Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Data Communications,
Computer Networks
&
The Internet
Outline
oData Communication
oComputer Network
oTypes of Network
oINTERNET
3
Elements of Data Communication
Five basic elements are needed for
any communication system.
Source
Medium
Receiver
Message
Protocol
4
Sender
The computer or device that is used for sending data is called
sender, source or transmitter. In modern digital communication
system, the source is usually a computer.
Receiver
The device or computer that receives the data is called receiver.
The receiver can be a computer, printer or a fax machine.
Transmission Medium
The means through which data is sent from one location to
another is called transmission medium. Wired and Wireless
transmission media
Message
The messages or units of information that travel from one device
to another
5
Protocols
Protocols are rules under which data
transmission takes place between sender and
receiver.
The data communication follows some
communication protocols to communicate and
exchange data.
Examples
TCP/IP- Transfer Control Protocol
HTTP- Hypertext Transfer Protocol
FTP File Transfer Protocol
DHCP---dynamic host configuration protocol
DNS domain name system
6
Simplified Communications Model - Diagram
7
Modes of Data Transmission
The manner in which data is transmitted
from one location to another location is
called data transmission mode.
There are three modes for transmitting
data from one location to another. These
are:
Simplex
Half duplex
Full duplex
8
Simplex Transmission
In simplex mode, data is transmitted in only
one direction. A terminal can only send data
and cannot receive it or it can only receive data
but cannot send it.
It is not possible to confirm successful
transmission of data in simplex mode.
Examples
Speaker, radio and television broadcasting
There is no return signal.
9
Half Duplex Transmission
In half duplex mode, data can be transmitted in
both directions but only in one direction at a
time.
During any transmission, one is the transmitter
and the other is receiver. So each time for
sending or receiving data, direction of data
communication is reversed, this slows down
data transmission rate.
In half duplex modes, transmission of data can
be confirmed.
BIDIRECTIONAL
SENDER/ RECEIVER RECEIVER/ SENDER
BIDIRECTIONAL
10
Full Duplex Transmission
In full mode, data can be transmitted in both
directions simultaneously.
It is a faster mode for transmitting data because
no time wastes in switching directions.
Full Duplex Mode
Example of full duplex is Computer network set in
which both the users can send and receive at the
same time.
SENDER/ RECEIVER/
BIDIRECTIONAL
RECEIVER SENDER
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Simplex, Half Duplex & Full Duplex
Simplex Half Duplex Full Duplex
12
Data Transmission Channels
A channel is a medium that carries a signal from
the transmitter to the receiver.
The range of frequencies that can be transmitted
over a transmission medium is called band Width
of a channel.
The rate of data transmission is directly
proportional to the band width.
13
Types of Data Transmission Channels
Narrow-band:-It is the smaller band and has slow
data transmission rate. E.g. telegraph line.
15
Networking Hardware
There are wide range of hardware systems used in a
computer network.
The major networking hardware are:
Computers
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Network Cable
Hub/Switch
RJ45
16
Goals of Computer Networks
Networks increase efficiency and reduce costs.
Computer networks achieve these goals in four primary
ways:
i. Sharing of Hardware resources
ii. Sharing of software and Database
iii. Sharing data/information
iv. Networking management
17
Sharing Hardware
Computer networks enable us to share expensive
hardware resource among several computers.
A typical example of shared resource is
Printer
Central Disk storage
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Sharing Programs/Software
Application (software) sharing occurs
when several users at different locations
run application programs that are
installed centrally in one location
(example LMS).
Advantage of sharing software/programs
Saves disk space
Reduces maintenance
Reduce licensing cost
19
Advantages and Disadvantage
Advantages Computer Network
Speed (emailing)
Cost of hardware
Security
Centralized Software Management
Resource Sharing
Disadvantages Computer Network
Expensive to Install
Requires Administrative Time
Server May Fail
Cables May Break
20
Other benefits of computer networks
Networks Supporting the Way We Live
Networks Supporting the Way We Learn
Networks Supporting the Way We Work
Networks Supporting the Way We Play
21
Other benefits of computer networks
Resource sharing ( server, CPU and hard disk)
To share databases
To share application programs
To undertake parallel processing
High reliability by having alternative sources of supply.
