T 13 Tim 38

fu;ehlf rq;fPjk;
Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpuk; cau;juk;
juk; - 13
mofpaw; fy; t pj; J iw

Njrpa fy; t p epWtfk;
kfufk
2010
© Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2010
mofpaw;Jiw
nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
gjpg;gfk;:
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kùfk
KfTiu
2007k; Mz;by; 6Mk;> 7Mk; juq;fspy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l Nju;rr ; pfis mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;l fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiw gbg;gbahf mLj;jLj;jhz;Lfspy;
7Mk;> 11Mk; kw;Wk; 8Mk; ju fiyj; jpl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
2009,y; mJ f.ngh.j cau; j u tFg; G f; f hfTk; mt; t ZFKiwia
tpupTgLj;Jtjw;F Njrpa fy;tp epWtf fiyj; jpll ; k; tFg;Nghu; ntw;wp fz;Ls;sdu;.
vdNt> 12Mk;> 13Mk; juq;fspy; gy;NtW ghlq;fSf;Fk; cupa ghlj;jpl;lq;fspYk;
Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bfspYk; khztuplj;jpy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba
Nju; r ; r pfs; > Nju; r ; r p kl; l q; f s; vd; g d njhlu; g hf tpupthd jfty; f s;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,j;jfty;fs; jq;fs; ghlk; njhlu;ghf fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy;
re;ju;g;gq;fis tFj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F MrpupaUf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk;.
fiyj; jpl;lk; tFg;Nghuhy; fdp\;l ,ilepiy (6-9) rpNu\;l ,ilepiy (10-11)

juq; f Sf; F cupa fiyj; jpl; l q; f is jahupg; g jw; f hf ifahz; l
mZFKiwapYk; ghu;f;f f.ngh.j cau;ju ghlq;fSf;fhf Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G
topfhl;bfisj; jahupg;gjw;fhf NtWgl;l Xu; mZFKiw mDrupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
vd;gijf; Fwpgg; pl tpUk;GfpNwd;. 6> 7> 8> 9> 10> 11Mk; juq;fspy; ghl tplaq;fisf;
fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs; njhlu;ghf
Mrpupau;fs; Fwpj;j khjpup xd;wpd;ghy; topg;gLj;jg;gl;ldu;.
f.ngh.j cau;ju tFg;GfSf;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lq;fSk; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G

topfhl;bfSk; Mrpupau;fSf;F jkJ tpUg;gpd;gb nraw;gLtjw;fhd Rje;jpuj;ij
caupa kl;lj;jpy; mDgtpg;gjw;Fk; ,lkspf;Fk; tifapy; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
me;je;j ghl myFfSf;F my;yJ ghlj;Jf;F (Lesson) cupa Nju;r;rpiaAk;
Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ijAk; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf cj;Njr fw;wy; KiwfisAk; jhk;
tpUk;Gk; KiwfisAk; Mrpupau;fs; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,k;kl;lj;jpy;
Mrpupau; Clhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.
jhk; gad;gLj;Jk; fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwia ntw;wpfukhd tifapy; gpuNahfpj;J

khztu;fis cj;Njr Nju;r;rp> Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd;ghy; ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;
gzpia Mrpupau;fs; FiwNtJk; ,d;wp epiwNtw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. f.ngh.j cau;ju
guPli
; rapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> mg;guPli
; r njhlu;ghf fy;tpj; Jiwia rhu;ej
; rfyUk;
fhl;Lk; fuprid Mfpatw;iwf; fUjpw; nfhz;Nl MrpupaUf;F ,t;thwhd
Rje;jpuj;ij toq;f jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gijAk; ,q;F Fwpg;gpl tpUk;GfpNwd;.
,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b Mrpupau;fSf;F ,d;wpaikahj xU

ife;E}yhf mikal;Lk; vd gpuhu;jj ; pf;fpd;Nwd;. vkJ khztu;fspd; gps;isfspd;
mwpTf; fz;iz jpwg;gjw;F ,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapy; mlq;fpAs;s
jfty;fSk; KiwfSk;> mwpTWj;jy;fSk; vkJ Mrpupau;fSf;F rupahf topfhl;Lk;
vd ngupJk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwd;.
Nguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuh

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Kd; D iu
,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b 2010Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; 13Mk; juj;jpw;Fupa

fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwia xOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F cq;fSf;Fj; Jizahf
mikAk;. ,e;j topfhl;b E}iyj; jahupg;gjw;F mbg;gilahff; nfhs;sg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lk;
,Jtiuapy; eilKiwapypUe;j ghlj;jpl;lq;fspypUe;J NtWgl;lJ. ,J Nju;r;rpfis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ghlj;jpl;lkhf mike;jpUg;gNj mt;NtWghlhFk;. ,q;F
jug;gl;Ls;s Nju;r;rpfis ,j;juj;jpNyNa mila Kbahkw; Nghf ,lKz;L. rpyNtis>
mjw;fhf ePz;lfhyk; vLf;fyhk;. vdpDk;> Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fisAk; me;jj; Nju;r;rp
kl;lj;jpd; fPo; jug;gl;Lg;gl;Ls;s fw;ww; NgWfisAk; ,j;juk; Kbtiltjw;Fs; miljy;
mtrpakhFk;. vdNt> ,j;juj;jpw;Fupa ghlq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;tjw;F mj;Nju;r;rp
kl;lq;fSk; fw;ww;NgWfSk; JizahFk;.
,f; f w; w w; N gWfis fw; w y; - fw; g pj; j y; nrad; K iwapd; Fwpf; N fhs; f is tFj; J f;
nfhs;tjw;Fk; tFg;giw kjpg;gl P L
; f; fUtpfis jahupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fkhd epajpfshfg;
gad;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;J ftdk; nrYj;JtPu;fs; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;
,g;ghlj;ijg; gapYk;NghJ crhTtjw;Fupa Nkyjpf E}y;fs; ,iza tiy flg;gplq;fs;
Kjyhdit Fwpj;J khztu;fSf;F mwpt+l;lk; nra;tjw;F ,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G
topfhl;b Jizahf mikAk;.
ePq;fs; Mf;fg+u;tkhd Xu; Mrpupauhfr; nraw;gLtPu;fs; vDk; vjpu;ghu;g;GlNd cj;Njr
nraw;ghLfs; ,q;F khjpupfshfj; jug;gl;Ls;sd vd;gij fUj;jpw; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
Fwpg;ghf Mrpupau; ika tFg;giwr; nrad;Kiwia khztu; ikar; nrad;Kiwahf
khw;wpaikj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> khztiu E}y; crhTif>
,iza gad;ghL Kjyhd Njly;fs; ghy; ,l;Lr;nry;y jf;fthW fw;wy; tha;g;Gf;fis
cUthf;FtJ Fwpj;J kpfTk; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
fw;gpj;jypd;NghJ kuG uPjpahd Kiwapy; Fwpg;G toq;Ftjw;Fg; gjpyhd ftu;r;rpfukhd
tifapy; Gj;jwpT> Nfhl;ghLfs; Kjyhdtw;iw Kd;itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf
,g;Gjpa tFg;giwapy; njhopy;El;gj;ij cr;rstpy; cgNahfg;gLj;Jk; njhlu;ghly;
Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;J ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> Gjpa njhopy;El;gr;
rhjdq;fis ,ad;wsTf;F Mf;fg+u;tkhfg; gad;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;.
13Mk; juj;jpy; ,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;fj; njhlq;Fk; cq;fs; khztu;fSf;F ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk;
Fwpj;J njspTgLj;JtJ gaDilajhFk;. tUlj;Js; eilKiwg;gLj;j vjpu;ghu;f;Fk;
cq;fsJ fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; jpl;lj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;tjhy; fw;wypd;ghy; mk;khztu;fspd;
Mu; t j; i jj; J}z; l yhk; . NkYk; KOg; ghlj; i jAk; fw; g jw; f hf khztu; f is
ghlrhiyapd;ghy; <u;g;gjw;Fk; mJ JizahFk;. Gjpa fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpD}lhf
tFg; g iw fw; w y; fw; g pj; j y; nrad; K iwapy; njs; s j; njspthf khw; w j; i j
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ijAk; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;biaAk; gad;gLj;jp
cq;fsJ Mf;fj; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;SkhW Ntz;LfpNwd;.
,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;biaj; jahupg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j fy;tpkhd;
fSf;Fk;> Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtf mjpfhupfSf;Fk; vdJ tpN\l
ed;wpiaj; njuptpf;fpd;Nwd;. ,g;gzpapy; topfhl;ly; toq;fpa gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Nguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuh mtu;fSf;Fk; mr;rpl;L ghlrhiyfSf;F tpepNahfpf;Fk;
nghWg;ig Vw;Ws;s fy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; cl;gl Vida gzpahsu;fSf;Fk;
vdJ ed;wpiaj; njuptpf;fpd;Nwd;. ,jpy; mlq;fpAs;s tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ
Mf;fg+u;tkhd fUj;Jf;fis vdf;F mDg;gp itg;gPu;fshapd; ed;wpAilatdhNtd;.
tpky; rpak; g yhnfhl

cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
nkhopfs;> khDltpay; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;.
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
MNyhridf; FOTk; vOj;jhsu; FOTk;
MNyhrid : Nguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuh
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jpU. tpky; rpak;gyhnfhl

cjtp gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Nkw; g hu; i t : jpU. J. ,uhN[e;jpuk;

Xa;Tngw;w rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;
jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofk;
xUq;fpizg;G : Kidtu; kPuh tpy;ytuhau;

gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ghl epGzj;Jtf; FO
: jpUkjp. Njtpfhuhzp KUFg;gps;is
Xa;Tngw;w gpujpf;fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;
jpUNfhzkiy
jpUkjp. gp. n[jP];tud;

tpupTiuahsu; - ,irj;Jiw ,izg;ghsu;
Rthkp tpGyhde;j mofpaw; fw;iffs; epWtfk;
fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
vOj;jhsu; FO:
cs; t hup : Kidtu; kPuh tpy;ytuhau;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ntspthup : nry;tp. Nf. kapy;thfdk;

cjtpg;gzpg;ghsu;
aho;g;ghzk;
jpUkjp a. ghNy];tud;
Mrpupa MNyhrfu; (Xa;Tngw;w)
nfhOk;G
jpU. it. fNzrypq;fk;

Mrpupa MNyhrfu;
nfhOk;G
jpUkjp. ,. ru;Nt];tud;
Mrpupia
,uhkehjd; ,e;Jkfspu; fy;Y}up
nfhOk;G
jpUkjp. t. eluh[d;
Mrpupia
tpNtfhde;jh fy;Y}up
nfhOk;G
jpU. jp. fUzhfud;

Mrpupau;
,e;Jf;fy;Y}up
nfhOk;G 04
jpUkjp tpdpj;jh NaRul;zk;

Mrpupia
Gdpj md;dk;khs; k.k.tp
tj;jis
jpUkjp. g. KUNfR
ru];tjp k.tp
gJis
jpUkjp. ep. Nfhgprq;fu;

irt kq;ifau; tpj;jpahyak;
nfhOk;G
jpUkjp. r. fkyehjd;
Ty;tz;lhy; kfspu; k.tp.
nfhOk;G
gjpg;ghrpupau; :
Kidtu; kPuh tpy;ytuhau;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ml;ilg;glk; : tp.vd;.v];. cjare;jpud;
fzpdpg; gjpg;Gk; tbtikg;Gk; :

jpUkjp. vg;.V.vg;. ep];kpah
njhopDl;g cjtpahsu;
nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
cs;slf;fk;
gf;fk;
gFjp I
01. mwpKfk; ii
02. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; iii
03. juk; 13 ,w;Fupa Nju;r;rpfs; iii
04. ghlrhiyf; nfhs;iffSk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSk; iv
05. ju cs;sPLfs; vi
06. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Neu xJf;fPL vii
07. ghlj;jpl;lk; 01
Nju;r;rp
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;
ghl cs;slf;fk;
08. ghlg;gug;G ml;ltiz 07
gFjp II
01. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwik - mwpKfk; 10
02. nghUslf;fk; - nraw;ghLfs; 12
03. nraw;ghLfspd; njhlu; 15
gFjp III
01. fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; 265
i
01. mwpKfk;
,d;W ghlrhiyfspy; 6Mk; tFg;gpypUe;J fy;tpg; nghJj;juhjug;gj;jpu cau;ju

tFg;Gf;fs; tiu fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;ijf; fw;gjpy; khztupilNa Mu;tk; ngUfp
tUfpd;wJ. murhq;fg; nghJg; guPl;irfspy; khztu;fs; Njhw;wp tUfpd;wdu;.
r%fj; Njitfs; khWtjw;fika fiyj;jpl;lj;jpYk; khw;wq;fs; fhyj;jpw;Ff;

fhyk; nra;ag;gLtJz;L. ,jw;fikthf> 12Mk; 13Mk; juq;fSf;Fupa fu;ehlf
rq;fPjg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpYk; khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,urpj;jy;> Mf;fj;jpwd;>
nrad;Kiw> mwpKiw> fyhrhug; gpd;dzp Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; fw;wy;
Nju;rr; pfs; jPuk ; hdpff ; g;gl;L mtw;wpwf ; ika ,f;fiyj;jpll
; k; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,j; N ju; r ; r pkl; l g; g hlj; j pl; l khdJ khztu; f s; tplaq; f isf; fz; L gpbf; F k;
re;ju;g;gq;fis mjpfupg;gjw;Fk;> fw;wyhdJ $basT khztu; ikakhf;fg;gL
tjw;Fk;> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis kpfj; njspthfTk;> khztu;fs;
fw;wYf;F tpUg;gj;NjhL <LgLtjw;Fk; Vw;wtifapy; jahupff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;ghlj;
jpll
; khdJ 12Mk; juj;jpd; njhlu;rr ; pahfNt 13Mk; juj;jpwF
; k; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;thW khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ ghlrhiyfspy; 2009Mk; Mz;L

mKy;gLj;jg;gLtJld; ,g;Gjpa ghlj;jpll; j;jpwf
; ikthf f.ngh.j. cau;jug; guPli
; r
2011Mk; Mz;L eilngWk;.
,g;ghlj;jpll
; j;jpy; ek;ehl;ilr; Nru;ej
; tpjJ
; thd;fspdhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rpy ghly;fs;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; ek; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j tpj;Jthd;fspd; ,irg;gzp>
Kf;fpakhd rpy thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; ,irj;njhz;L (khupKj;jhg;gpsi ; s> NÑj;uf;Qu;
Nghd;wNwhu;) vd;gd mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
Mrpupau;fs; ghltplaq;fs; njhlu;ghfj; jk;ikj; jw;fhyg;gLj;JtNjhL> mwpKfQ;

nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Nju;rr
; pfs;> Nju;rr
; pkl;lq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw tpsq;fpfn
; fhz;L khztu;
fsplk; ,ay;ghfTs;s jpwd;fis cgNahfpj;J jhNk njhopw;gl;L Kd;NdWk;
tifapy; mtu;fSf;Ff; fw;wy; mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F Vw;w tifapy;
jpl;lq;fis tFf;ff;$ba jpwd;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;ff ; g;
gLfpd;wJ.
i
02. ghlj; j pl; l j; j pd; Nehf; f q; f s;
01. fu;ehlf ,irj;jj;Jtq;fs; gw;wpa mwpitg; ngWjy;.
02. Nky;ehl;L> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir gw;wpa mwpitg;ngWjy;.
03. rh];jpupa rq;fPjk; ghLk; jpwidg; ngWjy;.
04. Rakhf ,uhfk;> ];tuk; ghLe;jpwidg; ngWjy;.
05. ,urQhdj;ij tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
06. fyhrhu> ghuk;gupa gz;Gfis kjpf;Fk; jd;ikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
07. Ra Mf;fq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk; jpwidg; ngWjy;.
03. juk; - 13 ,w;Fupa Nju;r;rpfs;
1.0 fu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irfspy; ,urpj;jtw;iw

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
2.0 gy;NtW ,ir epfo;r;rpfisj; jhNk jahupg;gjd; %yk; jkJ Mw;Wifj;

jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
3.0 ,ir cUg;gbfis RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghbf;fhl;LtJld; kNdhju;k

Qhdj;ijAk; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
4.0 fu;ehlf ,irapd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
5.0 `pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis

tpsf;Fthu;.
6.0 ,ir tsu;r;rpf;F thf;Nfafhuu;fs; Mw;wpa gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;gpLthu;.
7.0 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpahtpYk; gpugy;akhd fu;ehlf

,irf; fiyQu;fs; gw;wp kjpg;gpLthu;.
iii
06. ghlrhiyf; nfhs; i ffSk; epfo; r ; r pj; j pl; l q; f Sk;
fu;ehlfrq;fPj ghlq;fis tFg;giwapy; fw;gpg;gJld; tFg;giwf;F ntspNaAk;

,izg; g hltpjhdr; nraw; g hLfis cs; s lf; F k; tifapy; ghlrhiyf;
nfhs;iffisAk; epfo;rr ; pj;jpl;lq;fisAk; tFj;Jf; nfhs;sy; tpUk;gj;jf;fjhFk;.
Fwpgg; hff; fu;ehlfrq;fj
P j;jpwF; thuj;jpwF
; 10 ghlNtisfNs xJf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhy;
,j;jifa ,izg;ghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfis xOq;F nra;tjd; %yk; ehk;
Vw;fdNt Fwpg;gpl;l Nju;r;rpfisAk; Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fisAk; milaf;$bajhf
,Uf;Fk;.
,t;thW ghlrhiyf;nfhs;iffisAk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; jpl;lkpLk;nghOJ

ghlrhiyapy; cs;s tsq;fSk; khztu;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; jdpahs; NtWghL
fSk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Neu#rp
fu;ehlfrq;fPjk; mwpKiwAk;> nra;k;KiwAk; ,ize;j xU ghlkhFk;. mwpKiw

mwptpy; kl;Lk; Nju;r;rp ngwy; gadspf;fhJ. khztu; nra;Kiwapy; cau; Nju;r;rp
kl;lj;ij milaNtz;Lk; vd;gjhy; Neu#rpapy; mjpf ghlNtisfs; nra;Kiwg;
gapw;rpf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ghlrhiyapy; cs;s trjpf;Nfw;g nra;Kiwg;
gapw;rpf;fhf ,U ghlNtisfs; njhlu;r;rpahfTk; toq;fg;glyhk;.
Mrpupau; jifikfs;
fu;ehlfrq;fjP g; ghlj;ijf; fw;gpgg

; jw;F ,j;Jiwapy; Kiwg;gb gapwr
; p ngw;wtu;fNs
nghUj;jkhdtu;fshtu;. gapw;rp ngw;w Mrpupau;fs; ,y;yhj gl;rj;jpy; ,g;ghlj;ijf;
fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau; xUtu;> fu;ehlfrq;fPjj;Jiwapy; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;w kw;nwhU
MrpupauJ cjtpiag; ngwy; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
mjpgupd; fw; g pj; j y; jiyikj; J tg; g q; F
ghlrhiy mjpgu; xUtu; Kfhikj; J tj; jiyikj; J tj; N jhL fw; g pj; j y;
jiyikj;Jtk; cilatuhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vdNt fu;ehlf rq;fj P j;jpidf;
fw;gpg;gjw;F gapw;rpngw;w Mrpupau; xUtiug; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;> ,g;ghlj;ijf;
fw;gpgg
; jw;nfd jdpahd Xu; miwia xOq;F nra;jy;> Njitg;gLk; jucs;sL P fs;>
ghlj;jpl;lk;> topfhl;b E}y;fs; Kjypatw;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy; mtUila
flikahFk;.
,izg; g hltpjhdr; nraw; g hLfs; .
,it njhlu;ghd rpy MNyhridfs; ,q;F jug;gLfpd;wd.
01. ghlrhiy ehshe;j nraw;ghLfSld; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; ,iriaAk;

Nru;jJ
; f; nfhs;tjw;fhd nraw;wpll
; q;fs; mjpguhy; cUthf;fg;gLjy;. cjhuz
khfg; ghlrhiyf;fPjk;> Njrpa fPjk;> jkpo;nkhop tho;j;J> gpuhu;j;jidg;
ghly;fs;.
iv
02. ghly;fisf; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ xd;wpize;j jd;ik Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
typAWj;jg;gLtjhy; rq;fPj MrpupaUf;Fk; Vida Mrpupau;fl;Fk; ,ilNa
njhlu;gpUg;gJ ,d;wpaikahjJ MFk;. ,jw;fhd Vw;ghLfs; mjpgupd; Clhf
nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzk;: jkpo;nkhop Mrpupau; nra;As; fw;gpg;gjw;F
,ir Mrpupaupd; cjtpiag; ngwyhk;. ,JNghd;W Vida ghl Mrpupau;fspd;
cjtpia ,ir Mrpupau; ngwyhk;.
03. tUlj;njhlf;fj;jpNyNa ,izg;ghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd jpll ; k; tFf;

fg;gly;. ,yf;fpa kd;wq;fs;> tFg;giw khztu; kd;wq;fs;> ,ir kd;wq;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iw cUthf;fp ,ir epfo;r;rpfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;Fjy;.
04. ,it jtpu tUlhe;j ghlrhiy itgtq;fshff; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; guprspg;G

tpoh> fiytpoh> jkpo;nkhopj;jpdtpoh> ,yf;fpatpoh> rkatpohf;fs;> ,ir
kd;wj;jpd; ,irg;Nghl;bfs; Kjyhdtw;wpy; khztu; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F kl;L
kd;wp jhNk Rakhf ,ir epfo;rr ; pfis Mf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd re;ju;gg
; q;fs;
toq;fg;gLjy;.
05. rKjhaj;ijg; ghlrhiyf;Fs; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; ghlrhiyia rKjhaj;

jpw;Fs; nfhz;L nry;tjw;Fk; fiy> fyhrhu epfo;rr
; pfs; Clfkhff; fUjg;
gLfpd;wd. vdNt ,j;jifa epfo;r;rpfspy; khztu; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tjw;F
trjpAk; tha;g;GfSk; toq;fg;gLjy;.
06. ,ir njhlu;ghd fz;fhl;rp xOq;F nra;ag;gLjy; khztu;fSila Mf;fj;

jpwd; tpUj;jpf;Fk; eaf;Fk; jpwDf;Fk; JizGupAk;.
07. rq;fPj thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; jpdj;ijf; nfhz;lhLjy;.
08. thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;rr

; pfspy; khztu; gq;Fgw;wf; fsk; mikj;Jf;
nfhLj;jy;.
v
07. ju cs; s P L fs; (fw; g pj; j y; cgfuzq; f s; )
fu;ehlf rq;fj
P ghlf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ fPof
; f
; hzg;gLfpd;w
ju cs;sPLfisg; gad;gLj;JtJ tpUk;gj;jf;fjhFk;.
• RUjpg;ngl;b my;yJ jk;Guh

• `hu;Nkhdpak; my;yJ Mu;fd; (Organ)
• xypg;gjpTf;fUtp
• xypg;gjpT ehlh (thj;jpa ,ir> ,irf;fr;Nrupfs;> fu;ehlf ,ir>
`pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,ir cUg;gbfs;)
• thndhyp
• ,irf;fUtpfs; (Njhy;> Jis> euk;G> fQ;rw; fUtpfs;)
• ,ir ntspaPLfs; (E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;)
• gpup];ly; ml;ilfs; (tpsf;fg;glq;fs;> tpsf;f ml;ilfs; jahupj;jy;)
• bik jhs;fs;
• epwg;Ngidfs;
• jl;lr;Rf; fljhrp (Typing Sheet)
• mr;Rg;gpujpf; fljhrp (Photocopy paper)
• fj;jupf;Nfhy;
• ngau;g;gyif
• Nky; jiyvwpap (OHP)
• xsp CLflj;Jk; fljhrp
• njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;b
• xspg;gjpTf;fUtp
• xspg;gjpT ehlh (thj;jpa ,ir> ,irf;fr;Nrupfs;> fu;ehlf ,ir>
`pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,ir cUg;gbfs;)
• fzpdp
• ,izak;
vi
09. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Neu xJf;fPL
juk; - 13
ghlj; j pl; l k;
ghlNtisfs;
gpujhd Nju;r;rpfs;
1. Nju;r;rp 1.0 - (,urpj;jy;) 10
2. Nju;r;rp 2.0 - (Mf;fj;jpwd;) 10
3. Nju;r;rp 3.0 - (nra;k;Kiw) 190
4. Nju;r;rp 4.0> 5.0 - (mwpKiw) 62
5. Nju;r;rp 6.0 - (fyhrhug;gpd;dzp) 28
nkhj; j k; 300
vii
ghlj;jpl;lk; - juk; 13
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfs;
1.0
fu;ehlf ,ir> 1.1
`pe;J];jhdp ,ir> ,t;tif ,ir epfo;rr ; p• fu;ehlf ,ir
Nkiyj;Nja ,ir fspd; jdpj; J tkhd * kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd; 02
fspy; ,urpj;jtw;iw mk;rq;fis ,dq; Ie;J gpupTfs;
ntspg;gLj;Jthu;. fz; L ntspg; g Lj; J * m\;lgjp
thu;.
• thj;jpa ,ir
* jtpy; 02
* jNgyh
* fQ;rpuh
* flk;
* Kfu;rpq;
* rf;]Nghd;
* nkd;lypd;
* fpshupndl;
• ntFrdj; njhlu;G Clfq;

fspd; %yk; fhl;lg;gLk; 02
~~Nkiyj;Nja ,ir||
rk;ge;jkhd epfo;r;rpfs;
(,yj;jpudpay; Clfk;> mr;R
Clfk;)
1.2
,t;tif epfo;r;rp fu;ehlf ,ir 02
fisg; ghu;j;Jk; * kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd;
Nfl;Lk; ,urpj;Jk; Ie;J gpupTfs;.
tpku;rpg;ghu;. * m\;lgjp
• thj;jpa ,ir 01
* jtpy;
* jNgyh
* fQ;rpuh
* flk;
* Kfu;rpq;
* rf;]Nghd;
* nkd;lypd;
* fpshupndl;
01
• ntFrdj; njhlu;G Clfq;
fspd; %yk; fhl;lg;gLk;
~~Nkiyj;Nja ,ir||
rk;ge;jkhd epfo;r;rpfs;
(,yj;jpudpay; Clfk;> mr;R
Clfk;)
01
Ntisfs;
* epfo;r;rpfisg; ghu;j;jy;/
Nfl;ly;/thrpj;jy;
* ghu;j;j my;yJ Nfl;l
epfo;rr; pfs; njhlu;ghd
mDgtg; gfpu;T
(c-k;: epfo;r;rpapd;
jd;ik>juk;> ntspg;
ghL> xj;jpirT>
epfo;r;rpapd; Fiwfs;>
epiwfs;... Nghd;wd)
* tpku;rdf; fl;Liu
2.0
gy;NtW ,ir 2.1
epfo;r;rpfisj; jhNk Ra Mf;fq;fisj; • fz;fhl;rp 04
jahupg;gjd; %yk; jahupj; J mspg; g hu; . * jpl;lkply;
jkJ Mw;Wifj; * fz;fhl;rp xd;wpid
jpwid ntspg; elhj;Jjy;
gLj;Jthu;.
2.2
epfo;r;rpfisf; $l;lh • tUl ,Wjpapy; khztu; 06
fj; jahupg;gjd; %yk; Mf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l
$l;Lr; nraw;ghL> epfo;r;rpfs;
tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jy; (c-k;: jdp,ir> FO,ir>
Kjyhd ed;kdg; gy;ypak;...)
ghq;fpid ntspg; * jpl;lkply;
gLj;Jthu;. * gapw;rp
* NkilNaw;wy;
3.0
,ir cUg;gbfis 3.1 • Mjp jhs tu;zk; 20
RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj; mg;gpahrfhd cUg;gb * jQ;rk; vd;whNy - MNghfp
Jld; ghbf; fhl;Lt fis ,uhf> jhsj; * ]u]{lh - ]hNtup
Jld; kNdhju;k Jld; ghLthu;.
• mljhs tu;zk;
Qhdj;ijAk; 20
* neuek;kp - fhdlh
ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
3.2
,ir cUg;gbfis 25
• kj;jpkfhyf; fPu;j;jid
,uhf> jhsj;Jld; (,tw;Ws; tpUk;gpa Ie;J
ghLthu;. fPuj
; j
; idfs;)
* rptrptrptnaduhjh
- ge;Jtuhsp
* Njtp ePNa Jiz
- fPuthzp
* ep[Kd;id - gpyùp
my;yJ
02
Ntisfs;
* gupjhdkpr;rpNj - gpyùp
* khdpld; clypy; -
fy;ahzp
* rjhrptFkhuh- Rj;jrhNtup
* rpk;Nke;jpukj;akth]pdp
- rpk;Nè;jpukj;akk;
• gjk;
* NtytNu - igutp 06
my;yJ
* ghy;tbAk;-ehl;ilf;FwpQ;rp
• [htsp
* NtfePT - RUl;b 04
my;yJ
* thdpnghe;J - fhdlh
• m\;lgjp
* uhjhtjd - kj;jpakhtjp 03
• nrsffhyf;fpUjp
* gh`pju\{Guhya 15
- Mde;jigutp
my;yJ
* khukzd; - `pe;Njhsk;
• Njthuk;
05
* khju;klg;gpbAk;
* ryk;G+nthL
• jpUthrfk; - 02
04
(tpUk;gpaJ)
• jpUg;Gfo; 02
(,tw;Ws; tpUk;gpa ,uz;L)
* mfuKkhfp
* ,aypirapy;
* cyf gRghrk;
3.3
jhsj;jpyike;j • jhsj;jpyike;j rQ;rhuq; 12
rQ;rhuq;fisg; fisg; ghLjy;
ghu;j;Jg; ghLthu;. * fy;ahzp
* rq;fuhguzk;
* khahkhstnfsis
* Nkhfdk;
03
Ntisfs;
* gpyùp
* Mugp
* fuùg;gpupah
* `k;rj;tdp
* Njhb
* Rj;jrhNtup
* kj;jpakhtjp
* fhk;Nghjp
3.4
,uhfk;> fw;gdh • [dfuhfk; - 01 20
];tuq;fisg; ghbf; * ,uhf Myhgid
fhl;Ltjd; %yk; * fw;gdh];tuk;
jkJ kNdhju;k
Mw;wiy ntspf; • [d;dpauhfk; - 01 26
fhl;Lthu;. * ,uhf Myhgid
* fw;gdh];tuk;
4.1
4.0 [df> [d;dpa ,uhfg; • fdgQ;rfk;> jptpjPafd 02
fu; e hlf ,irapd; gpupTfisAk; > ,ju gQ;rfk;
mbg; g il mk; r q; gpupTfisAk; tpsf;F • Rj;j> rhahyf> rq;fPu;z
fis ntspg;gLj;J thu;.. uhfq;fs;
thu;.
4.2
72 Nksfu;j;jhf;fspd; • thjp> rk;thjp> mDthjp> 02
tuyhW> mikg;G> tpthjp>
ml;ltiz> flgahjp
rf;fuk; cs;slq;fpa
KO tptuq;fisAk;
tpsf;Fthu;.
4.3
,ir cUg;gbfspd; • cUg;gbfspd; ,yl;rzk; 08
,yl;rzq;fis * Njthuk;
tpsf;Fthu;. * jpUg;Gfo;
* jU
* jpUthrfk;
* #shjp
* m\;lgjp
4.4
• ,uhf ,yl;rzk; 10
,uhfq;fspd; ,yl;rzq;
* igutp
fis tpsf;Fthu;.
* `pe;J];jhd; fhgp
* `pe;J];jhd; ng`hf;
* `kPu; fy;ahzp
* fPuthzp
04
Ntisfs;
4.5
,irf;fUtpfspd; • ,irf;fUtpfs;
gpupTfs;> mikg;G> * jk;Guh 10
gad;ghL gw;wp * ehj];tuk;
tpsf;Fthu;. * taypd;
* kpUjq;fk;
* jtpy;
4.6
jrtpj fkfq;fs; gw;wp • jrtpj fkfq;fs; 05
tpsf;Fthu;.
4.7
jhsjrg;gpuhzq;fs;> • jhs jrg;gpuhzq;fs; 15
175 jhsq;fs;> • fjpNgjq;fSk;> 175
fjpNgjq;fs; gw;wp jhsq;fSk;
tpsf;Fthu;.
4.8
fhJ> Fuy;tis> xyp> • xyp> xyp miyfs;> mjpu;T
xypapd; myFfs; gw;wp fs;> nrwpT> gz;G 10
mwpe;J $Wthu;. • fhJ> Fuy;tis Mfpa
tw;wpd; njhopw;ghLfs;.
5.0 5.1
`pe;J];jhdp ,ir> fu;ehlf ,ir> • fu;ehlf> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir 08
Nkiyj;Nja ,ir `pe;J];jhdp ,ir> fspd; xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfs;
apd; mbg;gil Nkiyj;Nja ,ir • fu;ehlf ,irf;Fk;> Nkiyj;
mk;rq;fis tpsf;F fSf;fpilapyhd Nja ,irf;Fkpilapyhd
thu;. xw;Wik> Ntw;Wik xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfs;
gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
5.2 • `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpy; 04

`pe;J];jhdp ,irapd; tof;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
gpugy;akhd jhsq;fs;> gpugy;akhd jhsq;fs;.
thj;jpaf; fUtpfs; gw;wp * jpupjhy;
mwpe;J $Wthu;. * jhjuh
* [g;jhy;
* jPg;re;jp
• `pe;J];jhdp thj;jpaf; 06
fUtpfs;
* ]Nuhl;
* ]pjhu;
* jNgyh
* ]huq;fp
05
Ntisfs;
5.3
Nkiyj;Nja ,ir • Nkiyj;Nja rq;fPj ypgp
apd; ypgp Kiwapid Kiw 08
tpsf;Fthu;.
5.4
Nkiyj;Nja • Nkiyj;Nja thj;jpaf; 04
thj;jpaf; fUtpfs; fUtpfs;
gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;. * fpw;whu;
* gpahNdh
6.0
,ir tsu;r;rpf;F 6.1
thf;Nfafhuu;fs; fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;Fj; • fu;ehlf rq;fPj thf;Nfa 12
Mw;wpa gq;fspg; njhz;lhw;wpa thf;Nfa fhuu;fs;
gpid kjpg;gpLthu;. fhuu; f spd; tho; f ; i f * rhuq;fNjtu;
tuyhw;iwAk; ,irj; * Ntq;flkfp
njhz;ilAk; kjpg;gpL * N~j;uf;Qu;
thu;. * n[aNjtu;
* khupKj;jhg;gps;is
* fdk; fpU\;za;au;
* Nguhrpupau; rhk;g%u;j;jp
* Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl
]{g;igau;
7.0
,Ugjhk; 7.1
E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; • 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;if 14
,yq;ifapYk; gpugy;akhd ,irf; apy; tho;e;j gpugy;akhd
,e;jpahtpYk; fiyQu;fs; gw;wp ,irf; fiyQu;fs; gw;wpa
gpugy;akhd tpsf;Fthu;. RUf;ff; Fwpg;Gfs;.
fu;ehlf ,irf; * vd;. rz;Kfuj;jpdk;
fiyQu;fs; gw;wp * jtpy; jl;rzh%u;j;jp
kjpg;gpLthu;. * Fg;gpshd; nry;yj;Jiu
* Gj;Jthl;b NrhkRe;juk;
* gp.v];. MWKfk;gps;is
* ,uh[uhN[];tup
ghyRg;ukzpak;
* khtpl;lGuk;
vd;.v];. cUj;uhgjp
* tz;iz fhkhl;rp Re;juk;
* ,aypir thupjp
vd;. tPukzp Iau;
* vd;.Nf. gj;kehjd;
06
juk; 13
2Mk; jtiz
1Mk; jtiz
3Mk; jtiz
ghlNtisfs;
ghlNtisfs;
ghlNtisfs;
13.1.1.1 13.1.1.3 13.1.1.4
k N d h j u ; k r q ; f P j j ; j p d ; 01 thj; j pa ,irapd; jdpj; J t ntFrdj; njhlu;G Cl
Ie;J gpupTfspdJk; jdpj;J khd mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L 02 fq;fspd; %yk; fhl;lg; 02
tkhd mk;rq;fis ,dq; ntspg;gLj;jy; gLk; Nkiyj;Nja ,ir
fz;L ntspg;gLj;jy; (jtpy; > jNgyh> fQ;r puh> epfo; ; r ; r pfspd; jdpj; J
flk;> Kfu;rpq;> rf;]Nghd;> tkhd mk;rq;fis
13.1.1.2 nkd;lypd;> fpshupndl;) ,dq;fz;L ntspg;gLj;
01 ;jy;
m\;lgjpapd; jdpj;Jtkhd
mk; r q; f is ,dq; f z; L 13.1.2.3
thj; j pa ,iria ,urpj; J 13.1.2.4
,urpj;jy;
ntspg;gLj;jy;
tpku;rpj;jy; 01 ntFrdj;njhlu;G Cl
13.1.2.1 (jtpy;> jNgyh> fQ;rpuh> fq;fspd; %yk; fhl;lg;
k N d h j u ; k r q ; f P j j ; j p d ; 01 flk;> Kfu;rpq;> rf;]Nghd;> gLk; Nkiyj;Nja ,ir 01
Ie;J gpupTfisAk; ,urpj;J nkd;lypd;> fpshupndl;) epfo;r;rpfis ,urpj;J
tpku;rpj;jy; tpku;rpj;jy;
13.1.2.2
m\;lgjpia , u r p j ; J 01
tpku;rpj;jy;
Mf;fj;jpwid
13.2.1.1 13.2.1.2 13.2.2.1

tsu;j;jy;
,ir njhlu;ghd fz;fhl;rp ,ir njhlu; g hd fz; f hl; r p 02 tUl ,Wjpapy; khz 06
02
apid xOq;F nra;jy; apid elhj;Jjy; tu; Mf;fq;fisf;
nfhz;l epfo;r;rpfis
NkilNaw;wy;.
13.3.1.1 13.3.1.2 13.3.2.8 05

Mjpjhs tu;zk; mljhs tu;zk; 20 kj;jpkfhyf; fPu;j;jid
nra;k;Kiw
-jQ;rk; vd;whNy - MNghfp (neuek;kp - fhdlh) (01)

10
Mjpjhs tu;zk; 13.3.2.4 13.3.2.9
- ]u]{l - rhNtup 10 kj;jpkfhyf;fPu;j;jid - 01 m\;lgjp (uhjhtjd) 03
13.3.2.1
05
13.3.2.5 13.3.2.10
kj;jpkfhyf; fPu;j;jid (03) 15 [htsp jpUg;Gfo;-02(tpUk;gpaJ)
13.3.2.2 04 02
(NtfePT - ]{Ul;b (mfuKkhfp> ,aypir
gjk; 06 my;yJ
- ghy;tbAk; - ehl;ilf; apy;> cyf gRghrk;)
thdpnghe;J - fhdlh) 13.3.2.11
FwpQ;rp my;yJ 02
NtytNu - igutp 13.3.2.6 Njthuk; (ryk;G+nthL)
13.3.2.3 Njthuk; - khju;klg;gpbAk; 03 13.3.3.1
nrsffhyf;fpUjp ];tu rQ;rhuq;fisg; 12
15 13.3.2.7
gh`pju\{Guhya jpUthrfk; - 02 (tpUk;gpaJ) 04 ghu;j;Jg;ghLjy;
- Mde;jigutp 13.3.4.1 13.3.4.2
my; y J ,uhf Myhgid> fw; g dh 20 ,uhf Myhgid> 26
khukzd; - `pe;Njhsk; ];tuk; ghLjy;([df ,uhfk;) fw;gid ];tuk; ghL
jy; ([d;dpa ,uhfk;)
07
1Mk; jtiz
ghlNtisfs;
ghlNtisfs;
ghlNtisfs;
2Mk; jtiz
3Mk; jtiz
13.4.1.1 13.4.3.2 13.4.2.1
fdgQ;rfk;> jptpjPa 01 cUg; g b ,yl; r zk; - jU 02 thjp> rk;thjp> 02
fdgQ;rfk; cUg;gb ,yl;rzk; - mDthjp> tpthjp
Rj; j > rhahyf> rq; f P u ; z 01 jpUthrfk; ];tuq;fs;
,uhfq;fs;
13.4.4.2 13.4.3.3
13.4.3.1 02 cUg;gb ,yl;rzk; 02
cUg;gb , y l ; r z k ; - 02 ,uhf ,yl;rzk; - #shjp
Njthuk; - `pe;J];jhd; ng`hf;
cUg;gb ,yl;rzk; -
jpUg;Gfo; ,uhf ,yl; r zk; - `kP u ; 02 cUg;gb ,yl;rzk; 02
- m\;lgjp
fy;ahzp
13.4.4.1
,uhf ,yl;rzk; - igutp 02 13.4.5.2 13.4.4.3
02 ,uhf ,yl;rzk; 02
,uhf ,yl;rzk;
02 ,irf;fUtp - taypd; - fPuthzp
- `pe;J];jhd; fhgp
13.4.7.2 10 13.4.5.3
13.4.5.1
jhsjrg;gpuhzq;fs; ,irf;fUtp- jtpy;; 02
,irf;fUtp - jk;Guh 02
,irf;fUtp - ehj];tuk; 02 ,irf;fUtp- kpUjq;fk; 02
13.4.8.2
mwpKiw
13.4.6.1 fhJ> Fuy;tis Mfpatw;wpd; 05 13.5.1.2

jrtpj fkfq;fs; 05 njhopw;ghLfs; fu;ehlf ,irf;Fk; 04
Nkiyj;Nja ,irf;Fk;
13.4.7.1 13.5.2.2 ,ilapyhd xw; W ik
fjpNgjq;fSk; `pe;J];jhdp ,irf;fUtp 01 Ntw;Wikfs;
175 jhsq;fSk; 05
- jNgyh
`pe;J];jhdp ,irf;fUtp 01 13.5.2.3
13.4.8.1 - ]huq;fp `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj; 04
xyp> xyp miyfs;> mjpu;T 05 jpy; tof;fj;jpypUf;Fk;
fs;> nrwpT> gz;G gpugy;akhd jhsq;fs;
13.5.3.1
13.5.1.1 Nkiyj;Nja rq;fj P ypgp Kiw 08 ( j p u p j h y ; > j h j u h >
[g;jhy;> jPg;re;jp)
fu; e hlf> `pe; J ]; j hdp 04
,irfspd; xw;Wik> 13.6.1.2
Ntw;Wikfs; thf;Nfafhuu; - n[aNjtu; 13.5.4.1
01 02
thf;Nfafhuu; Nkiyj;Nja ,irf;
13.5.2.1 - khupKj;jhg;gps;is 01 fUtp - fpw;whu;
`pe;J];jhdp ,irf;fUtp 02 thf;Nfafhuu; 02 Nkiyj;Nja ,irf; 02
- ]Nuhl; fUtp - gpahNdh
- fdk;fpU\;za;au;
`pe;J];jhdp ,irf;fUtp 02
- ]pjhu; 13.6.1.3
thf;Nfafhuu;
02
13.6.1.1 - Nguhrpupau;
thf;Nfafhuu;- rhuq;fNjtu; 01 P. rhk;g%u;j;jp
thf;Nfafhuu; - Ntq;flkfp thf;Nfafhuu; 02
thf;Nfafhuu; - N~j;uf;Qu; 01 - Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl
02 Rg;igau;
08
ghlNtisfs;
ghlNtisfs;
2Mk; jtiz
1Mk; jtiz
3Mk; jtiz
ghlNtisfs;
13.7.1.1 13.7.1.2 13.7.1.3
20Mk; E}w;whz;by; 04 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; 04 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; 06
fyhrhug; gpd;dzp
,yq;ifapy; gpugy;akhd ,yq;ifapy; gpugy;akhd ,yq;ifapy;

,irf;fiyQu;fs; gw;wpa ,irf;fiyQu;fs; gw;wpa gpugy;akhd
rpWFwpg;Gfs; rpWFwpg;Gfs;. ,irf;fiyQu;fs;
- ,irg;Gytu; - Gj;Jthl;b gw;wpa rpWFwpg;Gfs;.
vd;. rz;Kfuj;jpdk; v];.vd;. NrhkRe;juk; - khtpl;lGuk;
- jtpy; jl;rzh%u;j;jp - gp.v];. MWKfg;gps;is vd;.v];. cUj;jpuhgjp
- Fg;gpshd; nry;yj;Jiu - ,uh[uhN[];tup - tz;iz fhkhl;rp
ghyRg;ukzpak; Re;juk;
- ,aypir thupjp
vd;. tPukzp Iau;
- vd;.Nf. gj;kehjd;
105 102 93
nkhj;jg; ghlNtisfs; 300
09
05. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwik
,g;ghlj; jpl;;lj;jpw;F Vw;g fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwikfisj; jPu;khdpf;Fk;NghJ

Ma;Tfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhf khztu;fsplj;jpy; Nju;r;rpfis cU
thf;Ftjw;F Vw;w tifapy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nra;iffisj; jpl;lkpLtJ
njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nju;rr ; pkl;lf; fy;tpfF
; Maj;jk; MFk;NghJ
Mrpupau; gq;fpy; njspthd khw;wk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
vkJ tFg;giwfspy; fle;j fhyq;fspy; gutyhfr; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;L te;j ~CL

flj;Jk; gq;fspg;G| (Transmission Role), gpd;du; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ~nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy; gq;fspg;G| (Transaction Role) vd;gd tFg;giwapy; ,g;NghJk; fhzg;gL
fpd;wd. ghlrhiyia tpl;L tpyfpr; nry;Yk; gps;isfsplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
rpe;jidj; jpwd;fs;> jdpahs; jpwd;fs;> r%fj; jpwd;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpYs;s
FiwghLfis fUj;jpw; nfhs;tjd; %yk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwikfspy;
nra;a Ntz;ba mgptpUj;jp khw;wq;fisAk;> mit vt;thW nra;ag;gly;
Ntz;Lnkd;gijAk; ,dq; fhz;gJ fbdkd;W.
CLflj;Jk; gq;fspg;gpy;> fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; ahtw;iwAk; Mrpupau;

jhd; njupe;Js;sjhf vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> khztu;fs; ,t;tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf
xd;WNk mwpe;jpuhjtu; vdf; fUjpf; nfhz;L tpla mwpit khztu;fSf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; xUtuhfNt Mrpupau; khwpAs;shu;. ,k;Kiwapy; Mrpupau; tpupTiuahsu;
Nghyj; njhopw; g LtNjhL> khztu; f spd; rpe; j idiaj; J}z; L tjw; N fh>
khztu;fspd; jdpahs; jpwd;fis> r%fj; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Nfh
nra;Ak; gq;fspg;G NghJkhdjy;y.
Mrpupau; tFg;giwapy; khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLtJ> nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;

gq;fspg;gpd; Muk;gf; fl;lkhf mikfpwJ. ,jd;NghJ MrpupauplkpUe;J khztu;
fSf;Fk;> khztu;fsplkpUe;J MrpupaUf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fs; gupkhwg;gLtNjhL>
mijj; njhlu;e;J khztu;- khztu; ,ilj;njhlu;Gk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L mtu;fSf;
fpilapYk; fUj;Jg; gupkhwy; eilngWtNjhL> mJ ju;ff ; uPjpahd fye;Jiuahl
yhf khWk;. njupe;jjpypUe;J njupahjjw;Fk;> vspajpypUe;J rpf;fyhdjw;Fk;>
J}y tplaj;jpypUe;J Nfty (fUj;Jepiy) tplaj;jpw;Fk; khztu;fisf; nfhz;L
nry;Yk; tifapy; Mrpupau; njhlu;eJ
; tpdhf;fisj; njhLg;gjpy; <Lgly; Ntz;Lk;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lf; fy;tpapy; khztu; nraw;ghLfs; tYthd ,lj;ijg; ngWtNjhL>

tFg;gpYs;s xt;nthU gps;isAk; me;je;jj; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghff;
Fiwe;jJ mz;kpa Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fisahtJ ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F Vw;w tifapy;
10
Mrpupau; xU tsthsuhf (Resource Person) khWfpwhu;. fw;wYf;Fj; Njitahd
cgfuzq;fSk; kw;Wk; trjpfSk; nfhz;l fw;ww; #onyhd;iwj; jpl;lkpLjy;>
khztu;fs; fw;Fk; tpjj;ij mUfpypUe;J mtjhdpj;jy;> khztu;fspd; ,aYk;>
,ayhik vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fhZjy;> Njitahd Kd;D}l;;ly;> gpd;D}l;ly;
vd;gtw;iw toq;fy; %yk; fw;wiy tpUj;jp nra;tNjhL tFg;giwf;F ntspapYk;
khztu;fs; fw;gjw;Fk;> fw;gijj; J}z;Ltjw;Fk; cupathW fw;wy; cgfuzq;
fisj; jpl;lkpLtJk; Mrpupaupd; mbg;gilf; flikfshFk;. ,t;thwhd Mrpupau;
gq;fspg;G ~cUkhw;wg; gq;fspg;G| (Transformation Role) vdg;gLk;.
Gjpa Mapukhk; Mz;bd; KjyhtJ ghlj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; fPo;j; jahupf;fg;gl;l

,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;NjhL njhlu;ghd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwikfis mgptpUj;jp
nra;Ak; NghJ cUkhw;wg; gq;fspg;Gf;F Nkyjpfkhf CLflj;Jk; gq;fspg;gpYk;>
nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; gq;fspg;gpYk; fhzg;glf;$ba Kf;fpa ,ay;GfSk; ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sik tpNrl jd;ikahFk;.
,g;Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;Nfw;g fu;ehlfrq;fPj ghlj;jpw;fhd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;

nraw;ghLfis xOq;fikf;Fk; NghJ gpd;tUk; mZFKiwfisAk; ifahs;tJ
tpUk;gj;jf;fjhFk;.
• fw;wy; vd;gJ $l;LUthf;fr; nrad;Kiwahf mikaNtz;Lk; vd;gNj ,d;iwa
fy;tp epiyg;ghlhFk;. vdNt jhd;; fw;gpjj
; iyg; ghu;ff
; pYk; fw;wYf;F Kd;Dupik
toq;fg;gly;.
• ngwj;jf;f tsq;fis ftdj;jpwn ; fhz;L mtw;Wf;Nfw;g Nkyjpf nraw;ghLfis
Mrpupau; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
• xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ij Nehf;fp khztu;fs; mile;Js;s milit ,dq;
fz;L Njitahd ,lq;fspy; kPsT+l;ly;.
• khztuJ Ra Mf;fq;fSf;Fg; ghuhl;Lj; njuptpj;J> khztiu cw;rhfg;gLj;jp
mtw;iw NkilNaw;wTk; toptFj;Jf; nfhLj;jy;.
• fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jypy; FOr; nraw;ghLfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jy;.
• fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
• tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jypd;NghJ fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
• fiy epfo;r;rpfisAk;> fyhrhu itgtq;fisAk; ghu;f;fTk;> gq;Fgw;wTk;
fsk; mikj;Jf;nfhLj;jy;.
• ,izg;ghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fisf; $Ljyhf <LgLj;jp
fw;wy; mDgtq;fis Nkk;gLj;jy;.
• ghlrhiy Neuq;fSf;Fg; Gwk;ghf ,y;yk;> Myak;... Mfpa ,lq;fspYk;
khztu;fs; fw;wtw;iw mg;gpahrk; nra;tpf;f topelj;Jjy;.
• nghUj;jkhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ntFrdj;njhlu;G rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
• nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ khztu;fSld; fye;Jiuahb khztNu nraw;gLtjw;F
newpg;gLj;Jjy;.
11
nghUslf; f k;
gf;fk;
01. kNdhju; k rq; f P j j; j pd; Ie; J gpupTfspdJk; jdpj; J tkhd 16
mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L ,urpj;J> tpku;rpj;jy;
02. m\;lgjpapd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L ,urpj;J> 19

tpku;rpj;jy;
03. ,ir njhlu;ghd fz;fhl;rpapid xOq;F nra;jy; 21
04. Mjpjhs tu;zj;jpid ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy; 23
05. kj;akfhyf;fPu;j;jidfis ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy; 29
06. gjj;ij ,uhf> jhs ghtj;Jld; ghLjy; 46
07. nrsffhy fpUjpia ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy; 52
08. [d;dpa ,uhfj;jpd; ,ju gpupTfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy; 59
09. ,ir cUg;gbfspd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fjy; 62
10. ,uhfq;fspd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fjy; 70
11. ,irf;fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy; 76
12. jrtpj fkfq;fis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fjy; 83
13. fjpNgjq;fspdhy; 175 jhsq;fshFk; Kiwia tpsf;Fjy;. 86
14. xyp> xyp miyfs;> mjpu;Tfs;> nrwpT> gz;G Mfpatw;iw 92

tpsf;Fjy;
15. fu;ehlf> `pe;J];jhdp ,irfspd; xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfis 99

,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fjy;
16. `pe;J];jhdp thj;jpaf;fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy; 110
17. thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; tho;fi

; f tuyhw;iwAk;> ,irj; njhz;bidAk; 115
tpsf;Fjy;
18. 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; gpugy;akhd ,irf;fiyQu;fs; 122

gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;
19. thj;jpa ,irapd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L> ,urpj;J 128\

tpku;rpj;jy;
12
20. ,ir njhlu;ghd fz;fhl;rpapid elhj;Jjy; 130
21. mljhs tu;zj;ij ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy; 131
22. kj;jpk fhy fPu;j;jidia ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy; 135
23. [htspia ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy; 136
24. Njthuj;ijg; gz;NzhL jhsj;Jld; ghLjy; 142
25. jpUthrfj;ij Nkhfd ,uhfj;jpy; Rj;jhq;fkhfg; ghLjy; 147
26. ,uhf Myhgid> fw;gdh];tuk; ghLjy; 148
28. ,uhfq;fspd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fjy; 154
29. ,irf;fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy; 158
30. jhs j]g;gpuhzq;fis tpsf;Fjy; 165
31. fhJ> Fuy;tis Mfpatw;wpd; njhopw;ghLfis tpsf;Fjy; 174
32. `pe;J];jhdp thj;jpaf;fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy; 180
33. fu;ehlf ,irapy; tof;fj;jpYs;s gpugy;akhd ,uhfq;fspd; 183

MNuhfz mtNuhfzq;fis Nkiyj;Nja ypgp Kiwapy; vOJjy;
34. thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; tho;fi

; f tuyhw;iwAk; ,irj; njhz;bidAk; 189
tpsf;Fjy;
35. 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; gpugy;akhd ,irf;fiyQu;fs; 198

gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;
36. ntFrdj; njhlu;G Clfq;fspd; %yk; fhl;lg;gLk; Nkiyj;Nja 205

,ir rk;ge;jkhd epfo;r;rpfspd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis
,dq;fz;L ,urpj;J tpku;rpj;jy;
37. tUl ,Wjpapy; khztu; Mf;fq;fisf;nfhz;l epfo;r;rpfis 207

NkilNaw;wy;
38. kj;jpk fhyf; fPu;j;jidia ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLjy; 209
39. m\;lgjpia ,uhf jhs ghtj;Jld; ghLjy; 210
40. jpUg;Gfo; ghliy ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; nghUSzu;e;J ghLjy; 213
13
41. Njthuj;ij gz;NzhL ghLjy; 216
42. jhsj;jpyike;j ];tu rQ;rhuq;fisg; ghLjy; 219
43. [d;dpa ,uhfnkhd;wpid ,uhf Myhgid nra;J nghUj;jkhd 221

,lj;jpy; fw;gdh];tuk; ghLjy;;
44. thjp> rk;thjp> mDthjp> tpthjp ];tuq;fis tpsf;Fjy; 222
46. fPuthzp ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij tpsf;Fjy; 227
47. ,irf; fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy; 230
48. fu;ehlf> Nkiyj;Nja ,irfSf;fpilapyhd xw;Wik> Ntw;Wik 239

fis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fjy;
49. `pe;J];jhdp ,irapd; gpugy;akhd jhsq;fspd; Nlf;fhf;fisf; 243

$WtJld; mj;jhsq;fisg; Nghl;Lf; fhl;Ljy;
50. fpw;whu;> gpahNdh thj;jpaf;fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy; 246
51. fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;F njhz;lhw;wpa thf;Nfafhuu;fs; gw;wp 251

tpsf;Fjy;
52. 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j ,irf;fiyQu;fs; gw;wp 259

tpsf;Fjy;
14
jtiz 1
15
Nju;r;rp 1.0 : fu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja
,irfspy; ,urpj;jtw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 : ,t;tif ,ir epfo;rr

; pfspd; jdpjJ
; tkhd mk;rq;fis
,dq;fz;L ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
1.2 : ,t;tif epfo;r;rpfisg; ghu;j;Jk;> Nfl;Lk;> ,urpj;Jk;

tpku;rpg;ghu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd; Ie;J gpupTfisAk; ,dq;

fhzy;.
• mtw;wpd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis ,dq;fhzy;.
• ,dq;fz;ltw;iw ,urpj;J tpku;rpj;jy;.
nraw;ghL 1.1.1 : kNdhju;k rq;fj

P j;jpd; Ie;J gpupTfspdJk; jdpjJ
; tkhd
1.2.1 mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L ,urpj;J> tpku;rpj;jy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : kNdhju;k rq;fjP j;jpd; Ie;J gpupTfspdJk; jdpjJ

; tkhd
mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L ,urpj;J> tpku;rpj;jy;.
1. ,uhfk; 2. jhdk; 3. gy;ytp
4. eputy; 5. fw;gdh];tuk;
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPL : kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd; Ie;J gpupTfSk; xypg;gjpT

nra;ag;gl;l xypg;gjpT ehlh> xypg;gjpTf; fUtpfs;
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • kNdhju;k rq;fj

P j;jpd; Ie;J gpupTfisAk; ghb mwpKfg;
gLj;jy;.
1. ,uhfk;
2. jhdk;
3. gy;ytp
4. eputy;
5. fw;gdh];tuk;
• ,it Ie;Jk; mlq;fpa xypg;gjpT ehlhit xypf;fr;

nra;J> mtw;wpd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis khztu;
,dq;fhz topg;gLj;jy;.
• kNdhju;k rq;fj P gpupTfs; Ie;jpYk; ,urpjj

; mk;rq;fis
tpku;rpf;Fk;gb J}z;Ljy;.
1. ,uhf Myhgid
,uhfj;jpd; KO ,yl;rzq;fisAk;> KO nrh&gj;
ijAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; tz;zk;> jf;f fkfq;fis
cgNahfpj;J jjupdk; Njhk; Nghd;w nrhw;fSld;
mfhu> ,fhu> cfhuq;fspy; ,uhfj;ij ntspgg
; Lj;J
tjhFk;.
16
2. jhdk;
,uhf Myhgidf;F mLj;Jg; ghLtjhFk;. ,jid
kj;jpak fhyk; my;yJ kj;jpak fhy Myhgid
vd;Wk; miog;gJz;L. xUtuJ fw;gid tsj;jpw;F
Vw;g ];tuf; Nfhu;itfis jh..ek;j..njhk; j Nghd;w
nghUspy;yhj nrhw;fshy; Nfhu;itahf;fp> gy
eilfspy; mikj;Jg; ghLtjhFk;. ,J jhsj;Jld;
ghlg;gLtjpy;iy vdpDk; ];tuf; Nfhu;itfs; gy>
xNu eilapy; mike; J ,Ug; g jdhy; mit
jhsj;Jld; ghlg;gLtJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk;.
3. gy; y tp
gjk;> yak;> tpe;epahrk; Mfpa nrhw;fspd; Kjy;
vOj;Jf;fspd; Nru;f;ifNa g + y + tp = gy;ytp
Mapw;W. gjq;fis yaj;jpy; mikj;J ,uhf ghtk;>
jhs EZf;fq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tifapy; tpe;epahrk;
(tpupTgLj;jp) ghLjNy gy;ytpahFk;. kNdhju;k
rq; f P j g; gpupTfshfpa ,uhfk; > jhdk; > eputy; >
fw;gdh];tuk; Mfpait gy;ytp ghLk; gj;jjpapDs;
mlq;fpAs;sikiaf; fhzyhk;. xU fiyQdpd;
jhs Qhdk;> ];tu Qhdk;> ,uhf Qhdk; ahtw;iw
Ak; mtu;ghLk; gy;ytpapd; thapyhf kjpg;gplyhk;.
4. eputy;
fpUjpfspd; gy;ytpapNyh> mDgy;ytpapNyh> ruzj;
jpNyh nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; me;j rhfpj;jpaj;jpd;
,uhf ghtk;> nghUs; eak; tpsq;Fk;gbahfTk;>
gy;NtW gpu];jhuq;fs; tUk;gbahfTk; xUtuJ
fw;gid tsj;jpwN; fw;g jhs vy;iy kPwhky; ghLjNy
eputyhFk; . eputy; ghLk; N ghJ rhfpj; j paq; f s;
jhsj;jpwF
; s; mku;jj
; g;gl;l Kiwapy; ,lk; khwhkYk;
nrhw;fs; njspthfTk; ghlg;gLtij mtjhdpff ; yhk;.
xU fiyQdpd; ,uhf QhdKk;> jhs QhdKk;
eputy; ghLtjD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
5. fw; g dh]; t uk;

,ir cUg; g bfspd; gy; y tpapNyh my; y J
nghUj;jkhd ,lj;ijj; njupen ; jLj;J mt;tplj;jpNyh
fw;ghd];tuk; ghlg;gLfpwJ. xU ,uhfj;jpd; ghtKk;>
tpNr\ mk;rq;fSk; ];tu &gkhf fw;gdh ];tuj;jp
D}lhf ntspgg ; Lj;jg;gLfpdw
; J. xU fiyQd; ghLk;
fw;gdh];tuj;jpD}lhf mtuJ ];tu> ,uhf> jhs
Qhdq;fis kjpg;gplyhk;. fw;gdh ];tuk;> ghLk;
1 1 1
tpjpKiwfSf;fikthf , , 1, 1 , 2, 4
4 2 2
vd;Dk; Mtu;j;
jdq;fSf;F 1Mk;> 2Mk; fhyq;fspy; ghlg;gLfpdw
; J.
(,r;nraw;ghl;il fye;Jiuahly; Kiwapy; fw;gpf;fyhk;.)

17
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd; Ie;J gpupTfisAk; $Wtu;.
• mit xt;nthd;wpdJk; jdpjJ

; tkhd mk;rq;fis jdpj;
jdpNa Fwpg;gpLtu;.
• mtw;iw ,urpj;J tpku;rpg;gu;.
• ,urpj;J tpku;rpg;gjd; %yk;> gpwuJ Mw;Wifj; jpwid

kjpf;Fk; kdg;ghq;ifAk;> kjpg;gPL nra;Ak; jpwidAk;
ntspg;gLj;Jtu;.
crhj; J iz : • ,uhfk;> jhdk;> gy;ytp> eputy;> fw;gdh];tuk; xypgg

; jpT
nra;ag;gl;l NtW xspg;gjpT ehlhf;fs;> ,Wtl;Lf;fs;.
Nkk;gLj;jw; nraw;ghL:
MrpupaUf; f hdit: • kNdhju;k rq;fPjk; ,lk;ngWk; ,irf;fr;Nrupfs; gy

tw;iw NeubahfTk;> xypgg
; jpT ehlhf;fs;> ,Wtl;Lf;fs;
%ykhfTk; Nfl;gjd; %yk; kNdhju;k Mw;wiy tpUj;jp
nra;ayhk;.
khztUf; f hdit : • kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd; Ie;J gpupTfSk; ghlg;gLfpd;w

fr;Nrupfs; gytw;iwAk; xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xypg;
gjpT ehlhf;fs;> ,Wtl;Lf;fs; gytw;iwAk; Nfl;L
,urpg;gjd; %yk; ,urpf;Fk; jpwid Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.
• kNdhju;k rq;fPjk; njhlu;ghd tpku;rdf; fl;Liufis

thrpg;gJld; tpku;rdf; fl;Liu vOJk; jpwidAk;
tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.
18

; pfspd; jdpjJ
; tkhd mk;rq;fis

tpku;rpg;ghu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • n[aNjtuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lit m\;lgjpfs; vdf;$Wjy;.

• m\;lgjpapd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fisf; $Wjy;.
• m\;lgjpia ,urpj;J> tpku;rpj;jy;.
nraw;ghL 1.1.1 : m\;lgjpapd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L

1.2.1 ,urpj;J> tpku;rpj;jy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : m\;lgjpapd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L

,urpj;J> tpku;rpj;jy;.
• rk];fpUj nkhopapy; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sik.
• 12 ru;f;fq;fisAk; 24 ghl;Lf;fisAk; nfhz;lik.
• rhfpjj
; pak; uhjhfpU\;zd; fijahf mike;Js;sik.
• rpUq;fhu u]j;ij ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wik.
• m\;lgjpapd; Kbtpy; kq;fs ];Nyhfq;fs; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sik.
• n[aNjtupd; Kj;jpiu fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPL : m\;lgjpfs; xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xypg;gjpT ehlh>

xypg;gjpTf; fUtp
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • m\;lgjpapd; mikg;G Kiw> ghLk; Kiw> ntspg;gLj;

Jk; czu;T> fUj;J vd;gd gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
• m\;lgjpapd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• ,aw;wg;gl;lnkhop - rk];fpUjk;
• 12 ru;f;fq;fSk;> 24 ghl;Lf;fSk;
• kq;fs ];Nyhfk;
• n[aNjtupd; Kj;jpiu
• m\;lgjpfs; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fisg;

Nghl;Lf;fhl;b> mtw;wpd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis
khztu; ,dq;fhz cjTjy;.
19
• m\;lgjpia ,urpj;J> ,urpj;j tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf
tpku;rpf;Fk;gb khztiu topg;gLj;jy;.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • m\;lgjp gw;wp tpsf;Ftu;.
• m\;lgjpapd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.
• m\;lgjpia ,urpj;J> tpku;rpf;Fk; jpwid ntspg;gLj;

Jtu;.
crhj; J iz : • m\;lgjpfs; xypgg

; jpT nra;ag;gl;l xspgg
; jpT ehlhf;fs;>
,Wtl;Lf;fs;.
khztUf; f hdit : • m\;lgjpfs; gytw;iwf; Nfl;L ,urpfF

; k; jpwid tpUj;jp
nra;ayhk;.
• mit njhlu;ghf tpku;rdk; nra;tjd; %yk; tpku;rpfF

; k;
jpwid Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.
20
Nju;r;rp 2.0 : gy;NtW epfo;r;rpfisj; jhNk jahupg;gjd; %yk;
jkJ Mw;Wifj; jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : Ra Mf;fq;fisj; jahupj;J mspg;ghu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ,ir njhlu;ghd fhl;rpg;nghUl;fis ntt;NtW

tplaq;fspd; fPo;j; jahupj;jy;.
• fz;fhl;rp eilngWk; jpfjp> Neuk; gw;wpj; jPuk
; hdpjj
; y;.
• miog;gpjio jahupj;jy;.
nraw;ghL 2.1.1 : ,ir njhlu;ghd fz;fhl;rpapid xOq;F nra;jy;
ghl cs;slf;fk; : ,ir njhlu;ghd fz;fhl;rpapid xOq;F nra;jy;.

(jpll
; kplYk;> jPuk
; hdpjj
; Yk; ,q;F typAWj;jg;gLfpdw
; J.)
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPL : ,irf;fUtpfs;> ,irf;fUtpfspd; khjpup cUf;fs;>

glq;fs;> miog;gpjopd; khjpupfs;.
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • fz;fhl;rpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tplaq;fisg; gw;wpf; fye;

JiuahLjy;.
• ,irf;fUtpfs;> ,irf;fUtpfspd; khjpup cUf;fs;>

glq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; fhl;rpgg
; Lj;jp fhl;rpgn
; ghUl;fisj;
jahupg;gjw;F MNyhrid toq;Fjy;.
• ,izaj;jsj;jpd; %yk; ,ir rk;ge;jkhd jfty;

fisg; ngWtjw;F topg;gLj;jy;.
• <oj;J ,irf; fiyQu;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisAk; mtu;

fsJ Mw; W if epfo; r ; r pfisAk; fiyQu; f sJ
topj;Njhd;wy;fsplk; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba
toptiffs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahly;.
• gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffspy; gpuRupf;fg;gLk; ,ir

rk;ge;jkhd jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J ~my;gk;| (Album)
xd;iwj; jahupf;f newpg;gLj;jy;.
• fhl;rpgn; ghUl;fis jahupfF

; k; nghWg;ig khztUf;Fg;
gfpu;e;jspj;jy;.
• fz;fhl;rp elhj;jg;gLk; jpfjp> Neuk;> ,lk;> gpujk

mjpjp Nghd;wtw;iwj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
21
• miog;gpjopd; khjpupfisf; fhl;rpgg
; Lj;jp miog;gpjioj;
jahupf;f topg;gLj;jy;.
• fz;fhl;rp elhj;jg;gLk;NghJ ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba

tplaq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • ,ir njhlu;ghd fz;fhl;rpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tplaq;
fisf; fye;Jiuahlj; njupT nra;tu;.
• fz;fhl;rp xd;wpid elhj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd xOq;F

Kiwfs; gw;wp tptupg;gu;.
• nghUj;jkhd jpfjpapy; gpujk mjpjpapd; jiyikapy;

fz;fhl;rpia elhj;Jtjw;Fj; jpl;lkpLtu;.
MrpupaUf; f hdit: • fz;fhl;rpfs; gytw;iwg; ghu;itapLtjd; %yk; fhl;rpg;

nghUl;fs; njhlu;ghd vz;zf; fUj;Jf;fis tsu;jJ
; f;
nfhs;syhk;.
khztUf; f hdit: • NtW ghlrhiyfspy; ,lk; n gWk; fz; f hl; r pfs;

gytw;iwg; ghu;itapLtjd; %yk; ntt;NtW tplaq;fs;
gw;wpAk; fhl;rpg; nghUl;fs; gw;wpAk; mwpeJ
; nfhs;syhk;.
22
Nju;r;rp 3.0 : ,ir cUg;gbfis RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld;
ghbf; fhl;LtJld; kNdhju;k Qhdj;ijAk;
ntspg; gLj; J thu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1 : mg;gpahrfhd cUg;gbfis ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • tu;zk; ,aw;wg;gl;l ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mtNuhf

zj;ijg; ghLjy;
• tu;zj;ij RUjp Rj;jkhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;
• ,U fhyq;fspYk; ghLjy;
nraw;ghL 3.1.1 : Mjpjhs tu;zj;jpid ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • jQ;rk; vd;whNy - MNghfp

• ]u]_l - ]hNtup
ghlNtis : 20 - jQ;rk; vd;whNy - MNghfp - 10 ghlNtis

]u]_l - ]hNtup - 10 ghlNtis
ju cs;sPL : • RUjpg;ngl;b> `hu;Nkhdpak;

• tu;zq;fs;> ];tu]hfpj;akhf vOjg;gl;l ml;il
• MNghfp> ]hNtup ,uhfq;fspd; MNuhfz>
mtNuhfz tiuglk;
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • juk; 12 ,y; fw;w Mjpjhs tu;zj;ij epidT+l;bg;

ghlj;ij Muk;gpj;jy;.
• vLj;Jf;nfhz;l tu;zj;jpd; ,uhfk;> MNuhfzk;>

mtNuhfzk; vd;gtw;iwf; $wp MNuhfz mtNuhf
zj;ijg; ghl topg;gLj;jy;.
• tu;zk;> ];tu ]hfpjj ; pakhf vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf;

fhl;rpg;gLj;jp tu;zj;jpid Mrpupau; KOikahfg;
ghbf; fhl;Ljy;.
• tu;zj;jpd; gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> Kf;jhap];tuk;>

ruzk;> ruz];tuq;fs; vd;gtw;iw ];tu ]h`pjj
; pa
khf gFjp gFjpahff; fw;gpj;jy;.
• jhsj;Jld; ghlf; fw;gpj;jy;.
• MrpupaUk; khztUk; Nru;e;J tu;zj;jpid ,uz;L

fhyq;fspYk; ghLjy;.
• FOthfTk; jdpahfTk; khztu;fisg; ghLtpj;jy;.

