Unit 3: Telecommunication and

Network
• Networking the Enterprise
• The Concept of a Network
• The Business Value of Telecommunications Networks
• Types of Telecommunications Networks
• Telecommunications Media
• Network Topologies
• Trends in Telecommunications.

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The Concept of a Network
— To connect different workstation in order to share the resources.
— A computer network is a group of computer systems and
other computing hardware devices that are linked together
through communication channels to facilitate
communication and resource-sharing among a wide range
of users.
— Connection can be direct or via connecting devices and
transmission media.
— Network may be linked through wire or wireless (cables,
telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, Wi-Max, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth
or Infrared light beams).
— Major components of networks are:

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— One of the earliest examples of a computer network was a network of
communicating computers that functioned as part of the U.S. military's Semi-
Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) radar system. In 1969, the University
of California at Los Angeles, the Stanford Research Institute, the University of
California at Santa Barbara and the University of Utah were connected as part
of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) project. It is
this network that evolved to become what we now call the internet.
— Networks are used to:
— Facilitate communication via email, video conferencing, instant messaging, etc.
— Enable multiple users to share a single hardware device like a printer or scanner
— Enable file sharing across the network
— Allow for the sharing of software or operating programs on remote systems
— Make information easier to access and maintain among network users

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Contd…
• Devices (Computers, Printers, Fax, etc)
• Connecting devices (Hub, Switch, Router, etc)
• NIC (Wire or Wireless)
• Transmission media (channel) (Wire (Twisted, Coaxial,
Optical, etc) or Wireless (Wi-Max, Wi-Fi, Satellite, Radio
link, etc)
• Software (OS, Utilities, etc)
• Protocols (TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, etc)
• Firewall (Software/Hardware)

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The Network Enterprises
— Business becomes complex and large which spreads the
branches from city to city, country, and globally around the
world.
— It is a computer network built by a private business to
interconnect its various company sites (such as production
sites, offices and shops) in order to share computer resources.
— Its main purpose is to eliminate isolated users and
workgroups.
— It may includes local and wide area network.
— It is also known as private large network.
— It able to maintain and provide satisfactory performance,
reliability and security.
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Contd…
— The concepts of Internet, Intranet, and Extranet includes
within this network.
— Networks enable managers, end users, teams, and workgroups
to electronically exchange data and information anywhere in
the world with other end users, customers, suppliers, and
business partners.
— With networks, companies can:
Ø Collaborate more creatively.
Ø Manage their business operations and organizational
resources more effectively.
Ø Compete successfully in today’s fast changing global
economy.
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Telecommunications
— Exchange of information by electronic and
electrical means over a significant distance.
— It consists of two or more stations equipped with
transmitter and receiver devices known as
transceiver.
— It includes devices such as telephones, computers,
telegraph, radio, micro-wave communication
arrangements, fiber optics, satellites and the
internet.
— It is also known as telecom.

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Contd…
— It is a universal term that is used for a vast range
of information-transmitting technologies such as
mobile phones, land lines, VoIP and broadcast
networks.
— Here data is transmitted in the form of electrical
signals known as waves, which are modulated
into analog or digital signals for transmitting
information.

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Telecommunication Network
— The electronic transmission of information over
distances, called telecommunications, which has
become virtually inseparable from computers.
— Computers and telecommunications create value
together.
— Multiple transmitting and receiving stations to
exchange data among them-selves is called a
telecommunications network.
— It is a collection of nodes and links that is capable
of carrying audio, visual, and data
communications.

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Contd…
— Its main function is to provide efficient
transmission of information from a point of origin
to a point of termination.
— Examples of telecommunications networks are:
Computer networks, Telephone network,
Global Telex network, Corporate and academic
wide-area networks, Police and fire
communications systems, etc.

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Components of a Telecommunications
Network
— Terminals for accessing the network.
— Computers that process information and are
interconnected by the network.
— Telecommunications links that form a channel
through which information is transmitted from a
sending device to a receiving device.
— Telecommunications equipment that facilitates
the transmission of information.
— Telecommunications software that controls
message transmission over the network.

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The Business value of Telecommunication
Network
— An increase in the efficiency of operations.
— Improvements in the effectiveness of
management.
— Innovations in the marketplace.
— Time compression (Overcome time barriers).
— Overcoming geographical dispersion (barriers).
— Enhanced restructuring business relationships.
— Overcome cost barriers.
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Types of Telecommunications Networks
Basically networks are classified into two different
types. They are:
ØOn the basis of geographical region
(Coverage area)
ØOn the basis of Architecture

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On the basis of geographical region
(Coverage area)
The computer network is further classified into
three different types according to the network
spread (distance covered). They are:
Ø Local Area Network (LAN)
Ø Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Ø Wide Area Network (WAN)

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— The Network allows computers to connect and
communicate with different computers via any
medium. LAN, MAN, and WAN are the three types of
the network designed to operate over the area they
cover. There are some similarities and dissimilarities
between them. One of the significant differences is in
the geographical area they cover, i.e. LAN covers the
smallest area; MAN covers an area larger than LAN
and WAN comprises the largest of all.

