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DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

BY : WAN AHMAD RAMZI WAN YUSUF

COURSE SYNOPSIS
• Digital Communication is a course that emphasizes on basic network
technologies and cabling termination system as well as component
tools functions.
• Explains the basic wireless network applications used in network
systems.
• Provides a basic picture of the wireless communication system, device
type, installation method, configuration and security aspects.
• Students will be exposed to network technologies which can be used
in railway communication systems.
CONTENT
• TOPIC1 : 1.0 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
• TOPIC2 : 2.0 NETWORKING DEVICES
• TOPIC3 : 3.0 TERMINATION OF NETWORK CABLING
• TOPIC4 : 4.0 WIRELESS HARDWARE INSTALLATION
 TOPIC 1 : DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
NETWORKS
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

What is Communication ?
• Communication is transferring data reliably from one point to another
• The Data could be Voice, video, text, codes etc..

What is Communication System?

• A system that allows transfer of information reliably.
• Its generally referred to a block diagram of communication system.
 Typical Communication System Block
Diagram
Convert source Physical Extracting
Human voice, code/msg
data into medium to User
CD, Video etc back to
suitable form transfer signal
original form

Information Information
Transmitter Channel Receiver
Source Sink
 Digital Communication System Block Diagram
Human Sampling Data Control Noise
voice, CD, Quantization compression Detect & correct
Video etc Coding encoding the errors .

Information A/D Source Channel

Source converter Encoder Encoder

Detect and correct Reverse the process of

Physical medium to transfer signal
errors the Modulator
Transform
Channel data in a
Decoder
Demodulator Channel Modulator compatible
form and
Decompress data into channel
Original format Reverse Operation A/D

D /A Information User
Source
Converter Sink
Decoder
Why Digital Communication
• Ease of regeneration
• Pulses “1” and “0”
• Easy to use repeaters
• Noise Immunity
• Better noise handling
• Easy to differentiate between values “1” and “0”
• Ease of Transmission
• Less errors
• Faster
• Better productivity
Disadvantages
• Requires greater bandwidth
• Requires system synchronization

• YOUTUBE SOURCE for detail explanation :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0Ylnk8zXRo
1.2 Type of Communication Network
• LOCAL AREA NETWORK
• WIDE AREA NETWORK
• METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
• WIRELESS NETWORK
• INTER NETWORK
Network Classification
• Personal Area Network (PAN) – interconnection of personal digital
devices
• Local Area Network (LAN) – usually connects computers in a single
building
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) – public high-speed network with
range of about 50 miles
• Wide Area Network (WAN) – consists of several smaller networks
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
• A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected
together in one physical location, such as a building, office, or home.
A LAN can be small or large, ranging from a home network with one
user to an enterprise network with thousands of users and devices in
an office or school.
• Regardless of size, a LAN's single defining characteristic is that it
connects devices that are in a single, limited area. In contrast, a 
wide area network (WAN) or metropolitan area network (MAN)
covers larger geographic areas. Some WANs and MANs connect many
LANs together.
What in a LAN
A LAN comprises cables, access points, switches, routers, and other
components that enable devices to connect to internal servers, web servers,
and other LANs via wide area networks.

The rise of virtualization has also fueled the development of virtual LANs,
which enable network administrators to logically group network nodes and
partition their networks without a need for major infrastructure changes.

For example, in an office with multiple departments, such as accounting, IT

support, and administration, each department's computers could be logically
connected to the same switch but segmented to behave as if they are
separate.

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What are the benefits of a LAN?
The advantages of a LAN are the same as those for any group of devices networked together. The devices can
use a single Internet connection, share files with one another, print to shared printers, and be accessed and even
controlled by one another.

LANs were developed in the 1960s for use by colleges, universities, and research facilities (such as NASA),
primarily to connect computers to other computers. It wasn't until the development of Ethernet technology
(1973, at Xerox PARC), its commercialization (1980), and its standardization (1983) that LANs started to be used
widely.

While the benefits of having devices connected to a network have always been well understood, it wasn't until
the wide deployment of Wi-Fi technology that LANs became commonplace in nearly every type of environment.
Today, not only do businesses and schools use LANs, but also restaurants, coffee shops, stores, and homes.

