Samikaveli: Journal of Jaffna Social Science

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2021
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01
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Journal of Social Science
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- fyhepjp fe;ijah =fNzrd; 03
2. Qhgfk; kw;Wk; kwjp

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Journal of Social Science 3. fPioj;Njr Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; vOr;rpAk; Nkw;Fyf Vfhjpgjpjpaj;jpd;
(Since 2021) neUf;fbAk;!
Volume 01 Issue 01 - Nguhrpupau; Nf.up.fNzrypq;fk; 17
ISSN
Published by: 4. Nfhtpl; 19 fhyj;jpy; njhopy; Kaw;rpahsHfs; vjpHNehf;Fk; rthy;fs;.

Jaffna Science Association Section D -NjtuQ;rpdp rpth];fud; 25
Web 5. ,aw;ifia Nehf;fpa gazk;....
www.facebook.com/thejsa -fyhepjp tPukq;if];uhypdh Nahfuj;jpdk; 30
Book design
6. Nguplu;fhy r%f> murpay; ajhu;j;jq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk; muq;F
T.T Media - Njtehafk; Njthde;j; 34
Chief Editor
Mr. Thevanayagam Thevananth
thejsaeditor@gmail.com
Mrpupau; Fwpg;G
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Jiwapy; jdpj;Jtkhd milahsj;Jld; gazpj;J tUfpd;w xU mwptpay;rhu; epWtdk;. ,e;j epWtdk;
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VidNahUk; ,ize;J gzpahw;Wtjw;fhd xU mwptpay; rq;fkpg;Gj; jskhf jd;id milahsg;
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fpwJ. ,jpy; xt;nthU Jiw rhu;e;NjhUk; tpQ;Qhd mwpit kf;fsplk; nfhz;L nry;Yk; kfj;jhd
gzpia njhlu;r;rpahf nra;J tUfpd;whu;fs;. ,jw;fhf xt;nthU JiwapdUk; mwpTg;gfpu;Tf;fhd rQ;rpiffis
ntspapl;L tUfpd;whu;fs;. gpuNahf tpQ;Qhdr; Rlu;> ahopd; Njly; Nghd;w rQ;rpiffs; Vw;fdNt ntsp
tUfpd;wd. ,e;j tupirapy; jw;NghJ r%f tpQ;Qhdg; gpuptpdu; r%f ntsp vd;w rQ;rpifia mwpKfk;
nra;fpwhu;fs;. ,jd; Kjy; ,jo; ntsptUfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhd fl;Liufis Gj;jp[Ptpfs; gyu; vOjpAs;shu;fs;. ,e;jr;
rQ;rpifapy; ahnuhUtUk; fl;Liufis vOjKbAk;. rQ;rpif ntsptu Cf;fk; je;J xj;Jioj;j
elg;ghz;L nra;wFOtpdu; midtUf;Fk; ed;wpfs;. cynfq;Fk; Nfhtpl; 19 miy ghupa ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jp tUk;
R+oypy; mjd; jhf;fk; aho;g;ghzj;jpYk; czug;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jr; R+oypy; 'Nguplu; fhy ,lu;fis nty;Yk; r%f mwptpay;
mZFKiwfs;' vd;w njhdpg;nghUspy; r%f ntsp ,jo; ntsptUfpd;wJ.

Njtehafk; Njthde;j;
gpujk Mrpupau;> r%f ntsp
r%f ntsp r%ftpQ;Qhd ,jo; 3
Mq;fpy nkhopf;fw;gpj;jypy;
muq;fr; nraw;gzpfspd; gad;ghL
The Use of Theatre Tasks in English Language Teaching
fyhepjp fe;ijah =fNzrd;
Mq;fpy nkhopf; fw;gpj;jy; Jiw
aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.;
mwpKfk;
k dpjd; jdJ czHTfisAk;> czHr;rpfisAk; gpujpgypf;f
tpyq;Ffisg; Nghy iriffisAk>; rj;jq;fisAk; gad;
gLj;jpdhd;. ,JNt njhlHghlypd; Muk;gkhf ,Ue;jJ. mj;Jld;
jdJ Kfghtq;fisAk;> fz; tPr;irAk; jhf;fkhd njhlH “kf;fspd; tho;tpy;
ghlYf;F gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhd;. fhyk; nry;yr; nry;y jhd;
mzpAk; Milfs; mzpfyd;fs; kw;Wk; epwq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
nrwpthf cs;thq;fg;gl;l
czHTfisg; ghpkhwpdhd;. cly; nkhopNahL $ba rj;jq;fSk; muq;f Mly;> cly;
njhlHe;J nkhopapd; gad;ghL vd;gd mtDila njhlHghliy nkhopg; gad;ghL vd;gd
NkYk; rpwg;ghdjhf tsu rhj;jpakhf;fpaJ.
rpWtHfshf kdpjd;
kdpjDila ,e;jj; njhlHghlNyhL muq;fk; $lNt tsHe;J tsHfpd;w fhyk; njhl;L
te;jJ. njhlHghlYf;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l iriffs;> rj;jq;fs;
capNuhL xd;whfpa jpwd;
cly; nkhopg; ghpkhw;wk; vd;gd muq;fpd; Clfq;fshf khwpd. xU
nra;jpiar; nrhy;Ytjw;fhd khHf;fq;fs; Mfpd. fUj;Jf;fisr; MfpaJ. ,e;j
nra;J fhl;Lk; my;yJ Nghyr; nra;Ak; fUtpfshfpd. ,itNa “Nghyr; nra;jy;”
gpd;dH rlq;FfshfTk;> gz;ghl;Lr; rpd;dq;fshfTk; cUthfpd.
nra;J fhl;Lgtd; Kf;fpakhdtd; Mdhd;. rlq;Ffis elhj;Jk;
vd;gJk;
jiyik Ms; Mdhd;. thHj;ijfis fUj;Jr; nrhy;Yk; Clfk; “nra;J fhl;Ljy;”
Mf;fpdhd;. thHj;ijfs; jhsj;Jf;Fk;> RUjpf;Fk; Vw;g ghly;fs; vd;gJk;
Mfpd. fUj;Jg; ghpkhWk; Clfk; Mf muq;F cUkhwpaJ.
rpWtHfspd; ,ay;ghd
kf;fspd; tho;tpy; nrwpthf cs;thq;fg;gl;l muq;f Mly;> cly; Fzq;fshf
nkhopg; gad;ghL vd;gd rpWtHfshf kdpjd; tsHfpd;w fhyk;
ghpzkppj;Js;sik
njhl;L capNuhL xd;whfpa jpwd; MfpaJ. ,e;j “Nghyr;
nra;jy;” vd;gJk; “nra;J fhl;Ljy;” vd;gJk; rpWtHfspd; ,ay;ghd midtUk; mwpe;jNj.”
Fzq;fshf ghpkspj;Js;sik midtUk; mwpe;jNj.
Jaffna Science Association (section D) May 2021

samūka veli Journal of Social Science 4
Mq;fpyk; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;
,d;W Mq;fpyk; fw;gpj;jypy; ekJ MrphpaHfs; vjpH Nehf;Fk; neUf;fbfis vt;thW jPHf;f KbAk;
vd;gjw;F xU tpilfhz ,f;fl;Liu Kay;fpwJ. Mq;fpNyahpd; ehLgpbg;Gf; nfhs;ifNahL kjkhw;wk;>
Mq;fpy nkhopj; jpzpg;G mjNdhL $ba Mq;fpy nkhop Ml;rp vd;gd fhydpj;Jt ehLfspy;
Mq;fpyj;ij muNrhr;Rk; nkhopahf khw;wpajhy;> ,yq;ifj; jpUehl;by; Mq;fpyj;jpd; nry;thf;F
,d;W tiu epyTfpwJ. cyfshtpa hPjpapYk; Mq;fpy nkhop cau; fy;tp> tHj;jfk; ru;Njr murpay;
vd nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy; Mq;fpy nkhopf; fy;tp vd;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhd xd;whf
,Uf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; vkJ gps;isfSf;F Mq;fpy nkhop;ia rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; fw;gpg;gjw;fhd top-
tiffis fhz Ntz;b cs;sJ.
ghuk;ghpakhf nkhop;f; fy;tp vd;gJ ,yf;fz-nkhopngaHg;G KiwapNy elj;jg;gl;L te;jJ. ,d;Wk;

me;j Kiw gy MrphpaHfs; kj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;jpf; nfhz;Nl cs;sJ. Mq;fpy nkhop;apd;
,yf;fzj;ijf; fw;gpg;gNjhL
nkhopngaHg;gpd; Clhf trdq;
fisAk;> ge;jpfisAk; Ghpaitg;g-
jd; Clhf Mq;fpyf; fy;tp ,k;
Kiwapd; Clhf Kd;ndLf;f-
g;gLfpd;wJ.
jkpo; nkhopngaHg;igf; iftpl;L

Nehpilahf Kjy; nkhop; fw;gpg;gJ
Nghd;Nw ,uz;lhk;
nkhopahd Mq;fpyj;ijAk;
gbg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. vd;w fUj;jpd;
gb “Nehpilahd Kiw”
(Direct Method) apy; Mq;fpyj;-
jpNyNa Mq;fpyj;ijg; gbg;gpf;f
Kad;whHfs;. khztHfs; Nge;jg;
Nge;j tpopj;jhHfNs xopa ghlk;
fw;w ghby;iy.
mWgJfspd; eLg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J

nkhop gof;f Njh\j;jpdhy;
fw;fg;gLfpwJ vd;w mbg;gil
apy; (Languages are learnt by habit)
mikg;gpay; mbg;gilapy; mike;j
ghlj;jpl;lk; (Structural Syllabus) mwp-
Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Pattern Practice
Kiwapy; ,yf;fz mwpKfKk;
(drill) njhlHe;j gapw;rpAk;>
Jaffna Science Association(Section D) May 2021

thrpg;G ge;jpfSk; Fiwe;j mstpyhd vOj;Jg; gapw;rpNahL Mq;fpyg; Gj;jfq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
70fspy; Ngr;R nkhopapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fUjp Ngr;R #oy; kw;Wk; Nfs;tp nkhop Kiwahf
(Oral-Situational and audio-lingual Method) Mq;fpyj;ijf; fw;gpf;Fk>; fw;Fk; Kaw;rp mwpKfg;gLj;-
jg;gl;lJ. ,q;F xU #oypy; vg;gb Mq;fpyk; NgRtJ vd;gJk;> mjidg; gapw;rpapD}lhf khztUf;Fg;
gof;FtJ vDk; Kiw Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. MapDk; fUj;Jf;fis tpsq;fp njhlHghliy khztHfs;
Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; ,lHghLfs; vjpH Nehf;fg;gl;ld. thrpj;jy;> vOJjy;> Nfl;ly;> NgRjy; Mfpa ehd;F
tifg;gl;l jpwd;fspy; khztiu tpUj;jpngw itg;gjw;F NtNwd;d topfis Nkw;nfhs;syhk; vd
nkhopf; fw;gpj;jy; Ma;thsHfs; Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;ldH.
mjd; mbg;gilapy; vz;gJfspy; njhlHghly; Kiw vd;gJ mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Ngr;R ,q;F Kf;f-
pag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Vw;fdNt tof;fpypUe;j Audio Lingual Situational Approach ,Ue;J KOikahd xU
khw;wj;ij Gjpa E}yhf;ff; FO Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,yf;fzk; $l (Grammar in Action) nray; epi-
yapy; ,yf;fzk; vdf; fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ghj;jpug;gq;if tfpghf tpisahly; (Role Play) %yk;
ciuahly; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gpw ghlq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; clypd; ghfq;fs;> ,yq;ifapd;
Gtpapay;> #oy; epiyikfs; gw;wpa thrpg;Gg; gFjpfs; vd khztH cyfpy; gapy; epiyapy; cs;s
tplaq;fs; cs; thq;fg;gl;bUe;jd. rpW ftpijfs;> fijfs; ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. khztHf;F ,jkhf
ghlj;njhpTfs; mike;j NghJk; ghl myFfspd; mjpfhpg;Gk;> MrphpaUf;fhd tpsf;f nray; mkHTfs;
Kiwahf elhj;jg;glhikapdhYk; njhlHghly; mZFKiw rw;W tphpthd jsj;jpy; khw;wk; ngw;wJ.
nfhs;ifahd Ngr;R nkhopia Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jy; (Fluency Versus Accuracy) vd;gJ khwp ,yf;fz
rup vjpu; rusk; (Accuracy Versus Fluency) typAWj;jg;gl;ld. Mq;fpy ghlg; Gj;jfq;fs; 90fspYk;> 2000
Mz;LfspYk; gy;NtW khw;wq;fisf; fz;ld.

nraw;gzpfspd; mbg;gilapy; Mq;fpyk; fw;gpj;jy; (Task-based Teaching Method), cyfshtpa hPjpapy;
,d;W nraw;ghl;Lg; gzpfs; (Task-based Teaching Method) mbg;gilapy; mike;j fw;gpj;jy; Kiw Kd;
nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. tFg;giwapy; 5E Kiw filg;gpbf;fg;gl;lJ. (Exploration, Engagement, Explanation,
Elaboration, Evaluation) Muha;jy;> <LgLj;jy;> tpsf;fg;gLj;jy;> tphpthf tpsq;fg;gLj;jy;> kjpg;gPL
nra;jy; vDk; fy;tpf; nfhs;iff;F Vw;g fy;tp fw;gpf;Fk; Kiw tbtk; ngw;wJ. mjdhy; Mq;fpyk;
fw;gpj;jypYk; Task-based Teaching Method gpugy;ak; ngw;Ws;sJ.
khztHfhd nraw;ghl;Lg; gzpfis tbtikj;J nfhs;tjpy; MrphpaHfspd; gzp mjpfkhtJld;

mjid tFg;giwfspy; mKyhf;FtJk; mtH jk; flikahfpaJ. ,yf;fzk; fw;gpg;gjw;fhd
nraw;gzpfs; (Tasks): Ngr;Rg; gapw;rpf;fhd nraw;gzpfs;> fpufpj;jw; gapw;rpf;fhd nraw;gzpfs;>
vOj;Jg; gapw;rpf;fhd nraw;gzpfs; vd MrphpaHfs; $W gphpj;Jf;nfhs;tH. ,j;jifa nraw;gzpfspy;
rpy khztHfl;F FJ}fyj;ij mspf;f ty;yit. gy mtHfis ,f;fl;lhd epiyf;F ,l;Lr;nry;td.
,t;tplaj;jpy; ehk; ghlrhiyf; fy;tp jpl;lj;jpy; gad;ghl;by; cs;s fy;tp Kiw gw;wpAk;>
ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs; gw;wpAk;> eilKiwapy; mtw;wpd; gad;ghL gw;wpANk giwa tpUk;Gfpd;Nwhk;.
ghlrhiyf; fy;tp jpl;lj;jpy; ,uz;L Kf;fpa gphpTfs; Mq;fpyf; fy;tpia Kd;ndLf;fpd;wd. Xd;W
Muk;gf;fy;tp> kw;iwaJ ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fy;tp mJTk; f.ngh.j. rhjhuzjuk; kl;Lkhd epiyikNa
ghprPyidf;F vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; f.ngh.j. caHjuj;jpy; Mq;fpyf; fy;tp “VNdhjhNdh”
kNdhghtj;jpy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLtjhy; mJ gw;wp fhj;jpukhd ciuahliy Nkw;nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy.
,g;NghJ vkJ ftdj;ij Mwhe;ju khztHfis Kd;itj;J rpe;jpg;Nghkhdhy; mtHfspd;
Mq;fpy juj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wk; toptiffis vkJ gz;ghl;Lg; gifg;Gyj;jpy; fz;lwptjw;F ,f; fl;Liu
Kay;fpwJ.
Mq;fpyk; fw;gpj;jypy; muq;f nraw;gzpfs; (Theatre Tasks in English Teaching)

Mwhk; tFg;Gf;F tUk; khztHfspy; xU njhifapdH ey;y trjpahd ghlrhiyapy; ,Ue;J
Mq;fpyk; fw;W tUgtH MfTk;> ,d;NdhH gFjpapdH rhpahd tsq;fs;> Mrphpatsk; ,y;yhJ mi-
uFiw Mq;fpy mwpNthL tUgtH MfTk; cs;sdH. ,U gFjpapdUNk Mq;fpyg;Ngr;rpy; mt;tsT
jpwd; tha;e;jtHfshf ,Ug;gJ FiwT. ,e;epiyapy; ,UgphptpdiuANk xd;whf;fp ehk; Kd; itf;Fk;
muq;fg; gl;liw Kiwapyhd Mq;fpyk; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwikapy; <LgLj;jyhk; vDk; fUj;ij ,q;F Kd;
nkhopag;gLfpwJ.
khztHfis tFg;Gf;F ntspNa ku epoypNyh> Nfhapy; kz;lgq;fspNyh> ghlrhiy xJf;Fg;Gw

jho;thuq;fspNyh $l itj;J Muk;gj;jpy; $b Mbg;ghLk; #oiy Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mLj;J rw;W
xOq;F Kiwg;gl;l tpisahl;Lg; gapw;rpfspy; <LgLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Fiwe;j Neu mstpy; mzpeilg;
gapw;rpapYk; <LgLj;jp> khzthpd; ftdr; rpjwiy xOq;FgLj;jp> FJ}fy czHit Kjy; gj;J
epkplq;fspYk; Vw;gLj;jp> nraw;gzpfspy; gq;Fgw;Wk; kNdhczHit vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
njhlHe;J NrhbNrhbahf vjpH vjpuhf epd;W nfhz;L fz;zhbapy; gpujp gypf;Fk; epoy; Nghy (Mirror
images);> ,U khztHfSk; iffis Ml;LtJ> jiyia mirg;gJ fhy;fisj; J}f;FtJ vd ‘Nghyr;
nra;jy;’ nray;fspy; jk;ik <LgLj;JtH.
mLj;J ,U iffisAk; NfhHj;j gb Xtpak; tiutJ Nghy fhl;rpfspy; <LgLtH. ,g;gbahf

cliyAk;> kdijAk; jahHgLj;jpa (Warming up) gpd; ‘ML-tPL’> ‘jtwtpl;ltiuf; fz;Lgpbj;jy;’