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Local Area Network (LAN)
— The network spreads within room, floor, buildings,
organization.
— The network spread within the periphery of 1km.
— Can be used various types of media such as twisted
pair, coaxial, wireless radio modem, etc.
— Mostly used connecting device, switch.
— Can be used peer to peer or client/server technology.
— Simple and economical networks.
— Mostly star topology is used.
— Much faster than other networks.

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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
— The networks that interconnect various local area
networks within a metropolitan area, that is,
within approximately a 50-mile range.
— The example is cable TV network.
— Mostly bus topology is used.
— Coaxial cable is used.
— Speed is similar to the LAN.
— It is private network.
— Costlier.

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Wide Area Network (WAN)
— The network that covers a large geographical area
such as Large city or metropolitan area, Whole
country, Many countries and continents.
— It is network of network also known as internet.
— Different topologies are used in WAN.
— Generally wireless technology and wire fiber optical
is used in WAN.
— No one is owner.
— Slow and costly.
— Different Protocols used in WAN (TCP/IP, HTTP,
FTP, etc).

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On the basis of Architecture
Ø Peer to Peer Network (P2PN)
Ø Client/Server Network
Ø Value Added Network (VAN)

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Peer to Peer Network (P2PN)
— Each and every computers are connected directly or
with connecting device.
— The computers which are connected each other is
known as peer computers.
— The connected computers are worked as a client as
well as server.
— It is simple and no skill is needed to work on this
type of network.
— Twisted pair cable is used.
— Hard to remember user name and password.
— No privacy and security.

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Client/Server Network
— The computers are connected in network out of
them any one can be specific known as server and
others are clients.
— The dedicated server which provides services as
per their request by the clients.
— The server computer is high end system.
— The clients are the computers which request for
the services and they are simply workstation.
— Twisted pair cable is used.

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Contd…
— It is costly network system.
— Skill men power are needed to run.
— The resources are centrally stored.
— Privacy is protected and well security system
implemented.
— Unauthorized user cannot access the resources.
— Resources are available every time (online).
— It is easy to remember the user name and
password.

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Value Added Network (VAN)
— It is private owned network used by authorized public
access.
— It facilitates Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) as
well as other services.
— It acts as an intermediary between business partners
that share standards based information.
— It is more secure and protected data exchange.
— Now it is offering EDI translation, message
encryption; secure e-mail, management reporting,
auto error detection and correction, protocol
conversion and other extra services for their
customers.

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Telecommunications Links
— It is also known as media or channel.
— The media may be wire or wireless.
— It is also known as guided or unguided.
— There are different potential media are:
Ø Twisted pair
Ø Coaxial cable
Ø Fiber optical
Ø Terrestrial Microwave
Ø Satellite Transmission
Ø Radio Transmission

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Twisted pair cable
— It is a wire media.
— The pair of wire is twisted each other and twisting per
inch area determines quality of wire.
— Twisted four pair of wire is to minimize
electromagnetic interference.
— Data transmission speed ranges from 10 Mbps to 10
Gbps.
— Twisted pair cable can be UTP and STP.
— The connector RJ-45 is used.
— The data transmission speed is optimum up to the 100
meters distance.

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Coaxial cable
— It is a wire media.
— It consists of a relatively thick central conductor
shielded by several layers of insulation.
— Thin, Thick, and Broadband coaxial cable
(10Base-2), (10Base-5), (10Base-35) can carry
signals about 185, 500, 3500 meters.
— Coaxial cable is often used as a backbone.
— T- connector is used known as BNC (Bayonet Nut
Connector).
— Used in cable TV.
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Fiber Optical Cable
— It is a guided high speed communications medium
that consists of many strands of pure glass with a
data carrying core in the middle, surrounded by a
reflective coating and a protective sheath. The
core of fiber optic cable is made of glass and
signals are sent along the cable optically (via
laser) rather than electrically.
— Having single-mode (100BaseBX standard) and
multimode (100BaseSX standard).
— For distance single-mode and costly, local
multimode, low cost.
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Terrestrial Microwave
— It is unguided long-distance telecommunications by
means of microwave signals travelling on the
surface of the earth.
— It is point to point communication.
— Having very short and high frequency wavelength.
— The microwave band has a very large information-
carrying capacity.
— It cannot pass around hills or mountains as lower
frequency radio waves can.
— Traditional TV broadcasting is the example of
microwaves.
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Satellite Transmission
— It is a form of microwave transmission in which the
signal is transmitted by an earth station to a satellite
which rebroadcasts the signal to the receiving
station.
— It provides communication links between various
points on Earth.
— It is also known as space communication.
— Over 2000 communications satellites in Earth’s orbit
(private & government) on May-11,2015.
— The space artificial satellites are remaining
stationary in the distance of 36000 Km from the
earth space. 40
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Radio Transmission
— It is wireless communications technology that transmits
voice or data over the air using a lower frequency band
than microwaves.
— wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum longer
than infrared light.
— Radio waves have frequencies from 300 GHz to as low
as 3 KHz, and corresponding wavelengths ranging
from 1 millimeter to 100 kilometers.
— The signal is travel in up and down manner so that it
can reach any place until the strength of waves.
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Network Topologies
— The arrangement of nodes in a network is known as
network topology.
— It is also known as layout of network.
— The layout of computer network varies. They are:
Ø Hierarchical Topology

Ø Bus Topology
Ø Star Topology
Ø Ring Topology
Ø Complete (Mesh) Topology
Ø Hybrid Topology
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 Hierarchical Topology
— The nodes are arranged in level by level basis.
— The nodes are in tree like structure called tree topology.
— The central node known as root is connected one or more
nodes that are one level lower in hierarchy.
— Except the top level node, each level node has a parent
node.
— It is similar to the organizational structure chart of the
organization.
— The number of links are one less than number of nodes.
— It is conceptual model and searching is fast.