(nra;Jfhl;ly; Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpf;; fw;gpf;fyhk;.)
23
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • tu;zk; mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz> mtNuhf
zq;fisg; ghLtu;.
• tu;zj;ij ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ,U fhyq;fspYk;

ghLtu;.
crhj; J iz : • tu;zq;fs; ghlg;gl;l NtW xypgg

; jpT ehlh> ,Wtl;L
MrpupaUf; f hdit: • MNghfp> ]hNtup ,uhfq;fspy; gy;NtW cUg;gbfs;>

,uhf Myhgidfs; mlq;fpa xyp ehlhf;fisr;
Nrfupj; J > mtw; i wf; Nfl; g jd; %yk; ,uhf
Qhdj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
khztUf; f hdit: • Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,uhfq;fspy; ];tu ]Q;rhuq;fis

mfhukhf Mrpupaupd; cjtpAld; ghbg; goFtjd;
%yk; jkJ ,uhf Qhdj; i j tpUj; j p nra; J
nfhs;syhk;.
24
jhd tu;zk; - jQ;rk; vd;whNy
,uhfk; : MNghfp jhsk; : Mjp

M : ]upfkj];
mt : ];jkfup] }22 MtJ Nksj;jpd; [d;ak;
,aw;wpatu;: ghgehrk; rptd;
gy; y tp
14 0 0
jh> ];h> j]; jkfkfup]h .

/ jh> ]h> j] . / up]huP]upf //
jQ;.rk; vd; .wh . . .Ny neQ;rk; mUs; Rue;Njtypa
kh> jkhj]; jkjh> ];h]; / uP> ];h jhk / fkfup] upfk //
jz;. Kfpy;Ngh Ny te;J mQ;Nr nyd;W cte;jUSk; I.a
mDgy; y tp
];h> jh> kh> jh> ];h ];h

.
/ uP> jh> ];h
.
/> uP> j];upf; /
tQ;rk; nfhz;Nlhu;Ngh y td;.kk; nfhz; Nl.kpf kdk;
k;k; f;up f;hup]; j;f;up];hjhk / ];hjk jkh-f / kfup]hupfk /
tUe;Jnkd;Nky;mUs; rpwpJkpd;wpk we;jtpe;ijvd; ndd;Ngd; I.a
Kf;jhap];tuk;
jh> ];h]; jk fh> khjkf / uP> fh> kfup

. .
/ ]upj]uP@ //
.
]j ]upfkjk j];hupf;hk;f; / up];h];jkfh / kfup ]hupfk //
(jQ;rk;)
25
ruzk;
khjkh fupj ]upfh> fup] / upfh kjh kj / ];h>jkfupf //

khjtu; gzpf gh.yp . M.s kdk; cz;Nlh ,iy Nah.nrhy; cau;
1. kh> jh> kh@ jh> ];h> / jh> khfhup .

/ > jh]h uPf //
(khjtu;)
.
2. kj]; jh kfup fup]jh]upf / kjh];uP];h / jkfuP ]upf //
(khjtu;)
.. .
.
3. kfup]j]upfkj - kfkj];up / f;k;upupf;];-];up / j-j];k-upfkj //
(khjtu;)
.
4. ];h @ @ ];jhk fup]jhup. / ]h @ @ upf / ]-upf;];upfkj //
];hupf; k;f;up-jh];upf;up];-kh / j];up];j-fhk / j];jk j];uP //
kf;uPf;];h-];jkh jkh-kf
...
/ uPf]h-kfup / ,];jh> ];jh /
(khjtu;)
26
jhd tu;zk; - ]u]_l
,uhfk; : ]hNtup jhsk; : Mjp

M : ]upkgj];
mt : ];epjgkfup] }15MtJ Nksj;jpd; [d;dpak;;
,aw;wpatu;: nfhj;jthry; ntq;fluhka;au;
gy; y tp
14 0 0
]h uP fh up f uP @ up f uphup / ]h-] up] ep jh . . ..

/ fupup - fup]epj /
] u ]{ . . lh ep . . . .d;Nd. . . . . . Nfh. . .up. . .
.
hj k f up ] j ]up / k; g j - up ]; h- k g / j ep j k-fup ]j
] up g k f up ]- j . //
rh. . . y . . k . . U . . Y. . . . .nfh . d;d . . . . jp . uh .
mDgy; y tp
j j g k g j - up k g j - kh f up ] up / up ]; ep - j ep j g j / g k g j. ];h@ /
fp . . up . . dp . . . nt y . A . =. .ntq; . f . Nl . . . rh
g j ]; up f;uh
.h.
p uP . f; up up f; - up ]; ep j / up ];h ep j g - j k / > fup ]-]h ep j .. /
f . . . U. . . zpk;. . . r . . , . Nj . . ] . k. . a K .
Kf;jhap];tuk;
....
]h up f - up ] uP - ] f up ] - ep j g j / uP ] f - up f ] up /jh] up k gh > -h
j /
h
j g k - uP k g j - ] up ] - g k jg - ep/ j ep g j kg - ]up /k g j ephjh @ //
ep j g h
.h
kh g - ]; ep j gh j up ]; ep j / gh khjh g - ep j / g j ]; up - f; up uP /
j; f; up ]; ep j - j ]; ep j - g k f uP ] / f; uP ]; ep j - up ]; / ep j-g kf up ] j . /
27
ruzk;
h > k g j ];h - ep j g k - f up ] j / hP > - up ] up k g

jh / > j gepj g k g /
jh . dp. . ig . ne. . d. . . . &. d . . < . . Nt. . s. . .

h > gh > - jh
1. jh gh kh fh uP / h
kh > gh > jh / > - eP jh gh k //
(jhdp)
2. jh ep - gjgkg - j epjk - f up ] j. / ]h up k g j - ] up/ kgh - k ep j gk //
(jhdp)
.up];epj gj];...upf; /j ]; up. gj]

. .. . .. .. .
3. j ep j k f up - ep j k f up ] jkfup /] - fup] ep j-up ] / ep j g - j ] up k g //
j k g j ]; epj kg / jf;up] - epjgk //
(jhdp)
4. ];h @ @ - up ]; ep j g k f up ] j / ]h @ @ - g k /j g - ep j g k g j /
h -j.k fup /- epj g k - ]; ep j g/ up ]; ep jh - gh j /
]; ep j gh j - ep j gkhg
k f up ]h> - j ] uph
kh g - up k g j/g k g j ]; - k g j/ ];-up f; up up ]; epj//
up ];h ep j g - j gh k f up - kgj]; /up f; up ]; ep j gh/kf up ]h - up k g/

/
(jhdp)
28
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : ,ir cUg;gbfis RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • fPu;j;jidapd; mikg;ig tpsf;fy;.

• fPu;j;jid mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz>
mtNuhfzj;ijg; ghLjy;
• fPu;j;jidia KOikahfj; jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;
nraw;ghL 3.1.2 : kj;jpkfhyf; fPu;j;jidfis ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • kj;jpkfhyf; fPu;j;jidfs; (tpUk;gpa %d;W)

• rptrptrptnad uhjh - ge;Jtuhsp
• NjtpePNa Jiz - fPuthzp
• ep[Kid my;yJ gupjhdkpr;rpNj - gpyùp
• khdpld; cyfpy; - fy;ahzp
• rjhrptFkhuh - Rj;jrhNtup
• rpk;Nke;j;ukj;ak th]pdp - rpk;Nke;j;ukj;akk;
ghlNtis : 15

• fPu;j;jid ];tu ]hfpj;akhf vOjg;gl;l ml;il
• xypg;gjpT ehlh> my;yJ ,Wtl;L
• xypg;gjpTf;fUtp
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • Fwpg;gpl;l fPu;j;jid vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf; fhl;rpg;

gLj;jpAk; mf;fPu;j;jid ghlg;gl;l xypg;gjpT ehlh
my;yJ ,Wtl;ilg; Nghl;Lf; fhl;bAk; urpff; r; nra;jy;
• fPu;j;jidapd; mikg;ig tpsf;Fjy;.
• fP u ; j ; j id mike; J s; s ,uhfj; j pd; MNuhfz

MtNuhfzj;ijg; ghb khztu; njhlu;e;J ghl
topg;gLj;jy;.
• fPu;j;jid mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpy; ];tu rQ;rhuq;

fisf; fw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.
• fPu;j;jidia KOikahfg; ghbf;fhl;Ljy;.
• fPu;j;jidapd; nghUisf; $Wjy;.
29
• fPu;j;jidapd; gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzk; vd;g
tw;iwg; gFjp gFjpahf nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jy;.
• jhsj;Jld; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jy;.
• fbdkhd rq; f jpfSf; F upa ]; t ug; g Fjpiar;

(Notation) nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jy;.
• khztNuhL Nru;e;J KOikahfg; ghLjy;.
• jdpahfTk; FOthfTk; ghlr; nra;jy;.
(nra;Jfhl;ly;> fye;Jiuahly; Kiwfisg; gpd;

gw;wyhk;.)
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • fPuj
; j
; idfs; mike;Js;s ,uhfq;fspd; MNuhfz>
mtNuhfzq;fisg; ghLtu;.
• fPu;j;jidiaj; jdpahfTk; FOthfTk; ghLtu;.
• fPu;j;jidfs; ngUk;ghYk; flTs; ];JjpahfNt

mike;Js;sd vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tu;.
crhj; J iz : • fPu;j;jidfs; ghlg;gl;l NtW CD, DVD (,Wtl;L)
MrpupaUf; f hdit : • Fwpg;gpl;l ,uhfq;fspy; gy fPu;j;jidfisf; fw;W

,uhf Qhdj;ij tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.
khztUf; f hdit: • jhk; fw;w fPu;j;jidfs; mike;j ,uhfq;fspy;

,aw;wg;gl;l NtW fPu;j;jidfisj; Njbf; Nfl;gjd;
%yk; ,uhf Qhdj;ij tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.
30
fPuj
; j
; id - rpt rpt rptaduhjh
,uhfk; : ge;Jtuhsp jhsk; : Mjp

M : ]upfkgjep];;
mt : ]epjgkfup]
}51 MtJ Nksk;
,aw;wpatu;: = jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs;
gy; y tp
14 0 0
@ ep]; >epjh ghgk fhkh / gh@ gkfh / @ @ jgjh //
rpt rpt rpt a d uh jh... . . . x . uP
eP ep]; >epjh ghgk fhkh / gh> j gkfh / @ @ fkgj //
. rpt rpt rp . t a d uh . jh. . . . X . uP
ep]; ep]; >epjh ghgk fhkh / gh@ kjgk / fh@ ]epjg //
. rpt rpt rp.t a d uh jh. . . . . X . uP
jep ep]; >epjh ghgk fh];ep / jggh kjgk / fh@ fkgk //
. . rpt rpt rp.t a d uh. . jh. . . . X . . .
fup]up > fkh ghjh eP];h / ];epf;up ]epj]; / epjgk fupfk //
up. gt ga ghj y e . z. R. Nfh. uh. . . jh.
gjep] .epjh ghgk fhkh / gh>j gkfh / gkfup up];]h //
. . rpt rpt rp.t ad uh. . jh. . . . . . . . . . .
ruzk;
@ j up ];epjh ghgk fhkh / gh@ gkfh / @ @ jgjh //
fh . kh. . . J y. njf Nfh ]p. . . . . . . . . .
eP jup ];epjh ghgk fhkh / gh@ gkfh / @ @ fkgj //
fh . kh. . . J y. njf Nfh ]p. . . . . . . . . .
ep]; jup ];epjh ghgk fhkh / gh@ kjgk / @ @ ];epjg //
.. fh kh. . . J y. njf Nfh ]p. . . . . . . . . .

31
jep j;up ];epjh ghgk fh];ep/ jggh kjgk / fh@ ];h];h //
. . fh kh. . . Jy nj f Nfh. ]p. . . .. . gu
];epf;up ];epj]; epjgk fup]up/ fkgj ep];epj / gkfup @ up] //
gh. . . k . y. gh. U y. . j. d. K . y . .Nuh . ]p .
]hjh khjep ];h>ep uP ];h / @];up >]h> / ]epjh eP>];h //
. .gh . k . u . . j;t K nel . gh . ]p. . . m jp .
@]ep jgjep ];epf;up ];h];h /

. .
@];up >]hep / gjep]; up];epj //
..gh. . .k . u. . . j;tK .nel gh. ]p. . . m jp .
gk ];ep jgjep ];epf;up ];h];h/ @];up >];hep / ];epjh eP];h //
. . gh . .k. u . . . j;tK .nel .gh. ]p. . . mjp
@ ep]; >up];h ];epjh ghjh / ep];hep jhgh / khfh khgh //
. .Ne. . kK Njh... kpy;. th... u;r;rd .N[. .]p
(rptrpt)
Kjy; ruzj;ijg; Nghy; ghLf.
Mfk KY EjpapQ;rp g`{
ghFNydp gh\YrhypQ;rp
ghftJyNjh Ngh\pQ;rp tu
j;ahfuh[ ]d;DJldpnaQ;rp
(rptrptrpt)
32
fPu;j;jid - NjtpePNa Jiz
,uhfk; : fPuthzp jhsk; : Mjp

M : ]upfkgjep];
mt : ];epjgkfup] }21MtJ Nksuhfk;
gy; y tp
14 0 0
1. ]heP jheP ];h @ @ @ / ];h> ep jh gh / kh @ @ @ /
Nj . . . tp eP .Na . J iz . . .
kjgk fhuP fh@ kh@ / ghjk kh gh / @jh eP@ /
njd;.. kJ iu tho; kP . . d Nyh r dp
2. ];upf;up ];epjep ];ep];uP @ ];h /jep];]; epjgh / kh @ @ @ /
Nj . . . . . . tp. . . . . eP . .Na . . J iz . .
fkghjg kfhup fh@ kh@ /ghjk khgh / @ jh ep];uPf;up //
njd; . .k . J iu tho; kP . . d Nyh r dp . . .
3. ];epjg kgjep ];h@ @ @ / eP];ep> jhepj. > gh / kh@ @ @ /
Nj . . . . . tp . . eP . . Na. . J iz . .
mDgy; y tp
]; uP ep @ ];h uP@ uPuP / f;hk;h f;h@ / f;upuP @ @ //
Nj th jp Nj td; .]{e; j Nu.rd; . .
];uP];ep j gjh ep]upf; uPuP / fhkh fh @ / fupuP @ @ //
Nj. .t . . . jp Nj. . . td; ]{e; . j Nu.rd; . .
1. ];upf;h uPuP ];hjh eP];h / ];epjh gh kh / @ gh > j eP //
rpj;jk; .f thu;G td ]{e; j up . mk; . g

.. .
2. ];upf;h uPuP ];hjh ePuP
.
/ up];epj ghkh / @ gj ep];uPf;up /
rpj;jk; . f tu;G td; ]{e; . j up . mk; . . g. .
(Njtp)
33
ruzk;
jhgh khgh kh@ ghjh / ]; ep jh gh@ / kjgk fupfh /
ky aj;t [d; kh. j . t Nk fhQ;. . r . d
kh@ khkh gh@ ghgh / jgjk ghjh / jheP @ @ /
kh iyG jy; tpk `h. . . uhf; Qp . . . .
@ ep]; @ jeP ];h];h ];h];h / @ uP uP uP / upf;upf; ];uP . /
miy .kfs; fiy kfs; g zpfPu; th . . zp .
@ ];eP @ gjh gj;ep];uP f;up];];u;/@ uP uP f;hk;g; / k;g;k;h k;f;f;h @ uP //
miy kfs; f. iy. . kfs; . g zp fP.u; . . . .th. . zp
@ j f;h up];h ePjh eP ];h / ];epjh ghkh / gjh > @ eP /
mK jid a, dp a .Kj;j kpo; . tsu;j; . j
(Njtp)
34
fPu;j;jid - ep[Kd;id
,uhfk; : gpyùp jhsk; : fz;lrhG

M : ]upfgj];
mt : ];epjgkfup] }29MtJ Nksj;jpd; [d;dpak;
gy; y tp
1. ghkh / kffup]h / ]h @ / ]h]epjh /
ep [ Kd;..id ek; . gpNd . d;
]h@ / uP @ fh / gh @ / kfup]upf /
eP . yh. . a jh . . . . . Ñp
2. ghkh / kffup]h / ]upfup / ]h]ep jh /
ep [ Kd;. . id. ek; gpNd . d;
]upfh / upf ghjh / gh@ / kfup]upf /
eP . . yh. . . a jh. . . . . Ñp
3. ghkh / fupgkfup / jjgh / ];epjgj;up /
ep [ Kd;. .id ek;. gp . . Nd . .d;
];h@ / ];epjgjh / gh @ / kfup]upf /
eP . yh . . a jh . . . . . Ñp
4. ghkh / kffup]h / ]h @ / ]h]epjh . /
ep [ Kd;. . id ek; . gp.Nd. d;
]h@ / uP @ fh / gh @ / gh @ @ /
eP . yh . a jh . Ñp . .
35
mDgy; y tp
ghgh / kfupfgh / jjgh / kffup ]h /
f [ K.f.Ndh lhW. K . f. id
]upfh / upfgk fh / jjgh / kfgj ];h /
je; j c. d f; nfe;. j . dp .lk;
gj];up / f;huPf; k;f;hk;h / f;up];h / f;up];ep jh /
f . U. iz .,y; . . yh j njd;;. . . d
f;up];ep / up];epj jup / ];h . ep / jg kf upf /
fhu zNkh . . eh . . u . zp Na.
gj];up / fh uPf;k; f;hk;h / fup];h / fup];epjh /
f. U . iz,y; . . . yh . j njd;. . d
fup];ep / up]; epj jup / ];h> ep / jgkfupf /
fhu z. Nkh. . . eh . u. zp. Na. (ep[)
ruzk;
]h @ / uPfh fh / jjgh / kffup ]h /
fh. k nkDk; Ng. a; gp. b j;J
]upfup / ]h@ ]h / ]epjh / ]h]h]h /
f.yq;. F njd; k. df; F u q; F
]h @ / uPfh fh / jjgh / kfgj ];h /
fh k nkDk; Ng. a; gp. bj; J
];ep jh / gh kfuP / ];epjh / ];h ];h ];h /
f.yq; njd; k. df; F u q; F
jhjh / jgjepjh / fgjg / kf up fgh /
v k dp. Yk;. nfhb a. g. t
]hupf / ghkfupf / jjgh / kf fup]h /
Neha; nfhz;l vdf; fp . uq;F
36
gh @ / kf upfgh / jjgh / kffup]h /
jh . k . jk; . c . j th . . J
]upfh / upfgkfh / jjgh / kf gj];h /
jh..s K. b ah . jk; . . gh
gj];up / fhuPfk; f;hk;h / f;up];h / f;up]; ep jh /
uh . . k . jh . . . rd; . g. zp . Ak;
f;up];ep / up]; epjjup / ];h . ep / jgkf upf /
uh . [ uh . . . . N[ ]; t. up . . .
gj];up / fhuPf; k;f;hk;h / f;up]h / f;up];epjh /
uh . . k jh . . . . rd;. g. zpAk;
f;up];ep / upep];ep jup / ];h . ep / jgkfupf /
uh . [ uh. . . . . N[ ]; t. up. . . (ep[)
rpl; l hap]; t uk;
gh kfup] / upf]up . ..
// ]hepjgh / .j]upf
.
//
gkfjgh / kfup] // upf gj];up / jup];h //
ghj];upf / g;k;f;up // f;hup];epj / gj];up //
f;uP];epj
.
/ up];epj // gjghkfup / ]upf //
37
fP u ; j ; j id - gupjhdkpr; r pNj
,uhfk; : gpyùp jhsk; : fz;lrhG

M : ]upfgj];
mt : ];epjgkfup]}29MtJ Nksj;jpd; [d;dpak;
,aw;wpatu;: gl;lzk; Rg;ukz;a Iau;
gy; y tp
1. ghkh / kffup]h / ]h @ / ]h ]epepj /
g up jh . . d kp . r;rp Nj. . .
]h@ / uP @ fh / gkfh / fup ]hupf /
gh . yp . e;J Nt. . . . nkh. .
2. ghkh / kffup]h / ]h @ / ]h ]epepj /
g up jh. .. d kp . r;rp Nj. . .
]upfh / upfgkfj / gh @ / g k f up up f /
gh . . yp. . .e;J Nt . nkh. . . . . .
3. ghkh / kffup]h / ]upfup / ]h ] ep ep j /
g up jh. . .d kp . . . r;rp Nj . . .
];upfg / j];ep];jep / g j j g / j g k f up f /
gh . yp .. k;J . Nt. . . nkh . . . .
4. ghkh / fup gkfup / jjgh / ];epjg jup /
g up jh. . . d. kp. r; rp . Nj. . .
];h@ / ];epjg - jep / gh @ / ]; ep j g j ep /
gh . yp. . k; J . Nt . nkh . . . .
5. ghkh / fup gkkup / jjgh / j g k f up f //
g up jh . . .d. kp. r; rp. Nj . . .
upfgj / ];upf;hup]; / j up uP / ]; ep j g j ep /
gh . . yp. k; J. Nt . . nkh . . . .
38
6. ];h eP / gh@ kh / fhuP / ]h ] ep ep j //
g up jh. d kp . r;rp Nj . . .
]h@ / fh up fh / gkfh / f up uP ]h /
gh . yp e; J Nt. . nkh. . . .
mDgy; y tp
1. gh gh / kf upfgh / j j gh / k f f up ]h /
g u k. G . U \h . . eP . . . .
] up fh / upf g k fh / jjgh / kfgj];h /
g . jp eh. . . . ig. . eP. . . F
2. gj];up
.
/ f;h uPf;k;f;hk;h / f;up];h
.
/ f;up];epjh /
f. U. z f. . . .y; f. f A. . .d; d
f;up];ep / up];epj jup / ];h> ep / jgkfupf /
fh. . . u . z. Nk. ik. . ah. . . .
3. gj];up / f;h uPf;k;f;hk;h / f;up];h /fup];epjh /
f. U. z f. . . . .y; f. f A. . .d;d
f;upf;]; / upep];j epg / jup];ep /jgkfupf /
fh. . . u .z . Nk . ik. . . ah. . . .
gj];up / f;h uPf;k;f;hk;h / fup];h /f;up];epjh /
f. U. z f . . . y; f. . A. . . d;d
f;up];ep / up];epj ];ep // jg epj /gkjgkf /
fh. . . u . z. Nk. .. ik. . .ah. . .
ruzk;
1. ];h @ /uP fh @ / jh gh /kh k f f up /
nuhf;. fkpr; R l F Ne. . .
] up fh /fup]epjh
.. / ]epjj
... /]h @ ]h /
K . f; fk; . .b nr. yp. fh . D
39
2. ] up up f /upfgkfh / jjgh /kfgj];h /
nuh. . f; f. kpr; . R.l FNe . .
];epepj /jgkfuP / ]epjh /]h @ ]h /
K. . f; fk;. .b nr. yp fh . D
3. ]up]up /fupfgfg / j];ep]; /jep ghjh eP];ep /
nuh. f;. f. kp. r;. R. l. F. Ne. . . .
jhepj gh /fgkfuP / ]epjh /]h @ ]h /
K . . f; fk;. .b nr. yp fh . D
jh @ /jh gjepj / fgjg /kf up f gh /
r . f;f dp.nr. yp.dp. nah. . ] f
f]upf /gh kfupf / j j gh /kffup]h /
[. d. f uh. . . [{ . D fh. . .D
gh @ /kfupfgh / jjgh /kffup]h /
kpf; . fp.yp.i] ..e;a kp. . .t;t
]up fh /upf gkfh / jjgh /kfgj];h /
k . u; f. Nl e;. j;UL fh. . .D
(mDgy;ytp Nghy; ghlTk;)

mf;fbf nkLfy;f Mjp Ntq;fNlr ePF
40
fPu;j;jid - khdpld; clypy;
gz;; : fy;ahzp jhsk;: &gfk;

M : rupfkgjepr;
mt : r;epjgkfupr }65MtJ Nks ,uhfk;
,aw;wpatu;: L. jpyfehafk; Nghy;
gy; y tp
fkh f uP rh rhrh /
.
eP >up uP fhfh fh /
kh.. dpld; c l ypy; V .OR uq; . .fs;
gh> g kh fh kh uP / fhfhkh gh @ @ /
fh.Zkp lq;fNshu; m jp r ak; . .
fh> epjh kh fhfh / fkhjkh fh uP rh /
kh. .dpld; c lypy; V .O R uq; . .fs;
.
ep uP fkh kh fh uP / g g fhkh gh @ @ /
fh. Zkp lq;fNshu; m. jp r ak; . .
(khdpld;...)
mDgy; y tp
f khj r;h eP eP eP / fkh jeP r;h r;h r;h /
kplw;wpdpy; Njhd; Wk; Ruk; vd; g J Nt
.
ePuP epjh khfhfh / fkh j eP jh @ @ /
Fuy; v d eP ..Ak; mwpe;jpL tha; . .
.
ePuPf;fh f;h f;h f;h / ePuP
. f;k;h f;h uP uP /
rpurpdpy; Njhd; Wk; Ruk; vd; g J Nt
eP
.uP r; r;heP jh gh / k jhggh fh uPrh /
Jj;jk; vdeP . Ak; njupe;jpL tha; . .
(khdpld;...)
41
ruzk;
fh >ffh up fh fh f / .
upfh epuP fh fh fh //
mz;.ehf;fp dpy; Njhd;Wk; Ruk; vd; g J Nt
f kh j kh fuP up uP / .
up fh eP uP rh @ @ //
iff;fpis v d ePAk; mwpe; jp L tha;. .
kjhjjh k jh j jh / kjh kfh kh jh jh //
ehtpdpy; Njhd;. Wk; Ruk; v d; g J Nt
k jh ep jh ghghgh / k gh fkh gh @gh //
cio v d eP Ak; njupe;jp L th .a;
ep r;hj eP r;h @ r;h /

.
epuP f;uP
. r;h r;h r;h //
new;wpapy; Njh. d;Wk; Ruk; vd; g J Nt
ePuP f;uP r;h r;h r;h / ep r;h jeP r;h r;h r;h /
.
,sp vd
. eP . . Ak; mwpe;jpL th. . a;
.
ePuPf; k;h
.
f; uP r;r;h /
ep jhepuP f;h @ f;h /
.
neQ;rpYk; %f;. . fpYk; Njhd;Wk; Ruq;fNs
eP uP epjh k ff fh up / g kh f uP rh rhrh /
KiwNa.
. tpsup jhuk; vdj;njupe; jp Ltha;
(khdplk;...)
42
fPu;j;jid - ]jh rptFkhuh
,uhfk; : Rj;jrhNtup jhsk; : Mjp

M : ]upkgj];
mt : ];jgkup] }29MtJ Nksj;jpd; [d;dpak;
gy; y tp
1. ];h jh@ gh kh uP kh @ / gh @ @ @ / @ @ gkgj /
] jh. rp t F kh . uh . . . . . = . .
.
2. ];h jh @ gj gkup] uPkh / gh @ @ gk / gj];h j];uP /
] jh . rp . t . F kh. uh . . fz;. gh. . uh . a;

.
3. ];up]; jh >gj gkup] uPkh / gh @ @ gk / gj];h j];uP /
] . . jh rp . t . F. kh uh . . fz;. gh. . uh .a;

. .
jhuP];hjup ];hjh ghjh / ];h @ @ up]; / jg];jgkg;j /
]f ynyh fh jh uh . . = . . nfs. .uP.
mDg;gy;ytp
.
1. gh> jh> ];h uP];h uPk;h / @ upk; h up];h / j];jh gh gk /
gh jh u tpe;. jNd ]{u Kdp tu; g zpAk;

. . . .
gh> jh> ];h uP];h upg;k;h / @ upk;h - up]h / ];jup]; jgkh /
gh jh u tpe;. j.Nd ]{u Kdp tu;. g. zpAk;
ghgk uP];h uPkh ghjh / ghkh ghjh / ];jgk upkgj /
g;uz. t];t &. gf [h . dd eP . . . Jiz
];up];j @ gj gkup] uPkh/ gh @ @ @ / @ @ @ @ /
]. .jh . rp t.F . kh uh . . . . . . .
43
ruzk;
gjhg kup gkup] uPkh / gj];g jggj / up];jh ghkh /
mbahu; ep. idj;j t.uk; mUs;tha; f. t. iy A. ld;

. gh@ kgjh //
gjhj ghjh up];jh @ gh/ @ upkh g gh /
,ilA+. nwy; yh. . . .k; rp j w bg; gha; cdJ

. . ];h> jh> gh /
kghj ghjh ];h];h .upuP/ ];h @ @ jup /
filf;fz; . ghu; it . ,Ue; jhy;. . fiu fh zh j

. kh gh jhuP /
kghk up]upk ghgk gj];h/ jh @ @ uP /
flYk;. rpw;Nwh il M. fh. Njh . .f z g jpNa
44
fP u ; j ; j id - rpk; N ke; j pu kj; a kth`pdp
,uhfk; : rpkN
; ke;jpukj;akk; jhsk; : Mjp
M : ]upfkgjep];
mt : ]epjgkfup]; }57MtJ Nks ,uhfk;
,aw;wpatu;: tPukzp Iau;
gy; y tp
uP f; up ];h ];h f;up];epjepjg / kh ];epjheP / ];h> ]; ];h];h /
rpk; Nk . e;j; u k . . j; .ak. . th. . `p dp. k ap iy

. . . . .
];h up up];ep];h uP uP f;]; uP / @ f; kh f;h up / f; up]; epjgjep /
]k; `h. . .uf; f gh yP. rd; . r;U q; f;h u Nkh . . .`p. dp.
mDg;gy;ytp
jh> jh> jh jh eP jg kh / g jh eP> ];h / uP uP f; ]; uP /
[q;. fh. u ];U jp nra; Ak; X q; fh. up R gh \p . zp
f;h> k;f;h uP ];h ]; ep j ep ];h / @ ]; eP j gh / kh> gh j eP /
fq;. fh. j ud; k . fp . Ok; . fw; g f Nk jh. Ñh a zp
(rpk;Nke;j;u)
ruzk;
@ g gh ghk gh> j ep j ggkh / @ g gh gh k /f k g k f f uP /
. e u ]pk;. N`. e; j; u . . . eh uh a zd; Nrh . . . j. up
@ fuP f uP ]hupfup] eP / @ ] uP f kh / gh@ jh gh /
. ]u ]p [ Nyh. . r. dp . ] u; t Nyh Nf]; t up
kh j jh j jh jh eP j g kh / @ g jh eP ];
. .uP
/uP f; ]; uP /
. rp u r rp jh . up . zp . rp j; & gp rp Nt ]; t uP
@ f; k;h f; uP ];epjh eP ];h / @ ]; eP j gh /kh> g jh eP /
. G u rp t eh. . a fp . t u k Us; <. ]; t up

(rpk;Nke;j;u)
45
ntspg; g Lj; J thu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : ,ir cUg;gbfis ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • gjj;jpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Fjy;

• gjk; mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz> mtNuhfzj;
ijg; ghLjy;
• gjj;ij ghtj;Jld; ghLjy;
nraw;ghL 3.2.1 : gjj;ij ,uhf> jhs ghtj;Jld; ghLjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • NtytNu ( ,uhfk; - igutp> jhsk; - &gfk;)

my;yJ
• ghy;tbAk; (,uhfk; - ehl;ilf;FwpQ;rp>
jhsk; - Mjp)
ghlNtis : 06
ju cs;sPL : • RUjpg;ngl;b
• gjk; ];tu]hfpj;jpakhf vOjg;gl;l ml;il
• xypg;gjpTf;fUtp
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • Fwpg;gpl;l gjk; vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp

Ak; Fwpg;gpl;l gjk; ghlg;gl;l xypg;gjpT ehlhit
my;yJ ,Wtl;ilg; Nghl;Lf;fhl;bAk; khztiu
,urpf;fr; nra;jy;.
• gjj;jpd; mikg;gpid tpsf;fpj; njupTnra;j gjj;jpd;

nghUisf; $Wjy;.
• Nju;e;njLj;j gjk; mike;Js;s ,uhfj;ijf; $wp

mjd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzj;ijf; fw;gpj;jy;.
• vLj;Jf;nfhz;l gjj;jpid KOikahfg; ghbf;fhl;b

gjj;jpd; cl;fUj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.
• gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzj;ijg; gFjp gFjpahfr;

nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jy;.
• khztu;fs; ghl> Nru;e;J ghLjy;.

(,r;nraw;ghl;by; nra;Jfhl;ly;> fye;Jiuahly;
Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wyhk;;.)
46
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • vLj;Jf;nfhz;l gjk; mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd;
MNuhfz> mtNuhfzj;ijg; ghLtu;.
• gjj;ijj; jdpahfTk; FOthfTk; ghLtu;.
• gjk; rpUq;fhu urk; nghUe;jpa cUg;gb vd;gij

Vw;Wf;nfhs;tu;.
crhj; J iz : • NtW gjq;fs; mlq;fpa ,Wtl;Lf;fs; (CD, DVD)
MrpupaUf; f hdit: • igutp> ehl;ilf;FwpQ;rp ,uhfq;fspy; mike;Js;s

cUg;gbfisf; fw;W ,uhf Qhdj;ij tpUj;jp
nra;ayhk;.
khztUf; f hdit: • jhk; fw;w gjk;; mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpy; NtW cUg;

gbfisj; Njbf; Nfl;gjd; %yk; ,uhf Qhdj;ij
tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.
47
gjk;
,uhfk; : igutp jhsk; : Mjp

M : ]upfkgjep];
mt : ]epjgkfup] }20MtJ Nksfu;j;jhtpy; [d;ak;
,aw;wpatu;: fdk; fpU\;za;au;
gy; y tp
eP>]; up];ep]; uPf;up];h]; epjep]; / epf;up]; epjgh /ghjep ghjk kgjep/

/
NtytNu cik NjbnahU kle;ij tpbAk; sTq;fh j;jpUf;fpw tif vd;d
; epf;up]; epjgh
jeP]u; pfh; uP ];]u; p]; uPfu; p]h; ]; epjep]/ / ghjepghjk kgjep /
Nt. . . y tNucik njbnahUkle;ij tpbak; sTq;fh j;jpUf;fpwtif vd;d
mDg;gy;ytp
gj epj ggjg kgj ePjep];] / g jh eP> ];h / >];ep jgjeP> /
thyp-g Kk;Nry; tpopAk; tpyY

; g;GUtKk; tbj;j E}ypilAk; > kjpt jdKk;
ePjep ];upf;up upk;f;up ];epjheP];h/ ];epjh up]; ]epjhgg/ epjgg ggjePj /
NkYk; ts;Nkdp gRk; nghd;epwKk;; ; w;nfhbahs; md; deilahs; xapyhfNt

kpdd
ruzk;
gjepj gg jgkf jg gkfhuP]h / ffupf kgjg /gjgk gh @ /
rpjj
; pug; nghw;gyfzp thrypNy te;JepdW
; jpaq;fp kjpkaq;fp jpifj;Jj; jtpff
; pwhs;.
kgjep ];];up]; up ];upf;up]; epjep];/ jf;up]; epjgg /uP];up];epjg jkgj /
cj;jpuk; Fby nkd;Wk; jd;jiy vOj;njd;Wk; FKwpf; FKwp cUfpw..s; kpfNtjhd;

(NtytNu)
48
gjk; - ghy;tbAk;
,uhfk; : ehl;ilf;FwpQr
; p jhsk; : Mjp
M : ]upfkepjepgjep]
mt : ];epjkfkgfup]
}28MtJ Nks ,uhfk;
,aw;wpatu;: Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl Rg;igau;
gy; y tp
1) @> g];h];];h ];epup]; ];eePjh/ kjhep ];epj / jkkh khkh /
ghy;tb Ak;. . K...fk; epide;J..ep. ide; njd; c s; s k;
2) @g];h];];h ];epup]; ];epePjh / ];hupuP];huP];ep epjep]/epjkh khkh /
ghy;tb Ak;. . . K....fk; ep.ide;. .J . . ep ide;njd; cs;sk;
@ fkhjjh jePep gjeP / eP @ @ jh/ epep];h @ @ /
gutr kpfth ..F Nj. . fz; zh . . . .
3) @> g];];h ];epup]; ];epePjh / ];hup];hup];ep epjep];/ epjkh khkh /
.. ghy;tbAk;. . K. . fk; ep.ide;J . ep. . @ @
fkhjep ];];h];ep jheP / ];h@ @ jep ];h@ @ @ /
. gutr kpfth. . . F Nj. . fz; zh . . .
4) @ @ g];];];h];epup]; ]epeP / ];hup];hup];eP epjep] epkh khkh /
. . ghy;tb Ak; . . K..fk; ep.ide;J . ep. . ide; njd; cs;sk;
@ fkhjjep ];];h]ep jheP / ];h@ @ ];h ];ep];uup ];h
. gu tr . kpf th. . . F Nj. . fz; zh. . . . . .
5) @ @ g];];];h ];epup]; ];epePjh/];hup];hup];ep epjep] epjkh khkh /
. . ghy; .tb Ak;. . K....fk; epide;J. . ep. . ide;. njd; cs;sk;

.
@ fkhjjep ];h];h];ep jheP / ];h @ ];h ];heP up];];eP @ /
. gutr . kpfth. . . F Nj. fz; ide;.njd; cs;sk;
49
6) ];upf; g];];];h ];epup]; ];epePjh/ ]hup];hup];ep epjep]/ khk> j eP epjkh//
. . . ghy;tb Ak;. . K. .fk; epide;J . . ep . . zh. . . . . . . .
fkhjjh jeP epjkkepj fk/ eP @ @ jkh / khuj eP epjkh//
. gutr kpf th . . . . F Nj. . fz; zh. . . . . . . .
kfup fkgfuP . ]h @ @/ @ @ @ @/ @ @ @ @//
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mDg;gy;ytp
1) @ > ]; ];h]; jePep jhkh/ @ jeP]; @eP/ ];h @ @ @ //
. . ePyf; fly; ... NghYk; . epwj; .jo fh . . .
2) @ > jep];];ep jep];];ep jkf/ kj jeP]; eP/ ];h @ ];h];h//
. . eP.yf;fly; . . .Ngh Yk; . . epwj; jo fh . . .
3) kh> ];h> ];ep jep];]; epjkf/ kf jeP]; eP/ ];h@ ];h];h//
eP. yf;. f. ly;Ngh ..Yk; . . epwj; jo fh . fz;zh
];h]; ];];]h]; ePup];ep jepgj/ ePup]; epjepj/ gjepjk khj//
; k; ve;jg; nghUs;fz;Lk;
neQ;rk; Fbnfhz;l md;WKjypdW rpe;jid nryhnjh
4) ep];h ];h];h]; jep];]; epjkf/ kf jeP];eP/ ];h @ ];h];h//
opa ePyf;fly; . . . Ngh. . . Yk; . . epwj;jo fh . ve;jd
upk;f;];]; ];h]; epup];ep jepkj/ epup]; ePj ePj/ gjepj kkhj//
neQ;rk;Fbnfhz;lmd;WKjypd;Wk; ve;jg; nghUs;fz;Lk; rpe;jid nryhnjh
ep];h/
opa (ghy;tb)
ruzk;
@ > kjjjh jhjh jheP / @ kjh ep];;h/ ];epepj khkh//
. thd Kfl;by; rw;W . kdk; te;J Nehf; fpDk;
1) @ > kePjkh kfjk fuP ];h / @ ]kh fh/ kh @ fkjep//
Nkh.dK fk;. . te;.J Njh. Z Nj. cd;.
2) ];h> jep ];hup];epj kh@ fuP>]h/ @ ]khfh/ kh @ @ kf//
. . Nkh. d. . . . Kfk; te;J Njh. Z Nj. . njsp
50
1) kePjh> ePjh> ep jheP/ @ jep];]h/ ePup]; epjkkkk//
th .d njz;zPu;e; jlj;jpy; . rpe; . jid kh. .wpDk; njsp
2) kePjh> eP jh> ep jheP/ @ @jep];]h/ ePup];h epjkhkh//
th .d njz;zPu;e; jlj;jpy; . rpe; . jid kh . . wpDk;
1) @fkhj epjhkh fhjkuP> ]h/ @ @]khfh/ kh @ fkjep//
rpupj;j. . Kfk;. te;J . J . . fh .Z Nj . cd;
2) ];hjeP ];up];hepj fhjkuP.]h/ @ @ ]khfh/ kh @ ];h];h//
rpupj;j . . .Kfk; te;. .J . . fh . Z Nj. rw;W
. .ePup]; ePjheP ];h]; ];h];];h/ @ ];]h];]h/ ];hupf; uP];ep//
. . .fhd.F.apy; F u ypy; fUj;jike; jpbDk;. . .
1) @ > jep];hep jh> ep];ep jhepk/ jh gjh ep];h/ eP @ ];h];h//
. . fh df;F o . . . Nyh.ir kaf;F Nj. mq;Fk;
2) ]h@ @ @ @ @ @ @/ jhgjh ep];h/ eP@ ep];epj//
cd; . . . . . . . kaf;F . Nj. . . .
kj;jpakfhy ]h`pj;ak;
kkhk kkf]; kkhk kepepj/ jjhep jjhj/ jeP]; eP @ //
fWj;j #onyhL epwj;j kapypw fpWf;fp aikj;j epwj;jNy
];h];]; ];];h]; epup];ep jepgj/ epup];ep jePj/ kjh]; eP @//
fhdkapyhLk; Nkhdf; Fapy; ghLk; ePyejpNahLk; tdj;jpNy .
jkkk kkkk jjepep jepep/ ep]];ep j epepj/ kjhep ];h @ //
Fuy;Kjy; vopypir FioatUkpirapd; FonyhL kspupsq; fuj;jp Ny.

j];]; ];];]; ];]; epup];ep jepkj/ epup];ePj epj/ jh@ ];eP @//
fjpUk; kjpAnkd eadtpopfspU espdkhd ry dj; jpNy .
ePjheP ];];h];]h @ epjhep/ gjh];eP jh/ fkhg fuP]//
fhspq;f rpuj;jpNy fjpj;j gjj;jpNy vd; kdj;ijapUj;jp
kf] kkk kk epjep gj epjep/ ep];h up] epjep/ @ ];epj kkh];//
fdT edtpndhL gpwtp gpwtpnjhWk; fdpe;JUf tue; jUf guq;f
k;f;/
Uiz (ghy;)
51
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : ,ir cUg;gbfis ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.
fw;ww; NgW : • nrsffhy fpUjp mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz

mtNuhfzj;ijg; ghLjy;
• jhsj;jpid ,ul;ilf; fisahfg; Nghl;L nrsffhyf;
fpUjpapidg; ghLjy;.
nraw;ghL 3.2.2 : nrsffhy fpUjpia ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • gh`pju\_Guhya - Mde;jigutp my;yJ

• khukzd; - `pe;Njhsk;
ghlNtis : 15
ju cs;sPL : • RUjpg;ngl;b> jk;Guh

• nrsffhy fpUjp vOjg;gl;l ml;il
• kj;jpkfhy fPuj
; j
; idfs;> nrsffhy fpUjpfs; ghlg;gl;l
xypg;gjpT ehlh> xypg;gjpTf; fUtp
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • nrsffhy fpUjp vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf; fhl;rpg;

gLj;jpAk;> Fwpgg
; pll
; fPuj
; j
; idfs;> fpUjpfs; ,lk;ngWk;
xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fisg; Nghl;Lf; fhl;bAk; ,uz;L
cUg;gbfSf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s NtWghLfs; gw;wpf;
fye;JiuahLjy;.
• nrsffhyf;fpUjp mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz

mtNuhfzj; i jg; ghbf; fhl; b khztu; ghl
topg;gLj;jy;.
• vLj;Jf;nfhz;l nrsffhy fpUjpia KOikahfg;

ghbf; fhl;Ljy;.
• ,uz;L fisahfj; jhsk; Nghl topg;gLj;jy;.
• gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzq;fisg; gFjp> gFjpahff;

fw;gpj;jy;.
• MrpupaUk;> khztUk; Nru;e;J ghLjy;.
• khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfTk;> jdpahfTk; jhsj;Jld;

ghLtpj;jy;
(nra;J fhl;ly; Kiw> fye;Jiuahly; Kiwfisg;

gad;gLj;jp ,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gpf;fyhk;.)
52
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • kj;jpkfhyf; fPuj
; j
; idfSf;Fk; nrsffhy fpUjpfSf;
Fk; ,ilNaAs;s NtWghLfis tpsf;Ftu;.
• nrsffhy fpUjp mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz

mtNuhfzq;fisg; ghLtu;.
• vLj;Jf;nfhz;l nrsffhy fpUjpiag; ghLtu;.
crhj; J iz : • NtW nrsffhy fpUjpfs; mlq;fpa xypehlh>

,Wtl;Lf;fs;
MrpupaUf; f hdit : • nrsffhy fpUjpfisf; fr;Nrupfspy; Nfl;gjd;

%yKk;> xyp/xsp ehlhf;fspy; Nfl;gjd; %yKk;
nrsffhy fpUjpfisg; ghLk; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;J
nfhs;syhk;.
khztUf; f hdit : • gy;NtW tpj;Jthd;fshw; ghlg;gl;l nrsffhy

fpUjpfslq;fpa xyp/xsp ehlhf;fs;> ,Wtl;Lf;fisf;
Nfl;gjd; %yKk; ,irf; fr;Nrupfspy; Fwpg;gpl;l
nrsffhy fpUjpfs; ghlg; g Lk; N ghJ mtw; i w
,dq;fz;L ,urpj;Jf; Nfl;gjd; %yKk; jkJ ghLk;
jpwid Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
53
nrsffhyf; fPu;j;jid - khukzd;
,uhfk; : `pe;Njhsk; jhsk; : &gfk;

M : ]fkjep];
mt : ];epjkf];
}20MtJ Nkskhfpa eligutpapd; [d;dpak;

gy; y tp
1. kh@ kfjk kffh]h]h/

/ kh@ kfkep epjjh /
kh. u. k . z. d; c kh u. k. z d;
fhkh jheP ];h ];h / ];heP jhepj jkf]/

/
k.y. ub g zp kd Nk jp d Nk
2. kh @ fkhjfkhf ]h> ]/
/ kh @ kfkep epjjh /
kh . .u. . k . . zd; c kh uk . z d;
fkfh kjkh jepjh ep];eP ];f;];h/ ];heP jhepj jkf] /
k. .y . u.. b .. g.zp kd Nkjp dNk.
3. kh @ fkhjfkhf ]h> ]/
/ kh @ kfkep epjjh /
kh u. .k . . zd; > c kh u. k zd;
fkfh kjkh jepjh ep];eP ];f;];h/ ];heP jhep];epepj jhepj/

/
k .. y u. . b.. g.zp. kd Nk. . . . .jp dNk
4. kh@ fkhjfkhf ]h> ]/

/ kh@ fkjep];f];ep jh @ /
kh. u. . k . . zd; c kh u . .k. . . zd;
kfkj jkjep epjep]; ];ep];f/ ];f;];h ];heP jheP];epeP jhepj/

/
k .. y. . . u. . . b . . g. zp kd Nk. . .jp. dNk
5. kh @ fkhjfkhf ]h> ];/ kh@ fkjep ];f;];ep jh @ /
kh . u. . k. . zd; c kh u. . . k . .zd;
kfkjjkjep epjep];]e
; p];f; ];fk
; f
; ] / k;f;];ep f;];epj jkjep /
; h/
k. . y. .. u. . . . . . b.. g. . zp k. . . d. . . Nk. .
];hf;];];h eP];epeP jhepjjh khkhf]/

/
jp. . . . . d. . . Nk. . . . . . . . .
54
mDgy; y tp
jh @ jhjh jkjep / ];h@ ];h];h f;ep];h/
kh . u[ dfd;F kh . u[ dfd;
ep];ePjh jhjh jkjep / ];h@ ];h];h f;ep];h/
. . kh u[d fd;F kh . u[ dfd;
];hf;];];epepj jhjh jkjep/

/ ];h@ jep];h jep];h f;ep];h/
kh . . . . u[ dfd; F kh u. . . [ . . .d fd;
]hf;]; ];epepj jhjh jkjep/

/ ];h ];h ];f;k;f; f;ep];h/
kh . . . . . u[ dfd;F kh u. . . [ . . .d fd;
ep];k;f; k;f;];ep jep];]/

; ];];epjp jjkk ff]]/
/
kiyNky; ciwgtd; ghw;fly; miyNky; Japy;gtd; ghtdd;
ep];k;f; k;f;];ep jepepj jep];h/ ];];eP epepjj kkf]/

/
kiyNky; ciwgtd; ghw;fly; miyNky; Japy;gtd; ghtdd;
ruzk;
khkk kkfkjep ];];];]/
; ];epf];epj kkkfjk ff]]/
/
Mapuk; ngauhy; miog;gpDk; M . . . apuk;cU khwpDk;
khkk kkfkjep ];];];]/

; ];];epepjjkk ff]] fup]]/
/
Mapuk; ngauhy; miog;gpDk; M . . . apuk;cU khwpDk; - cau;
fhkj jep];h ];];f;ep];h/ ];h@ @ @kf]ep jep]h> epjkf]/

/
jhapd; kPJjah gud; ghjk; jQ;r nkd;g tiumQ;rnyd;wUs;
fhkj jep];h ];];f;ep];h/ ];h> k;fh];h jhep ];hePjh khfh]h/

/
jhapd; kPJjah gud; ghjk; jQ;rnkd; gtiu mQ;rnyd;wUSk;
rpl; i l]; t uk;
khepj kfjk f];epj/

/ khjk epj];ep f]kf/
/
khf] ep];jep ];hf];/ khfk jepjk f]kf/

/
khjep jjepj kfkj/

/ khepep jjepf kjep];/
khf;]; k;f;k;f; ];epep];/ k;hf;]; epjkh f]ep]/

/
55
nrsffhy fpUjp
,uhfk; : Mde;jigutp jhsk; : Mjp

M : ]fupfkgjg];
mt : ];epjgkfup]
}20MtJ Nkskhfpa eligutpapd; [d;dpak;
,aw;wpatu;: Rthjpj;jpUehs; kfhuh[h

gy; y tp
1. gh@ ghepggh>k kfgkkfhup fhkh/ gh>f fk ghjg/
gh. `p.. j. . u. . . . . . Ñ{ G uh. . y . a. .
.
kfgk fup ep]fk/
/
kh . . . . k . ap.
2. ghgepgh ];eP ePggh>kkgjggkkfhupfh>kh>/ gh>f fkgepjg/
gh. . . `p. ..j . .u. . . . . . . .Ñ{.G uh> . y . a. . .
kfgk kfhup ep]fk/

/ .
kh. . . . . . k . ap.
3. ghepg g]; ];hup]; epj*gh gj gh];epepjgh @ kgfup/ fk gh>f fk ghjg/
gh. . .. `p. . . j u. . . . . . Ñ{.G uh. . . . y . a. .
kfkhgk kfhup ]h ]h/

/
kh. . . . . . . k ap
. .
]h @ fuPep eP ]hkhgk fupup]]h> f/ upfhup ]h @ @/
/ @ @ @ @/
/
gh. t . . d. j u . . . . r . up . . j. . . . . . . . .
mDgy; y tp
1. gh gepgh gh>k khgh ];h ];h> ep eP/ ];h ];k;f;up ];h];h /
Nj . . . `p. . j th q; f;up . g Nah . . . [ u
];h>epup];epj* gh g gh/
/
jpk; . . . . . . kk
56
2. gh gepgh gh>k khgh ];h ];h>epeP/
. .
];h>f;upf;hup];h];];h/
Nj . . . `p. . j th q; f;up. . g Nah. . . . . . [u

*
];h>ep up];epjgh ggh/
/
jpk;. . . . . . . kk
3. gh gepggh>k khgh];hf; uPep eP/

. .
];h f;upf;h f;h/
Nj. . `p . . j thq; f;up . .g Nah . .[ u
k;f;g;k; f;up];h ];h];h/
jpk;. . . . . . k k
. * g/
* gh gh>epjeP
1. gh];h];h ];h>ep up];epj ghjgfh khgjgh>j/
jP . d j . . ah . . . g . .u . . Nj. . t G. . . . .
gkfh uP uPep];h fk/

/
uh. . . e;j. . f .
. * .
2. ghup]; ];h ];h>ep ep];uPf;upep];up]; epjgh>ep * g /gh jg fh khgj gh>j/
jeP
jP . . d j. . ah. . . . . . . . .g . . u. . Nj. t G. . . . . .
gkfh uP upep]h fk/

/
uh. . . e;j. . f .
(gh`p)
ruzk;
1. ghkfup] fupupep ]f upf khjg gfkh/ gh gepgh khjg kfuP/
ehftNu. z;a.tp. g+ \pj fe; . j .u ehu .j ]_ f. ].d
.
ep]fup fk gg/
/
fh.jpep N\ tpj
*
gh>]; epjgh> epjgkfkh gh kjgk kfuP fk/ gh>fkghjgkhgkfup]ep/
gh. . f. Nj. . a. g;U.j Nyhf .e. a.d gj gt;a. . . .F. .z. . .
]upgk fup] fupfhup]h/

/
ep. th. . . . . ] . . .
57
gepgk fhup] fupep] fupfk * g];e*
gj pjgkfkgkfupfk
th.fjpghep] te;jpj ]_ggjth. up[js epgNe.j;uAfh.t;aa

*
ghjg]; *
h ];ep];k;f;up ];ep];]; / gh];];epjgkfkgk fupfk
uhftpep e;jpjgpk;gg yh . ju uh[jfpuptuth.]k N`];tu
(gh`p)
2. fhkpjtu jha fhkpj G[gy
fy;ahz fpupthfhu;Kftpy]pj
gPkgt[yjpjhuf ]{ufz
gPfuh]{u jkd.
kj;akfhy]h`pj;ak;
N]hkfyhQ;rpj N]fu ej[d
N]hf jpkpu ]KjhajpNd];tu
uhkzPa fep Nf] t;U\h]d
uh[ uh[]f ]q;fu]e;jjk;
58
Nju;r;rp 4.0 : fu;ehlf ,irapd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis ntspg;
gLj; J thu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 : [df> [d;dpa ,uhfg;gpupTfisAk; ,ju gpupTfisAk;

tpsf;Fthu;.
fw;ww; NgW : • fdgQ;rfk; jptpjPa fdgQ;rfk;> Rj;j> rhahyf>

rq;fPu;z ,uhfq;fis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.1.1 : [d;dpa ,uhfj;jpd; ,ju gpupTfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • fdgQ;rfk;> jptpja

P fdgQ;rfk;> Rj;j> rhahyf> rq;fuP z
;
,uhfq;fspd; tpsf;fk;> cjhuzk;
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPL : • Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l gjq;fis tpsf;Fk; ml;ilfs;.
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • tpsf;f ml;ilfisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> xt;nthU gjj;ij

Ak; jdpj;jdpahf tpsf;Fjy;.
• cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
(tpupTiu Kiwapy; fw;gpf;fyhk;.)
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • fdgQ;rfk;> jptpja
P fdgQ;rfk;> Rj;j> rhahyf> rq;fuP z
;
,uhfq;fis tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jtu;.
• Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,uhfq;fis tpsf;Ftu;.
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; : • lhf;lu; nry;yj;Jiu. gp.b

- njd;df ,irapay;
• lhf;lu; gf;fpuprhkpghujp Nf.V.
- ,e;jpa ,irf; fUT+yk;
• Nguhrpupau; gp. ]hk;g%u;j;jp
- fu;ehlf rq;fPj G];jfk; %d;whk; ghfk;
59
fdgQ; r fk;
ve;j ,uhfj;jpd; ];t&gk; jhdk; (fdk;) my;yJ kj;akfhyg; gpuNahfq;fspdhy;

gpufhrpf;fpd;wNjh mt;tpuhfk; fduhfk; vdg;gLk;.
ehl;il> nfsis> Mugp> tuhsp> = Mfpa Ie;J ,uhfq;fSNk fdgQ;rf

,uhfq;fshFk;. ,it Ie;Jk; gioa ,uhfq;fSk;> cghq;f ,uhfq;fSkhFk;.
jhdj;jpdhy; gpufhrpf;Fk; ,t; Ie;J ,uhfq;fspy; gy El;g RUjpfisAk;>
fkfq;fisAk;> my;gj;t> Ju;gy ];tug; gpuNahfq;fs; Kjypatw;iwAk; fhzyhk;.
fdgQ;rf ,uhfq;fspy; = jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs; gQ;ruj;df; fPu;j;jidfis

,aw;wpAs;shu;. mitahtd:
ehl;il - [fjhde;j`huf
nfsis - JLF
Mugp - ]hjpk;nrd
tuhsp - fdfdUrpuh
= - ve;jNuhk`hDghTY
Nfhghy fpU\;z ghujpahUk; ,t;ite;J ,uhfq;fspYk; gQ;ruj;jpdf; fPuj

; j
; idfis
jkpopy; ,aw;wpAs;shu;. mitahtd:
ehl;il - ùù rptrq;fu
nfsis - ruzhfjnkd;W
Mugp - gpwthj tuk; jhUk;
tuhsp - Mba ghjNk fjp
= - kwthky; vg;gbAk;
jptpjPa fdgQ;rfk;
fdgQ; r f ,uhfq; f Sf; F mLj; j gbahf Kf; f paj; J tk; ngWk; Nfjhuk; >
ehuhaznfsis> uPjpnfsis> rhuq;fehl;il> ngssp Mfpa Ie;J ,uhfq;fSk;
jptpjPa fdgQ;rf ,uhfq;fshFk;.
Rj; j uhfk;
kjq;f Kdptuhy; $wg;gl;l xU ,uhfg; gpupthFk;. rh];jpu uPjpahf Vw;gl;l

,yl;rzj;Jld; tpsq;Fk; ,uhfk; Rj;juhfkhFk;. ,tw;wpy; xNu ,uhfj;jpy;> xU
];tuj;jpd; Nfhks> jPtpu Ngjq;fs; ,uz;Lk; fhzg;glh.
cjhuzk;: khahkhstnfsis> Nkhfdk;> kj;jpakhtjp> =uQ;rdp Nghd;wit.
60
rhahyf ,uhfk;
uQ;rfj;jpd; nghUl;L NtnwhU ,uhfj;jpd; rhaYld; $b tpsq;Fk; ,uhfk;
rhahyf ,uhfkhFk;. ,jid ]hyq;f ,uhfk; vd;Wk;> ]hyf ,uhfk; vd;Wk;
miog;gJz;L.
cjhuzk; ; :
• nrsuh\;buk; - ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy; rf;futhf ,uhfj;jpd; rhay; xypg;gijf;
fhzyhk;.
• rhuq;fh - ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy; fy;ahzp ,uhfj;jpd; rhay; xypg;gijf;
fhzyhk;.
rq;fPu;z ,uhfk;
uQ;rfj;jpd; nghUl;L rpy ,uhfq;fspd; rhay;fSld; $b tpsq;Fk; ,uhfNk
rq;fPu;z ,uhfkhFk;. ,J xU fyg;G ,uhfkhFk;. rq;fPu;z ,uhfj;ij ]q;f;uk
,uhfk; vd;Wk;> kp];u ,uhfnkd;Wk; miog;gJz;L.
cjhuzk; ; :
• M`pup - ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy; tFshguzk;> Njhb> eligutp Mfpa %d;W
,uhfq;fspd; rhay; xypg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
• j;tp[hte;jp - ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy; ]fhdh> Nfjhunfsis> aJFyfhk;Ngh[p
Mfpa %d;W ,uhfq;fspd; rhay;fs; Mq;fhq;F xypg;gijf;
fhzyhk;.
61
gLj; J thu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.3 : ,ir cUg;gbfspd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • Njthuk;> jpUg;Gfo; Mfpa ,U ,irtbtq;fspd;

,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.
• ,tw;wpid mUspatu;fspd; ngau;fisf; Fwpgg
; pLjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.1.1 : ,ir cUg;gbfspd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • Njthuk;> jpUg;Gfo; Mfpatw;wpd; ,yl;rzk;
ghlNtis : 02 - Njthuk; - 01 ghlNtis

jpUg;Gfo; - 01 ghlNtis
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • Njthuk;> jpUg;Gfo; Mfpa ,ir cUg;gbfisg;ghbf;

fhl;b> mit gw;wp khztu; mwpe;Js;s tplaq;fis
epidT+l;Lk; tifapy; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• Njthuk; > jpUg; G fo; Mfpa ,ir cUg; g bfspd;

• mUspatu;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
(fye;Jiuahly; KiwapYk;> tpupTiu KiwapYk;

fw;gpf;fyhk;.)
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • Njthuk;> jpUg;Gfo; Mfpa ,ir cUg;gbfspd;
,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Ftu;.
• mUspatu;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.
• Njthuk;> jpUg;Gfo; Mfpa ,U cUg;gbfSk; ,iw

,ir cUg;gb tiffs; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tu;.
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; : • mq;faw;fz;zp.,

- jpUQhd rk;ge;jupd; Njthug; ghly;fspd; ,ir.
• mq;faw;fz;zp., - jpUg;Gfopir
• Qhdh FNye;jpud; - nja;tj;jkpopir
62
MrpupaUf; f hdit : • Njthuk;> jpUg;Gfo; gw;wpa Nkyjpf tplaq;fis

E}y; f s; > rQ; r piffs; > fl; L iufs; %ykhf
thrpj; j wpe; J ,iw ,ir cUg; g bfs; gw; w pa
mwptpid tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.
khztUf; f hdit : • Njthuq;fs;> jpUg;Gfo;fs; gytw;iwr; Nrfupj;jy;>

mtw;iwg; ghbg; gapw;rp nra;jy;> mit njhlu;ghd
Nkyjpf tplaq;fis E}y;fs;> fl;Liufs; thapyhf
mwpjy; %yk; ghLe; j pwidAk; > ,iw ,ir
cUg;gbfs; gw;wpa mwptpidAk; tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.
63
Njthuk;
Njthuk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F nja;tj;ijf; Fwpj;j ,irg;ghly; vd;gJ nghUshFk;.

~~Nj|| vd;gJ nja;tk; vd;Dk; nghUisf; Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ. thuk; vd;gJ
,irg;ghly; vdg; nghUs; nfhz;L nja;tj;jd;ik nfhz;l ,irg;ghly;fNs
Njthuk; vdg; nghUs; nfhs;tu;. ,j;nja;tj;jd;ik nghUe;jpa Njthug; ghly;fs;
fp.gp. 7Mk; 8Mk;> 9Mk; E}w;whz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; Njthu Kjypfshfpa jpUQhd
rk;ge;j%u;j;jp ehadhu;> jpUehTf;fuRehadhu;> Re;ju%u;j;jpehadhu; MfpNahuhy;
mUsg;gl;ld. ,ir tuyhw;wpy; ekf;Ff; fpilj;j gz;Zk; jhsKk; nfhz;l
Kjy; ,irg;ghly;fshf Njthuq;fs; jpfo;fpd;wd. ,j;Njthuq;fs; ghlg;gl;l
fhyk; ,irnaOr; r pf; fhykhfTk; fUjg; g LtJld; ,j; N jthug; g ly; f s;
,irf;fsQ;rpakhfTk; jpfo;fpd;wd.
,j;Njthug;ghly;fspy; ,ir gw;wpa gy Fwpg;Gf;fis fhzf;$bajhf cs;sd.

vLJ;Jf;fhl;lhf rk;ge;ju; ~~,ir gj;jpikahw;ghLjYk;| vdf; $WtjpypUe;Jk;
mg;gu; ~~ryk;g+NthL J}gk; kwe;jwpNad;
jkpNohbir ghly; kwe;jwpNad;
vd;Wk; Re;juu; jkpNohbir Nfl;Fk; ,r;ir|| Ntz;Lk; vdg; ghLtjpypUe;Jk;

Gydhfpd;wJ. Njthu Kjypfs; %tUk; jk; ghly;fspy; gz;fspd; ngau;fs;>
,irf; fUtpfs;> ,ir El;gq;fs;> jhs El;gq;fs; vd gpw;fhy re;jjpapdUf;F
gad;jUk; tifapy; gy Fwpg;Gf;fisj; je;Js;sdu;. gpw;fhy thf;Nfafhu;fshy;
,aw;wg;gl;l fPu;j;jid> fpUjp Nghd;w cUg;gbfspy; ,lk;ngWk; gy mk;rq;fspw;F
(kj;jpkfhy ]h`pj;jpak;> ajp> ,akfk;> Kj;jpiur; ruzk; Nghd;wd) Njthuq;fs;
Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;jd vdf; nfhs;syhk;. rk;ge;juJ ghly;fis jpUf;filf;fhg;G>
ghy;a Njthuk; vd;Wk; mg;guJ ghly;fs; tpUj;jhg;gpa Njthuk; vd;Wk; Re;juuJ
ghly;fs; jpUg;ghl;L> nastd Njthuk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
jpUQhdrk;ge;j%u;j;jp ehadhu; Njthuk;
cyf ,ir tuyhw;wpNyNa kpfr;rpwpa tajpy; (3 taJ) (Youngest Composer in

the World)Njthuk; ghba mUshsu; rk;ge;juhtu;. cikak;ikaplk; Qhdg;ghYz;L
~~NjhLila nrtpad;|| vd;Dk; Njthuj;ij %d;W tajpy; ghbaUspdhu;. mj;Jld;
24 gz;fSs; 23 gz;fspy; Njthuk; mUsp rpwg;gplk; ngWfpwhu;. (nre;JUj;jpg;
gz;zpy; khj;jpuk; ,aw;wtpyi
; y) ,tu; mUspa Njthuq;fs; gd;dpU jpUKiwfspy;
1Mk; 2Mk; 3Mk; jpUKiwfSs; mlq;Ffpd;wd. ,tu; mUspa ghf;fs; 4146
MFk;. ,it 383 gjpfq;fshf mike;Js;sd. ,tuhy; ghlg;ngw;w jyq;fs; 220
MFk;.
64
rk;ge;ju; Njthug; gjpfq;fspy; rpy nghJj;jd;ikfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nghJthf
11 ghly;fisf; nfhz;l ,tu; gjpfq;fs; Njthuk; ,aw;wg;gl;l jyj;jpd; ,aw;if
tsq;fis tu;zpg;gjhf mike;jpUf;Fk;. gjpfj;jpd; VohtJ ghlypy; ,iwtdpd;
,ay;G> ngUik gw;wpAk; vl;lhtJ ghlypy; ,uhtzidg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gk;
xd;gjhtJ ghlypy; mupAk; maDk; rptgpuhdJ mbKb fhzKbahky; fu;tk;
xope;j nra;jpAk; gj;jhtJ ghlypy; gpwkjf; fz;ldKk; ,lk;ngWk;. gjpndhd;whk;
ghlypy; mg;gjpfq;fis XJfpd;wtu; ngWk; gad; rk;ge;jupd; rpwg;G vd;gd
Fwpf;fg;gl;bUg;gJld; Qhd rk;ge;jd; vd;Dk; ngau; (Kj;jpiu) ,lk; ngWtijAk;
fhzyhk;.
cjhuzkhf: ~~ee;jp ehkk; ekr;rpthantDk;
re;ijahw;wkpo; Qhdrk;ge;jd; nrhy;||
,k;KiwNa gpw;fhy thf;Nfafhuu;fs; Kj;jpiur; ruzk; itj;Jg; ghLtjw;F

topNfhypaJ vdyhk;.
rk;ge;ju; aho; Kupg;gz;zpy; mUspa ~~khju;klg;gpbAk;|| vd;Dk; Njthuk; ,ir

tuyhw;wpy; rpwg;Gkpf;f xU gjpfkhfj;jpfo;fpd;wJ. ,j;Njthuj;jpy; Kjy; tupiaf;
fhl;bYk; ,uz;lhtJ tup re;j mikg;gpy; NtWgLfpwJ.
rk;ge;ju; mUspa jpUj;jhsr;rjp> jpUtpuhfk;> aho;Kup Mfpa %d;W jiyg;Gg;

gjpfq;fSk; ,ir> jhs> re;j epiyapy; rpwg;Gilad. jpU ,akfk;> khiykhw;W>
jpUntO $w;wpUf;if> jpUKf;fhy; vd;Dk; jiyg;Gila gjpfq;fs; gpw;fhy
,ir cUg;gbfspy; nghUs; mikg;G epiyapy; myq;fhu ,irazpfs; Vw;gl
fhuzkhapUe;jd.
jpUehTf;fur%u;j;jp ehadhu;; Njthuk;
gd;dpU jpUKiwfspy; jpUehTf;furu; mUspa Njthuq;fs; ehd;fhk; Ie;jhk;

Mwhk; jpUKiwfspy; mlq;Ffpd;wd. ,tu; mUspa 3064 ghf;fSk; 312
jpUg;gjpfq;fshf mike;Js;sd. ,tu; 127 jyq;fs; Nky; gjpfk; ghbAs;shu;. 37
nghJg;gjpfq;fs; cs;sd. jpUehTf;furu; 10 gz;fspy; Njthuq;fis mUspAs;shu;.
mitahtd: nfhy;yp> fhe;jhuk;> gpae;ijf;fhe;jhuk;> rhjhup> fhe;jhugQ;rkk;>
goe;jf;f ,uhfk;> gok;gQ;Ruk;> ,e;jsk;> rPfhkuk;> FwpQ;rp vd;gdthFk;.
jpUNeupir> jpUtpUj;jk;> jpUj;jhz;lfk;> jpUf; FWe;njhif Mfpa ehd;Fk;

mg;gu; Njthuj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; ghtpd mikg;GfshFk;.
65
,tw;Ws; jpUNeupir nfhy;ypg; gz;zpYk; jpUj;jhz;lfk; mupfhk;Nghjp ,uhfj;jpYk;
tpUj;jkhfg; ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. jpUtpUj;jk; nfsrpfg; gz;zpYk;> gok; gQ;Rug;
gz;zpYk;> jpUFWe;njhifg; ghly;fs; g+upfy;ahzp ,uhfj;jpYk; kuG topahfg;
ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
ehd;fhk; jpUKiwapNyNa ehTf;furu; ,aw;wpa gjpfq;fSs; Kjy; ,Ugj;njhU

gjpfq;fSk; gz;zhq;fkhf ghlf;$ba tpjkhf mike;Js;sd. jpUNeupirg;
ghly;fSk; jpUtpUj;jg;ghly;fSk; ehd;fhk; jpUKiwapNyNa mlq;Ffpd;wd.
Ie;jhk; jpUKiwapy; jpUf;FWe;njhifAk; Mwhk; jpUKiwapy; jpUj;jhz;lfg;
ghly;fSk; mlq;Ffpdw ; d. jkpo; nra;As; tifapNyNa jhz;lfk; vd;Dk; ahg;gpwF
;
%y ,yf;fpakhf tpsq;fpait mg;gu; ngUkhd; mUspa ,j;jhz;lfj; jpUg;ghly;f
NsahFk;. ,f;fhuzk; gw;wpNa mg;gu; jhz;lfr; rJuu;> jhz;lf Nte;ju; vdTk;
Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whu;.
,tu; gjpfq;fspy; ,uhtzd; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfSk; rKjhaj;jpwF

; ,dpa Kiwapy;
mwpTWj;Jk; gy fUj;Jf;fSk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
Re; j u%u; j ; j p ehadhu; Njthuk;
Re;ju%u;jj ; p ehadhu; mUspa 1026 Njthuq;fs; 7Me; jpUKiwapy; mlq;Ffpd;wd.