Nghd;w rpd;d rpd;d tpisahl;Lf;fspy; <LgLj;j KbAk;. ,it midj;Jk; Mq;fpy nkhopapyhd vL-
j;Jiug;G mwptpj;jy; ClhfNt Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; mjd; %yk; Mq;fpyj;jpNyNa jk;
gjpiy toq;f khztH kNdhepiy jahuhFk;. ,J xU tifapy; nksdk; fiyjy; (break the ice)
epiyf;F khztiu ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;.
mLj;J gy;NtW muq;f nraw;gzpfspy;: (Theatre Tasks) FO epiyapy; khztiu <LgLj;j Maj;jkhf
Ntz;Lk;. rp;f;fy; Fiwe;j ,yFthd nraw;gzpfspy; Muk;gpj;J gbg;gbahf rp;f;fy; epiwe;j muq;f
nraw;gzpfspy; MrphpaH jkJ ghlj;jpl;lj;ij tiuaWf;fyhk;. cjhuzkhf 30 khztHfis 3NgH
nfhz;l FOf;fshf 10 nraw;gzpfis njhpTnra;J>; nra;Jfhl;lYf;F khztiu Mw;Wg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. Kjypy; 10 fsq;fspy; %d;W ghj;jpuq;fs; nraw;gLk; tpjkhf khztH fhl;rpfis tb-
tikf;f KbAk;. ghlrhiy> M];gj;jphp> Nfhapy;> tPjpr;re;jp> fil> mYtyfk;> tq;fp Kfg;G> rY}d;>
Gifapuj epiyak;> g];tz;br;rhiy Nghd;w fsq;fspy; eilngwf; $ba rk;gtq;fis khztH jk;
fw;gidf;F tpl;L
tpl;L>; %d;W ghj;jpuq;fs;
mt;tf;fsq;fspy; vg;gb
nraw;gLk;> ciuahLk; vdj;
jpl;lkpl;L>; cldbj;jahhp-
g;ghf fhl;rpj;jahhpg;ig FO
epiyapy; xj;jpif ghHf;f
Ntz;Lk;. me;j me;j
ghj;jpuq;fs; jkf;Nfw;w
nkhopahliy Mq;fpyj;jpy;
Nkw;nfhs;s Kay Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzkhf re;jpapy; xU
rk;gtk; - tpgj;J - elg;g-
jhAk;> mbgl;l ,UtUk;
Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; nghyprhUk;
ebg;NghL $ba nraw;gh-
l;bYk; ciuahlypYk; <Lgl
Kad;W gpur;rpidf;F jPHT
fhZk; Nghf;fpy; fijia
tsHj;J Kbg;gJ xU ehlfj; jd;ikia nraw;gzpf;F toq;Fk;. ,J muq;fj;jhf;fk; epiwe;jjhfTk;>
czHr;rpfspd; rq;fkk; MfTk; cUthf;fk; ngWk;NghJ khztH jk;ik kwe;J Mq;fpyj;jpy; ciuahl
Kay;tH. ,jD}lhf mtHfspd; J}z;ly; czHT mjpfhpf;Fk;; Njly; gf;Ftk; Vw;gLk;; nkhop thrpg;gpy;
Mh;tk; gpwf;Fk;; Mq;fpy epfo;r;rpfis> Ngr;Rf;fis Nfl;f Ntz;Lk; vd ce;Jjy; ngWtH.
tFg;giw muq;fk; tsHf;fg;gl;lhy;....
,J Nghd;w gy;NtW tifg;gl;l muq;f nraw;gzpfis jpl;lkpl;L khztHf;F mwpKfg; gLj;Jtjd;

%yk; khztHfspilNa Mq;fpyf;fy;tpia NkYk; Nkk;gLj;j KbAk;. xU rpwpa fijia fhl;rpg;
gLj;jyhk;. njhpe;j fijia KjypYk;> gpd;dH kWehs; tPl;by; thrpj;J te;j fijia kWehSk;

fhl;rpg;gLj;j Kidayhk;. ftpij xd;iwAk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp vLj;Jr; nrhy;yyhk;. ghly; xd;iwAk;

muq;fkag;gLj;jp ghb Mlyhk;. xU thrpg;Gg; gFjpiaAk; xU fUj;juq;f Nkilapy; mwpf;if nra;tJ
Nghy thrpf;fTk; kw;wtH mjpy; Nfs;tpfs; njhLf;fTk; vd xU NeH fhzy; muq;ifNa xOq;F
gz;zyhk;.
xU tl;lNkir khehL Nghy xU mikg;gpy; jiytH xUtH khehl;L mwpf;ifia thrpg;gjhfTk; gpwH
mjd; kPJ Nfs;tpf;fizfs; njhLg;gjhfTk; tsHe;j khztH kj;jpapy; fsk; mikf;fyhk;.
xU gj;jphpifahsH khehl;by; mikr;rH> mjpfhhpfs;> ClftpashH Nfs;tpfSf;F ehl;L epiyikiag;

gw;wp fUj;Jf;fs; $wyhk;. ,t;thW gy;NtW r%ff;fsq;fisAk; muq;f nraw;gzpfshf khw;Wk;
fw;gidj;jpwid MrphpaH tsHj;J khzthpd; Mq;fpynkhopg; Ngr;ir Nkk;gLj;j KbAk;.
,J Nghd;w tFg;iwf;fy;tp rhHe;j muq;f nraw;gzpfspy; jk;ik Kw;W KOjhf <LgLj;j MHtk;
nfhz;l khztH jhk; GjpJ Gjpjhf thrpj;j fijfis r%f Clfq;fs;> kdpjHfsplk; ,Ue;J ngw;w
trdq;fs;> njhlHfs;> nrhw;fis gad;gLj;Jk; fskhf tFg;giw muq;fk; tsHf;fg;gl;lhy; nghpJk;
G+hpg;G nfhs;tH. NkYk; thrpg;gpy;> fpufpj;jy; gapw;rpapy; <LgLtH. ebj;j ehlf ghlq;fis vOjp jpU-
j;jp ebf;f Kay;tH. ,jd; %yk; Vw;fdNt Fwpg;gpl;l NgRjy;> vOJjy;> thrpj;jy;> fpufpj;jy; vd;w
nkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jpfspy; khztH gapw;rp ngw;W rpwg;Gg; ngWtH vd;gJ jpz;zk;.
References
Brockett, Oscar G. (1964/74). Theatre-An introduction. USA: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
Clipson-Boyles, Suzi. (1998). Drama in primary English teaching. London: David Fulton Publishers.
Hines, Mary. (2005). Story theatre. English Teaching Forum 43/1, 24-28.
Jackson, Tony. (1993). Learning through theatre: New perspectives on theatre in education. London and New York:
Routledge.
Jones, Ken. (1982). Simulations in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2006). Understanding language teaching: From Method to Postmethod. New Jersy and London:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Larsen-Freeman, Dianne, (1986/2004). Techniques and principles in language Teaching, India: Oxford University Press.
Livingston, Carole. (1983). Role-play in language learning. England: England.
Maley, Alan. & Alan, Duff. (1982). Drama techniques in language learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, Jack C. & Rogers, Theodore S. (1986/2001). Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.


Qhgfk; kw;Wk; kwjp

Memory and Forgetting
jputpaehjd; jpyPgd;
tphpTiuahsh;
aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
Qhgfk; (Memory)
Qhgfk; vd;gJ vkJ edtpy; epfo;fpd;w nraw;ghlhFk;. Fwpg;ghfg; Gyd;fspd; %yk;

Vw;fdNt ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l tplaq;fis kPl;lwpAk; rf;jpNa Qhgfk; vdg;gLk;. Qhgfk;>
vkJ ehshe;j tho;tpy; kpf Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. vkf;Fg; Gydwpitj; njhlh;r;rpahf
toq;Ffpd;w nraw;ghlhf ,J mikfpd;wJ. vy;yh caph;fsplKk; jkJ gioa tplaq;fis>
mDgtq;fisr; Nrkpj;J itf;ff;$ba jpwdhf Qhgfk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. vdNt> jfty;fisg;
GFj;jp mtw;wpidf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp kPl;Lf;nfhs;Sk; jd;ikapid Qhgfk; vd tiuaW-
g;gh;. ,jid 'epidT$h;jy;' (Remembering) vd;Wkiog;gh;. mnyf;];rhz;lh; ];kpj; (Alex-
ander Smith) vd;w cstpay; mwpQhpd; Nehf;fpy; 'Qhgfk; vd;gJ Njitg;gLk;NghJ gad;
gLj;jf;$ba rpwg;ghd xUq;fpizj; Jyq;fy;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;' vd tiuaiwnra;fpwhh;.
fw;wy;rhh; cah;epiyr; nrad;KiwAld; Qhgfk; kpfTk; neUq;fpa njhlh;Gilajhf
tpsq;FfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf ehk; fw;wij kdjpy; epiyepWj;jp> Njitahd re;jh;g;gq;fspy;
kPl;lwptjw;F Qhgfk; gad;ghLilajhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. Qhgfj;jpy; 'kddk; nra;jy;' vd;gJ
'Qhgfk; vd;gJ Njitg;gLk;NghJ gad;gLj;jf;$ba

rpwg;ghd xUq;fpizj; Jyq;fy;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;'
kpf Kf;fpakhd nraw;ghlhFk;. ehk; tho;ehspy; vj;jidNah tplaq;fis kddk; nra;J

nfhs;fpNwhk;. Mdhy; mit ahTk; epidtpYs;sJ vdf; $wKbahJ. mt;thnwdpy; jFe;j
gbKiwfisf; ifahs;tjd; %yk; ,J rhj;jpakhfpd;wJ. vdNt kddk; nra;tjpy;
mlq;fpa gy;NtW fhuzpfs; gw;wpg; gy Ma;Tfs; cstpayhsh;fshy; elhj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
mtw;wpy; fpilj;j rpy KbTfs; gpd;tUkhW>
 kddk; nra;Ak; tplaj;jpid my;yJ Fwpg;gpid KjypypUe;J filrptiu
KOikahfj; jpUk;gj; jpUk;gf; fw;wy; kpfTk; mtrpakhdjhFk;. ,jidNa 'KOikahff;
fw;wy; Kiw' vd;gh;. kddk; my;yJ kdg;ghlk; nra;tjw;F ,k;Kiw kpfTk; cfe;jJ
vd;gJ `h];fpd;]; vd;w cstpayhshpd; fUj;jhFk;.
 kddk; nra;gth; Fwpg;gpl;l tplaj;ijj; njspthf mwpe;Jnfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mjhtJ> Fwpj;j tplak; njspthd nghUSld; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sg;gLkhapd; mtw;iw
,yFtpy; kddk; nra;Jnfhs;syhk;.

 nghUsw;w xd;iw kddk; nra;tJ kpfTk; fbdkhdJ. mjdhy; Fwpg;gpl;l

tplaj;jpidg; nghUSilajhf khw;Wtjd; %yk; ,yFtpy; kddk; nra;Jnfhs;syhk;. fPNo
jug;gl;l vz;fis kddk;; nra;tjpy; ,lh;ghLfSs;sd. 2 9 5 2 4 5 8 9 2 3 5 6 7 9 3 0
mjhtJ ,tw;iwj; jdpj;jdp vz;fshf kddk; nra;tJ ,ayhjnjhd;whFk;. Mjyhy;
njhlh;GgLj;jpg;ghh;f;Fk;NghJ nghUSilajhfTk; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sf;$bajhfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> fPo;tUk; vz; thpiriaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. 29 52 45 89 23 56 79 30 (295 245
892..) vdNtjhd;> njhlh;Gg;ghh;g;gJ vd;gJ Qhgfj;jpw;fhd rpwe;j topKiwahFk;.
 fw;w tplaj;jpid ,d;DnkhUtUf;Ff; $Wjy; kw;Wk; Fwpg;ngLj;jy; Nghd;w Kiwfs;
kddk; nra;tjw;F cWJizahf mikfpd;wJ. mj;NjhL xU tplaj;ijf; fw;Fk; xt;nthU
Kiwf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,ilntsptpl;Lf; fw;wy; kpfTk; mtrpakhdnjhd;whFk;.
Qhgfk; gw;wp Muha;e;j cstpayhsh;fs; Fwpg;ghf> wpr;rhh;l; m`pd;]d; (Richard Atkinson)

kw;Wk; wpr;rhh;l; ];hpt;gpd; (Richard Shriffin) Nghd;Nwhh;fs; Qhgfj;jpidg; gpd;tUkhW tif-
g;gLj;jp Nehf;fpAs;sdh;. ,Ue;Jk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s ,e;j ntt;NtWgl;l Qhgfq;fs; xd;NwhL
xd;W njhlh;Ggl;litahfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,jidg; 'gy; fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jy; khjphp' (Multi-
Store model) vd;wiog;gh;.
1. GyDzh;r;rp Qhgfk; (Sensory Memory)

2. FWq;fhy Qhgfk; (Short Term Memory)
3. ePz;lfhy Qhgfk; (Long Term Memory)
• GyDzh;r;rp Qhgfk; (Sensory Memory)
GyDzh;r;rp QhgfkhdJ Gw cyfpd;Wk; ngwg;gLk; Vuhskhd Gyd; mDgtq;fs; ahTk;

,e;epiyapy; mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,tw;Ws; ngUk;ghyhdit fz;fspD}lhfg; ngwg;gl;litah-
Fk;. ,e;epiy ekJ Qhgfj;jpd; tuNtw;igg;Nghd;wJ. ,J kpf kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fj;
jfty;fisr; Nrkpj;Jitf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ ve;jnthU Gjpa jftYNk Kjypy; GyDzh;r;rp
Qhgfj;jpw;F te;J xU rpy epkplq;fs; kl;LNk epidtpy; ,Uf;fpd;wd. gpd;dh; mtw;iw
kPl;lwpaKbahj epiyNaw;gLfpd;wJ.
• FWq;fhy Qhgfk; (Short Term Memory)
FWq;fhy Qhgfk; vd;gJ jfty;fis kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; epidtpy; itj;jpUg;gjidf;

Fwpf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ ,J Xh; vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l rf;jpiaf; nfhz;ljhfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ

(Short term memory capacity is very limited). nra;jpfis kpff; Fiwe;j fhyNk jf;f itj;-
Jf;nfhs;fpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> njhiyNgrp vz; xd;wpidf; Fwpg;Ngl;by; ghh;j;J mjidg;
gad;gLj;Jk; tiu epidtpy; itj;jpUg;gJ FWfpafhy Qhgfj;jpw;F Xh; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
ePz;lfhy Qhgfj;jpy; epiyaw;w tpguq;fs; Nkyjpfkhfr; Nrh;tijf; FWq;fhy Qhgfk; jil-

nra;fpd;wJ. NkYk; rpy tpguq;fs; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;L cgNahfpf;fg;gl;l
gpd;dh; rpy epkplq;fspy; kwe;JNghtijf; fhzyhk;. mz;ikf;fhy cstpay; njhlh;ghd
Muha;r;rpfspy; FWq;fhy Qhgfj;jpy; 4 njhlf;fk; 5 tiuapyhd Fwpg;Gf;fis kl;LNk Nrk-
pj;J itj;jpUf;fKbAk; vdf; fz;lwpe;jdh;. ,Ue;Jk; FWq;fhy Qhgf rf;jpapid mjw;fhd
gapw;rp Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Nkk;gLj;jKbAk;. Fwpg;ghf> jpUk;gj; jpUk;gf;
$Wjy;> xj;jpifghh;j;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; tYg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;syhk;. FWq;fhy Qhgfk;
gpd;tUk; %d;W tifahd fl;lq;fshf tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
1. GFj;Jjy; (Encoding)
2. fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; (Storage)
3. kPl;lwpjy; (Retrieval)
FWq;fhy Qhgfk; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l tplaq;fis khj;jpuk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,jpy;
mDgt hPjpahf mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf> ghh;j;jy; %ykhfTk; Nfl;ly; %ykhfTk; jfty;fs; GFj;-
jg;gLfpd;wd. jfty;fis epiyepWj;jp itj;jpUg;gNj fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; vdg;gLfpwJ. ,e;epi-
yapy; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;l tplaq;fs; vkf;F NjitNaw;gLk;NghJ ntspf;nfhzUjy; kPl;l-
wpjy; vd;fpNwhk;. FWq;fhy Qhgfj;jpy; vt;tstpw;fjpkhd jfty;fs; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpd;wdNth
me;jstpw;F kPsg;ngWjy; nkJthf eilngWfpd;wJ. jfty;fis kPl;lwpAk;NghJ FWf;fPLfs;
Vw;gLkhapd; kPl;lwptjpy; rpf;fy;fs;; Vw;gLfpd;wd. FWq;fhy Qhgfj;jpy; jfty;fisg; ngw;W-
f;nfhs;Sk; gbKiwiag; gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;.
GFj;Jjy;> fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jjy;> kPl;lwpjy;

Encoding (Input)> Storage (Process) > Retrieval (Output)
RUq;ff;$wpd;> GydDgtq;fspd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; jfty;fs; GFj;jg;gl;L fsQ;rpag;gLj;-
jg;gLfpd;wd. gpd;dh; Njitapd;NghJ kPl;lwpag;gLfpd;wd vd;gjidNa Nkw;Fwpj;j gbKiw
tpsf;fpf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
• ePz;lfhy Qhgfk; (Long Term Memory)

Qhgfj;jpd; kw;nwhU tifNa ePz;lfhy QhgfkhFk;. ePz;lfhy Qhgfk; vd;gJ jfty;fis
ePz;lfhyk; Ngzp itj;jpUg;gjidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j Qhgfj; njhFjp gue;Jgl;l
jd;ikAilajhf tpsq;FtNjhL mq;F fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;l tplaq;fs; epue;jukhfTk;
fhzg;gLk; (Long term memory can store larger quantities of information). mjhtJ fzpdpapy;
jfty;fis ePz;lfhykhfr; Nrkpj;J itg;gijg; Nghd;wjhFk;. ePz;lfhy Qhgfj;jpw;F khw;w-
g;gLgit ed;F ghprPypf;fg;gl;L> tifg;gLj;jg;gl;L gjpaitf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ePz;lfhy Qhgfk;jhd; xt;nthU Nkijfspd; tho;tpYk; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wdJ vd;gJ

vhpf;]d; (Erikson) Nghd;w cstpayhsh;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;. cyfk; Nghw;Wk; Nkijfshd
mhp];Nuhl;by;> epa+l;ld;> Id;];ild;> rhh;s;]; lhh;tpd; Nghd;Nwhh;fs; jj;jkJ Jiwfspy; rf;jp
tha;e;j epidthw;wiyg; ngUf;fpf;nfhz;likNa ,jw;Fr; jf;frhd;whFk;.

