ECE 3125

Band pass Modulation and Demodulation - 1

Dec 12, 2012

Reading Material
Chapter 4 - SKLAR

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Band-pass Signalling

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In this lecture, we shall talk about:
Some band-pass modulation schemes
used in DCS for transmitting information
over band-pass channels:
M-PAM, M-PSK, M-FSK, M-QAM with focus
on binary (M = 2) band pass modulation
schemes
How to detect the transmitted information
at the receiver
Coherent detection
Non-coherent detection

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 Block diagram of a DCS
Band pass Modulation and Demodulation

Source Channel Pulse Band pass

Format encode encode modulate modulate

Digital modulation

Channel
Digital demodulation

Source Channel Demodulate

Format Detect
decode decode & Sample

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 Band pass modulation
Band pass modulation: The process of
converting a data signal to a sinusoidal waveform where
its amplitude, phase or frequency, or a combination of
them, are varied in accordance with the transmitting
data.
Band pass signal:

cos (ω c t + (i − 1) ∆ ω t + φi (t ) ) 0 ≤ t ≤ T
2 Ei
s i (t ) = g T ( t )
T
where gT (t ) is the baseband pulse shape with energy E .
g
We assume here (otherwise will be stated):
gT (t ) is a rectangular pulse shape.
Gray coding is used for mapping bits to symbols.
Es denotes average symbol energy given by
1 M
Es = ∑i=1 Ei
M 5
 Demodulation and detection
Demodulation: The received signal is converted to
baseband, filtered and sampled.
Detection: Sampled values are used for detection
using a decision rule such as the ML detection rule.

ψ 1 ((tt )
T z1
∫
0
 z1 
M
r (t ) Decision
z
=z circuits m̂
ψ N (t )   (ML detector)
T zN 
∫
0 zN

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 Coherent detection

Coherent detection
requires carrier phase recovery at the
receiver and hence, circuits to perform
phase estimation.
Sources of carrier-phase mismatch at the
receiver:
Propagation delay causes carrier-phase offset in
the received signal.
The oscillators at the receiver which generate
the carrier signal, are not usually phase locked
to the transmitted carrier.

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 Band pass Modulation Schemes

One dimensional waveforms

Binary On–Off Keying (OOK)
M-ary Amplitude Shift Keying (M-ASK)
Two dimensional waveforms
M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK)
M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM)
Multi-dimensional waveforms
M-ary Frequency Shift Keying (M-FSK)

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Band pass Modulation Schemes

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 One dimensional modulation,
demodulation and detection
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulation:

cos(ωc t + φ )
2 Ei
si (t ) =
T
On-off keying (M=2)
si (t ) = aiψ 1 (t ) i = 1, K , M “0” “1”
s2 s1
cos(ωc t + φ )
2 ψ 1 (t )
ψ 1 (t ) = 0 E1
T
ai = Ei

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One dimensional modulation,….continue

M-ary Amplitude Shift Keying (M-ASK)

cos(ωc t )
2
si (t ) = ai
T
4-ASK
si (t ) = aiψ 1 (t ) i = 1, K, M “00” “01” “11” “10”
s1 s2 s3 s4
cos(ωc t )
2 ψ 1 (t )
ψ 1 (t ) = − 3 Eg − Eg Eg 3 Eg
T 0

ai = (2i − 1 − M ) E g

Ei = s i = E g (2i − 1 − M )
2 2

( M 2 − 1)
Es = Eg
3
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One dimensional modulation,....continue
Coherent detection of M-ASK

ψ 1 (t )
T z1
∫
ML detector
r (t ) (Compare with M-1 thresholds) m̂
0

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 Two dimensional modulation,
demodulation and detection (M-PSK)
M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK)

2Es  2π ( i − 1 ) 
si (t ) = cos ω c t + 
T  M 

si (t ) = ai1ψ 1 (t ) + ai 2ψ 2 (t ) i = 1,K , M

cos(ω c t ) sin (ω c t )
2 2
ψ 1 (t ) = ψ 2 (t ) = −
T T
 2πi   2πi 
ai1 = E s cos  ai 2 = E s sin  
M  M 
E s = Ei = s i
2

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 Two dimensional mod.,… (MPSK)
BPSK (M=2)
ψ 2 (t )
“0” “1”
8-PSK (M=8)
s2 s1
ψ 2 (t )
− Eb Eb ψ 1 (t ) s3 “011”
“010” “001”
s4 s2
QPSK (M=4) Es
“000”
ψ 2 (t ) “110” s1
“01” “00” s5 ψ 1 (t )
s2 s1
“111” “100”
Es
s6 s8
ψ 1 (t ) “101” s7
s3 “11” “10”
s4
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 Two dimensional mod.,…(MPSK)
Coherent detection of MPSK

ψ 1 (t )
T z1
∫
z1 φˆ
0
r (t ) m̂
arctan Compute Choose
ψ 2 (t ) z2 | φi − φˆ | smallest
T
∫
0
z2