Money saving
Increase system performance.
Powerful communication medium among widely
separated people.
22
Types of Computer Networks
Based on Geographical Location.
LAN-Local Area Network
MAN-Metropolitan Area Network
WAN-Wide Area Network
Based on the Network Architecture
Peer-to-peer (P2P)
Client/Server
Based on Network Topology
Physical Topology
Logical Topology
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Based on Geographical Location
24
LAN - Local Area Networks
LAN refers to networks that have small
geographical coverage usually within a building
or a campus.
LANs are found in most organizations,
businesses, government offices, educational
institutions.
A LAN is very useful for sharing resources,
such as data storage and printers.
LAN is owned by an organization
25
LAN- Local Area Networks
LANs can be built with relatively inexpensive
hardware, such as hubs, network adapters and
Ethernet cables.
The smallest LAN may only use two computers,
while larger LANs can accommodate thousands of
computers.
LANs are typically used for single sites where
people need to share resources among themselves
but not with the rest of the outside world.
26
LAN hardware devices
The major LAN devices are:
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Network Cable
Hub
Switch
Modem
RJ-45
27
LAN
28
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
It is a network that transmits data and information
over citywide distance. (City to City Connection)
It consists of a computer network across an entire
city.
A MAN is larger than a LAN, which is typically
limited to a single building or site.
Depending on the configuration, this type of
network can cover an area from several miles to
tens of miles.
A MAN is often used to connect several LANs
together to form a bigger network.
29
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
30
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Wide area networks are networks that cover very large
geographical area such as a country or the whole world.
WAN usually use combination of several types of
communication media such as cables, satellites,
microwaves, and fiber-optics.
Because a WAN has no geographical limitations, it can
connect computers and other devices in separate cities
or on opposite sides of the world.
A multinational corporation with linked computers in
different countries is using a WAN.
31
Wide Area Network (WAN)
A WAN can contain multiple smaller networks, such as LANs or
MANs.
The Internet is the best-known example of a public WAN
32
Based on the Network Architecture
Peer-to-Peer network
Client/Server network
The type of network you choose to implement
depends on the :
Size of the organization
Level of security required
Level of administrative support available
Amount of network traffic
Network budget
33
Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
In a peer-to-peer network, workstations are
connected to each other and do not rely on a
server for global software and data, data
processing tasks, or communication within the
network.
Basically, a peer-to-peer network consists of few
workstations connected together that can share
resources and communicate with each other.
Each workstation are at the same level.
34
Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
35
Client/Server Network
A Client/Server network is a distributed
network in which many workstations (called
Clients) are connected to a central host
computer (called the Server).
Servers the providers of a service and
36
Example of client-server network
37
Server
A dedicated server is one that services the
network by storing data, applications,
resources, and also provides access to
resources required by the client.
These servers can also control the
network’s security from one centralized
location or share it with other specially
configured servers.
Client
Client computer takes the advantages of
powerful processing capabilities of both the
client and the server.
38
Specialized Servers
Servers for large networks have become specialized to
accommodate the expanding needs of users.
types of servers included on many large networks.
File Servers: A computer that stores and manages files for multiple users
on a network
Web server: A computer dedicated to responding to requests (from the
browser client) for web pages
Print Servers
Database Servers
Application Servers
Mail Servers
Proxy Server
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Advantages of Client/Server network
▪ Facilitate resource sharing
▪ centrally administrate and control
▪ Facilitate system backup and improve
fault tolerance
▪ Enhance security
▪ only administrator can have access to Server
▪ Support more users
▪ difficult to achieve with peer-to-peer
networks
40
Disadvantages of Client/Server network
41
Network Topology
Network Topology refers to the way in which
multiple devices are interconnected via
communication links.
Network topology is the arrangement of the
elements of a communication network.
There are two types of topology:
✓Logical Topology
✓Physical Topology
42
Logical Topology
Logical topology is bound to network protocols and
describe how data is moved across the network
Logical topology is some times called protocols.