Qhgf rf;jp> fzpjk;> gilg;ghw;wy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; mjpf jpwikAs;sth;fSf;Nf Ez;zwpTk;

mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ epGzj;Jtk; tha;e;jth;fspd; fUj;jhFk;. Fwpg;ghf> Njh;];ld;
(Thurston) vd;w cstpay;; mwpQh; Ez;zwptpy; kpf Kf;fpakhf 7 tplaq;fs; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jfpd;wd (=dpthrd;> 2008:61) vdf; $wpAs;shh;. mitKiwNa> vz;zhw;wy;> Qhgf
rf;jp> nrhy;yhw;wy;> nrhy; Ntfk;> ,lthw;wy;> Gyf;fhl;rp Mw;wy;> gpur;rpidfSf;F tpil
fhZk; Mw;wy; vd;gdthFk;.
Nkw;Fwpj;j xt;nthd;iwg; gw;wpAk; Muha;e;J mit njhlh;ghfj; jdpj;jdpNa

kjpg;ngz;fisAk; eph;zapj;Js;shh;. ,jid mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L kdpjdpy;
gy;tifapdiuAk; cs;slf;fpa mth; (Njh;];ld;) gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jpAs;sikAk;
ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplakhFk;.
Ez;zwpT <Tg;ngWkhdk; tifapdh;

70 fPo; kdtsh;r;rp Fd;wpNahh;
70-85 nkJthff; fw;Nghh;
85-115 rhjhuz Ez;zwptilNahh;
115-135 jpwDilNahh;
135-150 mjpf jpwDilNahh;
150 Nky; Nkijfs;

Qhgfj;jpd; nrad;Kiwiaj; njspTgLj;Jk; tpsf;f tiuglk;
kdpjDila cWg;Gf;fspy; kpfTk;

Mr;rhpakpf;fjhfTk; Qhgfj;NjhL
neUq;fpa njhlh;Gila cWg;gh-
fTk; %is mjpYk;
Kf;fpa cWg;ghf `pg;Nghfk;g];
(Hippocampus) tpsq;FfpwJ.
,g;gFjp jfty;fisf;
fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
kPl;lwptjw;Fk; gad;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F
Vw;gLfpd;w Nrjk; ghhpa kwjpiaj;
Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; vdg; ghpNrhjid
fspd; %yk; fz;lwpe;Js;shh;fs;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> vypfs; kPJ Nkw;
nfhs;sg;gl;l fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; ghpNrhjid ,jw;Fr; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ghpNrhjidapy;
vypfspy; xU FOtpw;Fg; Gwdpiar; Rw;wpAs;s gFjpAk; `pg;Nghfk;g]_k; rpijf;fg;gl;lJ.
mNjrkak; kw;iwa FOtpw;F %isapd; Gwdpapd; Kd;gf;fj;jpd; rpy gFjpfs; rpijf;f-
g;gl;ld. ghpNrhjidapd; gpd;dh; `pg;Nghfk;g]; Nrjkhf;fg;gl;l vypfs; Fiwe;jstpNyNa
nraw;gl;ld vd mwpe;Jnfhs;sg;gl;lJ. vdNtjhd; kdpjdpd; Qhgfj;NjhL neUq;fpa
cWg;ghd %isapy; ghjpg;G Vw;gLtij ,aYkhdtiu jtph;j;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,jd;%yk; kwjpia Xustpw;NfDk; jtph;j;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.
kwjp (Forgetting)kdpju; jdJ md;whl tho;f;ifapy; gytw;iwf; fw;fpwhd;. Mdhy; rpWJ

fhyk; fope;j gpd;dh; ,tw;wpy; ngUk;ghd;ikia mtdhy; Qhgfg;gLj;j Kad;whYk;
Kbtjpy;iy. Vnddpy; ,tw;iw ehk; kwe;JtpLfpNwhk;. kwjp vd;gJ ehk; fw;wit tYtpoe;J
kiwe;J Nghtijf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. kdpj tho;f;ifapy; fw;wy; gy;NtW topfspy; epfo;e;jhYk;
mit ahtw;iwAk; Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUf;fpd;Nwhkh vdpy; mJ mt;thW vspjpy; epfo;t-
jpy;iy. Fwpg;ghf ehk; fw;Fk; tplaq;fspy; nghUs; tpsq;fhjit vspjpy; kwe;JtpLfpd;wd.
vdNtjhd; fw;wtw;iw mt;tg;NghJ kPl;Lg;ghh;j;jYk; Ghpe;Jnfhz;l tplaq;fis eilKiw-
g;gLj;JjYk; Qhgfj;jpw;F ,d;wpaikahjnjhd;whf tpsq;FfpwJ. cz;ikapy; kwjp Vw;gLt-
jw;fhd fhuzq;fis Muha;e;j mwpQh;fs; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis tifg;gLj;jp tpsf;fp
As;sdh;. mtw;Ws; rpy tUkhW>
 fw;w tplaq;fs; gad;gLj;jhky; Nghfpd;wNghJ mit ,ay;ghfNt kwe;JNghfpd;wd.
 fw;wtw;wpy; mf;fiwAk; Mh;tKk; Fiwe;jhy; fw;w tplaq;fs; kwe;JNghtjw;Fr; rhj;

jpaf;$Wfs; epiwaNt cz;L.
 taJ Kjpu;r;rpapd; tpisthf euk;Gj; njhFjpapy; vOk; clypay; khw;wq;fs;

(Physiological changes) kwjpf;Ff; fhuzkhf mikaf;$Lk;.

 %isf;F Vw;gLk; mjph;r;rp kw;Wk; gpwo;Tepiy Nghd;w fhuzq;fshYk; kwjp Vw;glyhk;.
cz;ikapy; ehk; xNu tPjj;jpy; ahtw;iwAk; kwg;gjpy;iy. kwj;jypd; tPjk; ehSf;F ehs;
NtWgLfpd;wJ. ehl;fs; nry;yr; nry;yf; fw;wjpy; vt;tsT tPjk; ek;kdj;jpy; njhlu;e;J mUfp-
tUfpd;wJ vd;gij fPo;tUk; kwj;jy; ghij fhl;LfpwJ. fw;wTld; kwj;jy; tPjk; mjpfk;. gpd;G
ehl;fs; fopa ,t;tPjk; FiwfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> lhyd;ghf; vd;gtuJ Nrhjid KbTfsp-
d;gb fw;wjpy; ghjpahdJ fw;w Kjy; miu kzp Neuj;jpw;Fs;shfNt kwe;JNghfpd;wJ vdr;
Rl;bf;fhl;bdhh; (re;jhdk;> 2005:369).
kwjp gw;wp Muha;e;j mwpQh;fSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth; N`h;kd; vgpq;Nfh]; (Hermann Ebbinghaus)

Mthh;. Qhgfj;jpidf; fw;wNyhL njhlh;GgLj;jpf; fzpg;gpl;L tpsf;fpapUe;jhh;. ,jd;gb mtU-
ila ghpNrhjidapypUe;J ngwg;gl;l KbTfisg; gpd;tUk; tiuglk; njspTgLj;jpf;fhl;Lfp-
d;wJ.
vdNtjhd; fw;wypd; %yk; GFj;jg;gl;l tplaq;fs; fhyk; nry;yr; nry;y kwe;JtpLfpd;wd

vd;gijNa Nkw;Fwpj;j tiuglk; Gyg;gLj;jpepw;fpd;wJ. ,jd;gb Kjy; 24 kzpj;jpahyj;jpy;
66 rjtPjkhdit kwf;fg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt fhyk;jhd; kwjpapid cz;lhf;Fk; fhuzpahFk;.
kwj;jypd; Nfhl;ghLfs;
kwjp njhlh;ghf Muha;e;j cstpayhsh;fs; gpd;tUk; Nfhl;ghLfis Kd;itj;Jj; njspTgLj;-
jp tpsf;fpAs;shh;fs;.
• mopjy; Nfhl;ghL (Decay Theory)
,f;Nfhl;ghl;bd; gpufhuk; Nrkpf;fg;gl;l jfty;fis gad;gLj;jhjjd; tpisthfTk;
fhyk; fle;J nry;tjd; %yKk; mope;JNghtijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
vgpq;Nfh]pd; Muha;r;rpapy; xU tplaj;ijf; fw;w rpy ehl;fspy; mJ
tpiutpy; kwf;fg;gLfpd;wd vdr; Rl;bf;fhl;bdhh;.
• FWf;fPL (Interference)
xU tplaj;ijf; fw;gjw;Fk; mij kPl;gjw;Fkpilapy; cs;s epfo;r;rpfs; epiyepWj;jiyg;
ghjpf;fpd;wd vd mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. ,J gw;wpg; gy Ma;Tfs; elhj;jg;gl;Lf; fw;w
tplaj;jpy; Vw;gLk; FWf;fPLfs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; ntspahfpd. ,f;FWf;fPLfs;
gpd;Ndhf;F mfj;jil> Kd;Ndhf;F mfj;jil vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
1. gpd;Ndhf;F mfj;jil (Retroactive Interference)
xUtu; X vd;Dk; tplaj;ijf; fw;wgpd; Y vd;Dk; tplaj;ijf; fw;fpd;whnud
vz;ZNthk;. gpd;du; tplak; Xia kPl;lwptjw;F mjd; gpd;du; fw;w tplak; Y
jilahapUg;gNj gpd;Ndhf;F mfj;jil vdg;gLk;. tplak; Y mjw;F Kd;G fw;w tplak;
Xiag; gpd;Ndhf;fpj; jilnra;fpwJ. RUq;ff;$wpd; Gjpa fw;wy; gioaijj; jil
nra;tNjahFk; (Earlier learning where new memories disrupt old memories).
2. Kd;Ndhf;F mfj;jil (Proactive Interference)
mz;ikapy; fw;w tplaj;ij kPl;lwpAk;NghJ mjw;F Kd;du; fw;w tplak; Kd;Ndh
f;fpf; FWf;fPL nra;tNj Kd;Ndhf;F mfj;jilahFk;. mjhtJ Gjpaijg; gioaJ
jilnra;tjhFk;. ,q;F tplak; Yia kPl;lwptjpy; tplak; X Kd;Ndhf;fpj; jilnra;fp
d;wJ vd mwpag;gLk; (What we are currently learning, where old memories disrupt new
memories).

• ntspf;nfhzh;tjpy; jil (Failure of Retrieval)

Qhgfk; njhlh;ghd ntw;wp Njhy;tpahdJ ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; jfty;fspNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ.
nghJthf ehk; fw;w tplaq;fisj; Njitapd;NghJ ntspf;nfhzh;fpd;Nwhk;. vdpDk; mr;rk;>
gjw;wk; Nghd;w kdntOr;rpfs; kpFe;J fhzg;gLk;NghJ fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;l tplaq;fis
ntspf;nfhzh;tjpy; jilfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf khzth;fs; Nkw;Fwpj;j kdntOr;rpfsp
ypUe;J tpLgl;L ghPl;irapidr; RKfkhf vjph;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
kwjp Neha; Nfhbf;fzf;fhd epa+Nuhd;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;ls;s %isapy; ,e;epa+Nuhd;fs;

xt;nthU ,lj;jpYk; rhpahf ,y;yhtpl;lhy; gy gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gl tha;g;Gz;L vd
mwpQh;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;. Mf> xU kdpjdpd; %isapYs;s epa+Nuhd;fs; Nrjg;gl;L Fwpg;gpl;l
eghpd; Qhgfk;> elj;ij> mwpTj;jpwd; Nghd;wtw;wpy; Vw;gLk; mrhjhuzj; jd;ikNa kwjp
Nehahfpa mk;dP~pahthFk; (Amnesia). cz;ikapy; ,e;Neha;f;F Kf;fpakhd fhuzk;
%isapd; cah;e;j gFjpahd nrhpnguy; fhh;nlf;]; vd;w gFjpf;F ,uj;jNthl;lk;
FiwtNjahFk; vd euk;gpay; epGzh;fs; njhptpj;Js;sdh;. ,e;Nehahsp gFjpahfNth my;yJ
g+uzkhfNth kwjpapy; mtjpg;gLth;. rw;WKd; vd;d rhg;gpl;Nlhk; vd;gijf; $wKbahJ
jpz;lhLth;.
NkYk; kwjpf;F kw;WnkhU fhuzk; J}f;fkpd;ikahFk; vd;w cz;ikAk; ntspf;

nfhzug;gl;lJ. mjhtJ kdpjDf;Fj; J}f;fk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; %is tsh;r;rpailahJ vd;Wk;
kwjp Vw;gLk; vd;Wk; ,q;fpyhe;jpYs;s gphpd;];ld; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; Njrpa mwptpay;
mf;flkpiar; rhh;e;j kUj;Jt Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; njhptpj;Js;shh;fs;. Kbthf> 'Qhgf kwjp'
vDk; gytPdk; ,y;yhj kdpjh;fs; cyfpy; ahUk; ,Uf;fKbahJ. Mdhy; mJ kdpjDf;F
kdpjd; msTfshYk; jd;ikfshYk; ghjpg;Gf;fshYk; khWgLk;. ,Ue;Jk; ,r;rf;jpiaj;
njhlh;r;rpahf Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F %isapy; ghjpg;Gf;fs; Vw;glhjthW ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;tJ
kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;. mJkl;Lky;yhJ kdpjd; jkJ tho;ehspy; jpahdk; kw;Wk; %r;Rg;
gapw;rp Nghd;w gapw;rpfisf; filg;gpbg;gjd; %yk; Qhgf rf;jpia mjpfhpf;fr;nra;ayhk;
vd;gJ gy;NtWgl;l Ma;Tfspd; %yk; ntspf;nfhzug;gl;l cz;ikahFk;.
JizE}w; gl;bay;
• re;jhdk;.v];> (2005) fy;tpapy; kdtpay;> nrd;id: rhe;jh gg;sp~h;];.
• =dpthrd;.tp.V> (2008) epidthw;wy; epue;jukh?> nrd;id: eyk; ntspaPL.
• [kh`ph;.gP.vk;> (2012) nghJ cstpay; Xh; mwpKfk;> fz;b: <];tud; Gj;jfhyak;.
• Kj;Jypq;fk;.r> (2007) fy;tpAk; cstpaYk;> Unie Arts Pvt, Ltd
• Carlson, Neil.R, (2010) Psychology: the science of behavior, Boston Mass: Allyn and Bascon.
• Conrad.R, (1964) “Acoustic Confusion in Immediate Memory” British Journal of Psychology.

fPioj;Njr Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; vOr;rpAk;

Nkw;Fyf Vfhjpgjpjpaj;jpd; neUf;fbAk;!
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Nguhrpupau; Nf. up. fNzrypq;fk;
rh;tNjr murpaypd; khw;wq;fis Nehf;fp efUfpwJ. cyfshtpa mnkupf;f ty;yuR gyk;
tPo;r;rpia Nehf;fpa Kfj;ij nfhz;bUe;jhYk;> mjpypUe;J mnkupf;fhNth my;yJ
nts;isau;fNsh kPs;tjw;fhd jpl;lq;fis njhlh;e;J tFj;JtUfpd;wdh;. ,jid mth;fsJ
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Vida fz;lq;fis MoTk; Mjpf;fk; nra;aTk; njhlh;e;J NguhbtUfpd;wdh;. mjpy; xU
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Nkw;nfhz;l tp[ak; czu;j;JfpwJ. kPsTk; Nkw;F jdJ Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij epiyepWj;j
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nydpd; Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghy; Vfhjpgj;jpak; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; cr;rf;fl;lk; vDk; Ehiy 1916
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,Ugjhk; Ehw;whz;by; Kjyhspj;Jtk; Vfhjpgj;jpakhf cUj;jpuz;L tpll;lJ vd;whh;.
mjhtJ mnkhpf;f [dhjpgjp N[hgpld; Kad;W tUfpwhh;
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Vfhjpgj;jpak; vdf; $w Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf mtuJ INuhg;gpa tp[aj;jpy; rPdh
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thzpg Mjhakhfpa xj;j Kjypy; mtjhdpg;Nghk;.
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ngWtjhFk;. mjhtJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l jhu rthiy ifahs;tJ gpujhd
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tJk; njhopy; Jiw %yj- fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Fog;g-
dj;ijAk; epjp %yjd- fukhd cwit
j;ijAk; Fzhjprakhff; rupnra;tJk;> me;ehl;L
nfhz;L ,aq;Fti- jiytu;fSld; ,Ug-
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kl;Lkd;wp cw;gj;j- Nkw;nfhs;tJk; gpu-
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mjpypUw;J VfNghfk; nfhz;bUg;gNjhL
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JiwAld; ,iztJTk; tpd; vOr;rp> u];rpaht-
mjd; ,ay;ghf njh- pd; mZFKiwfs;
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Mdhy; ,uz;lhtJ jrhg;jj;jpd; g;G ,e;ehLfSldhd tu;j;jf $l;bid gyg;
gpw;gFjpapy; rPdhTk; mjw;F mDruizahf gLj;JtJk; xNu mzpapy; ,ize;J rPdhtpd;
u~;rpahTk; vOr;rp ngw;wJld; fPioj; Njr nghUshjhu Mjpf;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;jtJk;
Vfhjpgj;jpak; vOr;rp milaj; njhlq; gw;wpa cghaq;fis tFg;gjhfNt mike;jpUe;jJ.
fpAs;sJ. ,J Vwf;Fiwa guhf; xghkh [_d;-14 mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp gpldpd;
tpd; Ml;rpapd;' ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; fUf; Nel;Nlh re;jpg;G epfo;e;jJ. 2018Mk;
nfhz;Ltpl;ljhf xghkh tiue;j Mz;Lf;F gpd;du; gpld; ,j;jifa
The Promise Land vDk; Ehypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. khehl;by; Nel;Nlh ehLfis re;jpg;gJ
mjid Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjp nlhyhl; l;uk;g; kpfKf;fpa tplakhf cs;sJ. Fwpg;ghf Kd;dhs;
KOikg;gLj;jopapUe;jhh;. mjhtJ rPdhtpd; [dhjpgjp l;uk;g; fhyj;jpy; Nel;Nlh ehLfS
vOr;rpf;fhd fhykhfTk; ,U Vfhjpgj;jpaq;f ldhd tpupryile;Js;s mnkupf;f cwtpid rup
Sf;Fkhd Kuz;ghL cr;rkilAk; fhykh- nra;tJk;> Mf;Nuhrkhd u];rpahtpd;
fTk; mJ mike;jpUe;jJ. ,jid kPl;gjw;Nf eltbf;iffis gpuhe;jpa uPjpapy; vjpu;

