Chapter Five

Communications
Networks

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Lecture Outline
 Introduction
 Why Communication Network
 Basic Components in CN
 Channels and Media
 Physical Transmission Media
 Types of CN
 Network Topologies(Bus, Ring and Star)
 Wireless Computer Networks and Internet Access
 Uses of CN

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Communications Networks (CN)
 Many organizations today could not survive
without CN to service the info. processing
and comm. needs of their end users.
 CN is becoming minimum requirement for
organizations.
 As managerial end user you will be
expected to participate in decisions
regarding a great variety of CN options.

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 Communications Networks
What are Communications Networks?
 Process in which two or more computers or devices transfer data,
instructions, and information via wires or wirelessly.
mainframe
computers
notebook Web-enabled
smart
computers servers PDAs
phones

GPS
receivers

desktop
computers
mainframe
computers

set-top boxes

Tablet PCs
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Communications Networks
What are the reasons to network?

To
Toshare
share

Resources
Resources
Hardware
Hardware
devices
devices Software
Software
programs
programs To save
Data
To save
Data time
time
Information
Information and
and
money
money

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Basic Components in CN

Computers
Terminals Communications 4
Processors/Devices
1

2 3 2 5
Communications
Software

Communications
Channels and Media

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CN: Basic Components
1. Terminals
2. Com. Processors/Devices
3. Com. Channels and Media
4. Computers
5. Com. SW
 These five basic components must be at work to support
NW activities
 Use this (simple) frame work (model) to help you
understand the various types of NWS

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 Terminals
 Microcomputer
 Video terminals
 Any I/O device that use com. networks (telephones, office
equip.)
 Processors/Devices
 Support data transmission and reception between terminals and
computers
 e.g. Modems convert data from digital to
analog and back
 Code and decode data
 Control the accuracy and efficiency of the
comm. flows

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 Modems

Digital pulses from computers Digital pulses to computers

1 1 1
1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

Modem: Modem:
modulation Analog signals over
demodulation
communications
channels

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CN: Channels and Media
 Data are transmitted and received over channels
 Com. channels use combinations of media such
as
 copper wire
 coaxial cables
 fiber optic cables
 microwave systems and
 comm. satellites
to interconnect the other NW components

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CN: Software
 Controls and manages the functions of NWs

Programs that help users

establish connection to
Internet, other network, Programs that help users
or another computer manage transmission of Programs that provide an
data, instructions, interface for users to
and information communicate with one
another
 e.g.
 Com. monitors for mainframes
 Network operating systems for servers
 Communication packages for micros

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CN: Processors/Devices
What is a dial-up modem?
 Converts digital signals to analog signals and vice versa
 Notebook computers often use PC Card modem

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CN: Processors/Devices
What is a network card?
 Adapter card or PC
Card that enables
computer or device to
access network
 Sometimes called
network interface
card (NIC)

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CN: Processors/Devices
What is a wireless access point?
 Central
communications device
that allows computers
and devices to transfer
data wirelessly among
themselves or to wired
network

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CN: Processors/Devices
What is a router?
 Connects computers and
transmits data to correct
destination on network

 Routers forward data on

Internet using fastest
available path

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CN: Processors/Devices
What is a hub?
 Device that provides central
point for cables in network

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CN: Channel
What is a channel?
 Transmission media on which data travels in
communications system

Transmission media
are materials capable of
carrying one or more
signals Bandwidth is amount of
data that can travel
over channel

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Physical Transmission Media
What is physical transmission media?
 Wire cable, Transfer Rates for Various Types of LANs Using Physical Transmission Media
and other
tangible
materials used
to send
communications
signals

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Physical Transmission Media
What are twisted-pair cable and coaxial cable?
 Twisted-pair cable is used for telephone systems and network cabling
 Coaxial cable is often used for cable television wiring

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Physical Transmission Media
What is fiber-optic cable?
 Capable of carrying
significantly more
data at faster speeds
than wire cables
 Less susceptible
to interference
(noise) and, therefore,
more secure
 Smaller size (thinner
and lighter)

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Wireless Transmission Media
What is wireless transmission media?
 Used when inconvenient, impractical, or impossible to
install cables
 Includes Bluetooth and IrDA

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Wireless Transmission Media
What are broadcast radio and cellular radio?
 Broadcast radio
distributes radio
signals over long and
short distances
 Cellular radio
is form of broadcast
radio used for mobile
communications

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Wireless Transmission Media
What is a microwave station?
 Earth-based
reflective
dish used for
microwave
communications
 Must transmit in
straight line with
no obstructions

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Wireless Transmission Media
What is a communications satellite?
 Space station
that receives
microwave signals
from earth-based
station, amplifies
signals, and
broadcasts signals
back to any number
of earth-based
stations

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Types of CN
 Local Area Networks (LANs)
 Client/Server Computing
 Peer-to-Peer Networks
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
 Intranets and Extranets
 The Internet

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Local Area Networks (LANs)
 Network in limited
geographical area such as
home or office building
 Allow end users
 to comm. electronically
 to share HW
 to share SW
 to share Data resources

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Client/Server Networks

 One or more computers

act as server and other
computers, or clients,
access server

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Peer-to-Peer Networks

 Simple network
that connects
fewer than 10
computers
 Each computer, or
peer, has equal
capabilities

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Peer-to-Peer Networks
What is Internet peer-to-peer
(P2P)?
 Enables users to connect
to each other’s hard
disks and exchange files
directly

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Wide Area Networks (WANs)
 Network that covers large
geographic area using
many types of media

 also called
 Remote network
 Long-distance networks
 Metropolitan area networks
can also be included in
this category.
 Internet is world’s
largest WAN

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Intranets and Extranets
What is an intranet?

Internal network that uses Internet technologies

Makes information accessible to employees

Typically includes connection to Internet

Extranet allows customers or suppliers to access

part of company’s intranet

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Network Topologies

 Layout of devices in network

 Popular topologies
 Bus NW
 Ring NW
 Star NW

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Network Topologies: Bus NW
 All computers and devices
connect to central cable,
or bus

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Network Topologies: Bus NW
 Local computers share the same bus, or comm. channel.
 No central server
 Each device transmits electronic messages to other devices
 More decentralized
 If messages collide, the device waits and tries to retransmit.

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Network Topologies: Ring NW
 Cable forms closed ring,
or loop, with all
computers and devices
arranged along ring

 Data travels from device

to device around entire
ring, in one direction

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Network Topologies: Ring NW
 No central server
 A bit pattern ‘‘Token’’ determines which user can
send.
 More decentralized
 Messages flow in only one direction
 No danger of collisions
 If a connection is broken, the entire network stops
working

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Network Topologies: Star NW
 All devices connect to a
central device, called hub

 All data transferred from

one computer to another
passes through hub

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 Network Topologies: Star NW

 Collisions are prevented by the central device.

 If one connection with the hub goes down the rest can
continue.
 The hub should be highly reliable.
 More centralized
 Less reliable: heavy dependence on the central device. If it
fails, the others are cut off from each other.

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Wireless Computer Networks and Internet
Access
 provides high-speed wireless access to the Internet for PCs and
mobile devices.
 high-speed services have extended Internet access to numerous
locations
 Internet services and have made ubiquitous computing,
anywhere, anytime, a reality
 Bluetooth: personal area networks
 It links up to eight devices within a 10-meter area using low-
power, radio-based communication and can transmit up to 722
Kbps in the 2.4-GHz band.
 Wi-Fi and Wireless Internet Access
 The 802.11 set of standards for wireless LANs and wireless Internet access is
also known as Wi-Fi.
 Hotspot : Location with one or more access points providing wireless Internet
access
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Wireless LAN

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Wireless LAN
 Limitation of Wi-Fi networks is susceptibility to interference
from nearby system operating in the same spectrum
 such as wireless phone ,microwave oven or other wireless
LAN
 but it can overcome by the wireless based network standard on
802.11n .
 Using multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology
 WiMAX: stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access.
 IEEE standards 802.16
 It cover a distance of 30miles
 30-40 MB up to 1GB a transmission speed

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Wireless LAN
 Wireless Sensor Networks
 networks of interconnected wireless devices that are embedded in the
physical environment to provide measurements of many points over large
spaces.
 have built-in processing, storage, and radio frequency sensors and
antennas
 linked into an interconnected network that routes the data they capture to
a computer for analysis
 networks range from hundreds to thousands of nodes
 are valuable for uses such as
 monitoring environmental changes; monitoring traffic or military activity;
 protecting property; efficiently operating and managing machinery and vehicles;
 establishing security perimeters; monitoring supply chain management; or
detecting chemical, biological, or radiological material.

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Wireless Sensor Networks

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Wireless Sensor Networks
 Internet of Things (IoT)
 the network of physical objects or ‘things’ embedded with
electronics , software, sensors, and network connectivity,
which enables these objects to collect and exchange data
 IoT= Services + Data + Networks + Sensors

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Internet of Things (IoT)
Key feature of IoT

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Internet of Things (IoT)
 Advantages of IoT
 Improved customer engagement
 Technology optimization
 Reduced waste
 Enhanced data collection
 Effective management of resources
 Environment monitoring
 Smart home equipment

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Internet of Things (IoT)
 Limitation of IoT
 As the number of connected devices increases and more information
is shared between devices, the potential that a hacker could steal
confidential information also increases.
 If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every connected device
will become corrupted.
 Since there’s no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it’s
difficult for devices from different manufacturers to communicate with
each other.
 Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers maybe
even millions of IoT devices and collecting and managing the data
from all those devices will be challenging

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Uses of CN
What are some uses of communications technology?

Web

Internet E-Mail

Instant
Messaging Chat Rooms Newsgroups FTP

Fax Machine
Video
or Computer
Conferencing
Fax/Modem

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Uses of CN
What are Internet telephony and Internet printing?

Internet telephony
enables you to talk
to other people over
the Internet Internet printing
Sometimes called allows you to print
Voice over IP
to network printer
from anywhere in
the world

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Uses of CN
What are collaboration and
groupware?
 Collaboration is working
with other users connected
to a server
 Microsoft’s NetMeeting
allows collaboration
 Groupware is software
that allows people
to share
information

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Uses of CN
What are public Internet
access point and cybercafé?
 Public Internet access
point allows wireless
connection to Internet
in public location
 Cybercafé is coffee
house that provides
computers with
Internet access

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Uses of CN
What is a global positioning system (GPS)?

Step 1.
GPS satellites orbit Step 2.
Earth. Every A GPS receiver
thousandth of a (such as in a car,
second, each satellite a PDA, a watch,
sends a signal that a handheld
indicates its current device, or a
position to the GPS collar)
server. determines its
location on Earth
by analyzing at
least 3 separate
satellite signals
from the 24
satellites in orbit.

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Uses of CN
What are voice mail and short message service (SMS)?
 Voice mail is voice message converted to digital form
 Short message service (SMS) allows smart phone,
cellular telephone, or PDA users to send and receive
text messages

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How Google Works

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