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 Two dimensional mod.,… (M-QAM)
M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Mod. (M-QAM)

cos(ωc t + ϕi )
2 Ei
si (t ) =
T

si (t ) = ai1ψ 1 (t ) + ai 2ψ 2 (t ) i = 1, K , M

cos (ωc t ) ψ 2 (t ) = sin (ωc t )

2 2
ψ 1 (t ) =
T T
2( M − 1)
where ai1 and ai 2 are PAM symbols and E s =
3
 (− M + 1, M − 1) (− M + 3, M − 1) L ( M − 1, M − 1) 
 
− + − − + − L − −
(ai1 , ai 2 ) =  ( M 1, M 3) ( M 3, M 3) ( M 1, M 3) 

M M M M
 
(− M + 1,− M + 1) (− M + 3,− M + 1) L ( M − 1,− M + 1)

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Two dimensional mod.,… (M-QAM)

16-QAM
ψ 2 (t )
“0000” “0001” “0011” “0010”
s1 s2 3
s3 s4

“1000” “1001” “1011” “1010”

s5 s6 s7 s8
1
-3 -1 1 3
ψ 1 (t )
s9 s10 -1
s11 s 12
“1100” “1101” “1111” “1110”

s13 s14 -3
s15 s 16
“0100” “0101” “0111” “0110”

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 Two dimensional mod.,… (M-QAM)

Coherent detection of M-QAM

ψ 1 (t )
T z1 ML detector
∫
0
(Compare with M − 1 thresholds)

r (t ) Parallel-to-serial m̂
converter
ψ 2 (t )
T z2 ML detector
∫
0
(Compare with M − 1 thresholds)

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 Multi-dimensional modulation, demodulation &
detection

M-ary Frequency Shift keying (M-FSK)

cos(ωi t ) = cos(ωc t + (i − 1)∆ωt )

2 Es 2 Es
si (t ) =
T T
∆ω 1
∆f = =
2π 2T
ψ 3 (t )
M
si (t ) = ∑ aijψ j (t ) i = 1, K, M s3
j =1 Es

 Es i = j
cos(ωi t )
2
ψ i (t ) = aij =  s2
T 0 i≠ j ψ 2 (t )
Es
E s = Ei = s i
2
s1
Es

ψ 1 (t )
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 Multi-dimensional mod.,…(M-FSK)

ψ 1 (t )
T z1
∫
0
 z1  ML detector:
r (t ) M =z
z Choose
the largest element m̂
ψ M (t )   in the observed vector
T zM 
∫
0 zM

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 Non-coherent detection
Non-coherent detection:
No need for a reference in phase with the
received carrier
Less complexity compared to coherent
detection at the price of higher error rate.

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 Non-coherent detection …
Differential coherent detection
Differential encoding of the message
The symbol phase changes if the current bit is
different from the previous bit.
cos(ω0t + θ i (t ) ), 0 ≤ t ≤ T , i = 1,...,M
2E
si (t ) =
T
θ k (nT ) = θ k ((n − 1)T ) + φi (nT )

φi
Symbol index: k 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Data bits: mk 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
Diff. encoded bits 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 s2 0 s1 ψ 1 (t )
Symbol phase: θ k πππ 0 0 πππ

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 Non-coherent detection …
Coherent detection for diff encoded mod.
assumes slow variation in carrier-phase mismatch during
two symbol intervals.
correlates the received signal with basis functions
uses the phase difference between the current received
vector and previously estimated symbol
cos(ω0t + θ i (t ) + α ) + n(t ), 0 ≤ t ≤ T
2E
r (t ) =
T
(θ i (nT ) + α ) − (θ j ((n − 1)T ) + α ) = θ i (nT ) − θ j ((n − 1)T ) = φi (nT )
ψ 2 (t )
(a2 , b2 )
φi (a1 , b1 )

ψ 123(t )
 Non-coherent detection …
Optimum differentially coherent detector
ψ 1 (t )
T
r (t )
∫0
Decision m̂
Delay
T
Sub-optimum differentially coherent detector
T
r (t )
∫ 0
Decision m̂
Delay
T

Performance degradation about 3 dB by using sub-

optimal detector

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 Non-coherent detection …
Energy detection
Non-coherent detection for orthogonal signals
(e.g. M-FSK)

Carrier-phase offset causes partial correlation between

I and Q branches for each candidate signal.

The received energy corresponding to each candidate

signal is used for detection.

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 Non-coherent detection …

Non-coherent detection of BFSK

2 / T cos( ω 1 t )

z 11
( )2
T
∫
0
z11 + z12
2 2

2 / T sin( ω 1 t )
T z 12
∫ ( )2 + z (T )
Decision stage:
r (t ) 0 m̂
2 / T cos( ω 2 t ) if z (T ) > 0, mˆ = 1
if z (T ) < 0, mˆ = 0
T z 21
( )2 -
∫
0

z 21 + z 22
2 2
2 / T sin( ω 2 t )
T z 22
∫
0
( )2

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