nfhs;tJ> rPdhtpd; irgu; jhf;Fjy; INuhg;gpa tp[aj;jpd; epiwT
neUf;fb> fhyepiy khw;wk;> Mg;fhdpypUe;j Rtp]u;yhe;jpd; jiyefukhd
JUg;Gf;fis tpyf;fp n[dpthtpy; u];rpa [dhjpgjp tpshbkPu;
nfhs;Sjy; vd %Nyhgha GbNdhL re;jpj;jpg;NghL Kbtile;jJ. n[dpth
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v j p u ; n f h s ; t J ciuahly;fspd; ntspg;ghLk; mnkupf;fh
gw;wpa ciyahly;fs; mike;jpUe;jd. tpw;Fk; mjd; [dhjpgjp N[h gplDf;Fk; rthy
;kpf;fJ vd;gij czu;j;Jt
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fhTf;Fk; INuhg; n[dpth kfhehl;bd; ,U jiytu;fsJk;
gpa A+dpaDf;F re;jpg;gpd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj epiwTgFjp tiu
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rk;ge;jkhd khehL mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ
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jpapUe;jhh;. 2014,w;F ehl;L jiytu;fspd;
gpd;duhd Kjw;re;jp- re;jpg;gpid gpujpgyp-
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j;jpy; gupkhwg;gl;l j;jpaJ. mJkl;L
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tplaq;fis fle;J c i u a h L t -
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khw;wq;fisAk; nfhz;bUe;j fUj;-
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eilKiwfis kPs mikg;gNjhL [dhjpgjp N[h gplNd mjpfk; rq;flq;fis
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ntspia epug;GtjhfTk; mnkupf;f - Ml;rpf;F te;j gpw;ghL mnkupf;f [dhjpg-
INuhg;gpa A+dpad; khehL jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ. jpahf u];rpa [dhjpgjp njhlu;ghf ntsp
mJ kl;Lkd;wp INuhg;gpa - rPd th;j;jf apl;l fUj;Jf;fs;> [p-07 Nel;Nlh vd;gd
cwit KbGf;F nfhz;LtUk; cghaq;fs; tw;wpy; u];rpahtpw;Fk; u];rpah [dhjpgjp-
ciuahlglg;gl;lJld; N[h;kdpapdJk; f;Fk; vjpuhf vOg;gg;gl;l tpthjq;fSf;F
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neUf;fbia gplDf;F Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jJ. NghJ n[h gpldpd; Ramtkjpg;gpd; gpujpik
mjhtJ ,j;jhypAk; N[h;kdpAk; rPdhT mtuJ ciuahlypy; mtjhdpf;f $ba-
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vj;jifa efh;Tf;Fk; cld;gl KbahJ vdj; yfhud; vd;Wk; u];rpahtpd; eltbf;iffis
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MdhYk; gpld; Clfq;fis re;jpf;Fk; NghJk; Nkirapy; NeUf;F Neu; re;jp-
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tplakhfNt njhpe;jJ. rhd;rpyu; mQ;rNy Nku;fy; MfpNahuJ ifa tplak; mnkupf;f jug;
mNjNeuk; tpshbkpu; Gbd; MSik NkNyhq;fp ,Ue;jikia gpdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l
mnkupf;fhit nghJ mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ. vdNt N[h gpldJ NghJk; tpshbkPu; Gb-
ntspapy; tpku;rpf;Fk; NghJ INuhg;gpa tp[ak; Dila gjpy; mt;tif
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N[hd;rd; [p-07 kfhehl;il liy mnkupf;fh ty;yuR
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mtuJ MSik NkNyhq;fp tpl;lJ vd;w Fw;wr;rhl;lhf Kd;
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Ntz;ba N[h gpld; kfh g;;gilapy; ,U dj;ijNa fhl;LfpwJ.
ehLfspYk; rup kfhehL jiytu;fSf;Fkpilapy; ele;j u];rpa vjpu;f;fl;rp
fSf;F gpd;ghd Clf re;- ciuahlypd; jdpj;Jtkhd tplaq;fis jiytu; mnyf;rp ethy;dp
jpg;Gf;fspYk; rup xg;gPl;lbg; mtjhdpj;jy; mtrpakhfpwJ. njhlu;gpyhd ciuahlYk;
gilapy; gytPdj;ijNa u];rpa njhlu;gpy; Gbd;-gpld; ciuahlypy; Kj-
gpujpgypg;gjhf mtjhdp- mnkupf;f kpf ePz;l Fw;wr;rhl;lhf irgu; d;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjw;
f;f KbfpwJ. N[h gplNdhL jhf;Fjiy Kd;itj;J te;jJ. n[dpth fhd Gbdpd; gjpy; N[h gpldpd;
xg;gpLfpd;w tpjj;jpy; [dehafk; vd;w nrhy;yh-
lypd; cr;rhldj;ij mbnahw;wpajhf mike;- Mg;fhdp];jhd; Nghu; vd;g
jpUe;jJ. ,J Nkw;F ehLfs; midj;Jf;Fk; tw;wpy; xd;wpize;J gzpahw;w cld;gl;-
nghUj;jkhd gjpyhfNt cs;sJ. bUg;gij gu];guk; mq;fPfupj;Js;sdu;.
mjhtJ ethy;dp u];rpahtpd; rl;lq;fis
kPwpAs;shu;. mtUf;F Mjuthf 10rjtpj kf;fs; vdNt Gbd;-gpld; n[dpth re;jpg;G ,U vfhjpgj;-
$l ,y;iynad njuptpj;jpUe;jhu;. vdNt jpa jiytu;fSf;fhd Njhw;fbf;fg;glhj ciuah-
mnkupf;f Kd;itj;j kdpj cupik kPwy; lyhf Kbe;jJ. Mdhy; mnkupf;f Vfhjpgj;jpak;
rhu;e;j Fw;wr;rhl;il Gbd; ,yhtfukhf vjpu; fle;j fhyj;jpy; Kd;nkhope;jJ Nghy; Gbd; jiyik
nfhz;bUe;jhu;. cz;ikapNyNa apyhd u];rpa Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij ,yFtpy;
Kd;dhs; Nrhtpaj; A+dpaid mnkupf;fh ntw;wpnfhs;s KbahJ vd;gij ,t;
tPo;j;jpa KiwiaAk; mjd; gpd;du; nghup]; ciuahly; czu;j;jpAs;sJ. u];rpahit Rw;wp-
n[y;rd; vd;w jiytiu Ml;rpapy; mku;j;j tisf;Fk; Nel;Nlhtpd; cj;jpfis jfu;f;Fk;
mnkupf;f vt;thW u];rpahit rpijj;jNjh? Nel;Nlhtpd; eilkiw ,uh[je;jpu uPjpapYk;
mt;thNw ethy;dpia jahu;g;gLj;Jtjhf murpay; kw;Wk; ,uhZt uPjpapYk; Kidg;ghf
u];rpa kf;fSk; u];rpa Ml;rpah- cs;sJ. gpldpd; INuhg;gpa tp[aj;jpd; NghJ
su;fSk; fUJfpd;wdu;. rPdhtpd; gl;b kw;Wk; ghij Kd;Kaw;rpf;F
,U jiytu;fSf;Fkpilapy; ifjpfs; gjpyhf B3W (Build Back Better World)
gupkhw;wk; gw;wpa ciuahly; Kjd;ik- vDk; cyfshtpa epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;iw
g;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j NghJk; cld;ghL Nkw;Fehl;l jiytu;fs; Kd;nkhope;
vl;lhjh ciuahlyhf mike;Js;sJ. Fwpg;ghf Js;sdu;. mjid rw;W tphpthf Nehf;FNthk;.
NeubahNt N[h gpld; mnkupf;f flw;gilapd; N[h gpld; mnkhpf;f Kd;dhs; [dhjp
Kf;fpa gjtpapy; cs;s xUtiuAk;> mNj gjp l;uk;g; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L
Nghd;W u];rpahtpd; ,uhZt Nritapy; cs;s gpd;du; fplg;gpy; Nghlg;gl;l Blue Dot Net-
ifjpfis gupkhw;WtJ njhlu;gpy; ciuah- work vd;gij gw;wpa ciuahly;fisAk; Kj-
ly; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l NghJ KbTfs; mwptp- d;ikg;gLj;jp cs;shu;. 2019Mk; Mz;L nlh-
f;fg;glhkNy mt;tplak; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ. dhy;l; l;uk;g; ,Dila Ml;rpf;fhyg;gFjpapy;
,U ehLfSf;FkpilNa MAj cld;gb- Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Blue Dot Network; jha;yhe;jpd;
f;if gw;wp Gjpa cld;gbf;iffis jiyefuhd ghq;nfhf;-,y; eilngw;w ,e;Njh-
cUthf;FtJ gw;wpAk; ciuahlg;gl;l gRgpf; tu;j;jf khehl;by; mnkupf;f [g;ghd;
NjhL rpupah> ypgpah> cf;iud;> kw;Wk; <uhd; kw;Wk; mT];Nuypah Mfpa ehLfspd;
Nghd;w ehLfspd; nfhjpepiyf;fhd $l;bizT jpl;lkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
neUf;fbia u];rpah Vw;gLj;Jtjhf nlhdhy;l; luk;g;d; Njrpa ghJfhg;G Jiz
n[dpth ciuahlypy; ciuahlg;gl;l NghJk; MNyhrfuhfTk; rPdh njhlu;ghd Kf;fpa
u];rpa [dhjpgjp u];rpah jdJ Ra nfhs;if tFg;ghsuhfTk; tpsq;fpa kj;A+
ghJfhg;Gf;fhd ,uhZt eltbf;iffis ghl;bq;fu; vd;gtu; Gtpg;gFjpapy; ,Uf;Fk; Blue
khj;jpuNk Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wnjd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. Net I ikag;gLj;jp cq;fs; cztfq;fS-
,U jiytu;fSk; elhj;jpa ePz;l f;F el;rj;jpu kjpg;gPl;il ngWtJ Nghyh-
ciuahlypy; cld;ghL xd;W vl;lg;gl;l Fk; vd ,j;jpl;lj;ij tu;zpj;jhu;. Fwpg;ghf
tplakhf ,Uehl;L ,uh[je;jpupfisAk; jdpahu; Jiwia ikag;gLj;jpa cl;fl;likg;G
,uh[je;jpu gzpfSf;fhf ,uh[je;jpu myty- KjyPLfis mjpfupf;Fk; tifapYk; ,j;jpl;l
fq;fspy; mDkjpg;gnjd gu];guk; cld;gh- kply; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; Fthl;
l;Lf;F te;Js;sJ. mJkl;Lkd;wp ,U jiy- vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ehw;fiu ghJfhg;G ciu
tu;fSk; Nfhtpl; njhw;W> fhyepiy khw;wk;> ahlypy; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;j ,e;jpahit cs;sPu;g;g-
tlnfhupah <uhd; mZthAj gupNrhjid> jw;fhd mnkupf;f Mu;tj;ijAk; Kjd;ikg;gLj;jp

apUe;jNjhL GJby;yp gl;b patw;wpd; nlhyu;fSf;F rPdhtpd; gl;b kw;Wk;
kw;Wk; ghij Kd;Kaw;rp mr;RWj; ghij Kd;Kaw;rpf;F (Belt and Road Initiatives)
jyhf mikAnkd gq;Nfw;f kWj;jJ. nghUe;jhJ vd;$wpdhu;. vdNt mnkupf;f ji-
Blue Dot Network MdJ [p-7> [p-20 yikapyhd Nkw;Fyf ehLfspd; mZFKiwfs;
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Nkk;ghL Nghd;w nfhs;iffisAk; mjd; ghijfs; Kd;Kaw;rpf;F vjpuhd efu;Tfspy;
juq;fisAk; mbj;jskhf gad;gLj;j jpl;l mjpfkhf c;s;snjd;gJ njspthfpwJ. mjid
kpl;Ls;sJld;> nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sjy; mtrpakhd xd;whFk;
mgptpUj;jpf;fhd cyfshtpa %Nyhgha .N[h gpld; jiyikapydh mnkupf;f
j;ijAk; njhopy;El;g nraw;ghl;Lf;fhd cs;sPL epu;thfk; jtpu;f;f KbahJ nlhdhy;l;
fisAk; toq;f Kd;te;Js;sJ. Fwpg;ghf l;uk;gpd; nfhs;ifia njhlu Ntz;ba epiyf;F
cs;sPLfspd; ju epiyfisAk; epjpahsu;fi- mfg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ rPd vjpu;g;G epiy
sAk; gq;Fjhuu;fisAk; Cf;Ftpf;Fk; Nehf;- xd;iw Kd;ndLf;f Ntz;ba #oy; fle;j
Fld; ,f;fl;likg;G mnkupf;f cl;gl;l Nkw;F fhyj;ij tpl jw;NghJ mjpfupj;Js;sJ. [p7
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d;wp Nth~pq;lid jskhf nfhz;l %Nyh- cyfshtpa eltbf;iffSf;F gjpyPlhd
gha kw;Wk; ru;tNjr Ma;Tfs; ty;Ydu;f- eltbf;iffNs nra;a Ntz;ba epu;g;ge;-
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n[hdjd; `py;khu; MfpNahu; cl;fl;likg;G INuhg;gpa A+dpaDldhd ciuahly; kw;Wk;
KjyPl;bd; ePz;lfhy tUthia NjLk; l;upy;ypad; Nel;Nlh ehLfSldhd re;jp;Gfspy; N[h gpld;
fzf;fhd nlhyu;fs; ngWkjpf;fhf Xa;T+jpak; jpl;lkplyhfTk; mKyhf;f nrad;Kiwah-
kw;Wk; fhg;gPl;lL epjpfs; cl;gl mnkupf;fh fTk; nfhz;bUe;jjij mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ.
tpw;F jdpj;Jtkhd epjpg;gyd;fs; cs;snjd vdNt mnkupf;fhtpd; kpf Kf;fpa ,yf;f-
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. mjhtJ Vfhjpgj;jpahf rPdhtpd; gl;b kw;Wk; ghij Kd;Kaw;rp
j;jpd; ikaNk epjp%yjdk; mnkhpf;fh khwpAs;sJ. rPdh vd;w xU ehl;bd; jpl;l-
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j;jpapUe;jdh;. ,jid NkYk; gyg;gLj;- ehLfs; ,ize;J vjpu;f;f Ntz;ba epupg;ge;-
Jtjw;F cau;jukhd rhd;Wfis toq;Fk; jk; Vw;gl;ls;sJ. jdpj;j mkupf;fhNth my;yJ
nghwpKiwiaAk; rpghu;R nra;jdh;. gpupj;jhdpshNth rPdhtpd; cghaj;ij vjpu;
Blue Dot Network; vd;gJ 12 l;upy;ypad; nfhs;s Kbahj cyf #oy; xd;W Vw;gl;ls;sJ.
nlhyu;fs; nrhj;Jf;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk; Blue Dot Network MdJ cyf
cyfpYs;s 96 ehLfis cs;slf;fpa 150,w;Fk; yhtpa cl;fl;Lkhd Kaw;rpia ,yf;F
Nkw;gl;l Kf;fpa njhopy; Jiw epu;thfpfs; itj;jjhfNt njupfpwJ. ,Nj
ghq;nfq; re;jpg;gpy; gq;Nfw;f itj;jjhfTk; nfhs;ifia rPdh 2012Mk; Mz;Lf;F gpd;du; cyf
mnkupf;f ntspAwTj;jiw njuptpj;Js;sJ. shtpa uPjpapy; Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpwJ. 2016,y;
,e;j Muk;g $l;l mku;Tfspy; cyfpd; typik ,jw;fhf Mrpa cl;fl;likg;G KjyPlL ; tq;fp (AIIB)
gilj;j rpl;b kw;Wk; N[.gp. Nkhu;fd; cs;spl;l xd;iw Muk;gpj;J mjw;fhd mKyhf;fq;fis
epjp epWtdq;fSk; nghJj;Jiw mikg;Gf; nkw;nfhz;LtUfpwJ. vdNt Blue Dot Net-
fSk; jha;yhe;jpd; mur Xa;T+jpa epWtd- work ,d; gpujhd ,yf;if rPdh Kd;
Kk; gq;Nfw;wpUe;jik Fwpg;gplf;$ba tpla ;$l;bNa njd;G+Nfhs ehLfis cl;fl;-
khFk;. ,jpy; gq;nfLj;j %j;j ghJfhg;G likg;G vDk; nghwpKiwA+lhf ,iz-
Ma;thsu; fpuh];Nkd; vd;gtu; j;j te;Js;sJ. ,jid cilf;Fk; tpjj;-
mT];Nuypa [g;ghd; kw;Wk; mnkupf;f Mf- jpNyNa jha;yhe;J re;jpg;ghdJ mjw;

cghak; tFf;fg;gl;l NghJk; rPdhtpd;
fhdnjhU Muk;g Kaw;rpahfNt fhzg;gl;lJ.
gl;L ghij Kd;Kaw;rpia ,Jtiu Njhw;
Mdhy; rPdhtpd; Gjpa gl;Lg;
fbf;f Kbatpy;iy [p-7> Nel;Nlh> INuhg;gpa
ghijia jfu;g;gJ vd;gJ kl;Lkd;wp nj-
A+dpad;> ,e;Njh-gRgpf; cgahk;> Fthl;
d;G+Nfhs ehLfsJ cl;fl;likg;G tsu;
ehLfs; vd;w tupirapy; Blue Dot Network Fk;
r;rpfisAk; mjpy;; rPdhtpd; gq;Ffi-
xd;whf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jd; Kaw;rpfSk;
sAk; ,y;yhky; nra;tNj Blue Dot Net-
Kd;$l;baij Nghd;Nw gytPdkhf mikAk;
work ,d; gpujhd ,yf;fhf njhpfpwJ.
vd;w vjpu;ghu;g;G mjpfkhf cs;sJ. fhuzk;
rPdhtpd; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpia njd;
rPdh Kd;ndLf;Fk; mNjkhjphpahd cghaq;fs;
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rPdh mjpy; gazk; nra;j gy Mz;LfS-
jpl;lkpl;bUf;fpd;w nghwpKiwia
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jfu;g;gJk; ,jd; ,d;ndhU Nehf;fkh-
njhlq;FtJ vd;gJ mjd; Muk;g gytPdj;ijNa
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Nkyhjpf;f jsj;jpypUe;J rPdh cyfj;ij mZf
INuhg;gpa ehLfsJ nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp
tpy;iy. khwhf rktYTldNa cyf ehLfis
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Nkw;nfhz;L jkJ ehl;bd; nghUsh-
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jhuj;jpid nropg;G epiyf;F nfhz;L
d;w rpW FOf;fshy; cyif Ms KbahJ.
nrd;wd. fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;;F Kw;gl;l
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fhyj;jpy; INuhg;gpa NguuRfs; Ruz;-
cyfj;jpd; vy;yh muRfisAk; rkkhf fUjp-
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f;nfhz;L midj;j ehLfSld; gq;Nfw;Gld;
mnkupf;f INuhg;gpa Vfhjpgj;jpaq;fs;
$ba jPu;khdq;fisNa Kd;ndLf;f tpUk;G
mj;jifa Ruz;liy [dehak; kdpj
fpwJ. mJkl;Lkd;wp [p-7 Nghd;w FOf;fs; rPdh
cupik Rje;jpuk; vd;w vz;zf;fUNthL
filg;gpbf;Fk; mNj nfhs;iffis fhye;
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INuhg;gpa mnkhpf;f tha;g;Gf;fis rPdh
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ifg;gw;wpAs;sJ Mdhy; rPdh mjid
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gj;jpaq;fSf;fpilapyhd Nkhjy; th;j;jfj;jpYk;
jAk; Ruz;liyAk; epiyehl;LtjhFk;.
epjp kw;Wk; njhopy;JiwapYk; Muk;gpj;Jtpl;lJ.
cyfj;ij Ms;tjw;fhd Nghl;bj;jd;ik
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NjhL Nkw;fpdhy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l

Nfhtpl; -19 fhyg;gFjpapy;

njhopy; Kaw;rpahsHfs;
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aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
mwpKfk;
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,lk; tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j tifapy; Ez;>rpW> eLj;ju njhopy; Kaw;rpahdJ nkhj;j nghUl;fs; Nritfs;
cw;gj;jpapy; 52tPjkhd gq;fspg;gpid toq;FtJld; ehl;bd; r%f nghUshjhuf; fl;likg;gpy; Fwp-
j;Jiuf;Fk; tifapy; KJnfYk;ghf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 90 tPjkhd njhopy; Kaw;rpfs; tptrhaky;y-
hjJiwfspy; fhzg;gLtJld; 45 tPjkhd Ntiytha;g;gpid toq;Ffpd;wJ.