A protocol is a formal description of a set of
rules and conventions that govern how
devices on a network communicate.
Connections to the Internet may use multiple
protocols.
TCP/IP is a suite of protocols that work
together to transmit data.
43
Physical Topologies
Physical topology is the layout of wiring, cables, the
locations of nodes, and the interconnections between the
nodes and the cabling or wiring system between them
Four fundamental type of Physical topology:
• Bus
• Ring
• Star
• Mesh
• Hybrid
44
Bus Topology
Bus networks use a common backbone to connect
all devices.
In the bus network topology, every workstation or
computer/server is connected to a main cable
called the bus.
A device wanting to communicate with another
device on the network sends a broadcast message
onto the wire that all other devices see, but only the
intended recipient actually accepts and processes
the message.
Bus networks work best with a limited number of
devices.
45
46
Bus Topology
Advantage of Bus Topology
Easy to connect a computer to a linear bus.
Requires less cable length than a star topology.
Disadvantage of Bus topology
Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the
main cable.
Terminators are required at both ends of the
backbone cable.
If more than a few dozen computers are added to a network
bus, performance problems will result.
Difficult to identify the problem if the entire
network shuts down.
47
Ring Topology
A network topology that is set up in a circular fashion in which
data travels around the ring in one direction and each device
on the ring acts as a repeater to keep the signal strong as it
travels.
It is an active topology- Each workstation transmits data
The workstations are connected in a closed loop configuration.
Adjacent pairs of workstations are directly connected
In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for
communication purposes.
All messages travel through a ring in the same direction (either
"clockwise" or "counterclockwise").
Ring topologies are found in some office buildings or school
campuses
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49
Advantage and Disadvantage of Ring Topology
Advantage
Easier to locate a defective node or cable problem
Handles high-volume network traffic
Disadvantage
A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and
can take down the entire network.
Expensive
Requires more cable and network equipment at the
start
50
Star Topology
Any single cable connects only two devices
Cabling problems affect two nodes at most
Requires more cabling than ring or bus
networks
More fault-tolerant
Easily moved, isolated, or interconnected with
other networks
Scalable
Every node on the network is connected through a
central device is called switch/hub
51
Star Topology
52
Advantage and Disadvantage of Star Topology
Advantage
Easy to install and wire.
No disruptions to the network when connecting or
removing devices.
Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.
Disadvantage
If the hub, switch, or concentrator fails, nodes
attached are disabled.
53
Mesh Topology
Not common on LANs
Most often used in WANs to interconnect LANS
Each node is connected to every other node
Allows communication to continue in the event of a
break in any one connection
Provides redundant paths through the new work
54
Merits and Demerits of Mesh Topology
Merits
Improves Fault Tolerance
Demerits
▪ The most Expensive
▪ Difficult to install and manage
▪ Difficult to troubleshoot
55
Hybrid Topology Types
56
Transmission Media
Transmission media is a pathway that carries
the information from sender to receiver.
Data is transmitted normally through electrical
or electromagnetic signals
There are two types of transmission media,
namely guided and unguided.
Guided transmission media are cables like
twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic
cables.
Unguided transmission media are wireless,
such as infrared, radio waves, and microwaves
57
Network Transmission Media
58
Guided/Wired media
Three major groups of cabling connect
the majority of networks:
Twisted-pair cable
➢ Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables
➢ Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables
Coaxial cable
➢Thicknet
➢Thinet
Fiber-optic cable
59
Guided Media
Twisted-pair Cable
Is a copper wire similar to the common
telephone line
each of the pair of wire are twisted
It can be Shielded (STP) or Unshielded (UTP)
UTP:
the most popular cable around the world
used not only for networking but also for the
traditional telephone
60
Twisted Pair Cables
61
Guided Transmission Media
Coaxial cable
A type of wire that consists of a center wire
surrounded by insulation and then a grounded
shield of braided wire.
The shield minimizes electrical and radio
frequency interference.