,tu;ghbr;rpwg;gpj;j jyq;fs; 84. Re;juu; 17 gz;fspy; Njthuq;fis mUspAs;shu;.
Re;juu; khj;jpuNk 24 gz;fSs; xd;whfpa nre;JUj;jpg; gz;zpy; ~~kPsh mbik||
vdj; njhlq;Fk; gjpfj;ijg; ghbAs;shu;. ,tuJ ngUk;ghd;ikahd gjpfq;fs;
Re; j uupd; tho; f ; i f tuyhwhfTk; epiyahikf; fUj; J f; f is vLj; J f;
$WtdthfTk; mike;Js;sd. Re;juu; gjpfq;fs; xU rpy njhifg; gjpfkhfTk;
mike;Js;sd. 12Mk; gjpfkhfpa jpUehl;Lj;njhifapy; gy Cu;fspd; ngau;fs;
gl;bayplg;gl;Lf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;thNw jpU ,ilahw;Wj; njhifg;gjpfk;>
Cu;j;njhif> jpUj;njhz;lu; njhif Mfpa gjpfq;fs; Cu;g;ngau;fs;> rptd;
mbahu;fspd; ngau;fs; Mfpatw;iwj; njhFj;Jf; $Wtdthf mike;Js;sd.
,itNa gpwf ; hy thf;Nfafhuu;fs; njhFjpff; uP j
; j
; idfs;/rKjhaf; fpUjpfs; ,aw;w
topNfhypd vdyhk;.
66
gz;fSk; mtw;Wf;F xg;ghd fu;ehlf ,ir ,uhfq;fSk;
%tu; ghba Njthuq;fSk; jw;fhyj;jpy; 24 gz;fspy; ghlg;gLfpd;wd. mit

gpd;tUkhW:
gz; ,uhfk; Njthuk;

1. gQ;rkk; M`pup jhndidKd;gilj;jhd; (Re;juu;)
2. rPfhkuk; ehjehkf;upia fPjj;ij kpfg;ghLk; (rk;ge;ju;)
3. GwePu;ik G+ghsk; jhapDk; ey;y (rk;ge;ju;)
4. tpahof;FwpQ;rp nrsuh\;buk; gpbajDUTik (rk;ge;ju;)
5. nfsrpfk; igutp tPlyhy thapyha; (rk;ge;ju;)
6. nre;JUj;jp kj;jpakhtjp kPsh mbik (Re;juu;)
7. fhe;jhu gQ;rkk; Nfjhunfsis ,lupDk; jsupDk; (rk;ge;ju;)
8. me;jhspf;FwpQ;rp ]hkh fy;Y}u;g; ngUkzk; (rk;ge;ju;)
9. jf;Nfrp fhk;Nghjp Mye;jhDfe;J (Re;juu;)
10. jf;fuhfk; fhk;Nghjp kilapy; this (rk;ge;ju;)
11. nrt;top aJFyfhk;Ngh[p njhz;luQ;RfspWk; (rk;ge;ju;)
12. ,e;jsk; khahkhstnfsis gpj;jhg;gpiw (Re;juu;)
13. gok;gQ;Ruk; rq;fuhguzk; cw;Wik Nru;tJ (rk;ge;ju;)
14. goe;jf;fuhfk; Mugp G+j;Nju;e;jhnad (rk;ge;ju;)
15. nfhy;yp etNuh[; $w;whapdthW (mg;gu;)
16. nfhy;ypnfhsthzk; etNuh[; jpy;iytho; me;jzu; (Re;juu;)
17. fhe;jhuk; etNuh[; khju;g;gpiw (mg;gu;)
18. gpae;ijf; fhe;jhuk; etNuh[; NtWAWNjhsp (rk;ge;ju;)
19. FwpQ;rp ùpfhk;Nghjp ed;Dilahid (rk;ge;ju;)
20. Nkfuhff; FwpQ;rp ePyhk;gup ePWNru;tNjhu; (rk;ge;ju;)
21. ]hjhup ge;Jtuhsp jiyNa ePtzq;fha; (mg;gu;)
22. el;luhfk; ge;Jtuhsp vd;d Gz;zpak; (rk;ge;ju;)
23. aho;Kup mlhzh khju;klg;gpbAk; (rk;ge;ju;)
24. el;lgil fk;gPuel;il mq;fKk; NtjKk;. (rk;ge;ju;)
67
jpUg; G fo;
15Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j mUzfpupehj Rthkpfshy; ,aw;wg;gl;l ghly;fNs

jpUg;Gfo;g; ghly;fshFk;. jpUg;Gfo; vd;Dk; nrhy; ,iwtd; Gfo;ghLjy; vd;w
nghJthd nghUspy; mike;jpUe;jhYk;> jkpopir cyfpy; mUzfpupehju; ,aw;wpa
re;jg; ghly;fSf;Fr; rpwg;Gg; ngauhf mike;Js;sJ vdyhk;. mUzfpupehju;
re;j eaj;NjhL 16000 ghly;fs; ghbapUg;gjhf jpUtpQ;ir KUfd; gps;isj;
jkpopy; tuftp khu;f;frfha Njtu; $wpAs;s NghjpYk;> jw;NghJ 1324 ghly;fNs
vkf;Ff; fpilj;Js;sd. ,g;ghly;fs;> tlf;Fg;gl;L Rg;gpukzpa gpsi
; s> nrq;fy;tuha
gps;is Nghd;w mwpQu;fspd; ngU Kaw;rpahy; mr;RUtk; ngw;W midtUk;
gbj;Jg; gaDWk; tifapy; jw;NghJ cs;sd.
mUzfpupehju; KUfg; ngUkhd; tPw;wpUf;Fk; gy;NtW jyq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W

KUfg; ngUkhdpd; Gfiog; gyghly;fshfg; ghbAs;shu;. ,t;thW mUzfpupehju;
nrd;W ghba jyq;fs; 168 vd;W fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws; fhrp ùpj;Jthu;>
jpUf;fapiy> n[fe;ehjk; Mfpa tl ,e;jpaj; jyq;fSk;> fjpuf
; hkk;> jpUNfhzkiy
Mfpa ,yq;ifj; jyq;fSk; mlq;Fk;.
jpUg;Gfo;g; ghly;fs; J}a jkpopy; mikahky; ,ilapilNa tlnkhopr; nrhw;fSk;

fye;J kzpg;gpuths eilapy; mike;Js;sd. ,it Kj;Jk; gtsKk; Nru;j;Jj;
njhLj;j khiyNghy; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. 1008 re;jq;fisf; nfhz;l jpUg;Gfo;g;
ghly;fs; ~~ngUkhNs|| vd;Dk; nrhy;iy me;jkhff; nfhz;Ls;sd.
re;jk; vd;gJ Fwpy;> neby; Kjyhd vOj;Jf;fspd; msT gw;wpAk; ty;ypdk;>

nky;ypdk; Kjyhd Xirfs; gw;wpAk; nra;Al;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; NtWghlhFk;.
jpUg;Gfo; ghly;fspYs;s 1008 re;jq;fSf;F mbg;gilahf 24 re;jq;fs; cs;sd

vd;gij uht;gfJ}u; t.f. nrq;fy;tuha gps;is> jpUg;Gfo; ghly;fSf;F vOjpa
ciuapd; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ,it %d;W mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;lit> (jid>
jd;d> jhd> jj;j> jhj;j) ehd;F ml;ruq;fisf; nfhz;lit> (jdjd> jddh>
jhdd> jd;dh) Ie;J ml;ruq;fisf; nfhz;lit> (jdjdd> jdjdh> jdhjd>
jhdjd) vd;wthW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
,e;jr; re;jq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; jpUg;Gfo; ghly;fs; ]g;j jhsq;fs; 35 jhsq;fs;

108 jhsq;fs; 175 jhsq;fs; Nghd;w jhsq;fspy; mike;Js;sd vd;gij czu;eJ ;
nfhs;syhk;. fu;ehlf ,irapy; je;ij Nghd;W kjpf;fg;gLfpd;w jhsq;fs; Gj;Japu;
ngw;wJ mUzfpupehj RthkpfSila jpUg;Gfo;g; ghly;fspdhy; vd;why; mJ
kpifahfhJ.
68
NkYk; jpUg; G fo; g ; ghly; f s; gy; N tW fUj; J f; f is cs; s lf; f pAs; s d.
Ntjq;fspYs;s Ez;nghUs;fs;> Mfkf; fUj;Jf;fs; Guhzq;fs;> ,uhkhaz
kfhghuj epfo;r;rpfs;> jj;Jtk;> mwk;> ,ir Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fis kpf mw;Gjkhf
mUzfpupehju; jkJ jpUg;Gfo;g; ghly;fspy; cl;GFj;jpAs;shu;. jpUg;Gfopd;
Kjw;gFjpapy; ngUk;ghyhdit cyfpaiyg; gw;wpajhf> kq;ifau; ikaypy;
cod;WgLk; Jd;gq;fisg; gw;wpadthf cs;sd. rpy ghly;fspy; taJ Kjpu;e;j
epiyapy; gytifahd Neha;fshy; Jd;GWk; kf;fspd; epiyia vLj;Jiuf;fpdw ; d.
nghJthf vy;yhg; ghly;fspd; gpwg ; FjpahdJ KUfg; ngUkhdpd; rpwg;gpay;GfisAk;
ngUq;fUiziaAk; vLj;Jf; $WtdthfNt mike;Js;sd.
69
gLj; J thu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4 : ,uhfq;fspd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ,uhfq;fspd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpupthf tpsf;Fjy;.

• ,uhfq;fSf;F rQ;rhuk; vOJjy;.
• nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,uhfq;fSf;F cUg;gbfs; vOJjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.1.1 : ,uhfq;fspd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; :• ,uhfj;jpd; Nks vz; ([df ,uhfk;> [d;dpa ,uhfk;)

• MNuhfzk;> mtNuhfzk;
• ];tu];jhdq;fs;
• tpNr\ gpuNahfk;
• [Pt> epah] ];tuq;fs;> fpuf ];tuq;fs> tpNrl
mk;rq;fs;
• ,uhfj;jpd; rQ;rhuk;
• ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j cUg;gbfs;.
ghlNtis : 04 - igutp - 02 ghlNtis

`pe;J];jhd; fhgp - 02 ghlNtis
ju cs;sPL : • MNuhfz> mtNuhfz tiuglk;
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • vLj;Jf;nfhz;l ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz> mtNuhfz>

];tu];jhd tiuglq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.
• [df ,uhfkh> [d;dpa ,uhfkh vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• MNuhfz> mtNuhfz> ];tu];jhdk; vd;gtw;iwg;ghb

tpsf;Fjy;.
• ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.
• ,uhf rQ;rhuk; vOJk; Kiwia tpsf;Fjy;.
• Fwpg;gpl;l ,uhfj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;l cUg;gbfisf;

Fwpg;gpLjy;.
(nra;Jfhl;ly; KiwapYk;> fye;Jiuahly; KiwapYk;

fw;gpf;fyhk;.)
70
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij tpsf;Ftu;.
• ,uhfj;jpd; rQ;rhuq;fis vOJtu;.
• ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j cUg;gbfisf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; : • Nguhrpupau;. gp. rk;g%u;j;jp

- fu;dhlf ]q;fPj G];jfk; 3Mk; ghfk;
• gp.b. nry;yj;Jiu
- njd;df ,irapay;
71
igutp
[d;dpa ,uhfk; 20MtJ Nksfu;j;jhthfpa eligutpapy; [d;ak;

*
MNuhfzk; - ]upfkgjep];
mtNuhfzk; - ];epjgkfup]
,t;tpuhfj;jpy; tuk; ];tu];jhdq;fs; ]l;[k;> rJ];Ujp up\gk;> rhjhuz fhe;jhuk;>

Rj;j kj;jpkk;> gQ;rkk;> Rj;j ijtjk;> rJ];Ujp ijtjk;> ifrpfp ep\hjk;
md;dpa ];tukhfpa rJ];Ujp ijtjk; MNuhfzj;jpNyNa tUfpd;wJ.
,jd; [Pt ];tuq;fs; - up> f> k> ep MFk;.

epahr ];tuq;fs; - up> k> g> ep kw;Wk; rJ];Ujp ijtjk; MFk;.
,uhf rhah ];tuq;fs; - ngUk;ghYk; ep\hjk;> rpy rkaq;fspy; up> g> j
,ju mk;rq;fs;:
. . . .
upupff kkff Nghd;w [z;il ];tuf;Nfhu;itfSk;> epf;upf;];up - epup];up ep];h -
.
gup];h epjgh - kepjgh - kgfhup]h Nghd;w jhl;L ];tuf; Nfhu;itfSk; ,e;j
,uhfj;jpw;F ,uQ;ridiaf; nfhL;fpd;wd. me;epa ];tukhfpa rJ];Ujp ijtjk;
*
gjep]; *
h - gjep]; * *
uP - gjepjep]; *
h - ];epjep]; h Nghd;w ];tuf;Nfhu;itfspy;
tUk;. (mg+u;tkhf gjep];eP vd;Dk; kj;jpk fhyg; gpuNahfj;jpy; Rj;j ijtjk;
tUfpwJ.) upkfhup]h - gjkh - gjepjkh - kgfhup]h vd;git rpwg;ghd ];tuf;
Nfhu;itfs; MFk;. tof;fkhf gh\hq;f ,uhfq;fspy; me;epa ];tuk; epah]khf
tuhJ. Mdhy; igutpapy; rJ];Ujp ijtjk; ey;y epah]khf tUfpwJ. (ghjePj
- jep];up ];ePj) ,J gioikahd ,uhfk;. gz;ila jkpopirapy; ,J nfsrpfg;
gz; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
tpupthd Myhgidf;F ,lk; nfhLf;fk; ,uhfk;. gf;jpr;Rit epuk;gpa ,uhfk;.

khiyapy; ghlf;$ba ,uhfk;. vy;yh tifahd ,irtbtq;fSk; ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy;
cs;sd.
rQ;rhuk;:
upfkgjgh - kepjgh - kgfhup]h - upfkgjg - kfup]h - upfkfup]h ePjh -
ep]hupfkgjgh - kgjeP];h - ];h];h - upf;k;f;up];ePjh - ep];epf;upf;];hup - ep];epup];up
. ..
ep];h - gjgkh - epepjkh - kfkgkfup] - uPfkfup]h - ep]up]uP - ghjeP ]up]h
72
cUg; g bfs; :
fPjk; - =uhkr; re;jpu - JUtk;
- fUizna tbTila - kp];u [k;ig - ngupa rhkpj;J}ud;
tu;zk; - mkpo;jpDk; ,dpikaha; - Mjp - Nfhkjp rq;fua;au;

- tpupNghzp - ml - gr;rpkpupak; Mjpag;igau;.
];tu[jp - fhkhl;rp - kp];urhG - rpahkh rh];jpup
fpUjp - nfhYitAd;dhNl - Mjp - jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs;

- ghyNfhghy - Mjp - Kj;J];thkp jPÑpju;
- ahNuh ,tu; ahNuh - Mjp - mUzhryf; ftpuhau;
gjk; - NtytNu ck;ikj;Njb - Mjp - fdk; fpU\;za;au;
73
`pe; J ]; j hd; fhgp
fhgp ,uhfk; fu;ehlf fhgp> `pe;J];jhdp fhgp vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
`pe;J];jhdp fhgp ,uhfj;jpy;

MNuhfzk;: ]upkgep];
mtNuhfzk;: ];epjepgkfhup]
,J 22MtJ Nkskhfpa fuùg;gpupahtpd; [d;dpak;. xslt tf;u rk;G+u;z

,uhfk;. gh\hq;f ,uhfk;.
,J ]l;[k;> rJ];Ujp up\gk;> rhjhuz fhe;jhuk;> me;jufhe;jhuk;> Rj;j kj;jpkk;>

gQ;rkk;> Rj;j ijtjk;> rJ];Ujp ijtjk;> ifrpfp ep\hjk;> fhfyp ep\hjk;
Mfpa ];tu];jhdq;fis vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;. ,t;tpuhfj;jpy; 3 me;epa ];tuq;fs;
tUfpd;wd. mitahtd me;jufhe;jhuk;> Rj;j ijtjk;> fhfyp ep\hjk;.
MNuhfzj;jpy; f> j tu;[k;. mtNuhfzj;jpy; tUk; jPu;f;f fhe;jhuk; ,e;j
,uhfj;jpd; jdpj;jd;ikia vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.
,jd; [Pt ];tuq;fs; - up> f (rhjhuz> me;jufhe;jhuk;)

(g> ep ifrpfp> fhfyp ep\hjq;fs;)
epah] ];tuq;fs; - g> up MFk;.
fpuf ];tuk; - g MFk;.
,ju mk;rq;fs;:
~fhgp| vd;gjpy; fh - kfpo;r;rp> gp - Nehf;fpr; nry;Yjy; vd;Dk; nghUspy;
kfpo;rr
; pia Nehf;fpr; nry;Yjy; my;yJ fhjiy Nehf;fpr; nry;Yjy; nghUshFk;.
,J khiyapy; ghlf;$ba ,uhfk;. rpUq;fhu u]j;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,uhfk;.
kfkh vd;Dk; gpuNahfj;jpy; me;ju fhe;jhuKk;> ghjgkfup]h vd;Dk; gpuNahfj;jpy;
... .
Rj;j ijtjKk;> ]up]ep]h vd;Dk; gpuNahfj;jpy; fhfhyp ep\hjKk;> gkgeP]
.
.
vd;Dk; gpuNahfj;jpy; ifrpfp ep\hjKk; xypf;fpd;wd. gup];h ];epjepgh vd;Dk;
gpuNahfKk;> gkghkfup]uP vd;Dk; gpuNahfKk; ]f]fkgkfup]uP vd;Dk;
gpuNahfKk; ,e;j ,uhfj;jpw;F moiff; nfhL;fpd;wd. ke;jpu];jhap ep\hjj;jpw;Ff;
fPo; rQ;rhuk; ,y;iy.
rQ;rhuk;:
* * * * *
upkg ePeP@ - epep];ep];h - ep];upf;up];epj - epup];epgh kfk - epgk fhuP - ]uPkkh
* * * kepgk kkfh uP - fup]ep]h@ - ep]ff]f]fkepgk ** * *
epgh - jgkf
*
. fhuP -
. ....
fup]epgkgeP]h
74
cUg; g bfs; :
fpUjp - ntq;flhrygNj - Mjp - Kj;J];thkp jPÑpju;

- ,e;j nrsf;a - Mjp - jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs;
- [fNjhjhudh - &gfk; - Gue;jujh]u;
- jpUehisg; Nghthu; - Mjp - NfhghyfpU\;z ghujpahu;
- ,d;dKk; vd; kPJ - Mjp - Ntjehafk;gps;is
- tho;it ek;ghNj - &gfk; - Ntjehafk;gps;is
- vd;d jtk; - Mjp - ghgehrk; rptd;
75
gLj; J thu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5 : ,irf;fUtpfspd; gpupTfs;> mikg;G> gad;ghL gw;wp

tpsf;Fthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • jk;Guh> ehj];tuk; Mfpa ,irf;fUtpfspd; mikg;ig
tpsf;Fjy;.
• RUjp Nru;fF
; k;Kiw> thrpfF
; k; Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
• Nkw;Fwpj;j ,irf;fUtpfspd; glk; tiue;J ghfq;f
isf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.1.1 : ,irf;fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • jk;Guh - mikg;G> thrpf;Fk; Kiw

• ehj];tuk; - mikg;G> thrpf;Fk; Kiw
ghlNtis : 04
jk;Guh - 2 ghlNtisfs;
ehj];tuk; - - 02 ghlNtis
ju cs;sPL : • jk;Guhtpd; glk;/jk;Guh

• ehj];tuj;jpd; glk;/ehj];tuk;
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • jk;Guh> ehj];tuk; gw;wp khztu; Vw;fdNt fw;wpUe;j

tplaq;fis epidT+l;Lk; tifapy; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• jk;Guh> ehj];tuk; Mfpa ,irf;fUtpfis my;yJ

mtw; w pd; glq; f isf; fhl; r pg; g Lj; j p> mtw; w pd;
ghfq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Fjy;.
• khztu; jk;GuhtpdJk;> ehj];tuj;jpdJk; glj;ij

tiue;J> ghfq;fisf; Fwpf;f cjTjy;.
• ,t; ,irf;fUtpfspd; mikg;G> rpwg;G> RUjp Nru;f;Fk;

Kiw> thrpf;Fk; Kiw gw;wp G+uz tpsf;fkspj;jy;.

fw;gpf;fyhk;.)
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • jk;Guh> ehj];tuj;jpd; glk; tiue;J ghfq;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLtu;.
• mtw;wpd; mikg;G> rpwg;G> RUjp Nru;f;Fk; Kiw>

thrpf;Fk; Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Ftu;.
• fu;ehlf ,irapy; jk;GuhtpdJk; ehj];tuj;jpdJk;

gq;fpidf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.
76
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; : • lhf;lu; nry;yj;Jiu gp.b
- njd;df ,irapay;
lhf;lu; gf;fpuprhkp ghujp. Nf.V.
- ,e;jpa ,irf;fUT+yk;
• Nguhrpupau;. fpU\;zd;. Mu;.tp.
- rq;fPj rhuk; - %d;whk; ghfk;
MrpupaUf; f hdit : • jk;Guh> ehj];tuk; gw;wpa Nkyjpf tptuq;fis

E}y;fs;> fl;Liufs;> ,izaj;jsq;fspD}lhfg; ngw;W
,irf; fUtpfs; gw;wpa mwptpid Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.
khztUf; f hdit : • E}y;fs;> ,izaj;jsq;fspD}lhf jk;Guh> ehj];tuk;

gw;wpa Gjpa jfty;fisg; ngWtjd; %yk;> mwpit
Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.
77
jk; G uh
RUjp thj;jpaq;fSs; kpfr; rpwe;jJ jk;Guh MFk;. ,jd; rpw;gk; jpUkaj;jpYs;s

ngUkhs; Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLtjpypUe;J ,f;fUtp njd;dpe;jpahtpNyNa Kjd;
Kjypy; Njhd;wpw;W vdyhk;. jk;Guh vd;w ngau; Jk;GU ifahz;l thj;jpak;
vd;gjdhy; Vw;gl;lJ. ,f;fUtpia jk;G+uh> jk;G+up> jk;G+U> jk;G+u; vd;Wk;
miog;gJz;L. fr;Nrup Nkilapd; fz;zpaj;jpid epiyehl;b> RUjpia eOt
tplhky; ghJfhtyhf epd;W> fr;Nrup Nkilapd; rpwg;Gf;F cWJizahf
tpsq;FtJk; jk;GuhNt MFk;. fr;Nrup Nkilapy; Kjd; Kjyhf xypia cz;lhf;fp>
urpfu;fspd; ftdj;ijf; fr;Nrup Nkilf;F <u;g;gJk; ,JNt.
mikg; G
jk;Guh gyh kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Kjypy; rJukhf cs;s xU gyh kuj;Jz;il

vLj;J Nky; ghfj;ijr; nrJf;fp miuf; Nfhs tbtkhf;fp> gpd; cs; ghfj;ij
vLj;J tpl;L ~Flk;| vd;w ,irnahyp ngUf;Fk; gFjpiaj; jahu; nra;tu;.
Flj;jpd; Nky; gyif rpwpJ tisthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd; ~jz;b| vd;w ePz;l
gFjpiaj; jahu; nra;J Flj;Jld; gpizg;gu;. jz;bapd; ,lJ Xuj;jpy; (fOj;Jg;
ghfj;jpy;) 4 gpuilfs; NghLtjw;fhf Jisfs; Nghlg;gLk;. Flj;jpd; NkYs;s
nkl;L mfykhfTk; nrk;ikahfTk; gjpf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;.
Flj;jpd; tyJ Xuj;jpYs;s je;jp jhq;fpapy; 4 je;jpfs; gpizf;fg;gl;L> cUz;il

tbtkhf cs;s kzpff ; ha;fspd; Jisfs; topahf nkl;bd; Nky; nrd;W gpuilfspy;
Rw;wg;gl;bUf;Fk;. RUjp nrk;ikahf $l;lg;gLtjw;fhf Flj;jpd; Nky; cs;s
nkl;Lf;Fk;> je;jp jhq;fpf;Fk; eLtpy; 4 kzpf;fha;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;iwj; je;jp
jhq;fpapd; gf;fkhj; js;spdhy; RUjp $Lk;. xyp ~fzPu;| vd;W Nfl;gjw;fhf
~[Pthsp| vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; gl;L E}y; my;yJ fk;gsp E}y; Jz;Lfs; nkl;Lf;Fk;>
je;jpf;Fk; ,ilapy; jf;f ,lj;jpy; itf;fg;gLk;.
Flj;jpd; Nky;ghfj;jpYk;> jz;bapd; moFf;fhf G+Ntiy nra;j je;jj;ijg;

gjpg;gu;. ,jw;F fkyNtiy vd;W ngau;> kpuh[; jk;Guhf;fspYk;> tl ehl;Lj;
jk;Guhf;fspYk; gyhkuf; Flj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf Riuf;fhiar; Rj;jg;gLj;jpg;
gad;gLj;Jtu;. jz;b Njf;F kuj;jpdhy; rw;W mfykhfr; nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk;.
jk;Guhit epWj;jp itj;Jf;nfhz;Lk;> gLf;f itj;Jf; nfhz;Lk; thrpf;fyhk;.
78
RUjp Nru;f;Fk; Kiw:
1MtJ gQ;rkj;je;jp ke;jpu];jhap gQ;rkj;jpw;Fk;

2MtJ rhuzpj;je;jp kj;jp];jhap ]l;[j;jpw;Fk;
3MtJ mDrhuzpj;je;jp kj;jpa];jhap ]l;[j;jpw;Fk;
4MtJ ke;jpuj;je;jp .
ke;jpu];jhap ]l;[j;jpw;Fkhf g ] ] ] vd;w .
Kiwapy; RUjp Nru;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
jk;Guh kPl;LtjpYk; xU jhsf;fl;Lg;ghL ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. jk;Guhtpd; gQ;rk>

rhuzp> mDrhuzp Mfpa %d;W je;jpfs; v/fpdhYk;> ke;jpu je;jp ntz;fyj;jpdhYk;
Mdit. kj;jpk RUjpapy; ghLtjw;F jk;Guhtpd; gQ;rkj;je;jpiar; Rj;jkj;jpkj;Jf;
Fr; RUjp $l;b kPl;l Ntz;Lk;.
jk;Guh jpUtde;jGuk;> ik#u;> tp[a efuk;> kpuh[;> uhk;G+u;> yf;nds Mfpa

,lq;fspy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
jk;Guhtpd; ghfq;fs;
1. Flk; 2. jz;b
3. fOj;Jg;gFjp 4. gpUilfs; (pegs)
5. Fjpiu(bridge) 7. RUjp $l;Lk; kzpf;fha;fs;
6. kPl;Lk; je;jpfs; 8. je;jpj;jhq;fp
A - gQ;rkje;jp - g 9. ehGf;fs; (rpWj;Jisfs;)
B - rhuzpj;je;jp - ]
C - mDrhuzpj;je;jp - ]
D - ke;jpuj;je;jp - .
]
79
ehj]; t uk;
ehj];tuk; xU Jisf;fUtpahFk;. ,t;thj;jpaj;jpw;F ehf];tuk;> ehadk;>

ngUtq;fpak; vd;w ngau;fSk; cz;Lk;.
,t;thj;jpak; Mr;;rhkuk; vd;Dk; kuj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ehj];tuk; xU

fhw;W thj;jpak;. ehj];tuj;jpdpd;W ntspg;gLk; ehjk; fdKs;sjhfTk; ntFJ}uk;
Nfl;ff; $bajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. Fk;gNfhzk; Fk;Ng];tuu; NfhapypYk;> Mo;thu;
jpUefupf; NfhapypYk; fy; ehj];tuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ghfq; f s; :
• clypd; fPo;g;gFjpapy; tl;l tbtkhf tpupe;J fhzg;gLk; gFjp mizR.

• ePz;l kuf; Foyhy; Mfpa $k;G tbthd cly;.
• clypd; Nky; nghUj;jg;gLk; nfz;il (,J nrk;gpdhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.)
• nfz;ilf;F Nky; mt;tg;NghJ itj;J ,irf;fg;gLk; rPthspAk; (,jw;F
eWf;F vd;W ngau;) xU Fr;rpAk; cs;sJ.
mikg; G
mizR vd;w gFjp (Rose wood) kuj;jpypUe;Jk; rPthsp vd;w gFjp nfhWf;fe;
jl;ilapypUe;Jk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. clypd; Nky; ghfj;jpy; 12 Jisfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; 7 Jisfs; thrpg;gjw;Fk; kw;w 5 Jisfs; rg;jj;ij
tifg;gLj;Jk; tifapYk; mike;Js;sd. ehj];tuj;jpd; ePsk; mb MFk;.
~xj;J| vd;w ehj];tu tbtKs;s xU fUtp ehj];tuj;jpw;F RUjpf; fUtpahf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jpypUe;J Mjhu RUjp kl;Lk;jhd; ntsptUk;. ,ij xUtu;
epfo;r;rp njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J ,Wjp tiu njhlu;r;rpahf thrpg;ghu;.
jw;fhyj;jpy; xj;Jf;Fg; gjpyhf kuj;jhyhd RUjpg;ngl;b my;yJ vyf;Nuhdpf;

RUjp gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
ehj];tuj;jpy; ghup> jpkpup vd ,uz;L tif cz;L. ghup ehj];tuk; ePsk;

mjpfkhfTk; Mjhu RUjp FiwthfTk; fhzg;gLk;. jpkpup ehj];tuk; ePsk;
FiwthfTk; Mjhu RUjp mjpfkhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. ,d;W ifahsg;gl;LtUk;
ghup ehj];tuk; 2> fl;il RUjpf;Fk;. jpkpup ehj];tuk; 3,5 fl;il RUjpf;Fk;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
80
thrpf;Fk; Kiw:
ehj];tuj;ij ,uz;L iffshYk; Neuhfg; gpbj;J rPthspia thapy; itj;J
CJk; NghJ fhw;W thj;jpaj;Js; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. mNj rkaj;jpy; ,uz;L if
tpuy;fshYk; ];tuj;Jisfis mt;tg;NghJ Njitf;Nfw;g %bAk; jpwe;Jk;
];tuq;fis vOg;gp cz;lhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ehj];tuj;jpy; ];jhap tiuf;Fk; ,irf;f KbAk;. kj;jpa];jhapfF

; mikf;fg;gl;l
Jisfisf; nfhz;l ke;ju/jhu];jhap xypfisAk; ,irf;f Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ.
rpwg;gk;rq;fs;:
ehj];tuj;jpw;F gf;fthj;jpakhf jtpy; thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ehj];tuf; fiyQu;>
xj;J ,irg;gtu;> jtpy; tpj;Jthd;> jhsf; fiyQu;> ([hy;uh fiyQu;) Nru;e;j
,irf; FOit ~~ngupa Nksk;|| vd;W miog;gJz;L.
ehj];tuj;jpy; ,irapd; vy;yhEl;gq;fisAk; ifahs KbAk;. fw;gid epiwe;j

,uhf Myhgid jhs El;gq;fSld; $ba gy;ytp fw;gdh ];tuq;fs;> rq;fjpfs;
$ba fPu;j;jid Nghd;wtw;iw thrpf;fyhk;.
jpwe;j ntspfspYk; ,irg;gjw;Nfw;w thj;jpak;. ePz;l Xiria cilajhy;

ntF J}uj;jpypUe;J Nfl;gjw;F kdj;jpw;F ,d;gj;ijj; juf;$baJ. Nfhapypy;
,iwtd; tPjp cyhtpw;F Gwg;gLk; NghJ ky;yhup ,irAk;> ntt;NtW Neuq;fspy;
G+i[fSf;Nfw;g etre;jp ,uhfq;fSk; thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,t;thj;jpaj;ij thrpj;J gpugy;akhdtu;fs;:

• fhiuf;Fwpr;rp mUzhryk; gps;is
• jpUg;ghk;Guk; eluh[ Re;juk;gps;is
• FQ;rpj ghjk; gps;is
• jpU tPopkpoiy Rg;gpukzpagps;is
• jpUthtLJiw uh[uj;jpdk; gps;is
<oj;J ,irf;fiyQu;fs; :
• gp.v];. MWKfk;gps;is
• khtpl;lGuk; lg;spA. v];. cUj;jpuhgjp
• vd;.Nf. gj;kehjd;
81
ehj];tuj;jpd; ghfq;fs;:
1. fPo; mizR
2. $k;G tbthd Foha; (cly;)
3. nfz;il
4. VO Ruj; Jthuq;fs;
5. ehjj;ij tifg;gLj;Jk; gpuk;kj; Jis
6. ehd;F [Ptj; Jisfs;
7. nfz;il tha;
8. eWf;F (rPthsp)
9. ehjf; Fr;rp
82
gLj; J thu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.6 : jrtpjfkfq;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Ftu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • jrtpj fkfq;fis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.6.1 : jrtpj fkfq;fis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fjy;.
ghlNtis : 05
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • jrtpj fkfq;fs;

(MNuhfzk;> mtNuhfzk;> Mfjk;> gpuj;jpahfjk;>
];Gupjk;> jpupGr;rk;> lhY> Me;Njhsk;> fk;gpjk;>
%u;r;rid)
ju cs;sPL : • jrtpjfkfq;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;> tPiz
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • jrtpj fkfk; vd;gJ 10 tifahd fkfq;fs; vd;gijf;

Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• rhuq;fNjtupd; fhyj;jpy; (13Mk; E}w;whz;L) gQ;rjr

fkfq;fs; vd;w 15 tifahd fkfq;fs; Fwpgg; plg;gLfpdw
;
NghjpYk; jw;NghJ tof;fpy; 10 tifahd jrtpj
fkfq;fNs cs;sd vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• jrtpjfkfq; f isg; ghbNah> my; y J tP i zapy;

thrpj;Jf; fhl;bNah tpsf;Fjy;.
• rpy ,uhfq;fspd; nrh&gk; Fwpg;gpl;l fkfq;fspdhy;

gpufhrpf;fpd;wJ vd;gij cjhuzk; %yk; tpsf;Fjy;.
(cjhuzk;: fk;gpjfkfk;; fhdlh ,uhfj;jpd; mtNuh
`zj;jpy; tUk; ];ep];jhgkgfhkuP])
• tpupNghzp vd;w igutp ,uhf mljhs tu;zj;jpy;

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l gj;J fkftiffSk; ,lk;ngWtijg;
ghbf; fhl;b tpsf;Fjy;.

fw;gpf;fyhk;.)
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • jrtpj fkfq;fis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ftu;.
crhj;Jiz E}y; : • nry;yj;Jiu . gp.b - njd;df ,irapay;
83
Nkk;gLj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;:
MrpupaUf; f hdit : • xypehlhf;fs;> ,irf;fr;Nrupfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,irf;

fg;gLk; tPiz> tha;g;ghl;Lf; fr;Nrupfis> mbf;
fb Nfl;L mtw;wpy; ,lk;ngWk; jrtpj fkfq;fis
,dq;fz;L jkJ ,ir mwptpid Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.
jrtpj fkfq; f s;
fkfk; vd;why; ];tuq;fisNah> ];tuf; Nfhu;itfisNah> ghLk; NghNjh my;yJ

thrpf;Fk;NghNjh jf;f ,lq;fspy; jf;fthW mirTfisg; gpbj;J uhf];t&gj;ij
ntspg;gLj;jyhFk;. fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;F fkfk; capu;ehb Nghd;wjhFk;.
khahkhstnfsis ,uhfj;jpy; mg;gpahrfhd tupirfisg; ghLk;NghNj up> j
Mfpa ];tuq;fs; fkfj;Jld; ghlg; gapyg;gLfpwJ. fkfk; ,y;yhj ,ir re;jpud;
,y;yhj ,uT. ePu; ,y;yhj MW> kyu; ,y;yhj nrb> Mguzq;fs; mzpahj
kq;if. thrkpy;yhj kyu; Nghd;wJ vd guju; $Wfpd;whu;.
xNu MNuhfz mtNuhfzKk; xNu jha; ,uhfj;jpypUe;J [d;akhd ,U ,uhfq;fs;

jkf;NfAupa gpuj;jpNaf fkfq;fspdhy; tpjj
; pahrg;gLtijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. cjhuzk;;
]hkh - Mugp> igutp - khQ;rp.
fkfq;fs; Fuypirf;F cfe;jdthfTk; thj;jpa ,irf;F cfe;jdthfTk; cs;sd.
xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; tho;e;j ,ir ty;Yeu;fs; gy;NtW tifahd

fkfq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. ehd;aNjtu;> ghu;];tNjtu;> ùpghyu; MfpNahu;
7 tifahd fkfq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
ehuju; jkJ rq;fPj kfue;jk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; 19 tifahd fkfq;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. rhuq;fNjtu; jkJ rq;fPj ,uj;jpdhfuj;jpy; 15 tifahd
fkfq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. mitahtd:
1. jpupgk; (nehf;F)> 2. ];Gupjk;> 3. fk;gpjk; 4. yPdk; 5. Me;Njhspjk;

6. tsp> 7. jpupgpd;dk; 8. FUsk; 9. M`jk; 10. cyrpjk; ([hU)
11. gpyhtpjk; 12. Fk;gpjk; 13. Kj;upjk; 14. ehkpjk; 15. kp];upjk;
84
Mdhy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; 10 tifahd fkfq;fNs gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
mitahtd:
1. MNuhfzk; - MNuhfz tupirapy; mike;Js;s ];tuf; Nfhu;itfspy;
mirtpdhy; Njhd;WtJ MNuhfz fkfk; MFk;. cjhuzk;: ]upfkgjep];
2. mtNuhfzk; - mtNuhfz Kiwapy; mike;Js;s ];tuf; Nfhu;itfspd;
mirtpdhy; Njhd;WtJ mtNuhfz fkfk;.
cjhuzk;: ];epjgkfup]
3. lhY - ghLk;NghNjh my;yJ ,irf;fUtpfspy; thrpf;Fk;NghNjh fPo;
];jhdj;jpypUe;J nfhz;Nl Nky; ];jhdj;ij vOg;Gk;NghJ cz;lhFk; fkfk;.
cjhuzk;: ]fh - ]kh - ]gh
4. ];Gupjk; - [z;il ];tuq;fspy; tUk; Kjy; ];tuj;ij rhjhuzkhfTk;
,uz;lhtjhf tUk; ];tuj;ij mbj;Jg; gpbf;ifapy; tUk; fkfk;. cjhuzk;:
]] upup ff kk
5. fk;gpjk; - ];tuq;fis jf;f ,lq;fspy; jf;f mstpy; fk;gPukhf mOj;jkhf
mirj;Jg; ghLk;NghJ Vw;gLk; fkfk; fk;gpj fkfk;. cjhuzk;: jd;ah]p
,uhfj;jpy; ]fhkgep]; ,jpy; f - Tk;> ep-Ak; fk;guP khf mOj;jpg; ghlg;gLfpwJ.
mNjNghy; mlhzhtpy; ];epjhgkgfhup]. ,jpy; j-Tk;> f-Tk; mOj;jpg;
ghlg;gLfpwJ.
6. M`jk; - ]up - upf - fk - kg Nghd;w ];tuf;Nfhu;itfis jf;f Kiwapy;
mirj;Jg; ghLjy;.
7. gpuj;jpahfjk; - ];ep - epj - jg - gk Nghd;w ];tuf;Nfhu;itfis jf;f
Kiwapy; mirj;Jg; ghLjy;.
8. jpupGr;rk; - ];tuq;fis ]]] upupup fff kkk vd;W Kk;%d;W ];tu
mikg;G Kiwapy; gpbf;Fk; NghJ Vw;gLk; fkfk; jpupGr;rk; MFk;.
9. Me;Njhspjk; - ]up] jhj> ]up] ghgh vd;w Kiwapy; tPiz Nghd;w
,irf;fUtpfis thrpf;Fk; NghJ fPOs;s xU ];tuj;jpd; Nky; rpwpJ epd;W
gpd; je;jpia ,Oj;Njh my;yJ tpuiy efu;j;jpr; nrd;Nwh Nky; ];tuj;ijg;
gpbf;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk; fkfk; Me;Njhspj fkfk; MFk;.
10. %u;r;rid - ];tuf; Nfhu;itapYs;s ];tuq;fis kpfj; Jupjkhfg; gpbj;J
xt;nthU ];tuf; Nfhu;itapd; filrp ];tuj;jpd; Nky; epw;Fk; NghJ Vw;gLk;
fkfk; %u;r;rid fkfk; MFk;.
cjhuzk;: ]upfkgjeP - upfkgjep];h - fkgjep];uP
85
gLj; J thu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.7 : jhs jrg; gpuhzq;fs;> 175 jhsq;fs;> fjpNgjq;fs;

gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • yFtpd; [hjp Ngjq;fspdhy; 7 rg;j jhsq;fSk; 35

jhsq;fshd Kiwia tpsf;Fjy;.
• fjp Ngjj;jpdhy; 35 jhsq;fSk; 175 jhsq;fshfpa
Kiwia tpsf;Fjy;.
• 35 jhsq;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jjy;
• 175 jhsq;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jjy;
nraw;ghL 4.1.1 : fjp Ngjq;fspdhy; 175 jhsq;fshFk; Kiwia

tpsf;Fjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • fjpNgjq;fspdhy; 175 jhsq;fshFk; Kiw

• 175 jhsq;fspd; nkhj;j ml;ru vz;zpf;if.
ghlNtis : 05
ju cs;sPL : • 35 jhs ml;ltiz> fjpNgjq;fspdhy; 175 jhsq;fshFk;

Kiwia tpsf;Fk; ml;ltiz
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • 35 jhs ml;ltiziaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp yFtpd; [hjp

Ngjj;jpdhy; rg;j jhsq;fSk; 35 jhsq;fshFk; Kiw
gw;wp fye;Jiuahly;.
• fjp Ngjq;fspdhy; 175 jhsq;fshFk; Kiwiaf; fhl;Lk;

ml;ltiziaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.
• 35 jhsq;fSk; Ie;J tifahd fjpNgjq;fspdhy; 175

jhsq;fshFk; Kiwia ml;ltiz %yk; tpsf;Fjy;.
• fjp Ngjj;jpdhy; cUthFk; 175 jhsq;fspd; ml;ruq;

fis tpsf;Fjy;.

fw;gpf;fyhk;.)
86
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • [hjp Ngjj;jpdhy; 35 jhsq;fs; cz;lhFk; Kiwia
tpsf;Ftu;.
• fjp Ngjq;fspdhy; 175 jhsq;fshFk; Kiwia

tpsf;Ftu;.
• fjp Ngjj;jpdhy; tUk; 175 jhs ml;ruq;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLtu;.
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; : • Nguhrpupau;. gp. rhk;g%u;j;jp

- fu;dhlf ]q;fPj G];jfk; 3Mk; ghfk;
35 jhsq;fs; fjpNgjq;fspdhy; 175 jhsq;fshFk; Kiw
,irapy; Kf; f pakhf tpsq; F k; VOjhsq; f Sk; rg; j jhsq; f s; vd; W

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd
JUt jhsk; |O||
kl;ba jhsk; |O|
&gf jhsk; O|
[k;ig jhsk; | UO
jpupGil jhsk; |OO
mljhsk; ||OO
Vf jhsk; |
rg;jjhsq;fspYk; ,t; yF vd;Dk; mq;fk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. yFtpd; Ie;J [hjp

Ngjq;fspdhy; rg;j jhsq;fSk; tpuptile;J 35 jhsq;fshfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf
JUt jhsj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy;>
jp];u [hjp JUt jhsk; |3O | 3| 3

rJ];u [hjp JUt jhsk; |4O | 4| 4
fz;l [hjp JUt jhsk; |5O | 5| 5
kp];u [hjp JUt jhsk; |7O | 7| 7
rq;fPu;z [hjp JUt jhsk; |9O | 9| 9
vd khWjyilAk;. ,t;thNw VO jhsq;fSk; yFtpd; [hjp Ngjj;jhy; Kg;gj;ije;J

jhsq;fshf khWjyilfpd;wd.
87
,e;j Kg;gj;ije;J jhsq;fspy; xt;nthd;Wk; jp];ufjp> rJ];ufjp> fz;lfjp>
kp];ufjp> rq;fuP z
; fjp vd;Dk; gQ;rfjpNgjq;fspdhy; (35x5) 175 jhsq;fshfpd;wd.
rg;j jhsq;fspy; xt;nthd;Wk; [hjp Ngjq;fspdhYk; fjp Ngjq;fspdhYk; (5x5)

25 jhsq;fshfpd;wd. [hjpNgjk; yF vd;Dk; mq;fj;jpw;F khj;jpuNk cupaJ.
Mdhy; fjp NgjkhdJ jhsj;jpy; tUk; xt;nthU mq;fj;jpw;Fk; Vw;gl;ljhifahy;
j;Ujk;> mDj;Ujk; ,tw;wpd; ml;rufhyq;fSf;Fk; fjpNgjk; cz;L vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
35 jhsq;fspd; tpsf;fk;
rg;j jhsq;fSk; yFtpd; [hjp Ngjq;fspdhy; 35 jhsq;fshf cUthfpd;wd.
[hjpfs; mq;fk; nkhj;j ml;ruq;fs;
JUt jhsk; |O||
1. jp];u[hjp JUt jhsk; |3O | 3| 3 3 + 2 + 3 + 3 = 11

2. rJ];u[hjp JUt jhsk; |4O | 4| 4 4 + 2 + 4 + 4 = 14
3. fz;l[hjp JUt jhsk; |5O | 5| 5 5 + 2 + 5+ 5 = 17
4. kp];u[hjp JUt jhsk; |7O | 7| 7 7 + 2 + 7 + 7 = 23
5. rq;fPu;z[hjp JUt jhsk; |9O | 9| 9 9 + 2 + 9 + 9 = 29
kl;ba jhsk; |O|
6. jp];u[hjp kl;ba jhsk; |3O | 3 3+2+3 = 08

7. rJ];u[hjp kl;ba jhsk; |4O | 4 4+2+4 = 10
8. fz;l[hjp kl;ba jhsk; |5O | 5 5+2+5 = 12
9. kp];u[hjp kl;ba jhsk; |7O | 7 7+2+7 = 16
10. rq;fPu;z[hjp kl;ba jhsk; |9O | 9 9+2+9 = 20
&gf jhsk; O|
11. jp];u[hjp &gf jhsk; O| 3

2+3 = 05
12. rJ];u[hjp &gf jhsk; O| 4
2+4 = 06
13. fz;l[hjp &gf jhsk; O| 5
2+5 = 07
14. kp];u[hjp &gf jhsk; O| 7
2+7 = 09
15. rq;fPu;z[hjp &gf jhsk; O| 9
2+9 = 11
88
[k;ig jhsk; | UO
16. jp];u[hjp [k;ig jhsk; |3U O 3+1+2 = 06

17. rJ];u[hjp [k;ig jhsk; |4U O 4+1+ 2 = 07
18. fz;l[hjp [k;ig jhsk; |5U O 5+ 1+2 = 08
19. kp];u[hjp [k;ig jhsk; |7U O 7+1+2 = 10
20. rq;fPu;z[hjp [k;ig jhsk; |9U O 9+1+2 = 12
jpupGil jhsk; |OO
21. jp];u[hjp jpupGil jhsk; |3O O 3+2+2 = 07

22. rJ];u[hjp jpupGil jhsk; |4O O 4+2+ 2 = 08
23. fz;l[hjp jpupGil jhsk; |5O O 5+ 2+2 = 09
24. kp];u[hjp jpupGil jhsk; |7O O 7+2 +2 = 11
25. rq;fPu;z[hjp jpupGil jhsk; |9O O 9+2+2 = 13
mljhsk; ||OO
26. jp];u[hjp ml jhsk; |3 | 3 O O 3+3+2+2 = 10

27. rJ];u[hjp ml jhsk; |4 | 4 O O 4+3+2+2 = 12
28. fz;l[hjp ml jhsk; |5| 5O O 5+5+ 2+2 = 14
29. kp];u[hjp ml jhsk; |7 | 7O O 7+7+2+2 = 18
30. rq;fPu;z[hjp ml jhsk; |9| 9 O O 9+9+2+2 = 22
Vf jhsk; |
31. jp];u[hjp Vf jhsk; |3 03

32. rJ];u[hjp Vf jhsk; |4 04
33. fz;l[hjp Vf jhsk; |5 05
34. kp];u[hjp Vf jhsk; |7 07
35. rq;fPu;z[hjp Vf jhsk; |9 09
89
]g;j jhsq;fspy; xt;nthd;Wk; fjp Ngjq;fspdhy; 25 jhsq;fshFk; Kiwiag;
gpdt
; Uk; rf;fuk; fhl;Lfpdw
; J. ,q;F &gf jhsj;ij cjhuzkhf vLj;J tptupff
; g;
gl;bUf;fpwJ.
[hjp mq;fq;fSk;>Mtu;j; fjp Ngjk; fjp Ngj;jpdhy;

jdj;jpd; nkhj;j Vw;gLk; vz;zpf;ifapd;
m\u fhyq;fSk; nkhj;jk;
jp];u 5 x 3 = 15
jp];u O| 3 = 5 rJ];u 5 x 4 = 20
kp];u 5 x 5 = 25
fz;l 5 x 7 = 35
rq;fPu;z 5 x 9 = 45
jp];u 6 x 3 = 18
rJ];u O| 4 = 6 rJ];u 6 x 4 = 24
kp];u 6 x 5 = 30
fz;l 6 x 7 = 42
rq;fPu;z 6 x 9 = 54
jp];u 7 x 3 = 21
fz;l O| 5 = 7 rJ];u 7 x 4 = 28
fz;l 7 x 5 = 35
kp];u 7 x 7 = 49
rq;fPu;z 7 x 9 = 63
jp];u 9 x 3 = 27
kp];u O| 7 = 9 rJ];u 9 x 4 = 36
kp];u 9 x 5 = 45
fz;l 9 x 7 = 63
rq;fPu;z 9 x 9 = 81
jp];u 11 x 3 = 33
rq;fPu;z O| 9 = 11 rJ];u 11 x 4 = 44
fz;l 11 x 5 = 55
kp];u 11 x 7 = 77
rq;fPu;z 11 x 9 = 99
90
175 jhsq; f spd; tpsf; f k;
35 ]_shjp jhsq;fSk;> fjpNgjq;fspdhy; 175 jhsq;fshFk; Kiwiaf; fhl;Lk;

rf;fuk;.
fjpNgjj;jpdhy; tUk;
mÑufhyk;
nkhj; j vz;zpf;ifapd; nkhj;jk; jhsj; j pd;
jhsk; [hjp j;upr;u rJur;u fz;l kpr;u rq;fPu;z ,yf;fk;
fjp fjp fjp fjp fjp
1 jp];u 11 33 44 55 77 99 1 -5
2 rJ];u 14 42 56 70 98 126 6 - 10
JUt 3 fz;l 17 51 68 85 119 153 11 - 15
4 kp];u 23 69 92 115 161 207 16 - 20
5 rq;fPu;z 29 87 116 145 203 261 21 - 25
1 jp];u 8 24 32 40 56 72 26 - 30
2 rJ];u 10 30 40 50 70 90 31 -35
kl;ba 3 fz;l 12 36 48 60 84 108 36 - 40
4 kp];u 16 48 64 80 112 144 41 - 45
5 rq;fPu;z 20 60 80 100 140 180 46 - 50
1 jp];u 5 15 20 25 35 45 51 - 55
2 rJ];u 6 18 24 30 42 54 56 - 60
&gf 3 fz;l 7 21 28 35 49 63 61 - 65
4 kp];u 9 27 36 45 63 81 66 - 70
5 rq;fPu;z 11 33 44 55 77 99 71 - 75
1 jp];u 6 18 24 30 42 54 76 - 80
2 rJ];u 7 21 28 35 49 63 81 - 85
[k;g 3 fz;l 8 24 32 40 56 72 86 - 90
4 kp];u 10 30 40 50 70 90 91 - 95
5 rq;fPu;z 12 36 48 60 84 108 96 - 100
1 jp];u 7 21 28 35 49 63 101 - 105

2 rJ];u 8 24 32 40 56 72 106 - 110
jpupGil 3 fz;l 9 27 36 45 63 81 111-115
4 kp];u 11 33 44 55 77 99 116 - 120
5 rq;fPu;z 13 39 52 65 91 117 121 - 125
1 jp];u 10 30 40 50 70 90 126 - 130

2 rJ];u 12 36 48 60 84 108 131 - 135
ml 3 fz;l 14 42 56 70 98 126 136 - 140
4 kp];u 18 54 72 90 126 162 141 - 145
5 rq;fPu;z 22 66 88 110 154 198 146 - 150
1 jp];u 3 9 12 15 21 27 151 - 155

2 rJ];u 4 12 16 20 28 36 156 - 160
Vf 3 fz;l 5 15 20 25 35 45 161 - 165
4 kp];u 7 21 28 35 49 63 166 - 170
5 rq;fPu;z 9 27 36 45 63 81 171 - 175
91
gLj; J thu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.8 : fhJ> Fuy;tis> xyp> xypapd; myFfs; gw;wp mwpe;J
$Wthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • xyp> xyp miyfs;> mjpu;T> nrwpT> gz;G> RUjp>

cug;G Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Fjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • xyp> xyp miyfs;> mjpu;Tfs;> nrwpT> gz;G> RUjp>

cug;G
ghlNtis : 05
ju cs;sPL : • ths; myF> Kb> jhop> ,lg;ngau;r;rp tiuglk;
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • xypia tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;.
• xypapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis RUjp> nrwpT> gz;G gw;wp

tpsf;Fjy;.
• xyp miyfs;> mjpu;T> kPbwd;> xyp mstplg;gLk; myF

gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • nghUs;fspd; mjpu;tpdhy; xypcz;lhtijAk; xyp
rf;jpapd; xU tbtk; vd;gijAk; tiutpyf;fzg;
gLj;Jtu;.
• xypapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpsf;Ftu;.
• xyp miyfs;> mjpu;T kPbwd; gw;wp tptupg;gu;.
• xypapd; cug;G nlrpgy; vd;Dk; myfpy; mstplg;gL

tijf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; : • Mu;.Nf. tp];tehjd; - rq;fPj xypE}y; (Acoustics);
MrpupaUf; f hdit : • ,g;ghlj;jpidf; fw;gpg;gjw;Fk; Nkyjpf tpsf;fj;jp
idg; ngwTk; tpQ;Qhd Mrpupaupd; cjtpia
ehlyhk;.
khztUf; f hdit : • tpQ;Qhd Mrpupaupd; cjtpAld; Nkyjpf tpsf;fj;

jpidg; ngwyhk;.
92
xyp
mjpu;tpdhy; xyp cz;lhfpd;wJ. gpuhzpfspd; nrtpapdhy; czug;gLk; GyDzu;T

my;yJ rf;jpapd; xU tbtk; xypahFk;. nrtpg;GyDzu;it Vw;gLj;jf;$ba
miyTfSk; mjpu;T ,af;fKk; xypnad;W $wyhk;. xyp rf;jp> miytbtj;jpy;
flj;jg;gLfpdw; J. xyp CLflj;Jtjw;F Clfk; mtrpak;. xypapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfshd
RUjp> nrwpT> gz;G vd;gd xypiag; gpwg;gpj;jypy; gq;F nfhs;fpd;wd. mjpu;T
kPbwd; khWtjd; xOq;Ff;Nfw;gNt ];tuq;fs; mikAk;. cjhuzk;: ]upfkgjep];.
,d;dpir cz;lhtjw;Fk;> Rutupir kPbwd; khw;wNk fhuzk;. xOq;fw;w
mjpu;tpaf;fj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; xyp rj;jk; vdg;gLk;.
xyp CLflj;jg;gLtjpy; mjpu;T kPbwd;> cug;G vd;gd Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.

xypapd; cug;G nlrpgy; (Decible) vd;Dk; myfpy; xypkl;lkhdp (Sound Level
Meter) %yk; msf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
ths; myF xd;wpid mjpur; nra;J mjpu;T vd;why; vd;d vd;gij mwpayhk;.
o
A B
(m) mjpu;T vd;gJ 0 ->A->0->B->0 mjpu;T tl;lkhFk;.

(M) mjpu;Tf;fhyk; vd;gJ xU mjpu;T epfo vLf;Fk; fhyk; MFk;.
(,) mjpuT
; kPbwd; (Frequency) xyp xU nrf;fdpy; epfOk; mjpuT
; fspd; vz;zpfi
; f.
mjpu;T kPbwd; - mjpu;Tfspd; vz;zpf;if

Neuk;
myF - N`l;]; (Hz)
Fwpj;j xU fzj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; FWf;fiyapd; kpf cau;e;Js;s ,lq;fs; Kbfs;

MFk;. jho;e;Js;s ,lq;fs; jhopfs; vdg;gLk;.
93
xyp miyfs;
Jzpfi ; ffs;> KbfSk; jhopfSk; Vw;gLk; tifapy; mirTk; top miy vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzkhf Fsj;jpy; kPJ tPrg;gl;l jb tPrg;gl;l ,lj;jpNyNa NkYk; fPOk;
mirfpd;wnjd;gjid mDgtuPjpahf mwpayhk;. jb NkYk; fPOk; mirAk;
mNjNtis miyfs; KbfshfTk;> jhopfshfTk; ikaj;jpypUe;J fiuf;Fg;
gutpr; nry;tij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. miyfs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
FWf;fiy - Jzpf;iffs; xyp nry;Yk;

jpirf;F nrq;Fj;jhf mjpu;tjdhy; cz;lh
Fk; miy FWf;fiy MFk;.
nel; l hq; F miy - Jzpf; i ffs; xyp neUf;fk; Ijhf;fk;
nry;Yk; Clfj;jpd; jpirapNyNa mjpUjy;

gf
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
n f
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
nel;lhq;F miy vdg;gLk;.
ths; myF mjpUk;NghJ>

(1) 0 -> A ->0 f;F tUk;tiu eilngWk; ,lg;ngau;r;rp Kb
λβ
0 -> B -> 0 (jhop) vdTk; nfhz;L> ,lg;ngau;r;rp Neu tiugpid tiujy;
Kb ( )
< >
0
jhop
miyePsk; ( )
< >
xU miyapd; xj;j ,af;f ,U Gs;spfSf;F mjhtJ ,uz;L Kb my;yJ

,uz;L jhopfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l J}uk; miyePsk; ( ) vdg;gLk;.
xU Kb> xU jhop Nru;e;J xU KO miy vdg;gLk;.
(2) ,t;tifahd miytbtj;jpNyNa xyp CL flj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

(3) xU nrf;fdpy; Vw;gLk; mjpu;Tfspd; vz;zpf;if kPbwd; vdg;gLk;.
94
ths; myF mjpUk; NghJ xyp tspapD}lhf ek;fhij te;jilAk; Kiw
neUf;fk; Iikahf;fk;
tspj;Jzpf;iffs; xUKiw neUf;FjYf;Fk; Iikahf;FjYf;Fk; cs;shfpd;wd.
,t;thW Jzpf;iffs; mjpu;tjdhy; xyp CLflj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

neUf;fk; - Kb
Iikahf;fk; - jhop
,jw; f hd tiuG
,lg;ngau;r;rp
Jzpf;iffs; ,lg;ngau;r;rp fhuzkhfNt xyp CLflj;jg;gLfp;d;wJ. vdNt xyp

CLflj;jg;gLtjw;F Clfk; mtrpak;. jpz;kk;> jputk;> thA vd;gtw;wpD}lhf
xyp nry;Yk; ntw;wplj;jpD}lhf xyp nry;ykhl;lhJ.
xypapd; rpwg; g pay; G fs;
(1) RUjp - mjpu;T kPbwdpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.

mjpu;T kPbwd; mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ RUjp $Lk;.
cjhuzk;: Fapy; $Tk; - cau; RUjp
(2) cug;G - ,J tPr;rj;jpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. mjhtJ cug;G $ba xyp mjpf

J}uj;jpw;F CLflj;jg;gLjy; cjhuzk;; giw xyp> ehj];tu xyp ,jw;F
mjpf rf;jp Njit.
95
(3) gz;G - ,J xypaiyapd; tbtj;jpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
ntt;NtW ,irf;fUtpfspy; xNu Ruq;fs; xNu RUjpapy; ,irf;Fk; NghJk;>
fUtpfis NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhz cjTtJ miy tbtq;fs; NtWgLtjdh
NyNa MFk;.
kPbwd; $baJ. vdNt cau; RUjp

A
kPbwd; Fiwe;jJ. vdNt jho; RUjp
tPr;rk; $baJ. vdNt cug;Gf; $baJ.