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Nfhuj;jdkhd Nghupdhy; ,yq;ifapy; thOk; jkpo; NgRk; kf;fs; ngupJk; ghjpg;ig vjph;Nehf;fpdh;.
capiu ,oe;J> clikia ,oe;J> njhopy; Kaw;rpfis ,oe;J mtHfis kpfTk; xU mbkl;l epi-
yf;F js;sg;gl;l epiyf;F nfhz;L nrd;Wk;. 2009 k; Mz;L NghH KbTf;F te;j nghOJ rfy njhopy;
Kaw;rpahsHfSk;> jk;khy; jkJ njhopiy xU Kd;Ndw;wfukhd> my;yJ ntw;wpfukhd
epiyf;F nfhz;L nry;y KbAk; vd jkJ Kaw;rpia Kd;ndLj;j nghOJ> njd;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J te;j
njhopy; Kaw;rpahsHfspdhYk;> ntspehl;L KjyPl;lhsHfspdJ tUifahYk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Ngh-
l;bj;jd;ikia vjpH Nehf;f Kbahky; njhopy; Kaw;rpfis iftpl
Ntz;ba xU Jh;g;ghf;fpa epiyf;F nrd;wdH. NkYk;
Nghl;bj;je;jpNuhghaq;fis gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs;>
epjpneUf;fbfs;> etPd njhopy; El;gghtidfSk;
“
2009 k; Mz;L NghH
Gjpa> ,Uf;fpd;w Nghl;bahsHfSld; Nghl;b Nghl
KbTf;F te;j nghOJ rfy
Kbahj epiy aho; khtl;l njhopy; Kaw;rpahsHfis
njhopy; Kaw;rpahsHfSk;>
xU gdpg;Nghupd; fPohd epiyf;F js;spaJ. MdhYk;>
jk;khy; jkJ njhopiy xU
vkJ Nrkpg;G gof;fKk;> tho;f;ifKiwAk; Njhy;tpia
Kd;Ndw;wfukhd> my;yJ
Vw;gLj;jhJ> mjpypUe;J kPz;nlOfpd;w xU epiyf;F
ntw;wpfukhd epiyf;F
,l;Lr;nrd;wJ.
nfhz;L nry;y KbAk;
vd jkJ Kaw;rpia
mjd; gpd;dH> nfhOk;gpy; Vw;gl;l ghupa Fz;L ntb-
Kd;ndLj;j nghOJ>
g;gpdhy; gy;NtWgl;l f];lq;fisAk; rthy;fisAk;;
njd;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J
Kaw;rpahsHfs; vjpH nfhz;ldH. ,j;njhlHr;rpahd
te;j njhopy;
Nguplh;fs;> mdHj;jq;fs; tpNrlkhf aho;khtl;l Ez;>
Kaw;rpahsHfspdhYk;>
rpW> eLj;ju njhopy; Kaw;rpahsHfis mr;RWj;jpAk;
ntspehl;L
jkJ njhopy;fis %l Ntz;ba rpy neUf;fbfis
KjyPl;lhsHfspdJ
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
tUifahYk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l
Nghl;bj;jd;ikia vjpH
,t;mdHj;jq;fspypUe;J kPz;nlOe;j epiyapy;
Nehf;f Kbahky;
NguplH jhf;fkhdJ 2020 gq;Fdp
njhopy; Kaw;rpfis iftpl
Ntz;ba xU Jh;g;ghf;fpa
epiyf;F nrd;wdu;.”
khjkstpy; KjyhtJ jhf;fj;ij vjpH Nehf;fp
ghlrhiyfs;> %lg;gl;L> gpd;dH ntsp
ehLfspy; ,Ue;J te;jtHfspy; nfhNuhdh Neha;
,dq;fhzg;gl;L 14 ehl;fs;

jdpikg;gLj;jy; vd;gjid mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. NkYk; jhf;fj;jpd; msT mjpfupj;jikahy;> ntt;NtW

jdpikg;gLj;jy; epiyaq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;L> Ra jdpikg;gLj;jy; vd;gjid mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJld;>
Culq;Fr;rl;lk;> gazj;jil vd;gtw;w;pD}lhf itu]; jhf;fj;jpid fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; nfhz;L tUt-
jw;F gy;NtWgl;l nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLj;jJ. kf;fspd; Njitfisg; G+Hj;jp nra;tjw;F trjpfs;
nra;J nfhLf;fg;gl;lJld;> r%f ,ilntsp Ngzg;gLjy;> Kff;ftrk; mzpjy; fl;lhakhf nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ. ,e;epiyikahdJ nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspy; vjph;kiwahd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
,f;fhuzj;jhy; Ez; rpwpa eLj;ju njhopy; Kaw;rpahz;ikahdJ gy rthy;fisAk;> gpur;ridfisAk;
vjpH Nehf;fpaJ.
ehshe;jf; $yp NtiyahsHfs; kpfTk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. ,e;epiyapy; murhq;fkhdJ mtHfspd; epi-

yj;jpU jd;ikf;F gy topfspy; cjtpfis toq;fpaJ. MdhYk; nfhj;jzpahd gutyhdJ Ngupluhd
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjid jtpHg;gjw;F Culq;F epiyia murhdJ njhlHe;J gpuflzg;gLj;jpaJ.
aho; khtl;lj;jpy; Ez;> rpW> eLj;ju njhopy; Kaw;rpahsuhf xg;ge;jf;fhuhH(113) Glitj;njhopy;(50)>

kUe;jfk;(21)> gyruf;F filfs; (163)> eiff;filfs;(88)> tpw;gid epiyak;(291)> ,Uk;G
nghUl;fs; tpahghuk(68);> czTk; ghzKk;(124)> miuf;Fk; Miyfs;(51)> Vw;Wkjp
,wf;Fkjp(3)> nkhigy;;Nghd; jpUj;jfq;fs;(212)> itj;jpa rhiyfs;(28)> Gifg;glf;fiyafk;(26)>
Gifapiy(5)> cztfk;tpLjpfs;(15)> xl;L Ntiycw;gj;jp(39) > ntJg;gfk;(22)> nra;jp Clfk;(3)>
jr;Rj;njhopy;(94)> mr;Rj;njhopy;(26)> ijay;(37)> ghJfhg;G
Nrit(2)> Nghf;Ftuj;J(5) moFf;fiy rpif myq;fup-
“ cw;gj;jpia g;G(28)> thfd Nrit epiyak;(17) >fy;tp epiyak;(61)>
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd kJ tpw;gid epiyak;(61)> ghw;gz;iz(18)> mYkpdpa
%yg;nghUl;fis ,izg;G(05) Nfhopg;gz;izfs;(26) NtW Nritfs; vd
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahik> gy;NtWgl;l njhopy; Kaw;rpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mj;Jld; %yg;
nghUl;fSf;fhd tpiy rhjuzkhf Nkw;$wg;gl;l Kaw;rpashHfspy; $LjyhNdhH
$Ljyhf fhzg;gL Nghupdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpd;dH jkJ tho;thjhuj;ij nf-
tjdhYk; jkJ hz;L nry;tjw;fhf fl;lhakhd epiyapy; njhopiy
nraw;ghLfis cUthf;fpatHfs;. ,tHfs; tq;fpfs; %yk; flidg;ngw;W>
epWj;j Ntz;ba jkJ flid milg;gjw;Fk;> flid ngw;Wf;nfhs;t-
fl;lha jpy; mur cj;jpNahfj;jHfspd; cj;juthjj;ijg;ngWtjpYk;
epiyf;F js;sg;gl;Ls;s- ngUk; f];uq;fis vjpH Nehf;Ffpd;wdH. ,t;epiyikahdJ
dH. mj;Jld; cw;gj;jp gazf;fl;Lg;ghL Nghl;l gpd;dH ehshe;j njhopy; eltb-
nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fis f;iffs; eilngwhj re;jh;g;gj;jpy; flDf;fhd tl;bia
re;ijg;gLj;j Kbahj nrYj;j KbahkYk; cj;jthjkspj;jtHfis vjpHnfhs;s
epiy Vw;gl;l nghOJ> KbahkYkhd gy;NtW gpur;rpidfis vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH.
$Ljyhd nghUl;fs;
fhytjpaile;J jkJ cw;gj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd %yg;nghUl;fis
mtw;wpid tpw;f Kbahj ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahik> mj;Jld; %yg;nghUl;fSf;fhd
epiy fhzg;gl;lJ. ” tpiy $Ljyhf fhzg;gLtjdhYk; jkJ nraw;ghLfis
epWj;j Ntz;ba fl;lha epiyf;F js;sg;gl;Ls;sdH.

mj;Jld; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fis re;ijg;gLj;j Kbahj epiy Vw;gl;l nghOJ> $Ljyhd
nghUl;fs; fhytjpaile;J mtw;wpid tpw;f Kbahj epiy fhzg;gl;lJ.
mj;Jld; jkJ njhopy;fis cUthf;fp gjpT nra;J thlifia Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; nfhLf;f Kbah-
ky;> jkJ njhopy;fis %lNtz;ba fl;lha epiyf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;ls;sdh;.
njhopyhsHfSf;F rk;gsk; nfhLf;f Kbahj epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.jkJ njhopiy cUthf;Ftjw;f-

hf ngw;w flid jpUg;gp nrYj;j Kbahj epiyAk;> tq;fpfis jtpHj;J Vida ,lq;fspy; ngw;w kPw;wH
flDf;fhd tl;biaAk; nrYj;j Kbahj epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
nfhNuhzh itu]; jhf;fj;jpdhy; gazj;jilAk;> Culq;F rl;lj;ijAk; mKy; gLj;jpajdhy; rhjuz

tpw;gid tbtpy; re;ijg;gLj;j Kbahj re;jHg;gj;jpy; njhopy; El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAk; thfdq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp xt;nthU tPlhf nraw;gLtjw;F mtHfSf;F njhopy;El;g mwpTk; ,y;iy. thfdq;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd trjpfSk; ,d;ikahy; jkJ tpw;gidia nra;a Kbatpy;iy.
aho; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s rfy njhopy; Kaw;rpfspYk; gpd;tUk; njhopy; vt;thW ghjpg;gile;Js;sd
vd;gjid RUf;fkhf $wpd;
Rw;Wyhf;ifj;njhopy;> czT rpw;Wz;br;rhiy
,q;F NguplH Muk;gpj;j gpd;dH ,yq;ifapd; Vida gFjpapy; ,Ue;J aho; khtl;lj;jpw;F tUk; gaz-
pfspd; tuTf;FiwTk;. ekJ ntspehl;L cwTfspd; tutpd;ikAk; ngupastpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
,j;Jld; Rw;WyhTld njhlHGila czTk;
rpw;Wz;br;rhiyfs; Vida njhopy; Kaw;rpfs; tPo;r;rpaile;jd.
Milj;njhopw;rhiyfs;
Milj;njhopw;rhiyfspy; $Ljyhdit ngz;fspdhy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F mtHfshy;

ngwg;gl;l fl;lisfis nra;J nfhLf;f Kbahj epiy fhzg;gLtJld; fiy> fyhr;rhu epfo;Tfs;
epWj;jg;l;likahy; ,tHfSf;fhd njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fs; Fiwtile;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
fy;tpAld; njhlHGila rpW eLj;ju njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fs;.

,q;F epow;gpujpnra;Ak; epiyaq;fs;> fy;tp epiyaq;fs;> mjDld; ,ize;j rfy njhopy; epiyaq;fSk;
jkJ njhopy;fspy; tPo;r;rpia fz;ld.
re;ijfs; kuf;fwp. kPd;> Vida nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Njh> my;yJ thq;fp tpw;wypNyh <LgLk;
njhopy; Kaw;rpahsH;fs; gy ,d;dy;fisAk;> tPo;r;rpfisAk; cw;gj;jpfis
tpw;fKbahj epiyiaAk; fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
vdNt Nkw;$wg;gl;l njhopy; Kaw;rpfs; gy;NtWgl;l gpur;ridfisAk; rthy;fisAk; vjpu;

Nehf;Ffpd;wd. RUf;fkhf $wpd; njhopw;gL %yjdk; njhlHghd gyNtWgl;l rthy;fs; toq;fy;
rq;fpypapy; Vw;gl;l ,ilepWj;jq;fs; re;ij tha;g;Gfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; cs;s tiuaiwfs;>

cstpay; njhlHghd gpur;rpidfs;> tUkhdkpd;ik> njhopypd;ik> tho;thjuk; njhlHghd ,f;fl;Lf;fs;

kdmOj;jj;ij Vw;gLj;jp ,t;tplupdhy; vjpHNehf;Fk; jhf;f tpisTfshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mNj Ntis
NkYk; murhy; toq;fg;gl;l ntt;NtWgl;l cjtpfs; trjpfs; mtHfs;; KOikahf moptpypUe;J
tpLglKbahj epiyia ehk; fz;$lhf fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
gpd;tUtdtw;iw gupe;Jiug;gjd; %yk; ,g;Ngupluhy; Vw;gl;l ,og;GfspypUe;J kPsTk;.,dp tUk;

rthy;fis vjph;nfhs;s toptFf;fpd;wJ.
Nfhtpw; fhyg;gFjpapy; ngz;jiyikj;Jt njhopy; Kaw;rpahsHfs; jkJ

gupe;Jiufs; njhopy; Kaw;rpapik Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gapw;rp;> epjp toq;fy;
nghUshhjhuj;ijg; GJg;gpf;f cj;jpfis eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Kf;fpakhdJ.

njhopy; Kaw;rpfs; njhlHghd Ntiyfis jf;fitj;Jf;fnfhs;tjw;F xu; cWjpahd jpl;lj;jpid
Nehf;fp efUjy;.
xUq;fpizg;G FOnthd;iw epakpj;J njhopy; MNyhridfis toq;Fjy;.

njhopy; Kaw;rpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ,ilntspfis fz;lwpe;J njhopy; je;jpNuhghaq;fis
cUthf;Fjy;
gapw;rp kw;Wk; topfhl;Lk; mkHTfis toq;Ftjw;fhd xU nghwpKiwia cUthf;Fjy;.

%yjdj;ij cUthf;FtJ tpepNahf rq;fpypfis GJg;gpj;jy; re;ijg;gLj;jy; Nkk;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;wpy;
ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.
njhopy; Kaw;rpfis NguplH fhyjjpy; jf;f itj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F epjp trjpfis toq;Fjy;.
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;
Mahato, S. (2021). Entrepreneurship: Full knowledge of startup to company: Kindle edition.
Neck, H. M., Neck, C. P., & Murray, E. L. (2019). Entrepreneurship: the practice and mindset. Sage Publications.
Frederick, H., O’Connor, A., & F. Kuratka, D. (2016). Entrepreneurship: Theory/ Process/ Practice (4th ed.).
Cengage Learning Australia.
Burns, P. (2016). Entrepreneurship and small business. Palgrave Macmillan Limited.

Longenecker, J. G., Petty, J. W., Palich, L. E., & Hoy, F. (2013). Small business management. Nelson Education.