More expensive than standard telephone wire
much less susceptible to interference and can
carry much more data
62
Coaxial Cable Networks
63
Transmission Media
Fiber Optic Cables
can be used over greater distances
2km without the use of repeaters.
one fiber could replace hundreds of copper cables
high bandwidth
Low loss of signals
The diameter could be millionths of a meter.
64
Fiber Optic Cable
65
Type Distance Speed Cost Advantages Disadvantages
10 Mbps to
STP
2 km and farther
multi
9.92 Gb multi
than coaxial and
twisted-pair cable
66
Wireless Media
Wireless Transmission Media is a form
of unguided media.
Wireless communication involves no
physical link established between two
or more devices, communicating
wirelessly.
Wireless signals are spread over in the
air and are received and interpreted by
appropriate antennas.
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68
INTERNET
The internet is the global network of networks,
which interconnects thousands of computer
systems and millions of people around the world.
It is a “network of networks” that consists of
smaller domestic, academic, business, and
government networks, which together carry
various information and services.
69
INTERNET
The internet provides services such as e-mail,
online chat, file transfer and the interlinked Web
pages and other documents of the
World(WWW).
The Internet offers access to data in the form of
text, graphics, sound, software and also people
through a variety of services and tools for
communication exchange.
70
INTERNET
When you connect your computer to the Internet via
your Internet Service Provider (ISP), you become part
of the ISPs network, which is connected to other
networks that make up the Internet
The Internet is not a closely controlled by ‘single’
system, but an assemblage of independent networks
united by the common use of TCP/IP protocol.
It grew out of an experiment begun in the 1960's by
the U.S. Department of Defense , ARPANET (The
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)
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Internet
To connect to the Internet, the following are needed:
Computer (Desktop, laptop, cellphone)
Telephone line (cable)
Modem and/or router
Switch or hub
ISP (Internet Service Provider)
Web browser
IP Address (example 192.168.1.20)
73
Web Browsers
Software program that allows a person to
view WWW documents.
Examples of browsers are:
Netscape,
Mozilla Firefox
Google chrome
opera
Microsoft Internet Explorer,
Microsoft Edge
74
Search Engine
A website that will help you search the
Internet for key words, subjects, etc.
URL -UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR
The unique address of any web page.
It tells your computer where the
information is stored so it can be viewed
Example: http://www.cnn.com
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Domain
A way to indicate what type of website you may be viewing.
some common domains are
.com-commercial,
.org- non-profit and research organizations,
.gov- government agency,
.edu-education.
You might also see addresses that add a country code as the
last part of the address such as:
et(Ethiopia)
ca (Canada)
uk (United Kingdom)
us (United States of America)
au (Australia)
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How to connect to the Internet?
Dial-up Connection
On-demand connection: a phone line that has a dial
tone and can be accessed as needed
Initiated on demand, when a user tries to call a remote
peer.
The computer, which provides Internet access is known
as ‘Host/server’ and the computer that receives the
access, is ‘Client’/Terminal’.
The CLIENT computer uses MODEM to access a
“SERVER“ to establish a dial-up connection
77
How to connect to the Internet?
Leased Connection
It called dedicated or broadband internet connection
Always connected, unless a system administrator or
power failure takes the leased-line down
It is the secure, dedicated and most expensive, level of
Internet connection.
With leased connection, a computer is dedicatedly and
directly connected to the Internet using high-speed
transmission lines.
It is connected all the time (24/7)
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Expensive than dial-up connection
Internet Services
Internet is best characterized by the services it
provides.
oWWW- World Wide Web
oE-mail- Electronic Mail
oFTP- File Transfer Protocol
oVoIP- Internet Telephony
oTelnet- Telephone Network
oIRC- Internet Relay Chat
oEcommerce- Electronic Commerce
79
WWW (World Wide Web)
www is the most important service provided by Internet.
WWW is a set of sites that you can go for information.
Hyperlinks within WWW documents can take you quickly
to other related documents.
The web is the process of sharing common information of
the world by the help of the Internet services.
The WWW includes education, health, games, chat, sport,
news and others.
To access the web, we need web browsers like Netscape,
Internet Explorer, AltaVista, Google Chrome, Mozilla
Firefox etc.