B
tPrr
; k; Fiwe;jJ.vdNt cug;Gf; Fiwe;jJ.
xypapd; gz;G miytbtpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
miytbtj;Jf;F Vw;g gz;G NtWgLfpwJ.
miytbtq;fSf;Nfw;g gz;G NtWgLk;. ,uz;L miyfspYk; kPbwd;> tPr;rk;

vd;gd xd;whapUe;j NghjpYk; miy tbtk; NtWgLtjhy; xypapd; gz;G
NtWgLfpd;wJ. cjhuzk;; kpUjq;fk;> taypdpy; xNu RUjp> cug;G ,Ug;gpDk;
miytbtk; NtWgLtjhy; ,dkwpa KbfpwJ.
fhfk; fiujy; - jho; RUjp

tsu;e;j Mzpd; Fuy; - jho; RUjp
tsu;e;j ngz;zpd; Fuy; - cau; RUjp
miy tbtj;jpy; fhl;Ltjhapd;
jho; RUjp cau; RUjp
96
(4) nrwpT
Nksk; xd;iw Cd;wp mbf;Fk;NghJ ntsptUk; xypahdJ mjid nkJthfj;
jl;Lk;NghJ ntsptUk; xypiaf; fhl;bYk; cug;ghdJ. (nrwpthdJ)
xyp miy %yk; fhJf;Ff; nfhz;L tUk; rf;jpapd; mstpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. mjpf
msT rf;jpiaf; nfhz;L tUkhapd; mJ nrtpr; Rtiuf; fLikahf mjpur;
nra;Ak;. mg;NghJ xyp nrwpthdJ vdf; $wg;gLk;. xypapd; nrwpthdJ> xyp
Kjy; Vw;gLj;Jk; ,lg;ngau;r;rpapy; (tPr;rj;jpy;) jq;fpAs;sJ. $ba ,lg;ngau;r;rp
(tPr;rj;jpy;) Vw;gLj;jf;$ba Ntiy nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. xyp KjYf;F $ba
rf;jp toq;fg;gLtjdhy; xyp KjYk;> mjpf msT rf;jpia xyp miyf;F
toq;Fk;.
xyp Kjy; xd;wpypUe;J mg;ghw; nry;Yk;NghJ Nfl;Fk; nrwpT Fiwfpd;wiij

mwptPu;fs;.
gue;j gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J xyp miy nry;Yk;NghJ rf;jpAk; guTtjdhy; nrwpT

Fiwfpd;wJ. fpl;l ,Uf;Fk;NghJ cs;s xypr;rf;jpapd; msit tpl njiytpy;
xypr;rf;jp Fiwtjdhy; nrwpT FiwthdJ.
gz; G
ntt;NtW ,irf;fUtpfspd; xNu Ruq;fs; xNu RUjpapy; ,irf;Fk; NghJk;

fUtpfis NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
,jw;F ntt;NtW ,irf;fUtpfspy; mjid ,irf;Fk;NghJ cz;lhFk; mjpu;T

kPbwd; khwNy fhuzkhfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;: (m) taypd; (M) gpahNdh (,) Gy;yhq;foy; ,irf;fUtpfs; xNu

RUjpiaf;nfhz;l Rutupirnahd;W ,irf;fg;gLk;NghJ cz;lhFk; miytbtk;
(fNjhl; fjpu; miyTfhl;bapy; ngwg;gl;l glk;) jug;gLfpwJ.
gbKiw 4:
nrtpf;fpdpa xypfisr; Nru;g;gjhNyNa ,irapd; tpUj;jp Muk;gkhapw;W vd;W

ehk; fUjyhk;. nrtpf;fpdpa Ru tupiria mtw;wpd; kPbwd;fspy; xOq;Ff;Nfw;g
xOq;FgLj;Jtjd; %yk; ,irr; Rutup fpilf;Fk;.
97
mbg;gilr; Ruj;jpd; kPbwDf;Fk;> kw;iwa Ruq;fspd; kPbwDf;Fkpilna Fwpj;j
tpfpjj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
vOj;J r up f k g j ep r
kPbwd; 256 288 320 340 384 426 480 512
tpfpjk; 1 9/8 5/4 4/3 3/2 5/3 15/8 2
ghlfu; xUtupd; Fuy; xypia my;yJ ,irf;FUtp xd;wpd; xypia ahjhapDk;

Xu; xOq;fpd;gb ,irr; Rutupapd; NkNyAk;> fPNoAk; nfhz;L nry;tjw;F ,lk;
mspf;Fk; Ru cUtikg;ghdJ ,d;dpir vdg;gLk;.
98
Nju;r;rp 5.0 : `pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd;
mbg;gil mk;rq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : fu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,ir

fSf;fpilapyhd xw;Wik> Ntw;Wik gw;wpf; Fwpgg
; pLtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • fu;ehlf> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir Mfpa ,U ,ir

kuGfspd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.
• ,U ,ir tiffSf;FKs;s xw;Wik Ntw;Wikfis
tpsf;Fjy;.
• fu;ehlf ,irapy; `pe;J];jhdp ,irapd; nry;thf;
fpid kjpg;gpLjy;.
nraw;ghL 5.1.1 : fu;ehlf> `pe;J];jhdp ,irfspd; xw;Wik> Ntw;Wik

fis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • fu;ehlf> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir tiffspd; xw;Wik

Ntw;Wikfs;.
• ,uhfk;
• jhsk;
• cUg;gbtif
• fr;Nrup Kiw
• `pe;J];jhdp ,irapd; nry;thf;F
ghlNtis : 04
ju cs;sPL : • fu;ehlf ,ir xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xypg;gjpT

ehlh> xspg;gjpT ehlh> xypg;gjpTf; fUtpfs;.
• `pe;J];jhdp ,ir xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xypg;gjpT

ehlh> xspg;gjpT ehlh
• `pe;J];jhdp ,uhfq;fSf;F xg;ghd fu;ehlf

,uhfq;fs; nfhz;l ml;ltiz
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • fu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir Mfpa ,U ,ir

tiffspYk; tof;j;jpYs;s ,uhfk; xypg;gjpT nra;ag;
gl;l xypehlhit nrtpkLf;fr; nra;jy;.
• mt;tpuhfk; ghLk; Kiwapy; cs;s NtWghl;bidf;

fye;JiuahLjy;.
• ,U ,ir tiffspYk; cs;s nghJthd ,uhfq;fs;

gw;wp ml;ltizapd; cjtpAld; fye;JiuahLjy;.
99
• `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; 12 ];tu];jhdq;fSk; miof;
fg;gLk;; Kiwia tpsf;Fjy;.
• fu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir Mfpa ,U ,ir

tiffspYk; fr;Nrup nra;Ak; Kiwia xypgg
; jpT ehlh
%ykhfNth xspg;gjpT ehlh %ykhfNth tpsf;Fjy;.
• ,U ,irtiffspYk; toq;Fk; nghJthd cUg;gb

tiffis xypg;gjpT ehlhtpd; cjtpAld; tpsf;Fjy;.
cjhuzk;: juhdh - jpy;yhdh
f]y; - [htsp
• ,U ,irapYk; ifahsg;gLk; rq;fPj ypgp Kiwia

tpsf;Fjy;.
• fu;ehlf ,irapy; `pe;J];jhdp ,irapd; nry;thf;fp

idf; fye;Jiuahly;.
(fye;Jiuahly; Kiw> nra;Jfhl;ly; Kiw Nghd;w

fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wyhk;.)
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; 12 ];tu];jhdq;fSf;Fk; $wg;
gLk; ngau;fis tupirg;gLj;jpf; $Wtu;.
• fu;ehlf - `pe;J];jhdp ,irapd; xw;Wik Ntw;Wik

fis Muha;tu;.
• fu;ehlf ,irapy; `peJ

; ];jhdp ,irapd; nry;thf;fpid
kjpg;gpLtu;.
crhj; J iz : 1. Nguhrpupau;. P. rhk;g%u;j;jp

- South Indian Music Book VI
2. tp.v];. epfk;
- Musicology of Indian Music Part I & II
3. Njrpa fy;tp epWtf nkhbA+y;
fu;ehlf> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir Nkw;fj;jpa ,ir
MrpupaUf; f hdit : • `pe; J ]; j hdp ,ir mlq; f pa xyp> xspg; g jpT

ehlhf;fisf; Nfl;Lk;> ghu;j;Jk; `pe;J];jhdp ,ir
ghLk; Kiw gw; w pa mwptpid tpUj; j p nra; J
nfhs;syhk;.
• `pe; J ]; j hdp ,ir gw; w pa E}y; f s; thrpj; J >

`pe;J];jhdp ,ir gw;wpa mwptpid Nkk;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;syhk;.
100
khztUf; f hdit : • fu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir mlq;fpa xyp>
xspg;gjpT ehlhf;fisf; Nfl;gjd; %yKk; ghu;g;gjd;
%yKk; ,U ,ir tiffspd; jdpjj ; d;ikfis mwpeJ;
nfhs;syhk;.
• `pe;J];jhdp ,irf; fr;Nrupfis Neubahff; Nfl;gjd;

%yKk; njhiyf; f hl; r papy; `pe; J ]; j hdp ,ir
epfo;r;rpfisg; ghu;g;gjd; %yKk; `pe;J];jdp ,ir
gw;wpa mwptpid Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
fu; e hlf ,ir> `pe; J ]; j hdp ,irfspd;

xw; W ik> Ntw; W iffs;
gz;ila fhye;njhl;L fp.gp. 13Mk; E}w;whz;Ltiu ghuj ehnlq;Fk; fu;ehlf

,ir kuGjhd; tof;fpypUe;J te;jJ. tl ,e;jpahit Kfk;kjpau;fs; ifg;gw;wpa
gpdd
; u; ghurPf> mNugpa ,ir vd;gtw;wpd; fyg;gpdhy; tl ,e;jpahtpy; `peJ
; ];jhdp
,ir cUthfpaJ. Mdhy; njd; ,e;jpahtpy; gpw ,ir fyg;gw;w fu;ehl ,ir
tof;fpypUe;J tUfpd;wJ.
,t;tpU ,irtiffSk; xNu kuj;jpYs;s ,U fpisfs; Nghd;wd. ,tw;wpwf ; pilNa

xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfs; epiwa cz;L. fp.gp. 1309Mk; Mz;bw;Fk; fp.gp. 1312 Mk;
Mz;bw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ùpghyu; vd;gtuhy; vOjg;gl;l ~rq;fPj Rjhfu|
vd;w E}ypy;jhd; fu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir vd;w ,U gpupTfs; gw;wp
Kjd; Kiwahff; Fwpg;;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,uhfk;
fu;ehlf> `pe;J];jhdp ,irfSf;fhd mbg;gilj; jj;Jtk; xd;NwahdhYk;

ghLk; Kiwapy; mNef tpj;jpahrq;fs; cz;L. 7 ];tuq;fs;> 12 ];tu];jhdq;fs;>
22 RUjpfs;> thjp> ]k;thjp> tpthjp> mDthjp Mfpa tplaq;fs; ,t;tpU ,ir
Kiwikf;Fk; nghJthd mk;rq;fshFk;.
fu; e hlf ,irapy; 72 Nksfu; j ; j hf; f s; mbg; g ilahf ,Ug; g J Nghd; N w

`peJ ; ];jhdp ,irapy; 10 jhl;fs; mbg;gilahf mike;Js;sd. ,g;gj;J jhl;fSk;
mtw;wpw;F ,izahd fu;ehlf ,ir ,uhfq;fSk; tUkhW:
101
jhl; fu;ehlf ,irapy; toq;fg;gLk; ,uhfq;fSk;
mtw;wpw;Fupa Nksfu;j;jh ,yf;fq;fSk;.
1. igutp `DkNjhb (08)

2. igut; khahkhstnfsis (15)
3. Mrhtup eligutp (20)
4. fhgp fuùg;gpupah (22)
5. fkh[; ùpfhk;Ngh[p (28)
6. gpyhty; jPurq;fuhguzk; (29)
7. Njhb Rgge;Jtuhsp (45)
8. g+u;tp fhktu;j;jdp (51)
9. khu;th fkdr;uk (53)
10. akd; my;yJ fy;ahz; Nkrfy;ahzp (65)
fu;ehlf ,irapy; Muk;g mg;gpahr tupirfs; khahkhstnfsis ,uhfj;jpy;

fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; Kjyhtjhff; fw;gpf;fg;gLk; ,uhfk;
gpyhtyhFk;.
fu;ehlf ,irapy; cs;sJNghd;Nw `pe;J];jdp ,irapYk; ,uhfq;fs; xslt>

\hlt> rk;G+u;z vd;W ];tuq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; nfhz;L tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
xslt ,uhfk; - G+ghyp

\hlt ,uhfk; - khu;th> G+u;ah
]k;G+u;z ,uhfk; - akd;> gpyhty;
fhdfhyKiwf;Nfw;gTk; gUtfhyKiwf;Nfw;gTk; ,uhfq;fisg; ghLk;Kiw

fu;ehlf ,irapy; mUfp tUfpdw
; NghJk; `peJ
; ];jhdp ,irapy; ,k;Kiw ngupJk;
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk; :
gpufhuk; Neuk; ,uhfq; f s;
K.g 6 - K.g 9 c\hj;fhyk; fy;ahzp> gpyhty;
102
gUt fhyk; ,uhfk;
1. Nfhil igut;
2. khup Nkf;
3. ,iyAjpu; gQ;rk
4. Kd;gdp ehl;il ehuhaz
5. $jpu; =
6. tre;jk; tre;j;
NkYk; fu;ehlf ,irapy; cs;sJ Nghd;Nw `pe;J];jhdp ,irapYk; 7

];tuq;fSk; Nfhks jPtpu Ngjj;jpdhy; 12 ];tu];jhdq;fshfpd;wd. fu;ehlf
,irapy; cs;s 12 ];tu];jhdq;fspd; ngau;fSk; `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; cs;s
12 ];tu];jhdq;fspd; ngau;fSk; tUkhW:
fu;ehlf rq;fPjk; `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk;
1. ]l;[k; ]l;[k;
2. Rj;j up\gk; Nfhks up
3. rJ];Ujp up\gk; Rj;j up
4. rhjhuz fhe;jhuk; Nfhks f
5. me;ju fhe;jhuk; Rj;j f
6. Rj;jkj;jpkk; Rj;j k
7. gpujp kj;jpkk; jPt;u k
8. gQ;rkk; gQ;rk
9. Rj;j ijtjk; Nfhks j
10. rJ];Ujp ijtjk; Rj;j j
11. ifrpfp ep\hjk; Nfhks ep
12. fhfyp ep\hjk; Rj;j ep
`pe;J];jhdp ,uhfq;fSk; mtw;wpw;F xg;ghd fu;ehlf ,uhfq;fSk; tUkhW:
`pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk; fu;ehlf rq;fPjk;

1. = uhkg;gpupah
2. khy;nfs]; `pe;Njhsk;
3. gPk;gyh]p fu;ehlf Njtfhe;jhup
4. N[hfpah ]hNtup
5. ghNf= =uQ;rdp
103
6. Ju;fh Rj;jrhNtup
7. G+g; Nkhfdk;
8. [pQ;[{b nrQ;RUl;b
9. m`pu;igut; rf;futhfk;
10. iguhfp igut; Nutjp
11. G+ghyp Njhb g+ghsk;
12. jpyq; ehl
13. Nj\; Nfjhunfsis
14. kj;kj;rhuq; kj;jpakhtjp
15. n[a;n[a;te;jp jptp[hte;jp
16. fyhtjp tyrp
17. Rj;j fy;ahz; Nkhfd fy;ahzp
ke;ju];jhap> kj;jpa];jhap> jhu];jhap Mfpa %d;W ];jhapfSk; `pe;J];jhdp

,irapy; ke;ju]g;jf kj;a]g;jf> jhu]g;jf vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
jhsk;
fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpy; ifapdhy; jhsk; NghLtJ Nghd;W `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy;

ifapdhy; jhsk; NghLtJ ,y;iy. jNgyhtpy; thrpf;fg;gLk; Nlf;fhit ([jp)
xl;bNa ghLgtu; ghl Ntz;Lk;@ thj;jpak; thrpg;gtu; thrpf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt
`pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; jNgyh thrpg;G Kiw gw;wp ghlfUk;> thj;jpa thrpg;gtUk;
mwpe;jpUj;jy; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
cUg; g b tif
`pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; fu;ehlf ,irapy; cs;sJ Nghd;W ngUthupahd cUg;gb

tiffs; ,y;iy. `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; tof;fj;jpYs;s rpy cUg;gbfs;:
JUgj; (Dhrupad)
jkhu; (Dhamar)
fahy; (Khyal)
,yl;rzfPjk; (Lakshan Geet)
Jk;up (Thumri)
jhjuh (Dadra)
jg;gh (Tappa)
judh (Tarana)
g[d; (Bhajan)
f]y; (Gazal)
104
fu;ehlf ,irapy; mg;gpahr tupirfs; khahkhstnfsis ,uhfj;jpy; fw;gpff ; g;gL
tJ Nghy; `peJ
; ];jhdp ,irapy; xt;nthU ,uhfj;ijf; fw;gpff ; Kd;Gk; ~gylh];|
vd miof;fg;gLk; ];tu mg;gpahr tupirfs; fw;gpff
; g;gLfpdw
; d. fu;ehlf ,irapy;
rpy cUg;gbfspy; gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzk; Nghd;w mq;f NtWghLfs;
,Ug;gJNghd;W `pe;J];jhdp ,ir cUg;gbfspy; ];jhap - gy;ytp> me;juh -
mDgy;ytp Mfpa mq;f NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rpy cUg;gbfis fu;ehlf ,irapy; cs;s rpy cUg;gbfSf;F xg;gpl;Lf;

$wyhk;.
`pe;J];jhdp ,ir fu;ehlf ,ir
f]y; [htsp
Jk;up gjk;
juhdh jpy;yhdh
fr;Nrup Kiw
`pe;J];jhdp fr;Nrupapy; 2> 3 ,uhfq;fNs ghlg;gLfpd;wd. MapDk; fu;ehlf

rq;fPjj;jpy; - 3 kzp Neu fr;Nrupapy; 10 - 15 cUg;gbfs; ghlg;gLfpd;wd.
fu;ehlf rq;fPjf; fr;Nrupapd; Muk;gj;jpy; tu;zk;> gQ;ruj;d fPu;j;jid> Jupjfhy
fPu;j;jidfs; vd;gd fr;Nrup fis fl;Ltjw;fhfg; ghlg;gLfpd;wd. `pe;J];jhdp
fr;Nrup ngUk;ghYk; ,uhf MyhgidAlNdNa Muk;gkhfpd;wJ. ,uhfk; ghLk;
KiwapYk; ,U ,ir Kiwikf;Fk; NtWghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. `pe;J];jhdp
,irapy; Myhgid tp];jhukhf ePz;l Neuk; ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. ePz;l Neuk;
ke;ju];jhapapy; rQ;rhuk; nra;j gpdd
; Nu gbg;gbahf kj;jpa];jhap> Nky;]j ; hapapy;
rQ;rhuk; nra;tu;. fu;ehlf ,irapy; fkfq;fs;> gpUfhf;fs; vd;gd Kf;fpa
mk;rq;fshFk;. fkfk; vd;Dk; mk;rk; `pe ; J
; ];jhdp ,irapy; fhzg;gLfpdw; NghJk;
mit Vw;w[hU> ,wf;f [hU tifapyhd fkfq;fshFk;.
fu;ehlf ,irf;fr;Nrupapy; Xu; ,uhfj;jpy; Xu; cUg;gbNa ghlg;gLjy; tof;fkhFk;.

Mdhy; `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpy; Xu; ,uhfj;jpNyNa tpsk;gya cUg;gb> Jupj
ya cUg;gb vd;gd ghlg;gLfpd;wd. fu;ehlf rq;fPj tha;g;ghl;L fr;Nrupapy;
gf;fthj;jpakhf taypd;> kpUjq;fk;> flk;> Nkhu;rpq;> fQ;rpuh Nghd;w thj;jpaq;fs;
thrpff
; g;gLfpdw
; d. fr;Nrupapy; ,uhfk;> fpUjp> gy;ytp Kf;fpa gq;fpid tfpff
; pdw
; d.
gy;ytp ghba gpd; jdp Mtu;j;jdKk; gpujhd ,lk; tfpf;fpd;wJ.
105
vdpDk; `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; RUjpf;fhf ,U jk;Guhf;fSk; jhsj;jpw;fhf
jNgyhTk; khj;jpuNk thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. `pe;J];jhdp ,irf;fr;Nrupapy; jdp
Mtu;j;jdk; ,lk; ngWtjpy;iy. jw;NghJ fu;ehlf ,irapd; nry;thf;fpdhy;
`pe;J];jhdp ,irf; fr;NrupapYk; gf;fthj;jpakhf taypd; thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
`pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; fw;gdh];tuk; ghLk; Kiw kpff; FiwthFk;.
`pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; gytpj fuhdhf;fs; cz;L. (FUFy Kiwfs; cz;L)

xt;nthU fuhdhTk; xt;nthU ghzpiag; gpd;gw;Wtjhf mikfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;: fthypau;> Mf;uh> uhk;g+u;> ngdhu];
.
`pe;J];jhdp ,irapYk; jk;G+uh g]]] . vd;W RUjp $l;lg;gLfpd;wJ. MapDk;
taypd; RUjp $l;lg;gLk; Kiwapy; fu;ehlf rq;fj
P Kiwapdpd;Wk; NtWgLfpd;wJ.
`pe;J];jhdp taypdpy; je;jpfs; .g] g]
. vd RUjp $l;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
nry; t hf; F
]hk Ntjj;jpypUe;J Njhd;wpa `pe;J];jhdp> fu;ehlf rq;fPjk; ,uz;Lk; xd;wpy;

xd;W jk; nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;jpAs;sd. `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpypUe;J gy
,uhfq;fs; fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpy; jw;NghJ ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. mt;thW
`pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpypUe;J fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;F te;j ,uhfq;fisj; Njrpa
my;yJ `pe;J];jhdp vd;w milnkhopAld; miog;gu;. cjhuzkhf> Njrpa
fkh];> fhfyp ep\hjj;ij md;dpa ];tukhff; nfhz;lJ. 1870Mk; Mz;bw;Fg;
gpd;Ng fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpy; fhfyp ep\hjj;Jld; $ba fkh]; ,uhfk; tof;fj;jpy;
te;jJ. mjw;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; tho;ej ; thf;Nfafhuuhfpa jpahfuh[u;> Rthjpj;
jpUehs;; kfhuh[h> gj;uhry ,uhkjh]; MfpNahu; ,aw;wpa fkh]; ,uhf cUg;gbfs;
ifrpfp ep\hjj;ij khj;jpuk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;ld.
fu;ehlf rq;fPj;jpy; Kd;G tof;fpypUe;j fhgp ,uhfk; cghq;f ,uhfkhFk;.

Mdhy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; `pe;J];jdp rq;fPjj;jpd; nry;thf;fpdhy; `pe;J];jhdp fhgp
,uhfj;jpy; (fhfyp ep\hjk;> Rj;j ijtjk;> me;ju fhe;jhuk;) cUg;gbfs;
,aw;wg;gl;ld. `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpypUe;J fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;F te;j
]pe;Jigutp ,uhfj;jpy; ngUksT jpUg;Gfo;fs; ghlg;gLfpd;wd.
jhsk;
Njrhjp vd;Dk; jhsKk; `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpypUe;J fu;ehlf ,irf;F te;j

jhskhFk;.
106
cUg; g bfs;
fgPu;jh];> #u;jh];> kPuhgha; MfpNahuJ g[d;fSk; ,d;W fu;ehlf ,irf;

fr;Nrupapy; ,Wjpapy; ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. 12Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,aw;wg;gl;l
m\;lgjpfs; (`pe;J];jhdp> fu;ehlf rq;fPjk; vd;w gpupTf;F Kd;) fu;ehlf>
`pe;J];jhdp ,uhfq;fspy; njd;dpe;jpah vq;Fk; ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
fhyN\gk; nra;Ak; KiwAk; 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; kfhuh\;buf;fhuu;fshy;

jQ;rht+upy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gug;gg;gl;lJ.
Muk;gj;jpy; fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpy; Nfhks jPtpu Ngjj;Jf;F ngupa> rpd;d vd;w

gjq;fNs cgNahfj;jpy; ,Ue;jd. gpw;fhyj;jpy; `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpd;
nry;thf;fpdhy; Nfhks> jPtpu vd;w gjq;fs; fu;ehlf rq;fj
P j;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
thj;jpaf; fUtpfs;
`pe;J];jhdp thj;jpaf; fUtpahfpa ]huq;fp jpUney;Ntyp> njd;fhrp Nghd;w

Cu;fspYs;s Myaq;fspy; Njthuk; ghLk;NghJ gf;fthj;jpakhf njhd;Wnjhl;L
thrpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ];tu kz;lyp vd;Dk; thj;jpaKk; rpy Myaq;fspy;
thrpf;fg;gLfpJ. efuh vd;Dk; Njhw;fUtpAk;> rpy njd;dpe;jpa Myaq;fspy;
thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
]pjhu; thj;jpaj;jpy; thrpf;fg;gLk; kPl;L (mittu) [hjp thrpg;G Kiw tPiz

thrpf;Fk;NghJ jw;NghJ ifahsg;gLfpwJ.
jw;fhyj;jpy; nky;ypir> jpiu ,irfspy; `pe;J];jhdp thj;jpaf;fUtpfshd

]pjhu; > ]huq; f p> jNgyh Nghd; w thj; j paf; fUtpfs; ngUkstpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
`pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpypUe;J fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;F te;j ,uhfq;fs;

1. jptp[hte;jp
2. aKdh fy;ahzp
3. `kPu; fy;ahzp
4. fhgp
5. ng`hf;
6. ju;ghup fdlh
7. ghNf=
107
8. gPk;gyh]p
9. N;[hd;Gup
10. jpyq;
11. khz;l;
12. Nj\;
13. ]pe;Jigutp
Nghd;witahFk;. ,t; ,uhfq;fs; tl ,e;jpahtpypUe;J njd;dpe;jpahtpw;F

te;jNghjpYk; fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;Nf cupa Kiwapy; ,e;j ,uhfq;fs; ghlg;gl;L
tUfpd;wd.
tl ,e;jpahtpNy thuzhrp vd;Dk; jyj;jpy; Vwj;jho 5 tUlkhfj; jq;fpapUe;j

rq;fPj Kk;%u;j;jpfSs; xUtuhfpa jP\pju; `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpy; <LghL
nfhz; L jkJ fP u ; j ; j idfs; rpytw; i w `pe; J ]; j hdp ,uhfq; f spy;
,aw;wpaNjhly;yhky; `pe;J];jhdp JUgj; vd;Dk; cUg;gb tifapd; rhaiyAk;
jd; cUg;gbfspy; GFj;jpdhu;. mtuhy; ifahsg;gl;l `pe;J];jhdp ,uhfq;fSk;
fpUjpfSs; rpyTk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
,uhfk; fpUjpfs;
jptp[hte;jp Nrj=. mfpyhz;Nl];tup
Rgge;Jtuhsp =]j;aehuhazk;
aKdhfy;ahzp ee;jNfhghy
,tUila fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng gu];> gp`hf;> fhgp> ]huq;fh> MNgup Nghd;w

`pe;J];jhdp ,uhfq;fs; njd; ,e;jpahtpy; gpugy;akhapd vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
jpahfuh[ RthkpfSk; `peJ; ];jhdp ,uhfq;fshfpa `peJ; ];jhd; fhgp>> Rj;jNj]p
i]e;jtp> [pq;fyh Nghd;w ,uhfq;fspy; fpUjpfis ,aw;wpAs;shu;.
jw;NghJ [{fy;ge;jp vd;Dk; GjpaKiw gpugy;akhfp tUfpd;wJ. mjhtJ ,U

rq;fPjq;fspw;Fk; nghJthd ,uhfj;jpid ,U ,ir tpj;Jthd;fSk; (jj;jk;
,irf;Fupa gf;fthj;jpaj;Jld;) xNu Nkilapy; khwp khwpg; ghLjy;. ,k;Kiwapy;
,U rq;fj P q;fisAk; xNu Nkilapy; xNu Neuj;jpy; Nfl;L ,urpjJ
; mtw;wpwf
; pilNa
cs; s NtWghl; i l mwpe; J nfhs; s tha; g ; g spj; j NghjpYk; ,U ,ir
tpj;Jthd;fSk; rpy fl;Lg;ghLfSlNdNa ghlNth> thj;jpaj;jpy; thrpf;fNth
KbAk;.
108
gy `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPj tpj;Jthd;fs; njd;dpe;jpau;fNs. cjhuzkhf ky;ypfh
mu;[{d;> kd;#d;>> fq;Fgha; fq;fy;> gPk;rd; N[h\p> Fkhu;fe;ju;t;> y\;;kp \q;fu;>
nfsjk;> vd;. uh[k;> vk;.v];. Nfhghy fpU\;zd; vd;Nghuhtu;. Mdhy; `peJ ; ];jhdp
,irf; fiyQu;fs; fu;ehlf ,iriaf; fw;gJ kpfTk; FiwT.
,jw;Fupa fhuzq;fs;
1. fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpy; tof;fpypUf;Fk; ngUk; vz;zpf;ifahd ,uhfq;fs;.
2. gytpj rpf;fyhd jhsq;fs;.
3. Nfhbf;fzf;fhd cUg;gbfSk;> gytpjkhd cUg;gb tiffSk;.
4. fu;ehlf ,irapYs;s El;gkhd fkfq;fs;
17Mk;> 18Mk;> 19Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; jQ;rhT+u;> jpUtde;jGuk;> ik#u; Nghd;w

rk]; j hdq; f spNy gy `pe; J ]; j hdp ,irf; f iyQu; f Sk; muz; k id
tpj;Jthd;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. ,t; ,irf;fiyQu;fspd; ,irf; fr;Nrupfis
muritapy; Nfl;l fu;elf rq;fPj tpj;Jthd;fs; `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpy; cs;s
rpwe;j mk;rq;fis jk; rq;fPjj;jpy; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.
jP\pju; Nghd;Nw ];thjpj;jpUehs; k`huh[hTk; jkJ rpy cUg;gbfspy;

`pe;J];jhdp fyg;ig Vw;gLj;jpAs;shu;.
cjhuzk; :
];ku[;df - ng`hf;
tp];Nt];tU - ]pe;Jigutp
fPjJdpF - jdh=
fhq;Nfat]djhuh- `kPu;fy;ahzp
109
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : `peJ

; ];jhdp ,irapd; gpugy;akhd jhsq;fs;. thj;jpaf;
fUtpfs; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ]Nuhl;> ]pjhu; Mfpa ,U ,irf;fUtpfspd;

mikg;ig tpsf;Fjy;.
• thrpf;Fk; Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
• ,t;thj;jpak; thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;ak; ngw;w tpj;Jthd;
fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
nraw;ghL 5.1.1 : `pe;J];jhdp thj;jpaf;fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • ]Nuhl;> ]pjhu; Mfpa thj;jpaf; fUtpfspd; mikg;G>

thrpf;Fk;Kiw> tpj;Jthd;fs;
ghlNtis : 04 - ]Nuhl; - 02 ghlNtisfs;

]pjhu; - 02 ghlNtisfs;
ju cs;sPL : • ]Nuhl; thj;jpaj;jpd; glk;/]Nuhl; thj;jpak;

• ]pjhu; thj;jpaj;jpd; glk;/]pjhu; thj;jpak;
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; tof;fj;jpypUf;Fk; thj;jpaf;

fUtpfs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• ]Nuhl;> ]pjhu; thj;jpaq;fis my;yJ mtw;wpd;

glq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> mtw;wpd; mikg;G> thrpf;Fk;
Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
• `peJ
; ];jhdp rq;fj
P j;jpy; ,t;thj;jpaq;fspd; gq;F gw;wpf;
$Wjy;.
(mtjhdpg;G> fye;Jiuahly;> tpupTiu Kiwfspy;

fw;gpf;fyhk;.)
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • ]Nuhl;> ]pjhu; Mfpa thj;jpaq;fspd; mikg;gpid
tpsf;Ftu;.
• ,t;thj;jpaq;fisf; ifahSk; Kiw gw;wpf; Fwpgg

; pLtu;.
• `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; ,t;thj;jpaq;fspd; gq;fpid

kjpg;gpLtu;.
crhj; J iz : 1. PAGE C.E - Musical Instruments

2. Krishnaswamy - Instruments of India
110
MrpupaUf; f hdit : • `peJ

; ];jhdp ,irf;fUtpfs; gw;wpa E}y;fis thrpjJ
;
jk; mwptpid Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
khztUf; f hdit : • ]Nuhl; thj; j pak; gw; w pa E}y; f s; > rQ; r piffs; >
,izaj;jsq;fspD}lhfj; jfty;fisg; ngw;W mwpit
Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.
111
]Nuhl;
`pe;J];jhdp rq;fPj ,irkugpy; kpfTk; gpugy;akhd euk;Gf;fUtpfspy; xd;W

]Nuhl; MFk;. ughg; vd;Dk; fUtpapypUe;Nj ,f;fUtp Njhd;wpajhf ek;gg;gLfpdw
; J.
kuj;jpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l ,t;thj;jpak; 3 - 3 1/2 mb ePskhdJ. ]Nuhby; vy;yhkhf
6 je;jpfs; cz;L. RUjpf;fhfTk; jhsj;jpw;fhfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rpf;fhup
vd;Dk; je;jpAk; ,j;je;jpfSs; xd;whFk;.
vy;yhj; je;jpfSk; cNyhfj;jhy; Mdit. ,j;je;jpfs; gpuilfspy; Rw;wg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
]Nuhl;by; 11 - 12 mDjhgj; je;jpfs; cz;L. ,j;je;jpfs; ehjj;ijf; $l;Ltjw;fhf

mike;Js;sd. ,t;thj;jpaj;ij tyJ ifapy; nespapdhYk; (Plectrum) ,lJ
ifapdhy; je;jpfis epWj;jpAk; thrpg;gu;.
Myhg;> N[hl;> [yh> kPd;l; Nghd;w gytpjkhd

,ir KiwfisAk; ,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; thrpf;ff;
$bajhf cs;sJ. ]Nuhl; jdpahf thrpff ; f;$ba
thj;jpakhFk;. MapDk; ,t;thj;jpaj;jpd; ehjj;jpd;
jd; i kapdhYk; kw; i wa thj; j paq; f Sld;
,t; t hj; j paj; j pd; ehjk; kpfTk; ,yFthfr;
Nru;tjdhYk; jw;fhyj;jpy; ,t;thj;jpak; ,e;jpa
gy;ypa ,irapy; Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpf;fpd;wJ.
]`hg; mg;Jy;yh fhd; vd;gtuhy; ,t;thj;jpak;

tq; f hsj; j py; mwpKfg; g Lj; j g; g l; L ,d; W
tq;fhsj;jpNy ,t;thj;jpak; gpugy;akhfp cs;sJ.
my; mf;gu;fhd;> mk;[j; mypfhd;> my;yhTjPdf ; hd;>
Gj;jNjt; jh];Fg;jh> uh[Pt;jhuehj; Nghd;Nwhu;
]Nuhl; thj;jpak; thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akhdtu;fs;.
112
]pjhu;
tl ,e;jpahtpNy tof;fj;jpypUf;Fk; kpfg; gpugy;akhd euk;Gf; fUtp ]pjhu;

MFk;. 13Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j mkpu;F];U ]pjhu; vd;Dk; thj;jpaj;ijf;
fz;L gpbj;jjhf gy Mz;L fhykhf $wg;gLfpd;wJ. MapDk;> 18Mk; E}w;whz;L
tiu ]pjhu; vd;Dk; thj;jpak; gw;wp vq;Fk; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.
Set vd;why; ghurPf nkhopapy; %d;W vdg; nghUs;gLk;. MfNt> %d;W je;jpfis
cila thj;jpak; N]-jhu; vd miof;fg;gl;L gpd;G ]pjhu; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
20 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; NRu;e;j Dr. Mrhu;a Njt gpuf];gjp (Dr.Acharya Dev
Brahaspathi) ]pjhu; F];Nuh fhd; (Khusro Khan) vd;gtuhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ
vd typAWj;Jfpwhu;.
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; tPiziag; Nghd;W tl ,e;jpahtpy; ]pjhu; kpfTk; gpugy;akhd

thj;jpakhFk;. ]pjhupy; nkl;Lfs; cs;s gyif 3 mb ePsKk; 3 mq;Fy
mfyKk; cs;sjhFk;. Nkw;gug;G nkd;ikahd kuj;jpdhyhdJ. nts;spapdhYk;>
gpj;jisapdhYk; Md 16 - 22 nkl;Lfs; ,g;gyifapy; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
jw;Nghija ]pjhupy; 7 je;jpfs; thrpf;Fk; je;jpfs; MFk;. 11 my;yJ 12

mDjhgj; je;jpfs; ,e;j VO je;jpfspd; fPo; rkhe;jukhfg; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
,t; mDjhgj; je;jpfs; ve;j Nksk; thrpff
; g;glg; Nghfpdw
; Njh me;j ];tuq;fSf;F
RUjp $l;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
fk;gpapdhyhd (kp];uhg;) nespia tyJ ifapd; Rl;Ltpuypy; (Fore finger) Nghl;L

]pjhu; thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ]pjhu; %d;W tifg;gLk;.
1. rpwpa msthd ]pjhu; (Small size)
2. eLj;ju msthd ]pjhu; (Medium size)
3. ngupa msthd ]pjhu; (Large size)
113
,uz;L tpjkhd thrpg;G Kiwfs; ,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tpU
thrpgG; KiwfSk; ,k;Kiwfisg; gpugy;ag;gLj;jpa ,ir tpwg ; d;du;fshd ky;]j P ;
fhd;> uh]h fhd; ngau;fspNyNa miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ky;]Pj; fhdpd; thrpg;G
Kiw tpsk;g yaj;jpwF ; k; uh]hfhdpd; thrpgG
; Jupj yaj;jpwF ; k; gpugy;akhdjhFk;.
]pjhu; thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;ak; ngw;wtu;fs; k];]pj;fhd; (Masit Khan)> uh]h fhd;
(Raza Khan)> u`pk; nrd; (Rahim Sen)> mk;upj; nrd; (Amirt Sen)> ep`y; nrd; (Nihal
Sen)> tpyahl;fhd; (Vilayat Khan)> gz;bl; utprq;fu; (Pandit Ravishankar)> mg;Jy;
fyPk; [thu; (Abdul Halim Jaffar) MfpNahuhthu;.
114
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : ,ir tsu;r;rpf;F thf;Nfafhuu;fs; Mw;wpa
gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;gpLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 : fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpa thf;Nfafhuu;

fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwAk;> ,irj;njhz;ilAk;
kjpg;gpLthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • rhuq;fNjtu;> Ntq;flkfp> N\j;uf;Qu; MfpNahupd;

tho;f;if tuyhw;wpid tpsf;Fjy;.
• Nkw;FwpjN
; jhu; ,irf;fhw;wpa njhz;bid kjpgg
; pLjy;.
nraw;ghL 5.1.1 : thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwAk;> ,irj;

njhz;bidAk; tpsf;Fjy;
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • rhuq;fNjtu;> Ntq;flkfp> N\j;uf;Qu; MfpNahupd;

tho;f;if> tuyhW> njhz;L
ghlNtis : 04 - rhuq;fNjtu; - 01 ghlNtis

Ntq;flkfp - 01 ghlNtis
N\j;uf;Qu; - 02 ghlNtis
ju cs;sPL : • thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; tuyhW> ,irj;njhz;Lfs; mlq;fpa

Fwpg;Gfs;.
• thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; glq;fs;
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;Jf;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpa Fwpg;gpl;l thf;

Nfa fhuu;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwr; RUf;fkhff;
Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• mtu;fspd; ,irj;njhz;Lfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
• mtu;fs; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• thf;Nfafhuu;fs; ,aw;wpa cUg;gbfis ghbf;fhl;L

tjd; %yk; cUg;gbfs;> Kj;jpiufs; Mfpatw;iw
,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; tho;fi
; f tuyhw;iwr; RUf;fkhff;
$Wtu;.
• mtu;fspd; ,irg;gzpfis kjpg;gpLtu;.
crhj; J iz : • lhf;lu;. gp.b. nry;yj;Jiu

- njd;df ,irapay;
• lhf;lu;. gf;fpuprhkp ghujp
- ,e;jpa ,irf;fUT+yk;
115
MrpupaUf; f hdit : • Fwpg;gpl;l thf;NfafhuuJ tho;f;if tuyhW> ,irj;

njhz;Lfs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;> fl;Liufs; mlq;fpa
rQ;rpiffisj; Njbg; ngw;Wk;> mtu;fsJ ,irj;
njhz; L fs; gw; w pa Ma; T fs; > fUj; j uq; F fisr;
nrtpkLg;gjhYk; jk;ik Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
rhuq;f Njtu;
,tu; 13Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;ej

; tu;. fh\;kuP py; nrl;byNjtu; vd;gtUf;F kfdhfg;
gpwe;jhu;. ,sikapNyNa rk];fpUjk; Ntjk;> ,ir Mfpatw;iwf; fw;Wj; Nju;ej ; hu;.
,tu; tl ehl;by; njsyhjhghj; Njtfpup vd;Dk; ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; ,uh[rigapd;
rk];jhd tpj;Jthdhf ,Ue;jhu;. rhuq;f Njtu;> rq;fPj uj;dhfuk; vd;Dk; ,ir
E}iyAk; mj;ahj;k tpNtfk; vd;w Ntjhe;j E}iyAk; ,aw;wpAs;shu;.
rq;fPj uj;dhfuk; VO mj;jpahaq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,jid rg;j jpahap vd;gu;.

Kjy; MW mj;jpahaq;fSk; rq;fPjj;ijAk; 7MtJ mj;jpahak; eldj;ijAk;
gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wJ. 7 mj;jpahaq;fspd; ngau;fs; KiwNa gpd;tUkhW.
1. ];tu fl jpahah
2. uhftpNghj jpahah
3. gpfpu;z fjpahah
4. gpuge;j jpahah
5. jhs jpahah
6. thj;a jpahah
7. eu;j;jd mjpahah
KjyhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; ];tuq;fspd; jd;ik gw;wpAk; gpuf;Ujp> tpfU

; jp ];tuq;fs;
Nfhks jPtpu Ngjq;fs;> mtw;wpd; jd;ikfs;> 22 ];Ujpfs; Mfpad gw;wpAk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t; mj;jpahaj;jpd; njhlf;fj;jpy; kq;fs RNyhfj;jpy; jdJ
FLk;g tplaq;fisf; $wpAs;shu;.
,uz;lhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; Nksgj;jjpapypUe;J mf;fhyj;jpy; tof;fj;jpypUe;J

te;j ,uhfq;fspd; jd;ik gw;wpAk; ghLk; Kiw gw;wpAk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy;
264 ,uhf yl;rzq;fSk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mj;Jld; ~Njthu tu;j;j eP| vd;w
gz; KiwAk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdhNyNa ,J uhftpNghj mj;jpahak;
vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
116
%d;whtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; mf;fhyj;jpy; tho;eJ
; te;j thf;Nfafhuu; tpj;Jthd;fs;
gw;wpAk; Nkilf; fr;Nrup Mw;Wk; Kiw kw;Wk; ghlfUf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba
Fzhjpraq;fs; gw;wpAk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ehd;fhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; cUg;gb tiffSk; mtw;wpd; ,yf;fzq;fSk;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ mf;fhyj;jpy; toq;fp te;j gpuge;j tiffs;> fpuhk
%u;r;rid> [hjpfs; mq;fq;fs; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Ie;jhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; #shjp jhsk;> 108 jhsq;fs;> jhsk; NghLk; Kiw

MfpadTk; khu;f;f Njrpa jhsq;fSk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
MwhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; tof;fpy; ,Ue;j te;j thj;jpaq;fspd; mikg;Gg; gw;wpAk;

mit nra;ag;gLk; tpjk; gw;wpAk; RUjp Nru;f;Fk; tpjk; gw;wpAk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mj;Jld; myq;fhuq;fs;> tu;zq;fs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F tiutpyf;fzq;fSk; ];jhap>
MNuhfp> mtNuhfp vd;gd gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
VohtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; ehl;baj;jpd; mikg;G Kiw> muq;Nfw;wj;jpd; nghOJ

ifahsg;gLk; xOq;F Kiwfs;> Mil myq;fhu Kiwfs; vd;gtw;Wld;
ngz;fSf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba ,yl;rzq;fSk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,d;Dk; rhuq;f Njtu; Njthuq;fisf; fw;Wzu;e;J> mg;gz;fs; rpytw;wpd;

,yf;fzq;fisj; jkJ E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. rq;fPjj;ijf; fPjk; thj;ak;>
epUj;jpak; vdg;gpupj;Js;shu;. gujUila ehl;ba rh];jpuj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s
tplaq;fisr; rq;fPj uj;dhfuj;jpy; njspthf ntspapl;Ls;shu;.
117
Ntq; f lkfp
Ntq;flkfp jQ;rht+upy; Nfhtpe;j jPl;rpju; (1544 - 1626) ehfk;khs; jk;gjpau;f;F

kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. ,tuJ ,aw;ngau; ntq;fNl];tu jPl;rpju; vd;gjhFk;. ,tu;
,sikapNyNa njYq;F> rk];fpUjk;> jkpo; Mfpa nkhopfisf; fw;Wj; Nju;ej ; hu;.
Muk;gfhy ,iriaj; jdJ %j;j rNfhjud; af;Q ehuhaz jPl;rpjuplKk;>
gpd;du; tlehl;L tpj;Jthdhfpa jhdg;ghrhupaplKk; gapd;whu;. tp[auhft ehaf;fu;
(1635 - 1773) kd;ddpd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f fp.gp. 1660 ,y; rJu;j;jz;bg;
gpufhrpif vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpdhu;. rJu;j;jz;b vd;why; ehd;F jz;bfs;
vd;W nghUs;gLk;. mjhtJ Xu; ,uhfj;jpd; tbtj;ij KOikahf mwptjw;F
ehd;F rhjdq;fshfpa fPjk;> Myhgk;> lhak;> gpuge;jk; vd;gitfspd; tpsf;fj;ijf;
$Wk; E}y; vdg; nghUs;gLk;. ,e;E}ypy; tPiz> RUjp> ];tuk;> Nksk;> uhfk;>
Myhgid> lhak;> fPjk;> gpuge;jk;> jhsk; Mfpa 10 jiyg;Gfspy; jkJ ,irf;
fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;Ffpd;whu;.
(1)tPiz - tPizf;Fupa ,yl;rzq;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
(2)RUjp - ,j; jiyg;gpy; guju; kjq;fu; MfpNahu; $wpa 22 RUjpfs;> Rj;j

tpfU
; jp ];tuq;fs;> xslt \hlt ,uhfq;fs; gw;wpf; $wg;gLfpdw
; J.
(3) ];tuk; - Rj;j tpf;Ujp ];tuq;fs;> fpuhkk;> %u;r;ridfs;> Rj;j jhd $l

jhdq;fs;> myq;fhuq;fs;> fkfq;fs;> thjp> rk;thjp> tpthjp>
mDthjp Mfpatw;wpd; ,yl;rzq;fs; ,j;jiyg;gpDs; mlq;F
fpd;wd.
(4) Nksk; - G+u;tNksq;fshfpa 18 Nksq;fSk;> xt;nthU Nksj;Jf;Fk; 22

RUjpfspd; ep&gzq;fSk;> Rj;jtpf;Ujp ];tuq;fisf; nfhz;L
jd;dhy; tFf;fg;gl;l 72 Nksq;fSk; Nkw;fz;l Rj;j tpf;Ujp
];tuq;fis mwpAk; nghUl;Lk;> Nks gpu];jhuk; rpj;jpf;Fk;
nghUl;Lk; Vw;gLj;jpa u> up> U Kjypa ,yf;fzq;fSk; $wg;gL
fpd;wd.
(5) ,uhfk; - ,uhfk; > mk; r k; Kjypa 10 ,yl; r zq; f Sk; mtw; w pw; F
mf;fhyj;jpy; xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,uhfk;> epahrk;> mk;rq;fNshL
$ba ,yl;rzq;fSk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
(6) Myhgk; - Maj;jk;> vLg;G> Kf;jhap ,yl;rzq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
118
(7) lhak; - cj;fpufk;> kfuzp Kjypa ,yl;rzq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
(8) fPjk; - rhsf Milapd; ,yl;rzq;fSk; Nkw;gb #shjp khu;f;fq;fshd

7 jhsq;fspy; nra;ag;gl;l fPjq;fSf;F cj;fpuhfk;> MNghfk;
Mfpa ,yl;rzq;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
(9) gpuge;jk; - cj;fpuhfk; Kjyhd 4 jhJ;fs;> ];tuk;> gpUjk;> gjk;> njd;dfk;>

ghlk;> jhsk; Mfpa 6 mq;fq;fs;> Nkjpdp [hjp> Mde;jpdp [hjp>
jPgpdp> ghtpdp> jhuhtsp Mfpa [hjpfs; gpuge;jg; gpuptpidfs;
Mfpatw;wpd; ,yl;rzq;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
(10) jhsk; - jhsj;jpw;Fupa ,yl;rzq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
,tNu uhfhq;f> cghq;f> gh\hq;f ,uhfq;fSf;F RNyhf &gkhf ,yl;rzq;fSk;>

fPjk; tbtpy; ,yl;rpaq;fSk; nra;jpUf;fpd;whu;. n[aNjtupd; m\;lgjpfisg;
NghyNt jpUth&upy; vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; jpahfuh[ Rthkpiag; gw;wp 24
m\;lgjpfis ,aw;wpAs;shu;. ,tu; vOjpAs;s uhfhq;f ,yl;rz fPjq;fs; gy
uhfq;fspd; rupj;jpuq;fisf; fz;lwpa cgNahfkhf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,tu; Gue;ju
jh]upd; khahkhstnfsis> ,uhfj;ijf; nfhz;L> ,uhkhkhj;aiug; gpd;gw;wp
72 Nksfu;j;jhf;fis jk; E}ypy; tpsf;Ffpd;whu;. Mdhy; mtw;wpw;Fg; ngau;
nfhLf;ftpy;iy. tof;fj;jpypUe;j 19 Nksq;fSld; 53 Nksq;fisr; Nru;j;J
nkhj;jk; 72 Nksq;fshf mjpy; tpsf;f Kw;gLfpd;whu;.
,tu; gy fPu;j;jidfisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shu;. Nfhtpe;jkfp> ehjhk;gpfh Rj

ntq;flhj;tup> Nfhtpe;jhj;tup> Ntq;fl itj;jpa ehju; vd;gd ,tuJ Kj;jpiufs;.
,tuJ fPu;j;jidfis ];tujhsf; Fwpg;Gld; Rg;guhk jPl;rpju; jdJ rq;fPj
rk;gpujhag; gpuju;rpdpapy; ntspapl;Ls;shu;.
119
N\j; u f; Q u; (17Mk; E}w; w hz; L )
N\j;uf;Qu; fpU\;zh khtl;lj;jpy; Kt;tGup vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; 17Mk; E}w;whz;by;

tho;ej
; hu;. ,tUila ,aw;ngau; tuja;ah vd;gjhFk;. rpW tajpNyNa ,irapYk;
ghly; ,aw;WtjpYk; ,tu; Gyik ngw;wpUe;jhu;.
gjk; vd; D k; cUg; g b tifapd; rpw; g p N\j; u f; Q uhthu; . 4200 gjq; f is

,aw;wpAs;sjhf mtNu jk; ghly; xd;wpy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. Mdhy; ,g;NghJ
ekf;Ff; fpilj;jpUg;gJ 332 gjq;fspd; rhfpj;jpaKk;> mtw;Ws; 128 gjq;fSf;Fupa
,irg;gFjpAkhFk;. kJugf;jp vd;gJ ,tuJ gjq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; tpNrl
mk;rkhFk;. rpUq;fhu ,aypy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW czu;r;rpfSf;F Vw;w gy;NtW
gjq;fisg; gilj;jpUf;fpwhu;.
,tuJ Kj;jpiu ~Kt;tNfhghy|| vd;gjhFk;. mtuJ gjq;fspy; ,k;Kj;jpiu

ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ. N\j;juf;Qupd; gjq;fshy; fu;ehlf ,ir tsk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
,tuJ Kjy; gjk; Mde;j igutp ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j ~~=gjp rJthupfp| vd;gjhFk;.
,tu; ifahz;Ls;s mg+u;t ,uhfq;fs; Mfpup> fz;lh> ire;jtp> fu;ehlf fhgp>
nfsup> rhke;jk;> etNuh[; KjypaitahFk;.
,tu; gjq;fspy; ,uhfj;jpd; tbtk; vLj;j vLg;gpNyNa ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Xu;

,uhfk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; czu;r;rpiaj; njupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;why;> me;j
,uhfj;jpYs;s N\j;uf;Qu; gjj;ijf; fw;gJ kpfTk; gad;;jUk;. mtw;wpy; El;gkhd
RUjpfSk; ,dpikahd fkfq;fSk; epiwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
N\j;uf;Qu;> kJiu jpUkNye;jpuh kd;dd; Kd;dpiyapy; 2000 gjq;fisAk;>

jQ;rht+u; mr;Rj tp[auhft kd;dd; Kd;dpiyapy; 1200 gjq;fisAk; Nfhy;
nfhz;lh ethgpd; Kd;dpiyapy; 1200 gjq;fisAk; ghbajhf mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
gjk; xU ehl;ba ,ir tifNa MFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,tw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; ,irr;

rpwg;gpd; fhuzkhf tha;g;ghl;Lf; fr;NrupfspYk; thj;jpa ,irf; fr;NrupfspYk;
ifahsg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. fhk;Ngh[p ,uhfj;jpYs;s ~~ghytpdNt|| vd;w gjKk;>
rq;fuhguzj;jpYs;s ~~vt;tNl xghkh|| vd;w gjKk;> rhNtup ,uhfj;jpYs;s
~~VNkh njypaJ|| vd;w gjKk;> cNrdp ,uhfj;jpYs;s ~mypfpNj|| vd;w gjKk;
N\j;uf;Qupd; gjq;fspy; rpwg;G tha;e;jitahFk;.
jQ;ir tp[auhft ehaf;f kd;du; rigapy; jq;fpapUe;jNghJ mtu; Ngupy; uh[

Kj;jpiuAld; tp[auhft gQ;ruj;dk; vd;Dk; 5 gjq;fis ,aw;wpdhu;.
120
N\j;uf;Qu; gjq;fs; rpytw;wpy; ~~Nfhghy|| vd;w thu;j;ij kl;Lk; Kj;jpiuahf
cs;sJ.
kj;jpakhtjpapYs;s ,tuJ gjnkhd;wpy; ~Kt;tGupjhKL| vd;w Kj;jpiuiaf;

ifahz;Ls;shu;.
,tu; gy N\j;jpuq;fSf;F N\j;uhldk; nra;j fhuzj;jpdhy; N\j;uf;Qu; vd

miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
rpUq;fhu rh];jpuj;jpd; yl;rzq;fSf;F ,tuJ gjq;fs; rpwg;ghd yl;rpa

tbtq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.
121
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapYk; ,e;jpah
tpYk; gpugy;akhd fu;ehlf ,irf;fiyQu;fs;
gw;wp kjpg;gpLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1 : ,yq;ifapy; gpugy;akhd ,irf;fiyQu;fs; gw;wp

tpsf;Ftu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ,yq;ifapd; gpugy;ak; ngw;w ,irf;fiyQu;fspd;

tho;f;if tuyhw;iw tptupj;jy;.
• mtu;fs; ,irf;fhw;wpa njhz;bid kjpg;gpLjy;.
nraw;ghL 5.1.1 : 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; gpugy;akhd ,irf;

fiyQu;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • ,irg; Gytu; vd;. rz;Kfuj;jpdk;> msntl;b jtpy;

jÑzh%u;jj ; p> Fg;gpshd; v];. nry;yj;Jiu(gz;zpir)
• gpwe;j Mz;L
• jha;> je;ij ngau;
• FLk;gg; gpd;dzp
• fy;tp epiy
• ,irf;fy;tp> FU
• gpugy;akhd Jiw
• Mw;wpa Nritfs;
(fr;Nrupfs;> kd;wq;fs;> E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;>
rp\;au;fs;> Vidait)
• gl;lq;fs;
ghlNtis : 04
ju cs;sPL : • ,irf; fiyQu;fspd; glq;fs;.

• ,irf; fiyQu;fspd; fr;Nrupfs; mlq;fpa xypg;gjpT
ehlh my;yJ ,Wtl;L.
• xypg;gjpTf; fUtp
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • ,irf;fiyQu;fspd; glq;fisf; fhl;rpgg; Lj;jpAk; mtu;

fspd; ,irf; fr;Nrupfis xypgg
; jpTf; fUtpapy; xypff
; r;
nra;Jk; ,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.
(ngau;> gpugy;akhd Jiw)
• ,irf;fiyQu;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw tpsf;fpf;

$Wjy;. (Njhw;wk;> FLk;gg; gpd;dzp> fy;tp> ,irg;
gapw;rp)
• mtu;fs; ,irf;fiy tsu;r;rpf;F Mw;wpa njhz;bid

tpsf;fpf; $Wjy;.
(fye;Jiuahly; Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wyhk;.)
122
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • ,irf;fiyQu;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw vOJtu;.
• mtu;fspd; ,irg;gzpfis tpsf;Ftu;.
crhj; J iz : • gpuk;k= m.eh. Nrhk];fe;jru;kh

- ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; <oj;J ,irKd;Ndhbfs;
MrpupaUf; f hdit : • <oj;J ,irf; fiyQu;fs; vd;gjdhy;> mt; ,ir

fiyQu;fSila FLk;gj;jpdu;> mtu;fisr; rhu;e;jtu;
fsplk; jfty; f isg; ngWtjd; %yKk; ,irf;
fiyQu;fs; gw;wp ntsptUk; rQ;rpiffs; kw;Wk; E}y;
fis thrpg;gjd; %yKk; ,irf;fiyQu;fs; gw;wpa
Nkyjpf tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngwyhk;.
khztUf; f hdit : • rQ;rpiffs; mt;tg;NghJ ntsptUk; ,yq;if ,irf;

fiyQu; gw;wpa E}y;fs; Kjypatw;iw thrpg;gjd;
%yKk; ,irf; fiyQu; f isr; rhu; e ; j tu; f Sld;
fye;JiuahLtjd; %yKk; mtu;fs; gw;wpa Nkyjpf
tpsf;fj;ijg; ngwyhk;.
,irg;Gytu; vd;. rz;Kfuj;jpdk;
,tu; aho;gg
; hzj;J cLtpiyg; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;ltu;. ,tUf;Fr; rpW tajpNyNa
,ir Mu;tk; ,Ue;jJ. mjdhy; ,tupd; ghl;ldhu; VohtJ tajpNyNa ,tiu
,e;jpahtpw;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W jpUney;Ntyp ùpNfr ey;Y}u; Kj;ijah
ghftjuplk; tha;g;ghl;L ,ir fw;fTk; [kPe;jhu; ghlrhiyapy; fy;tp gapyTk;
Vw;ghL nra;jhu;. ,f;fhyj;jpNy Re;ju ghtjuplk; gf;jp ,irg; ghly;fisAk;
XusT fw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. kPz;Lk; ,yq;iff;F te;J aho; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}upapy;
rpNu\;l tFg;G tiu fy;tp gapdW
; nfhz;Nl jkJ ,irf; fy;tpiaAk; njhlu;ej ; hu;.
,tu; jkpo;ehL mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk; nrd;W ~~rq;fPj G+\zk;|| gl;lg;

gbg;ig Nkw;nfhz;L Kjyhk; juj;jpy; rpj;jp mile;jJld; ,irf;fhd jq;fg;
gjf;fj;ijAk; ngw;Wr; rhjid Gupe;jhu;. ,ir Nky; nfhz;l Mu;tj;jpdhy;
jz;lhAj jPÑpju;> nghd;idah gps;is> ilfu; tujhr;rhupau;> jpUg;ghk;Guk;
Rthkpehj gps;is> rpj;J}u; Rg;gpukzpa gps;is Mfpa ,ir Nkijfsplk;
jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; ,ir EZf;fq;fs; gytw;iwAk; fw;whu;. jpUr;rp thndhypf;
fiyQu; MfTk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;L gy Mz;Lfshf ,ir epfo;r;rpfs; gy
nra;Js;shu;.
123
,tu; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; guNk];tuhf; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzf; fy;Y}up> gz;lj;jupg;G
kfspu; fy; Y }up Mfpatw; w pYk; kl; l f; f sg; G rpthde; j hf; fy; Y }upapYk;
,irahrpupauhf ,Ue;J khztu;fSf;F ,irf; fy;tpiag; Nghjpj;jhu;.
,yq;if xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; Kjyhe;ju ,irf; fiyQuhf ,irauq;F

epfo;r;rpia mspj;J te;jhu;. mj;Jld; thndhypapy; ,irg; gapw;rp> gz;zpirg;
gapw;rp Mfpa khjpup tFg;Gfis epfo;j;jpAs;shu;. ~~ehjk;|| vd;w khj ,jio
rpy Mz;Lfshf ntspapl;lhu;. rpq;fg;g+u;> kNyrpah thndhypapYk; mNef
,irauq;Ffs; epfo;j;jpAs;shu;.
,tupd; rhuPu tsj;jpid ntz;fyf; Fuy; vd ,urpfu;fs; tpku;rpj;Js;sdu;.

,tu; kpUjq;fk; thrpg;gjpYk; XusT jpwikAs;stu;. kUjdh klj;jpYs;s
fiyauq;fj;ij mikg;gjw;F ,tNu Kd;dpd;W ghLgl;L cioj;jtu;.
,tUila gpsi ; sfs; mWtu;. mtu;fSs; %j;j kfd; rz;Kf uhftd; je;ijaplNk
,ir gapd;W je;ijahUld; ,ize;J gy fr;Nrupfs; nra;Jk; te;Js;shu;.
,isa kfd; gpuztehjd; je;ijahuplk; kpUjq;fk; gapd;W gpd;du; ~~rq;fPj
,uj;jpdk;|| gl;lk; ngw;Wj; je;ijahupd; ,irauq;Ffspy; kpUjq;fk; thrpj;Jg;
ghuhl;Lg; ngw;Ws;shu;.
rz;Kfuj;jpdk; mtu;fs; ,uhkehjd; Ez;fiyf; fofj;jpd; ,Wjpg; guPli

; rfSf;Fk;>
tl ,yq;if rq;fj P rigapd; ,ir> kpUjq;fk; Mfpa guPli; rfSf;Fk; Nju;thsuhf
flikahw;wpAk;> rq;fj
P rigapd; eput
; hf mq;fj;jtuhf tpsq;fpAk; fiyr; Nritfs;
gy Gupe;Js;shu;. ,tupd; gzpiag; ghuhl;b ,tUf;F rq;fPj uj;jpdk;> fhd
tpj;jpahg+\zk;> ,irg;Gytu;> ,irr; rf;futu;j;jp> ,ir khkzp> ,ir Nte;ju;>
fiyr; Rlu;> fhdthupjp> Vopirf; Fuprpy; Nghd;w tpUJfis gy ,ir epWtdq;fs;
toq;fpAs;sd. ,irj;Jiwf;Fg; ngUik Njbj; je;j ,yq;ifaUs; ,tu;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftuhthu;.
124
msntl; b jtpy; j
jÑÑzh%u; j ; j p
aho;g;ghzj;J ,Ztpy; vd;Dk; Cupy; gpugy jtpy; tpj;Jthd; tp];typq;fk;>

,uj;jpdk; jk;gjpapdUf;F Gj;jpuuhf 1933Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhu;. ,tUf;F ngw;Nwhu;
Qhdgz;bjd; vd;w ngaiuNa Kjypy; itj;jhu;fs;. gpdd ; u; ,tiu jl;rzh%u;jj; p
vd;W miof;f Muk;gpj;jdu;. ,g;ngau; jhd; ,tiuf; fiy tho;tpy; ed;F
gpujpgypf;fr; nra;jJ.
,tu; jdJ MwhtJ tajpy; je;ijahuplk; jtpy; gapwr ; pia Muk;gpjJ; > aho;gg
; hzk;
tz;iz fhkhl;rp Re;juk; vd;gtuplk; tpupthfTk;> EZf;fkhfTk; gapd;W nrhw;g
fhyj;jpy; muq;Ffspy; thrpj;J te;jhu;. ,tuJ jtpy; thrpg;G> ahtUk; gpukpf;Fk;
gbahdjhfTk;> ehj RfKs;sjhfTk;> yaEl;gq;fs; epiwe;jjhfTk; ,Ue;J te;jJ.
,e;jpag; ngUq; fiyQuhd ehr;rpahu; Nfhtpy; uhft; gps;isaplk; NkYk; ya
rk;ge;jkhd EZf;fq;fis gapd;W mtUld; jtpy; thrpf;Fk; Ngw;iwg; ngw;whu;.
njhlu;e;J ,e;jpa ehj];tu tpj;Jthd;fshd fhiuf; Fwpr;rp mUzhryk;> N\f;
rpd;d nksyhdh> ehkfpupg; Ngl;il fpU\;zd;> up.vd;. uh[uj;jpdk; gps;is
Nghd;wtu;fSf;F mNef fr;Nrupfspy; thrpj;Jg; ghuhl;Lk;> jq;fg; gjf;fq;fSk;
ngw;whu;. <oj;jpYk;> gp.v];. MWKfk; gps;is> vk;.gQ;rhgpNfru;> jpUehTf;fuR
MfpNahUf;Fk; ehj];tuk; thrpj;jJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,tuJ jpUkzk; 1957 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;wJ. kidtp ngau; kNdhd;kzp

gps;isfs; Itu;. ,tu;fspy; ,Utu; jtpy; gapd;whu;fs;. cjarq;fu; vd;gtu;
je;ij topapNyNa jtpy; gapd;W jw;nghOJ jtpy; thrpg;gjpy; tpsq;fp tUgtu;.
kw;wtu; Qhd rq;fu;> jl;rzh%u;j;jp mtu;fl;F nrd;idapy; ~~jq;ff; NfhGuk;||
guprhff; fpilj;jJ. jpUthtLJiw uh[uj;jpdk; gps;is mtu;fspd; epidT
tpohtpy; jq;fj;jhyhd jtpw; Nflak; toq;fg;gl;lJ. tho;ehspy; gpd;gFjpia
,e;jpahtpNy nrytpl;lhu;. vOgJfspy; ,yq;if te;J 13.03.1975 ,y; ,aw;if
va;jpdhu;.
125
Fg;gpshd; v];. nry;yj;Jiu (gz;zpir)
,tu; <oj;J aho;g;ghzj;jpd; tlghy; Fg;gpshd; vd;Dk; Cupy; jq;fKj;J

jk;gjpfSf;Fg; Gjy;tuhf 1909 Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhu;. ,tuJ je;ijahu; kpUjq;f
fiyQuhtu;. ,tuJ FLk;gk; ,irf; FLk;gk;> nry;yj;Jiuapd; %j;j rNfhjuu;
mg;ghf;Fl;b vd;gtUk; ,irapy; rpwe;jtu;.
,tu; ,sikapy; fy;tpg; gbg;Gld; ,irapYk; Mu;tk; fhl;bdhu;. mf;fhyj;jpy;

jpUthtLJiw MjPdj;jpy; gz;zpir fw;Wf; nfhz;;ltuhd rq;fhid ehfypq;f
Rthkpfsplk; gz;zpir gapd;W jpUitahW Njthug; ghlrhiyapy; Njthu
,ir gapd;whu;.
mj;Jld; mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ,ir gapd;W gl;lk; ngw;whu;. ,ir

tpw;gd;du;fsplk; ,ir Qhdj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J nfhz;lhu;. ,jd; gadhf
mq;NfNa gy jpUj;jyq;fspYk;> irtrpj;jhe;j khehLfspYk; ,ir muq;F
epfo;r;rpfs; gyTk; nra;jhu;. NkYk; J}j;Jf;Fbapy; eilngw;w jpUKiw tpohtpy;
gz;zpiriag; gf;f thj;jpaq;fSld; toq;fpdhu;. ,q;F ,tUf;F ~~,ir ty;yhu;||
vd;w gl;lKk; jq;fg; gjf;fKk; fpilj;jd.
<oj;jpYk; gy fhykhf gz;zpir NritAk; fjhfhyNÑgKk; nra;J te;Js;shu;.

,yq;if thndhypapYk;> gy fhyk; epfo;r;rpfs; nra;J te;jhu;. irtrka
rk;ge;jkhd ehlfq;fisj; jahupj;Jk; ghj;jpuNkw;Wk; ebj;Js;shu;. ,tUf;F
,f;fhyj;jpy; jpUkzk; eilngw;W ,U Mz;fSk;> ehd;F ngz;fSk; thupRfshfg;
gpwe;jdu;. vy;yhUNk gz;zpirapy; rpwe;jtu;fs;. ,tUf;F ~~gz;zpirthzu;||
vd;Dk; gl;lk; mspf;fg;ngw;wJ.
,tu; gz;zpir> fjhfhyl;Nrgk; vd;gd epfo;jj

; p ,irr; Nrit GupeJ
; k; ,j;Jiwapy;
thupRfis cUthf;fpAk; <oj;jpw;Fg; ngUik Njbj; je;Js;shu;. jpUg;Gfopy;
gy;NtWgl;l El;gq;fis jhsq;fspy; ntspg;gLj;jpa ngUik ,tUf;FupaJ.
1968 rptuhj;jpup jpdj;jd;W ,iwtdb Nru;e;jhu;.
126
jtiz 2
127

; pfspd; jdpjJ
; tkhd mk;rq;fis

tpku;rpg;ghu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • Nkw;Fwpjj

; thj;jpaq;fspd; jdpjJ
; tkhd mk;rq;fis
,dq;fhzy;.
• ,urpj;j tplaq;fis tpku;rpj;jy;
nraw;ghL 1.1.1 : thj;jpa ,irapd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis ,dq;

fz;L> ,urpj;J tpku;rpj;jy;. (jtpy;> jNgyh> fQ;rpuh>
flk;. Kfu;rpq;> rf;]Nghd;> nkd;lypd;> fpshupndl;)
ghl cs;slf;fk; : jtpy;> jNgyh> fQ;rpuh> flk;> Kfu;rpq;> rf;]Nghd;>

nkd;lypd;> fpshupndl; Mfpa thj;jpa ,irfspd;
jdpj; J tkhd mk; r q; f is ,dq; f z; L > ,urpj; J
tpku;rpj;jy;.
jtpy; - kq;fs thj;jpakhfpa ehj];tuj;jpwF ; upa jhs
thj;jpakhf gad;gLfpd;wik.
jNgyh - `pe;J];jhdp ,irf;fr;Nrupapy; gpujhd jhs
thj;jpakhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik.
fQ;rpuh- fu;ehlf ,irf; fr;Nrupfspy; cgjhs thj;jpa
khfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik.
flk; - fu;ehlf ,irf;fr;Nrupfspy; cgjhs thj;jpa
kz;zpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lik.
Kfu;rpq;- fu;ehlf ,irf;fr;Nrupfspy; cgjhs thj;jpa
cNyhfj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lik.
rf;]Nghd; - Jisf;fUtpahfpa ,J Nkiyj;Nja ,ir
apy; gpujhd thj;jpakhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gL
fpd;wik.
jw;fhyj;jpy; ,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; fu;ehlf ,irAk;
thrpf;fg;;gLfpd;wik.
nkd;lypd; - euk;Gf;fUtpahd nkd;lypd; Nkiyj;Nja
,irapy; gpujhd thj;jpakhfg; gad;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;wik.
fu;ehlf ,irAk; thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wik.
fpsupndl; - Jisf;fUtpahd fpshupndl; Nkiyj;Nja
,irapy; gpujhd thj;jpakhfg; gad;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;wik.
jw;fhyj;jpy; ,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; fu;ehlf ,ir
Ak; thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wik.
128
ghlNtis : 03
ju cs;sPL : thj;jpa ,irfs; xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xypg;gjpT

ehlh> xypg;gjpTf;fUtp thj;jpaq;fspd; glq;fs;.
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • thj;jpaq;fspd; glq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> mit

njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahb rpwpa tpsf;fk; mspj;jy;.
• Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l thj;jpaq;fspd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;

fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;
jtpy; - ehj];tuj;jpw;Fupa jhs thj;jpak;
jNgyh - `pe;J];jhdp ,irapd; jhs thj;jpak;
fQ;rpuh - cg jhs thj;jpak;
flk; - kz;zpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l cg jhs thj;jpak;
Kfu;rpq; - cNyhfj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gl;l cgjhs
thj;jpak;
rf;]Nghd; - Jisf;fUtp - Nkiyj;Nja ,irf;fUtp
nkd;lypd; - euk;Gf;fUtp - Nkiyj;Nja ,irf;fUtp
fpshupndl; - Jisf;fUtp - Nkiyj;Nja ,irf;fUtp
• thj;jpa ,irfs; mlq;fpa xypg;gjpT elhf;fisg;

Nghl;Lf;fhl;b> mtw;wpd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fis
khztu; ,dq;fhz cjTjy;.
• thj;jpaq;fspd; ,irapy; khztu; ,urpj;j tplaq;fs;

njhlu;ghf tpku;rpf;Fk;gb khztiu topg;gLj;jy;.
(fye;Jiuahly; Kiwapy; fw;gpf;fyhk;.)
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • gy;NtW thj;jpa ,irfSs; Nkw;$wpa thj;jpaq;fspd;
,iria ,dq;fz;L $Wtu;.
• mtw;wpd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.
• mtw;iw ,urpj;J> tpku;rpf;Fk; jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jtu;.
crhj; J iz : • thj;jpa ,irfs; xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xypg;gjpT

ehlhf;fs;> ,Wtl;Lf;fs;
khztUf; f hdit: • Nkw;Fwpgg ; pll

; thj;jpaq;fspd; ,iriaf; Nfl;L ,urpjJ
;
tpku;rpf;Fk; jpwid Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.
129
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : Ra Mf;fq;fisj; jahupj;J mspg;ghu;.
fw;ww; NgW : • jhk; jahupj;j nghUl;fisf;nfhz;L Fwpg;gpl;l

Neuj;jpy; fz;fhl;rpapid elhj;Jjy;.
nraw;ghL 2.1.1 : ,ir njhlu;ghd fz;fhl;rpapid elhj;Jjy;
ghl cs;slf;fk; : ,ir njhlu;ghd fz;fhl;rp

• jahupj;jy;
• xOq;Fnra;jy;
• mKy;gLj;jy;
• kPs;Nehf;fy;
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPL : fhl;rpg;nghUl;fs;
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • khztu; jahupj;j fhl;rpg;nghUl;fisr; Nrfupj;jy;.
• nghUj;jkhd tplaq;fspd; fPo; mtw;iw tifg;gLj;J

khW khztiu topg;gLj;jy;.
• nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; fhl;rpgn

; ghUl;fis fz;fhl;rpfF
;
Vw;w tifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;j cjTjy;.
• Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; gpujk mjpjpapd; jiyikapy;

fz;fhl;rpia elhj;Jjy;.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • fhl;rpg;nghUl;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tplaq;fspd; fPo;
tifg;gLj;Jtu;.
• mtw;iw fz;fhl;rpf;F Vw;w tifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtu;.
• gpujk mjpjpapd; jiyikapy;> Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy;

fz;fhl;rpia elhj;Jtu;.
• eilngw;w fz;fhl;rp gw;wp kPsha;T nra;tu;.
130
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • tu;zk; mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mtNuhf

zj;ijg; ghLjy;
• mljhsj;jpid rupahfg; NghLjy;
• mljhs tu;zj;jpid KOikahfg; ghLjy;
• ,Ufhyq;fspYk; tu;zj;jpidg; ghLjy;
nraw;ghL 3.1.1 : mljhs tu;zj;jpid ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • neuek;kp - fhdlh ,uhfk;
ghlNtis : 20
ju cs;sPL : • RUjpg;ngl;b my;yJ jk;Guh

• mljhs tu;zk;> ];tu]hfpj;akhf vOjg;gl;l
ml;il
• fhdlh ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz> mtNuhfz tiuglk;
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • mljhs tu;zk; vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf; fhl;rpg;

gLj;jp tu;zj;jpd; mikg;gpid khztUld;
fye;JiuahLjy;.
• tu; z k; mike; J s; s ,uhfj; j pd; MNuhfz>

mtNuhfzq;fisg; ghbf; fhl;Ljy;.
• mljhsk; NghLk; Kiwiaf; fw;gpj;jy;.
• tu;zj;jpid KOikahfg; ghbf; fhl;Ljy;.
• tu;zj;jpd; G+u;thq;f cj;juhq;fg; gFjpfis gFjp

gFjpahff; fw;gpj;jy;
• MrpupaUk; khztUk; Nru;e;J ghLjy;.
• khztu; FOthfTk; jdpahfTk; tu;zj;jpid jhsj;

Jld; KOikahfg; ghLjy;.
131
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • mljhs tu;zj;jpd; mikg;gpid tpsf;Ftu;.
• tu;zk; mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mt

Nuhfzq;fisg; ghbf; fhl;Ltu;.
• tu;zj;ij ,uhfjhsj;Jld; ,Ufhyq;fspy; ghLtu;.
crhj; J iz : • mljhs tu;zq;fs; ghlg;gl;l NtW xypg;gjpT ehlh>

,Wtl;L
MrpupaUf; f hdit: • fhdlh ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j cUg;gbfs;> fhdlh

,uhf Myhgidfis xyp> xsp ehlhf;fs; %yNkh>
NeubahfNth Nfl;gjd; %yk; Fwpg;gpl;l ,uhfj;jpy;
jkf; F s; s Qhdj; i j NkYk; tpUj; j p nra; J
nfhs;syhk;.
khztUf; f hdit: • fhdlh ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j ];tu ]Q;rhuq;fs;>

cUg;gbfs; gytw;iw Mrpupau; cjtpAld; fw;Wj;
jkJ ,uhf Qhdj;ij Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
132
jhd tu;zk; - neuek;kp
,uhfk; : fhdlh jhsk; : ml

M : ]upfkjhep];;
mt : ];ep];jhgkgfhkup] }22 MtJ Nksj;jpd; [d;ak;
,aw;wpatu;: ,uhkehjGuk; =dpth]a;aq;fhu;.
gy; y tp
15 15 0 0
hh
@ @ @ @ uPupgfhfh fkup] /
neuek;- kp. . .
]epup]
. uP @ fkupup ]epepup];
. . eP] / jh>
. ep. ]upfh />epjj gk - jg //
jp. . . . . d. . . . a;ah . . . ep. .f; f. . . . K . . . . f .
kfhk up]ep].
. upfkghj . kjgkfk/
. ep . D. . . eP . .u. [. . . .
up]upeP] . upfkgkjep]; ghepkgf / kjep]; up];epup / ];epgep. jgkg //
e. . a . d. . . . ep. . U. g.k . . . . . ]{. .e; j. . u . . . .
fhfk up]ep]
. /
f . . u. . .
mDgy; y tp
]hjg jh@ jh@ /
kU . dp . . .
kjep]; epepjg kgjep jjgk jgjk /jgfh kjhj / kjjep. ];epgk/

/
fd;. . . . . . d. . . . . . = . . . .dp . th.. ]... Nj. . .