"nraw;ifmwpe;jf; filj;Jk; cyfj;J
,aw;if mwpe;J nray;." (Fws;- 637)
,aw;ifNahL ,iae;j kdpj

tho;f;ifNa rpwg;ghd tho;f;ifahFk;.
vkJ Kd;Ndhu;fs; ,aw;ifAld; xd;wpj;j
tho;f;ifia ey;y Kiwapy; mDgtpj;J
re;Njhrkhf tho;e;J te;jdu;. Mjpfhyj;-
jpy; ,aw;ifia tzq;fp> ,aw;ifia
Nerpj;J> mjDld; xj;jpire;J kfpo;r;rpah-
fTk;> mikjpahfTk; tho;e;j kdpju;fs;
ve;jtpj nfhba NehapdhYk;
ngUkstpy; ghjpf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;Nw
nrhy;yyhk;. ,aw;ifapd; mk;rkhf
,Uf;Fk; kdpjd;> ,iwtdhy;
,aw;ifapy; ,Ue;Nj gilf;fg;gLfp-
d;whd;. jdJ kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; kPz;Lk;
,aw;ifAld; fye;J tpLfpd;whd;. ,JNt
kdpj tho;f;ifapd; ,ufrpak; MFk;.
kuq;fs; epiwe;j> mlu;j;jpahd> mofhd
fhLfspy; Kdptu;fs;> rpj;ju;fs;> fyhepjp tPukq;if];uhypdh Nahfuj;jpdk;>
Mq;fpyk;>nkhopapay; - Mq;fpyj;Jiw>
Nahfpfs;> Qhdpfs; vdg; gyu;> gy aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
tUlq;fshfj; jtQ;nra;J rpwe;j
MNuhf;fpakhd tho;f;ifiaAk;> ePz;l MAisAk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. mtu;fs; ,aw;if-
NahL ,iae;J tho;e;J> Nehaw;w> epk;kjpahd> Mde;jkhd> Rfkhd tho;f;ifia tho;e;J
,Wjpapy; ,iwtDld; ,uz;lwf; fye;JtpLfpd;wdH. ,JNt xU kdpjdpd; gpwg;gpd; gad;
MFk;. ,jdhy; jhd; ngupNahu;fs; 'Nehaw;w tho;Nt Fiwtw;w nry;tk;' vd MNuhf;fpa-
khd tho;tpd; mUikiaAk;> ngUikiaAk; $wpr; nrd;Ws;sdu;. xU kdpjd; jdJ
gpwg;gpd; gaid milaNtz;Lkhapd; ,iwtidj; njhOjy; mtrpak; vdj; jpUts;StH
typAWj;Jfpd;whH.
"fw;wjdhyha gandd; nfhy; thywptd;
ew;whs; njhohu; vdpd;" (Fws; - 02)
,aw;ifia Nehf;fpa gazk;.....

kdpjd; ,aw;ifNahL ,ire;J tho Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,iwtdpd; tpUg;gk; MFk;. kdpjd;
,aw;ifiag; gad;gLj;jp tho Ntz;Lk; vd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; jhd; flTs; ,aw;ifiag;
gilj;jhu;. kdpjd; Rthrj;jpw;fhd jdJ %r;Rf;fhw;iw ,aw;ifaplkpUe;Nj ngw;Wf;nfhs;fp-
d;whd;. ,aw;ifapy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l J}a;ikahd fhw;W kdpjDf;Fr; rpwe;j cly;
MNuhf;fpaj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ. kuq;fs; nrwpe;j ,lq;fspy; kdpjdhy; ntsptplg;gLk;
fhgdPnuhl;irl;L jhtuq;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L> jhtuq;fs; ntsptpLk; xl;rprid kdpjd;
Rthrpj;Jf;nfhs;Sfpd;whd;. ,JNt kdpjdpd; Rthrj;jpw;Nfw;w J}a fhw;W MFk;. MfNt kuq;fs;
mjpfstpy; tsHf;fg;gl;Lg; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. fhLfSk; moptilahJ
Ngzpg;ghJfhf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk; kdpjd; jdf;Fj; Njitahd czit ,aw;if tptrhaj;jpd; %yk;> epyj;ijg; gad;gL-
j;jp ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;whd;. jdJ fLk; ciog;gpdhy; new;wp tpau;it rpe;jp jdJ Ntiyiar;
nra;Ak; NghJ mtdJ cly; MNuhf;fpaKk; rpwg;ghf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. kdpjDf;F Ntz;ba
midj;ijAk; ,aw;ifNa toq;fp tUfpd;wJ. nrbfs;> nfhbfs;> kuq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J
ngwg;gl;l fha;fs;> goq;fs;> jhdpaq;fs;> kUe;Jfs;> czTg; nghUl;fs; Nghd;w mj;jid-
iaAk;> vt;tpj nraw;ifg; nghUl;fspd; fyg;glKk; ,d;wpg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L vk; Kd;Ndhu;fs;
MNuhf;fpakhf tho;e;J te;jdH.
,aw;ifapy; ,Ue;J Mjpkdpjd; gy ghlq;fisAk;> tho;f;ifj; jj;Jtq;fisAk; fw;Wf;

nfhz;lhd;. ,aw;ifNa mtdJ MrpupadhfTk;> topfhl;bahfTk;> FUthfTk;> nja;tkhfTk;
,Ue;jJ. ,aw;ifapd; %yk; #oypy; Vw;gLk; gy khw;wq;fisAk;> mjpu;TfisAk;;> mwpa
Kbahj gy ,ufrpaq;fisAk; kdjd; czu;e;J> mwpe;J nfhz;lhd;. ,aw;ifapy; ,Ue;J ,iw
mDgtq;fs; gytw;iwg; ngw;W> ,iwtDld; xd;wpj;J, ey;y FLk;g cwitg; Ngzp
kpfTk; kfpo;r;rpahfTk;> Mde;jkhfTk; thof; fw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;. mtdplk; Nghl;b> nghwhikfs;>
tQ;ridfs; Nghd;wit kpf kpff; FiwthfNt fhzg;gl;ld. vk; %jhijaHfs; ahtUk;
xw;Wikahf xU $l;Ltho;f;ifia vt;tpj gaKkpd;wp> xUtUf;nfhUtu; cjtpahf tho;e;J
te;jdu;.
tpQ;Qhdk;> njhopy;El;gk; vd;gd gbg;gbahf tsu;r;rpaile;J mjp cr;r fl;lj;ij mile;jpU-

f;fpd;w ,e;j E}w;whz;by;> kdpjd; rfy tpjkhd ngsjPf tsq;fisAk; mDgtpj;Jf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;whd;. re;jpukz;lyk; tiu nrd;W jdJ fhybfisAk;> mq;Nf gjpj;Jf; nfhz;l
kdpjd;> kw;wf; Nfhs;fisAk; gw;wpj; njhlu;e;J Muha;r;rp nra;j tz;zNk ,Uf;fpd;whd;.
gytpjkhd njhopy;El;g ,ae;jpuq;fisAk;> kUe;JfisAk; GjpJ Gjpjhf fz;L gpbj;Jf;
nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;whd;. Mdhy; mtdplk; re;NjhrKk;> mikjpAk;> epk;kjpAk; kpf kpff; Fiwth-
fNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,aw;ifapy; ,Ue;J gbg;gbahfj; njhiy J}uk; tpyfpr; nrd;W> jdJ
tpQ;Qhd mwptpdhy;, nraw;ifg; nghUl;fis> ,aw;iff;F vjpuhf cUthf;fj; njhlq;fpa
kdpjdplk; ,Ue;J J}f;fKk;> epk;kjpAk;> kfpo;r;rpAk; njhiye;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd.
nfhNuhdh> khuilg;G> Gw;WNeha; Nghd;w gytpj nfhba Neha;fs; etPd kdpjid ,yFthfj;
jhf;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; nfhNuhdh Nghd;w itu]; Neha;fs; kdpj-
idj; Juj;jp tpul;bf;nfhz;L ,Ug;gij ehk; fz;$lhff; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. tpQ;Qhd Muha;r;rpap-
dhy;, fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;l kUe;Jfisf; $lr; re;Njff; fz; nfhz;L ghu;f;fj; njhlq;fpAs;shd;
etPd kdpjd;. me;j kUe;Jfsplk; $l kdpjDf;F ,g;nghOJ ek;gpf;if Fiwe;Js;sJ. ,e;j
ek;gpf;iff; FiwNt mtDf;F NkYk;> NkYk; gy cly; tpahjpfs; tUtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf
,Uf;fpd;wd.
'tpyq;fplk; tpdTf; ckf;F mJ fw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk;; thdj;Jg; gwit ckf;F mwpTWj;Jk;; my;yJ

kz;zpy; Cu;tdtw;wplk; NgRf; mit ckf;Ff; fw;gpf;Fk;. Mopapd; kPd;fs; ckf;F mwptpf;Fk;'
vd NahG E}y; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. ,aw;ifaplkpUe;J gy ghlq;fisf; fw;W> ,aw;ifia
Nerpj;J> ,aw;ifNahL xd;wpj;J> ,aw;ifapd; kbapy; tho Ntz;Lk; vd;w ew;nra;jpia ,e;j
E}y; kdpju;fSf;F vLj;jpak;gp epw;fpd;wJ.
vkJ Kd;Ndhu;fs; ,aw;ifAld; Nru;e;J tho;e;j NghJ ,aw;if mtu;fSf;Ff; czitf; nf-
hLj;jJ. kdpj tho;f;iff;F cfe;j> Vw;w ,aw;ifg; gUtq;fisf; nfhLj;jJ> ey;y kio
tPo;r;rpiaf; nfhLj;jJ. mjp$ba kfpo;r;rpiaAk;> rpwe;j MNuhf;fpaj;;ijAk; kdpjDf;F toq;fpaJ.
Jd;g Jauq;fSk;> kd mOj;jKk; Fiwe;J Nehaw;w MNuhf;fpakhd cly;epiy fhzg;gl;lJ.
,aw;ifNahL ,ire;J tho Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,iwtd; ekf;F ,l;l fl;lis MFk;. vk;khy;
Kbe;jtiu ,aw;ifiag; ghJfhj;J> ,aw;ifNahL ,ize;J thof; fw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,d;iwa etPd fhyj;jpy;> njhopw;rhiyfs;> ,ae;jpuq;fs;> thfdq;fs; mjpfstpy; cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gl;Lg; gad;gLj;;jg;gLtjdhy; Rw;Wr;#oy; mjpfstpy; khrile;J #oy; mRj;jkile;-
Js;sJ. fhLfs; mopf;fg;gl;L> kuq;fs; ntl;b mopf;fg;gLtjdhy;, fhw;wpYs;s fhgdPnuhl;irl;L
mjpfupj;J xl;rprdpd; msT Fiwf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; #oy; khriltJ mjpfupj;J kf;fspd;
MNuhf;fpak; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,aw;ifapy; ghjpg;gG Vw;gLtjhy; #oypd; ntg;gk; mjpfupf;f-
g;gl;L kiotPo;r;rpAk; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
tpQ;Qhd tsu;r;rpf;Fj; jd;id ,irthf;fpf; nfhz;l kdpjd; ,aw;ifiag; Gwf;fzpj;J, ,ae;-

jpu kakhd, etehfuPf tho;f;ifAld; jd;id ,izj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;shd;. kdpjdpd;; kdk;
KOtJk; Nguhirahy; epug;gg;gl;L> gzk;> ciog;G vd Xb> Xbf; fisg;G mile;jJld;> jPuhj
Neha;fshy; gPbf;fg;gl;L> my;yYWtijf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. kd mikjpiaAk;> epk;kjpiaAk;>
re;Njhrj;ijAk; Njb miyfpd;w kdpjd; gy jPa gof;ftof;fq;fspy; <Lgl;Lj; jd; tho;f;ifia
Kw;WKOtJkhfj; njhiyj;Jf;nfhz;L ,staJ kuzj;ijj; jOtpf; nfhs;tijf; fz;$lhff;
fhz Kbfpd;wJ. ,e;j epiy KOtJkhf khw Ntz;Lk;. khw;wp mikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
fzpzp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> njhiyNgrp> Ng];Gf;> ,d;unew;> Ltpw;wu; Nghd;wtw;wpy; jk;ik kwe;J>

jkJ fy;tpiaAk;, ey;y gof;f tof;fq;fisAk;, rpwe;j kdpj tpOkpaq;fisAk; njhiyj;Jf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;w ,d;iwa ,isQu; rKjhak;> vkJ Kd;Ndhu;fs; tho;e;j rpwg;ghd tho;f;ifi-
aj; jpUk;gpg; ghu;j;J> mtu;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwia kPz;Lk; gpd;gw;wp tho Ntz;ba fl;lha
epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;Ls;sdu;.

nfhNuhdhj; njhw;wpdhy; cyfk; KOtJk; fjpfyq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy;> kf;fs;

vkJ Kd;NdhHfs; gad;gLj;jpa ,aw;if czTfisAk;> %ypiffisAk;> ,aw;if
kUe;JfisAk; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpAs;sdH. ,aw;ifg; nghUl;fshd Ntg;gk;G+> kQ;rs;>
,Q;rp> ky;yp> kpsF> rPufk;> fUQ;rPufk; Nghd;w nghUl;fs; kpfTk; mjpfkhf kf;fshy; gad;gL-
j;jg;gLfpd;wd.
njd;id my;yJ gid Xiyfshy; Ntag;gl;l tPLfisf;fl;b> Rw;wtu Ntk;G> njd;id> gid>
,Yg;ig> kh Nghd;w kuq;fisAk; tsHj;J> me;j kuq;fspd; epoypy; ,isg;ghwp> ngw;NwhHfs;>
cwtpdHfs;> ez;gHfs; MfpNahUld;> mstshtp> ,utpy; epyh ntspr;rj;jpd; fPo; mkHe;J>
epyhr;NrhW rhg;gpl;L epk;kjpahfj; J}q;fp vOe;J> kPz;Lk; mjpfhiyapy; jkJ flikfis kpfTk;
RWRWg;ghfj; njhlq;fpj; jpUg;jpahf Kbf;fpd;w vk;Kd;NdhHfs; tho;f;ifia epidj;Jg;ghHj;J>
XusthtJ mtHfisg; gpd;gw;wp> ,d;iwa rKjhak; thog; gofpf;nfhs;sy; mtrpak; MFk;.
goikiaAk;> GJikiaAk; xd;whf ,izj;J kf;fSf;F ey;y MNuhf;fpak;> mikjp> epk;kjp>

Mo;e;j J}f;fk;> kfpo;r;rp> Mde;jk; Mfpatw;iw toq;ff;$ba xU Gjpa cyfj;ij ,d;iwa
rKjhak; cUthf;fNtz;ba xU fl;lha Njit Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,d;iwa jiyKiw
apdupilNa ey;y gof;ftof;fq;fisAk;> gz;ghL> fyhr;rhuk; Mfpatw;iwg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;w
kdg;ghq;fpidAk;> rpwe;j xOf;f tpOkpaq;fisAk; tsHj;njLf;fNtz;ba fl;lha Njit
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
,iw ek;gpf;if> mauhj ciog;G> ,aw;ifAld; xd;wpj;j tho;T> cz;ikahd md;Gk;> NerKk;
fye;j kf;fSf;fpilNaahd xU gpizg;G> gu];gu Gupe;JzHT> rNfhjuj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iw
vkJ kf;fs; jkJ tho;f;ifapy; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;. mg;nghOJ jhd; rhe;jpAk;> rkhjhdKk;>
kfpo;r;rpAk;> Mde;jKk; epiwe;j xU mofpa G+q;fhtdkhf ,e;j cyfk; cUthFk;.
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;
01. v];. yl;Rkp Rg;gpukzpak; (2001). mikjpahd tho;f;iff;F Md;kPf topfhl;b.

thdjp gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id.
02. fh. itj;jP];tud; (2010). Rf tho;f;if ghfk; 02. ep]hd; gpupd;lH];> njfptis.
03. tpfU ,uhkehjd; (2007). ghujpahu; ftpijfs;. = ,e;Jgg;spNf~d;];> nrd;id.
04. https://tamilsolution.com/nature-essay-in-tamil/
05. https://tamilsolution.com/iyarkai-vivasayam-essay-in-tamil/
06. https://ta.vikaspedia.in/energy/b9abc1bb1bcdbb1bc1b9abc2bb4bb2bcd/b9abc1bb1bcdbb1bc1b9ab
cdb9abc2bb4bb2bcd-baabbeba4bc1b95bbebaabcdbaabc1/b87bafbb1bcdb95bc8bafbc7-ba8bae
ba4bc1-b8eba4bbfbb0bcdb95bbebb2baebcd
07. https://writerxavier.wordpress.com/2020/08/14/nature/

Nguplu;fhy r%f> murpay;

ajhu;jj; q;fis ntspgg; Lj;Jk;
muq;F Njtehafk; Njthde;j;
nray; jpwd; muq;f ,af;fk;
m uq;F mjd; fhyj;jpd;

r%f-murpay;
ajhu;j;jq;fSld; jd;id
vg;NghJk; milahsg;
gLj;JfpwJ. r%fj;jpd;
nghUshjhu> r%f>
kj kw;Wk; murpay;
gpur;rpidfs; Nfhbl;Lf;
fhl;lg;gl;L> kjpg;gPL
nra;ag;gl;L jPu;g;G
toq;fg;gLk; xU
ePjpkd;wkhf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ vdyhk;.

1.0 mwpKfk;
muq;F tho;f;ifiag;; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ ,Ug;gpDk;> fzprkhf NtWgLfpd;wJ. r%f
tho;f;ifia tptupf;f tpaj;jF gbkk; muq;fpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. (lu;du; 1982;) muq;fpy;
xUGwk; ajhu;j;jk;> kWGwk; mij gpujpgypf;Fk; Gidfij. ehlfj;jd;ik ep[ tho;f;ifapy;
EiofpwJ kw;Wk; ep[ tho;f;if ehlfj;jpy;; fplf;fpwJ vdyhk;. cz;ikapy;
muq;fpy; r%fj;jpd; gpk;gj;ijf;fhzyhk;. r%fj;ijg; gpujpgypf;Fk; fz;zhbahf muq;F
tpsq;FfpwJ.(g;nul;r;>(1964) md;whl tho;f;if nray;fshy; MdJ> ngUk;ghyhd fyhr;rhu
mwpT nray;fspy; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ (`];l;ug; 2004) muq;fpd; mbg;gil nraypy; jq;fpAs;sJ
mjhtJ nray; eilngWk; ,lk; muq;nfdg;gLfpwJ. kdpj tho;f;ifia gpujpgypf;f tha;

nkhop kw;Wk; cly; rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; muq;F rpwe;J tpsq;FfpwJ: rpyu;
'muq;ifr; nra;fpwhu;fs;' Mdhy; vy;NyhuplKk; jpwd; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;w nghUspy; vy;yhNk
muq;F jhd; vd;fpwhu; xf];uh Nghthy;. ,tu; muq;if murpay; kw;Wk; r%fj;ij vjpu;g;
gjw;fhd xU MAjkhfg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
muq;F ,d;W cyfk; KOtJk; gyNtW NjitfSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.xt;nthU

Njitf;fhfTk; gad;gLk; muq;if ntt;NtW ngau;nfhz;L miof;fpwhu;fs;.

mgptpUj;jpf;fhd muq;F (`hu;bq; vd;.b; 1999; fpl; vd;.b .; ry;`p 1998; vg;];fhk;g; 2006)> xLf;f-
g;gl;ltu;fspd; muq;F (Nghy; 1979; 1992; 1995; 1998)> tpLjiyf;fhd muq;F(Ntd; vu;td; 1992)>
[duQ;rf muq;F (];uhk;gpfy; 1994)> kf;fs; muq;F (];uhk;gpfy; 1994; Ntd; vu;td; 1988)> r%jha
muq;F (vg;];fhk;g; 1989; igk; 1999)> gpuNahf muq;F (jhk;rd; 2005) vd;W gyNtW khWgl;l
mZFKiwfisf; nfhz;l muq;Ffis ,dq;fhzKbAk;. ,ijj;jtpu njUf;fspy; epfo;j;-
jg;gLk; muq;F Nghd;wdTk; cs;sd.
muq;F mjd; fhyj;jpd; r%f-murpay; ajhu;j;jq;fSld; jd;id vg;NghJk; milahsg;

gLj;JfpwJ. r%fj;jpd; nghUshjhu> r%f> kj kw;Wk; murpay; gpur;rpidfs; Nfhbl;Lf;
fhl;lg;gl;L> kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;L jPu;g;G toq;fg;gLk; xU tifahd ePjpkd;wkhf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ vdyhk;. xU rpwe;j rKjhaj;ijf; nfhz;LtUtjw;F> muq;F Kaw;rpf;fpwJ.
muq;fpd; midj;J fiyQu;fSk; me;je;j jpwd;fspy; r%f khw;wj;jpw;fhf jk;ik mu;g;gzpf;
fpwhu;fs;. r%fj;jpy; elf;Fk; epfo;Tfis ftdkhfTk;> $u;e;Jk; mtjhdpf;fpwhu;fs;.
mjhtJ muq;F vd;gJ xU fiy tbtkhf xU epfo;it kPz;Lk; ,aw;WtjhFk;> ,J

cz;ikahdjhfNth my;yJ fw;gidahfNth ,Uf;fyhk;> ,jpy;; fiyQu; jdJ ghu;itah-
su;fisj; njhlu;G nfhs;s ,ir> eldk;> ghly;fs;> Ckk;> ftpij> Xtpak;> rpw;gk;> fl;blf;fiy
Nghd;w gy;NtW tifahd fiyfis xUq;fpize;J ifahSfpwhd;. vdNt> ,J mjd;
ghu;itahsu;fSf;F fhl;rp tpisit toq;FfpwJ. ,e;j tpisT ebfu;fshy; Nkilapy; toq;f-
g;gLk; tho;f;ifapd; cz;ikahd my;yJ fw;gid epiyik Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzu;tpd; J}z;Ljypd;
tpisthFk;. vdNt> ehlf Mrpupau; jdJ r%fj;jpd; jPikfis khw;w ghu;itahsu;fspd;
kdjpy; tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;j ehlfj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu; vdyhk;.
2.0 ,yq;if tlGy muq;F

,yq;if tlGyj;ijg; nghWj;jstpy; muq;F gpur;rpidfspd; tpaj;jF tpsf;ff;fhl;rp %yk;
kf;fspd; ftdj;ij <u;j;jpUf;fpwJ. ,J ghu;itahsu;fis mtu;fspd; gpur;rpidfis Gjpa
kw;Wk; tpku;rd topfspy; ghu;f;f itf;fpwJ. ,J xU fiy tbtkhf ehlf muq;fpd;; kpf
Kf;fpakhd Mw;wyhFk;. mJ fiyQuhy; rupahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ> ghu;itahsu;fSf;F
kpfg;ngupa Neu;kiwahd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk;.
,yq;if tlgFjpiag; nghWj;jstpy; ehlfk; vg;NghJk; ,d> fyhr;rhu Nkhjy;fspd; FWf;F-

ntl;L Kfj;ij toq;FfpwJ. mNj Ntis Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;> ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fspd;
vjpu;fhyk; > mgptpUj;jp gpur;rpidfs; tiu Coy;> Ruz;ly; kw;Wk; xLf;FKiw cs;spl;l
r%fj;ij ghjpf;Fk; gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;T fhZk; xU fiytbtkhf ,dq;fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,q;F r%f Kuz;ghLfis eptu;j;jp nra;a ehlfk; Kaw;rpf;fpwJ. Aj;jk; Kbtile;j
gpd;du; Ky;iyj;jPT gFjpapy; cs;s ,isQu;fNshL ehlfg;gapw;rpfis Muk;gpj;Njhk;. mjpy;
gq;F nfhz;l ,isQu;fs; kdtpWf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jhu;fs; xU nfhba Aj;jj;jpd; ghupa mopTf-
spd; Rikia kdjpy; jhq;fpapUe;jhu;fs;. mtu;fsplk; gy fijfs; ,Ue;jd. mit nrhe;-
jf;fijfshfTk; jkJ ez;gu;fs; maytu;fs; cwtpdu;fspd; fijfshfTk; ,Ue;jd. jkJ
kdg;ghuq;fis ,iwf;fpitg;gjw;fhd xU ntsp jkf;F fpilj;jijapl;L kdk; kfpo;e;J jk;ik
tpLtpj;jhu;fs; Xb> Mb> tpisahb> ghb> rj;jkpl;L jk;kdijAk; cliyAk; tpLtpj;jhu;fs;.
jk; fijfisr; nrhd;dhu;fs; mtw;iw kPs;thrpg;Gr; nra;jhu;fs;. mtw;iw ehlfkhf;fpdhu;fs;>
Mw;Wif nra;jhu;fs;.
jkJ fijfis ntspg;gLj;j xU tpaj;jF tbtj;ij cUthf;fj; J}z;bdhu;fs;. ,ijr;

nra;tjw;F mtu;fspd; Mo;kdjpy; GijAz;L Nghd fijfis gbkq;fshf ntspf;nfhz;L
te;J tpopg;G epiyaile;jhu;fs;. ,jidNa ghu;itahsu;fsplKk; vjpu;ghu;j;jhu;fs; Kjypy;
kf;fspd; mlq;fpf;fplf;Fk; cwq;Fepiyg; gbkq;fis tpopg;G epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtJ xU
Nehf;fkhFk;. mlf;FKiwapypUe;J tpLjiy czu;Tf;F cau;j;Jtjd; %yk; xU tpopg;Gzu;it
Vw;gLj;JtNjhL mtu;fis tpLtpf;Fk; nraYf;F mtu;fisj; J}z;LtJk; MFk;.
,uz;lhtjhf> kf;fis epiyepWj;Jfpd;w r%f epiyapypUe;J tpLjiy czu;tpf;F
nfhz;LtUtjD}lhf mtu;fs; vt;thW Msg;gLfpwhu;fs; my;yJ epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs; VyNt
vt;thW tho;e;jhu;fs; vd;gijg; ghu;f;f it-
f;fpwJ. ,J mtu;fspd; tho;f;ifia epu;t-
fpf;Fk; r%f cs;sikitg; Gupe;Jnfhs;t-
jw;fhd czu;it jl;bvOg;GtjhftpUe;jJ.
mjw;fhd gazj;ij Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd
ek;gpf;ifg;gazj;jpd; Kjw;gbia vLj;J
itf;f cjTtJ Nehf;fkhf mike;jJ.
,yq;if tlGy muq;F fle;j %d;W

jrhg;jq;fSf;F Nkyhf goikahd kw;Wk;
Nkhrkhd ,dKuz;ghl;L fyhr;rhu
eilKiwfspd; gpbapypUe;J r%fj;jpd;
tpLjiyf;fhf FunyOg;gpapUf;fpwJ. Fuyw;w
kf;fspd; Fuyhf xypj;jpUf;fpwJ. ,yq;if
rptpy;Aj;jk; epiwtile;j gpd;du; tlGy
kf;fs; Fuyw;wtu;fshfTk;> r%f uPjpahf
rPuopf;fg;gl;ltu;fshfTk;> cstpay; uPjpahf
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fshfTk;;> mlf;FKiw
jiytu;fshy; nghUshjhuuPjpahf gpd;-
jq;fpatu;fshfTk; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. ,e;j
neUf;fbfs;kpFe;j rKjhaj;jpy;> muq;fr;
nray; ,af;fk; kf;fspd; kdrhl;rp jl;b-
naOg;GfpwJ. xLf;FKiw kuGfSf;F vjpuhf
vOe;J epw;fj; J}z;LfpwJ.
MfNt ehlfk; ntWk; ,uridf;FupaJ

kl;Lky;y ehlfk; vd;gJ r%f ajhu;j;jj;jpd;
xU gpujpgypgghfNt fhzg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
kdpjdpd; capu;tho;tpw;F tpNuhjkhd rf;jpfisf; flf;f mjw;nfjpuhfg; NghuhLk; NghJ khw;w-
j;ijAk; Ra-czu;jiyAk; miltjw;fhd xU MAjkhfg; gad;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,J kdpjdpd;
tuyhw;W nray;Kiwapd; rpd;dkhFk;. tho;f;ifapd; kPjhd xt;nthUtuJk; mZFKiwiaAk;
,aw;ifapd; rf;jpfisf; flg;gjw;fhd jpdrup Nghuhl;lj;ijAk; tbtikf;fpwJ. ,d;W ehlfj;ij
fw;wtu;fs; gy;fiyf;fof fyt;pkhd;fs; vd;W nrhy;gtu;fs; ehlfk; ghu;itahsiu kfpo;tspf;f
Ntz;Lk;.> ehlfk; rpupg;G kw;Wk; ryryg;ghf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nghjpf;fpwhu;fs;. Mdhy;
mJ mt;thW ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ fl;lhaky;y. ehlfr; nray;jpwd; %yk;> kf;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;j
R+oypy; mjpfhuj;jpd; gad;ghLfs;> J~;gpuNahfk;;> mNjrkak; ,J xU r%fj;jpd;
edtpy; Mo;e;j cstpay; Ma;Tfis cUthf;Ftjw;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd xU Clfk;.
muq;F> r%fj;jpd; Kw;Nghf;fhd khw;wj;jpw;fhd rf;jpahf gad;gLj;jg;glf;$baJ.
cz;ikapy; ehlfk;> jdJ rf;jpahy; kf;fis vspjpy; rpj;jg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J ghu;g;Nghupd;
kdrhl;rpapy; jl;LfpwJ. kf;fis Ra czu;jy; epiy Nehf;fp efu;j;JfpwJ> ,J ghu;itah-
su;fis xU tpku;rd czu;it vOg;gpaNjhL tpl;LtplhJ> khwhf mJ mLj;jLj;j nraYf;F
toptFf;Fk;.
muq;F [duQ;rfkhdjhf mika Ntz;Lk;. midj;J kf;fSf;Fkhdjhf mika Ntz;Lk;.

mjhtJ> fpuhkg;Gw kf;fis mtu;fspd; r%f cs;sikTfisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; khw;wj;jpd;
jpirad;fshf mtu;fs; kPJ ek;gpf;ifia tsu;g;gjw;Fk; gzpiaAk; nra;fpwJ.
3.0 Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd ehlfq;fs;.

muq;F ghu;itahsu;fis kfpo;tpf;Fk; mNj Ntisapy; r%fkakhf;fy; kw;Wk; mwpT+l;lypd;
fy;tpapd; KftuhfTk;> xLf;fg;gl;l r%fq;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juj;jpd; tsu;r;rpiaAk; Kd;Ndw;w-
j;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; nghUj;jkhd fUtpahfTk; gzpahw;WfpwJ. ,e;j mbg;ilapy;
,yq;ifapy; Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd epiyikapy; kf;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;idfs; gw;wpg; Ngrpa
ehlfq;fs; %d;iwg;gw;wp ,q;F ghu;f;fyhk;. ,it 2016/2017 fhyfl;lj;jpy; Ky;iyj;jPT gFjpapy;
Nju;enjLf;fg;gl;l ,isQu;fs; Kg;gJ NgUld; elj;jpa muq;fr; nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; tpisthfj;
jahupf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ,isQu;fs; muq;ff; fsg;gapw;rpfspy; jkJ
Mo;kdf; ftiyfis Jauq;fis ntspf;nfhz;L te;jhu;fs;. mtu;fspd; kdq;fspy;
Mog;GijAz;Lfple;j gy fijfs; ntspf;nfhz;L tug;gl;ld. mit xt;nthd;Wk; fle;jfhy
jtWfisAk; vjpu;fhyk; gw;wpa Nfs;tpfisAk; vOg;gp epd;wd. r%fajhu;j;jj;ij
mjw;fhd ehlf tbtq;fs; Clhf NgrpapUe;jhu;fs;.
3.1 Jhthdk; ehlfk;

ele;J Kbe;j cs;ehl;L; Aj;jk; je;j mopTfs; nrhy;ypkhshJ. mit me;jg;Nghu;f;fsj;NjhL
Kbe;JNghdJ xU gf;fk;. Nghupd; gpd;dhYk; mit je;j ghjpg;G ,d;Wtiu ePz;Lnfhz;-
bUg;gJ ,d;ndhUtif. ,itapuz;ilAk; jtpu;j;J Nghupy; td;Kiwaw;w uj;jkw;w ghjpg;G-
f;fSk; epfo;e;jpUf;fpd;wd. mJ ,d;WtiuapYk; ePz;Lnfhz;LkpUf;fpwJ. mijg;gw;wp ahUk;
fz;Lnfhs;tjhAk; ,y;iy. ngUk;ghyhNdhUf;F ,it njupe;jpUf;fTk; tha;g;gpy;iy. mg;g-
bahd xU fijjhd; Jhthdk;. Aj;jk; epfo;e;Jnfhz;bUe;j ,Wjpf;fzq;fspy; kf;fs;
ghJfhg;G vd fUjpa my;yJ mwptpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfSf;F ,lk;khwpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ xU
,sq;FLk;g];ju; jdJ tajhd jhahiuAk; je;ijiaAk; ghJfhg;G gpuNjrj;jpw;Fs;
nfhz;Lnrd;W tpl;Ltpl;L kPz;Lk; nrd;W jdJ kidtp gps;isfis $l;bf;nfhz;L ghJf-
hg;ghd gFjpf;Fs; tUtjw;Fs; gps;isf;F vwpfiztPr;rpy; fhak; Vw;gl;L xU if ,of;f
NeupLfpwJ> gps;is epue;jukhf Cdkhfptpl;lJ. jhiaAk; je;ijiaAk; fhg;ghw;Wk; Nehf;fpy;
jk;ik ,uz;lhk; epiyapy; rpe;jpj;j jdJ fztdpd; nghWg;gpd;ikahNyNa ,J epfo;e;
jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;Dk; Fw;wr;rhl;L kidtpapdhy; Rkj;jg;gl;L ,d;WtiuapYk; mtu;fs; gpupe;jpU-
f;Fk; xU epyikNa cUthfpapUf;fpwJ. ,e;jf; fijia ikakhf itj;J ,Wjpapy; ele;j
Aj;jr;rk;gtq;fisAk; kdpj mtyj;ijAk; Jhthdk; ehlfk; NgrpaJ.

'Jhthdk; ehlfk; czu;TG+u;tkhdJ kf;fs; jkJ cly; cWg;Gf;fisAk;> cwTfisAk; ,oe;j

Vf;fj;ij> jLkhw;w epiy mjhtJ ahiuf; fhg;ghw;WtJ vd;w Vf;fj;jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;jpa-
Jld; Aj;jj;jpd; tLf;fis Qhgfg;gLj;jpaJ. vd;W ,jidg;ghu;j;j r.vyprngj; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
,J Aj;jk; je;j ghjpg;gpd; NtnwhUgupkhzj;ijj; je;J epw;fpwJ. Mw;Wg;gLj;jy; csr%f

MjuT gw;wpa tplaq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,e;jf;fij ehlfk;thapyhf czu;j;jp epw;fpwJ.
ghu;itahsu;fis ,e;j tplak; njhlu;gpy; rpe;jpf;fj;Jhz;baJ. 'cz;ik epiyapid ntspf;f-
hl;baJ mj;Jld; vk; cwTfspd; Vf;fq;fis kPz;Lk; kPl;bg; ghu;f;ff; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ.'
e.NaDrh Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. cz;ikapy; ehlfk; ciuahliy cUthf;FfpwJ> mjd;top VNjh
nthUtifapy; jPu;Tfis Nehf;fp rpe;jpf;f itf;fpwJ.
3.2 GijAz;l rlq;F ehlfk;

Xt;nthU ,dj;jpw;Fk; mtu;fSf;Fupa kj> Fy topghLfNshbize;j ghuk;gupa gof;f
tof;fq;fs; rlq;F rk;gpujhaq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. jkpou;fSf;Fk; ,it Fiwtpd;wpf; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
mjpy; xd;W kuzj;jpd; gpd;duhd <kr;rlq;Ffs;. xU capu; ,we;Jtpl;lhy; me;j clYf;F
rka tof;fg;gb rlq;Ffs; nra;J gpjpu;f;fld;fs; epiwNtw;WtJ jkpou;fspd; tof;fk;. mg;gbr;
nra;tjdhy; ,we;j Md;kh rhe;jpailAk; vd;gJ xU ek;gpf;if. me;j ek;gpf;if rpjwbf;fg;gl;L
,d;WtiuapYk; xU Fw;wTzu;TlDk; kdg;gpws;T epiyapYk; tho;e;J tUk; xU ,sk; FLk;g-
j;jpd; fijjhd; GijAz;l rlq;F ehlfk;.
,JTk; Nghu; Jg;gpa xU Kbtpyhj;Jau; nfhz;l fij jhd;. ,Wjp capu;gpiof;Fk; gazj;jpy;
,we;JNghd jdJ Foe;ijia ahNuh xUtupd; fhzpf;Fs; Gijj;J nrd;Wtpl;L. kPz;Lk; Cu;
jpUk;gpa gpd;du; mjid Njhz;bnaLj;J me;j clYf;fhd rlq;Ffis Kbj;J tplNtz;Lk;
vd muNrhLk; czu;NthLk; Nghuhbf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; xU jhapd; fij ,jpy; Ngrg;gLfpwJ.
'rlq;Ffs; Gijj;j gpd; kPl;Fk; fl;lq;fis vd;dhy; kwf;f KbahJ epidT klk; mikf;fj;
jtpf;Fk; ngw;Nwhupd; epiyapid mDgtpj;jpUf;fpd;Nwd;.' vd;whu; ehlfj;ijg;ghu;j;j ikjpyp.
,JNghd;w fijfs; ,yq;if tlgFjpapy; epiwe;J fplf;fpd;wd. Mf ,e;jf; fijfis
ftj;jpy; nfhs;tNjh ,tw;wpy; fplf;fpd;w gpur;idfis jPu;j;J itf;fNth topfisf; fz;Lgpb-
f;fNth ahUk; Kidtjpy;iy. ,it rk;ke;jg;gl;ltu;fSf;Fs;NsNa fple;J xU tpuf;jpepiy-
ia Njhw;Wtpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
'GijAz;l rlq;F ehlfj;jpy; vdJ tho;f;ifapy; ele;j Jd;gfukhd rk;gtj;ij epfo;j;jpf;

fhl;LtJ Nghy kwf;f Kbahj rk;gtj;ij ,d;W epidT gLj;jpAs;sJ.' ,jidg; ghu;j;j
u.re;jpupf;fhtpd; fUj;jhFk;. 'fle;J te;j epfo;tpid kPz;Lk; Neupy; ghu;j;jJ Nghd;W ,Uf;fp-
d;wJ. ,t;thwhd tha;g;gpw;F ed;wp. GijAz;l rlq;F ehlfj;ijg; ghu;j;j NghJ vd; tho;tpy;
ele;j rk;gtk; Qhgfj;jpw;F te;jJ.' k.bNyh[dh mtu;fspd; fUj;Jk; mike;jpUe;jJ.
,tu;fs; $WtJ Nghd;W gyUila tho;f;ifapd; rk;gtq;fis ,it epidTgLj;jpapUf;fpwJ.