Wireless connectivity has also greatly expanded the types of devices that can be connected to a LAN. Now,
nearly everything imaginable can be "connected," from PCs, printers, and phones to smart TVs, stereos,
speakers, lighting, thermostats, window shades, door locks, security cameras--and even coffeemakers,
refrigerators, and toys.
Network Modules / LAN Devices

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 NIC /Network Interface Card

Short for network interface card, the NIC is also referred to as an Ethernet card and
network adapter. A NIC is a computer expansion card for connecting to a network
(e.g., home network or Internet) using an Ethernet cable with an RJ-45 connector.

Due to the popularity and low cost of the Ethernet standard,

nearly all new computers have a network interface build
directly into the motherboard. The top image shows the SMC
EZ Card 10/100 PCI network card, one of the more common
examples.

The side picture shows a PC Card. More specifically, the SMC

EZ Card 10/100 wireless network card, which is found in
laptop computers that do not have onboard wireless
capabilities.
Computer/Server
A computer is a programmable device that stores, retrieves, and
processes data.

The term "computer" was originally given to humans (human

computers) who performed numerical calculations using mechanical
calculators, such as the abacus and slide rule.

The term was later given to a mechanical device as they began

replacing the human computers. Today's computers are electronic
devices that accept data (input), process that data, produce output,
and store (storage) the results.
 Computer/Server
A server is a software or hardware device that accepts and
responds to requests made over a network. The device that
makes the request, and receives a response from the server, is
called a client. On the Internet, the term "server" commonly
refers to the computer system that receives requests for a web
files and sends those files to the client.
 Modem
A modem or broadband modem is a hardware
device that connects a computer or router to a
broadband network. For example, a cable modem
and DSL (phone Line) modem are two examples of
these types of Modems.
LAN Standards
• LAN and MAN technologies are standardized by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Project 802 – Local Network
Standards
• IEEE 802.3
• Ethernet

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What Is a WAN? Wide-Area Network

A wide-area network (WAN) is a

collection of local-area networks (LANs)
or other networks that communicate
with one another.  A WAN is essentially a
network of networks, with the Internet
the world's largest WAN.
WAN Technology
Within a network, packet switching break streams of data into
Packet Switching smaller blocks of data. Each of these small blocks are then sent
independently over a shared network.

Packet switching allows users to equally share bandwidth

resources but makes no promises concerning quality or
latency.

This is useful for transferring data that doesn’t require

real-time responsiveness.

Packet switching places the intelligence in the end nodes,

rather than the phone company facilities, with a simple
underlying network that only directs packets from one
side to the other.

Packet switching is easier and more affordable than

circuit switching.
WAN Technology A circuit switch created a temporary and dedicated link of fixed
bandwidth between communicating end nodes. This link only
lasted until the call was complete.
Circuit Switching
If there weren’t enough network resources available, the call
wouldn’t be established or “completed as dialed.” Circuit switching
can guarantee quality through dedicated bandwidth, but most of
this bandwidth is wasted bandwidth.
 WAN Technology
Hybrid

A hybrid topology is a type of network topology that uses two

or more differing network topologies. These topologies can
include a mix of bus topology, mesh topology, ring topology,
star topology, and tree topology.

The choice to use a hybrid topology over a standard topology

depends on the needs of a business, school, or the users. The
number of computers, their location, and desired network
performance are all factors in the decision.
 Types of hybrid topologies

A star-ring hybrid topology

is a combination of the star topology and ring

topology. Two or more star topologies are connected
together through a ring topology.
 Star-Bus hybrid topology

A star-bus hybrid topology is a combination of the star

topology and bus topology. Two or more star topologies
are connected together through a bus topology.
Metropolitan area network
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that
interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic region of the
size of a metropolitan area.

The term MAN is applied to the interconnection of local area networks (LANs)

in a city into a single larger network which may then also offer efficient
connection to a wide area network.

The term is also used to describe the interconnection of several local area
networks in a metropolitan area through the use of point-to-point
connections between them
MAN Standards
• LAN and MAN technologies are standardized by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Project 802 – Local Network
Standards
• IEEE 802.3
• Ethernet

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Inter Network (Ethernet)
Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies commonly used in 
local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and 
wide area networks (WAN).