. .
fkjep ];h @ / ];ep];h uPf;]; upep];up
. . . . t . kh . . d .. K. . .
. . hh . . . .
up];upg; / f;hf;h fk;up]; . ep];epup ];upepup /];epgk fkjep /];upep ];hepgk/
/
Njh... e. . d;D. . fh. . gh . . L. l. . . fp.Nj. ] . . k. ah.
epjgk / fkup] /
K. . . uh . .
133
Kf;jhap];tuk;
upfkj> epgj kgkf /
> kupep. ]uP] . upfkj gkgf kup]ep

. / gep]up
.. fkgk / jep];gh> epkg /
. .
fkjep ];h@ ];ep];up> up];upg;f;hk/
. . . .
up];ep]; > up];ep gkfk kjjep ep];];up / h
f;h> up ];epgh/> up];up ep];gep //
kgfk up]ep]
. (neu)
ruzk;
@ @ @ ];h];h ];epup]; gh @ /
];. u ]_. . . l .
.
kgjep jjgk jgkj gkgf >kup] /upeP. ] upfkj / ep];upep ];h> up /
epd;. . Nd. . ]. .j. j. K. . . . nfh. . dp... ah. . . L . R
];epgk fkjep //
.d;d. . D. .uh
. .
1) uP @ @ ];h @ eP uP];h eP];h /
h @ @ kh / uP]h @ uP
gh @ @ khgheP jhgh khgh / fh //
fhkh jheP // (]u)
2) jhepg jgkg kfkep jhepg kfkup /

.
]upfk jhep]; gjgep jgfk jhep]; / upep];ep gkfk / jhep]; upf;k;up //
];epgk fkjep // (]u)
3) ];up];ep ];];epg . epjgj ggkf kupfk /
gfkup ]up]ep
. ]epgk
. .gep]up
. fkup] / upfkj ep];upf; / k;up];]; epgkf //
kup]up fkjep // (]u)
.
4) ];h>ep up];epg > kepj gfhk up]upep /
]h @ @ .ep] upfkup ]upfk jep];up / ];eP];. gepgk / > gkf kjhep //
];ghep jepgj kgkf kupfk jep];up /

h .
f;f;hk; up];epup > ];epg ffhk up]upf/ kjep]; upf;k;up / ];epgup ];epgk //
fkupf fkjep // (]u)

134
fw;ww; NgW : • Fwpg;gpl;l fPu;j;jidia RUjp> ,uhf jhsj;Jld;

ghLjy;
nraw;ghL 3.1.1 : kj;jpk fhyf; fPu;j;jidia ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • kj;jpkfhyf; fPu;j;jid - 01
ghlNtis : 05
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • kj;jpkfhyf; fPu;j;jidiaf; fw;gpg;gjw;F jtiz 1

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk ; ,y; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fw;gpj;jy; KiwiaAk; fzpg;
gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L KiwiaAk; gpd;gw;wyhk;. kj;jpk
fhyf; fPuj
; j
; idfs; Ie;jpwF
; khd ];tu jhsf; FwpgG;
fs; jtiz 1,y; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
135
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • [htsp mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mtNuhf

zj;ijg; ghLjy;.
• [htspapid RUjp> ,uhf> jhs> ghtj;Jld; ghLjy;.
nraw;ghL 3.1.2 : [htspia ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • NtfePT - RUl;b uhfk; - &gf jhsk;

thdpnghe;J - fhdlh ,uhfk; - &gf jhsk;
Mfpa [htspfSs; tpUk;gpa xd;W
ghlNtis : 04
• [htsp ];tu ]hfpj;akhf vOjg;gl;l ml;il
• xypg;gjpTf;fUtp
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l [htsp vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf;

fhl;rpg;gLj;jp [htspapd; mikg;ig tpsf;Fjy;.
• [htsp mlq;fpa ,Wtl;il/xypg;gjpT ehlhitg;

Nghl;Lf;fhl;b urpf;fr; nra;jy;.
• [htsp mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mtNuhf

zj;ijf; fw;gpj;jy;.
• [htspia KOikahfg; ghbf; fhl;Ljy;.
• [htspapd; gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzj;ijg; gFjp

gFjpahfr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jy;.
• jhsj;Jld; fw;gpj;jy;.
• khztu;fs; Nru;e;J ghLjy;.
136
• rq; f jpfSf; F upa ]; t ug; g Fjpia mt; t g; N ghJ
nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;J> cUg;gbia fkfj;Jld; ghLt
jw;F topg;gLj;jy;.

gw;wyhk;.)
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • vLj;Jf;nfhz;l [htsp mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd;
MNuhfz> mtNuhfzj;ijg; ghLtu;.
• mt; ,uhfj;jpd; ];tu];jhdq;fisf; $Wtu;.
• [htspiaj; jdpahfTk; FOthfTk; ghLtu;.
• gjk; vd;Dk; cUg;gbiag; Nghy [htspAk; rpUq;fhu

urk; nghUe;jpa ehl;ba cUg;gb vd;gij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;tu;.
crhj; J iz : • ,Wtl;L (CD, DVD)
MrpupaUf; f hdit : • Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l [htsp mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpy;

NtW cUg;gbfisf; fw;gjd; %yk; me;j ,uhfj;jpd;
uhf Qhdj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
khztUf; f hdit: • jhk; fw;w [htsp mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpy; NtW

cUg;gbfis ,Wtl;L> xypgg
; jpT ehlh Nghd;wtw;wpy;
Nfl;gjd; %yk; me;j ,uhfj;jpd; uhfQhdj;ij
tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
137
[htsp - NtfePT
,uhfk; : RUl;b jhsk; : &gfk;

M : ]upkgep];;
mt : ];epjgkfgkup]
}28 MtJ Nksk;
= jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs;
gy; y tp
@ uP / upkgh @ gh / gh @ / khg]; @ epjh /
. Nt f eP. . T th dpuk; . kd
gh@ /> > >j gkkh> f / khgh / epj gkkh > fuP //
.Nt . . . . X. . . nryp . . a . . . . .
@upk / upkgh @gh / gh @ / gkgep ]hup]; epj //
.Nt f eP. .T th. dp.uk;. .kd . .
gh>j / gh> j gkkh>f / khgh / epjgkkh > fupk //
.Nt . . . . X. . . nryp . . a . . . . .
@upk / upkgh > > gh / gh > > / khg]; > epjh gh> > /
.Nt f eP . . T th . . dp u k; kd .Nt.
mDgy; y tp
@ gh / ghgep epkgh / ghg]; / > ep];h ];h];h /
. eh fuP . f Kf. . . . nj yp a
@ kh/ gheP @];h / uPupg; / k;f;g;k; f;up uP]h /
. eh fuP .fh Kf. . nj. . . . ypa
uPk;f; / up];epj ghgh / upkgep / epjjg kfupf /
eh.. nt.l y. jPu;r;R l. . . FNd.
138
ruzk;
@kk / >kkh kfupk / up]]up / > kupk ghgh //
.jP. . dj ah. .. fU. . . . .L ehNjh
kgepj / jgkf upfh] / @ > k / > kkh kfupf //
. . jP. d. j. ah . . . . f . UL eh.Njh
@ upk / >geP ePeP / ]; epup]; / epjep]; epjgh //
. jpd .jpd KD kh . . . lyh. . . . b
mDgy;ytpiag; Nghy ghlTk;

@ tpjp nyhq;fp Kj;J ngl;b
tpb gpQ;rp ejp vL ku JNd
139
[htsp - thdpg;nghe;J
,uhfk; : fhdlh jhsk; : &gfk;

M : ]upfkjhep];
mt : ];ep];jhgkgfhkup]
}22MtJ Nksuhfk;
,aw;wpatu;: =gl;lhgpuhka;ah
gy; y tp
@ ]ep ]up fk // > ep g fh k / ]uP] @ @ ep] /
th. dpnghe;J j;]hYtj;j Nd . . tdp
up];epg kgepg kffk / up]upep ]upfk / ep];epjjg fhgkkh /
jh. . . k . zp . . .m y. .thdpnghe;J j;]h .Y . tj;j.
]up>] >ep] / uPfup]epgh kg jhepjgkfh fk/

/ up] /
Nd . tdp j h. . . . . k zp. . . . . m. y.
mDgy; y tp
> > > kfk jhj / gjepjeP epjh g g h /
rh . d kh.l nyy; . . yjh . dp
gjg kfh kjhj / gjePjeP epjg gh /
rh . d kh.l nyy;.. yjh . dp
gkgk fh kjhj / ep];huP]; ep gh jj /
rh . d kh.l nyy; . . yjh . dp

. .
gkgkfh kjhj / ep];uP]; ];hup ];epghjj /
rh.d .kh.l nyy;. . yjh . . . dp .
gkgk fh kjhj / gj gjepj ePjep jep];h];h /
rh . d kh.l nyy; . .y jh . . dp
ep]; fk jhj / gjepj ePjep jeP];h ];h /
rh. dkh. l nyy;.. .. y jh. . dp
140
];epup]; ];epepg gkgj / epjjg gk fkh up]h /
] . j . d nk]jh k d ]_ A z; lb
@ @ ]h] / ep];f;f;up]; epggkgj /
jhdp
ep j jg .j g g k .gkkf f kh up]h
k . . . d. . . ]_ . .. A z; l b
jhepjg ghjg k khgk f kfkhup]
k. . . . d. . . . ]{ . A z;lb
ruzk;
> > > k f k jhj jj // g j epjeP epjh g gh /
fk tpy; JilA mk;Ky . nghl;Ld
kgjep gjepj gkfh fk / jep];ep epu;p];epgh ggh /
nuhk;Ky . eh. nld fk;k . t;uhrp rpd

. . .
> up];ep ];upf;k; / f;hg;k;k;up f;hf;k; uP];h /
nfhk;k ek;kp . Nt. . f Nj. .b. .
mDgy;ytpiag; Nghy ghlTk;

njk;kzp Nejhdp / nghk;kdp gy;fpd; / (jhdp)
141
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : ,ir cUg;gbfis RUjp> ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • khju; klg;gpbAk; vd;Dk; Njthuj;jpd; gz;>

mg;gz;zpw;F ,izahd ,uhfk;> jhsk;> mUspatu;
vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• Njthuj;jpid gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g ghLjy;.
nraw;ghL 3.2.1 : Njthuj;ijg;; gz;NzhL jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • khju; klg;gpbAk; - aho;Kup - jpUQhdrk;ge;j%u;j;jp

ehadhu;.
ghlNtis : 03
• Njthuk; vOjg;gl;l ml;il
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • Njthuj;ij KOikahfg;ghb khztiur; nrtp

kLf;fr; nra;jy;.
• Njthuk; vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp gz;>

,uhfk;> jhsk;> mUspatu; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpgg
; pLjy;.
• Njthuj;ijg; gFjp gFjpahff; fw;gpf;f khztu;

njhlu;e;J ghLjy;.
• jhsj;Jld; fw;gpf;f khztu; njhlu;e;J ghLjy;.
• MrpupaUk;> khztUk; Nru;e;J jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;.
• khztiuf; FOthfNth> vOkhw;whfj; njupe;J

jdpahfNth ghlr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fjy;.
• khztu; ghLk;NghJ Vw;gLk; jtWfis jpUj;jp

newpg;gLj;jy;.
(fye;Jiuahly; KiwiaAk; nra;J fhl;ly; Kiwap

idAk; gpd;gw;wyhk;;.)
142
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • Njthuj;jpd; gz;> ,uhfk;> jhsk;> mUspatu;
ngaiuf; $Wtu;.
• Njthuj;jpid gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g jhsj;NjhL ghLtu;.
• gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g Njthuq;fisg; ghLk; Kiwia

Vw;Wf; nfhs;tu;.
crhj; J iz : • gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g Njthuk; ghlg;gl;l xypg;gjpT ehlh
MrpupaUf; f hdit: • jpUKiw epfo;r;rpfs;> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rpg;

gz;zpir epfo;r;rpfis Nfl;L ,urpg;gjd; %yk;
gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g Njthuk; ghLk; jpwid Nkk;gLj;j
yhk;.
khztUf; f hdit: • thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fspy;

Njthuq;fisf; Nfl;L gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g Njthuk;
ghLe;jpwid tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
143
Njthuk;
gz; : aho;Kup ,uhfk; : mlhzh jhsk; : &gfk;

M : rupkg epr; mt : r;epjhgkgfhupr
khju; klg;gpbAk;kl md;dKk; md;dNjhu;

eil Ailk; kiykfs; Jiznad kfpo;tu;
g+j, dg;gilepd; wpirghlTk; MLtu;.
mtu; glu; rile; neL KbaNjhu; Gdyu;
Ntjnkh Nlopirgh Lt uho;fly; ntz;biu
apiue; Eiu fiu nghU Jtpk;kpepd; waNy
jhjkpo; Gd;id jaq;F kyu;rr ; piw tz;liw
vopy; nghopy; Fapy; gapy; jUkGuk; gjpNa
gh g g k up k gh g gh / gj eP gh @ epep g k
kh ju; . . . klg; gpb Ak;.. . . . . . . . .

gh g g k up k gh g gh / g j eP g j ep g ep ep gk
kh ju; . . . klg; gpb Ak;. . . . . . . . . . . . .

gh g g k up k gh g gh / epgepepgh epg epepgk
kh j u;k kg; gpb Ak;. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. kh
gh> up gh> r; r; / jh @ @ @ ep ep g k
kh. ju;k lg; . gpb Ak; . . . k . l .
gh> up r;h r;h > jeP / r;h @ @ @ .@ @
md;. dKk; md;. .d Njhu;.. . . .
gh g g k up k gh g g / g j ep r; up r; ep g ep ep g k
kh ju;. . klg; gpb Ak;. . . . . . . k. l.
k gh ep r;h r;h> j j eP / r;h @ @ @ @ @ @
md; dKk; md;. d Njhu;. . . . . .
gh g .k uP k gh g gh / gj g j eP j ep r;h ep r; up r; ep g g k
kh j u;. . klg; gpb Ak;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . k . l .
gh> uP r; r;h r; j ep / r;h @ @ @ @ @
md;. dKk; md;. d. Njhu; . . . . .
144
gh jh gh r;h r;h @ / r;h r; ep jh eP r;h@
eil . Ail. k iy. kf s;.

. . .
uP uP k;h uP r;h @ / r;h jh @ eP r;h @ .
eil . A il. k iy. . kfs;.
ep r; up r;h . ep r; up r;h> / r;h r; epjh eP r;h
e. il . A. . il k iy. k fs;
@ ep gh @ @ @ > / @ up r;h @ @ @ @
. eil . . . . .Ail. . . .
@ r; jh @ @ @ > / @ up r;h @ @ @ @
. kiy . . . . . kfs; . . . .
.
ep gh @ @ up r;h @ . / r; jh @ > ep r;h @ >
eil . . Ail. . kiy k fs;. .

.
r; uP ep r;h r; jh ep r;h / r; up ep r; r; j ep r; r; up ep r; r; j ep r;
eilAil kiykfs; eilAil kiykfs; eilAil kiykfs;
gh jh eP gh @ r; r;h / jh @ @ @ @ @
Jiznad . kfpo; tu; . . . . .

. .
r; uP ep r;h r; jh eP r;h / r; up ep r; r; j ep r; r; up ep r; r; j ep r;
eilAila kiy kfs; eilAil kiykfs; eilAil kiykfs;
(kw;w mbfis ,Nj Kiwapy; ghl Ntz;Lk;.
145
nghopg; G iu
mofpa ,sikg; gUtKila ngz; ahidAk;> ,sk; md;dgps;isAnkhj;j

xg;gw;w jsu; eilAs;s kiyaurd; kfisj; jk;ik tpl;Lg; gpupj;jwpa Kbahj
Jizahf cld; nfhz;L capu;fis kfpo;tpj;J Nghf %l;Lfpd;wtu;. Ik;ngUk;
G+jq;fspd; ntt;NtW ,ay;ghf cs;s njhFjpahf epd;W ehjkhfpa ,ir
tbtpy; GfoTk;> mit ,aq;FkhW mtw;Wld; fye;J epwg ; tu;. mtupd; ,yf;fzk;:
tpupej
; rlhKbapy; xg;gw;W ePzl
; fq;if nts;sj;ij cilau;. kiwg; nghUSld;
VO $wha; tpupe;j Xir NtW ghl;lhspfSk; ,irapw; gLfpd;wtu;. (,irg;gLtu;
vdw;ghyJ ,irghLtu; vd ePl;ly; tpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ.) Mof;fly; nts;spa
jpiu tPr Muthupj;J nfhopj;jyhYyjha Eiu nfhz;L fiuNkw; nrd;W ngUfp
epiyj;j mjd; gf;fj;jpy; g+e;jhJld; tpsq;Fk; Gd;id kyuplkha;r; nry;Yk;
tpupe;j rpwFs;s tz;Lfs; xyp nra;Ak; g+q;nfhj;jpd; ,lkha; moF kpFe;j
Nrhiyaplj;Nj Fapy;fs; xyp nra;Ak; jUkGuNk> mtu; ciwAk; ,lkhk;.
146
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : ,ir cUg;gbfis ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • jpUthrfk; mUspatiuf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• jpUthrfj;jpid Nkhfd ,uhfj;jpy; Rj;jhq;fkhfg;
ghLjy;.
nraw;ghL 3.2.2 : jpUthrfj;ij Nkhfd ,uhfj;jpy; Rj;jhq;fkhfg; ghLjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • tpUk;gpa ,uz;L jpUthrfq;fis Rj;jhq;fkhf Nkhfd

,uhfj;jpy; ghLjy;.
ghlNtis : 04
• jpUthrfk; vOjg;gl;l ml;il
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • vLj;Jf;nfhz;l jpUthrfj;ij Rj;jhq;fkhfg;ghb khz

tiu nrtpkLf;fr; nra;jy;.
• jpUthrfk; vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp

,uhfk;> mUspatu;> nghUs; vd;gtw;iw $Wjy;.
• vLj;Jf;nfhz;l jpUthrfj;ijg; gFjp gFjpahfr;

Rj;jhq;fkhff; fw;gpf;f khztu; ghLjy;.
• jpUthrfj;ij RUjpNahL cr;rupgG

; j; njspTld; nghUs;
tpsq;fp czu;e;J ghl topg;gLj;jy;.
• khztiu vOkhw;whfj; njupe;J jdpahfg; ghLtpj;jy;.
• khztu; ghLk;NghJ Vw;gLk; jtWfisj; jpUj;jp

newpg;gLj;jy;.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • jpUthrfk; ghLtjw;Fupa ,uhfk;> mUspatu; ngaiuf;
Fwpg;gpLtu;.
• jpUthrfj;ij nghUSzu;e;J ghLtu;.
• jpUthrfk; Nkhfd ,uhfj;jpy; Rj;jhq;fkhfg; ghlg;gL

tij Vw;Wf; nfhs;tu;.
147
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.4 : ,uhfk;> fw;gdh];tuq;fisg; ghbf; fhl;Ltjd; %yk;

jkJ kNdhju;k Mw;wiy ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • [df ,uhfnkhd;wpid ,uhf];t&gk; khwhky; NtW

,uhff; fyg;gpd;wp Myhgid nra;jy;.
• mt;tpuhfj;jpy; 1Mk;> 2Mk; fhyq;fspy; fw;gdh];tuk;
ghLjy;.
nraw;ghL 3.2.2 : ,uhf Myhgid> fw;gdh];tuk; ghLjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • [df ,uhfk; xd;iwj; njupT nra;J ,uhf Myhgid.

fw;gdh];tuk; ghLjy;.
ghlNtis : 20
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • njupT nra;j [df ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz> mtNuhf

zj;ij Mrpupau; ghbf;fhl;b> khztu; ghl topgg
; Lj;jy;.
• ,uhf Myhghdiiag; ghb> ,uhfj;jpd; rhaiy

khztu; czur; nra;jy;.
• ,uhf Myhgidia khztu; jdpj;jdpahfg; ghl

newpg;gLj;jy;.
• juk; 12,y; fw;gdh];tuk; ghLk; Kiw gw;wp juk; 12

,y; fw; w tplaq; f is epidT+l; L k; tifapy;
fye;Jiuahbj; njspTgLj;jy;.
• fPu;j;jidapd; nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; fw;gdh ];tuk;

ghl cjTjy; (1Mk;> 2Mk; fyq;fspy;)
(fye;Jiuahly; KiwapYk;> nra;Jfhl;ly; KiwapYk;

fw;gpf;fyhk;.)
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • njupT nra;j [df ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz> mtNuhfzj;
ijg; ghLtu;.
• me;j ,uhfj;jpy; Myhgid nra;J fhl;Ltu;.
• fPuj
; j
; idapd; nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; fw;ghd ];tuj;ij
1Mk;> 2Mk; fhyq;fspy; ghLtu;.
148
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; : • xypg;gjpT ehlh> ,Wtl;L
MrpupaUf; f hdit : • gpugy;akhd ,irf;fiyQu;fshy; ,uhf Myhgid>

fw;gdh];tuk; ghlg;gl;l xypg;gjpT ehlh> ,Wtl;L
Nghd;wtw;iw Nfl;gjd; %yk; Myhgid> fw;gdh];
tuk; ghLk; Kiwia mwptJld; jkJ ghLe;jpwid
Ak; tsg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
khztUf; f hdit : • njupT nra; j [df ,uhfj; j py; mike; J s; s

ntt;NtW fPu;j;jidfisf; Nfl;gjd; %yk; ,uhfr;
rhaiy ed;F mwpe;J ghLe;jpwid Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.
149
gLj; J thu; .
fw;ww; NgW : • jU> jpUthrfk; Mfpa ,irtbtq;fspd; ,yl;rzq;

fis tpsf;Fjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.1.1 : ,ir cUg;gbfspd; ,yl;rzj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • jU> jpUthrfk;; vd;gtw;wpd; ,yl;rzk;
ghlNtis : 02 - jU - 01 ghlNtis
jpUthrfk;; - 01 ghlNtis
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • Njthuk; > jpUg; G fo; Mfpa ,ir cUg; g bfspd;
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L ,yl;rzq;fisf; fw;gpg;gjw;F jtiz 1,y; nfhLf;fg;
gl;l fw;gpjj
; y; KiwfisAk; fzpgg
; l
P L
; kjpgg
; l
P L
; Kiw
iaAk; gpd;gw;wyhk;.
150
,izg; G
jU
xU epfo;r;rpiaNah xU goq;fijiaNah mofhf tptupf;Fk; ghl;bw;Fj; jU

vd;W ngau;. ,jd; nrhw;gFjp tuyhw;iw xl;bajhfNth> Guhz epfo;r;rpiag;
gw;wpajhfNth> fhjiy ntspg;gLj;JtjhfNth> nfhilts;sypd; ngUikiag;
gw;wpajhfNth mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,it kj;jpk fhyj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. gy;ytp>
mDgy;ytp> ruzk; vd;w mq;fq;fs; cz;L. ruzq;fs; gy Nru;f;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
- [jpfSk; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,ir ehlfq;fspYk; ehl;ba ehlfq;fspYk;
jUf;fs; ngUk; mstpy; ifahsg;gLfpd;wd. mUzhryf;ftpuhau; ,aw;wpAs;s
,uhk ehlfj;jpy; gy mofpa jUf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jUf;fspy; gy
gonkhopfSk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
jUf;fspd; tiffs;:
1. gpuNtrpf jU: ehl;ba ehlfj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy>; cWg;gpdu;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jk;
tifapy; mike;Js;s ghly;.
2. tUzid jU: xU epfo;rr ; p> Xu; ,aw;iff; fhl;rp> xUtupd; gz;G Mfpatw;Ws;
xd;iw tUzpg;gjhf mike;Js;s ghly;. (cjhuzk;: ,uhk
ehlfj;jpy>; Nkhfd ,uhfj;jpy; mike;Js;s ~~fy;ahz Ngupif
mbj;jhu;.|| vd;W njhlq;Fk; ghly;> rPjh Njtpapd; jpUkz
epfo;r;rpiar; rpj;jpupj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.
3. rk;thj jU: ,UtUf;Fs; elf;Fk; thf;Fthjj;ijr; rhfpjj

; paj;jpy; nfhz;bUf;
Fk; ghly;. (cjhuzk;: ,uhk ehlfj;jpy; fy;ahzp ,uhfj;jpy;
~~kz;zpy; nkj;j muru; Nghy;|| vd;W njhlq;Fk; ghly;>
,uhkDf;Fk; guR ,uhkDf;Fk; elf;Fk; ju;ff; j;ij tptupff; pwJ.
4. ];thfj jU: jdf;Fj;jhNd ciuahbf; nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; mike;Js;s

ghly;.
5. cj;jugpujpAj;ju jU: ,UtupilNa elf;Fk; ciuahliyr; rpj;jpupg;gjhf

mike;Js;s ghly;.
6. [f;fpdp jU: rhfpj;jpaj;jpy; Kjw; gFjpapy; [jpfisAk; mLj;j gFjpapy;

thu;ji; jfisAk; nfhz;L kj;jpak fhy gpuNahfq;fSk; Nru;f;
fg;gl;Ls;s ghlYf;F [f;fpdp jU vd;W ngau;. rpy rkaq;fspy;
~FU[k;ig| Nghd;w mg+u;t jhsq;fSk; ,q;F ifahsg;gL
fpd;wd.
151
7. Nfhzq;fpj;jU: ~~nja;tPff; Nfhkhsp|| ,irf;Fk; ghly;.
8. Nfhyhl;lj;jU: Nfhyhl;lk; MLk;NghJ ,irf;f Ntz;ba ghly;.
nkul;û; ntq;fluhk rh];jpup njYq;fpy; gy jUf;fis ,aw;wpAs;shu;.
jpUthrfk;
~~jpUthrfj;jpw;F cUfhjhu;
xU thrfj;jpw;Fk; cUfhu;||
vdg; Nghw;wg;gLk; jpUthrfg;ghly;fs; khzpf;f thrf Rthkpfshy; mUsg;

ngw;wit. gf;jpr; Rit edp nrhl;l nrhl;l cs;sk; nef;FUfpg; ghba ,g;ghly;
gd;dpU jpUKiwfSs; vl;lhe; jpUKiwAs; mlq;Ffpd;wd. khzpf;fthrf
Rthkpfshy; mUsg;ngw;w jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf; NfhitahUk; vl;lhk; jpUKiwapy;
mlq;Ffpd;wJ.
jpUthrfk; vd;w E}w;ngau; ~~jpUTila nrhw;fshy; Mfpa mUs; E}y;|| vdg;

nghUs; jUk;. ,e;E}y; njhFg;G rptGuhzk; Kjy; mr;Nrhg;gjpfk; <whf 51
gFjpfisAk; mtw;Ws; mlq;Fk; 656 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
jpUthrfk; mUsg;gl;lNghNj ,irNahL ghlg;ngw;wJ vd;gjw;F

~~nrhy;ypa ghl;bd; nghUSzu;e;J nrhy;Ythu;. (rptGuhzk;> 93)
~~Nrhjpia ahk; ghl (jpUntk;ghit - 1) Nghd;w khzpf;fthrfu;
tha;nkhopfNs rhd;whfpd;wd. ,g;ghly;fs; gpw;fhyj;jpYk; ,irNahL ghlg;
ngw;wikia>
~~thd; fye;j khzpf;f thrf epd; thrfj;ij
ehd; fye;J ghLq;fhy;....|| vd;Dk; ,uhkypq;f mbfshupd; ghly;fs;
thapyhf mwpayhk;.
MapDk; Njthug; gjpfq;fSf;Fk; jpUg;ghRug; ghly;fSf;Fk; gz;zikjp Fwpf;fg;

ngw;wik Nghy; jpUthrfg; ghly;fSf;F gz;zikjp Fwpf;fg; ngw;wjw;fhd
Mjhuk; vJTk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
mNefkhd jpUthrfg; ghly;fs; Rj;jhq;fkhf Nkhfd ,uhfj;jpNyNa ghlg;

ngWfpd;wd. MapDk; rpy jpUthrfg; gjpfq;fs; gz;zhq;fkhfTk; ghlg;gLfpd;wd.
cjhuzk;: ~~G+RtJk; ntz;zPW g+z;gJk; nghq;futk;|| (jpUr;rhoy; 1)
~~Kj;jpnewp mwpahj %u;f;fnuhL Kay; Ntid|| (mr;Nrhg;gjpfk; 1)
152
Nkw;$wpa ghly;fs; goe;jf;fuhfg; gz;zikjpapy; (Mugp ,uhfj;jpy); neLq;fhykhf
ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
jpUj;njs;Nszk;> jpUg;nghw;Rz;zk;> jpUr;rhoy;> jpUg;g+ty;yp> jpUTe;jpahu;>

jpUj;NjNzhf;fk;> jpUg;nghd;D}ry;> jpUtk;khid Mfpa ghlw;gFjpfs; kfspu;
gyu; Nru;e;J ,iwtd; Gfo; ghb tpisahLk; tpisahl;Lf;fshf mikfpd;wd.
cjhuzk;: ~~fUizf; foy; ghbj; njd;dh njd;dh vd;W
njs;Nszq; nfhl;NlhNkh||
(jpUj;njs;Nszk; 11 - 19)
gyu; $bg; g hLk; Kiwapy; ,g; g hly; f s; ,aw; w g; g l; L s; s jpdhy; ,it

jhsf;fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; mlq;fpa gz;zhq;fg; ghly;fs; vd mwpayhk;. jpUthrfg;
ghly;fSs; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy ghly;fs; ghlg;gLk; gz;> ,uhfk; tUkhW:
gz; ,uhfk;
jpUtk;khid rPfhkuk; ehjehkf;fpupia
jpUg;nghd;D}ry; rhsughzp Mde;jigutp
(Nfhapy;fspy; mu;j;jrhkg; g+irapd;NghJ ghlg;gLk; jpUg;nghd;D}ry; ghly;fs;

ePyhk;gup ,uhfj;jpy; Rj;jhq;fkhfg; ghLk; tof;;fk; cs;sJ. rpy Nfhapy;fspy;
etNuh[; ,uhfj;jpYk; ghlg;gLfpd;wd.)
jpUr;rhoy; goe;jf;f ,uhfk; Mugp

jpUntk;ghit GwePu;ik G+ghsk;
(jpUntk;ghitg; ghly;fs; ,d;W ntt;NtW ,uhfq;fspy; ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.)
jpUj;njs;Nszk; Fk;kpnkl;L
153
gLj; J thu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4 : ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • Fwpg;gpl;l ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij tpsf;Fjy;

• mt;tpuhfj;jpy; ]Q;rhuk; vOJjy;.
• mt;tpuhfj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;l cUg;gbfisf;
Fwpg;gpLjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.1.1 : ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • `pe;J];jhd; ng`hf;> `kPu; fy;ahzp
ghlNtis : 04 - `pe;J];jhd; ng`hf; - 02 ghlNtisfs;

`kPu; fy;ahzp - 02 ghlNtisfs;
ju cs;sPL : • ,uhf ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fk; ml;ilfs;.
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • jtiz I ,y; ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ijf; fw;gpf;f

fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L Nkw;nfhz;l fw;gpjj
; L
P /kjpgg
; l
P L
;
KiwfisAk; gpd;gw;wyhk;.
154
,izg; G
ng`hf;
2 tifahd ng`hf; ,uhfq;fs;:
1. m) `pe;J];jhd; ng`hf; (29)

MNuhfzk; : ] f k g ep j ep ];
mtNuhfzk; : ]; ep j g k fh up ]
m) fu;ehlf ng`hf; (28)

MNuhfzk; : ] up f k g j ep ];
mtNuhfzk; : ]; ep j ep g j k f up f ]
2. m) `pe;J];jhd; ng`hf;: 29MtJ Nksj;jpd; [d;ak;> tf;u\htl -

rk;g+u;z ,uhfk;> Jtp md;dpa];tu gh\hq;f
,uhfk;.
3. MNuhfzj;jpy; up\gk; tu;[k;: ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy; \l;[k;> rJRUjp up\gk;>

me;jufhe;jhuk;. Rj;j kj;jpakk;> gpujpkj;jpakk;> gQ;rkk;> rJ];Ujp ijtjk;>
fhfyp ep\hjk;> ifrpfp ep\hjk; Mfpa ];tuq;fs; tUfpd;wd.
4. [Pt ];tuq;fs; : me;jufhe;jhuk;> fhfyp ep\hjk;
5. epahr Ruq;fs; : f.
6. fpuf fuq;fs; : r> f> g> ep
7. ,ju mk;rq;fs; :
i) me;epa ];ukhfpa gpujp kj;jpakk; gkgh - fkgh vd;w Ruf;Nfhu;itfspy;
*
tUfpwJ@ ghkkfh vd;w gpuNahfj;jpy; Kjy; kj;jpakk; gpujp kj;jpakk;>
2MtJ kj;jpakk; Rj;j kj;jpakk;.
*
i) ];h epepjgh vd;w gpuNahfj;jpy; Kjy; ep\hjk; fhfyp ep\hjk;> mLj;j
ep\hjk; ifrpfp ep\hjk;
* * *
iii) gjepjgh - gepjgh - jepgjkg vd;w Ruf;Nfhu;itfspy;> ifrpfp ep\hjk;
Njhd;WfpwJ.
* * * jghkfh Mfpa ,itAk; upfkffupr ep ]h
iv) g];ep];jep gj kgh - fkgjep .
vd;w Ruf;Nfhu;itAk; rpwg;ghdit.
v) ]kfk vd;w gpuNahfKk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
155
vi) jpup];jhap ,uhfk;.
vii) fUizr; Ritia ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,uhfk; - vg;nghOJk; ghlyhk;.
viii) ];epjg vd;w gpuNahfj;jpy; fhfyp my;yJ ifrpfp ep\hjk; gad;
gLj;jyhk;.
ix) ];thjpj;jpUehs; kfhuh[hTk; Nfhghy fpU\;z ghujpahUk; ,e;j
,uhfj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpajhfr; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.
8. rQ;rhuk;:
ep *
. ]fkghfkfh - gh k kfh - gkfup] . ep. - .]fk .
gh> k - fkgePepj];h ];h - epr;fh - up f;k;f;f;up up ];h
. .
* - gjg];ep];epup -
- ep];hup ]; epjgkh
. *
];up ep];jep gjk* ggkfh - ep ]fk * ghfkfh -
* * k fh - upfkffup] ep ]h
fkgjep jghfkfh - gh> k
- ep]f* k gh - fkgeP epj ];h ];h /
9. ,ir tbtq;fs;:
1. fpUjp: MLk; rpjk;guNkh - Mjp : Nfhghy fpU\;z ghujpahu;
2. fpUjp: ,JjhNdh jpy;iy - Mjp : Nfhghy fpU\;z ghujpahu;
3. fpUjp: jQ;rk; ePNa - Mjp : Ntjehafk; gps;is
4. fpUjp: ,e;j epkp\Nk - &gfk; : Ntjehafk; gps;is
5. fpUjp: xd;Nw cau; - &gfk; : ,yl;Rkzg;gps;is
6. fpUjp: ePNa fjpNa - ml : ftpFQ;ru ghujpahu;
7. fpUjp: Re;juhq;f - jp];uVfk; : gy;ytp Nr\a;au;
8. fpUjp: mk;gh cd;Nky; - Mjp : ghgehrk; rptd;
9. [htsp : rkakpNj - &gfk; : gl;lzk; Rg;gpukzpa Iau;
10. [htsp: tfyhb - &gfk; : jpUg;gjp ehuhazrhkp
`kPu; fy;ahzp
MNuhfzk; : r g k g j ep ]; (rfgkg jep];)

mtNuhfzk; : * f up ]
];; ep j g fh k
2. 65MtJ Nkskhfpa fy;ahzpapd; [d;ak;> cga tf;u> xslt - rk;g+u;z

,uhfk;> gh\hq;f ,uhfk;.
3. MNuhfzj;jpy; ~up| ~f| tu;[k;. ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy; \l;[k;> rJ];Ujp up\gk;>

me;j fhe;jhuk;> gpujpkj;jpakk;> Rj;j kj;jpakk;> rJ];Ujp ijtjk;> fhfyp
ep\hjk; Mfpa ];uq;fs; tUfpd;wd.
156
4. [Pt Ruq;fs; : up> f> j
5. epahr Ruq;fs; : f> g.
6. fpuf Ruq;fs; : ]> f.
7. ,ju mk;rq;fs;:
i) MNuhfzj;ijAk; mtNuhfzj;ijAk; ,irf;Fk; nghONj me;epa ];uj;ij
Ak; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba gh\hq;f ,uhfq;fspy; ,Jnthd;W.
(cjhuzk;: rhuq;fh> igutp> mrhNtup)
i)
i 2 kj;jpakq;fisAk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; gh\hq;f ,uhfq;fspy; ,Jnthd;W.
(cjhuzk;: rhuq;fh> aKdhfy;ahzp)
* * Mfpa gpuNahfq;fspy;
* ] - fkfkuP
i) me;epa];tukhfpa Rj;j kj;jpakk; fhkfup
tUfpwJ.
iv) muq;fpir epfo;r;rpapy; Kbtpy; ghLtjw;Nfw;w ,uhfk; - ve;NeuKk;
ghlyhk;.
v) ,e;j ,uhfk;> `kPu;> `kPUfy;ahzp> mkPu; fy;ahzp> `k;gPu; Nghd;w gy
ngau;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
vi) ,e;J];jhdp ,irapy; ,e;j ,uhfk; rk;G+u;zkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
vii) r;epjj];h - xU tpNr\g; gpuNahfk;.
8. rQ;rhuk;:
]h> up]h - ]gkgh - kgjep];h - ];h ];epepjjggk - ghjep];h - ];epjgk -
.
fhkf ghgk - jjgk - fhfk* uP> ]h - fgk gjep];h - uP ];epjgk - fkfghk
- jgkfhfk uPrh
9. ,irtbtq;fs;:
1. fpUjp: khdKNyjh - Mjp : jpahfuh[ Rthkpfs;
2. fpUjp: gupksuq;fehjk; - &gfk; : Kj;JRthkp jPl;rpju;
3. fpUjp: ntq;fliry - Mjp : rpahkh (Rg;guha) rh];jpup
4. fpUjp: rptid epid - Mjp : ePyfz;l rptd;
5. fpUjp: ehjd;jhd; cd;id - &gfk;: ghgehrk; rptd;
6. jpUg;Gfo; : ePjhd; vj;jidapYk; - kp. [k;ig : mUzfpupehju;
157
gLj; J thu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5 : ,irf;fUtpfspd; gpupTfs;> mikg;G> gad;ghL gw;wp

tpsf;Fthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • taypdpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Fjy;.

• RUjp Nru;fF
; k;Kiw> thrpfF
; k; Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
• taypdpd; glj;jpid tiue;J ghfq;fisf; Fwpj;Jf;
fhl;Ljy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • tapypdpd; mikg;G> thrpf;Fk; Kiw
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPL : • taypdpd; glk;

• taypd;
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • jtiz 1y; jk;Guh> ehj];tuk; Mfpa ,irf;fUtpf;

fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L isf; fw;gpg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fw;gpj;jy; Kiw
iag; gpd;gw;wp taypd; ,irf;fUtp gw;wpf; fw;gpf;fyhk;.
158
taypd;
taypd; thj;jpak; ~gpby;| (fiddle) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLtJz;L. Nky;ehl;L

thj;jpakhd taypd; tpy; Nghl;L thrpf;Fk; je;jp thj;jpakhFk;. ,e;jpahtpy;
gioa fhyj;jpypUe;Nj> tpyy
; pdhy; thrpfF
; k; thj;jpak; tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jpUf;fpdw
; J
vd;gjw;F rhd;Wfs; fhzf;fplf;fpd;wd. ~,uhtzh];jpuk;| ~,uhtz `];jk;|
vd;w gioa thj;jpaq;fs; tpy;ypdhy; thrpf;Fk; euk;Gf; fUtpfNsahFk;.
INuhg;ghtpy; taypd; thj;jpak; Rkhu; 350 tUlq;fSf;F Kd; Njhd;wpaJ.

jw;NghJ tof;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; taypdpd; mikg;ghdJ INuhg;ghtpy; ~];lhbNtupa];
(Stradivarius) vd;gtuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,irf;fUtpahdJ INuhg;gpau;fs;
,e;jpahtpw;F te;jNghJ> mtu;fshy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. nrd;idf; Nfhl;ilapy;
mg;NghJ jq;fpapUe;j INuhg;gpau; ,e;j thj;jpaj;ij thrpf;Fk;NghJ ghY];thkp
jPl;rpju; ,e;j thj;jpaj;jpypUe;J cz;lhFk; ,ir xypapdhy; ftug;gl;lhu;.
mq;fpUe;j Mq;fpNyauplNk ,e;j thj;jpaj;ijf; ifahSk; Kiwfisf; fw;whu;.
fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;j thj;jpaj;jpy; thrpj;jtUk; ,tNu.
taypd; thj;jpakhdJ INuhg;gpa ,iria ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F Vw;w tifapy;
mikf;fg;gl;ljhapDk;> ,e;jpa rq;fPjf; fiyQu;fs;> jkJ Qhd Kjpu;r;rpapdhYk;
jpwikapdhYk; taypdpy; ,e;jpa rq;fPjj;ij nghypTw thrpj;J tUfpd;wdu;.
mikg; G
taypdhdJ kuj;jpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;Lj; je;jpfs; gpizf;fg;gl;l thj;jpakhFk;.

igd; (Pine)> Nkg;gps; (Maple)> ]pf%u; (sycamore)> ]py;tu; Xf;(Silveroak)> ]plu;
(Ceder)> ];g;&]; (Spruce)> `pkhyad; gPu; (Himalayanfir)> m\;kuk; (W ood os Ash
tree) Nghd;w kuq;fspdhy; taypdpd; clw;ghfk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
tpuw;gyif> gpuilfs;> jpUfhzp> je;jpjhq;fp> Nky;nkl;L vd;git fUq;fhyp

kuj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
tpy; nra;tjw;F gpNwrpy; T+l; (Brazil W ood)> ];Ndf; t+l; (Snake W ood)> gPr; T+l;
(Beach W ood)> Ngzk;G Nfh (Pernambuco) Nghd;w kuq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
tpy;ypd; kapu;fs; Fjpiu kapupdhy; my;yJ ieNyhd; nky;ypa ,iofspdhy;
Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
taypd; ngl;bia kuj;jhy; my;yJ ml;ilahy; Mf;Ftu;. cl;ghfk; nty;ntw;

(velvet) my;yJ khgps; Ngg;gupdhy; (Marble Paper) xl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
159
tpuw;gyif fOj;Jg; gFjpapy; rpWj;Jk;> ghyj;Jf;F mz;ikapy; tutu rw;Wg;
gUj;Jk; fhzg;gLk;. taypd; nra;tjw;F ed;F tpise;j kuk; eLtpy; Gilg;G
cs;sjhf Mf;fg;gLfpdw; J. Nky; nkl;L vdg;gLfpdw
; ];tuf;fl;il tpuw;gyifapd;
kl;lj;ijtpl rw;W cau;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
taypdpy; 4 je;jpfs; cz;L. ,it Kd;G euk;Gfshy; Mf;fg;gl;ld. jw;fhyj;jpy;

cNyhfj;jhy; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Kjyhk; je;jpiatpl mLj;J tUk; je;jpfs;
gUkdpy; gbg;gbahff; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. je;jpfspd; Edpapy; fhzg;gLk;
Fkpo;kzpfs; je;jpfs; ,Wfp epw;gjw;F cjTk;.
je;jp jhq;fpapd; (Tail piece) fPo;g;Gwj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s Jisapy; tisj;Jf;

fl;lg;gl;l ehz;> je;jpjhq;fp ehz; vdg;gLk;. taypdpy; ,U tpyhg;gyiffSk;
,izAk; ikaj;jpy; Nkw;gf;fkhfj; JisapDs; nrUfg;gl;l kuMzp nrUfhzp
(End plug) vdg;gLfpd;wJ. clw;ghfj;jpd; Nkw;Gwj;jpy; ghyj;jpw;F ,Ugf;fq;fspYk;
S tbtj;Jthuq;fs; xd;iwnahd;W ghu;j;j tz;zk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Jthuj;jpYs;s rpW FWf;Ff; Nfhl;Lf;F Neuhfg; ghyk; (Bridge) itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
ghyk; (Beach W ood) Gq;f kuj;jpdhy; G+Ntiyg;ghLfSld; Jisfs; cs;sjhf
mike;Js;sd. ghyj;jpd; Edpgg ; Fjp tise;jjhf cs;sJ. ghyj;jpd; clw;gFjpapy;
ed;F ghjq;fs; gjpAk; tz;zk; itf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,U tpyhg;gyiff;Fk; ,ilapy;
cl;Gwkhfg; ghyj;Jf;fz;ikapy; ehjf;Fr;rp (Sound post) cs;sJ. je;jpia
kPl;Lk;nghOJ mJ mjpu;tile;J cl;ghfj;jpy; ehjk; gutp ntsptUk; nghOJ
mjpu;tiyfis xUq;fpzj;Jj; njspthd ehjj;ij ntspNaw;WtJ ehjf;
Fr;rpNaahFk;.
tpy;ypd; Fr;rp (Bow Stick) cUz;ilahd 72.5.cm ePsKs;s kuf;Fr;rpahFk;.

tpy;ypd; cNuhk ,iofs; 80 - 100 tiu fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Nuhrpd; (Rosin)
vdg;gLfpd;w t];jJ ; tpy; tpy;ypd; kapu;fisj; Nja;jJ
; f;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt
ePz;l fhu;itahd ehjj;ij cz;L gz;Zfpd;wJ.
Nkhtha; jhq;fp vd;Dk; fUq;fhyp kuj;jpdhyhd gFjp epd;W thrpf;Fk; nghOJ

Nkhthia itj;J thrpf;f cjTfpd;wJ. xypalf;fp (Mute) taypdpd; ehjj;ijf;
Fiwf;f cjTfpd;wJ. ,J cNyhfj;jhyhdJ. kuj;jhYk; $lr; nra;ayhk;. ,J
ghyj;jpy; nrUfg;gLk;. gyu; xNu ,lj;jpypUe;J gapw;rp nra;Ak; nghOJ ,jid
cgNahfpff ; yhk;. RUjp rPuhf;fp (String Adjuster) RUjpiaj; Jy;ypakhfr; Nru;gg
; jw;F
cjTfpd;wJ.
160
je;jp jhq;fpapy; ,Uf;Fk; RUjp $l;Lk; jpUfpy; je;jpiag; nghUj;jp> ghyj;jpd;
NkyhfTk; ];tug; gyiff;Fk;> Nky; nkl;Lf;Fk; Nkyhfr; nrd;W gpuilfspy;
Rw;wg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
g]g]
. . Kiwapy; RUjp Nru;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
KjyhtJ je;jp - kj;jpa];jhap gQ;rkk;
,uz;lhtJ je;jp - kj;jpa];jhap ]l;[k;
%d;whtJ je;jp - ke;;ju];jhap gQ;rkk;
ehd;fhtJ je;jp - ke;ju];jhap ]l;[k;
vdr; RUjp Nru;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Nky;ehl;L ,ir Kiwapy; gupjf my;yJ ]gupj

(EADG) vd;w Kiwapy; Nru;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,ij ,lkpUe;J tykhfg; ghu;f;Fk;
nghOJ ]g]g vd;Wk; nrhy;yyhk;.
thrpf;Fk; Kiw
ghyj;jpw;Fk;> tpuw;gyifapd; Edpg;ghfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Nwhrpd; (Rosin) jltpa

tpy;iyj; je;jpfspd; Nky; ghyj;jpw;Fr; rkhe;jukhf yhtfkhf cur ehjk;
cz;lhFk;. tyf;ifahy; tpy;iy curpf;nfhz;L ,lf;if tpuy;fspy; ngUtpuy;
jtpue
; j
; Vida tpuy;fspdhy; tpuw;gyifapy; ];tu];jhdq;fs; thrpff ; g;gLfpdw; d.
ngUtpuYf;Fk;> Rl;L tpuYf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s tisitf; fOj;Jg; ghfj;jpy;
itj;J> tpuy;fisj; je;jpfspd; Nky; Fj;njd itj;J thrpff; g;gLfpdw
; J. Nky;]j ; hap
];tuq;fs; thrpf;Fk;nghOJ ,lJif NkNy efu;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
taypdpy; 4 ];jhapfs; tiu thrpf;f KbAk;. xt;nthU ];tuj;Jf;Fk; tpy;iy

mirf;Fk;nghOJ mJ ~~];tu tpy;|| vd;Wk; rhfpj;jpa tbtpy; rhfpj;jpa
vOj;Jf;fSf;F Vw;whw; Nghd;W ];tuq;fisf; $l;lk; $l;lkhfr; Nru;j;J xNu
tpy;ypy; kPl;Lk;nghOJ mJ ~~rhfpj;jpatpy;|| vd;Wk; $wg;gLk;. jhdk; thrpf;Fk;
nghOJ tpy;iyf; Fjpg;G Kiwapy; NghLk; nghOJ mJ ~~Fjpg;G tpy;||
vdg;gLfpd;wJ. taypdpy; gpb thj;jpak;> [hU thj;jpak; vd;w ,U thrpg;G
Kiwfs; cs;sd. gpb thj;jpak; vd;gJ tpuyb [hU thrpg;G vd;gJ mjpf
mirTs;sJ.
ehk; taypd; thrpf;Fk;nghOJ> taypdpd; fOj;Jg; ghfj;ijf; fhypy; itj;J>

Nkw;gFjpia khu;gpy; rha;j;J my;yJ fOj;Jld; mOj;jp itj;J thrpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
Nkiy ehl;ltu;fs; Nkhtha; jhq;fpapy; Nkhthia mOj;jpf;nfhz;L fOj;Jg;
gFjpapy; ifiaj; jhq;fpg; gpbj;J epd;W nfhz;Nl thrpf;fpd;whu;fs;.
161
taypd; xU g`{j; t dp thj; j pakhFk; . mjhtJ xNu rkaj; j py; ,uz; L
];tu];jhdq;fis ,jpy; NgRtpf;f KbAk;. `pe;J];jhdp ,irapYk; ,t;thj;jpak;
thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
taypd; thj;jpaj;jpd; rpwg;Gk; cgNahfKk;
1. ];tak;G ];tuq;fSld; $ba mjd; fzprkhd ehjk; ftu;rr ; pia mspf;fpd;wJ.

2. ePskhd tpy; Nghl;L thrpf;fg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf mjpypUe;J vOk; fhu;itahd
ehjk; ,dpikiaf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ.
3. Mltu; FuYf;Fk; ngz;fspd; FuYf;Fk; jf;fthW RUjp $l;b thrpg;gjw;fhd
trjp cz;L.
4. ve;j ];UjpapYk; RUjp Nru;j;J thrpf;fyhk;.
5. gQ;rk ];UjpapYk;> kj;jpk ];UjpapYk; thrpf;fyhk;.
6. vspjhf vLj;Jr; nry;yyhk;.
7. mjpJupj fhyj;jpYk; thrpf;fyhk;.
8. fd> ea ghtq;fis thrpg;gjw;fhd trjpAz;L.
9. rhfpj;jpaj;jpw;Nfw;w Kiwapy; thrpf;fyhk;.
10. El;g ];Ujpfs;> typT> nkypT Mfpa ,irj;jd;ikfisj; njspTlDk;> rPUlDk;
ntspg;gLj;Jk; rpwg;gpay;G cz;L.
11. ,izaw;w gf;fthj;jpakhfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.
12. tha;gg
; hl;Lf;F khj;jpukpdw
; p> Gy;yhq;FoypwF
; k; gf;fthj;jpakhf tpsq;Ffpdw ; J.
13. jdpf;fr;NrupahfTk; gf;thj;jpakhfTk; thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
14. ,dpa cuj;j Xiria cilajhAs;sjhy; Nfl;gjw;F kNdhuk;akhf cs;sJ.
15. jrtpj fkfq;fisAk; thrpf;fyhk;.
16. gy;ypak; mikf;Fk;nghOJ Kf;fpakhd ,irf;fUtpahf cs;sJ.
17. J}a fu;ehlf ,iria urk; Fd;whky; ,t;thj;jpaj;jpNy Nfl;f Kbfpd;wJ.
18. eld epfo;r;rpfs;> ehl;ba ehlfk;> ,ir ehlfk;> fjhfhyl;Nrgk; Nghd;w
epfo;r;rpfSf;Fk; rpwe;j gf;fthj;jpakhf thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
tapypd; thj;jpaj;ij thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akhd ,e;jpa ,irf;fiyQu;fs;

GJf;Nfhl;il ehuhazrhkp Iau;
rPu;fhop ehuhaz ];thkp
jpUf;Nfhbf;fhty; fpU\;za;au;
jpUr;rp Nfhtpe;jrhkpg;gps;is
nrk;kq;Fb ehuhazrhkp Iau;
Jthuk; ntq;flrhkp ehAL
ik#u; nrsilah
ghg;gh ntq;fluhka;ah (Fk;gNfhzk; ,uh[khzpf;fk;gps;is) KjypNahu;.
162
tapypd; thj;jpaj;ij thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akhd ,yq;iff; fiyQu;fs;
jpU. T.V. gpr;riag;gh
Gj;Jthl;b NrhK
G. rz;Kfhde;jk;
taypd;
tpy;
163
taypd; ghfq;fs;
1. RUs; jiy (Scroll)

2. gpUilfs; (pegs)
3. tpuy; gyif (Finger Board)
4. Nky; gyif (Belly)
5. fPo;g; gyif (Back)
6. Nky; gyif (Ribs)
7. thrpf;Fk; je;jpfs; (4 Strings)
8. f tbt Jisfs; (f - Holes)
9. Fjpiu(bridge)
10. ke;jpu ];jhap rl;lk;
11. ehjf; Fr;rp
12. jpUFfs; (Screw adjuster)
13. nla;y; gP]; (Tail piece)
14. nghj;jhd; (Tailpin)
15. cly; ghfk; (Body)
16. gpuilg; ngl;b (peg box)
17. tpy; Kid
18. cNuhk ,izg;G
19. Fjpiu Kb cNuhkq;fs;
20. Kj;Jr; rpg;gp jfL
21. tpy; jpUF (Bow screw)
22. g+z;
164
gLj; J thu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.7 : jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fs;> 175 jhsq;fs;> fjpNgjq;fs; gw;wp

tpsf;Ftu;.
fw;ww; NgW : • jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fis cjhuzj;Jld; tpsf;Fjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.6.1 : jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fis tpsf;fy;.
ghlNtis : 10
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fspd; tpsf;fk;
ju cs;sPL : • jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fspd; gl;bay;
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fspd; gl;baiyf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp

jhsjrg;gpuhzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;
• jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fs; jhsj;jpd; 10 capu; epiyfs;

vd;gij tpsf;Fjy;
• jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fs; xt;nthd;iwAk; cjhuzq;f

Sld; tpsf;Fjy;
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.
• jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ftu;.
• jhsjrg; gpuhzq;fs; jhsj;jpd; 10 capu; epiyfs;
vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tu;.
crhj;Jiz E}y; : • Nguhrpupau; gp. rhk;g%u;j;jp

- fu;ehlf ]q;fPj G];jfk; - %d;whk; ghfk;
• gp.b. nry;yj;Jiu
- njd;df ,irapay;
165
jhsjrg; g puhzq; f s;
jhsjrg;gpuhzq;fshtd - fhyk;> khu;f;fk;> fpupia> mq;fk;> fpu`k;> [hjp>

fis> yak;> ajp> gpu];jhuk; vd;gd.
fhyk; :
jhsg; Nghf;fpd; msTf;Fk; ghl;L nry;Yk; Ntfj;jpd; msTf;FKs;s njhlu;igf;
Fwpg;gNj fhyk; vdg;gLk;. 100 xNu msthd jhkiu ,jo;fis vLj;J mLf;fhff;
fl;b mjdpy; Xu; Crpia Eiof;ifapy; vLf;Fk; NeuNk 1 fzk; vdg;gLk;.
8 fzq;fs; - 1 ytk;
8 ytk; - 1 fhl;lk;
8 fhl;lk; - 1 epkplk;
8 epkplk; - 1 fis
2 fis - 1 rJu;g;ghfk;
2 rJu;g;ghfk; - 1 mDj;Ujk;
2 mDj;Ujk; - 1 j;Ujk;
2 j;Ujk; - 1 yF
2 yF - 1 FU
3 yF - 1 g;Yjk;
4 yF - 1 fhfghjk;
,e;j 12 myFfspy; Kjy; 6 myFfSk; #f;Fk; fhyq;fs; vdTk; gpd; 6

myFfSk; ];J}y fhyq;fs; vdTk; $wg;gLk;. mg;gpahr tupirfspy; xU jhs
ml;ru vz;zpf;iff;F xU ];tukhfg; ghLtJ Kjyhk; fhyk; vd;Wk;> ,uz;L
];tukhfg;ghLtJ ,uz;lhk; fhynkd;Wk;> ehd;F ];tukhfg;ghLtJ %d;whk;
fhyk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. tu;zq;fs;> fPu;j;jidfs;> fpUjpfs; ghLk;nghOJ
xU jhs ml;ru vz;zpf;iff;F 4 ];tuq;fs; vd;w tifapy; Kjyhk; fhyj;ijAk;
8 ];tuq;fs; ,uz;lhk; fhyj;ijAk; 16 ];tuq;fs; %d;whk; fhyj;ijAk;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
2. khu;f;fk;
,J khj;jpiuapd; fhy mistf; nfhz;l 6 fhyj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ~~rq;fPj

uj;dhfuj;jpy;|| yFtpd; msitf; nfhz;Nl khj;jpiuia epr;rapj;jpUg;gjhy; 4
ml;ruq;fspd; msitf;nfhz;lNj (rJ];uyF) xU khj;jpiu mDgt uPjpahfg;
nghUe;Jk;. tof;fpy; 6 khu;f;fq;fs; cs;sd. ,it \l;khu;f;fq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
166
mitahtd:
1. jl;rpz khu;f;fk; 2. thu;j;jpf khu;f;fk; 3. rpj;jpu khu;f;fk;
4. rpj;jpu jukhu;f;fk; 5. mu;j;jr; rpj;jpu khu;f;fk; 6. mjp rpj;jpu khu;f;fk;
tiffs; xU jhs ml;ruj;jpw;F xU jhs

khj;jpiufs; ml;ruj;jpw;F Ruq;fs;
1. jl;rpz khu;f;fk; 8 32
2. thu;j;jpf khu;f;fk; 4 16
3. rpj;jpu khu;f;fk; 2 8
4. rpj;jpu jukhu;f;fk; 1 4
5. mu;j;jr; rpj;jpu khu;f;fk; 1/2 2
6. mjp rpj;jpu khu;f;fk; 1/4 1
Nkw;$wg;gl;l 6 khu;f;fq;fspy; Kjy; %d;Wk; gy;ytpfs; ghLk; Kiwapy; jhd;

gad; g Lk; . vQ; r pAs; s %d; W k; fpUjpfspYk; kw; w ,ir tbtq; f spYk;
ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd.
cjhuzkhf : rpj;jpuju khu;f;fk;
1. vtudp (Njthk;Ujtu;\zp) - jpahfuh[ Rthkpfs;
2. jhupzp (Rj;jrhNtup) - jpahfuh[ Rthkpfs;
3. kPdhÑp (G+u;tp fy;ahzp) - Kj;J];thkp jPÑpju;
3. fpupia
jhsj;jpd; mq;fq;fisf; ifr; nra;ifapdhy; fhl;LtJ fpupia MFk;. ,J

,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
1. rrg;j fpupia
2. eprg;j fpupia
jhsj;jpd; mq;fq;fisf; ifapdhy; XirAld; jl;Lk;NghJ mjw;Fr; rrg;jf;

fpupia vd;W ngau;. Mjp jhsj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; yFtpd; Kjy; ml;ruj;ijj;
jl; b f; fhl; L fpd; N whk; . ,J rrg; j fpupia MFk; . ,jw; F g; gpd; G tUk;
tpunyz;zpf;if eprg;jfpupia MFk;.
1. rrg;j fpupia - mDj;Ujk;> j;Ujj;jpd; Muk;gj;jl;L> yFtpd; Muk;gj;jl;L
2. eprg;j fpupia - tPr;R> tpuy; vz;zpf;if> fpU\;ia> ]u;g;gpzp> gjhfk;
167
4. mq;fk;
jhsj;jpy; cs;s gy;NtW gFjpfis mjd; mq;fq;fs; vd;W $Wfpd;Nwhk;. ,it
MW tifg;gLk;. ,it \lq;fq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;. jhsj;jpd; MW
mq;fq;fSk; gpd;tUkhW:
1. mDj;Ujk; (∪) 2. j;Ujk; ( Ο) 3. yF ( )
4. FU ( 8) 5. GYjk; ( 8) 6. fhfghjk; (+)
,tw;wpy; Kjy; %d;W mq;fq;fs; kl;Lk; ]{shjp> rg;j jhsq;fspy; tUfpd;wd.

108 jhsq;fspy; \lq;fq;fisAk; fhzyhk;. NkYk; MW mq;fq;fSk; Nrhlrhq;fk;
vd 16 mq;fq;fshf tpuptilfpd;wd. \lq;fq;fSld; tpuhkk; vd;Dk; Xu;
mq;fj;ij ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; nghUj;jkhf Nru;f;Fk;NghJ Nrhlrhq;fq;fs;
vd;wiof;fg;gLk;. ,t;thwhf 16 mq;fq;fis ehk; ngw Kbfpd;wJ.
Nrhlrhq; f tpguk;
ngau; FwpaP L ml;ru fhyk;

1. mDj;Ujk; ∪ 1
2. j;Ujk; Ο 2
3. j;Ujtpuhkk; ∪ 3
Ο
4. yF 4
5. yF tpuhkk; ∪ 5
6. yF j;Ujk; Ο 6
7. yF j;Uj tpuhkk; ∪
Ο
7
8. FU 8 8
∪
9. FU tpuhkk; 8 9
10. FU j;Ujk; Ο 10
8
11. FUj;Uj tpuhkk; ∪ 11
Ο
8
12. GYjk; 12
8
13. GYj tpuhkk; ∪ 13
8
14. GYj j;Ujk; Ο 14
8
15. GYjj;Uj tpuhkk; ∪ 15
Ο
8
16. fhfghjk; + 16
168
5. fpu`k;
jhsj;jpy; ghl;L ve;j ,lj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fpwNjh me;j ,lj;jpw;F fpu`k; my;yJ

vLg;G vd;W ngau;. vLg;G %tifg;gLk;.
1. ]k vLg;G (]k fpu`k;)
2. mdhfj vLg;G ( mdhfj fpu`k;)
3. mjPj vLg;G (mjPj fpu`k;)
12345678901234567890123456
12345678901234567890123456
12345678901234567890123456
rk f;u`k; - jhsKk; ghl;Lk; xNu rkaj;jpy; Muk;gpj;jy; 12345678901234567890123456
12345678901234567890123456
cjhuzk;: ]jhghya - Nkhfdk;

×
12345678901234567890123456
12345678901234567890123456
mdhfj f;u`k; - jhsk; njhlq;fpagpd; ghl;L Muk;gpj;jy; 12345678901234567890123456
12345678901234567890123456
12345678901234567890123456
12345678901234567890123456
cjhuzk;: ,lJ ghjk; - fkh];
×
mjPj f;u`k; - jhsk; njlq;FKd; ghl;L Muk;gpj;jy;.

mjhtJ Ke;jpd Mtu;j;jj;jpy; filrpapy;
1234567890123
1234567890123
ghl;L Muk;gpj;jy;. 1234567890123
1234567890123
1234567890123
cjhuzk;: rptfhkRe;jup - Kfhup ×

]kkw;w vLg;Ng tprk vLg;ghFk;.
vdNt mdhfj> mjPj vLg;Gfis
tprk vLg;gpd; ,U gpupTfshff;
nfhs;syhk;.
fpu`k; (vLg;G)
rkk; tprkk;
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234
12345678901234 jhsk; mdhfjk; mjPjk;
ghl;L
6. [hjp
[hjp yFtpd; vz;zpf;ifia epu;zapf;fpwJ. yFtpy; 5 [hjpfs; cz;L.

mitahtd : jp];uyF (|3)> rJ];u yF (|4)> fz;lyF (|5)> kp];uyF (|7)>
rq;fPu;z yF (|9) vd;gd. 7 jhsq;fSk; yFtpd; 5 [hjp Ngjj;jhy; (7 x 5 = 35) 35
jhsq;fshfpd;wd.
169
7. fis
xU jhs ml;ruj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpW gFjpf;Ff; fis vd;W ngau;. ,J

jhsq;fSf;Fupa fhy epu;zaj;ij KbT nra;fpwJ. fis %d;W tifg;gLk;.
mitahtd Vf fis> j;tp fis> rJu; fis
1. Vf fis - xU jhs ml;ruj;jpw;F xU ];tukhfg; ghLjy;.

(xU fis)
2. j;tp fis - xU jhs ml;ruj;jpw;F ,uz;L ];tuq;fs; ghLjy;.
(2 fis)
3. rJu; fis - xU jhs ml;ruj;jpw;F ehd;F ];tuq;fs; ghLjy;.
(4 fis)
fPjq;fspy; Vf fisiaAk; tu;zq;fspYk; gy fpUjpfspYk; j;tpfisiaAk;

gy;ytpfspy; rJu;fisiaAk; ehk; fhzyhk;.
8. yak;
jhsj;jpd; fhyg;gpukhzk; yak; vdg;gLk;. yapjj

; y; xd;Wjy; my;yJ ,ire;jpUj;jy;
vd;Dk; nghUs; nfhz;l ,r;nrhy;> jhsj;jpd; Ntfj;ijAk;> fhyg; gpukhzj;ijAk;
epiy epWj;JtjhFk;. yak; %d;W tifg;gLk;.
tpsk;gpjyak; (nrsf;f fhyk;)

jhsj;jpd; Nghf;F nkJthfr; nry;Yk;.
cjhuzk;: =fhe;jpkjp - N`ktjp - Mjp - Kj;J];thkp jPl;rju;
kj;jpk yak; (kj;jpkfhyk;)

,jpy; jhsj;jpd; Nghf;F eLj;jukhfr; nry;Yk;
cjhuzk;: khatpj;ij - fuùg;gpupah - Mjp - Kj;Jj;jhz;ltu;
Jupj yak; (Jupj fhyk;)

,jpy; jhsj;jpd; Nghf;F Ntfkhfr; nry;Yk;.
cjhuzk;: ]u]u]kNu - Fe;jytuhsp - jpahfuh[u;
170
,k;%d;W tpj yaq;fSk; NkYk; Kk;%d;whf EZf;fkhfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. tpsk;gpj tpsk;gpj yak;
tpsk;gpj kj;jpk yak;
tpsk;gpj Jupj yak;
2. kj;jpk tpsk;gpj yak;

kj;jpk kj;jpk yak;
kj;jpk Jupj yak;
3. Jupj tpsk;gpj yak;

Jupj kj;jpk yak;
Jupj Jupj yak;
9. ajp
xU jhsj;jpd; mikg;gpy; cs;s mq;fq;fisg; gy tiffspy; tptupj;Jf; fhl;Lk;

Kiwf;F ajp vd;W ngau;. ,J ghl;bd; mikg;gpy; cs;s Fwpg;gpl;l tif
mzpiaAk; Fwpf;Fk;. ,jd; mikg;igg; nghWj;J ajpfs; MW tiffshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it \l;ajp vdg;gLk;. mitahtd:
1. rkajp 2. tprk ajp

3. NfhGr;rajp 4. ];NuhNjhtfajp
5. lkU ajp 6. kpUjq;f ajp
1. rkajp
,jpy; jhsj;jpd; mq;fq;fs; rkkha; tUk;. gq;f[hÑp vd;W njhlq;Fk; fhk;Nghjp
,uhf tu;zj;jpd; filrp vj;Jf;fil ];tuj;jpd; Kjy; Mtu;j;jk;.
epepjj - ggkk - ffup] epgj];

kfkg - jgkg - jup];ep - gj];];
2. tprkajp
,jpy; vy;yh mq;fq;fSk; fpukk; jtwpf; FWfpAk;> ePz;Lk; tUk;. ,J Xu;
xOq;fpy; mika khl;lhJ.
cjhuzk;; jfjupfplj - j - jfjpkp - jfpl
171
3. NfhGr; r ajp
,J gRtpd; thiyg;Nghy Muk;gj;jpy; mfykhfTk;> gpd; FWfpf; nfhz;Nl
NghFk; mikg;ig cilaJ.
cjhuzk;: Kj;J];thkp jPÑpjupd; Mde;j igutp ,uhff; fpUjpapy;
jpahfuh[ Nahf itgtk;
uh[ Nahf itgtk;
Nahf itgtk;
itgtk;
gtk;
4. ];NuhNjht` ajp
,J Mw;iwg; Nghy; njhlf;fj;jpy; FWfpAk;> gpd; tpupe;J nfhz;L NghFk;
mikg;igAilaJ.
cjhuzk;: rpiwahUk; klf;fpspNa vd;W njhlf;Fk; Njthuj;jpy;
KiwahNy
ghy; KiwahNy
,q;Nf th NjndhL ghy; KiwahNy
fpspNa ,q;Nf thNjndhL ghy; KiwahNy
klf;fpspNa ,q;Nf thNjndhL ghy; KiwahNy
rpiwahUk; klf;fpspNa ,q;Nf th NjndhL ghy; KiwahNy
5. lkU ajp
,J Ntjkj;jpk ajp vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. cLf;if vd;w thj;ak; Nghy;
Kjypy; $bAk; gpd; Fiwe;J> jpUk;gTk; $bAk; tUtJ.
cjhuzk;: jfjup fpljf - jf - jfjupfpljf
6. kpUjq;f ajp
kpUjq;fk; Nghy; eLtpy; mfd;Wk;> ,U gf;fq;fSk; FWfpr; nry;Yk; mikg;igf;
nfhz;lJ. kpUjq;f ajp MFk;. cjhuzk;: fhk;Nghjp ,uhf gq;f[h\p vd;w
tu;zj;jpy; gjep - kgjep - fkgjep - upfkgjep - fkgjep - kgjep - gjep
172
10. gpu];jhuk;
gpu];jhuk; vd;why; guTjy;> tpupT nra;jy; vd;W nghUs;. xU jhs mq;fj;ij

vj;jid tiffspy; ehk; tpupj;Jf; fhl;l KbANkh mj;jid tiffspy; tpupj;Jf;
fhl;Lk; NghJ me;j mq;fj;ij gpu];jhuk; nra;fpd;Nwhk; vd;W nghUs;.
cjhuzkhf xU rJ];u yFit vLj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;.
1. |4 - 4
2. Ο+ Ο = 4
2 + 2 = 4
3. ∪+ ∪ = 4
Ο
4. Ο + ∪ + ∪ = 4
2 1 1
5. ∪+ ∪+Ο = 4
1 1 2
6. ∪+ Ο+ ∪ = 4
1 2 1
7. ∪+ ∪+ ∪+ ∪ = 4
1 1 1 1
8. ∪+ ∪ = 4
Ο
1 3
173
gLj; J thu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.8 : fhJ> Fuy;tis> xyp> xypapd; myFfs; gw;wp mwpe;J
$Wthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • fhJ> Fuy;tis vd;gdtw;wpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Fjy;.

• fhJ> Fuy;tis vd;gdtw;wpd; njhopw;ghl;il
tpsf;Fjy;.
• Fuy;tisiag; ghJfhj;jy;> ,irapy; Fuy; tisapd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpf; $Wjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.1.1 : fhJ> Fuy;tis Mfpatw;wpd; njhopw;ghLfis

tpsf;Fjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • fhJ> Fuy; tisapd; mikg;G> njhopw;ghL> ,irapy;

fhJ ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> Fuy;tisapd; mikg;G>
njhopw;ghL> ,irapy; Fuy; tisapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
ghlNtis : 05
ju cs;sPL : • fhJ> Fuy;tis Mfpatw;wpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Fk;

glq;fs;.
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • fhJ> Fuy;tis Mfpatw;wpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Fk;

glq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp
• fhjpd; mikg;G> njhopw;ghL> ,irapy; fhJ ngWk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
• Fuy;tisapd; mikg;G> njhopw;ghL> ,irapy; Fuy;

tis ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
• Fuy; tisiag; ghJfhf;Fk; Kiwfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • fhJ> Fuy;tisapd; mikg;G> njhopw;ghL gw;wp
tpsf;Ftu;.
• Fuy; tisapd; mikg;G> njhopw;ghL gw;wp tpsf;Ftu;.
• Fuy;tisiag; ghJfhf;Fk; Kiwia vLj;Jf; $Wtu;.
• ,irf;fy;tpf;F fhJ> Fuy;tis Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngW

fpd;wd vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;tu;.
174
MrpupaUf; f hdit : • ,g;ghlj;jpidf; fw;gpgg; jw;Fk; Nkyjpf tpsf;fj;jpid

mspg; g jw; F k; tpQ; Q hd Mrpupaupd; cjtpia
ehlyhk;.
khztUf; f hdit : • Nkyjpf tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngw tpQ;Qhd Mrpupaupd;

cjtpia ehlyhk;.
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; : • Mu;.Nf. tp];tehjd; - ]q;fPj E}y;

- (Acoustics)
• gp.b. nry;yj;Jiw. Nr.r. - njd;df ,irapay;
• lhf;lu; Nf.V. gf;fpup rhkpghujp - ,e;jpa ,irf;
fUT+yk;
175
fhJ> Fuy; t is Mfpatw; w pd; njhopw; g hLfs;
fhjpd; mikg;G
• kdpjdJ Ik;Gyd;fspy; nrtpg;Gyd; kpfTk; El;gkhdJk;> tho;f;iff;F kpfTk;
Kf;fpakhdJkhFk;.
• nrtpiag; Gwr;nrtp> eLr;nrtp> cl;nrtp vd %d;whfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
• Gwr;nrtpapy; nrtpgG
; dy; - nrtprN
; rhiz (Pinna)> Gwr;nrtpff
; hy;tha;; (Audiotary
Canal)> nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;T (Drum skin) vd;gd mlq;fpAs;sd.
• Gwr;nrtpf;fhy;thapd; filrpapy; nrtpg;Gw nkd;rt;T mike;Js;sJ.
• eLr;nrtpapy; M]pf;fps;]; (Ossicles) vd;Dk; %d;W vd;Gfshyhd nrtpr;

rpw;nwd;Gfs; njhlu; xd;W cs;sJ. ,k;%d;W vd;GfSk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W kpfTk;
El;gkhfg; gpizf;fg;gl;L xU Kid nrtpg;Gw nkd;rt;TlDk; kw;nwhU Kid
cl;nrtpAlDk; ,izf;fg; gl;Ls;sd.
• eLr;nrtpapd; Kf;fpa ghfk; ej;ij Xl;ilg; Nghd;w ej;ijr;RUs; (Cochlea)

vdg;gLk; gFjpahFk;. ,jd; ePsk; 3.1cm. ,jd; cl;Gwk; ~~Ngrpyhu; nkk;gpNud;||
(Basilar Membrane) mb nkd;rt;T vdg;gLk; mbr;rt;tpdhy; ,uz;L miwfshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jidr; nrtp euk;Gfs; (Auditory Nerves) %isAld;
,izf;fpd;wd.
• Rkhu; 24>000 euk;Gfs; Ngrpyhu; mb nkd;rt;tpy; ,Ug;gjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
fhjpd; njhopw;ghL
• Gwr;nrtpf; fhy;thapd; gf;fq;fspy; FUk;ig vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; xUtpj nkOF
,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; vWk;G Kjypa rpW g+r;rpfs; Rygkhf cl;nry;y KbahJ.
• Ngrpyhu; mb nkd;rt;tpy;; Mapuf;fzf;fhd rpW euk;Gfs; (Fibres) ,Uf;fpd;wd.

,itfs; jhd; ehk; Nfl;Fk; rg;jj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpd;wd.
• rg;jj;jpd; xyp miyfs; nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;tpy; NkhJtjhy; Vw;gLk; mjpu;r;rp

fhf;ypahtpy; ej;ijr; RUspy; guTfpwJ. mg;nghOJ me;j mjpu;r;rpf;Ff;
fhuzkhAs;s Jbg;G vz;zpf;iff;Fj; jFe;jhw;Nghy; mbr;rt;tpy; cs;s
euk;Gfs; cldpaf;fk; nra;J Nfs;tp euk;Gfs; %yk; %isf;Fr; rg;jj;jpd;
czu;r;rp Vw;gLfpwJ.
• Nfl;Fk; rg;jj;jpd; RUjpfF

; j; jFe;jhw;Nghy; Ngrpyhu; mbnkd;rt;tpd; cldpaq;Fk;
gFjp mikfpwJ vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
176
fhJ rk;ge;jkhd Vida tplaq;fs;
• ehk; Nfl;Fk; rg;jq;fspd; RUjpf;F cau;e;j vy;iyAk; jho;e;j vy;iyAk;
cz;L.
• Rkhu; 16 Hz f;Ff; Fiwthf Jbg;G (Hertz) cz;lhdhy; rg;jk; Nfl;fhJ

vd;Wk;> NkNy Rkhu; 20>000 Hz f;F mjpfkhfj; Jbg;G Vw;gl;lhy; rg;jk;
Nfl;fhJ vd;Wk; fz;Lgpbf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ.
• cau;e;j RUjpfisf; Nfl;Fk; rf;jp taijg; nghWj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. KJik

mila mila cau;e;j RUjpfisf; Nfl;f Kbtjpy;iy.
• rq;fPj rk;ge;jkhd 4000 Hz f;F Nky; RUjpAs;s xypfs; cgNahfg;gLj;jg;

gltpy;iy.
• rhjhuzkhf 11 ];jhap tiuapy; rg;jk; Nfl;ff; $Lnkd;W fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
fhJ
Fuy;tisapd; mikg;G
• rq;fPj thj;jpaq;fSs; kpfTk; Nkd;ikahdJ kdpjdJ NgRk; mtatkhFk;.

,jid kplw;Wf; fUtp vd;gu;.
• njhz;iliag; nghJthf ghupq;]; (Pharynx) Fuy;tis vd;W nrhy;tu;. ,jd;

mbg;ghfk; Kd;Gwj;jpy; (Larynx) Fuy;tis vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;. xypg;ngl;b
Kjw;nfhz;l gpd;Gwj;jpy; czTf;Foha; tiu tpahgpj;J ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
177
• xypg;ngl;b (Voice box) ehd;F FUj;njYk;Gfshy; (frpapioaq;fshy;) Mf;fg;
gl;lJ. mjDs; Fuy; ehz;fs; (Vocal corde) vd;w ,U rd;dj; Njhy;fs;
,Uf;fpd;wd. ,it gf;fthl;by; jir fspdhy; ,Of;fg;gl;L Rthrf; Fohapd;
Jthuj;ijf; fjTfs; Nghy; %bf;nfhs;fpd;wd. ehk; Ngrhky; fhw;iw
cl;nfhs;Sk;NghJ mit tpyfp toptpLfpd;wd.
Fuy;tisapd; njhopw;ghLfs;
• ehk; Rthrk; tpLk; fhw;W xypg;ngl;bapy; ,Ue;J te;J njhz;il> tha;> %f;F
topahf ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.
• ehk; NgrKaYk;NghJ Fuy;ehz;fspd; jirfs; nefpo;e;J Fuy;tisapd; tha;

rpwpjha; tpLfpd;wJ. mg;NghJ EiuaPuypy; ,Ue;J ntsptUk; fhw;W Fuy;
ehz;fisj; Jbf;fr; nra;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; xyp cz;lhfpd;wJ. ,t;nthyp
njhz;il> tha;> %f;F Kjypa ,lq;fspy; cs;s fhw;wpdhy; gyg;gLj;jg;gl;L
ntspf;fhw;wpy; guTfpd;wJ.
Fuy;tis njhlu;ghd Vida tplaq;fs;
• Fuy; ehz;fs; ngz;fSf;F ,Ug;gjpYk; ghu;f;f Mz;fSf;Fr; rw;W ePz;Lk;

jbj;Jk; ,Ug;gjhy; Mz;fs; ghLk; Mjhu RUjp ngz;fspd; Mjhu RUjpiatplf;
Fiwthf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; ,sk; tajpy; Fuy; ehz;fs; nky;ypajha;
,Ug;gjhdy; rpWtu;fsJ Mjhu RUjp ngupatu;fspd; Mjhu RUjpiaf;
fhl;bYk; cau;thfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
• xypfspd; RUjp Fuy; ehz;fspd; ,U tpirfspy; jq;fpAs;sJ. mtw;wpd;

gz;G> tha; %f;F vd;gtw;wpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
• Fuy; ehz;fis mirf;Fk; fhw;W> tha; %f;F Kjypa ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J

jq;Fjilapdw
; p ntsptug; goFtij xt;nthU ghlfUk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
• Fuiyj; jpUj;Jtjw;F Kd; Rthrj;jpw;Fz;lhd jirfis rpwe;j Kiwapy;

cgNahfpf;fg; gof Ntz;Lk;.
• Nfs;tp Qhdj;jpd; %yk; jhd; Fuy; ehz;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;. Vnddpy;

Fuy; ehz;fspd; euk;Gfs; fhJ euk;GfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.
,jpypUe;J Nfs;tp Qhdj;jpd; mtrpaj;ij ehk; czu;e;J nfhs;syhk;.
178
Fuy; ngl;b ((Voice box))
gf; f thl; L j; Njhw; w k;
%bapUj;jy; jpwe;jpUj;jy;
FWf; F ntl; L j; Njhw; w k;
%bapUj; j y; jpwe;jpUj;jy;
Fuy;tisapd; ghfq;fs; ((Parts of voice box))
1. Fuy;ngl;b thy;T> Fuy; ehz; (Vocal card)

2. fpupfN
; fhijuha;L rt;T (Cricothyroid Muscle and ligament)
3. fpupf;fha;L FUj;njYk;G (Cricoid Cartilage)
4. mupl;eha;L FUj;njOk;G (Arytenoid Catilage)
5. ijuha;L FUj;njOk;G (Thyroid cartilage)
179

; ];jhdp ,irapd; gpugy;akhd jhsq;fs; thj;jpaf;
fUtpfs; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.
fw;ww; NgW : • jNgyh> ]huq;fp Mfpa ,irf;fUtpfspd; mikg;gpid

tpsf;Fjy;.
nraw;ghL 5.1.1 : `pe;J];jhdp thj;jpaf; fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • jNgyh> ]huq;fp Mfpatw;wpd; mikg;G.
ghlNtis : 04 - jNgyh - 02 ghlNtis

]huq;fp - 02 ghlNtis
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • `pe;J];jhdp ,irf;fUtpfs; gw;wp jtiz 1 ,y;

fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L fw;gpg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fw;gpj;jy; KiwiaAk;>
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L KiwiaAk; gpd;gw;wp jNgyh>
]huq;fp Mfpa `pe;J];jhdp ,irf;fUtpfs; gw;wpf;
fw;gpf;fyhk;.
180
jNgyh
tl ,e;jpa rq;fPjj;jpy; jNgyh kpf Kf;fpakhd jhs thj;jpakhf tpsq;FfpwJ.

13MtJ E}w; w hz; b y; tho; e ; j mkP u ; F ]; U vd; g tuhy; jNgyh thj; j pak;
fz; L gpbf; f g; g l; l J. jNgyh ,uz; L ghfq; f shy; MdJ. ,lJ ifahy;
thrpf;fg;gLtJ gahd; vdTk;> tyJ ifahy; thrpf;fg;gLtJ jahd; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLk;. gahd; kz;zpdhNyh> nrk;gpdhNyh Mf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. jahd;
kuj; j pdhy; Mf; f g; g l; b Uf; F k; . ,uz; b dJk; Nkw; g hfkhdJ Njhypdhy;
%lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. cUis tbtkhd kuj;Jz;Lfs; jNgyhtpy; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
kuj;Jz;Lfis NkNyAk; fPNoAk; efu;j;Jtjd; %yk; RUjpiaf; $l;lTk;>
Fiwf;fTk; KbAk;. jNgyh 12 mq;Fyk; Kjy; 15 mq;Fyk; tiu ePsKs;sJ.
jahid tpl gahd; 1 mq;Fyk; my;yJ 2 mq;Fyk; FiwthdJ.
jNgyhtpd; Nkw;Gwj;jpy; eLtpy; ~];ah`p| vdg;gLk; fWg;Gg; gir epue;jukhfg;

g+rg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,J kj;jpapy; ,y;yhky; xU fiuia mz;kpj;J ,Uf;Fk;.
jNgyh thrpg;gjpy; ntt;NtW ghzpfs; cs. ,g;ghzpfs; PURVABAJ, DILLIBAJ,
AJRARABAJ Nghd;witahFk;.
fr;Nrupapy; gpujhd ghlfu; my;yJ thj;jpaf; fUtpia ,irg;gtu; jNgyhtpd;

[jpfis (Nlf;fhf;fis) mDrupjN ; j ghl> thj;jpaj;ij ,irf; Ntz;Lk;. jw;NghJ
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gf;jpg;ghly;> nky;ypirg;ghly;> g[idg; ghly;;fSf;Fk; jNgyh
gf;fthj;jpakhf thrpff ; g;gLfpwJ. ,t;thj;jpak; fjf; eldj;jpwF ; k; gf;fthj;jpakhf
thrpff
; g;gLfpdw; J. jw;fhyj;jpy; gujehl;ba epfo;rr; pfspYk; jNgyh gf;fthj;jpakhf
thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
mghd; E. kp];up (Mistri)

my;yhuf;fhfhd; (Alla Rakka khan)
my;yhuhf;fhfhdpd; Gjy;tu; c];jhj; ]hfpu; `{ird; (Usted Zahir Hussain)
MfpNahu; jNgyh thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akhdtu;fs;.
181
]huq; f p
tl ,e; j pa ,irapNy ]huq; f p gpujhd

gf;fthj;jpakhf thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thj;jp ak;
jdpahf thrpgg; jw;Fk; tha;gg
; hl;bw;Fg; gf;fthj;jpa
khf thrpg; g jw; F k; Vw; w jhf tpsq; F fpwJ.
,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; vy;yh tpjkhd fkfq;fisAk;
thrpf;f KbAk;.
]huq;fp thj;jpak; xU Guhjd thj;jpakhFk;.

,t;thj;jpak; ]huq;fh> ]huq;fp> ]huq;ftPzh
Nghd;w ngau;fSld; rq;fPj uj;dhfuk;> ghu;];t
Guhzk;> rq;fjP ju;gg
; zk; Nghd;w E}y;fspy; Fwpg;
gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ]huq;fp thj;jpak; kuj;jpdhyhdJ.
60 nr.kP ePsKilaJ. RUjp $l;Ltjw;fhf ehd;F
gpuilfs; cs;sd. fPog ; g
; Fjpapd; kj;jpapy; ghyk;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ]huq;fpapd; fPog ; g
; hfk; thrpg;
gtupd; kbapy; itj; J thrpf; f g; g LfpwJ.
,t;thj;jpaj;jpd; tpy; Fjpiu kapupdhy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tpy;ypid tyJ

ifapdhy; gpbj;J thrpg;gu;. ,lJ if tpuy;fs; ];tu];jhdq;fis thrpg;gjw;Fg;
gad;gLfpd;wd. jw;fhyj;jpy; ]huq;fpapy; 35 - 40 tiuapyhd mDjhgj; je;jpfs;
fhzg;gLfpdw; d. ,it rpwpa gpuilfspy; Rw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. thrpff
; g;gLk; ,uhfj;jpd;
];tu];jhdq;fSf;F Vw;g mDjhgj; je;jpfs; RUjp $l;lg;gLk;.
,t;thj;jpak; fjf; eldj;jpw;Fk; gf;fthj;jpakhf thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ]huq;fp

jdpf;fr;NrupahfTk; gf;fthj;jpakhfTk; thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; rpy
Nfhapy; f spy; XJthu; f s; Njthuq; f s; ghlg; g Lk; NghJ ]huq; f piag;
gf;fthj;jpakhfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ~myhTjPd;fhd;| gz;bl;uhk; ehuhazd;>
mg;Jy;yhjPgf; hd;> JUgNfh\; MfpNahu;fs; ,t;thj;jpaj;ij thrpgg
; jpy; gpugy;akhf
tpsq;fpdhu;fs;.
182
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3 : Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd; ypgp Kiwapid tpsf;Ftu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • Nkiyj;Nja ,ir ypgp Kiwapd; ngaiuf;

Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; ]g;j];tuq;fSf;Fupa
ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• 5 rkhe;ju NfhLfspy; Sharp, Flat NghLk; Kiwia
tpsf;Fjy;.
• fu;ehlf ,irapy; xslt> \hlt> ]k;g+u;z ,uhfq;
fspd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzq;fis Nkiyj;Nja ypgp
Kiwapy; vOJjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.1.1 : fu;ehlf ,irapy; tof;fj;jpYs;s gpugy;akhd ,uhfq;

fspd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzq;fis Nkiyj;Nja ypgp
Kiwapy; vOJjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • Nkiyj;Nja ,ir ypgp Kiwapd; ngau;.

• Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; rg;j];tuq;fSf;FKupa ngau;
• ,uhfq;fspd; MNuhfz: mtNuhfzq;fis Nkiyj;
Nja ypgp Kiwapy; vOJjy;
ghlNtis : 08
ju cs;sPL : • Nkiyj;Nja ypgp Kiwapy; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfs;

(fu;ehlf ,ir ,uhfq;fspd; MNuhfz> mtNuhf
zq;fs;)
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • Nkiyj;Nja ypgp Kiw ];lht; (Staff) nehNlrd; vd

miof;fg;gLtijf; $wp 7 ];tuq;fspwF ; k; Nkiyj;Nja
,irapy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; ngau;fis vLj;Jf;$wy;.
Do, Rey, Me, Fa, So, La, Te (Nlh> Nu> kP> th> N]h> yh>
B)
• 5 rkhe;ju tupfspy; G - Clef ,y; ];tuq;fis Nfhl;bd;

NkYk; NfhLfSf;fpilapYk; vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
Niyj;Nja ypgp Kiwapy; vOjg;gl;l ml;il %yk;
tpsf;Fjy;.
• 5 rkhe;ju NfhLfSf;F mg;ghy; (];jhap vy;iyf;F

mg;ghw;gl;l) ];tuq;fs;> ,t;ite;J NfhLfSf;F
NkNyNah> fPNoNah rpwpa NfhLfspNyh (Ledger lines)
mjw;F NkNyNah vOjg;gLk; Kiwia tpsf;Fjy;.
183
• rhjhuzkhf ve;j milahsKk; (Sharp or flat) ,w;Fg;
gf;fj;jpy; Fwpgg
; plg;glhtpbd; mjd; ];tu];jhdk; rq;fuh
guz ,uhfj;jpw;F cupait vd;gjid rq;fuhguz
,uhfj; j pd; MNuhfz - mtNuhfzk; (]; l ht;
nehNl\dpy;) vOjg;gl;l ml;il %yk; tpsf;Fjy;.
• Flat (b) milahsk;> Sharp # milahsk; vOJk;

Kiwia cjhuzk; %yk; tpsf;Fjy;.
b - ùpfhk;Nghjp ,uhfk; (ifrpfp ep\hjk;)
# - fy;ahzp ,uhfk; (gpujp kj;jpkk;)
• NtW ,uhfq; f isf; Fwpg; g pl; L ,t; t puhfq; f spd;

MNuhfz - mtNuhfzq; i s Nkiyj; N ja ypgp
Kiwapy; vOj topg;gLj;jy;.
(fye;Jiuahly; %yk;; fw;gpf;fyhk;.)
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • rq;fuhguz ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz - mtNuhfzj;ij
Nkiyj;Nja ypgp Kiwapy; vOJtu;.
• Nkhfd ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz - mtNuhfzj;ij

• = uQ;rdp ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzj;ij

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; : • Nguhrpupau;. P. rk;g%u;j;jp

- Elements of W estern Music
• W illiam Lovelock
- The Rudiments of Music
• Dr. Gowri Kuppuswamy
- Text Book of comparative Music
MrpupaUf; f hdit : • Nkiyj;Nja ,ir gw;wpa E}y;fis thrpgg; jpD}lhf

Tk; Nkiyj;Nja ,ir ty;Ydu;fs;> Mrpupau;fSld;
fye;JiuahLtjd; %ykhfTk; Nkiyj;Nja ,ir
gw;wpa mwpit tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
khztUf; f hdit : • jhk; mwpe;j fu;ehlf ,ir ,uhfq;fspd; MNuhfz

- mtNuhfzq;fis Nkiyj;Nja ypgp Kiwapy;
vOJtjd; %yk; Nkiyj;Nja ypgpapy; MNuhfz -
mtNuhfzq;fis vOJk; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;J
nfhs;syhk;.
184
INuhg;gpa rq;fPj ypgp Kiw
cyfj;jpy; toq;Fk; vy;yh rq;fPjj;jpw;Fk; rg;j ];tuq;fs; mbg;gilahd xU

tplakhFk;. Nkw;fj;jpa ,irapy; toq;Fk; rg;j ];tuq;fSk; Nlh> Nu> kP> th>
N]h> yh> B (Doh, Ray, Mi, Fah, Soh, La, Tee) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it
KiwNa ,e;jpa rq;fPjj;jpy; toq;Fk; rg;j];tuq;fshfpa ]> up> f> k> g> j> ep
vd;Dk; ];tuq;fSf;F xj;jit. Nkw;fj;jpa Solfa Kiw 995 - 1050 fp.gp.
fhyj;jpypUe;J tof;fpypUe;jJ.
Nkw;fj;jpa ,irapy; mbg;gilahd ,uhfk; Nk[u; ];Nfy; (Major Scale) fu;ehlf

,irapy; jPurq;fuhguzj;jpw;Fk; tl ,e;jpa ,irapy; gpyhtYf;Fk; xg;ghdJ.
Nk[u; ];Nfypy; cs;s ];tuq;fs; ehu;Ruy; (Natural) vd miof;fg;gLk;. ehu;Ruy;

my;yhj ];tuq;fs; gsl; (Flat) vd;Wk; ]hu;g; (Sharp) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.
Nfhks ];tuq;fs gsl; vd;Wk; jPtpu ];tuq;fs ]hu;g; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.
cjhuzkhf fy;ahzp ,uhfj;jpd; gpujpkj;jpkk; (F sharp) vd miof;fg;gLk;.
ùpfhk;Nghjp ,uhfj;jpy; tUk; ifrpfp ep\hjk; B - Flat vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.
rg;j ];tuq;fSk; Mq;fpy ,irapy;
C - ]
D - up
E - f
F - k
G - g
A - j
B - ep vd miof;fg;gLk;.
,e;jpa rq;fjP ypgp Kiwia ];fpupgl

; ; nehNl\d; (Script Notation) vd;Wk; Nkw;fj;jpa
rq;fPj ypgp Kiwia (Staff - Notation) ];lht; nehNl\d; vd;Wk; miog;gu;.
,e;jpa ,irapy; cs;sJ Nghd;Nw %d;W tpj ya NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLtJld;

Nkw;fj;jpa ,irapy; NkYk; cl;gpupTfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mitahtd: tpsk;gpjyak; - Slow tempo
kj;jpayak; - Medium tempo
Jupjyak; - Fast tempo
Jupa tpsk;gpj - ALLEGRO
Jupj kj;jpk - ALLEGRO MODERATO
Jupj Jupj - ALLEGRO ASSAI vd;W miof;fg;gLk;.
,e;jpa ,irapy; ghlfu; jd; Fuy; tsj;jpw;Nfw;g RUjpia Nju;e;njLf;f Rje;jpuk;
185
cz;L. Nkw;fj;jpa ,irapy; ghly; ve;j Key (pitchorsruti) ,y; vOjg;gl;Ls;sNjh
me;j Key ,NyNa ghl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpa rq;fPjj;jpy; kNdhju;k rq;fPjk; xU
Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;. xU ghlfdpd; jpwikia kNdhju;k rq;fj P j;jpd; thapyhfj;jhd;
mwpa KbfpwJ. Mdhy; Nkw;fj;jpa ,irapy; kNdhju;kk; vd;w mk;rj;jpw;F
,lkpy;iy.
Nkw;fj;jpa ,irapy; ,uhfj;ij ];Nfy; (Scale) vd;W miog;gu;. ];Nfy; vd;Dk;

gjkhdJ ,yj;jpd; nkhopapYs;s ];fhyh vd;Dk; gjj;jpypUe;J te;jjhFk;.
];fhyh vd;why; Vzp vd nghUs;gLk;.
Nkw;fj;jpa ,irapd; ,U gpujhd ];Nfy;fshfpa Nk[u;> ikdu; Mfpa ,uz;Lk;

17Mk;> 18Mk; E}w;whz;bw;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; tpUj;jpahapd. Nk[u;
];NfypypUe;Nj Gjpa ,uhfq;fs; fpufNgjj;jpd; %yk; cUthapd.
Mq;fpy ,irapy; fhzg;gLk; igjNfhupad; Nksj;jpd; (Pythogorion Mela) MNuh`z

];tuq;fs; NtWgl;bUe;jhYk; mtNuh`z ];tuq;fs; fu;ehlf rq;fj P j;jpy; toq;Fk;
Njtfhe;jhup ,uhfj;jpw;F xg;ghdjhFk;. ,j;jhypa rq;fPjj;jpYk; vkJ fu;ehlf
,irapy; toq;Fk; ,uhfq;fshfpa FwpQ;rp> Mugp> ehjehkf;upah Nghd;w
,uhfq;fSf;F xg;ghd nkl;Lf;fspy; mike;j ghly;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
]pk;Nke;jpu kj;ak ,uhfk; Nkiy ehl;L [pg;]p rq;fPjj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
`hu;kdpf; ikdu; ];Nfy; (Harmonic Minor scale) ekJ fPuthzp ,uhfj;jpw;F
xj;jjhFk;.
INuhg;gpa rq;fPjj;jpy; ngz;fSf;Fupa Fuiy %d;W tpjkhfg; gpupg;gu;.
1. n]hg;uhNdh (Soprano)> cau;e;jJ (High)

2. nkN]h - n]hg;uhNdh (Mezzo - Soprano)> eLj;jukhdJ (Inter Mediate)
3. nfhd;luhf;Nlh (Contracto)> jho;thdJ (Low)
Mz;fSf;Fupa Fuiy ehd;F tpjkhfg; gpupg;gu;.
1. My;Nlh (Alto)> mg+u;tkhf cau;e;jJ (Exceptionally High)

2. nldu; (Tenor)> cau;e;jJ (High)
3. gupNlhd; (Baritone)> eLj;jukhdJ (Inter Mediate)
4. gh]; (Bass)> jho;thdJ (Low)
12 ];tu];jhdq;fSk; mtw;wpw;F rkhdkhd `pe;J];jhd; ,irapy; toq;Fk;
186
ngau;fSk; Nkiyj;Nja rq;fj
P j;jpy; toq;Fk; ngau;fSk; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nkiyj;Nja rq;fPjk; fu;ehlf rq;fPjk; `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk;
1. C ]l;[k; ]l;[k;
2. D flat Rj;j up Nfhks up
3. D rJ];Ujp up jPt;u up my;yJ Rj;j up
4. Eflat rhjhuz f Nfhks f
5. E me;ju f jPt;uf my;yJ Rj;j f
6. F Rj;j k Rj;j k
7. F Sharp gpujp k jPt;u k
8. G gQ;rkk; gQ;rkk;
9. A flat Rj;j j Nfhks j
10. A rJ];Ujp j jPt;u j> Rj;j j
11. B flat ifrpfp ep Nfhks ep
12. B fhfyp ep jPt;u ep my;yJ Rj;j ep
INuhg;gpa rq;fPj ypgp Kiwahfpa ];lht; nehNl\d; cyf ehLfspNy ngupJk;

gpd;gw;wp tUk; Xu; rq;fPj ypgp KiwahFk;. nrd;w E}w;whz;by; $l ,e;jpahtpy;
fu; e hlf rq; f P j cUg; g bfis ]; l ht; nehNl\dpy; vOJk; Kaw; r pfs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
ruNgh[p kfhuh[htpd; fhyj;jpy; ghy];thkp jPÑpju; rpy cUg;gbfis ];lht;

nehNl\d; Kiwapy; vOjp jdJ ghz;by; (Band) ,y; thrpg;gpj;jhu;. `pe;J];jhdp
rq;fPjj;ij Kjd; Kjyhf ];lht; nehNl\d; Kiwapy; vOjpatu; lhf;lu;. uh[h
Nru; RNue;jpu Nkh`dlh$u;.
];lht; nehNl\d; 5 rkhe;ju tupfspy; vOjg;gLfpd;wJ.
187
];tuq;fspd; epiy NfhLfspd; NkYk; NfhLfSf;F kj;jpapYk; vOjg;gLfpd;wJ.
,f;NfhLfSf;F mg;ghy; vOjg;gLk; (];jhap vy;iyf;F mg;ghw;gl;l) ];tuq;fs;
,t;ite;J NfhLfSf;F NkNyNah> fPNoNah rpwpa NfhLfspNyh (Ledger Lines)
mjw;F NkNyNah vOjg;gLfpwJ.
NfhLfspYk; ,ilapYk; vOjg;gLk; ];tuq;fspd; ngau;fis epu;zapg;gjw;F

fpst; (Clef) vd;Dk; FwpaPL NfhLfspd; Muk;gj;jpy; tiuag;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpa
rq;fj
P k; ,yFthd Kiwapy; G fpst; my;yJ TREBLE CLEF ,y; vOjg;gLfpwJ.
,k;Kiwapy; gpujhd ];tuk; (Key - Note) kj;jpa ];jhap ] (Middle - C) MFk;.
G my;yJ g
C my;yJ ]
fpst;w;F gf;fj;jpy; Sharp
my;yJ flat milahsk;
,lhtpbd; mjd; ];tu];jh
dq;fs; rq;fuhguz ,uhfk;
(major scale) vd;W nfhs;
sg;gLk;.
Nfhks ];tuk; cs;s xU

,uhfj;ij vOj Ntz;L
khapd; clef w;Fg; gf;fj;jpy;
Flat milahsk; b mt;
]; t uj; j pw; F upa Nfhl; b y;
my;yJ ,ilntspapy; ,l
Ntz;Lk;.
mt;thNw jPt;u ];tuq;fs;

cs;s xU ,uhfk; vOj
N t z ; L k h a p d ; # sharp
milahsk; ,l Ntz;Lk;.
188

fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwAk; ,irj;njhz;ilAk;
kjpg;gpLthu;.
fw;ww; NgW : • n[aNjtu;> khupKj;jhg;gps;is> fdk; fpU\;za;au;

MfpNahupd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw tpsf;Fjy;.
nraw;ghL 6.1.1 : gpd;tUk; thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwAk;

,irj;njhz;bidAk; tpsf;Fjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • n[aNjtu;

• khupKj;jhg;gps;is
• fdk; fpU\;za;au; MfpNahupd; tho;fi
; f tuyhW>
,irj;njhz;L
ghlNtis : 04
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • jtiz 1,y; thf;Nfafhuu; gw;wpf; fw;gpj;j Kiwia

fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L Ak;> fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L KiwfisAk; gpd;gw;wp Nkw;
Fwpgg
; pll
; thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; tho;fi
; f tuyhW> ,irj;
njhz;L vd;git gw;wpf;fw;gpf;fyhk;.
189
n[aNjtu;
fPjNfhtpe;jnkd;Dk; rpUq;fhu kfhfhtpaj;ij ,aw;wpg; Gfo;ngw;w n[aNjtu;

12 Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;jtu;. ,tu; xup]htpYs;s ~~fpz;Lgpy;tk;| vd;Dk;
,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. ,tuJ je;ijahu; Ngh[Njtu;> jhahu; ukhNjtp. ,sikapNyNa
fy;tp> Nfs;tpfspy; Nju;r;rpAw;W rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhu;. Vo;ikapYk; vspikahf
tho;e;jtu;. ,tu; xU fpU\;zgf;ju;. jpahdk; nra;tjpNy <LghL nfhz;L fhyk;
fopj;jhu;.
mt;T+upNyNa ~~Njtru;kh|| vd;Dk; gpuhkzu; tho;eJ

; te;jhu;. nja;t rq;fy;gj;jhy;
mtUf;Fg; gpwe;j ngz; Foe;ijahfpa gj;khtjpia> jf;f tajpy; n[fd;ehju;
Myaj;jpw;F mu;g;gzk; nra;Ak; Nehf;NfhL mf;Nfhapy; mu;r;rfuplk; mtiu
xg;gilj;jhu;. ,iwtd; mu;r;rfupd; fdtpy; Njhd;wp gj;khtjpia n[aNjtUf;F
kzk; Kbf;Fk;gb fl;lisapl;lhu;. n[aNjtu; gj;khtjpia Vw;f kWj;jjhy;
je;ij Njtru;kh n[aNjtUf;Fj; njhz;L nra;Ak;gb tpl;Lr; nrd;whu;.
ehsiltpy; mtspd; md;igAk; gf;jpiaAk; fz;L n;[aNjtu; gj;khtjpia

kze; J nfhz; l hu; . ,jd; g pd; n[aNjtUk; > gj; k htjpAk; =fpU\; z dpd;
Gfo;ghLtjpNyNa jq;fs; fhyj;ijf; fopf;fyhapdu;.
,t;thW ,Uf;ifapy; n[aNjtu; fPjNfhtpe;jk; vd;Dk; rk];fpUj epUj;jpa

ehlfj;ij ,aw;wyhdhu;. n[aNjtu; 19Mk; m\;lgjpia ,aw;wpfn ; fhz;bUf;ifapy;
xU mjprak; epfo;ej
; J. fPjNfhtpej
; j;jpy; = fpU\;zd; jd;dplk; Nfhgk; nfhz;bUe;j
uhijaplk; rkhjhdk; nra;aKaYk; fhl;rpia rpj;jpupf;f Neu;e;jNghJ ~~X uhjh|
fhjy; tp\k; vd; jiyf;Nfwpjj ; jj;jspff; pNwd;> vd; jiykPJ cd; Nuh[h ,jo;fis
xj;j> nkd;ikahd ghjq;fis itj;J fhjy; tp\j;ij ,wf;F|| vd = fpU\;zd;
uhijaplk; $Wtjhd fUj;jpidf; nfhz;l ,U tupfis vOjpf; nfhz;bUe;j
n[aNjtu; ,t;tupfs; gukhj;khtpd; nja;tj;jd;ikf;F ,Of;nfdf; fUj;jpj; jhd;
vOjpa ,U tupfisAk; mopj;Jtpl;L ];ehdk; nra;ar; nrd;W jpUk;gpdhu;.
];ehdk; Kbe;J te;J ghu;j;jNghJ jhd; mopj;jpUe;j ,U tupfSk; kWgb
vOjpapUg;gJ fz;L Mr;rupaKw;whu;. gpd;G kidtp ele;jijf; $wNt n[aNjtu;
= fpU\;zdJ juprdk; fpilj;j ghf;fpaj;ijAk; nja;tf P j; jd;ikiaAk; vz;zp>
me;j m\;lgjpapd; ,Wjpapy; ~~gj;khtjp ukz n[aNjtf;tp|| vdf; Fwpgg ; pLfpdw
; hu;.
,jd; fhuzkhfNt 19MtJ m\;lgjpf;F ~juprd m\;lgjp| vd;W ngau;
toq;fyhapw;W.
xU rkak; n[aNjtu; ,we;Jtpl;ljhf xU jtwhd nra;jp gj;khtjpaplk;

mwptpf;fg;gl;lNghJ mts; %u;ri
; rAw;W ,we;JtplNt n[aNjtu; = fpU\;zdpd;
190
mDf;ufj;Jld; gj;khtjpapd; Kfj;jpy; jz;zPu; njspj;J mtis capu;ngw;nwor;
nra;jhu;. ,f;fhuzj;jpdhNyNa 19 MtJ m\;lgjpf;F ~~rQ;rPtpdp m\;lgjp||
vdTk; ngau; toq;fyhapw;W.
fPj Nfhtpe;jk; 12 ru;f;fq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,J 24 ghly;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

,it xt;nthd;Wk; 8 fz;biffisf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy; ~~m\;lgjpfs;|| vd;W
ngau; ngw;wd. m\;lgjpfs; itjPffhd cUg;gbfshFk;.
fPj Nfhtpe;jkhdJ ,e;jpah KOtJk; xNu tpjkhd ,ir epytpa fhyj;jpy;

,aw;wg;gl;lJ. vdNt ,jpYs;s ghly;fs; tl ehl;bYk; njd;dhl;bYk; ghlg;gl;L
tUfpd;wd. xt;nthU m\;lgjpapd; KbtpYk; kq;fs RNyhfq;fs; cs;sd.
khupKj; j hg; g ps; i s
irt rkaj;jpd; rpwg;Gkpf;f jpUj;jykhfpa jpy;iyapd; tl fpof;Fj; jpirapy;

jpy;iytplq;fd; vd;Dk; rpw;W}u; cs;sJ. ,t;t+upy; irt Ntshs kuigr; Nru;e;j
kf;fs; tho;e;jdu;. ,e;j kuigr; Nru;e;j nja;tg; ngUkhs; gps;is vd;gtupd;
mUe;jtg; Gjy;tuhf khupKj;jhg;gps;is fp.gp. 1712 Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhu;. rpW
tajpy; ,tu; rptfq;fehj Njrpfu; vd;gtuplk; jkpo;f; fy;tpAk; rkaf; fy;tpAk;
gapd;whu;. jf;f FU xUtuplk; rka jPl;irAk; ngw;whu;. mf;fhyj;jpy; rpjk;guj;jpy;
tho;e;j tPiz mg;ghf;fz;Zg;gps;is> ehfRuk; muq;fehjgps;is MfpNahuplk;
,ir gapd;W nfhs;Sk; ey;y tha;g;G mtUf;Ff; fpl;baJ. Kj;Jj;jhz;ltu;
guk;giuiar; Nru;e;j Fg;igahgps;is> rpd;idahgps;is MfpNahuplk; gofpj;
jk; ,ir mwpit mtu; NkYk; tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.
rPuf
; hop mUzhryf; ftpuhaiuf; fz;Lk; Nfl;Lk; gofpj; jk;Kila ,ir mwpit
NkYk; tskhdjhf Mf; f pf; n fhz; l hu; vd Nguhrpupau; K. mUzhryk;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. rpt gf;jpapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa khupKj;jhg;gps;is ,irapy;
rpwe; j gapw; r pAk; Nju; r ; r pAk; > jkpo; n khopapy; rpwe; j GyikAk; xUq; N f
ngw;wpUe;jikahy; ,iwtidg; Nghw;wpg; gy fPuj ; j
; idfs; ,aw;Wtjw;F mtUf;F
,ay;ghfNt ey;y jpwik ,Ue;jJ. mtu; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd fPu;j;jidfs;
,aw;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk; ,g;nghOJ mtu; ,aw;wpa 25 fPu;j;jidfNs
ekf;Ff; fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wd.
jpy;iy eluh[g; ngUkhd; kPJ gy jkpo;f; fPu;j;jidfSk;> FwtQ;rp> nehz;b

ehlfk; Nghd;w ,ir ehl;ba ehlfq;fSk;> gy mUikahd ,yf;fpag; ghl
191
E}y;fSk; ,aw;wpj; jkpod;idf;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpa NguwpQu; khupKj;jhg; gps;is
ahthu;. ,tu; ,aw;wpa gjq;fSk;> epej
; h];Jjpgg
; hly;fSk;> fPuj
; j
; idfSk;> ,yf;fpa
E}y;fSk; Vida ,ir tpw;gd;du;fSf;Fk;> mwpQu;fSf;Fk; gad;gLgitahfj;
jpfo;fpd;wd.
khupKj;jhg; gps;is> xU rkak; jdJ %j;jFkhuuhd nja;tq;fs; ngUkhs;

gps;is vd;gtu; rpwpJ fhyk; kjpkaq;fp ,Uf;ff;fz;L kdk; tUe;jpj; jpy;iy
eluh[g; ngUkhid Ntz;lNt eluh[g; ngUkhd; fdtpy; Njhd;wp ~~ek; kPJ eP
ghbdhy; cd; ftiy ePq;Fk;|| vdj; njuptpf;fNt ,iwtd; fl;lisiar;
rpuNkw;nfhz;L ~~Gypa+u; ntz;gh|| vd;Dk; xU E}iyg; ghb Kbj;jhu;. clNd
mtuJ kfdpd; kjpkaf;fk; ePq;fg; ngw;wJ. ,jd; gpd;G njhlu;e;J ,iwtidg;
Nghw;wpg; gy;NtW E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpdhu;.
khupKj;jhg;gps;is ,aw;wpa ghly;fspy; vJFyfhk;Nghjp ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j

~~fhiyj;J}f;fp epd;whLk; nja;tNk|| vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghly; ,ir muq;FfspYk;
ehl;ba muq;FfspYk; fiyQu;fshy; kpfTk; tpUk;gpg; ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;ghlypy;
nrhy; eak;> nghUs; eaj;jpw;F Vw;w Kiwapy; ,ir mikg;Gk; nghUj;jkhf
mike;Js;sJ. ~~xUf;fhy; rpt rpjk;guk;|| vd;W njhlq;Fk; Mugp ,uhff;
fPu;j;jidAk; jw;fhyj;jpy; ,irf; fiyQu;fshy; ngupJk; ,ir muq;Ffspy;
ghlg;gl;L tUk; cUg;gbahFk;.
khupKj;jhg;gpsi
; s ,aw;wpa fPuj
; j
; idfspy; ,uz;L gj mikg;gpy; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sd.
,tw;Ws; xd;whd RUl;b ,uhfj;jpy; ~~VJ fpj;jidNkhb jhd; ckf;F vd;wd;
Nkiyah|| vd;W njhlq;Fk; ghly;> jiytp jiytdhfpa ,iwtidg; ghu;jJ ; j;jhd;
Fw;wk; VJk; Gupatpy;iyNa@ gpd; Vd; ,e;j ghuhKfk; vd;W Nfl;Fk; ghtidapy;
mike;Js;sJ.
~~vd;d fhupaj;Jf;F ,e;jg; Ngahz;b Nky; ,r;ir nfhz;lha; kfNs|| vd;w

kw;iwa gjj;jpy; jha; jd; kfisg; ghu;jJ ; f; Nfl;Fk; ghtidapy; mike;Js;sJ.
rptngUkhd; kPJ fhjy; nfhz;l jd; kfisj; jha; gopj;Jg; NgRk; Kiwapy;
,g;ghly; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;gjj;jpw;F jpUg;ghk;Guk; ];thkp ehjgps;isatu;fs;
ju;ktjp ,uhfj;jpy; ,iraikj;Js;shu;fs;.
,fo;tJ Nghy ,iwtidg; Gfo;e;J khupKj;jhg;gps;is ,uz;L ghly;fisg;

ghbAs;shu;. ,e;jg; ghly;fs; ~~epe;jh];Jjpg; ghly;fs; vd miof;fg; ngWfpd;wd.
mitahtd:
1. vd;d gpiog;Gd;wd; gpiog;igah - Ntshtsp ,uhfk;> Mjp jhsk;
2. tPLk; mk;gykhfp - tpyhrpdp> Mjp jhsk;
192
rpwe;j ,irawpTk;> jkpo; GyikAk; ngw;w khupKj;jhg;gps;is ,aw;wpa ghly;fspy;
jpy;iyj;jpUj;jyk; gw;wpa Guhzr; nra;jpfSk;> fUj;jhokpf;f nrhw;nwhlu;fSk;
ngUkstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tu; ,aw;wpa ghly;fspy; mike;Js;s ,dpa
nrhw;fs;> eputy;> rq;fjp Kjypatw;iw mikj;Jg;ghLk; ,irf; fiyQu;fSf;F
ngUk; cjtpahf cs;sd. ,tu; ,aw;wpa fPu;j;jidfs; gy ruzq;fisf;
nfhz;litahf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
fUj;J tsKk; nrhw;nrwpTk; nfhz;l gy ,yf;fpa E}y;fSk;> cs;sj;ij

cUf;Fk; ,irg; ghly;fSk; ,aw;wpa NguwpQuhd khupKj;jhg;gps;is jkJ
75MtJ tajpy; fp.gp. 1787Mk; Mz;L fhykhdhu;. ,tuJ mbr;Rtl;ilg; gpd;gw;wp
mtuJ %j;jFkhuu; nja;tq;fs; gps;isAk;> %d;whtJ Fkhuu; FkhuRthkpg;
gps;isAk; jkpo;gG
; ytuha; ,Ue;jhu;fs
; . mtUila topj;Njhd;wy;fspy; xUtuhd
NtYrhkpg;gps;is> khupKj;jhg;gps;isapDila E}y;fs; rpytw;iw mr;rpl;L
cjtpAs;shu;.
,tu; ,aw;wpa ghly;fSs; gpugy;akhdit
ghly; ,uhfk; jhsk;
1. jpy;iyr; rpjk;guNk fhgpehuhazp Mjp
2. njuptpj;jNgiu fe;jUgkNdhfup &gfk;
3. ve;ehSk; rPfz;b Mjp
4. rptrpjk;gunkd;W gpd;drl;[k; Mjp
5. ve;NeuKk; Njhb Mjp
6. mk;gyj;jhly; nfskhup Mjp
7. vd;d fhupaj;Jf;F ju;ktjp Mjp
8. fhiyj;J}f;fp vJFyfhk;Nghjp Mjp
9. xUfhy; rptrpjk;guk; Mugp Mjp
10. ,d;dKk; xU jyk; mk;rtpNdhjpdp kp];u[k;ig
khupKj;jhg;gps;is ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;

1. Gypa+u; ntz;gh
2. rpjk;gNuru; tpwyp tpLJ}J
3. jpy;iyg; gs;S
4. rpj;jpuf; ftpfs;
5. rpq;fhu Ntytu; gjpfk;
6. jpy;iy tplq;fd; Iadhu; nehz;b ehlfk;
7. tUzhGupg; gs;S
8. nehz;b ehlfk;
9. tplq;Nfru; gjpfk;
10. mePjp ehlfk; Nghd;wd.
193
fdk; fpU\; i zau;
fdk; fpU\;izau; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spapy; cs;s jpUf;Fd;wk; vd;Dk; Cupy; gpwe;jtu;.

,tu; me;jzFyj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;. ,tu; tho;e;j fhyk; (1790 - 1854) MFk;.
,tuJ je;ijahu; ,uhk rhkp Iau;. ,irapYk;> jkpopYk; ey;y jpwik nfhz;ltu;.
Gjpjhfg; ghly;fis ,aw;wpg; ghLk; ,irj;jkpo; mwpTk; nfhz;ltu;. ,uhkrhkp
IaUf;F Ie;J Gjy;tu;fSk;> xU Gjy;tpAk; gpwe;jdu;. Gjy;tu; Itupy; fdk;
fpU\;izau; ,isatu;. ,sk; gUtj;jpypUe;Nj fpU\;izau; je;ijahuplk;
jkpioAk;> ,iriaAk; fw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. Gjpa ghly;fis ,aw;Wk; jpwidAk;
mt;tg;NghJ ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.
,ay;gpNy mQ;rhneQ;rk; gilj;j fpU\;izau; ,sk; tajpNyNa Cf;fKk;

Kaw; r pAk; cilatuha; tpsq; f pdhu; . cs; s j; j hYk; > clyhYk; typik
nghUe;jpatuhfTk; mofhd Njhw;wKilatuhfTk; tpsq;fpdhu;. ,t; ,ay;Gfs;
,tiu MSik kpf;f rpwe;j ,irg; NguwpQu; vdg; Nghw;w itj;jd.
fpU\;izaupd; FLk;gj;jpy; ey;y nghUs; trjp ,Ue;jikahy;> ,irapy; NkYk;

Nju;r;rpngwf; fpU\;izaUk; mtuJ jikad;khu; ,UtUk; jQ;rht+u; nrd;wdu;.
mf;fhyj;jpy; jQ;ir ruNgh[p kfhuhrhtpd; murit ,irg; NguwpQuhf tpsq;fpa
gr;rpkpupak; Mjpag;igauplk; jikad;khu; ,ir gapd;W ey;y Nju;r;rp ngw;wdu;.
fhyg; Nghf;fpy; fpU\;izaUf;Fk; mtuJ rNfhjuu;fSf;Fk; jQ;ir ruNgh[p
kfhuhrhtpd; murit ,ir tpj;Jthd;fshf tpsq;Fk; mupa NgW fpilj;jJ.
fdk;> eak;> Njrpfk; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; ,irapd; %d;W ghzpfspy; fdk; vd;w
Kiwapy; ghLk; Nju;r;rp ngw;wtu; nghg;gpyp Nfritah Mthu;. fdk; vd;w
ghzpapy; ghba Nfritahtpd; ,iriaf; Nfl;L jQ;ir kd;du; ngupJk; kfpoe
; j
; hu;.
mNj Ntisapy; ,e;j mUikahd ,ir Kiwapy; ghLgtu;fs; vq;fs; Cupy;
,y;iyNa vd;W ftiyg;gl;lhu;.
tof;fk;Nghy; Nfritah jQ;ir kd;du; muritapy; ghba ,iriaf; Nfl;L

vy;NyhUk; g+upg;gile;jdu;. Nfritah ghb Kbe;jJk; muru; mq;fpUe;j ,irg;
NguwpQu;fis Nehf;fp ,tiug;Nghy; fdKiwapy; ghlf;$ba vtuhtJ ,q;F
,Uf;fpwPu;fsh? vdf; Nfl;lhu;. vtUk; ,jw;Fg; gjpy; nrhy;ytpy;iy. murupd;
tpUg; g j; i j epiwNtw; w pj; juf; $ ba kdj; J zpT mr; r igapy; vtUf; F k;
,Uf;ftpy;iy. fpU\;iza;au; JzpTk;> jd;dk;gpf;ifAk; kpf;ftuhf vOe;J
Nfritah mtu;fs; ,e;j ,ir Kiwiar; nrhy;ypj;je;jhy; ehd; Kaw;rp nra;J
ghlyhk;. vd;W gzpNthL nrhd;dhu;. ,ijf;Nfl;l ,irg; NguwpQu;fs; vy;NyhUk;
194
fpU\;izaupd; jd;dk;gpf;ifia nkr;rpdhu;fs;. NfritahTk; fu;ehlf ,irapd;
fd Kiwfisf; fpU\;izaUf;Fr; nrh;y;ypf; nfhLg;gjw;F cld;gl;lhu;.
murUila fl;lisg;gb nghg;gpyp Nfiritahtplk; fu;ehlf ,irapd; fdk;

ghLk; topKiwfisf; fw;whu;. ,e;j Kiwapd; El;gq;fis ed;F fw;W jpwik
ngw;wJld; cWjpAk; ngw;whu;.
fpU\; i zaUf; F fgp]; j yj; j py; tho; e ; j rpwe; j jUkthdhfpa ,uhk

gj;jpu%g;gdhupd; cjtp fpilj;jJ. fgp];jyj;jpy; tlf;NfAs;s ehzw;fhl;bd;
eLNt fpU\;izaUf;F ,irg; gapw;rpiar; rpwg;ghfr; nra;a %g;ghdhu; Ntz;ba
trjpfisr; nra;jhu;. fpU\;iza;au; %g;gdhupd; mutizg;gpy; fLikahf
cioj;Jg; gbg;gbahf fdk; ghLk; Kiwapy; kpfj;Nju;r;rp ngw;W tpsq;fpdhu;.
kw;wtu;fs; ,ayhJ iftplg;gl;l xU ,irKiwia fw;Wj;njupej ; fpU\;izaupd;

,iriaf; Nfl;f murUk;> ,irg; NguwpQu;fSk; mthTw;W jQ;ir muru;
Kd;dpiyapy; ngupa rig xd;wpy; fpU\;iza;au; ghLtjw;F Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lJ.
nghg;gpyp NfritahTk; mq;F gpurd;dkha; ,Ue;jhu;.
fpU\;izau; ghl Muk;gpj;jhu;. Gd;dftuhsp ,uhfk; ghb me;j ,uhfj;jpy;

jhdk;gb ~~Vw;w iff;nfy;yhq; nfhLf;Fk;|| vd;w ghliyg; ghbf; fdk; ghLk;
Kiwapy; El;gq;fis mw;Gjkhfg; ghbf;fhl;bdhu;. rigapy; ,Ue;Njhu; kfpo;r;rp
Aw;wdu;. fpU\;izaupd; ,irQhdr; rpwg;igAk;> ciog;gpd; Nkd;ikiaAk;
ghuhl;b kfpo;e;jdu;. jkJ ehl;bYk; rpwe;j xU fdk; ghLk; tpj;Jthd;
cUthfptpl;lhu; vd;W jQ;ir murUk; ngUkpjk; mile;jhu;. rpwe;j gupRfis
toq;fpg; ghuhl;bdhu;. md;WKjy; fpU\;iza;aiuf; ~~fdk; fpU\;izau;|| vd
vy;NyhUk; mioj;jdu;.
%g;gdhu; jdf;F md;G ghuhl;baij epidj;J mtuJ ,dpa Fz ,ay;Gfisg;

ghuhl;bg; ghly;fs; gy ,aw;wpdu;.
1. md;dNk> vd;d nra;Ntd; - Njhb ,uhfk;
2. khNj> mtu; nra;jtQ;rid - igutp ,uhfk;
,g;ghly;fs; %g;gdhiuj; jiytdhftk;> jd;idj; jiytpahfTk; nfhz;L ,d;gr;

Rit jJk;Gk; gb ghba ghly;fs;. ,d;Wk; ,ir muq;FfspYk; ehl;ba muq;F
fspYk; ,g;ghly;fisg; ghb tUfpd;wdu;.
195
,tu; ghba ngUk;ghyhd ghly;fs; gy;ytp mDgy;ytp> ruzk; vd;w mikg;gpy;
cs;sd. ,tw;wpd; nghUs; mikjp jiytd;> jiytp cwT Kiwapyhd ,d;g
czu;itNa kpFe;J fhl;Ltjhy; ,it ~~gjq;fs;|| vd;Dk; ,ir tbthf ,d;W
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
fpU\;izaupd; ,irj; jpwikia mwpe;J nfhz;l jpUtpiil kUJ}u; mkurpk;k

,uhrhTk; mtiu cgrupj;J jdJ murit ,ir tpj;Jthdhf mku;j;jpAk;
rpwg;Gr; nra;jhu;. fpU\;iza;au; mkurpk;k ,uhrhtpd; md;igg; ghuhl;bg; ghly;fs;
ghbdhu;.
,tu; jhd; nrd;Wte;j vy;yhj; jpUj;jyq;fspYk; vOe;jUsp ,Uf;Fk; nja;tq;fs;

NkYk; ghly;fs; ,aw;wpdhu;. jhd; topgLk; nja;tkhfpa KUff;flTisr; nre;jpU
Ntytu;> Fkhud;> Kj;JNtyu;> KUNfru;> KUfd;> tbNtyu;> Kj;Jf;Fkud;>
MWKfd; vd;w ngau;fspy; vt;tifapyhapDk; jdJ ghlypd; ruzj;jpy; Nru;j;J
mjidNa jd; ghlypy; ~~Kj;jpiuahfTk;|| mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.
fdk; fpU\;izauhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l gjq;fs; rpy

NtytNu - igutp - Mjp
MuhmKjiu - jd;ah]p - Mjp
ey;y ey;y epyT - rq;fuhguzk; - Mjp
Rk;kh Rk;kh tUjk;khRfk; - mlhzh - Mjp
vd;dNkh tifaha; tUNj khNd - fkh]; - Mjp
fdk; fpU\;izauplk; ,ir gapd;wtu;fspy; ,aypir Nkij Nfhghy fpU\;z

ghujpahu;> jpUtoe;J}u;f; Nfhapy; ehj];tu tpjJ
; thd; Rg;gpukzpau;> fpU\;zghftju;>
Rg;guha Iau; MfpNahu; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;.
1842Mk; Mz;L Kjy; ,tiu Mjupj;jtu; cilahu; ghisak; fr;rpuq;fupd;

Gjy;tuhfpa fr;rpf;fy;ahzuq;fNu Mthu;. ,tu; fpU\;izaiu md;GlDk;>
kupahijAlDk; kfpot ; pjJ
; mtiuj; jdJ rigapd; ,ir tpjJ
; thdhf mku;jj
; pAk;
,d;Gw;whu;.
fpU\;iza;au; mWgJ tajpw;F Nky; ,k;kz;Zyfpy; tho;e;jtu;. ,tUf;F xU

Gjy;tp kl;Lk; ,Ue;jhu;. rq;fupak;kh vd;gJ mtuJ ngau;.
196
,tu; ,wg;gjw;F ,uz;L ehl;fSf;F Kd; jhk; rpjk;guk; nrd;W eluh[iuf;
fz;zhuf;fz;L topgl;ljhff; fdT fz;lhu;. tpopj;jTld; jpy;iy eNlriu
epide;J kdKUfpj; jpUePwi ; w new;wpapy; g+rpf;nfhz;lhu;. Ie;njOj;J ke;jpuj;ij
neQ;rj;jpy; epWj;jp jpy;iyf; $j;jid epidj;J csKUfp ge;Jtuhsp ,uhfj;jpy;
~~jpy;iyag;gh cdJ gQ;rhl;rug;gbapy;
rpd;kakha; jpde;jpdKk; te;J juprpg;Ngd;||
vd;w gy;tpia vLj;Jf; fPuj ; j
; idiag; ghb Kbj;jhu;. ,JNt fdk; fpU\;izauhy;
ghlg;gl;l ,Wjpg; ghlyhFk;.
,tuJ xU rpy ghly;fs; Rtujhsf; FwpgG ; fSld; jpU ,uq;fuhkDr ma;aq;fhupd;

~~fpUjp kzpkhiy||> Nguhrpupau; rhk;g%u;j;jpapd; ~~fPu;j;jdh rhfuk;||> Nguhrpupia
nfsup Fg;GrhkpAk;> Kidtu; ùpùDk; ntspapl;l ~~jkpo;gjq;fs;|| vd;w
E}y;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
gy ghly;fis ,aw;wpf; fu;ehlf ,irf;F tsk; je;jtu; ,irj; jkpo; NguwpQu;

fdk; fpU\;izau; Mthu;. njYq;F> fd;dlk;> tlnkhop vd;gd jkpo;ehl;by;
gutp ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; jkpopy; ey;y gy ghly;fis ,irNahL ghbj;je;j
ngUikf;Fupatu; fpU\;izau; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,ir cyfpy; fdk;
ghLk; Kiw vd; W k; epiyj; j plg; n gUe; n jhz; l hw; w pa ,ir Nkij fdk;
fpU\;iza;aupd; Gfo; fu;ehlf ,ir epiyf;Fk; tiu epd;W epyTk;.
197
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpahtpYk;
gpugy;akhd fu;ehlf ,irf;fiyQu;fs; gw;wp
kjpg; g pLthu; .

tpsf;Fthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ,yq;ifapy; gpugy;akhd ,irf;fiyQu;fspd;

tho;f;if tuyhw;iw tpsf;Fjy;.
nraw;ghL 7.1.1 : • 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; gpugy;akhd ,irf;

fiyQu;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • Gj;Jthl;b NrhkRe;juk;

• gp.v];. MWKfk;gps;is
• ,uh[uhN[];tup ghyRg;ukzpak; MfpNahupd; ,irg;
gzp
ghlNtis : 04
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • jtiz 1,y; ,yq;ifapy; gpugy;ak; tha;e;j ,irf;

fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L fiyQu;fs; gw;wpf; fw;gpff
; f; ifahz;l fw;gpjj
; y; Kiw
iaAk; fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L KiwiaAk; gpd;gw;wpf;
fw;gpf;fyhk;.
198
Gj; J thl; b v]; . vd; . NrhkRe; j uk; (taypd; )
<oj;jpw;F ,ir tpj;jpl;ltu;fSs; xUtu; Gj;Jthl;b NrhK vd miof;fg;gLk;

v];.vd;. NrhkRe;juk; mtu;fs; Mthu;. Gj;Jthl;b vd;gJ gUj;jpj;Jiwapd; Xu;
Fwpr;rpapd; ngauhFk;. Gj;Jthl;b vd;W $wpdhy; Xu; ,irg; guk;giuf;F Kj;jpiu
gjpj;jtu;fs; vd;W jpl;ltl;lkhff; $wyhk;.
taypd; fiyQuhd Gj;Jthl;b ehfypq;fk;> tp[ak; jk;gjpfl;F NrhkRe;juk;>

eluh[gpsi; s Mfpa Mz;gpsi; sfSk;> kNf];tup vd;Dk; ngz;Zk; thupRfshff;
fpilf;fg; ngw;wdu;. %j;jtuhd NrhkRe;juk; mtu;fs; 1895,y; gpwe;jjhf
mwpaKbfpwJ.
Gj;Jthl;b NrhK ,irapy; Nju;rr ; p ngw;W tapypd; fUtpiag; gapdW ; mf;fUtpapid

Nkilfspy; thrpj;J Gfio <l;bdhu;. ,ijtpl rhuq;fp vd;w fUtpiaAk; jdJ
je;ijahuplk; gapd;W mjidg; gf;fthj;jpakhf Njthu ,irf;F thrpj;Jk;
te;jhu;. ,J NghyNt ,tuJ rNfhjuu; jtpy;> ehj];tuk; Nghd;w thj;jpa
,irapYk; kNf];tup vd;gtu; ehlfk;> tha;gg ; hL> rjpuf
; ; fr;Nrup Nghd;w fiyfspYk;
ed;F Nju;;r;rpAld; epfo;r;rpfis elj;jp te;jhu;fs;.
Gj;Jthl;b jdJ 11MtJ tajpy; ,ir muq;Ffspy; gq;fspgG ; r; nra;a Muk;gpjj

; hu;.
mtu; fhyj;jpNyNa tha;g;ghl;L ,irauq;Ffs; ,lk;ngw Muk;gpj;jd. ,ir
mwpQu;fspd; ,irauq;Ffspy; Gj;Jthl;b NrhK mtu;fs; taypd; thrpj;Js;shu;.
mj;Jld; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J ,irf; fiyQu;fis <oj;jpw;F tutioj;J ,irf;
fr;Nrupfs; elj;jpAk; te;jhu;. ,tu; tha;gg
; hl;L taypd; Mfpa ,irapy; ty;Yduhf
kl;Lk; ,Ue;J tplhky; gf;jpkhdhfTk; ,Ue;J nja;tq;fs; kPJ fPuj ; j
; id jpyy
; hdh
Nghd;witfs; ,aw;wpAk; ghbAk; thrpj;Jk; cs;shu;. Gj;Jthl;b mtu;fspd;
,ir kughdJ mtUila thupRfs; topte;j jw;fhy ,irf;fiyQu;fs; %yk;
tsu;f;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,t;tifapy; ,irg; guk;giuapdiu tha;g;ghl;L tPiz>
rhuq;fp> ehj];tuk;> taypd; vd;w tifapy; cUthf;fpa <oj;jpd; ,ir Nkij
v];.vd;. NrhkRe;juk; mtu;fs; jkJ 60 MtJ taJ tiuapy; tho;e;J ,ir
rhjidfs; gy Gupe;jhu;fs;.
199
aho;g;ghzk; P.S. MWKfk;gps;is (1919 - 1993)
aho; g ; g hzj; j py; ,ir Ntshsu; guk; g iuapy; tho; e ; j rhkpehju; > fkyk;
MfpNahUf;Fg; Gjy;tuhf 19.05.19Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhu;.
tsu;eJ ; tUifapy; rhjhuz fy;tpAk; gapdW ; jdJ jikadhuhfpa fe;jrhkpaplk;

ehj];tuk; gapd;whu;. gpd;du; ,e;jpa ehj];tur; rf;futu;j;jp jpUthtLJiw
M];jhd tpj;Jthd; T.N. uh[uj;jpdk; gps;is mtu;fsplk; Kiwg;gb FUFythrk;
gapw;rp nra;J> FUTlDk; rpy fr;Nrupfs; nra;J jkJ ehj];tu fiyiar;
rpwg;gpj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. gpd;G ,yq;if te;J jkJ rNfhjuuhd P.S. ,uh[Nfhghy;
gps;is mtu;fSld; (jtpy;) Nru;e;J ehj];tu ,irauq;Ffisg; gpugy Njt];
jhdq;fs;> rghf;fs;> kq;fs itgtq;fs; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; elhj;jp te;jhu;.
,tUila ehj];tuj;jpy; tUk; xypahdJ fpshupdl;> n\dha; Nghd;w ehj xyp

NtWghLfis vLj;Jf; fhl;Ltjha; mikAk;. ,J ,tUila tpj;Jtr; rpwg;gpw;F
rhd;whFk;.
ehj];tuk; kl;Lk; my;yhJ KftPiz> flk;> Gy;yhq;Foy;> fQ;rpuh Nghd;w

thj;jpaq;fisAk;> ,irauq;Ffspy; thrpj;Js;shu;. jdf;F xg;ghUk;> kpf;fhUk;
,y;yhj mstpNyNa thrpj;Js;shu;.
ehj];tuj;jpy; ];tug; gpuNahfk;> uhftp]j

; huq;fs; Nghd;wit kpfTk; espdkhfTk;>
RehjKilajhfTk;> gpUfh> rq;fjpfs;> yaRj;jk; epiwe;jitahfTk; mike;
jpUf;Fk;. ,tUila ehj];tuj;Jf;F kaq;fhNjhu; ahUk; ,y;iy.
aho;g;ghzj;ij Nru;e;j MWKfk;gps;is> ,uh[ehafp vd;gtiuj; jpUkzk;

nra;jhu;. ,tu;fSf;F 5 MZk;> 5 ngz;Zkhfg; gps;isfs; ,Ue;jhu;fs;.
,tu;fSs; Fwpg;ghf ghyRg;gpukzpak;> KUfjh]; Mfpa ,UtUk; ntspa+u;fspy;
ehj];tu ,irf; fiyj;njhz;L Gupfpwhu;fs;.
,tUila FUthfpa uh[uj;jpdk; gpsi ; s> Ntjhuzpak; Ntj%u;jj

; p Nghd;wtu;fspd;
ghzpia xl;baJ. NkYk; fhyQ;nrd;w tpj;Jthd;fshd fjhgpurq;fk; rp.v];.
kzpghftju;> tha;g;ghl;Lf; fiyQu; ,irg;Gytu;> e. rz;Kfuj;jpdk; MfpNahupd;
gy ,ir muq;Ffspy; KftPiz> flk; Nghd;w thj;jpaq;fis thrpjJ ; urpfu;fspd;
rpwe;j ghuhl;Lf;fisg; ngw;Ws;shu;.
200
aho;g;ghzj;jpNy KftPiz vd;w Xu; ,irf;fUtpAk; muq;fpw;F cfe;jJ vd;w
mstpy; taypd;> kpUjq;fk;> jtpy; Nghd;w gf;fthj;jpaq;fis Nru;j;J KftPiz
,irauq;Ffs; gy epfo;j;jpAs;shu;.
,tUila rp\;au;fs; gyu;. mtu;fSs; fyh#up vd;.Nf. gj;kehjd;> ey;Y}u; P.S.

gpr;irag;gh> Gd;dhiyf; fl;Ltd; fNzrd; Nghd;wtu;fs; Fwpg;gplf;$batu;fs;.
<oj;jpYk; ntspehLfspYk; P.S. MWKfk;gps;is mtu;fSf;F tpj;trigfsp

ypUe;Jk; ,ir urpfu;fsplj;jpUe;Jk; gy ghuhl;Lf;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd.
,tUf;Ff; fpilj;j gl;lq;fs; yypj ];tug+gjp> ,ir ehjyakzp> Njtfhy

,irj; jpyfk;> ehj];tu k`htypfq;fh> ehj];tutpjt
; rug; ,ir muR> gy;ypirg;
Gytu; > ,ir ehjthupjp> ]hkfhdyhtz; a > ,irQhdN[hjp Nghd; w it
Fwpg;gplf;$baitahFk;.
,tu; gyfhyk; Nrit nra;J jdJ 74MtJ tajpy; 07.02.1993 md;W ,irf;fiy
tho;f;ifia ePj;J ,iwtdb Nru;e;jhu;.
201
nry; t p. ,uh[uhN[]; t up ghyRg; g pukzpak;
nry;tp ghyRg;gpukzpak; ,uh[uhN[];tup mtu;fisj; jpUNfhzkiyapw; gpwe;j

vtUk; mwpahkNyh> Nfs;tpg;glhkNyh ,Uf;f KbahJ. ,tu; guk;giuahfj;
jkpOf;Fk;> jkpopirf;Fk; jq;fis mu;gg ; zk; nra;j jpUNfhzkiy j. fdfRe;juk;
gpsi
; s> j. rutzKj;Jg;gpsi ; s mtu;fisAk; ngupa je;ijahff;nfhz;l ngUik
tha;e;jtu;. jpUNfhzkiy Kfhe;jpuk; ghyRg;gpukzpak; mtu;fspd; nry;tg;
Gj;jpupahf 24.02.1920 ,y; gpwe;jhu;.
rpWtajpy; ,Ue;Nj fiyahu;tkpFe;jpUe;j ,tu; jkJ fy;tpia jpUNfhzkiy

= rz;Kf tpj;jpahyak;> Gdpj kupahs; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk; cLtpy; kfspu;
fy;Y}up Mfpatw;wpy; fw;Wj; Nju;e;jhu;. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fof ,irg;gpuptpy;
tha;g;ghl;L> tPiz Mfpa ,U JiwfspYk; bg;Nshkh gl;lk; ngw;W 1942Mk;
Mz;L ,yq;if jpUk;gpdhu;.
jkJ ,sikf; fhyj;jpy; gy NkilfspYk;> ,yq;if thndhypapYk; gy ,ir

epfo;r;rpfspy; gq;F gw;wpAs;shu;. jpUNfhzkiyapypUe;J thndhypapd; gq;F
gw;wpa KjyhtJ fiyQu; ,tNuahthu;.
,iria tsu;ff
; Ntz;Lk;> gug;g Ntz;Lk;> jkJ gpwe;j Cuhd jpUNfhzkiyapy;
,ir QhdKs;stu;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w ngUtpUg;gpdhy; xU
,ir epWtdj;ij mikf;fg; ngupJk; tpioe;jhu;.
1947,y; Rthkp eluh[hde;jh mtu;fsJ MrpAld; jpUNfhzkiy jl;rzfhd

rghit Muk;gpj;jhu;. tl ,yq;if rq;fPj rigg; guPl;irfSf;F khztpaiug;
ngUkstpy; jahu; g ; g Lj; j pdhu; . ,e; e pWtdj; i j jk; ,Wjp %r; R s; s tiu
,ytrkhfNt elj;jpdhu; vd;gJ kl;Lkd;wp jd; cly;> nghUs;> Mtp %d;iwAk;
,r; rghtpw;fhfNt mu;g;gzpj;jhu;. jkJ nrhe;j ,y;yj;ijNa ghlrhiyahf;fp
Cjpak; ngwhky; cioj;j cj;jkg; ngz;zhd ,tu; %yk; cau;e;jtu;fs;
gyu; ; . ,d; W jpUNfhzkiyapy; flik GupAk; 95% tP j j; j pdu; nry; t p.
,uh[uhN[];tup mtu;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; vd;gJ vtuhYk; kWf;f
Kbahj xd;W. Mrpupau;fshf kl;Lkd;wp mjpgu;> ,irf; fy;Y}up mjpgu;fs;;>
,irf;fy;tp mjpfhupfs;; vd ,tuJ khztpfs; cau;e;j epiyapy; ,Ug;gJk;
mtuJ Nritf;F rhd;whf cs;snjdyhk;. fhy; E}w;whz;bw;F Nky; ,ytrkhf
,irj;njhz;L Gupe;j nry;tp. ,uh[ uhN[];tupapd; ,irg;gzp msg;gupaJ.
202
,ir gug;Gk; ngUNehf;fpdhy; jkJ khztpaiu Nfhapy; NjhWk; gz;zpir
ghlitj;J kfpo;e;jhu;. ghit Nehd;gpd; cz;ikahd fUj;ij cyfpw;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; tz;zk; jpUntk;ghit eilngWk; fhyq;fspy; 10 ehl;fSk;
fLq;FspiuAk; nghUl;gLj;jhJ NfhtpYf;F khztpaiu mDg;gp nrtpf;fpd;GWk;
tifapy; jpUntk;ghitg; ghly;fs; ghlr; nra;jhu;.
tha;g;ghl;L kl;Lkd;wp taypd;> tPiz> kpUjq;fk;> Gy;yhq;Foy;> rpj;jhu; Nghd;w

thj;jpaq;fisAk; rghtpy; gapw;Wtpj;jhu;. ehlfk;> eldk; Nghd;w JiwfspYk;>
khztu;fsJ Mu;tj;ij tsu;j;jhu;. ,ir tpohf;fspYk;> thndhypapYk;
khztpaiug; ghlitj;J jhKk; Nfl;bd;Gw;whu;. Mz;LNjhWk; fiythzp
tpohitf; nfhY mikj;J 10 ehl;fSk; epfo;r;rpfisj; jahupj;J rpwg;ghf
elhj;Jthu;. jpUNfhzkiy kl;Lkd;wp mfpy ,yq;ifapYk; jl;rzfhd rghtpd;
Gfo; gutr; nra;jhu;. ,tu; ,irAld; kl;Lk; epdW
; tplhJ rpwe;j r%f NrtfpahfTk;
tpsq;fpdhu;.
~~vd;fld; gzp nra;J fplg;gNj|| vd;w KJnkhopf;fpzq;f jk; ,Wjp %r;Rtiu

gad;fUjhJ ,irg;gzp Gupe;j nry;tp ,uh[uhN[];tup mtu;fs; 24.11.72 ,y;
,t;Tyf tho;it ePjj; hu;. mtu; Vw;wp itj;j jl;rzfhd rgh vd;Dk; mfy;tpsf;F
,d;Wk; mtu; ngUikiag; giwrhw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wnjd;why; kpifahfhJ.
203
jtiz 3
204

; pfspd; jdpjJ
; tkhd mk;rq;fis

tpku;rpg;ghu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • Nkiyj;Nja ,ir epfo;rr; pfspd; jdpjJ

; tkhd mk;rq;
fis ,dq;fhzy;.
• Nkiyj;Nja ,ir epfo;r;rpfspy; ,urpj;j tplaq;fs;
njhlu;ghf tpku;rdf; fl;Liu vOJjy;.
nraw;ghL 1.1.1 : ntFrdj; njhlu;G Clfq;fspd; %yk; fhl;lg;gLk;

Nkiyj;Nja ,ir rk;ge;jkhd epfo;r;rpfspd; jdpj;J
tkhd mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L ,urpj;J tpku;rpj;jy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fs;

- Nkiyj;Nja ,ir epfo;r;rpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
njupTnra;ag;gl;l thj;jpaq;fs;.
- thj;jpaq;fspd; jd;ik
- thj;jpaq;fisf; ifahSk; Kiw
ghlNtis : 03
ju cs;sPL : Nkiyj;Nja ,ir rk;ge;jkhd epfo;r;rpfs; xyp> xsp

gug;gg;gl;l xsp ehlhf;fs;> xyp> xspg;gjpTf; fUtpfs;
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • Nkiyj;Nja ,ir rk;ge;jkhd epfo;r;rpfis xypgug;gp

my;yJ xspgug;gp khztiu nrtpkLf;fr; nra;jy;.
• nrtpkLj; j Nkiyj; N ja ,irapd; jdpj; J tkhd

mk;rq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
(gad;gLj;jg;gLk; thj;jpaq;fs;> thj;jpaq;fspd; jd;ik>
thj;jpaq;fisf; ifahSk; Kiw)
• Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; khztu; ,urpj;j tplaq;fs;

njhlu;ghf tpku;rdf; fl;Liu vOJk;gb khztiu
newpg;gLj;jy;.
(fye;Jiuahly; Kiw %yk; fw;gpf;fyhk;.)
205
• Nkiyj;Nja ,ir epfo;r;rpapy; ,urpj;jtw;iw tpku;rpf;
Fk;NghJ ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba mk;rq;fs;.
• epfo;r;rpapd; jd;ik (`hu;Nkhdpf;fy; ,ir)
• ,ir ntspgg ; hL (,irf;fUtpfspd; mzpNru; jd;ik)
• ,irf;fUtpfspd; gq;fspgG ; (mDruizahd thrpgG; )
• xj;jpirT
• ,uridapd; %yk; Vw;gl;l mDgtg; gfpu;T (,irf;
fUtpfis thrpgg ; tu;fspD}lhf mtu;fsJ mDgtk;
Nfl;Nghiur; nrd;wiljy;)
• epfo;rr
; papd; juk; (epfo;rr
; papd; KOikahd Nehf;F)
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fisg;
gl;baw;gLj;Jtu;.
• Nkiyj;Nja thj;jpaq;fspd; xypNtWghl;il ,dq;

fhz;gu;.
• Nkiyj;Nja ,iria ,urpj;J tpku;rpg;;gu;.
crhj; J iz : • Nkiyj;Nja ,ir epfo;r;rpapd; xypg;gjpT ehlh>

xspg;gjpT ehlh
MrpupaUf; f hdit: • ntFrdj; njhlu;G Clfq;fspd; %yk; fhz;gpf;fg;gLk;

Nkiyj;Nja ,irapid ,urpg;gNjhL Nkiyj;Nja
,irapid xyp> xsp ehlhf;fs; %yKk; ,urpg;gjdhy;
,uridj; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
khztUf; f hdit: • ntFrdj; njhlu;G Clfq;fspd; %yk; fhz;gpf;fg;gLk;

Nkiyj;Nja ,irapid ,urpg;gNjhL> Nkiyj;Nja
,ir mlq;fpa xyp> xsp ehlhf;fis ,urpg;gjd; %yk;
,uridj; jpwidAk; tpku;rpf;Fk; Mw;wiyAk; tpUj;jp
nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
206
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2 : epfo;r;rpfisf; $l;lhfj; jahupg;gjd; %yk; $l;Lr;

nraw;ghL> tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jy; Kjyhd ed;kdg;
ghq;fpid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • tUl ,Wjp epfo;r;rpf;Nfw;w Mf;fq;fis jahupj;jy;.

• jkJ Mf;fq;fis NkilNaw;wy;.
• $l;Lr;nraw;ghL> tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jy; Kjyhd ed;kdg;
ghq;Ffis ntspg;gLj;jy;.
nraw;ghL 2.1.1 : tUl ,Wjpapy; khztu; Mf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l epfo;rr

; p
fis NkilNaw;wy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • khztu; Mf;fq;fisf;nfhz;l epfo;r;rpfis Nkil

Naw;wy;.
ghlNtis : 06

• ,irf;fUtpfs;
• epfo;r;rpfs; mlq;fpa ml;ltiz
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • khztu;fs; fw;w ghly; tiffs;> thj;jpaq;fs; gw;wp

khztu;fNshL fye;Jiuahb tUl ,Wjpapy; khztu;
fspd; Mf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L epfo;rr
; pfisj; jahupfF
; k;
Kiwfs; gw;wp tpsf;fk; nra;jy;.
• NkilNaw;w cj;NjrpjJ; s;s epfo;rr

; pfis ml;ltizg;
gLj;jy;.
(jdpg;ghly;> FOg;ghly;> gy;ypak;> ehl;lhu; ghly;>
ehl;ba ehlfk;> ,ir ehlfk; Nghd;wit)
• vy;yh khztu;fisAk; gq;Nfw;fr;nra;J epfo;rr

; pfSf;
Fg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; njupe;J gapw;rp ngwj;
J}z;Ljy;.
• Mrpupaupd; topfhl;lYld; khztu;fs; gapw;rp ngWjy;.
• epfo;rr
; papd; tif> ghj;jpuq;fs; vd;gtw;wpwN
; fw;w xg;gid
nra;Ak; Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
• epfo; r ; r pfisf; $l; l hfr; Nru; e ; J jahupg; g jw; F

topfhl;Ljy;.
207
• xg;gidAld; xj;jpif ghu;j;jy;.
• epfo;r;rpfis Nkil Vw;Wjy;.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • tFg;G kl;lk;> ghlrhiykl;lj;jpy; jk; epfo;r;rpfis
Nkil Vw;Wtu;.
• NkilNaw;Wk; NghJ ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba mk;rq;f

isf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.
• jiyikj;Jtg;ghq;F> tplL ; f;nfhLf;Fk; kdg;ghq;F> FO

thf ,aq;Fk; jpwd;> gpwu; Mw;Wifia kjpf;Fk; gz;G
Nghd;w ed;kdg;ghq;Ffis ntspg;gLj;Jtu;.
crhj; J iz : • gy;NtW tifahd ,ir epfo;rr

; pfslq;fpa xsp ehlh>
,Wtl;L
MrpupaUf; f hdit: • ghlrhiyfspy; ,lk;ngWk; fiytpohf;fs;> fyhrhu

epfo;rr
; pfs;> ,ir epfo;rr
; pfisr; nrd;W ghu;itapLtjd;
%yKk;> mtw;wpwF ; topfhl;ly;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjdhy;
Vw;gLk; mDgtq;fs; %yKk; jkJ jpwid tpUj;jp
nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
khztUf; f hdit: • ntt;NtW ghlrhiyfspy; eilngWk; fiy tpohf;fs;.

,ir epfo;r;rpfis Neupy; nrd;W ghu;itapLtjd;
%yKk; njhiyf;fhl;rpfspy; ,lk;ngWk; epfo;r;rpfis
ghu;j;J ,urpj;Jg; ngWk; mDgtq;fspd; %yKk; jkJ
Mw;Wifj; jpwid Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
208
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • kj;jpkfhyf;fPu;j;jidia RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld;

ghLjy;.
nraw;ghL 3.1.1 : kj;jpk fhyf; fPu;j;jidia ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • kj;jpkfhyf; fPu;j;jid - 01
ghlNtis : 05
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • jtiz 1 ,y; kj;jpkfhyf; fPu;j;jidiaf; fw;gpg;g

fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L jw;F Nkw;nfhz;l fw;gpj;jy; KiwiaAk; fzpg;glP L
;
kjpg;gPl;L KiwiaAk; gpd;gw;wyhk;. kj;jpk fhyf;
fPu;j;jidfs; Ie;jpw;Fkhd ];tu jhsf; Fwpg;Gfs;
jtiz 1,y; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
209
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • m\;lgjpapd; mikg;ig tpsf;Fjy;

• m\;lgjpia RUjp> ,uhf> jhs> ghtj;Jld; ghLjy;
nraw;ghL 3.1.1 : m\;lgjpia ,uhf jhs ghtj;Jld; ghLjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • n[a Njtuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l ~~uhjhtjd|| vd;Dk;

m\;lgjp
ghlNtis : 03
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • ~~uhjhtjd|| vd;w m\;lgjp vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf;

fhl;rpg;gLj;jp m\;lgjpapd; mikg;ig tpsf;Fjy;.
• Fwpgg
; pll
; m\;lgjp mlq;fpa ,Wtl;L my;yJ xypgg
; jpT
ehlhitg; Nghl;Lf;fhl;b khztiur; nrtpkLf;fr;
nra;jy;.
• m\;lgjpia KOikahfg; ghbf;fhl;Ljy;.
• m\;lgjpapd; xt;nthU ruzj;ijAk; gFjp gFjpahfr;

nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jy;.
• mt;tg;NghJ ]hfpj;jpaj;jpw;Fupa ];tug; gFjpia

mjhtJ jhJitr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jy;.
(nra;Jfhl;ly;> fye;Jiuahly; Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wyhk;.)
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzj;ijg;
ghLtu;.
• m\;lgjpiaj; jdpahfTk; FOthfTk; ghLtu;.
• m\;lgjp gf;jp urk; jJk;Gk; cUg;gb vd;gij Vw;Wf;

nfhs;tu;.
210
crhj; J iz : • ,Wtl;L (CD, DVD)
MrpupaUf; f hdit: • kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j NtW cUg;gbfisf;

fw;gjd; %yKk; gpugy tpj;Jthd;fshy; ntspaplg;gl;l
,Wtl;L> xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fspy;; cs;s kj;jpakhtjp
,uhf cUg;gbfisf; Nfl;gjd; %yKk; jkJ kNdhju;k
Qhdj;ij tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
khztUf; f hdit: • jhk; fw;w m\;lgjpia gd;Kiw gapw;rp nra;tjdhy;

gf;jp urk; jJk;Gk;gb cUg;gbiag; ghlyhk;.
• kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpy; cs;s NtW cUg;gbfisj;

Njbf; Nfl; g jd; %yk; uhf Qhdj; i j tpUj; j p
nra;ayhk;.
211
m\; l gjp
,uhfk; - kj;jpakhtjp jhsk;: Mjp
M - ]upkgep];
mt - ];epgkup]; }22 MtJ Nksfu;j;jhtpd; [d;dpak;
,aw;wpatu;: n[aNjtu;
1. @ uhjh tjd tpNyhfd tpf]pj

@ tptpj tp`hu tpgq;fk;
@ [yepjp kpttpJ kz;ly ju;\d
@ juspj Jq;fjuq;fk; ùPk; fpU\;zk;
@ ùpNkfu]k; rpukgp y]pj tpyh]k; fpU\;zk;
2. @ ]hj ju;\ FU @ ù;\ t]k; tj

@ tjd kdq;f epth]k; fpU\;zk;
@ ùp Nkfu]k; rpukgp y]pj tpyh]k; fpU\;zk;
3. @ = [aNjt gzpj tpgt j;tpF zP`puj; g+\z ghuk;

@ g;uzkj fpUjp RrPuk; tpdpjha ùPk;
uk; Rf;FUNjhja ]huk; fpU\;zk;
ùp Nkfu]k; rpukgp y]pj tpyh]k; fpU\;zk;
212
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • jpUg;Gfopd; nghUisf; $Wjy;.

• jpUg;Gfio re;j mikg;gpw;Nfw;g ghLjy;.
nraw;ghL 3.1.2 : jpUg;Gfo; ghliy ,uhf jhsj;Jld; nghUSzu;e;J

ghLjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • gpd;tUk; jpUg;Gfo; ghly;fspy; %d;iw tpUk;gpa

,uhfj;jpy; ghLjy;.
• mfuKkhfp
• ,aypirapy;
• cyfgRghrk;
ghlNtis : 02
• jpUg;Gfo; ];tu ]hfpj;akhf vOjg;gl;l ml;il
• xypg;gjpTf;fUtp
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • jpUg;Gfo; vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp

jpUg;Gfopd; mikg;igAk; mjd; rpwg;Gf;fisAk;
vLj;Jf; $Wjy;.
• Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l jpUg;Gfo;g; ghliy xypg;gjpTf;

fUtpapy; xypf;fr;nra;J nrtpkLf;fr; nra;jy;.
• vLj;Jf;nfhz;l jpUg;Gfo;g; ghlypd; nghUisf;

$Wjy;.
• jpUg;Gfo;g; ghliyg; ghLtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd

,uhfj;ijj; njupTnra;J> me;j ,uhfj;jpy; MNuhfz
mtNuhfzj;ijf; fw;gpj;jy;.
• me;j ,uhfj;jpy; jpUg;Gfo;g; ghliy KOikahfg;

ghbf;fhl;ly;. (xypg;gjpTf; fUtpapy; xypf;fr; nra;j
,uhfj; i jAk; ,iraikg; i gAk; cilajha;
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.)
• jpUg;Gfiog; gFjp gFjpahfr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jy;.
213

gw;wyhk;.)
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • jhk; fw;w jpUg;Gfo;g; ghlypd; ,uhf jhsj;ijf;
$Wtu;.
• jpUg;Gfioj; jdpahfTk; FOthfTk; ghLtu;.
• jpUg;Gfo; re;jr;rpwg;G> Xir eak;> nrhy;yyq;fhuk;

Kjypa gy rpwg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;lJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;tu;.
crhj; J iz : • jpUg;Gfo; ghly;fs; mlq;fpa ,Wtl;L (CD, DVD)
MrpupaUf; f hdit : • Dr.Nryk; n[ayÑ;kp> #ykq;fyk; rNfhjupfs; Nghd;w

gpugy;akhd tpj;Jthd;fspd; jpUg;Gfo;g
; ; ghly;fisf;
Nfl;gjd; %yk; jkJ Qhdj;ij tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s
yhk;.
khztUf; f hdit: • jhk; fw;w jpUg;Gfo;g; ghliy kPsg; gapw;rp nra;tjd;

%yKk; me;j ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j NtW jpUg;Gfo;g;
ghly;fisf; Nfl;gjd; %yKk; jkJ Qhdj;ij
tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
214
jpUg; G fo;
~mfuKkhfp|
mfuKkhfp ajpgDkhfp ajpfKkhfp mfkhfp

manddthfp mupnadthfp munddthfp mtu;Nkyha;
,fuKkhfp naitfSkhfp apdpikAkhfp tUNthNd
,Uepy kPjpnyspaDk; tho vdJ Kd;Ndhb tuNtZk;
kfgjpahfp kUTk; tyhup kfpo;fsp$Uk; tbNthNd
tdKiw NtldUspa g+i[ kfpo; fjpu;fhk KilNahNd
nrffdNrF jFjpkpNjhjp jpkpnad ML kapNyhNd
jpUkypthd goKjpu;Nrhiy kiykpirNkT ngUkhNs.
~,aypirapYrpjtQ; r p|
,aypirapYrpj tQ;rpf; fau;thfp

,uTgfy; kdJ rpe;jpj; JoyhNj
cau;fUiz GupAkpd;gf; fly;%o;fp
cidnadJ swpA kd;igj; jUthNa
kapu; jfu;fypilaue;jj; jpid fhty;
tdr Fw kfis te;jpj; jiz NthNd
fapiy kiyaida nre;jpw; gjptho;Nt
fupKftdpisa fe;jg; ngUkhNs
~cyfgR ghrk;|
cyf gR ghrk; njhe;j kJthd

cwTfpis jhau; je;ij kidghyu;
kyry Rthr rQ;rykjhnyd;
kjpepiy nflhkYd;w dUs; jhuha;
rykWF g+is Jk;ig azpNrNa
rutzgth KFe;jd; kUNfhNd
gy fiy rpthfkq;fs; gapy;NthNd
godpkiy thote;j ngUkhNs.
215
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : ,ir cUg;gbfis RUjp> ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ~ryk;g+nthL J}gk; kwe;jwpNad;| vd;Dk; Njthuj;

jpid gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g ghLjy;.
nraw;ghL 3.2.1 : Njthuj;jpid gz;NzhL ghLjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • ~ryk;g+nthL J}gk; kwe;jwpNad;| vd;Dk; Njthuk;
ghlNtis : 02
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • jtiz 2 ,y; Njthuj;ijf; fw;gpg;gjw;F Nkw;

fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L nfhz;l fw;gpj;jy; KiwiaAk; fzpg;gl P L
; kjpg;gl
P L
;
KiwiaAk; gpd;gw;wpf; fw;gpf;fyhk;.
216
Njthuk;
gz; nfhy;yp
,uhfk; : etNuh[; jhsk; : Mjp
mUspatu;: jpUehTf;fuR ehadhu;
jyk;: jpUtjpiftPul;lhdk;
ryk; g+nthL J}gk; kwe;jwpNad;

jkpNohbir ghly; kwe;jwpNad;
eye;jPq;fpY Kd;id kwe;jwpNad;
cd;dhkk; vd;dhtpy; kwe;jwpNad;
cyu;e;jhu; jiyapw; gyp nfhz;Loy;tha;
clYs;SW #iiy jtpu;j;jUsha;
myu;e;Njdb Nadjp iff;nfby
tPul;lhdj; Jiw ak;khNd.
@ @ @ ff k f f up uPup f / fupup] ]h]h / ];h @ ]h]h /
ryk; g+ . . . nthL J} . . gk; k we; . j wp
]epjh gh gg ];h @ ]h]h / uP]h ];h uP . / fh@ fhkh /
Na. d; @ jkp Noh. bir gh. ly; k we; jwp .
fh @ @ ffkgh@ gh gh / gh@ gh gh / fh@ fhkh /
Nad; . eye;jPq; fpYk; cd; id k we;. j.wp
fupup] ]up]h ]upfupuPuP / uP uP ]huP / uP @ fkjg /
Nad; .cd; eh. .kk; ve;ehtpy; .k we;. jwp.
fupup]
Na.d;.
@ @ @ cye;jhu; jiyapw; gyp nfhz;Loy;
tha; clYs;SW #iy jtpj;jU
sha; mye;Njd; mbNad; mjpiff; nfby
tPul;lhdj;Jiw mk;khNd.
217
nghopg; G iu:
ePu>; kyu; vd;gtw;NwhL J}gk; ,LtijAk; kwe;jwpa khl;Nld;. jkpog

; g
; hlNyhL
gz; ghLjiy kwe;jwpa khl;Nld;. ed;ik> jPikfspYk; cd;id kwe;jwpa
khl;Nld;. cd; jpUehkj;ij vd; ehitf;nfhz;L cr;rupg;gij kwe;jwpa
khl;Nld;. ,we;NjhuJ jiyNahl;by; gyp Vw;Wj; jpupNthNd!
vd; clk;gpDs;Ns jq;fpa #iy Nehia ePff

; p mUspdhapy;iy. Mjyhy;
mbNad; tUe;jpNdd;. (mjpiff; nfby tPul;lhdj;Jiw mk;khNd) jpUf;nfby
ejpapd; tl fiuapYs;s jpUtjpif tPul;lhdj;jpy; vOe;jUspa vkJ je;ijNa.
218
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.3 : jhsj;jpyike;j ];tu rQ;rhuq;fisg; ghLthu;.
fw;ww; NgW : • nfhLf;fg;gl;l ];turQ;rhuq;fspd; MNuhfz mtNuhf

zq;fisg; ghLjy;.
• ];tu];jhdq;fisf; $Wjy;.
• nfhLf;fg;gl;l ];tu rQ;rhuq;fis cupa ,uhfj;jpy;
jhsj;jpy; ghLjy;.
nraw;ghL 3.2.2 : jhsj;jpyike;j ];tu rQ;rhuq;fisg; ghLjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • gpd;tUk; ,uhfq;fspy; jhsj;jpyike;j ];tu rQ;rhuq;

fisg; ghLjy;.
fy;ahzp> rq;fuhguzk;> khahkhstnfsis>
Nkhfdk;> gpyùp> Mugp> fuùg;gpupah> `k;rj;tdp>
Njhb> Rj;jrhNtup> kj;jpakhtjp> fhk;Nghjp
ghlNtis : 12
• ];tu rQ;rhuq;fs;; vOjg;gl;l ml;il
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • ];tu rQ;rhuq;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf; fhl;rpgg; Lj;jp

mjidg; ghLk; Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
• Fwpg; g pl; l rQ; r huq; f s; mike; J s; s ,uhfj; j pd;

MNuhfz mtNuhfzj;ijg; ghbf;fhl;b mjd; ];tu];
jhdq;fisf; $Wjy;.
• MNuhfz mtNuhfzj;ijr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jy;.
• Fwpg;gpl;l rQ;rhuj;ijg; gFjp gFjpahfr; nrhy;ypf;

nfhLj;jy;.
• khztu; Nru;e;J ghLjy;.
• khztiu vOkhw;whfj; njupT nra;J ghlr; nra;jy;.
• ntt;NtW ,uhfq;fspy; 2> 3> 4 Mtu;j;jdq;fspy;

mike;j rQ;rhuq;fis vOjpf;nfhLj;J> khztu;fs;
jhkhfNt Maj;jk; nra;J ghlr; nra;jy;.
219
• ntt;NtW ,uhfq;fspy; ];tu rQ;rhuq;fisg;ghb
mtw;wpd; ,uhfq;fis ,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.
(nra;Jfhl;ly; Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wyhk;.)
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • ,uhfq;fspd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzq;fisg; ghLjy;.
• ];tu rQ;rhuq;fisj; jhsj;NjhL ghu;j;Jg; ghLtu;.
• ];tu rQ;rhuq;fisg; ghu;j;Jg; ghbg; gapw;rp nra;tjd;

%yk; kNdhju;k Qhdk; tpUj;jpailAk; vd;gij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;tu;.
MrpupaUf; f hdit : • ,irf;fr;Nrupfisf; Nfl;gjd; %yk; jkJ ];tu

Qhdj;ij tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.
khztUf; f hdit: • ntt;NtW ,uhfq;fspd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzq;fis

%d; W fhyq; f Sk; gapw; r p nra; t jd; %yk;
];tu];jhd Rj;jk; tYg;ngWk;. mjd; thapyhf
jhsj;jpyike;j rQ;rhuq;fis RUjp ghtj;Jld; ghbj;
jkJ ];tuQhdj;ij tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.
220
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.4 : ,uhfk;> fw;gdh ];tuq;fisg; ghbf; fhl;Ltjd; %yk;

jkJ kNdhju;k Mw;wiy ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.
fw;ww; NgW : • [d;dpa ,uhfnkhd;wpid NtW ,uhff; fyg;gpd;wp

Myhgid nra;jy;.
• mt;tpuhfj;jpy; 1Mk;> 2Mk; fhyq;fspy; fw;gdh];tuk;
ghly;.
nraw;ghL 3.2.2 : [d;dpa ,uhfk; xd;wpid ,uhf Myhgid nra;J

nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; fw;gdh ];tuk; ghLjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • [d;dpa ,uhfk; 1
ghlNtis : 26
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • jtiz 2 ,y; [df ,uhfj;jpy; ,uhf Myhgid>

fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L fw;gdh];tuk; fw;gpg;gjw;F Nkw;nfhz;l fw;gpj;jy;
KiwiaAk; fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L KiwiaAk; gpd;
gw;wpf; fw;gpf;fyhk;.
221
gLj; J thu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2 : 72 Nksfu;j;jhf;fspd; tuyhW> mikg;G> ml;ltiz>

flgahjp rf;fuk; cs;slq;fpa KO tptuq;fisAk;
tpsf;Fthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • thjp> ]k;thjp> tpthjp> mDthjp ];tuq;fis

cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;fy;.
nraw;ghL 4.1.1 : thjp> ]k;thjp> tpthjp> mDthjp ];tuq;fis tpsf;fy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • thjp> ]k;thjp> tpthjp> mDthjp ];tuq;fs; gw;wpa

tpsf;fk;.
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPL : • thjp> ]k;thjp> tpthjp> mDthjp ];tuq;fs; gw;wpa

Fwpg;Gfs;.
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • thjp> ]k;thjp> tpthjp> mDthjp ];tuq;fisg; ghb

cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fjy;.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • thjp> ]k;thjp> tpthjp> mDthjp ];tuq;fis
cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.
crhj;Jiz E}y; : • nry;yj;Jiu gp.b. - njd;df ,ir ,ay;
222
thjp> rk;thjp> mDthjp> tpthjp ];tuq;fs;
mbg;gilahd VO ];tuq;fisAk;> ];jhd mbg;gilapYk; RUjpapd; mbg;gilapYk;

,ilntspfisf; fzf;fpl;L mitfis ehd;F tifahfg; gpupj;Js;sdu;.
mitahtd:
1. thjp ];tuk;
2. rk;thjp ];tuk;
3. mDthjp ];tuk;
4. tpthjp ];tuk; vd;gdthFk;.
thjp ];tuk;
thjp vd;gJ Xu; ,uhfj;jpy; mtrpakhf ,Uf;fNtz;ba Mjhu ];tukhFk;. ,J

,uhfj;jpd; ,d;wpaikahj ];tukhfTk; cs;sJ. ghliyAk; ,uhfj;jpidAk;
topelj;JtJk;> murDf;Fr; rkkhf nrhy;yg;gLtJkhd ~]l;[k;| jhd; thjp
];tukhFk;. ,J ,uhfj;jpy; gyKiw xypf;Fk;. ,J gz;ila jkpopirapy; Fuy;
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ@ murDf;F xg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. muru; xUtu; vt;thW
cs;shNuh> mNj Nghy; kf;fSk; me;ehl;by; tho;tu;. ,uhfj;jpYs;s kw;w
];tuq;fis topelj;JtJ murdhd ]l;[k; vd;gjdhy; ,jid thjp ];tuk;
vd;W miog;gu;.
rk;thjp ];tuk; (,iz ];tuk; my;yJ fpis ];tuk;)
xU ehL rpwf;f murDf;F ke;jpup vt;thW Gj;jprhypj;jdkhf mikfpd;whNuh

mJNghy; ve;nje;j ];tuq;fs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,ize;jhy; mjpf uQ;rfj;ijf;
nfhLf;FNkh mtw;iwr; rk;thjp ];tuq;fs; vd;W miog;gu;.
cjhuzk;: 1. rhjhuz fhe;jhuKk; - ifrpfp ep\hjKk;
2. me;ju fhe;jhuKk; - fhfyp ep\hjKk;
3. rJ];Ujp ijtjKk; - me;ju fhe;jhuKk;
4. rJ];Ujp up\gKk; - fhfyp ep\hjKk;
Nghd;wit rk;thjp ];tuq;fshFk;.
fuùg;gpupah> fy;ahzp> ùpfhk;Nghjp> rq;fuhguzk; Nghd;w ,uhfq;fspy;

Nkw;$wpa rk;thjp ];tuq;fs; moiff;nfhLf;fpd;wd. rk;thjp ];tuq;fs; vd;gJ
8 my;yJ 12 RUjp ,ilntspfisf; nfhz;l ];tuq;fshFk; vd;W rhuq;fNjtupd;
rq;fPj uj;dhfuj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; gz;ilj; jkpopirapy; rk;thjp
];tuq;fis ,iz ];tuq;fs; vd;Wk; fpis ];tuq;fs; vd;Wk; ,uz;L tifahfg;
gpupf;fpd;wdu;.
223
(1) ]l;[ - gQ;rk Kiwapy;> mjhtJ ];tuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l
];tuj;jpypUe;J 5MtJ ];tukhfTk; ];tu];jhd mbg;gilapy; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l
];tuj;jpw;F 7MtJ ];tukhfTk; tuf;$ba ];tuq;fis ~~,iz ];tuk;|| vd;W
$Wtu;.
(2) ]l;[ - kj;jpak Kiwapy;> mjhtJ ];tuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l

];tuj;jpypUe;J 4MtJ ];tukhfTk; ];tu];jhd mbg;gilapy; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l
];tuj;jpw;F 5MtJ ];tukhfTk; tUk; ];tuq;fis fpis ];tuk; vd;W $Wtu;.
cjhuzk;: ]l;[k; - gQ;rkk;
]l;[k; - kj;akk;
Rj;j up\gk; - Rj;j ijtjk;
rhjhuz fhe;jhuk; - ifrpfp ep\hjk; ] - g Kiw
me;jufhe;jhuk; - fhfyp ep\hjk;
Rj;j up\gk; - gpujp kj;jpkk; ] - k Kiw
Mfpad.
mDthjp ];tuk; (el;G ];tuk;)
,e;j ];tuk; Nrdhjpgjpf;F rkkhdjhFk;. mjhtJ murDf;Fk; ke;jpupf;Fk;

el;Gld; xj;Jiog;gtNd Nrdhjpgjp. mJNghy ve;j ];tuj;Jld; ve;j ];tuk;
xj;Jg;NghFk; vd;W fzf;fpl;Ls;sdu;. mitNa mDthjp ];tuq;fshFk;. ,it
thjp ];tuj;jpw;F xj;J ,aq;Ftjhy; ,jid el;G ];tuk; vd;W $Wtu;.
]l;[j;jpw;F me;ju fhe;jhuk; el;G ];tukhFk;. rhuq;f Njtupd; rq;fPj

uj;dhfhuj;jpy; tpthjp my;yhj ];tuq;fSk; rk;thjp nghUj;jky;yhj ];tuq;fSk;
mDthjp ];tuq;fs;. (el;G ];tuq;fs;) vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tpthjp ];tuq;fs; (gif ];tuk;)
tpthjp vd;why; gif vd;W nghUs;. mjhtJ jdf;nfd;W xU jdp ,lk;

,y;yhky; NtW ];tuj;jpd; ];jhdj;jpy; epdW
; xypfF
; k; ];tuq;fs; tpthjp ];tuq;fs;
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,uz;L ];tuq;fSf;fpilNa xU RUjp ,ilntsp
,Ue;jhy; me;j ,uz;L ];tuq;fis tpthjp ];tuq;fs; vd;W miof;fyhk;.
1. Rj;j up\gk; - Rj;j fhe;jhuk;
2. Rj;j ijtjk; - Rj;j ep\hjk;
Mfpad tpthjp ];tuq;fshFk;.
224
gLj; J thu; .
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • #shjp> m\;lgjp Mfpa ,ir cUg;gbfspd;

• ,t; cUg;gbfis ,aw;wpatu; ngau;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.1.1 : ,ir cUg;gbfspd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • #shjp> m\;lgjp Mfpatw;wpd; ,yl;rzk;
ghlNtis : 04 - #shjp - 02 ghlNtisfs;

m\;lgjp - 02 ghlNtisfs;
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • ,ir cUg;gbfs; gw;wp jtiz 1 ,y; fw;gpg;gjw;F

fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L Nkw;nfhz;l fw;gpj;jy; KiwiaAk; fzpg;gl P L
; kjpg;
gPl;L KiwiaAk; gpd;gw;wpf; fw;gpf;fyhk;.
225
#shjp
#shjp ]{l vd;w fd;dlr; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpa xU cUg;gb tifahFk;.

jhJtpd; mikg;gpy; #shjp fPjj;ij xj;jpUf;Fk;. ,jd; ]hfpj;jpak; gf;jp u]k;
nghUe;jpajhf mike;jpUf;Fk;. xNu ,uhfj;jpy; 2> 5> 7 jhsq;fisr; Nru;j;J
,t;TUg;gb mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpy #shjpfs; ,uhf jhskhypifahfTk;
,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. xt;nthU jhsj;jpd; KbtpYk; ,aw;wpatupd; ngau; my;yJ
nja;tj;jpd; ngau; Kj;jpiuahf ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
Mjp jhsKk; ,ul;bj;j kl;ba jhsKk; #shjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. #shjpfs;

tpsk;g> kj;jpk> Jupj fhyq;fspy; mike;jpUf;Fk;. Gue;jujh]u; Muk;gj;jpy;
fd;dlnkhopapy; #shjpfis ,aw;wpdhu;. gpd;du; jpUg;gjp md;dkhrhupahu;
njYq;fpy; ,uhf jhs khypifahf mike;Js;s #shjp xd;iw ,aw;wpAs;shu;.
fyhepjp Nf. nghd; i dahgps; i s mtu; f s; jkpopy; gQ; r jhs #shjpia
,aw;wpAs;shu;. (fjputd; Fzjpir - ngssp) #shjpfs; jhs gpuge;jq;fshfNt
Njhd;wp ehsiltpy; tof;nfhope;J tpl;ld. #shjpfs; jhskhypifahfTk;
mike;Js;sd. khztu;fs; mtw;iwf; fw;gjdhy; jhs Qhdk; tpUj;jpailfpdw ; J.
m\; l gjp
12Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j n[aNjtuhy; mUspr;nra;ag;gl;l kfh fhtpak;

m\;lgjpahFk;. ,jid fPj Nfhtpe;jk; vd;Wk; miog;gu;. rk];fpUj nkhopapy;
,t;TUg;gb ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. 12 ru;f;fq;fisAk; 24 ghl;Lf;fisAk; nfhz;lJ.
xt;Nthu; fPu;j;jdj;jpYk; 8 ruzq;fs; ,Ug;gjhy; m\;lgjp vdg; ngau; ngw;wJ>
rpUq;fhu u]j;ijf; nfhz;l ,t;TUg;gb ntspgn ; ghUshf rpww
; pdg
; j;ijNa nfhz;L
tu;zpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mgpeaj;jpw;F cfe;j ,g;ghly;fs; ehl;baf; fr;NrupapYk;
,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
fPj Nfhtpe;jk; vd;Dk; fhtpaj;jpd; rhfpj;jpaj;jpy; uhij> fpU\;zd;> rfp Mfpa

3 fjhghj;jpuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fu;ehlf> `pe;J];jhdp rq;fj P k; vd;w gpupTfs;
cz; l htjw; F Kd; d Nu m\; l gjpfs; ,aw; w g; g l; l ikapdhy; tlehl; b Yk; >
njd;dhl;bYk; ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ehaf> ehafp ghtj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l
,t;TUg;gbapy; kJu ghtj;jpd; gf;jpg; gputhfk; ntspg;gLfpwJ. n[aNjtiug;
gpd;gw;wp njd;dpe;jpa thf;Nfafhuu;fs; m\;lgjpfis ,aw;wpAs;sdu;. n[aNjtu;
jdJ ngaiuNa Kj;jpiuahff; ifahz;Ls;shu;. fPj Nfhtpe;jk; Nru; vl;tpd;
vd;gtuhy; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngau;f;fg;gl;lJ.
m\;lgjpfSf;F rpy cjhuzq;fs;:

yypjs tq;fs (tre;jh)
uhjhtjd (kj;jpakhtjp)
ujp]{frhNu (aKdh fy;ahzp)
226
gLj; J thu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4 : ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • fPuthzp ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.

• fPuthzp ,uhfj;jpd; rQ;rhuq;fis vOJjy;.
• fPuthzp ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j cUg;gbfisf;
Fwpg;gpLjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.1.1 : fPuthzp ,uhfj;jpd;; ,yl;rzj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • fPuthzp ,yl;rzk;
ghlNtis : 02
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • jtiz 1 ,y; ,uhf ,yl;rzj;ijf; fw;gpg;gjw;F

fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L Nkw;nfhz;l fw;gpj;jy; KiwiaAk; fzpg;gl P L
; kjpg;
gPl;L KiwiaAk; gpd;gw;wpf; fw;gpf;fyhk;.
227
fP u thzp
1. MNuhfzk; : ] up f k g j ep ];
mtNuhfzk; : ]; ep j g k f up ]
2. ,J 21MtJ Nksfu;j;jh. 4MtJ rf;fuj;jpy; 3MtJ Nksk; (Ntj - Nfh)
3. ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy; ]l;[k;> rJ];Ujp up\gk;> rhjhuz fhe;jhuk;> Rj;j kj;jpakk;>

gQ;rkk;> Rj;j ijtjk;> fhfyp ep\hjk; Mfpa ];tuq;fs; tUfpdw; d. (rupfpkgjE)
4. [Pt ];tuq;fs; : up> k> g> ep
5. epahr ];tuq;fs; : up> g> ep.
6. fpuf ];tuq;fs; : up> g.
7. ,ju mk;rq;fs;:
1. ,J xU %u;r;rdhfhuf Nksk;> fpuf Ngjj;jpd; topahf ,e;j ,uhfj;jpd;
kj;jpakk; N`ktjpiaAk; (58)> gQ;rkk; tFshguzj;ijAk; (14)> ijtjk;
Nfhryj;ijAk; (71) nfhLf;Fk;.
2. gpuj;jpahfj fkfk; ,e;j ,uhfj;jpd; rhaiy ed;F ntspg;gLj;Jk;.
3. tpupthd Myhgidf;F ,lk; nfhLf;Fk; ,uhfk;.
4. gf;jpr;Ritia ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,uhfk; - vg;NghJk; ghlyhk;.
5. Nky; ehl;L ,irapy; Harmonic Minor Scale vd;gJ fPuthzp ,uhfNk.
6. mrk;G+u;z Nksgj;jjpapy; ~fpuzhtsp| vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ>
8. rQ;rhuk;:
upfup]eP - ]upfuPup - ]upfupup]eP. - ]ep. ep. j j gh - k g j ep ]uP - upfkfup]
.. . .. . . . . . .. . .
- upfkgh - gjgjgk - g;jepep]h > ] - gjep ]; uP up - ]; up f;up up ];ep - ];up
.
f;upf;k;f;up ]u; - ]u; ];epjgh - gjep];uP - ];epjgh - jggkkffupuP - ]up]upup]
- eP
. j. gh . - gj. . .epep]hk
.
228
9. ,ir tbtq;fs;
1. fpUjp : fypfpAz;Nlfjh - Mjp : jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs;
2. fpUjp : tuKnyh]fp - &gfk; : gl;lzk; Rg;gpukzpa ma;au;
3. fpUjp : cd;id ek;gpNdd; ma;ah- Mjp: Kj;Jj; jhz;ltu;
4. fpUjp : ,d;dKk; re;Njf - kp];u rhG : Nfhghy fpU\;z ghujpahu;
5. fpUjp : Ntyth tpidjPu - kp];u[k;ig : NfhB];tu ma;au;
6. fpUjp : mstpwe;jNj - Mjp : ,yl;Rkzg; gps;is
7. fpUjp : KUfh jQ;rk; - Mjp : ,yl;Rkzg; gps;is
8. fpUjp : flTs; mUis - &gfk; : vk;.vk;. jz;lghzp Njrpfu;
9. fpUjp : Njtp ePNa Jiz - Mjp : ghgehrk; rptd;
10. jpUg;Gfo;: FfNd FUguNd - rJ];u [k;ig : mUzfpupehju;
229
gLj; J thu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5 : ,irf;fUtpfspd; mikg;G> gad;ghL gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • jtpy;> kpUjq;fk; Mfpa ,irf;fUtpfspd; mikg;ig

tpsf;Fjy;.
• ,t;thj;jpaq;fs; RUjp Nru;f;Fk;Kiw thrpf;Fk;
Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
• ,t;thj;jpaq;fs; thrpgg
; jpy; gpugy;ak; ngw;w tpjJ
; thd;
fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.1.1 : ,irf;fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • jtpy; - mikg;G> thrpf;Fk; Kiw

• kpUjq;fk; - mikg;G> thrpf;Fk; Kiw
ghlNtis : 04 jtpy; - 02 ghlNtisfs;

kpUjq;fk; - 02 ghlNtisfs;
ju cs;sPL : • jtpy; - jtpypd; ghfq;fs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l glk;

• kpUjq;fk; - kpUjq;fj;jpd; ghfq;fs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l glk;
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • jtiz I ,y; ,irf;fUtpfs; gw;wpf; fw;gpg;gjw;F

fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
; L
P /kjpgg
; l
P L
;
KiwfisAk; gpd;gw;wyhk;.
230
jtpy;
ehj];tuj;jpw;Fupa jhsthj;jpakhf jtpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. kq;fs ,irapy;

,lk;ngwf;$ba Kf;fpakhd ya thj;jpak; jtpy; MFk;. njhd;ik tha;e;j
Njhw;fUtpfSs; jtpYk; xd;whFk;. Nfhapy; tpohf;fs;> Rgfhupaq;fs; kw;Wk;
jpUtpohf;fspy; jtpy; ,irahdJ rpwg;ghfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Njhspy; njhq;ftpl;L thrpg;gjdhy; Nlhsk; (njhq;ftpLjy;) vd;gJ Nlhy;> lTy;>

jTy; vd khw;wk; ngw;W ,Wjpapy; jtpy; vd miof;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vdf; fUj
,lKz;L. jtpy; thrpf;fg;gLk; NghJ> xU gf;fk; fopapdhYk; kWgf;fk;
tpuy;fspdhYk; thrpf;fg;gLtjdhy; ,jid mjj> tpjj thj;jpak; vd;Wk;> Njhy;
thj;jpakhifahy; mtdj;j thj;jpak; vd;Wk; miog;gu;.
mikg; G :
,t;thj;jpaj;jpd; nfhl;L gyh kuj;jhy; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhapy; kzpNahir
Nfl;Fk; kuq;fshfTk;> 42 taJf;F Nkw;gl;l kuq;fshfTk; njupe;njLf;fg;gLk;.
jtpyhdJ fl;il (nfhl;L)> Njhy;> %l;Lf;fs;> thu; vd;gtw;wpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l
fUtpahFk;. ,J kpUjq;fj;ijg; NghyNt thu; Nghl;Lf; fl;lg;gl;L ,Ue;jhYk;>
tha; tpl;lj;jpd; mfyj;jhYk;> gUkdhYk; rw;Wg; ngupjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
jtpypd; nfhl;Lg; gFjpahdJ gyh kuj;jpy; cUis tbtkhf cl;Gwj;jpy;

File;njLf;fg;gl;L> ,U GwKk; Njhyhy; %lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,J tye;jiy>
,le;jiy vd;Dk; ,U gFjpfis cilaJ. tye;jiy jl;L vd;Wk;> ,le;jiy
njhg;gp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. tye;jiy ,U Njhy;fSk; njhg;gp xUNjhYk;
nfhz;L %lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it Ml;Lj; Njhyhyhdit. jtpypd; ,UGwq;fspYk;
nghUj;jg;gLk; xyp vOg;Gk; Njhw;gFjpfs;> vUik khl;Lj; Njhyhy; %q;fpy;
tisfspy; ,izj;Jr; Rw;wg;gLk;. tyJ if tpuy;fshy; thrpf;fg;gLk; mfd;w
Njhw;gFjpf;F tye;jiy vd;W ngau;. ,lJ ifapy; Fr;rpahy; (fopahy;) mbj;J
thrpf;fg;gLk; gFjpf;F ,le;jiy vd;W ngau;. ,t;tpU Njhw;gFjpfspYk; thu;fs;
Eiotjw;F Vw;wthW Jthuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;Jisfis ~fz;fs;|
vd;W $Wthu;fs;. ,tw;wpd; ,ilNa thu;f; fw;iwfs; Eiof;fg;gl;L tisfSld;
,Wf;fpf; fl;lg;gLfpd;wd. jw;fhyj;jpy; Njhy;thUf;Fg; gjpyhf cNyhf thu;
gad;gLfpd;wJ.
jtpy; thj;jpaj;ijf; fl;bAs;s ehlhit ,izf;Fk; tisaj;jpd; ngau; ~ntz;lak;|

,J gQ;r cNyhfq;fshyhdJ. ,J jQ;ir ehr;rpkhu; Nfhtpybapy; nra;ag;gl;L
tUfpwJ.
231
jtpy; ((Tavil))
jtpypd; ghfq;fs;
1. ,le;jiy (njhg;gp)
2. thu;fs; Eiotjw;F 11 Jthuq;fs;
2. Njhyhy; Rw;wg;gl;l %q;fpy; tis
4. gyh kuj;jhy; Md cUis
5. thu;fs; ,Oj;Jf;fl;l 2 tisaq;fs;
6. ika thu; (,Oj;Jf;fl;Ltjw;F)
7. Njhy; thu;fs;
8. tye;jiy (jl;L)
9. jpUthr;rp kuj;jhy; Md Fr;rp (jtpy; fop)
RUjp Nru;f;Fk; Kiw:

jtpy; RUjp Nru;jJ
; thrpf;f Kbahj thj;jpankdpDk; ehj];tuj;jpd; RUjpf;Nfw;w
thW RUjp mikf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
232
thrpf;Fk; Kiw:
,le;jiyapy; fop vdg;gLfpd;w rpW NfhyhYk;> tye;jiyapy; $Lfs; mzpe;j
tpuy;fshYk; thrpff
; g;gLfpdw
; J. ,jw;F 7 $Lfs; gad;gLfpdw
; d. ,J typikahd
Jzpr;Rw;whFk;. ,J Rz;LtpuYf;F - 1
NkhjputpuYf;F - 2
eL tpuYf;F - 2
Ml;fhl;b tpuYf;F - 2
,le;jiyapy; thrpf;fg;gad;gLk; Fr;rp jtpw;fop vdg;gLk;. ,J 12 mq;Fy

ePsKilaJ. ,J jpUthr;rp kuf;nfhk;gpdhy; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; ePsk;
22.5cm fdk; 1.8cm mbg;ghfk; cUisahf ,Uf;Fk;.
jpwe;j ntsp ,irauq;fpy; thrpg;Nghu; jtpiy Kd; gf;fkhfj; njhq;f tpl;L

epd;W nfhz;Nl thrpg;gu;. ,le;jiy fop vdg;gLk; NfhyhYk;> tye;jiy $Lfs;
mzpe;j tpuy;fspdhYk; thrpf;fg;gLfpd;w NghjpYk;> mt;tg;NghJ uQ;ridf;fhf
tyJ if kzpf;fl;Lk;> ,lJ if kzpf;fl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
yatpe;epahrk; nra;Ak; NghJ ,urid Cl;Ltjw;fhf tye;jiyapy; fopapdhYk;

ifapdhYk; ,uQ;rfkhd thrpg;G thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ehj];tuj;jpy; ,uhf Myhgid thrpf;Fk;NghJ ,ilapilNa jtpypy; rJ];ufjp

thrpgg; J tof;fj;jpy; cs;sJ. gQ;rfjpfspy; thrpfF
; k; gof;fKk; cz;L. Nfhtpypy;
];thkp tPjp cyhg; Gwg;gLifapy; ~ky;yhup| thrpf;ifapy; jtpy; thrpg;G kpf
uk;kpakhf ,Uf;Fk;. kq;fs epfo;thd jhypfl;ly;> fq;fzk; fl;Ljy; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
ngupa Nksf; FOtpduhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; cuj;j ,irNa ~~nfl;bNksk;|| MFk;.
jtpy; thrpj;Jg; gpugy;akhd ,yq;iff; fiyQu;fs;

,e;jpa ,irf;fiyQu;fs; • msita+u; jtpy; jl;rzh%u;j;jp
• mk;ghrKj;jpuk; fz;Zrhkpg;gps;is • ,Ztpy; rpd;duhrh
• mk;khNgl;il gf;fpup • yaQhd FNguG+gjp e. FkuFU
• jpUf;fUfht+u; rptFUehjg;gps;is • ehr;rpkhu; Nfhtpyb fNzrgps;is
• tOT+u; Kj;JtPug;gps;is
• =epthQ;rpak; Nfhtpe;jg;gps;is
• ePlhkq;fyk; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is
• tyq;ifkhd; \z;KfRe;juk;.
233
kpUjq; f k;
,e;jpa rq;fPjj;jpw;Fj; jdpr; rpwg;igf; nfhLf;Fk; ,irf;fUtpfspy; kpUjq;fKk;

xd;whFk;. thj;jpaj; jpuaq;fshd tPiz> NtZ> kpUjq;fk; vd;gtw;wpy; kpUjq;fKk;
njhd;Wnjhl;L tof;fpypUe;J tUk; thj;jpakhFk;. ,J ,irf;fr;NrupfspYk;
epUj;jpa. ehlfq;fspYk;> ehl;baf; fr;NrupfspYk; ,d;wpaikahj yathj;jpakhf
cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk; ehl;baf; fr;Nrupfspy; kpUjq;fk; Kf;fpa
];jhdj;ij tfpj;J tUfpd;wJ.
,t;thj;jpak; jz;ik nghUe;jpa ehjj;ijAilajhy; jz;Zik vd;Wk; eluh[upd;

Mde;j jhz;ltj;jpd;NghJ thrpf;fg;gl;likahy; Mde;j thj;jpak; vd;Wk;>
ee;jpnak;ngUkhdhy; thrpf;fg;gl;l thj;jpakhifahy; ee;jp thj;jpankd;Wk;
$j;Jf;fSf;F thrpg;gjhy; ehd;Kfd; vd;Wk; Vida yathj;jpaq;fSf;nfy;yhk;
,t;thj;jpak; Mjhukhf tpsq;Ftjdhy; kj;jsk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,ijtpl Kl;L> KoT vd;Wk; Kw;fhyj;jpy; miof;fg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
,uz;L iffshYk; kpUjq;fk; thrpf;fg;gLtjdhy; ku;j;jdk; vd miof;fg;gl;Lg;
gpw;fhyj;jpy; kj;jsk; vdg;gl;lJ vd;Wk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
ghLgtu;fSf;F ];Ujp rk;ge;jkhfj; jk;Guh cjTtJ Nghy ya rk;ge;jj;jpy;

kpUjq;fk; cjTfpd;wJ. ghl;bd; fhyg;gpukhzk; NtfkhfhkYk;> FiwahkYk;
jLf;fpdw
; J. ghl;bd; vLg;G> mWjp vd;gdtw;iw ed;F mDrupjJ ; thrpfF
; k;nghOJ
ghLNthUf;Fk;> Nfl;NghUf;Fk; ,d;gk;> cw;rhfj;ijf; nfhLf;fpdw
; J. Njhw;fUtpfspy;
kpUjq;fk; gf;fthj;jpakhf kl;Lkd;wp jdpf;fr;NrupahfTk; thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
nky;ypd ty;ypdj;NjhL thrpf;Fk;nghOJ ftu;r;rpfukhfTk;> ,dpikahfTk;
cs;sJ. kpUjq;fj;jpy; ~~ya tpe;epahrk;|| Nfl;gjw;F kpf;f uk;akhf cs;sJ.
xU ,uhfj;ij Myhgid nra;tJ Nghd;W jhsj;ijAk; Muk;gk;> tpupT> KbT
vd %d;whfg; gpupj;J ntFNeuk; tpe;epahrk; nra;J thrpg;gu;.
,iwtd; fhspAld; jhz;ltkhba nghOJ> fhypd; ghjr; rpyk;G fod;W NkNy

Ngha;f; fPNo tUk;nghOJ rptDila Njhs;> njhil> ghjk; vd;gtw;wpy; tpOe;j
XirahdJ jh - jP - njhk; - ek; vd;w nrhw;fisAilajhapw;W. ,ij
kpUjq;fj;jpy; thrpf;Fk; nghOJ 7 ];tuq;fspd; ehjj;Jf;Fr; rkdhf ,Ue;jJ
vdf; Nfhfs Kdptu; $wpAs;shu;.
234
kpUjq; f k;
01. njhg;gp 02. fz;fs; 03. rhjk;

04. tye;jiy 05. thu; 06. nfhl;L
,le;jiy tye; j iy
kpUjq;fj;jpd; ghfq;fs;
1. Njhy;thu; 2. ,le;jiy (njhg;gpj;jl;L)
3. tisak; 4. Njhy; tisak;
5. kPl;Lj; Njhy; (ntl;Lj; jl;L) 6. rhg;Gj; Njhy; (nfhl;Lj; jl;L)
7. cs;gFjpapYs;s cl;fiuj; jl;L 8. fuiz (NrhW)
mikg; G
kpUjq;fkhdJ kuj;jpdhYk; NjhypdhYk; Mf;fg;gl;l ePzl; cUis tbtKila

jhFk;. ,J tye;jiy> ,le;jiy> nfhl;L (fl;il) vd;Dk; %d;W ghfq;fisf;
nfhz;lJ. kpUjq;ff; nfhl;bid re;jdkuk;> gyh> ntz;nfhz;ly;> fUq;nfhz;ly;>
nrk;kzj;jp (mfpy;)> Ntk;G> njd;id> gid> khtpyq;if> nrk;kuk;> Ezhkuk;
vd;gtw;wpdhy; Mf;fyhk;. kpUjq;ff; nfhl;L nra;Ak; kuk; Nfhtpy;kzpNahir
Nfl;Fk; #oypYs;sjhf ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ.
kpUjq;fk; nra;aTs;s kuj;Jz;il cUis tbtkhf;fpfn ; fhz;L> mijf; filry;

gl;lilapYs;s ,ae;jpuj;jpy; kpUjq;f tbtkhFk; tiu nra;thu;fs;. gpd;G
nfhl;bd; cl;ghfj;ijf; File;J vLj;Jf;nfhs;tu;. eLg;ghfk; rw;Wf; fdkhfTk;>
Xug;gf;fq;fs; rw;W NyrhfTk; nra;ag;gLk;. Xug;gf;fq;fs; Rkhu; 1.25 cm fdj;jpy;
,Uf;Fk;.
235
kpUjq;fj;jpy; ,uz;L tifAz;L. Mz;fspd; RUjpf;Fupa (1 - fl;il)
kpUjq;fk; jf;F ];Ujp kpUjq;fk; vd;Wk;> ngz;fspd; RUjpf;Fupa (4 - fl;il)

kpUjq;fk; n`r;R ];Ujp kpUjq;fk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. jf;F];Ujp kpUjq;ff;
nfhl;L 60 cm - 65 cm ePsKs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jd; Rw;wsT 90cm - 95cm tiu
,Uf;Fk;. tye;jiy tha; tpl;lk; 17cm - 17.5cm tiu ,Uf;Fk;. njhg;gpapd;
tha;tpl;lk; 18.25cm - 20.25 cm tiuapUf;Fk;.
n`r;R ];Ujp kpUjq;ff; nfhl;bd; ePsk; 50cm - 55cm MFk;. Rw;wsT 82.5cm -
90cm ,Uf;Fk;. tye;jiy 15.6cm - 16.25cm njhg;gpapd; tha;tpl;lk; 17cm - 17.5cm
Mf ,Uf;Fk;. kpUjq;fj;jpd; ehjk; jPu;f;fkhd fhu;itAilajha; miktJ
fl;ilapd; mikg;gpNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ. fl;ilapd; fdk; Fiwe;jhy; fhu;itAk;
FiwAk;. fl;ilapy; ntbg;G Rop fhzg;gbDk; fhu;it Fd;Wk;. ,jd; eLg;ghfk;
gUj;J ,Ug;gjdhy; njhe;jp vdg;gLfpd;wJ. eLtpy; cs;s nfhl;Lf;F ~mulh|
vd;W ngau;. nfhl;bd; ,U gf;fq;fspYk; cs;s tha;fspy; tye;jiy> ,le;jiy
%l;Lf;fs; vUik thupd; cjtpahy; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. tye;jiy %l;Lf;Fg;
~Glh|> ~eq;fp| vd;w ngau;fSz;L. ,le;jiy %l;L njhg;gp> ftiz vdg;gLfpdw ; J.
tye;jiy %l;lhdJ ntl;Lj;jl;L> nfhl;Lj;jl;L> cl;fhuj;jl;L Mfpatw;iw

KiwNa NkypUe;J fPohf xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf mLf;fg;gl;L rhl;il thupdhy;
,izj;Jg; gpdd ; g;gl;l xU mq;fkhFk;. ntl;Lj;jl;L> nfhl;Lj;jl;L> cl;fiuj;jl;L
vd;gd Ml;Lj;Njhy;> gRj;Njhy; vd;gtw;wpdhy; Mdit. ,e;j %l;lhdJ 48
rhl;il thu;f; fz;fisAk;> gpd;dypy; thu; Nfhu;f;fg;gLfpd;w 16 fz;fisAk;
cilaJ.
ntl;Lj;jl;lhdJ thu;g; gpd;dypd; Xukhf cl;gf;fj;Nj Rw;wptu 5cm mfyKila

tisak; Nghd;wjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,J ~kPl;L| vd miof;fg;gLk;. nfhl;Lj;jl;L
fl;ilapd; tha;g;gFjp KOtijAk; %Lk;gbahf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jd; Nkw;Gwj;Nj
eLg;ghfj;jpy; 5cm mstpw;F tl;ltbtkhd gFjpf;F fupa epwKs;s ~rhjk;|
vdg;gLk; gir g+rg;gLk;. ,J fuiz> kz;> khu;r;ris> NrhW> gwhis vd;Wk;
nrhy;yg;gLk;. ,jdhy;jhd; kpUjq;fj;Jf;F ,dpikahd ehjk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
cl;fiuj;jl;lhdJ fl;ilapd; tha; tpspk;Gld; rhl;il thu;g; gpd;dypypUe;J
2cm mfy msthdJ. ,jd; njhopy; Kf;fpakhf kw;iwa ,U jl;Lf;fisAk;
fl;ilAld; xd;wtplhky; mit mjpu;T ngw cjTjyhFk;.
,le;jiy%l;L vd;gJ njhg;gpg;ghfkhFk;. ,jpy; %d;W Njhy;fs; nghUj;jg;

gl;Ls;sd. ,it gRf;fd;Wj; Njhyhy; MdJ. njhg;gpj; Njhypd; eLtpy; ePupy;
gpire;j NfhJik uitia rpwpa mstpy; mg;gp ,lJ iftpuy;fisr; Nru;j;Jj;
jl;Lk; nghOJ ~Njhk;| vd;Dk; ehjk; xypf;Fk;.
236
kpUjq;fj;jpd; thu; vUikj; Njhyhy; MdJ. ,J fl;ilAld; %l;bidAk;>
njhg;gpiaAk; ,izf;f cjTfpd;wJ. RUjpapd; Vw;w ,wf;fkhdJ thupd;
,Wf;fj;jpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
fuizaply; vd;gJ rhjk; itj;jiyf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. fpl;lk; vd;Dk; xUtpj

cNyhff; fy;ypid cilj;J ed;F nghb nra;J t];jpu fhak; nra;J
nkd;ikahf;fp xU mstpy; cUl;b vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,J cyuhj tifapy;
ePu; eidj;j Jzpapy; itf;fg;gLk;. gpd; tye;jiyapy; nfhl;Lj; jl;bd; eLg;ghfj;jpy;
7.5cm tpl;lKs;s tl;l mstpy; ePUld; fye;j girg;nghUs; g+rg;gl;L 10 - 15
epkplq;fSf;F ntapypy;tpl Ntz;Lk;. rhjk; eLg;ghfj;jpy; rw;Wg; gUkdhfTk;
Xug;gf;fj;jpy; jbg;Gf; Fiwe;Jk; fhzg;gLk;. %l;by; vy;yhf; fz;fSk; rkRUjpahfr;
Nru;f;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd; fpl;lg; girapy; Fz;L kzpastpy; vLj;Jg; gir g+rpa
Nkw;gug;gpy; itj;J mOj;jpj; Nja;ff ; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW rpwpJ rpwpjhfr; rhjj;ij
itj;J tOtOg;ghd fUq;fy;yhy; Nja;ff ; Ntz;Lk;. kPlL
; ehjKk; rhg;G (rhjk;)
ehjKk; xNuasthFk; tiu ,t;thW nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW rhjk; itg;gjw;F
kpFe;j mDgtKk; RUjpQhdKk; mtrpak;.
RUjp Nru;f;Fk; Kiw

kpUjq;fj;jpd; tye;jiyia Mjhu ]l;[j;jpd; ehjj;Jf;Fr; rkdhfr; Nru;j;Jf;
nfhs;Stu;. njhg;gpg; ghfk; uit itj;J ke;ju gQ;rkj;jpwF
; r; rkdhfr; Nru;ff
; g;gLk;.
fz;fspy; Gs;is itj;J fUq;fy;ypdhy; fPoN