re;jpupf;fh ikjpyp> bNyh[dh Nghd;W Mapuf;fzf;fhdtu;fs; jkJ epiyapypUe;J kPz;L
tuKbahJ jtpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fis Mw;Wg;gLj;jNth mjw;Fupa nra;aNth

vtUk; Kd;tUtjhfj;njupatpy;iy. ,e; ehlfj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLfpw KbTNghd;W jhNk jkf;fhd
kdr;rhl;rpAlNdhlhd gy KbTfis vLj;J kPjp ,Uf;Fk; tho;f;ifia thoNtz;bapUf;fp-
wJ. ve;j KbitANk vLf;f KbahJ ,Ue;jtu;fSf;F ,q;F $wg;gl;l jPu;T rupahfg; Ngha;r;
Nru;e;jJ mjdhy; mtu;fSk; vjpu;fhy eyd;fUjp ,itfis filg;gpbf;fyhk; vDk; ek;gpf;i-
fia ,e;ehlfk; mtu;fSf;F toq;fpapUe;jJ.
'FwpaPl;Lg; ghq;fhd ehlfk; vdf;F Gjpjhf ,Ue;jJ. vd;idg; nghWj;jtiuapy; vd; Mo;k-
dijj; njhl;L tpl;lJ. mj;Jld; GijAz;l rlq;Ffs; ehlfj;jpy; vk; fle;j fhy rk;gtq;fspid
epidTgLj;jpg; ghu;f;fpd;w xd;whf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.' vd;gJ ehlfk; ghu;j;j k.Ju;f;fh kdg;gjpT.
',d;iwa ehspy; NkilNaw;wg;gl;l ehlfq;fs; kPz;LnkhU Kiw Aj;j R+oiyf; fz;Kd; nfhz;L
te;jJ. ehlfg; ghly;fs; kw;Wk; xspaikg;G vd;gd ehlfj;jpw;F capNuhl;lkhf mike;jpUe;jJ.
Aj;jj;jpy; nfhy;yg;gl;L kz;NzhL kz;zhf vkJ cwTfs; rlyq;fshf;fg;gl;;l mtyq;fs;
cz;ikapy; ele;jtw;iwNa ehlfj;jpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. kPz;LnkhU Kiw ,t;thwhd
mtyq;fis re;jpf;f $lhJ.' ,J ehlfk; ghu;j;j jpU.k.fkyfhe;jd; mtu;fspd; fUj;jhf gjpT
nra;jhu;. 'fle;j fhy Aj;jj;jpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L cly; cilikfis ,oe;J kd cior;rYf;F
cs;shfpapUe;Njhk;. Aj;jj;jpd; tpisthf kdmOj;jk; cstpay; uPjpapyhd ghjpg;Ng vkf;F
fpilj;jJ.' vd;whu; nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fof rl;lf;fy;Yhup khztd; f.gpujPgd;.
,tu;fs; nrhy;tJNghd;W cstpay; ghjpg;Gf;fs; aj;jk; ghjpj;j kf;fis ,d;Dk; njhlu;e;J

nfhz;L jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. mtu;fis ,itfspypUe;J kPl;f VNjhnthUtifapy; muq;F
cjTfpwJ vdyhk;.
3.3 fhdy; ePu;

jhfj;jpy; miyAk; khd;fs; nta;apypy; njupAk; miyNghd;w fhdiy ePnud ek;gp
VkhWtJ Nghd;W ekf;F ey;yJ vd;W epidj;J Nkrhbf;fhuu;fsJ Vkhw;Wrjpf;Fs; mfg;gl;L
tho;itj; njhiyj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; kf;fis me;j moptpypUe;J fhg;ghw;Wk; xU tpopg;Gzu;T
ehlfk; fhdy; ePu;. tUkhdj;ij ngUf;fntd jtizg;gz mbg;gilapy; (yPrpq;Kiw) thfd-
j;ij thq;fp mjw;fhd gzj;ij fl;lKbahJ jd;Dila epue;ju tUkhdj;ijAk; ,oe;J
mtkupahijg;gl;L filrpapy; jw;nfhiynra;Ak; epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gLk; fijia fhdy; ePu;
ehlfk; fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
Aj;jk; Kbtile;j gFjpfspy;; tUe;jj;jf;f epIf;fijapd; $l;Nl ,J. Nghu; ntwpahbr;

nrd;wgpd;du; ntWq;iffSld; epd;wtu;fSf;F Mgj;ghe;jtd; vd;W $wpf;nfhz;Lte;J
mtu;fis NkYk; Ntl;ilahbf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; epjpepWtdq;fspd; NkhrbNa ,f;fijapd; fUg;
nghUshFk;. NghUf;Fg; gpd;du; jkpou; gpuNjrnkq;Fk; gy epjp epWtdq;fs; gilnaLj;jd.
mit ntWk; iffSld; epw;gtu;fsplk; tpahghuk; nra;jd. mj;jpahtrpa nghUl;fspypUe;J
Mlk;gu nghUl;fs; tiuapYk; fldbg;gilapy; toq;f Kd;te;J mtu;fis jpl;lkpl;L
fld;fhuu;fshf;fp xl;Lnkhj;jkhf mtu;fsplk; ,Ue;jtw;iwAk; Nru;j;Jg; GLq;fpf;nfhd;W nrd;W
tpl kPz;Lk; ntWq;ifahf Mf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; tpuf;jpaile;J jw;nfhiyapy; Kbe;JtpLfpwJ.
,J ,Wjpg;Nghu; eilngw;w td;dpapd; xt;nthU fpuhkj;jpYk; Vd; xt;nthU tPLfspYk;
elf;Fk; rk;gtkhf khwptpl;l epfo;thFk;. ,itfs; ,g;gbNa ePSkhf ,Ue;jhy; Nghiutpl
Nkhrkhd xU mopitNa kf;fs; vjpu;nfhs;sNtz;b NeupLk; #oy; cUthfptpLk;.

xU ,ufrpag;gLnfhiy elf;fpwJ vd;gij njspTgLj;JfpwJ fhdy; ePu; ehlfk;.
'Nguhir nfhs;sf;$lhJ> yPrpq; vd;w xd;iw vg;NghJk; tpUk;gf;$lhJ. kuq;fis mopf;ff;

$lhJ mj;Jld; ,Uf;Fk; nghUl;fis nfhz;L ,d;gkhf thoNtz;Lnkd;W czu;e;J
nfhz;Nld;.' vd;fpwhu; e.nfsrpfh. ,Nj Nghd;W ',Ug;gtw;iwf; nfhz;L tho;f;if elhj;j
Ntz;Lk; vd;gijg; Gupe;J nfhz;Nld;.' vd;W ehlfk; ghu;j;j k.Nkup byf;rdh Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
,NjNghd;W 'nraw;if nghUl;fSf;fhf Mirg;gl;L ,aw;ifahd nghUl;fis mopf;ff;$lhJ.
Nguhir nfhz;L jd;ek;gpf;ifia ,oe;J tplf;$lhJ.' vd;fpwhu; ehlfk; ghu;j;j R.R[pjh.NkYk;
ehlfk; ghu;j;j j.wQ;rpj; Fwpg;gpLk;; NghJ ',e;j ehlfj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs; cz;ikahfNt ,q;F
elf;Fk; xU cz;ik rk;gtq;fs; yPrpq;fpNy fldhf ,e;j thfdq;fis vLj;J f];lj;jpd;
fhuzj;jpdhy; fl;l Kbahky; J}f;Fg; NghLfpd;wdu;.' vd;whu;.
',d;iwa r%fj;jpy; elf;Fk; nraw;ghL Nghy; ,Ue;jJ. yPrpq; kdpjid nfhy;Yk;' J.kA+ud;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. fhdy; vd;w ehlfk; kpfTk; rpwg;ghf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j ehlfk; tho;f;ifr; rk;gtq;fis
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhu; m.gpupd;rd;. 'fhdy; ePu; vd;w ehlfk; kpfTk; rpwg;ghf
fhdg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ehlfk; vq;fs; tho;f;ifapy; Xu; ghlkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W ek;GfpNwhk; .,e;j
ehlfk; vk;ik xU jd;khd kdpjdhf elf;f J}z;LfpwJ.' vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhu; ehlfk; ghu;j;j
V.epju;rd; mtu;fs;. ,e;j ehlfk; Aj;jk; ghjpj;j gFjpfspy; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;l NghJ
midj;J ,lq;fspYk; kf;fs; jkJ gpur;ridia milahsq;fz;lNjhL mit gw;wp epiwaNt
ciuahbdhu;fs;. Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ td;dp kf;fs; jkf;fhdij jhNk cUthf;fp jk;Kila
gpur;ridfis jhq;fNs vjpu;nfhz;L tho;e;Jte;jtu;fs; NghUf;Fg;gpd;; mtu;fsJ tho;f;ifia
,ayhikAk; ,y;yhikAk; mtu;fis ifNae;jTk; fldhspfTk; khw;wptpl;lJ. ,it
fspypUe;J ,tu;fis tpLtpf;Fk; r%f mf;fiwahsu;fspd; nraw;ghLfspd; tupirapy;
,tu;fSf;F gupr;rakhd Kiwapyhd ehlftbtpy; mtu;fsplk; nfhz;Lnrd;wJ mtu;fis
kpf ,yFthf nrd;wile;jpUe;jJ. ,d;iwa #oypy; muq;Ftop xd;wpze;J kf;fis xd;w-
pizj;J mtu;fSf;Fs; r%fk; njhlu;gpYk; jk;Kila gpur;ridfs; njhlu;gpYk; ciuahl fsk;
mikj;Jf;nfhLj;jjpy; ,e;j muq;f Kaw;rp ntw;wpiag; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ. ,q;F ehlfNkij
Ngu;Nlhy;gpnul;r; mtu;fspd; fUj;J ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ mjhtJ 'muq;fpy; xUGwk;
ajhu;j;jk;> kWGwk; mij gpujpgypf;Fk; Gidfij. ehlfj;jd;ik ep[ tho;f;ifapy; EiofpwJ
kw;Wk; ep[ tho;f;if ehlfj;jpy;; fplf;fpwJ vdyhk;. cz;ikapy; muq;fpy; r%fj;jpd;
gpk;gj;ijf;fhzyhk;. r%fj;ijg; gpujpgypf;Fk; fz;zhbahf muq;F tpsq;FfpwJ.(g;nul;r;>1964)
JizE}w;gl;bay;
1. Abah, O.S., 1990. ‘Participatory Theatre: Issues and Cases in Community Theatre in Nigeria’, In: The Practice of Community
Theatre in Nigeria (ed.) Iyorwuese Hagher. Society of Nigerian Artists,
2. Abah, O.S.,2005. ‘Performing Live: Case Studies’, In: The Practice of Theatre for Development. Lagos: Baraka Press and
Publishers Limited.
3. Brecht, B. (1964). Brecht on theatre: The development of an aesthetic. Macmillan.
4. Hastrup, K. (2004). All the world’s a stage: The Imaginative Texture of Social Spaces. Space and Culture, 7(2), 223-236.
5. Nasiru. A.,1990. ‘The Nigerian Theatre and Community Development Myth, Reality or Wishful Thinking’, In: Nigeria Society of Nigeri
an Artists (SONTA). Pp 47 – 53.

,izatopf; fUj;juq;Ffs;
aho;g;ghz tpQ;Qhdr; rq;fj;jpd; r%f

tpQ;Qhdg; gpupT etk;gu; 2020 - khu;r;
2021 tiu njhluhf elj;jpa
,izatopf; fUj;juq;Ffs;

tho;j;Jr; nra;jp
ahog;ghz tpQ;Qhd rq;fj;jpd; r%f tpQ;Qhdg;gpuptpdhy; ntspaPL nra;ag;gLk; r%f ntsp
rQ;rpifapid r%f tpQ;Qhd rq;fj;jpd; jiytp vd;w epiyapy; mfkfpo;e;J tho;j;Jfpd;Nwd;.
kdpjd; vt;tsT thrpf;fpd;whNdh mt;tstpw;F G+uzj;Jtk; milfpd;whd; vDk; ftpQH ghujp
jhrd; nrhy;ypw;fpzq;f vk; r%f tpQ;Qhd rq;fj;jpdhy; r%fk; rhHe;j NguplH fhy ,lHfis
ntspf;nfhzUk; KfkhfTk; r%fj;jpy; ,r;rq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfis ntspf;nfhzUk; KfkhfTk;
vkJ ,johrpupaupd; MHtk; kpf;f Kaw;rpapdhYk; vkJ r%f tpQ;Qhd rq;fj;jpd; epiwNtw;W-
f;FO mq;fj;jtHfspd; Koikahd gq;fspg;gpdhYk; r%fntsp rQ;rpif ntsptUfpd;wJ. ,jd;
KjyhtJ ,jo; gy;NtW fl;Liufis cs;slf;fp ntsptUtJ kpfTk; kfpo;r;rpf;Fupa tplakhFk;.
,r;rQ;rpifahdJ ehd;F khjq;fspw;nfhUKiw jto;e;J cq;fsplk; tUk;. rfyUk;

,r;rQ;rpififia thrpj;J gad;ngw Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F ntsptUk; fl;Liufis thrpj;J
mfk;kfpo;tPH vd ek;GfpNwd;. ,d;W Nghy; vd;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd rq;fkhdJ vjpH fhy r%fj;-
jpw;F gad; mspf;Fk; tifapy; ,d;Dk; gy nraw;ghLfis ntspf;nfhzu Ntz;Lk; vd
tho;j;JtNjhL mjd;top vkJ vjpHfhy ,sk; re;jjpapdh; gad; milaTk; tho;j;Jfpd;Nwd;.
jpUkjp NjtuQ;rpdp rpth];fud;

jiytp
r%f tpQ;Qhdg; gpupT>
aho;g;ghz tpQ;Qhdr; rq;fk;
tho;j;Jr; nra;jp
aho;g;ghz tpQ;Qhd rq;fj;jpd; r%f tpQ;Qhdg; gpuptpd; ntspaPlhd r%f ntsp vDk;
rQ;rpiff;F, aho;g;ghz tpQ;Qhd rq;fj;jpd; jiytu; vd;w tifapy; tho;j;Jj; njuptpg;gjpy;
kl;lw;w kfpo;r;rpailfpd;Nwd;. fle;j %d;W jrhg;jq;fshf tlGyj;jpNy tpQ;Qhd tsu;r;rpapy;
mUk;ghLgl;L tUk; aho;g;ghz tpQ;Qhd rq;fj;jpd; r%f tpQ;Qhdg; gpupthdJ 'Nguplu;fis
nty;Yk; r%f mwptpay; mZFKiw' vDk; vkJ ,t; tUl njhdpg;nghUisj; jhq;fp
gy;NtW rpwg;ghd fl;Liufis ntspf;nfhzu;fpwJ. kf;fspilNa tpopg;Gzu;Tf; fUj;Jf;fis
tpQ;QhduPjpahfg; gug;g Kay;fpd;w ,r; rQ;rpif vkf;F fpilf;fg; ngw;w tug;gpurhjkhFk;.
,k; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;l midtiuAk; tho;j;JtNjhL ,g;gzp nkd;NkYk; njhlu ,iwtid
Ntz;b epw;fpd;Nwd;.
Nguhrpupau; nry;tk; fz;zjhrd;

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aho;g;ghz tpQ;Qhd rq;fk;.

Samikaveli: Journal of Jaffna Social Science

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Samikaveli: Journal of Jaffna Social Science

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A+d;

r%f tpQ;Qhd ,jo;

Journal of Social Science

r%f tpQ;Qhdg; gpupT ntspaPL

1. Mq;fpy nkhopf;fw;gpj;jypy; muq;fr; nraw;gzpfspd; gad;ghL

2. Qhgfk; kw;Wk; kwjp

Jaffna Science Association (section D) May 2021

Mq;fpyk; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;

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jkpo; nkhopngaHg;igf; iftpl;L

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Jaffna Science Association(Section D) May 2021

Jaffna Science Association (section D) May 2021

khztHfhd nraw;ghl;Lg; gzpfis tbtikj;J nfhs;tjpy; MrphpaHfspd; gzp mjpfkhtJld;

Mq;fpyk; fw;gpj;jypy; muq;f nraw;gzpfs; (Theatre Tasks in English Teaching)

khztHfis tFg;Gf;F ntspNa ku epoypNyh> Nfhapy; kz;lgq;fspNyh> ghlrhiy xJf;Fg;Gw

mLj;J ,U iffisAk; NfhHj;j gb Xtpak; tiutJ Nghy fhl;rpfspy; <LgLtH. ,g;gbahf

Jaffna Science Association(Section D) May 2021

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Jaffna Science Association (section D) May 2021

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Livingston, Carole. (1983). Role-play in language learning. England: England.

Jaffna Science Association(Section D) May 2021

Jaffna Science Association (section D) May 2021

Qhgfk; kw;Wk; kwjp

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Jaffna Science Association(Section D) May 2021

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Qhgfk; gw;wp Muha;e;j cstpayhsh;fs; Fwpg;ghf> wpr;rhh;l; m`pd;]d; (Richard Atkinson)

1. GyDzh;r;rp Qhgfk; (Sensory Memory)

• GyDzh;r;rp Qhgfk; (Sensory Memory)

GyDzh;r;rp QhgfkhdJ Gw cyfpd;Wk; ngwg;gLk; Vuhskhd Gyd; mDgtq;fs; ahTk;

• FWq;fhy Qhgfk; (Short Term Memory)

FWq;fhy Qhgfk; vd;gJ jfty;fis kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; epidtpy; itj;jpUg;gjidf;

Jaffna Science Association (section D) May 2021

ePz;lfhy Qhgfj;jpy; epiyaw;w tpguq;fs; Nkyjpfkhfr; Nrh;tijf; FWq;fhy Qhgfk; jil-

GFj;Jjy;> fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jjy;> kPl;lwpjy;

• ePz;lfhy Qhgfk; (Long Term Memory)

ePz;lfhy Qhgfk;jhd; xt;nthU Nkijfspd; tho;tpYk; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wdJ vd;gJ

Jaffna Science Association(Section D) May 2021

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Ez;zwpT <Tg;ngWkhdk; tifapdh;

Jaffna Science Association (section D) May 2021

Qhgfj;jpd; nrad;Kiwiaj; njspTgLj;Jk; tpsf;f tiuglk;

kdpjDila cWg;Gf;fspy; kpfTk;

kwjp (Forgetting)kdpju; jdJ md;whl tho;f;ifapy; gytw;iwf; fw;fpwhd;. Mdhy; rpWJ

 fw;wtw;wpy; mf;fiwAk; Mh;tKk; Fiwe;jhy; fw;w tplaq;fs; kwe;JNghtjw;Fr; rhj;

 taJ Kjpu;r;rpapd; tpisthf euk;Gj; njhFjpapy; vOk; clypay; khw;wq;fs;

Jaffna Science Association(Section D) May 2021

kwjp gw;wp Muha;e;j mwpQh;fSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth; N`h;kd; vgpq;Nfh]; (Hermann Ebbinghaus)

vdNtjhd; fw;wypd; %yk; GFj;jg;gl;l tplaq;fs; fhyk; nry;yr; nry;y kwe;JtpLfpd;wd

Jaffna Science Association (section D) May 2021

• ntspf;nfhzh;tjpy; jil (Failure of Retrieval)

kwjp Neha; Nfhbf;fzf;fhd epa+Nuhd;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;ls;s %isapy; ,e;epa+Nuhd;fs;

NkYk; kwjpf;F kw;WnkhU fhuzk; J}f;fkpd;ikahFk; vd;w cz;ikAk; ntspf;

Jaffna Science Association(Section D) May 2021

fPioj;Njr Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; vOr;rpAk;