J KiwahFk; . ghwizad; W
(,Ugj;jpuz;lhk; ehs;) fhg;ig mtpo;j;J tpujj;ij epiwT nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.

tpuj fhykhd ,Ugj;njhU ehl;fSk; tpehafUf;;F ,sePu;>

Nkhjfk;> mty;> vs;SUz;il Nghd;wtw;iwg; epNtjpj;J tpehafupd;
rupjj;ijf; $Wk; ngUq;fij> tpehafu; Guhzk; Kjypa E}y;fisg;
gbj;Jk; Nfl;Lk; topghL nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;ehl;fspy; Myaq;fspYk;
rpwg;Gg; g+ir topghLfSk; ,lk;ngWk;. tpehafu; r\;b tpujj;ijj;
njhlu;rr; pahf ,Ugj;njhU tUlq;fs; xUtu; mEl;bj;jhy; rpwe;j gyidg;
ngWtu; vd;gJ irtu;fspd; ek;gpf;if MFk;. ,ayhjtu;fs; VO
tUlq;fshtJ mEl;bg;gJ ed;W vdg;gLfpwJ.

fpU\;z n[ae;jp
tp\;Ztpd; gj;J mtjhuq;fspy; xd;whd fpU\;z mtjhu jpdNk
fpU\;z n[ae;jp MFk;. ,j;jpdk; NfhFyh\;lkp> n[d;kh\;lkp>; =[ae;jp
vdg; gythW miof;fg;gLk;. Mtzp khj ngsu;zkpj; jpjpapypUe;J
vl;lhtJ ehshd m\;lkp jpjpNa fpU\;zu; gpwe;j ehshFk;. ,jdhy;
tp\;ZTf;Fupa Kf;fpa tpujq;fspy; xd;whf ,JTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
tp\;Ztpd; jrhtjhuq;fspy; xd;gjhtJ mtjhukhf tpsq;FtJ
fpU\;zhtjhuk; MFk;. ,t; mtjhuj;jpd; mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fshf
fk;rd; vDk; nfhLq;Nfhy; murid mopj;jy;> ghujg;Nghiu elj;jp
ju;kj;ij epiyehl;Ljy;> cyfpwF
; gftj;fi
P j vd;w mwE}iyf; nfhLj;jy;
vd;gd mikfpd;wd.

31
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 fpU\;zd; fk;rupd; jq;ifahd Njtfpf;Fk; thRNjtUf;Fk; kfdhf
kJuhtpy; mtjupj;J ,Ue;j NghJk; fk;rdpd; nfhLikf;F mQ;rp>
aNrhij - ee;jNfhgd; jk;gjpauhy; NfhFyj;jpy; tsu;ff
; g;gl;lhu;. m\;lkp;
jpjpapy; gpwe;J NfhFyj;jpy; tsu;e;jikahy; mj;jpdk; NfhFyh\;lkp
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,e;Jf;fs; fpU\;z n[ae;jp jpdj;ij tp\;Z Myaq;fspy;

kl;Lky;yhJ tPLfspYk; rpwg;ghff; nfhz;lhLtu;. md;iwa jpdk;
,y;yq;fisj; J}a;ikg;gLj;jp myq;fupj;J> tPl;bd; Kd;gf;f thrypy;
,Ue;J g+i[aiw tiu rpW Foe;ijapd; fhyb milahsq;fis
cs;Ns nry;tJ Nghd;W khtpdhy; Nfhyk; ,Lthu;fs;. md;iwa jpdk;
fhiyapy; tpujkpUe;J> ,utpy; fz;tpopj;J> es;spuT g+ir nra;J
topgLthu;fs;. tp\;ZTf;Fupa ghly;fisg; ghLtJk; Guhzq;fisg;
gbg;gJk; topghl;by; mlq;Fk;.

