ECE 3125

Communication Engineering II
ECE 3242
Digital Communication
Semester I, 2012-2013
Lecturer
Prof. Dr. Mohammad Umar Siddiqi
Office: E2-3-10.12
umarsiddiqi@iium.edu.my
03-61964458; 012-6549103
1
 Text Book
Digital Communications:
Fundamentals and Applications
2nd Edition
Bernard Sklar
Prentice Hall International

2
Course Work: 60%
Quizzes: 15%
Assignments: 15%
Mid Term: 30%

Final Exam: 40%

3
 Reading Material
Chapter 1 and Appendix A

4
 What is Communication?

Communication
is the transfer of information
from one place to another

5
What is Electrical / Electronic /
Optical Communication?

It is the transfer of
information from one place to
another through
electrical/electronic/optical
signals
6
 Basic Digital Communication System Model

Digital info.

Textual Format
source info.
Pulse
Analog Transmit
Sample Quantize Encode modulate
info.

Pulse
Bit stream waveforms Channel
Format
Analog
info. Low-pass
Decode Demodulate/
filter Receive
Textual Detect
sink
info.

Digital info.

7
Digital Communication System Model

8
Digital Communication System (DCS)
Communication Systems

Why So Complex ?

10
 Electrical / Electronic / Optical
Communication

* Transfer of information from one place to

another through electrical/electronic/optical signals

* Key feature is the transfer of random signals

over transmission channels with random behaviour

11
This (communication process) should be accomplished

* as efficiently as possible
(bandwidth and power)
bits/sec/Hz for Digital Communication
* with as much fidelity as possible (for analogue com) - SNR
* with as much reliability as possible (for digital com) – BER
* as securely as possible (using cryptographic schemes)
* as economically as possible

12
 Analog vs. Digital Communication
• Analog Communication Systems
– Transmit one waveform out of infinite
possibilities
– Rx “guesses” one out of infinite possibilities
• Digital Communication Systems
– Transmit one waveform out of finite (limited)
possibilities
– Rx “guesses” one out of finite possibilities
 Why Digital?
• DSP allows us to condition signal more
flexibly than analog circuits (channel
coding, encryption, equalization))
• Robustness against noise and interference
 Basic Digital Communication System Model

Digital info.

Textual Format
source info.
Pulse
Analog Transmit
Sample Quantize Encode modulate
info.

Pulse
Bit stream waveforms Channel
Format
Analog
info. Low-pass
Decode Demodulate/
filter Receive
Textual Detect
sink
info.

Digital info.

15
 DCS – Essential Elements

• Formatting for compatibility

• Modulation for adaptation to the channel
– Base-band
– Band-pass
• Demodulation for extracting the information
• Synchronization for aligning the
timing/carrier frequency between XMT and
RCV
 Formatting
• To provide proper “interface” between the
information source/sink and the DCS
• to maintain compatibility
• Sampling, quantization, source coding
• Producing bit stream
 Modulation
• Convert the bit stream into waveform
suitable for transmission
• Base-band: signal with spectrum extending
from zero up to finite bandwidth
– E.g. PCM, M-ary PAM, RZ, NRZ
• Pass-band: signal with spectrum extending
from a carrier frequency (>>signal
bandwidth) up to finite bandwidth
– E.g. M-ary PSK, M-QAM, GMSK
• Include pulse shaping (filtering)
 Demodulation
• The inverse of modulation
• To recover the message from received
waveform
• Detection is the process of deciding the
digital meaning of the waveform
 Synchronization
• XMT and RCV are in general separated
(disjointed) by some distance
• Each has local time and frequency reference
• Imperfect match will result in power loss
 Mathematical Representation
• r(t): received signal
• si(t): transmitted message symbol
• hc(t): channel impulse response
• n(t): additive noise
• M: size of message symbol
 Performance Metrics
• ACS (Analog)
– Waveform is member of infinite set
– Signal fidelity (resemblance to the transmitted
waveform)
– Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Mean Squared
Error (MSE) between transmitted waveform and
received one
• DCS (Digital)
– Waveform is member of finite (alphabet) set
– Probability of error