80
Tim Berners-Lee
WWW is Developed in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee of
the European Particle Physics Lab (CERN) in
Switzerland
Father of W .W .W
The inventor of HTML (hypertext Markup Language)
He Invented the W. W.W while working at CERN, the
European Particle Physics Laboratory.
81
Electronic Mail
Email is the most frequently used application of
the Internet which this is used for sending a
message electronically over the internet, from
the sender to the receiver.
• To create, send, and receive e-mail messages,
you need an e-mail account and program on an
Internet mail server with a domain name.
E.g Abebekebede@gmail.com
bezawitbekele@yahoo.com
82
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Using FTP programs, we can upload or download
files. But to do this there should be an admission
from the remote computer.
There are two computers involved in an FTP
transfer: a FTP server and FTP client.
The FTP server, running FTP server software,
listens on the network for connection requests
from other computers.
The client computer, running FTP client software,
initiates a connection to the server
83
Internet Telephony (Voice over IP)
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a methodology
and group of technologies for the delivery of Voice
communications and Multimedia sessions over
Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the
Internet.
Other terms commonly associated with VoIP are IP
telephony, Internet telephony.
E.g. Skype, VIBER, WhatsApp, Imo, telegram
84
Telnet (Remote Login)
It is a program that allows you log in from your own
computer to a remote computer directly through the
Internet and you can work on that computer.
The term "telnet" is a mashing together of "telephone"
and "network”
For example, if I travelled abroad and had use of
machine with Internet access, I could use telnet to login
to my account on csserver at AAU provided I have an
account on the machine.
85
Internet Relay Chat-IRC
Internet Relay Chat is one of the most popular and
most interactive services on the Internet.
Using an IRC client (program) you can exchange
text messages interactively with other people all
over the world
86
E-Commerce
87
Electronic-Commerce
• E-Commerce or Electronic Commerce means
buying and selling of goods, products, or services
over the internet
• Many business now have website that allow
Internet users to buy their goods or services.
• Shopping can take place using a computer at home,
from work or at a cyber café.
• Online stores like Amazon, Flipkart, Shopify, Myntra,
Ebay, Quikr, Olx are examples of E-commerce websites
88
E-COMMERCE EXAMPLES:
An individual purchases a book on the Internet.
A government employee reserves a hotel room
over the Internet.
A business buys office supplies on-line or through
an electronic auction.
A manufacturing plant orders electronic
components from another plant within the
company using the company's intranet.
Types of e-commerce
❖ Business-to-business (B2B)
❖ Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
❖ Consumer-to-business (C2B)
❖ Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)
B2B e-commerce
B2B e-commerce is simply defined as ecommerce
between companies. About 80% of e-commerce is
of this type.
Examples:
Intel selling microprocessor to Dell
B2C e-commerce
Business-to-consumer e-commerce, or commerce
between companies and consumers, involves
customers gathering information; purchasing
physical goods or receiving products over an
electronic network.
Example:
HP selling me a laptop
CONSUMER TO BUSINESS (C2B)
C2B is a business model where the end
consumers create products and services which
are consumed by businesses and organizations.
Individual customers offer to sell products and
services to companies who are prepared to
purchase them.
What is C2C ecommerce?
Consumer-to-consumer e-commerce or C2C is
simply commerce between private individuals or
consumers.
C2C is a business model that facilitates the
transaction of products or services between
customers
Example:
Abebe buying a car from kebede
Advantage and Disadvantage of E-commerce
Advantages of E-commerce
Faster buying/selling procedure
Easy to find products.
Buying/selling in 24/7.
Low operational costs
better quality of services.
Easy to start and manage a business.
No need of physical company set-ups.
Customers can easily select products from
different providers without moving around
physically.
Advantage and Disadvantage of E-commerce
Disadvantages of E-commerce
There is no guarantee of product quality.
There are many hackers who look for
opportunities, and thus an ecommerce site,
service, payment gateways, all are always prone to
attack.
Network failures can cause unpredictable effects
on the total processes.
There is the possibility of credit card number
theft