fpU\;z n[ae;jpia Kiwg;gb mEl;bj;jhy; m];tNkj ahfk;

nra;jjw;fhd gyd; fpilf;Fk;. mj;Jld; ehk; nra;j ghtq;fis ePf;fp
Gz;zpaj;ij mspf;Fk; tpujkhfTk; ,J tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

gpuNjh\ tpujk;
rptngUkhDf;Fupa tpujq;fSs; gpuNjh\ tpujKk; xd;whFk;.
xt;nthU khjj;jpYk; tUk; tsu;gpiwahfpa Rf;fpy gl;rj;jpYk;>
Nja; g piwahd fpU\; z gl; r j; j pYk; tUk; gjpd; % d; w hk; ehNs
gpuNjh\khFk;. ,e;j ehspy; tpujkpUe;jhy; Kw;gpwg;gpy; nra;j ghtq;fs;
ePq;Fk; vd;gu;.

mkpu;jk; jd;id cz;gtu;fis ,wthkypUf;fr; nra;Ak; xU

kUe;jhFk;. Kd;nghUfhyj;jpy; Njtu;fSk; mRuu;fSk; mkpu;jj;ijg;
ngWtjw;fhfj; jpUg;ghw;fliyf; file;jdu;. ,jw;F ke;ju kiyia
kj;jhfTk;> thRfp vd;w ghk;igf; fap;whfTk; nfhz;lhu;fs;. Njtu;fs;
thRfpgg
; hk;gpd; thiyAk; mRuu;fs; jiyiaAk;; gpbj;J epdW
; file;jdu;.
,U gFjpapdUk; mkpu;jj;ijg; ngWk; Mirapy; Ntfkhff; file;j
fhuzj;jhy; Vw;gl;l typahy; thRfpg; ghk;G eQ;irf; (Myk;) ff;fpaJ.
ghw;fly; eQ;rhfpaJ. mjpypUe;J Myfhy tplk; Njhd;wpaJ.

mJ kpFe;j ntg;gj;NjhL cyifNa mopj;J tpLtJ Nghd;W

mtu;fis tpul;baJ. mjd; jhf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J jg;Gtjw;fhfj; Njtu;fSk;
mRuu; f Sk; tykhfTk; > ,lkhfTk; rpjwp Xbr; rptgpuhdplk;
jQ;rkile;jdu;. ,iwtDk; MyhyRe;juu; %ykhf me;j eQ;irg; ngw;W>
32
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
Njtu;fisAk; mRuu;fisAk; fhj;jw; nghUl;Lj; jhNk cl;nfhz;lhu;.
,jidf; fz;l cikak;ik mr;rkile;J rptdpd; fz;lj;ij rpwpJ
mOj;jp eQ;R cl;nry;yhky; jLj;jhu;. eQ;R mg;gbNa mtu; njhz;ilapy;
jq;fpf; nfhz;lJ. mjdhy; ,iwtdpd; fz;lk; ePyepwkhfpaJ. fz;lk;
ePy epwkhf khwpaikahy; ,iwtd; jpUePyfz;lu; vdg; ngau; ngw;whu;.