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Bus Topology
— It is a simplest network topology.
— All the nodes are connected to the single cable known
as bus.
— It is used as a backbone (main line).
— A terminator is added at ends of the central cable, to
prevent bouncing of signals.
— The increase of number of nodes makes more traffic
in the network.
— Coaxial or fiber optical cable is suitable to use in the
bus topology.
— The T-connector is used to connect the nodes in a
main cable (bus).
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Star Topology
— All the nodes of network are connected to the central
device called hub or switch or router.
— Network structure is like a star structure.
— Central device works as a repeater or booster.
— Mostly LAN used this topology.
— Generally twisted pair cable is used.
— Increase or decrease of nodes does not affect the
network and depend on the centrally connecting
device.

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Ring Topology
— All the nodes are connected to each-other in such
a way that they make a closed loop.
— Each workstation is connected to two other nodes
on either side, and it communicates with these two
adjacent neighbors node.
— Sending and receiving of data takes place by the
help of token.
— The number of point to point link is equal to the
number of nodes in the network.
— If one workstation or port goes down, the entire
network gets affected.
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Mesh Topology
— Each an every nodes are directly connected each
other.
— It is also known as complete network topology.
— Fast, Complex , and Costly.
— Set-up and maintenance of this topology is very
difficult.
— Destroy of any nodes doesn’t affect the whole
network.

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Hybrid Topology
— It is combination of two or more different
topologies.
— Generally it is applied in Wide Area Networks.
— It is reliable, scalable, flexible, and effective.
— It is complexity in design and infrastructure.

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Trends In Telecommunication
— Majortrends occurs significant impact on
management decisions and implementation.

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— Telecommunications is the exchange of information
in any form (voice, data, text, images, audio, video)
over networks.
— The Internet is the most widely visible form of
telecommunications in our daily lives.
— Early telecommunications networks did not use
computers to route traffic and, as such, were much
slower than today’s computer based networks.
— Major trends occurring in the field of
telecommunications have a significant impact on
management decisions in this area.

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— Major trends occurring in the field of
telecommunications have a significant impact on
management decisions in this area.
— We should be aware of major trends in
telecommunications industries, technologies, and
applications that significantly increase the decision
alternatives confronting business managers and
professionals. Some of the major trends are:
Ø Industrial Trends.
Ø Technology Trends.
Ø Business application Trends.

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Industry trend
— The competitive arena for telecommunications service has
changed dramatically in recent years.
— The telecommunications industry has changed from government-
regulated sources and end-user applications.
— it allows disparate systems to be joined together in a common
framework.
— Telecommunications is also being revolutionized by the rapid
change from analog to digital network technologies.
— However, local and global telecommunications networks are
rapidly converting to digital transmission technologies that
transmit information in the form of discrete pulses, as
computers do.

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Technology trends
— Open systems are information systems that use common
standards for hardware, software, applications, and networking.
— Open systems, like the Internet and corporate intranets and
extranets, create a computing environment that is open to easy
access by end users and their networked computer systems.
— Any open-systems architecture also provides a high degree of
network interoperability.
— That is, open systems enable the many different activities of end
users to be accomplished using the different varieties of
computer systems, software packages, and databases provided by
a variety of interconnected networks.

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Business Application Trends
— The changes in telecommunications industries and technologies just
mentioned are causing a significant change in the business use of
telecommunications.

— The trend toward more vendors, services, Internet technologies, open

systems, the rapid growth of the Internet, the World Wide Web, and
corporate intranets and extranets, dramatically increases the number of
feasible telecommunications applications.

— Thus, telecommunications networks are now playing vital and pervasive

roles in Web-enabled e-business processes, e-commerce, enterprise
collaboration, and other business applications that support the
operations, management, and strategic objectives of both large and
small business enterprises.

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Business Value of Telecommunications
Networks,
— What business value is created when a company
capitalizes on the trends in telecommunications we
have just identified?
— Use of the Internet, intranets, extranets, and other
telecommunications networks can dramatically cut
costs, shorten business lead times and response times,
support e-commerce, improve the collaboration of
workgroups, develop online operational processes,
share resources, lock in customers and suppliers, and
develop new products and services.

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— These benefits make applications of
telecommunications more strategic and vital for
businesses that must increasingly find new ways to
compete in both domestic and global markets.

— help a company overcome geographic, time, cost, and

structural barriers to achieve business objectives.

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