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>> Introduction
Digital transmission
Digital
is the transmittal of digital signals
Transmission between two points in a communication
system.
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8/10/2017
PPM
PAM
PCM
PCM Sampling
Transmission Line Repeaters
Natural Sampling
are placed at prescribed distances to regenerate the digital
pulses
Hold Circuit
is basically a low pass filter that converts the PAM signals
back to its original analog form
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8/10/2017
Dynamic Range
Flat- Top Sampling
DR = Vmax / Vmin
Where:
DR = dynamic range (unit less)
Vmin = the quantum value (resolution)
Vmax = max voltage magnitude that can be discerned by
the DAC’s in the receiver
DR = V max / resolution To solve for the number of bits (n) necessary to produce a DR, convert to
logs:
DR is generally expressed as a dB value: n log 2 = log (DR + 1)
DR = 20 log V max / V min
The number of bits used for a PCM code depends on the n = log 2 (DR + 1) / log 2
dynamic range. The relationship between DR and the
number of bits in a PCM code is: For a DR of 3, a PCM code with two bits is required. DR can be expressed
on dB as:
2n – 1 ≥ DR
DR(dB) = 20 log (V max / V min)
And for the minimum number of bits:
2n – 1 = DR DR(dB) = 20 log (2n – 1)
Where: n = number of bits in a PCM code, excluding the sign bit
DR = absolute value of DR Where: n = number of bits
for a PCM system with the following parameters, determine a) fs = 2 fa b) 46 dB = 20 log (V max / V min)
= 2 (4 khz) 2.3 = log (V max / V min)
a) min. sample rate
fs = 8 khz 102.3 = V max / V min
b) min. no. of bits used in PCM code
199.5 = DR
c) resolution
d) quantization error