,e;epfo;tpd; gpdd
; u; ,iwtdpd; Mizg;gb Njtu;fSk; mRuu;fSk;
kPzL
; k; jpUg;ghw; fliyf; file;jdu;. ghw;flypypUe;J ,yf\; k p> Iuhtjk;>
fhkNjD> fw;gfjU Kjypad Njhd;wpd. mtw;wpy; ,yf\; k pia jpUkhYk;>
Iuhtjj;ij ,e;jpuDk;> fhkNjDit trpl;lUk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;fs;.
,iltplhky; mtu;fs; Vfhjrp md;W KOtJk; file;jhu;fs;. mjd;
gydhf Jthjrpapy; mkpu;jk; Njhd;wpaJ. Njtu;fSk; Kdptu;fSk;
mjidg; gfpu;e;J cz;lhu;fs;. ,jd; fhuzkhf Njhd;wpa kfpo;r;rpahy;
Jthjrpad;W ,iwtid kwe;J Mbg;ghbg; nghOijf; fspj;jhu;fs;.
gjpd%
; d;whk; ehshd jpupNahjrp jpdj;jpy; jk; gpiofis czu;eJ
;
nfhz;l mtu;fs; mjw;fhf rptdplk; kd;dpg;G Ntz;b topgl;ldu;.
rptDk; mtu;fis kd;dpj;J> mtu;fSf;F mUs; ghypf;Fk; tz;zkhf
md;W khiy gpuNjh\ Ntisapy; (4.30 kzpKjy; 6 kzptiu)
ee;jpNjtupd; ,U nfhk;GfSf;F ,ilapy; epd;W jpUeldk; Gupe;jhu;.
rptdpd; mj;jpUeldj;ij midtUk; fz;L tzq;fp mUs; ngw;wdu;.
,g;gpuNjh\ ehspy; fhiy njhlq;fp tpujk; mEl;bj;J khiyapy;
gpuNjh\ Ntisapy; rpthyak; nrd;W topghL nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,j;jpdj;jpy; topghL nra;tjw;nfd jdp tpjpKiwAz;L. mjhtJ> rpthyak;
nrd;W ee;jpNjtiu Kjypy; tzq;fp mq;fpUe;J ,lg;gf;fk; nrd;W
rz;Nl; Rtiuj; juprpj;Jg; gpd; jpUk;gp te;J kPzL
; k; ee;jpNjtiu tzq;fp>
tyg;gf;fkhff; NfhKfp tiu nrd;W kPz;Lk; jpUk;gp te;J ee;jpNjtiu
tzq;fp kWgb ,lg;gf;fkhfr; nrd;W rz;NlRtiu tzq;fp jpUk;gp
tyg;gf;fkhf NfhKfp tiu nrd;W (ee;jp Njtiu juprpf;ff; $lhJ)
mq;fpUe;J kWgb ee;jpNjtiu tzq;fhky; ,lg;gf;fkhf rz;NlRtiu
tzq;fp jpUk;gp te;J ee;jpNjtiu tzq;fp> mtupd; ,U nfhk;Gfspd;
,il ntspa+lhfr; rptypq;fj;ijg; ghu;j;J tzq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
ehspy; tpujkpUe;J topghL nra;Nthu; NfhKfpiaj; jhz;br; nry;Yjy;
$lhJ.

,g;gpuNjh\ tpuj ehspy; Kiwg;gb tpujkpUe;J nka;ad;Gld;

rpttopghL nra;jhy; fld;> tWik> Neha;> ghtk; Kjypad ePq;fp
kfpo;Tld; thoyhk;. vd;gJ irt kf;fspd; jsuhj ek;gpf;if MFk;.

33
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 ghlr; RUf; f k;

•tpujq;fs; gf;jpiaAk; kdtypikiaAk; cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

•tpujq;fs; Kiwg;gb mEl;bj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
•tpujk; mEl;bg;gjhy; gy gad;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
•ehk; kfpo; r ; r pahf thoj; Njtu; f isAk; gpjpu; f isAk;
jpUg;jpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
• tpuj fhyq;fspy; ,iwtid nka;ad;Gld; topgly; Ntz;Lk;.

gap w ; r p f s;
01. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.
1. tpujj;jpd; Nehf;fk; ahJ?
2. tpujq;fis mEl;bg;gjw;Fupa tpjpKiwfs; ahit?
3. tpehafu; r\;b mEl;bj;jypd; epajpfs; ahit?
4. Gul;lhjpr; rdp tpujk; mEl;bg;gjdhy; Vw;gLk; gad;fs; ,uz;L
jUf.
5. gpuNjh\ tpuj ehspd; tpNrlk; ahJ?

02. njhlu; G gLj; J f

Mtzp QhapW ngupa ,Ug;gplk;

Gul;lhjpr; rdp #upad;

Gul;lhjp kfhsak; ghw;fly;

fpU\;z n[ae;jp NfhFyh\;lkp

gpuNjhr tpujk; fWg;Gj;Jzp

nraw; g hL
Gul; l hjpr; r dp tpujj; i j mEl; b f; F k; xOq; F Kiwfis
ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

34
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf