Data and Computer

Communications

Tenth Edition
by William Stallings
 CHAPTER 1

Data Communications, Data Networks,

and the Internet
“The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at
one point either exactly or approximately a message selected at another
point”

- The Mathematical Theory of Communication,

Claude Shannon
 Technological Advancement
Driving Forces

Development of Advances in
new services technology

Traffic
growth at a
high and
steady rate
 160

140

Average data rate per subscriber (kbps) 120

Other protocols

Web browsing
100
Peer-to-peer
80 Streaming media

60

40

20

January 2010 January 2011

Figure 1.1 Average Downstream Traffic per Internet Subscriber

 Notable Trends
Trend toward faster and cheaper, in
both computing and communication
• More powerful computers supporting more
demanding applications
• The increasing use of optical fiber and high-
speed wireless has brought transmission
prices down and greatly increased capacity
The Internet, the Web, and
associated applications have
emerged as dominant features for
both business and personal network
landscapes
• “Everything over IP”
• Intranets and extranets are being used to
isolate proprietary information
Today’s networks are more
“intelligent”
• Differing levels of quality of service (QoS)
• Variety of customizable services in the areas
of network management and security
Mobility
• iPhone, Droid, and iPad have become drivers
of the evolution of business networks and
their use
• Enterprise applications are now routinely
delivered on mobile devices
• Cloud computing is being embraced
 Changes in Networking Technology

* Emergence of high-speed LANs

* Corporate WAN needs

* Digital electronics
 Emergence of High-Speed LANs
• Personal computers and microcomputer workstations have become an
essential tool for office workers

Explosive growth of
speed and
computing power of
Two significant personal computers
trends altered
the LANs have been
recognized as a
requirements
viable and
of the LAN essential
computing
platform

• Examples of requirements that call for higher-speed LANs:

• Centralized server farms
• Power workgroups
• High-speed local backbone
Corporate Wide Area Networking Needs

Changes in Growing use of telecommuting

corporate Nature of the application structure has changed
data traffic
patterns Intranet computing
are driving More reliance on personal computers, workstations, and servers
the
More data-intensive applications
creation of
high- Most organizations require access to the Internet
speed Traffic patterns have become more unpredictable
WANs
Average traffic load has risen

More data is transported off premises and into the wide area
 Digital Electronics
• The rapid conversion of consumer electronics to digital
technology is having an impact on both the Internet and
corporate intranets
• Image and video traffic carried by networks is dramatically
increasing
• Because of their huge storage capacity digital versatile
disks (DVDs) are being incorporated into Web sites
• Digital camcorders have made it easier to make digital
video files to be placed on corporate and Internet Web
sites
 Convergence
• The merger of previously Layers:
distinct telephony and
information technologies
and markets Applications
• Involves: Enterprise services
• Moving voice into a data These are seen by
Infrastructure
infrastructure the end users Services the
• Integrating all the voice information Communication
and data networks network supplies to links available to
inside a user support the enterprise
organization into a applications
single data network
infrastructure
• Then extending that into
the wireless arena
• Foundation is packet-
based transmission using
the Internet Protocol (IP)
• Increases the function
and scope of both the
infrastructure and the
application base
 SourceSystem Destination System

Trans-
Trans- Destination
Source mission Receiver
mitter
System

(a) General block diagram

Workstation Modem Modem Server

Public Telephone Network

(b) Example

Figure 1.3 Simplified Communications Model

 A Communications Model
• Source: generates data to be transmitted, examples are
telephones and personal computers.
• Transmitter: converts data into transmittable signals;
• e.g. the modem takes a digital bit stream from an attached device such as
a PC and transforms that bit stream into an analog signal that can be
handled by the telephone network.
• Transmission System: carries data, this can be a single line or a
complex network connecting source and destination.
• Receiver: converts received signal into data;
• e.g. a modem will accept an analog signal coming from a network or
transmission line and convert it into a digital bit stream.
• Destination: takes incoming data from the receiver.
 Table 1.1
Communications Tasks
 Communications Tasks I
• Transmission system utilization: refers to the need to make
efficient use of transmission facilities that are typically shared
among a number of communicating devices.
• Multiplexing.
• Congestion control.
• Interface: to communicate, a device must interface with the
transmission systems. Most systems use electromagnetic
signals.
• Signal generation: the form and intensity of the signal must be
capable of being propagated through the transmission systems
and interpretable as data at the receiver.
 Communications Tasks II
• Synchronization: the receiver must be able to determine
when a signal begins to arrive and when it ends.
• Exchange management: establish the connection between
the two parties, end the connection, decide for both to
transmit simultaneously or must take turns.
• Error detection and correction: for example, in transferring a
file from one computer to another, it is not acceptable for the
contents of the file to be accidentally altered.
• Flow control: the source should not send data faster than the
destination can process it.
• Addressing: a source system must indicate the identity of the
intended destination.
 Communications Tasks III
• Routing: a specific route through the transmission system (network)
must be chosen.
• Recovery: needed in situations in which an information exchange is
interrupted due to a fault somewhere in the system.
• Message formatting: has to do with an agreement between two
parties as to the form of the data to be exchanged.
• Security: the sender may wish to be assured that only the intended
receiver actually receives the data. And the receiver may wish to be
assured that the received data have not been altered in transit.
• Network management: capabilities are needed to configure the
system, monitor its status, reacts to failures and overloads, and plan
for future growth.
 Digital bit Analog Analog Digital bit
stream signal signal stream
Text Text

Trans-
Trans- Destination
Source mission Receiver
mitter
System

1 2 3 4 5 6
Input Input data Transmitted Received Output data Output
information g(t) signal signal g'(t) information
m s(t) r(t) m'

Figure 1.4 Simplified Data Communications Model

 Transmission Lines
Capacity
The basic building block of any
communications facility is the
transmission line
Reliability

The business manager is concerned

with a facility providing the required Cost
capacity, with acceptable reliability,
at minimum cost
Transmission
Line
 Transmission Mediums
Two mediums currently driving
the evolution of data communications transmission are:

Fiber optic transmissions

and
Wireless transmissions
 Transmission Services
• Remain the most costly component of a communications
budget
• Two major approaches to greater efficiency:

Multiplexing Compression
Squeezing the data down
The ability of a number of
so that a lower-capacity,
devices to share a
cheaper transmission
transmission facility
facility can be used
 Networks
• It is estimated that by 2016 there will be over 20 billion fixed
and mobile networked devices
• This affects traffic volume in a number of ways:
• It enables a user to be continuously consuming network
capacity
• Capacity can be consumed on multiple devices
simultaneously
• Different broadband devices enable different applications
which may have greater traffic generation capability
 Networking
Advances in technology have led to greatly
increased capacity and the concept of integration,
allowing equipment and networks to work
simultaneously

Voice Data

Image Video
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
• Span a large geographical area

• Require the crossing of public right-of-ways

• Rely in part on common carrier circuits

• Typically consist of a number of interconnected switching nodes

Wide Area Networks
Alternative technologies used include:
• Circuit switching
• Packet switching
• Frame relay
• Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
 Circuit Switching
• Uses a dedicated communications path
• Connected sequence of physical links between nodes
• Logical channel dedicated on each link
• Rapid transmission
• The most common example of circuit switching is the
telephone network
 Packet Switching
• Data are sent out in a sequence of small chunks called packets

• Packets are passed from node to node along a path leading

from source to destination

• Packet-switching networks are commonly used for terminal-to-

terminal and computer-to-computer communications
 Frame Relay
➢Developed to take advantage of high data rates and low error
rates
• Operates at data rates of up to 2 Mbps
• Key to achieving high data rates is to strip out most of the
overhead involved with error control
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

• Referred to as cell relay

• Culmination of developments in circuit switching and packet
switching
• Uses fixed-length packets called cells
• Works in range of 10s and 100s of Mbps and in the Gbps range
• Allows multiple channels with the data rate on each channel
dynamically set on demand
Local Area Networks (LAN)

LANs are usually owned

Smaller scope, typically a by the same organization
single building that owns attached
devices

LAN

Most common
Internal data rates configurations are
greater than WANs switched LANs and
wireless LANs
 The Internet

• Internet evolved from ARPANET

• Developed to solve the dilemma of communicating across
arbitrary, multiple, packet-switched networks
• Foundation is the TCP/IP protocol suite
 Router
Standalone
Wide Area Network
Mainframe
(e.g. ATM)

Local Area
Network Router
Router

Wide Area Network

(e.g. ATM) Local Area
Ethernet Network
switch
Ethernet
switch

Router

Information LAN PCs

server and workstations

Figure 1.5 Key Elements of the Internet

 Corporate
LAN

Residential
subscribers
Backbone Backbone
ISP ISP
Regional
ISP

g
e erin
va te p
Pri

Server

ISP Web
farm
LAN Regional
switch ISP
Regional
ISP
Server

Server
Corporate
LAN open circle = NAP
filled circle = POP

Figure 1.6 Simplified View of Portion of Internet

 Table 1.2
Internet Terminology
• Central Office (CO)
• The place where telephone
companies terminate customer
lines and locate switching
equipment to interconnect
those lines with other networks
• Customer Premises Equipment
(CPE)
• Telecommunications equipment
that is located on the
customer’s premises
• Internet Service Provider (ISP)
• A company that provides other
companies or individuals with
access to, or presence on, the
Internet
• Network Access Point (NAP)
• One of several major Internet
interconnection points that
serve to tie all the ISPs together
• Network Service Provider (NSP)
• A company that provides
backbone services to an
Internet service provider (ISP)
• Point of Presence (POP)
• A site that has a collection of
telecommunications
equipment, usually refers to ISP
or telephone company sites
(Table can be found on page 27 in textbook)
 ATM
WAN

Enterprise
network
(main campus) Enterprise
network
(branch)
IP
backbone

Public cellular
network

Residential Wi-Fi
Ethernet LAN network

Networking
icons:
Core Edge/aggregate Router Router with Ethernet ATM Wi-Fi access
router router firewall switch switch point
Figure 1.7 A Networking Configuration
 Summary
• Transmission mediums
• Fiber optic
• Wireless
• Network categories:
• Wide Area Networks
• Local Area Networks
• Wireless Networks
• Internet
• Origin
• Key elements
• Internet architecture
• Trends challenging data
communications:
• Traffic growth
• Development of new services
• Advances in technology
• Data Transmission and
Network Capacity
Requirements
• Convergence