It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983

as IEEE 802.3. Ethernet has since been refined to support higher bit rates, a
greater number of nodes, and longer link distances, but retains
much backward compatibility.
CONTENT
• TOPIC1 : 1.0 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
• TOPIC2 : 2.0 NETWORKING DEVICES
• TOPIC3 : 3.0 TERMINATION OF NETWORK CABLING
• TOPIC4 : 4.0 WIRELESS HARDWARE INSTALLATION
TOPIC2 : 2.0 NETWORKING DEVICES

2.1 OSI Model and Internetworking

2.2 Physical Layer Devices:
2.3 Data Link Layer Devices:
2.4 Network Layer Devices
2.5 Internetworking LAN and WAN
  

 
  2:
TOPIC
 
NETWORKING DEVICES
OSI Model and Internetworking

What is an OSI model?

The OSI model or the OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION (OSI) is a layered framework for the
design of network system that allows for communication across all types of computer systems.
It is designed by the INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANISATION (ISO) to define the basic
standards for network communication.
The OSI is a layered network model that explains step-by-step how systems communicate.
A layered network model makes it easier to understand how packets are sent from one computer to
another and reduces the complexity.
The OSI model consists of 7 separate but related layers, each of which defines a segment of
process of moving information across a network.
7 layers of OSI model are:
How to remember the names of the layers?
HOW OSI MODEL HELPS IN COMMUNICATION?
The communication between two devices takes place step by step.
If a computer wants to send piece of information to another computer, following steps will take place:

1. The data will travel through APPLICATION LAYER which attaches its piece of information like
provides network service.
2. Now data travels to presentation layer where data gets formatted i.e., encrypted, compressed or
translated whatever is the requirement
3. Now data travels down to the session layer where session layer performs its function of
connection coordination.
4. Data then travels to transport layer where data is reassembled in sequence and any error is
corrected.
5. Now data travels to network layer where data is routed to the destination using the IP address.
6. Data then travels to the data link layer where it is divided into frames. Data link layer uses the
MAC address. This layer attaches additional information to the data. A frame header and frame
trailer are attached to the data.
7. Frame header contains the source MAC address and the destination MAC address. Frame trailer
checks the frame loss or frame error.
8. At physical layer, data is transformed into bits and sent to the other device through the physical
connection be it through cables or wireless.
When the receiving computer receives the
data, following steps are followed:
• The data is received by the physical layer now.
• Then data travels to data link layer where the information is stripped
out of the frame header and the frame trailer.
• The network layer receives the data packets.
• The transport layer receives data in sequence.
• The session layer coordinates the communication.
• The presentation layer decrypts the data which was encrypted by
the presentation layer of source computer.
• The application layer receives the data in readable form.
Relationship between OSI Model and Internetworking Devices

Assesment Summative
Assignment : OSI Model description in network transmission.

Question : To understand how OSI model works, it is important to know the

functions of each layer.
• DESCRIBE FUNCTIONS OF EACH LAYER:

(ENGLISH & BAHASA MELAYU)

Due date : 15 September 2020 ( Report Submission )
 Physical Layer Devices:
to transmit a bit stream over a physical medium.
It deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications of the interface and transmission medium.
It also defines the procedures and functions that physical device and interfaces have to perform for transmission to occur.

a. Cables
STP
UTP
Coaxial cable
Fiber Optic cable
b. Repeater
c. Hubs
 Data Link Layer Devices:

 Bridges
 switches
• When referring to computer networks,
a bridge, network bridge,
• On a network,  switch is  hardware device
that filters and forwards network packets. • A device that connects two LANs (local
area networks) or two segments of the
• A network switch is more advanced than a  same LAN.
hub, but not as advanced as a router.
• With the OSI model, bridging happens
• The picture shows an example of a  in the data link layer.
NETGEAR 5 port switch.
• Normally it additional to router’s device
functions
 Network Layer Devices

• Routers

Routers connect a modem like a fiber, cable, or DSL modem to other

devices to allow communication between those devices and the internet.
Most routers, including wireless routers, usually feature several network
ports to connect numerous devices to the internet simultaneously.
A router typically connects physically, using a network cable, to the modem
via the internet or WAN port and then physically, again through a network
cable, to the network interface card in whatever wired network devices you
have.
A wireless router can connect using various wireless standards to devices
that also support the particular standard used.
Internetworking LAN and WAN

Network Devices / LAN and WAN Devices

• Network Interface Card (NICs)
• Repeaters
• Switches
• Hubs
• Routers
 Network devices

• Network devices are the components required to divide a big

network into smaller networks or to expand a network. If we want
to expand a network, we cannot do so by simply adding new
computers and cables. This is the least efficient way to expand a
network. Instead, we divide a large LAN to form smaller LANs and
then connect the LANs.
• Network devices are required to connect LANs.
• Hubs, repeaters, bridges, routers, brouters, switches, gateways- all
are network devices.
CONTENT

• TOPIC1 : 1.0 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

• TOPIC2 : 2.0 NETWORKING DEVICES
• TOPIC3 : 3.0 TERMINATION OF NETWORK CABLING
• TOPIC4 : 4.0 WIRELESS HARDWARE INSTALLATION
 3.0 TERMINATION OF NETWORK CABLING
3.1 Identify tools for termination of Copper cable ;

a. Cable cutter
b. UTP Crimping tool
c. UTP Cable stripper
d. Punch down tool
e. Coaxial stripper
f. Coaxial Crimping tool
g. Pin Crimping tool
h. Cable Tester
REFER TO PDF FILES :-
• TOPIC 3A
• TOPIC 3B
3.0 TERMINATION OF NETWORK CABLING
3.2 Explain the hardware used in producing termination of fibre optic
cables; {demo by TEC college }

a. Fibre Optic Cable Stripper

b. Fibre Optic Cleaver
c. Fibre Optic Visual Fault Locator/ Checker
d. Fibre Optic Cable tester
3.0 TERMINATION OF NETWORK CABLING
3.3 Explain the hardware used and the process for connecting fibre optic cables (splicing
techniques) {demo by TEC college }

• Installing a fiber Connector

• Equipment needed
• Linking Optical Fibers and Devices
• Connector Installation Overview
• Procedures
• Splices
• End preparation
• Fusion Splicing
• Mechanical Splicing
• Procedures
• Replacement part list.
PRACTICAL { covered by Demo session by
TEC college } Collaboration program
3.7 Performing termination on fibre cables
Optical (fibre optic cable)

a. Determine the type of connector for the cable Optical fibre

b. Performing test connection with Using the correct equipment.
 PRACTICAL (UTP)
3.4 Conducting termination on UTP cable (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
a. Specifies the colour code of the UTP cable
b. Specifies the type of connector for UTP cable
c. Performing test connection with Using the correct equipment.
 PRACTICAL (Face Plate)
3.5 Carry out termination and testing Cable connection on;
a. Face plate
b. Patch panel
 PRACTICAL (Coaxial Cable)
3.6 Implementing termination on Coaxial cable
a. Determine the type of connector for the cable Coaxial
b. Perform connection testing using the correct equipment
ASSESMENT SUMMATIVE (PRACTICAL 1)
• Terminating and testing UTP cable.
QUESTION
Lakukan Proses penamatan kabel rangkaian & Pengujian kepada :-
i. Straight cabel
ii. Cross Cable

• Pemarkahan Berdasarkan Rubrik [100% markah]

CONTENT
• TOPIC1 : 1.0 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
• TOPIC2 : 2.0 NETWORKING DEVICES
• TOPIC3 : 3.0 TERMINATION OF NETWORK CABLING
• TOPIC4 : 4.0 WIRELESS HARDWARE INSTALLATION
4.0 WIRELESS HARDWARE INSTALLATION
Theory
Explain about wireless technology
a. Definition
b. Functions
c. Importance

4.4/4.1 Explain the standard functions and features 802.11:

a. Compatibility
b. Speed
c. Range
d. Security
e. Cost
f. Readiness in the future
4.0 WIRELESS HARDWARE INSTALLATION
4.5/4.2 Describe network connectivity:
a. Peer-to-Peer
b. Peer-to-Access Point
 
4.6/4.3 Identify wireless device functions:
a. Wireless Network Adapter
b. Access Point (AP)
c. Wireless Router
d. Wireless Video Camera
4.0 WIRELESS HARDWARE INSTALLATION
Practical

4.7/4.4 Perform wireless device installation

a. Wireless Network Adapter (WNA)
b. Access Point (AP)
c. Wireless Router
 
4.8/ 4.5 Performs using the wizard of:
a. Wireless Network Adapter (WNA)
b. Access Point (AP)
c. Wireless Router
ASSESMENT SUMMATIVE (PRACTICAL 2)
• Wireless Access point installation
QUESTION
Lakukan proses pemasangan access point dan buat laporan langkah
kerja sehingga proses tamat dan berjaya.
Penilaian berdasarkan Rubrik
[100% Markah]