; ehf;fpj; jl;bdhy; ];Ujp mjpfkhFk;.
Nky; Nehf;fpj; jl;bdhy; ];Ujp Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. fr;Nrup Kbe;jJk; uitia
vLj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;.
thrpf;Fk; Kiw
kpUjq;fj;ij ed;F RUjp Nru;j;J ,uz;L iffshYk; ,yhtfkhf thrpf;fg;gL
fpd;wJ. cs;sq;if> tpuy;fs;> kzpf;fl;L vd;gd gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. nrhw;fs;
nfhLf;fNtz;ba ];jhdq;fs; 12. tyJif tpuy;fspdhy; 8 tpjkhfTk; ,lJ
ifahy; 4 tpjkhfTk; nrhw;fs; thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. jh> jP> njhk;> ek;> jupfpl>
jfn[hZ> jshq; F jj; j pd; > jhq; f pl> jP k ; > jpj; Nghd; w nrhw; f s;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
Kw;fhyj;jpy; njhg;gpapd; Njhiyj; jz;zPu; jltpg; gf;Ftg;gLj;jpf;nfhz;L

thrpj;jdu;. jQ;ir ehuhaz rhkpg;gps;is vd;gtu; NrhWk;> rhk;gy; J}Sk;
fye;J njhg;gpapy; itj;J thrpj;jhu;. ,J Kjw;nfhz;L njhg;gpf;F khT itf;Fk;
tof;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ njhg;gpg; ghfj;jpy; uitkhT ePUld; fye;J itj;J
thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
237
ghlfu;fspd; fhyg;gpukhzj;ij mDrupj;J kpUjq;fk; thrpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F
kpFe;j rhjfk; Njit. ,lj;Jf;Fj; jFe;jgb jPuk
; hdq;fisf; ftu;rr; pahff; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. fr;Nrupapd; eLNt thrpfF
; k; jdpahtu;jj
; dk; fr;Nrupia nkU$l;Ltjhf
mikAk;.
kpUjq;fk; thrpj;Jg; gpugykile;j ,e;jpaf; fiyQu;fs;

• ehuhazrhkp mg;gh
• Jf;;fhuhk;
• Rthkpehjgps;is
• mofek;gpg;gps;is
• njl;rzh%u;j;jpg;gps;is
• ghyf;fhL kzp
• fhiuf;Fbkzp
• rq;fu; Nghd;Nwhu;.
,yq;iff; fiyQu;fs;
• V . mk;gythzu;
• T. ul;zk;
• A. fNzr ru;kh Nghd;Nwhu;.
238
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : fu;ehlf ,ir> `peJ

; ];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irf
Sf;fpilapyhd xw;Wik> Ntw;Wik gw;wpf; Fwpgg
; pLthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • fu;ehlf ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,ir Mfpa ,U ,ir

kuGfSf;FkpilNa cs;s NtWghLfisf; Fwpgg ; ply;.
• ,t;tpU ,ir KiwikfspdJk; ypgp Kiw> fr;Nrup
nra;Ak; Kiw> jhs Kiw gw;wp tptupj;jy;.
nraw;ghL 5.1.1 : fu;ehlf ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • Nkiyj;Nja ypgp Kiwapd; ngau;

• rg;j ];tuq;fSf;F Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; toq;Fk;
ngau;fs;.
• ,U ,ir KiwikapYk; fr;Nrup nra;Ak; Kiwapy;
cs;s NtWghL
ghlNtis : 04
ju cs;sPL : • fu;ehlf ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,ir xypgg

; jpT nra;ag;
gl;l xyp> xspg;gjpT ehlh.
• ,U ,ir KiwikapYk; vOjg;gl;l ypgp
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • fu;ehlf ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,ir Mfpa ,U ,ir

tiffSk; xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xyp> xspg;gjpT
ehlhf;fis nrtpkLf;fTk; ghu;f;fTk; fsk; mikj;
Jf; nfhLj;jy;.
• mjd; mbg;gilapy; ,U ,irKiwikapYk; cs;s

NtWghLfisf; fye;Jiuahly;.
• fu;ehlf ,ir ypgpKiw> Nkiyj;Nja ypgp Kiw

vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfspd; cjtpAld; ,U ,ir
KiwikapYk; cs;s ypgp NtWghl;il tpsf;Fjy;.
• fr; N rup Kiwikapy; cs; s NtWghLfisf;

fye;Jiuahly;.
(fye;Jiuahly; %yk; fw;gpf;fyhk;.)
239
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • fu;ehlf ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irf;Fkpilapyhd
NtWghLfis ml;ltizg;gj;Jtu;.
crhj; J iz : 1. W illiam Love Lock -The Rudiments of Music

2. Prof. P. Sambamoorthy -Elements of W estern Music
3. Dr. Gowry. Kuppuswamy
- Text Book of Comparative Music
MrpupaUf; f hdit : • Nkiyj;Nja ,ir Mrpupau;fs;> ty;Ydu;fSld;

fye;JiuahLtjd; %yk; Nkiyj;Nja ,ir gw;wpa
mwpit Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
khztUf; f hdit : • Nkiyj;Nja ,ir epfo;rr; pfis Neubahff; fz;Lfspg;

gjd; %yNkh ntFrdj;njhlu;G Clfq;fspD}lhf (TV,
Radio) ghu;jJ
; f; Nfl;gjd; %yNkh jkJ eaj;jy; jpwid
tpUj;jp nra;tJld; Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd; mbg;gil
mk;rq;fisAk; NtWghLfisAk; ,dq;fhZk; jpwid
Ak; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
240
fu; e hlf ,ir> Nkiyj; N ja ,irf; F k; ,ilapyhd
xw; W ik> Ntw; W ikfs;
fPioj;Nja ,ir tiffSs; xd;whd fu;ehlf rq;fPjk; nkyhbf;fy; ,ir

tifiar; Nru;ej ; J. nkyhbf;fy; rq;fj
P j;jpy; xw;iw ];tuq;fs; xd;wd;gpd; xd;whfj;
njhlu;r;rpahf tUk;. INuhg;gpa ,ir (Nkiyj;Nja ,ir) `hu;Nkhdpf;fy;
,ir tifiar; Nru;ej ; J. `hu;Nkhdpf;fy; ,irapy; xd;Wld; xd;W rk;ge;jKs;s
];tuq;fs; xNu jUzj;jpy; xypf;Fk;. ]k;thjpj;tk; vd;gNj `hu;kdpf;F
mbg;gilahd jj;JtkhFk;. INuhg;gpa ,irg; Gytu;fs; ghly;fis ,aw;Wk;
nghOJ mg;ghly; `hu;kdpAld; vt;thW gpufhrpf;fpd;wJ vd;Dk; Nehf;FlNdNa
,aw;Wfpwhu;fs;.
mbg;gil mk;rq;fs;
,U ,ir KiwikfSk; ]g;j ];tuq;fisAk; 12 ];tu];jhdq;fisAk;

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. fu;ehlf ,irapy; cs;s rg;j ];tuq;fSk;
Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; gpd;tUkhW miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
fu;ehlf ,ir Nkiyj;Nja ,ir

] C doy
up D Rey
f E me
k F Fa
g G So
j A La
ep B Te
];tu];jhdq;fSk; mtw;Wf;Fr; rkkhf Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; toq;Fk; ngau;fSk;

tUkhW:
fu;ehlf ,ir Nkiyj;Nja ,ir
1. ]l;[k; C
2. Rj;jup\gk; D FLAT
3. rJ];Ujp up\gk; D
4. rhjhuz fhe;jhuk; E FLAT
5. me;jufhe;jhuk; E
6. Rj;jkj;akk; F
7. gpujpkj;akk; F SHARP
8. gQ;rkk; G
9. Rj;jijtjk; A FLAT
10. rJ];Ujp ijtjk; A
11. ifrpfp ep\hjk; B FLAT
12. fhfyp ep\hjk; B
241
ypgp Kiw
ghly;fis ];tug;gLj;jp vOJk;Kiw ,U ,ir KiwikapYk; cz;L. fu;ehlf
rq;fPj ypgp KiwahdJ xNu Neu;Nfhl;by; vOjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k;Kiw ];fpupg;l;
(Script Notation) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Nkiyj;Nja ypgp KiwahdJ Ie;J
rkhe;juf; NfhLfspy; vOjg;gLfpdw
; J. ,k;Kiw ];lht; nehNl\d; (Staff Notation)
vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.Nkiyj;Nja ,ir Nk[u; ];Nfiy (rq;fuhguzk;)
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. Nk[u; ];Nfypy; cs;s ];tuq;fs; ehr;Ruy; (Natural)
vd miof;fg;gLk;. ehr;Ruy; my;yhj ];tuq;fis vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; ,uhfq;fis
];lht; nehNl\dpy; vOJk;NghJ me;j ];tuq;fSf;Fupa tupapy; g;sl; (Flat)
\hu;g; (Sharp) FwpaPLfs; vOjg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; nehNl\Nd Kjd;ikahd ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ. ghl;L

(Vocal)> thj;jpak; fw;g;gtu;> nehNl\d; mwpe;jpUg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. Mdhy;
fu;ehlf ,irapy; Mrpupau; JizAlNdNa fw;wy; mtrpakhfpd;wJ> fu;ehlf
,irapy; fkfq;fs;> El;g RUjpfs; epiwe;jpUg;gjdhy; Mrpupaupd; Jizapd;wp
nehNl\idg; ghu;j;J ghlNth thrpf;fNth ,ayhJ.
fr;Nrup Kiw
fu;ehlf ,irapy; gyu; Nru;e;J ,irauq;F elj;JtJ tof;fpypy;iy. ,uz;L>
%d;W Jizf; fUtpfNshL fr;Nrup elj;JtNj tof;fkhFk;. fu;ehlf rq;fPjf;
fr;Nrupfspy; kNdhju;k rq;fj P k; gpujhd mk;rkhf cs;sJ. jhs thj;jpaq;fSf;F
jdpahtu;jj; dk; thrpff
; r; re;ju;gg; k; toq;fg;gLfpdw
; J. fu;ehlf ,irf; fr;Nrupfspy;
rhe;jk;> fUiz> gf;jp Mfpa u]q;fs; NkNyhq;fp ,Uf;Fk;.
Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; gyu; xd;W Nru;e;J fr;Nrup (Orchestra) nra;tu;. mjw;F

mtu;fspd; nehNl\d; kpfTk; gad;gLfpd;wJ. (Staff Notation) ,irg;Nghu;
,e;nehNl\idg; ghu;j;J nehNl\dpy; cs;sthNw ,irg;gu;. Mifahy; ,q;F
tpj;thd;fspd; kNdhju;kj;jpw;F ,lkpy;iy. ,q;F epfo;r;rpia elhj;j Conductor
cs;shu;. ,ir my;yJ Music Piece ve;j (Pitch) RUjpapy; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sNjh
me;j RUjpapNyNa mtu;fs; thrpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; (Rhythm)
jhs rk;ge;jkhd czu;rr ; p Vw;gLk;. ,ir ngUk;ghYk; ,aw;ifia tu;zpgg
; jhfNt
mike;jpUf;Fk;.
jhsk;
fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpy; rg;j jhsq;fs;> Kg;gj;ije;J jhsq;fs;> 175 jhsq;fs;> 108

jhsq;fs;> rhG jhsq;fs; Nghd;wit cs;sd. Nkiyj;Nja rq;fPjj;jpy; jp];u
rJ];u fjpfNs gpujhdkhf eilKiwapy; cs;sd.
242

; ];jhdp ,irapd; gpugy;akhd jhsq;fs;> thj;jpaf;
fUtpfs; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • `peJ ; ];jhdp jhsq;fshfpa jpupjhy;> jhjuh> [g;jhy;>

jPg;re;jp Mfpa jhsq;fspd; Nlf;fh> khj;jpiufisf;
$wy;.
• mj;jhsq;fisg; Nghl;Lf; fhl;ly;;.
nraw;ghL 5.1.1 : `pe;J];jhdp ,irapd; gpugy;akhd jhsq;fspd; Nlf;

fhf;fisf; $WtJld; mj;jhsq;fisg; Nghl;Lf;fhl;ly;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • jpupjhy;> jhjuh> [g;jhy;> jPgr

; e;jp Mfpa jhsq;fspd;
Nlf;fh> khj;jpiu> NghLk; Kiw vd;gd.
ghlNtis : 04
ju cs;sPL : • jNgyh thj;jpak; thrpf;fg;gl;l xypg;gjpT ehlh>

xspg;gjpT ehlh
• jhsq;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;il
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • jNgyhtpy; Nkw;Fwpj;j jhs tiffs; thrpf;fg;gl;l

xypg;gjpT ehlhit nrtpkLf;fr; nra;jy;.
• jhsq;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilapd; cjtpAld; Nkw;

Fwpjj
; jhsq;fs; NghLk; KiwiaAk; Nlf;fhitAk;
tpsf;Fjy;.
• xt;nthU khztiuAk; jhsj;jpid Nghlr; nra;jy;.
(nra;Jfhl;ly; Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wyhk;.)
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • jpupjhy; jhsj;jpd; Nlf;fhtpid vOJtu;.
• [g;jhy;> jhjuh Mfpa jhsq;fisg; Nghl;Lf;
fhl;Ltu;.
• jpupjhy;> jhjuh> [g;jhy;> jPgr
; e;jp Mfpa jhsq;fspd;
khj;jpiufisf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.
crhj; J iz : 1. Prof. V.S. Nigam - Musicology of India Part I & II

2. C.E. Page - Musical Instruments
243
MrpupaUf; f hdit : • `pe;J];jhdp ,ir fw;w tpj;Jthd;fs;/Mrpupau;fsplk;

`pe;J];jhdp ,ir gw;wpAk; jhsq;fs; gw;wpAk; mwpe;J
nfhs;sy;.
khztUf; f hdit : • `pe;J];jhdp ,irf;fr;Nrupfis Neubahff; Nfl;gjd;

%yNKh> xspg;gjpT ehlh %ykhfNth ghu;g;gjd;
%yNkh jNgyh thj;jpaj;jpy; jhsq;fs; thrpf;Fk;
Kiw gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.
`pe; J ]; j hdp ,irj; jhsq; f s;
`pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpy; fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpy; cs;sJNghy Vuhskhd jhs

tiffs; ,y;iy. `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpy; cs;s gpujhd jhs tiffs; fPNo
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
jpupjhy;
,j;jhsk; 16 khj;jpiufisf; nfhz;lJ.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
DA DHIN DHIN DHA DHA DHIN DHIN DHA
jh jpd; jpd; jh jh jpd; jpd; jh
× 2
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
D H A TIN TIN TA TA DHIN DHIN DHA
jh jpd; jpd; jh jh jpd; jpd; jh
0 3
16 khj;jpiufisf; nfhz;l ,j;jhsk; 4 rk ghfq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

xt;nthU ghfKk; 4 khj;jpiufisf; nfhz;lJ. 3 ghfq;fspy; jl;L (Beat)
Nghlg;gLk;. xU ghfj;jpy; khj;jpuk; jl;L Nghlg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jid fyp vd;W
$Wtu;. ,jd; milahsk; O KjyhtJ> Ie;jhtJ> gjpd;%d;whtJ khj;jpiuapy;
jl;L ,lg;gLk;. 9MtJ khj;jpiuapy; jl;Lg; Nghlg;gLtjpy;iy. KjyhtJ jl;L
Kf;fpakhd jl;lhFk;. ,jid ]k; (×) vd miog;gu;.
244
jhjuh
1 2 3 4 5 6
DHA DHIN NA DHA THU NA
jh jpd; dh jh J dh
× Ο
6 khj;jpiufisf;nfhz;l ,j;jhsk; 2 rkghfq;fshfg; gpupff
; g;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU
ghfKk; 3 khj;jpiufisf; nfhz;lJ.
[g; j hy;
10 khj;jpiufisf; nfhz;lJ.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DHI NA DHI DHI NA TI NA DHI DHI NA
jp dh jp jp dh jp dh jp jp dh
× 2 Ο 3
10 khj;jpuiufisf; nfhz;l ,j;jhsk; 4 gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,uz;L

ghfq;fspy; xt;nthU ghfKk; 2 khj;jpiufisAk; kw;iwa ,uz;L ghfq;fspy;
xt;nthU ghfKk; 3 khj;jpiufisAk; nfhz;lJ. KjyhtJ> %d;whtJ> vl;lhtJ
khj;jpiufspy; jl;L ,lg;gLk;. 6MtJ khj;jpiuapy; jl;L ,lg;gLtjpy;iy.
KjyhtJ jl;L gpujhdkhdJ. ]k; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
jP g ; r e; j p
,j;jhsk; 4 gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2 ghfq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; 3

khj;jpiufisAk; kw;iwa 2 ghfq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; 4 khj;jpiufisAk; nfhz;lJ.
KjyhtJ> ehd;fhtJ> gjpNdhuhtJ khj;jpiufspy; jl;L ,lg;gLk;. 8MtJ
khj;jpiuapy; jl;L ,lg;gLtjpy;iy.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
D H A DIN - DHA DHA TIN -
jh jpd; - jh jh jpd; -
× 2
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
THA TIN - DHA DHA DIN -
jh jpd; - jh jh jpd; -
0 3
245
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3 : Nkiyj;Nja thj;jpaf; fUtpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • fpww

; hu;> gpahNdh thj;jpaq;fspd; mikg;ig tpsf;fy;.
• thrpf;Fk; Kiw gw;wpf; Fwpg;gply;.
• Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; fpw;whu;> gpahNdh thj;jpaq;
fspd;; gq;fspg;G gw;wpf; $Wjy;.
nraw;ghL 5.1.1 : fpw;whu;> gpahNdh Nkiyj;Nja thj;jpaf; fUtpfs;

gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • fpw;whu;> gpahNdh Mfpa thj;jpaf;fUtpfspd;

mikg;G> thrpf;Fk;Kiw> gq;fspg;G
ghlNtis : 04 - fpw;whu; - 02 ghlNtisfs;

gpahNdh - 02 ghlNtisfs;
ju cs;sPL : • fpw;whu; thj;jpaj;jpd; glk;/thj;jpak;

• gpahNdh thj;jpaj;jpd; glk;
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; tof;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; thj;jpaq;

fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• fpww
; hu; thj;jpaj;ij my;yJ mjd; glj;ijf; fhl;rpg;
gLj;jp mjd; mikg;G> thrpf;Fk; Kiw gw;wp
tpsf;Fjy;.
• gpahNdh thj;jpaj;jpd; glj;ijf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp mjd;

mikg;G> thrpf;fk;Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;
• Nkiyj;Nja rq;fj P j;jpy; ,t;thj;jpaq;fspd; gq;fspg;

Gg; gw;wpf; $Wjy;.

fw;gpf;fyhk;.)
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • fpw;whu; thj;jpaj;jpd; mikg;gpid tpsf;Ftu;.
• ,jid thrpf;Fk; Kiw gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.
• Nkiyj;Nja ,irapy; ,t;thj;jpaj;jpd; gq;fspg;ig
kjpg;gpLtu;.
• gpahNdh thj;jpaj;jpd; mikg;G> thrpf;Fk; Kiw
gw;wp tpsf;Ftu;.
246
khztUf; f hdit : • fpw;whu; thj;jpak;> gpahNdh thj;jpak; gw;wpa Nkyjpf

jfty; f is E}y; f s; > rQ; r piffs; > ,izaj;
jsq;fspD}lhfg; ngw;W mwpit Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.
fpw; w hu;
,t;thj;jpak; jl;ilahd Nkw;ghfj;ijAk;> fPog

; g
; hfj;ijAk; nkl;Lf;fisf; nfhz;l
tpuw; gyifiaAk; nfhz;lJ. nkl;Lf;fs; cNyhfj;jpyhdit. ,it 1/2 ];tuq;fs;
(Semitone) thrpg;gjw;fhf mike;Js;sd.
rh];jpupa rq;fPjk; thrpf;Fk; fpw;whu; 6 je;jpfis cilaJ. ,j; je;jpfs;

ieNyhd; my;yJ kpUfj;jpd; FlypdhNyh MdJ. KjyhtJ je;jpNa kpf cr;r
ehjj;ij mspf;fpd;wJ.
MW je;jpfSk; thrpf;Fk; Kiwapy; ,lkpUe;J tykhfg; gpd;tUkhW RUjp

$l;lg;gLfpwJ:
1MtJ je;jp - jhu];jhap f - E

2MtJ je;jp - kj;jpa ];jhap ep - B
3MtJ je;jp - kj;jpa ];jhap g - G
4MtJ je;jp - kj;jpa];jhap up - D
5MtJ je;jp - kj;jpa];jhap j - A
6MtJ je;jp - ke;ju];jhap f - E
,t; t hj; j pak; jdp thj; j pakhfTk; (Solo Instrument) gf; f thj; j pakhfTk;
(Accompaniment) thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thj;jpak; ghukw;w thj;jpakhifahy;
vq;Fk; vLj;Jr; nry;yf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
tyJ if tpuypdhy; je;jpfis epWj;jp thrpg;gu;. fpw;whu; thj;jpaj;jpy; gy

tpjkhd thrpg;G Kiwfisf; ifahsyhk;. 16Mk; E}w;whz;by; fpw;whu; thrpf;Fk;
Kiwapy; rpy khw; w q; f s; Vw; g l; l d. ,k; k hw; w k; ]; n gapd; ehl; b ypUe; J
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljhy; ,J ];ghdp\; fpw;whu; (Spanish Guitar) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
kpf nkd;ikahd ehjj;ijAk; mNj rkak; Nfhl; (Chord) thrpg;G KiwiaAk;

,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; ed;F thrpf;ff;$bajhf cs;sJ.
247
fpw; w hu;
rh];jpupa uPjpahd thrpg;GKiw 16Mk; E}w;whz;bNyNa Muk;gkhdJ. ,k;Kiw

Box Guitar ,NyNa thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Kjd; Kjyhf fpw;whu; thj;jpaj;jpy;
thrpf;ff;$ba cUg;gbfs; fp.gp. 1554Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;ld. ];ngapd; njd;
mnkupf;fh ehl;L thf;Nfafhuu;fNs ngUkstpy; ,tw;iw ,aw;wp cs;sdu;.
,jpy; ghl;NlhL jhsKk; ,ize;J thrpf;fg;gLk;.
jw;rkak; %d;W tifahd fpw;whu;fs; tof;fj;jpy; cs;sd. mitahtd:
1) Ng]; fpw;whu; (Base Guitar)

2) upjk; fpw;whu; (Rhythum Guitar)
2) yPl; fpw;whu; (Lead Guitar)
vnyf;upf; fpw;whu; Ascoustic fpw;whu; Nghd;wjhFk;. Mdhy; vnyf;upf; fpw;whupy;

ehjg; ngl;b (Sound Box) ,y;iy. ,J ,d;iwa etehfuPf cyfpy; nuhf;
rq;fPjj;jpy; (Rock Music) gpugy;akhdJ. ,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; xNu ];tuj;jpy; ePz;l
Neuk; epWj;jp thrpf;ff;$bajhf cs;sJ. Ng]; fpw;whUk; (Bass Guitar) ck;>
vnyf;upf; thj;jpaNk vdpDk; ,J ehd;F je;jpfis cilaJ.
248
gpahNdh
10Mk; E}w;whz;by; `hu;g;]pNfhu;l; vd;wpUe;j fUtpapy; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Vw;gl;l

khw;wNk gpahNdh MFk;. ,J 1709 Mk; Mz;L ghu;Nlh Nyhkpah fpwp];Nlh
Nthup (Barto Lomia Christo Fori) vd;gtuhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. J.C. ghf; vd;gtuhy;
1968 Mk; Mz;L Kjd;Kjyhf kf;fs; Kd;dpiyapy; thrpf;fg;gl;lJ.
gpahNdhtpy; je;jpfs; cz;L. ,it fP (Key)fspy; nghUj;jg;gl;bUg;gjhy; Keys

vd miof;fg;gl;ld. xt;nthU fPAk; 3/4 mq;Fy ,ilntspapy; mike;Js;sd.
rhjhuzkhf gpahNdhtpy; 2 ngly;]; (Pedals) cz;L. xd;W tyJ gf;fj;jpy;
gykhd rg;jj;ij cz;lhf;ff;$baJ. kw;wJ ,lg;gf;fj;jpy; cdhNfhu;lh (Una
corda) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
gpahNdh Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;L gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l kuj;jpdhyhdJ. ,t;thj;jpaj;jpy;

7 ];jhapfs; tiu thrpff
; yhk;. ,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; ke;ju];jhapapypUe;J cr;r];jhap
tiu thrpff; yhk;. ,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; vy;yh ];tu];jhdq;fisAk; ghu;ff
; f;$bathW
cs;sJ. ,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; nts;isAk;> fWg;Gk; fye;j fl;ilfs; (Reeds)
fhzg; g Lfpd; w d. ,e; j f; fl; i lfspd; mikg; G rq; f uhguz ]; t uq; f is
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sd.
249
,J ehjj; i jf; fhl; r pg; g Lj; j f; $ ba thj; j pakhifahy; ~gpahNdh| vd
miof;fg;gl;lJ. gioa fhyj;jpy; gpahNdh gpahNdh Nghu;b (Piano Forte)
vdg;gl;lJ. ,j;jhyp ehl;by; ,jid gpahNdh ngl;b vdTk; u\;a ehl;by;
Nghu;l;b gpNahNdh vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,yq;ifapy; Ie;J tifahd fPNghu;l; (Key board) thj;jpaq;fs; cz;L.

mitahtd:
1. gpahNdh Nghu;l;b (Piano Forte)
2. gpahNdh mf;Nfhbad; (Piano Accordian)
3. Mu;Nkhdpak; (Harmoniam)
4. nkNyhbf;fh (Melodica)
5. Xu;fd; (Organ) vd;gdthFk;.
gpahNdh ad;dy;fSf;F mUfpNyNah ntg;gj;ij ntsptpLk; fUtpfSf;F

mUfpNyNah itj;jy; MfhJ.
Nkiyj;Nja thj;jpakhf gpahNdh mike;jpUe;jNghjpYk; fPioj;Njr ,irapYk;

,t;thj;jpaj;jpd; gad;ghl;bidf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. cjhuzkhf ehl;ba
ehlfk; cl;gl gy;NtW ehl;ba epfo;r;rpfspYk; ,J gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
NkYk; xU ghlYf;F ,irahf;fk; nra;Ak; NghJk; ,jd; gad;ghl;ilf;
fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. Js;sypir> nky;ypir> rpdpkh ,ir vd;gtw;wpYk;
,f;fUtpapd; gad;ghl;ilf; fhz KbfpwJ.
250

fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwAk; ,irj;njhz;ilAk;
kjpg;gpLthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • Nguhrpupau; P. rhk;g%u;j;jp> Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl

Rg;igau; MfpNahupd; tho;f;if tuyhW gw;wp
tptupj;jy;.
• mtu;fs; ,irf;fhw;wpa njhz;bid kjpg;gply;.
nraw;ghL 5.1.1 : fu;ehlf rq;fj

P j;jpw;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpa thf;Nfafhuu;fs;
gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • Nguhrpupau; P. rhk;g%u;j;jp> Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl

Rg;igau;
ghlNtis : 04 - Nguhrpupau; P. rhk;g%u;j;jp - 02 ghlNtisfs;

Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl Rg;igau; - 0 2 ghlNtisfs
fw;gpj;jy; Kiw ; : • jtiz 1 ,y; thf;Nfafhuu;fs; gw;wpf; fw;gpg;gjw;F

fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
; y; KiwiaAk; fzpgg
; l
P L
; kjpgg
; l
P L
;
KiwiaAk; gpd;gw;wyhk;.
251
Nguhrpupau; P. rhk;g%u;jj
; p
jQ;ir khtl;lj;jpy; jpUg;g+e;JUj;jpf; fpuhkj;jpy; 14.02.1901 Mk; Mz;by;

gpr;RitaUf;Fk; ghu;tjp mk;khSf;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. ,tUf;F ,U rNfhjuu;
fs; cs;sdu;. ,tuJ FLk;gk; ,irj;Jiwapy; <LghL cilaJ. rpW tajpNyNa
taypDk; tha;g;ghl;Lk; gapd;whu;. kzy; jl;il Jiur;rhkp Iauplk; rpy fhyk;
,ir gapd;whu;. ,j;Jld; Mq;fpyf; fy;tpapYk; Kd;Ndwp 1922 ,y; B.A.
gl;ljhupahdhu;. ,tuJ %jhijaupy; xUtuhd fhdk; jpUkiy Iau;> jQ;rht+upy;
Ml;rp nra;j ruNgh[p kfhuh[htpd; M];jhd ,irf; fiyQuhf tpsq;fpatu;.
gpd; nrd;id rl;lf; fy;Y}upapy; rl;lj;Jiwapy; fy;tp gapdW; 1926 ,y; rl;lj;juzpg;
gl;lk; ngw;whu;. rl;lf; fy;Y}upapy; gbj;j fhyj;jpy; ,ir E}y;fis Muha;tjpYk;
,ir E}y;fis ntspapLtjpYk;> gpugy ,ir Nkijfspd; ,ir epfo;r;rpfisf;
Nfl;Lg; gad;ngWtjpYk; <Lgl;lhu;. gpd; 1928 ,y; nrd;id uhzp Nkupf; fy;Y}upapy;
,ir tpupTiuahsuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
1931 ,y; N[u;kdp Njrj;jpy; kpA+dpr; efupy; cs;s uhfhq;f ,irf; fofj;jpYk;>
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpYk; ,ir xypapaypy; rpwg;ghfg; gapwr
; p ngw;W INuhg;gpa ehLfspw;
Rw;Wg; gpuahzk; nra;jhu;. Nky; ehl;birAk; xg;gpaypiriaAk; fw;whu;. 1937
,y; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ,irj;Jiwj; jiytuhf gjtp tfpj;jhu;.
,tu; tpj;Jthd; rNgr Iaupd; neUq;fpa cwtpduhd Mde;jty;ypiaj; jpUkzk;
nra;jhu;. rNgr Iau; ,tupd; Ma;TfSf;Fk; gpuRuq;fSf;Fk; cWJizahf
tpsq;fpatu;.
fy;tpf; $lq;fspy; ,iria xU ghlkhfg; GFj;jp ,d;W tiu rpwg;ghf elg;gjw;Fg;

ngUk;gq;F nfhz;L cioj;jhu;. tha;g;ghl;L> taypd;> Gy;yhq;Foy; Mfpa
JiwfspYk; Mw;wy; ngw;wtu;. fPioj;Nja ,irapYk; eldj;jpYk; Nky;ehl;L
,irapYk; ,d;W ehk; gapw;rp ngWtjw;Fj; J}z;LNfhyhf tpsq;fpatu; ,tNu.
,ir> eldk; ,tw;wpy; xOq;fhd kuG Kiwiag; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,tu;
fUj;jhFk;. ,tu; jpahfuh[uplk; vy;iyapy;yh gf;jp nfhz;ltu;.
,tuJ ,ir E}y;fs; Vuhskhf Mq;fpyj;jpYk;> jkpopYk; cs;sd. ,ir mfuhjp

(3 njhFjpfs;) tuyhw;W E}y;fs; ,ir Nghjpf;Fk; Kiw> gpuju;rd tPiz> f;uf
Nghj gpupaju;rpdp vd;git ,tu; ,ir cyfj;Jf;F mspjj
; mopahr; nry;tq;fshFk;.
1961 - 1974 tiu rq;fPj tpj;jpahya ,af;FeuhfTk; 1964 - 1966 tiu jpUg;gjp
252
= Ntq;fNl];tuh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpNy rq;fj P tpay; NguhrpupauhfTk; tpsq;fpdhu;.
Nfhilf;fhy tFg;Gf;fs; elj;jpAk;> ghlj;jpll
; q;fs; tFj;Jk; gupNrhjfuhf ,Ue;Jk;
,yq;ifapd; ,irj;Jiw tsu;r;rpf;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpdhu;. fu;ehlf ,irapd;
ngUikia cynfq;Fk; mwpar; nra;jhu;.
,tu; gj;kg+\z;> ,irg;NguwpQu;> rq;fPj fyhepjp> rq;fPj rh];jpu ,uj;jpdhfuu;

vd;Dk; gl;lq;fisAk; N[u;kdpapy; Nguhrpupau; gl;lKk; ngw;whu;.
tpj;t rigapy; mwpQu; FO mq;fj;jtuhfTk;> ,af;Feu;> ,ir Mrpupau;> gFjp

Neu tpupTiuahsuhfTk; jpUg;gjp ntq;fNl];tu gy;fiyf;fof mwpQu; FOtpd;
mq;fj;jtuhfTk;> nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fof ,irj;Jiwj; jiytuhftk;> mfpy
ghuj rq;fPj ehlf rq;f mq;fj;jtuhfTk;> rq;fPj ehlf Muha;r;rpj; Jiwapd;
,iz cWg;gpduhfTk; gjtp tfpj;jhu;.
rq;fPj Kk;%u;j;jpfspd; ,y;yq;fisAk; mtu;fNshL njhlu;Gila ifnaOj;Jg;

gpujpfisAk; NtW nghUl;fisAk; JUtp Muha;e;J fz;Lgpbj;J nghJkf;fs;
mwpAk;gb gy ];jhgdq;fspy; epiyg;gLj;jp itj;jhu;.
tlnkhop> Mq;fpyk;> jkpo;> njYq;F> N[u;kd;> yj;jPd; Mfpa nkhopfspy; ey;y

ghz;bj;jpaKk; ,e;jpa nkhopfs; gytw;wpy; Nju;r;rpAk; cs;stu;. mzp eil
fPjq;fs;> KffPjq;fs;> kzpg;gputhsfPjq;fs;> ,uhf khypif vd;gtw;iwAk; ,ju
cUg;gbfisAk; tlnkhop> jkpo;> njYq;F Nghd;w ghi\fspy; Vuhskhf
,aw;wpAs;shu;. Vuhskhd ,ir vOj;Jg; gpujpfs; ,tuplk; ,Ue;jd. ,irj;Jiwapy;
nghUl;fhl;rpfs;> ,irf;Nfhyk; vd;gtw;iw mjprapf;fj;jf;f Kiwapy; elj;jpdhu;.
gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf; fkp\dpy; NguhrpupauhfTk; ,tu; rpy fhyk; ,Ue;jhu;.
,e;jpa murpd; ,irf;FOtpd; jiytuhf 1955Mk; Mz;L kdpyhtpNy eilngw;w

njd;fpof;fhrpa rq;fPj kfhehl;bNy ,tu; fye;J fyhepjpg;gl;lk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;
vdTk; ,ir MrpupaUf;fhd gapw;rp newpg;gl;lg; gbg;G kl;lj;jpypUf;f Ntz;Lk;
vdTk; mwpTiu toq;fpdhu;.
,tuJ kidtp Gj;jpu ghf;fpak; ,y;yhtpbDk; ,irf;fiyia kfthff; fUjp

,tu; ,ir Muha;r;rpapy; rpwe;j Kiwapy; Kd;Ndw cjtp nra;jhu;. rhk;g%u;j;jp
mtu;fs; 50 f;F Nkw;gl;l E}y;fis vOjpAs;shu;. ,tw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhdit
Mq;fpy nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. fu;ehlf ,iriag; gw;wp Nky;ehl;lhu; mwpa
,it cjTfpd;wd.
253
INuhg;gpa ,iriaf; fw;W mjw;Fk; ,e;jpa ,irf;Fk; cs;s xw;Wik
Ntw;Wikfis Muha;e;jhu;. ,e;jpa ,ir khztu;fSf;fhd Nky;ehl;birapd;
mk;rq;fs; vd;w E}iy vOjpAs;shu;. thf;Nfafhuu; gw;wpAk; vOjpAs;shu;.
rpwe;j fPu;j;jidfisj; njupe;njLj;Jr; rq;fPj ypgpapy; (FwpaPLld;) fPu;j;jdh
rhfuk; vDk; jiyg;gpy; 5 ghfq;fshf ntspapl;Ls;shu;. thj;jpa ,ir gw;wpAk;
thj;jpaq;fs; gw;wpAk; E}y;fs; vOjpAs;shu;.
jpahfuh[uJ nesfh rupj;jpuk; nry;tuh[ rh];jpupapd; Re;jNur tpyhrk; Jsrp

kfhuh[htpd; gy;ytp Nr\ gpuge;jk; vd;Dk; njYq;F E}y;fis jkpopy; nkhop
ngau;j;Js;shu;. fhQ;rp fhkNfhb gPl jiytuhd re;jpu Nrfu ru];tjp vd;gtu;
~fPj thj;a tpNdhj| vd;Dk; tpUjpid ,tUf;F toq;fpdhu;. FUFy KiwapYk;
ghu;f;f epWtd Kiwapyhd gapw;rp ed;ik gaf;Fk; vd ,tu; $wpAs;shu;. ,tu;
,ir cyFf;F rpwe;j Kiwapy; Nritahw;wp 23.10.1972 ,y; fhykhdhu;.
254
Cj; J f; f hL Ntq; f l Rg; i gau;
miyghANj fz;zh vd;w ghliyf; Nfl;L kaq;fhjtu;fs; vtUk; ,y;iy. ,J

Nghd;w ,d;Dk; Vuhskhd ghly;fis ,dpikahd ,ir$l;b ,aw;wpg; ghbatu;
Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl Rg;igau;. ,tu; ,w;iwf;F Vwj;jho Ke;E}W Mz;LfSf;F
Kd; Cj; J f; f hl; b y; tho; e ; j Kj; J f; f pU\; z ma; a Uf; F k; nrq; f kyk;
mk;ikahUf;Fk; ,uz;lhtJ kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. fhl;Lf; fpU\;iza;au; vd;w
rpwg;Gg; ngau; ngw;w rq;fPj tpj;thd; ,tuJ %j;j rNfhjuu;. ,uhkr;re;jpu
thJyu; vd;gtu; ,tu;fsJ ghl;ldhu; Mthu;. ,tu;fs; ahtUk; fpU\;zidf;
Fynja;tkhff; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. Mjyhy; fpU\;zid tho;jj ; p> cs;sk; cUfpg;
ghLtijNa tho;tpd; rpwe;j newpahfTk; gadhfTk; nfhz;L gf;jpNahL tho;ej ; du;.
Ntq;fl Rg;igau; mtu;fs; ePlhkq;fyj;jpy; tho;e;J te;j ,uh[h ghftju;

vd;gtuplk; ,ir gapyj; njhlq;fpdhu;;. rpwpJ fhyk; gapw;rp ngw;wJk;> ghftju;
Ntq;fl Rg;igaiug; ghu;j;J mg;gh> ,irapd; mbg;gil Kiwfis cdf;Fr;
nrhy;ypj; je;Jtpl;Nld;. NkYk; fw;Wf;nfhs;s cdf;F Mu;tk; ,Ue;jhy; rpwe;j
,irahrpupau; xUtiuj; Njbf;nfhs; vd;W $wpdhu;. Ntq;fl Rg;igaUf;Nfh
,ir EZf;fq;fis ,d;Dk; mwpe;J nfhs;sg; Nguth ,Ue;jJ. vdNt ,ir
El;gk; Nju;e;j fpU\;zNahfp vd;w FUitj; Njbr; nrd;whu;.
fpU\;zNahfp vd;gtu; xU Jwtp. fLikahd jtj;jpd; gadha; gpwu; Neha;fisf;

Fzg;gLj;Jk; mg+u;t rf;jp mtuplk; ,Ue;jJ. fdk;> eak;> Njrpak; vd;w %d;W
tifahd ,ir kuGfspy; fdk; vd;w tifapy; mlq;Fk; ,ir Kiwfis
Nahfpahu; ed;F mwpe;jpUe;jhu;. ,e;j mw;Gjkhd ,irKiwia NahfpahuplkpUe;J
njupe;J nfhs;s Ntq;fl Rg;igau; kpfTk; tpUk;gpdhu;. vdNt kpFe;j gzpNthL
Nahfpahiu mZfp mtu; fhybapy; tpOe;J> ~~Rthkp> vd;idj; jq;fSila
khztdhf Vw;W ,irg; gpr;ir juNtz;Lk;.|| vd;W nfQ;rpf; Nfl;lhu;.
Nahfpahu; xd;Wk; nrhy;ytpy;iy. jiyia nkJthf mirj;jhu;. jk;kWg;igf;

if mirg;gpdhy; Fwpg;ghf czu;j;jpdhu;. gpd;du; tpiue;J vOe;J jpUk;gpg;
ghu;f;fhkNyNa nrd;W kiwe;jhu;. Ntq;fl Rg;igauhy; ,e;j Vkhw;wj;ijj;
jhq;fNt Kbatpy;iy neQ;rk; FKwp mOjhu;. FUtpy;yh tpj;ijAk; xU
tpj;ijah vd;W kdk; nehe;J tUe;jpdhu;.
Ntq;fl Rg;igaupd; kdf; ftiyiaj; njupe;J nfhz;l ,tUila jahuhfpa

nrq;fkyk; gupNthL jd;kfid mizj;J> ~~kfNd ftig;glhNj. fz;z ngUkhd;
ekJ Fynja;tk;. kdj;ij xU epiyg;gLj;jp eP fz;zidNa topgL fz;zd;
255
cdf;F Ntz;baij vy;yhk; jUthd; mg;gh|| vd mwpTiu $wpdhu;. jhahupd;
md;ghd nrhw;fis Mizahf Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu; Ntq;fl Rg;igau;. fdtpYk;
edtpYk; fz;zngUkhd; epidNtahdhu;. fz;zd; Gfio cs;sk; cUfpg;
ghbdhu;. ,jidNa jd; tho;tpd; Ngwhff; nfhz;L thoyhdhu;.
,t;thW rpy Mz;Lfs; nrd;wd. xU ehs; tof;fk; Nghy Ntq;fl Rg;igau;

fz;z ngUkhid vz;zp kdk; frpe;J ghbf;nfhz;bUe;jhu;. mg;nghOJ tpiue;J
mtu; kbapy; VNjh xd;W jPz;Lk; czu;itg; ngw;whu;. fz;fisj; jpwe;J
ghu;j;jhu; Ntq;fl Rg;igau;. kbapy; xU Foe;ij. mOf;Fk; GOjpAk; epiwe;j
Nkdp. rpwpJ mUtUg;NghL Foe;ijia efu;jj ; p tpl;Lf; fz;fis %bf;nfhz;lhu;.
kPz;Lk; ghlj;njhlq;fpdhu;. Foe;ij kWgbAk; te;J mtu; njhilapy; mku;e;jJ.
ghl;Lj; jilg;gl;lJ.
Nr! ,J kpfTk; njhy;iyaha; ,Uf;fpwNj vd vz;zpa Ntq;flRg;igau;

Foe;ijia kWgbAk; vLj;J mg;ghy; efu;j;jp tpl;Lf; fz;fis %bf;nfhz;lhu;.
Foe;ijapd; fyfyntd;w rpupgn
; ghyp mjNdhL njhlu;eJ ; ,dpikahd Gy;yhq;Foy;
,ir Nfl;lJ. rpiyahfp epd;whu; Ntq;fl Rg;igau;. vd;id Ml;nfhs;s te;jJ
fz;zngUkhNd vd;W Mde;jf; fz;zuP ; nrhupej; hu;. neQ;rk; nefpoe
; J
; kfpoe
; j
; hu;.
igj;jpak; gpbj;jtu; Nghy; Mbg;ghbf; $j;jhbdhu;. fz;zd; jdf;F mUspa
mw;Gjj;ij epide;J epide;J Gsfhq;fpjKw;whu;.
~~fz;zNd vd; Mrhd;||> ~~fz;zNd vd; QhdFU||> ~~fz;zNd vdf;F ,ir

Qhdk; mUspa ts;sy;|| vd;W cs;sk; g+upj;jhu;. mw;Gjkhd me;j mDgtj;ijg;
ngw;w ehs; Kjy; fz;zidNa jd; ,irQhd FUthff; nfhz;L kfpoe ; j
; pUe;jhu;
Ntq;flRg;igau;. fpU\;zNahfpaplkpUe;J fw;f tpUk;gpaijnay;yhk; fz;zd;
jpUtUshy; ngw;whu;. Ntq;flRg;igau;> nja;tj; jd;ik mtu; ,irapy; Cw
Cwj; nja;tPfg; ghly;fis ,aw;Wk; Mw;wy; mtuplk; jhdhfNt Vw;gl;lJ.
fz;zgpuhd; Foe;ijahfj; jd;kbNky; mku;e;J mUs; nra;j rk;gtj;ij xl;b
mtu;ghba ghly;fs; Gdy; nts;sk; vd;w mftw;ghTk;> ~,J xU jpwkhNkh|
vd;w ghlYk; ~~fhahk; g+|| vd;w fPu;j;jidAkhFk;.
~~ePythdk; jdpNy xsp tPRk;

epidkjpNah cd; KfNk||
vd;w ghlypy; fz;zdpd; mofpa jpUf;Nfhyf; fhl;rpia kdjpy; ,Uj;jp>

mf;fhyj;ijf; fz;fis tpl;L mfw;w Kbahj jd; jhg epiyiag; ghlyhfg;
ghbdhu;. ,JNghyg; gy ghly;fisg; ghbdhu;.
256
fz;zidj; jd; mUapu;f; fhjydhf epide;J ,tu; ghba ghly;fs; Vuhsk;.
jiytd; jiytp cwTKiwapy; mikAk; gjq;fs; gytw;iw ,aw;wpg;ghb
,d;Gw;Ws;shu;.
~~M&lk; xd;W nrhy;yb - vd;
me;juq;f rpe;ijAld; te;J cwthbd
ee;j KFe;jd; ve;j ehSk; mfyhjpUf;f|| vd;w ghly;
,jw;Fj; jf;fnthU vLj;Jf; fhl;lhFk;.
FoY}jp kdnky;yhk; nfhs;is nfhz;l gpd;Dk;

FiwNaJk; vdf;Nfjb Njhop
vdf; fz;zd; FoY}jp vd;kdij KOikahff; nfhs;is nfhz;L tpl;lhd;.
,dp vdf;F vd;d Fiw vd epiwe;j kdj;NjhL Njhopiaf; Nfl;Fk; jiytpahfg;
ghbdhu; Ntq;fl Rg;igau;. ,t;thwhf gy gjq;fis ,aw;wpf; fu;ehlf ,ir
tsu;r;rpf;Fg; ngUe;njhz;lhw;wpAs;shu;.
Ntq;fl Rg;igau; fhk;Nghjp> fhdlh> kj;jpakhtjp> Njhb Nghd;w gpugy;akhd

,uhfq;fs; kl;Lkd;wp> khQ;rp> fdftre;jk;> fd;dlkhUt> jPghuh Nghd;w mg+u;t
,uhfq; f spYk; cUg; g bfis ,aw; w pAs; s hu; . gy ,uhfq; f isf; n fhz; l
,uhfkhypiffspYk; ghly;fis ,aw;wpAs;shu;.
Ntq;fl Rg;igau; 1700 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1765 Mk; Mz;L tiu tho;e;jhnudr;
nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tu; ghba ghly;fs; Vuhsk;. ,it jkpopYk;> tlnkhopapYk;
ghlg;ngw;wit. Vwj;jho vy;yhg; ghly;fSk; fz;z ngUkhid ghlw; nghUshff;
nfhz;bUg;gpDk; xU rpy ghly;fs; KUfd;> mk;gpif Mfpa nja;tq;fs; Nky;
ghlg;gl;ldtha; cs;sd.
Ntq;fl Rg;igau; jkf;nfd xU rPlu; guk;giuia cUthf;ftpy;iy vd;whYk;>

,tuJ jikadhfpa fhl;Lf; fpU\;z IaUila re;jjpapdu; ,tuJ ghly;fisg;
ghJfhj;J te;jdu;. fhl;Lf; fpU\;za;aUila MwhtJ jiyKiwapy; te;jtuhfpa
ePlhkq;fyk; fpU\;z %u;j;jp ghftju; Ntq;flRg;igaupd; ghly;fis ehnlq;Fk;
ghbg;gug;Gk; gzpiag; ngUtpUg;NghL nra;jhu;.
fhl;Lf; fpU\;za;aupd; ngz; topapy; kw;nwhU fpisapy; te;j fypahz Re;juk;>

,uh[Nfhghyd;> Kj;Jf;fpU\;zd; Mfpa %tUk; Cj;Jf;fhL rNfhjuu;fs; vd;w
ngaupy; ,ize;J Ntq;fl Rg;igaupd; ghly;fisg; ghb te;jdu;.
257
Ntq;fl Rg;igau; ghly;fis fhl;Lf; fpU\;za;au; re;jjpapdu; Vl;Lr; Rtbfspy;
vOjpg; ghJfhj;J itj;jpUe;jdu;. ,it ,e;j E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;f fhyk;
Kjy; rpwpJ rpwpjhf ntspf;nfhz;L tug;gLfpd;wd. ,g;ghly;fs; ~~fpU\;z
fhdk;|| vd;w jiyg;gpy; rpy njhFjpfshfg; Gj;jfg; gjpgG
; f;fshf ntsp te;Js;sd.
,e;E}y;fspy; ntspte;Js;s ghly;fs; Rujhsf; Fwpg;GfSld; vOjg;gl;Ls;sik
rpwg;ghFk;.
Ntq;fl Rg;igaupd; ghly;fs; gy;NtW rpwg;Gf;fis cilaJ. ,uhf jhsr;

rpwg;Gf;fshy; ,tuJ ghly;fs; ,irauq;Ffs;> ehl;ba epfo;r;rpfs;> g[idfs;
Nghd;w vy;yh epfo;r;rpfspYk; ghlg;gLfpd;wd.
miyghANj fz;zh - (fhdlh)

MlhJ mrq;fhJ th fz;zh (kj;jpakhtjp)
kufj kzpka Nyhyh (Mugp)
kJukJu NtZ fPj (mlhzh)
kjdhq;f Nkhfd RFkhuNd (fkh];)
jhNa aNrhjh (Njhb)
ghy;tbAk; Kfk; (ehl;ilf;FwpQ;rp)
FoY}jp kdnky;yhk; ( fhk;Nghjp)
Nghd;w ghly;fs; Cj;Jf;fhL Ntq;fl Rg;igau; ,aw;wpa ghly;fspy; gpugy;ak;

tha;e;jitahFk;.
258
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpah
tpYk; gpugy;akhd fu;ehlf ,irf;fiyQu;fs;
gw;wp kjpg;gpLthu;.

tpsf;Fthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ,yq;ifapy; tho;ej ; gpugy;akhd ,irf;fiyQu;fs;

gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• ,t; ,irf;fiyQu;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw
tptupj;jy;.
nraw;ghL 5.1.1 : 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; tho;e;j gpugy;akhd

,irf;fiyQu;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
ghl cs;slf;fk; : • khtplg;Guk; vd;.v];. cUj;jpuhgjp

• tz;iz fhkhl;rp Re;juk;
• ,aypirthupjp vd;. tPukzp Iau;
• vd;.Nf. gj;kehjd; MfpNahupd; tho;f;if tuyhW>
,irg;gzp
ghlNtis : 06
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; : • jtiz 1 ,y; ,irf;fiyQu;fs; gw;wpf; fw;gpg;gjw;F

fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L Nkw;nfhz;l fw;gpj;jy; KiwiaAk; fzpg;gPL kjpg;gPl;L
KiwiaAk; gpd;gw;wyhk;.
259
vd;.v];. cUj;jpuhgjp
,tu; khtpll ; Guj;jpy; 1900 Mk; Mz;L vd;. NrhkRe;juk; jk;gjpfSf;Fg; Gjy;tdhfg;
gpwe;jhu;. gpugy ehj];tu tpj;Jthdhfj; jpfo;e;j jpU. gf;fpup Rthkpg;gps;is
,tuJ %j;j jikadhuhthu;. jk;gp eluh[d; gpugy ehj];tu tpj;JthdhfTk;
,irahrpupauhfTk; ehlf ,af;FduhfTk; jpfo;e;jhu;.
jpU. cUj;jpuhgjp mtu;fs; jdJ ehd;fhtJ tajpy; je;ijia ,oe;jhu;. ,tupd;

jhahu; jkJ gpsi
; sfisj; jpwikkpff; ,irf;fiyQu; Mf;Ftjpy; gl;l ,d;dy;fs;
vj;jidNah> ,ijg; NghyNt %j;j jikad; jpU. gf;fpuprhkpgg; psi
; s cUj;jpuhgjp
mtu;fis ,e;jpahtpy; ,ir gapy mDg;gp itj;jhu;. ,tuJ Kjw; FU rpjk;guk;
ehj];tu tpj;Jthd; itj;jpaehjdhthu;. ,uz;L tUlk; fw;wgpd; kPzL ; k; ,e;jpah
nrd;W nfhj;jkq;fyk; jz;lhlAjghzpaplk; ehj];tuf; fiyiaf; fw;whu;.
jz;lhAjghzp mtu;fspd; kjpg;Gf;Fupa rp\;adhf kl;Lky;yhJ vLg;Gg;
gps;isahfNt tho;ej ; vd;.v];. cUj;jpuhgjp mtu;fs; FUtpd; <kf; fld;fisAk;
Kbj;Jtpl;L aho;g;ghzk; te;J NgUk; GfNohLk; tho;e;jhu;.
1927,y; Nahfhk;ghis tpthfk; nra;jhu;. ,tUf;F ,uz;L ngz; Foe;ijfs;>

%j;jtu; ,uh[kzp> ,isatu;; ju;ktjp> ,UtUk; ,irahrpupauhf ,Ue;jtu;fs;.
,uhfq;fis kj;jpk RUjp gz;zp cUg;gb thrpg;gjpYk;> gy;ytp ];tuq;fis
tpj;jpahrkhd jhsq;fspy; ruskhf thrpg;gjpy; jpwik ngw;wtu;. vy;yh
thj; j paq; f spYk; Nju; r ; r p ngw; W ,irahrpupauhfTk; jpfo; e ; j tu; . ,tuJ
,irj;njhz;il ghuhl;b khit JiuRthkpf; FUf;fs; mtu;fshy; jq;f ehj];tuk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ. 1964 Mk; Mz;by; mfpy ,yq;if murpdu; ,ir Mrpupau;
rq;fj;jhy; ~~rq;fPj tpj;Jt g+\zk;|| vd;w gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. aho;g;ghzk;
rq;fPj tpj;t rigapdhy; ~~rq;fPj tpj;Jtkzp|| vd;Dk; gl;lKk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
1980 Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; 24Mk; jpfjp ,iwtdb Nru;e;jhu;.
tz;iz tp. fhkhl;rp Re;juk;
,tu; 1906Mk; Mz;by; aho;gg

; hzj;J tz;zhu;gz;iz ehfypq;fk; jk;gjpfSf;F
kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. ,tu; Muk;gj;jpy; rpd;dj;Jiu cghj;jpahauplk; fw;whu;.
,tu; jd; jikadhuhfpa rpd;dj;Jiu cghj;jpahaUld; Nru;e;J jtpy;> fQ;rpuh

Nghd;w thj;jpaq;fisf; fw;W thrpf;fTk; Muk;gpj;jhu;. ,tUila thrpg;ig
yaf; fzprk; epuk;gpaJ vd;W Fwpg;gpLthu;fs;. ,tupd; jpwikapdhy; jkpo;ehl;Lf;
260
fiyQu; ehj];tur; rf;futu;j;jp up.vd;. uh[uj;jpdk;gps;is mtu;fSf;Fj; jtpy;
thrpf;Fk; Ngw;wpidg; ngw;whu;. jpUtPopkpoiy Rg;gpukzpak; gps;is mtu;fsJ
ehj];tuj;jpw;Fk; rpwg;ghfj; jtpy; thrpf;fyhdhu;.
aho;g;ghzk; KUifah vd;gtUila ehj];tu ,irf;Fj; njhlu;e;J jtpy;

thrpj;Jr; rpwg;Gw;whu;. ,tuJ Gfo; ,yq;ifapy; kl;Lky;yhJ ,e;jpahtpd; gy
,lq;fspYk; gutpaJ. ,tu; fQ;rpuh thrpg;gjpYk; ghz;bj;jpak; ngw;wtu;. ,tuJ
thuprhf tp. jl;rzh%u;jj ; p> ,isauR rpd;dg;godp MfpNahu; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;.
,tu; 1944 Mk; Mz;by; ,sk;gpuhaj;jpNyNa ,t;Tyf tho;f;ifia ePj;jhu;.

,tUila gps;isfSk; jtpy; thrpg;gpy; <Lgl;L tUfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fSs; jp.fh.
Ffd; vd;gtu; ,d;Dk; jtpw;fiyapy; gzpahw;wp tUgtuhthu;.
gpuk; k = k.j.e. tP u kzpIau;
1931Mk; Mz;L xf;Nlhgu; khjk; 15Mk; jpfjp eluh[ IaUf;Fk; Re;juhk;ghSf;Fk;

,uz;lhtJ kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. ,tu; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; cs;s ,Ztpiyj; jdJ
gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;lhu;. rpWtajpNyNa jdJ ngw;Nwhiu ,oe;j tPukzpIau;
jdJ jikad; fe;jrhkpIaupd; topfhl;lypy; jdJ jpwikfis tsu;j;Jf;
nfhz;lhu;. jdJ Muk;gf;fy;tpia ,Ztpy; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}upapYk; cau; fy;tpia
khdpg;gha; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}upapYk; fw;whu;. ,tu; njhlu;e;J gy;Jiw tpw;gd;duhf
tpsq;fpdhu;.
tPukzpIau; Muk;gj;jpy; eld Mrhd; Vuk;G Rg;igahtplk; fw;W gpd; eld

Nkij Uf;kzp mUz;Nly; mtu;fsplk; gujf;fy;tpia gapd;W mtiuNa guj
fyh FUthf Mf;fpf;nfhz;lhu;. mj;NjhL ,irNkij vk;.b. ,uhkehjdplk;
,irf;fiyia gapd;whu;.
261
Iau; mtu;fspd; rhfpj;jpa fyh FUthf ghgehrk; rptd; mtu;fs; tpsq;fpdhu;.
,t;thwhf ew;FUitg; ngw;Wf; fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;ijAk; gujj;ijAk; jpwikahff;
fw;W ey;yhrhdhf tpsq;fpdhu;.
,aypir thupjp tPukzpIau; mtu;fs; khdpg;gha; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}upapy; rq;fPj

MrpupauhfTk;> khdpg;gha; kfspu; fy;Y}upapy; ehl;ba MrpupauhfTk; tpsq;fpdhu;.
gy ehl;ba ehlfq;fs; tPukzpIaupd; gilg;ghf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. 350 ,w;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l ehl;ba ehlfq;fis ,Jtiu gilj;Js;shu;.
tPukzpIau; mtu;fs; vtUk; ghlhj 35 jhsq;fspYk; 175 jhsq;fspYk; jkpopir

ghly;fisg; ghbAs;shu;. ,tu; ,aw;wpa kapiyf; FwtQ;rp> fPu;j;jidkhiy>
kapiyf; fPu;j;jid khiy> 175 jhsf; fPu;j;jidkhiy> 35 jhsf;fPu;j;jid
khiy> Nksuhff; fPuj; j
; idkhiy Mfpad ,ir El;gq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltdtha;
cs;sd. mj;NjhL 72 Nksfu;j;jh ,uhfq;fspy; fPu;j;jidfis ,aw;wpAs;shu;.;
mtUila gilg; G f; f s; Kw; W KOjhf kuG jOtpadthfTk; re; j k;
nfhQ;rptpisahLk; jd;ikAiladthfTk; rkaq;fspy; eturk; jJk;GtdthfTk;
gilf;fg; ngw;Ws;d.
~fw;gfty;yp epd; nghw;gjq;fs; gpbj;Njd;| vd;W Muk;gpf;Fk; uhfkhypiff;

fPu;j;jidapy; uhf Kj;jpiu nghwpf;fg;gl;L ghbAs;shu;. ,J Kf;fpa mk;rk;
MFk;. ,f;fPu;j;jid njd;dpe;jpa ,ir ty;Yeu; up.vk;. nrse;juh[d; mtu;fshy;
ghlg;ngw;W cyfg; gpurpj;jp ngw;wjhFk;. jpUikyhg;g+u; fghyP];tuu; Myaj;jpd;
cl;Rtupy; ,g;ghly; ,g;NghJk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
1957Mk; Mz;L ~~jpUkapiyf;FwtQ;rp|| vd;w fiyE}iy ntspapl;L ngUkjpg;Gf;

fpilf;fg;ngw;wJld; 1956 Mk; Mz;L ey;iy MjPd rQ;rpifahd mUs Kjj;jpy;
~~rhuq;fd; kUfNd rhNtup ghyfNd
Nkhfd FkuNd ehafp ehafNd
vd;w gy;ytpapidf; nfhz;l 16 ,uhfq;fspy; mike;j ,uhfkhypif fPuj ; j; idia

ntspapl;L ngUk; Gfo; fpilf;fg;ngw;whu;. ,e;jf; fPuj
; j
; id k`huh[Guk; re;jhdk;
mtu;fshy; ghlg;ngw;W rpwe;j tuNtw;Gf; fpilf;fg;ngw;wJld; kpfTk; gpugy;aKk;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
khdpg;gha; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}upapy; Mrpupauhf flikahw;wp gjtp cau;T ngw;W

gyhyp> Nfhg;gha; Mrpupau; fyhrhiyapy; tpupTiuahsuhff; flikahw;wpdhu;.
,q; F flikahw; W k; N ghJ aho; g ; g hzk; gy; f iyf; f ofj; j py; gFjpNeu
tpupTiuahsuhff; flikahw;wpdhu;.
262
Nfhg;gha; Mrpupa gapw;rpf; fyhrhiyapy; ~~]h`pj;a]hùk;|| vd;w rpwg;Gg;gl;lk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ. 1999 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgu; 6Mk; ehs; aho;. gy;fiyf;foj;jpy;
eilngw;w gl;lkspg;G tpohtpy; nfsut KJkhzp (M.A) gl;lk; toq;fp
nfsutpf;fg;gl;lhu;. tl ,yq;if rq;fPj rig nghd; tpohtpy; ftpkhkzp vd;w
rpwg;Gg;gl;lk; toq;fp nfsutpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,ay; ,irapy; ,tUf;F ,Ue;j
Nkd;ikahy; ,aypirthupjp> k`h tpj;Jthd; vd;w rpwg;G tpUJfs; ngw;W
ghuhl;Lg; ngw;whu;. fyhrhu mikr;Rk; fyhg+\zk; tpUJ toq;fp nfsutpj;jJ.
tlf;F fpof;F khfhzf; fy;tp> gz;ghl;lhYty;fs; tpisahl;Lj; Jiw mikr;R
tPukzp Iau; mtu;fspd; fiyr;Nritiag; ghuhl;b MSeu; tpUJ toq;fpf;
nfsutpj;jJ.
ftpkhkzp k`htpj;Jthd;> rg;jup\p> fyhuj;dh> Kj;jkpo;f; fyhepjp> Kj;jkpo;r;

Rugp Nghd;w rpwg;Gg; gl;lq;fisg; ngw;W vkJ jhafj;jpw;Fg; ngUik Njbj;je;j
tPukzp Iau; 2003 Mk; Mz;L xf;Nlhgu; khjk; 7Mk; jpfjp ,iwgjk; mile;jhu;.
vd; . Nf. gj; k ehjd;
aho; efupd; msntl;b Cupy; 1931Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhu;. je;ijahu; ngau; eh.
fe;jrhkp> jhahu; ngau; gupksk;> rNfhjuu; ehy;tu;> rNfhjupfs; ,Utu;. ,tu;
jdJ Muk;gf;fy;tpia msntl;b rPdd; fyl;b QhNdhjah tpj;jpahrhiyapy;
fy;tp fw;whu;. jkJ VohtJ tajpy; jkJ je;ijahiuf; FUthf Vw;W ,ir
gapd;whu;. ,tu; jkJ jfg;gdhuplk; 13> 14 taJtiu ehj];tuk; gapd;w gpd;du;
ehj];tu tpj;Jthd; gp.v];. MWKfk; gps;isapd; jikadhuhd ehj];tu
tpj;Jthd; gp.v];. fe;jRthkpaplk; ehj];tuk; gapd;whu;. mjidj; njhlu;e;J
jkpofj;ijr; Nru;e;j ehj];tu Nkijfshd rPu;fhop gp.vk;. jpUehTf;fuR
gps;isaplKk; jpUr;Nrup fpU\;z%u;j;jp gps;isaplKk; fw;whu;.
263
jpUr;Nrup Kj;Jf;Fkhu Rthkpg;gps;is jpUtpil kUJ}u; kfhypq;fk;> tyq;ifkhd;
rz;Kf Re;juk;gps;is> ehr;rpkhu; Nfhtpy; ,uhftg;gps;is Kjyhd jkpof
ehj];tu jtpy; tpj;Jthd;fs; aho;g;ghzj;Jf;F te;J me;ehl;fspy; fr;Nrupfs;
epfo;j;jpa Nghnjy;yhk; mtu;fSld; ,ize;J ehj];tuk; thrpj;Js;shu;.
,tu; jkJ ,Ugj;ije;jhtJ tajpy; jdpahf xU FOtpid cUthf;fpfn ; fhz;lhu;.

mf;FOtpy; jtpy; Nkij tp. njl;rzh%u;jj
; pAk;> gp.vk;. jpUehTf;fuRk;> gj;kehjdpd;
ikj;Jduhd gp.v];. rhuq;fghzpAk; jtpy; thrpj;jhu;fs;. gj;kehjDld; gp.v];
ghyfpU];zDk; ehj];tuk; thrpj;jhu;.
1957 ,y; jtpy; tpjJ

; thd; eluh[h> ghf;fpak; jk;gjpfspd; Gjy;tpahd ehNf];tupia
jpUkzQ;nra;J nfhz;l ~Vopir Nte;J| gj;kehjDf;F ehd;F Gjy;tu;fSk;
%d;W Gjy;tpfSkhf VO gps;isfs;.
1963 ,y; rpyhgk; mUs;kpF Kd;Nd];tu rpthya kfh Fk;ghgpN\f tpohtpd;NghJ

jkpo;ehl;il Nru;e;j ,ir Nkij kfhuh[Guk; re;jhdk; mtu;fshy; gj;kehjd;
nghd;dhil Nghu;jj ; g;gl;Lf;nfsutpf;fg;gl;lhu;. 1964 ,y; gd;dhiyapy; eilngw;w
Nrf;fpohu; khehl;by; mkuu; Nru;. fe;ijah itj;jpaehjd; mtu;fshy; ,tUf;F
~~ehj];tu fyhepjp|| gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
1982 ,y; ,yq;ifapd; fiyQu;fSf;fhd cau; tpUJfspy; xd;whd ~~fyh#up||

vd;Dk; tpUjpid md;iwa [dhjpgjpahd N[.Mu;. [atu;j;jd mtu;fs; #l;bf;
nfsutpj;jhu;.
ehj]; t uj; j py; cUg; g bfis mjhtJ fpUjpfisAk; fP u ; j ; j idfisAk;

thrpf;Fk;NghJ ntspg;gLk; ehjRfk;> jdpr;Rfk;> ,jd; thapyhf urpfu;fis
mg;gbNa tisj;Jg; Nghl;LtpLthu;. ,jw;F ey;Y}u; tPjpapy; miyNkhJk; urpfu;
$l;lk; rhd;whf tpsq;FfpwJ. ey;Y}u; Njt];jhd tpj;Jthdhf ehw;gJ
tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf thrpj;Js;shu;. ,yq;ifapy; gy ghfq;fspy; ,irf;fr;NRup
elj;jpa ,tu; ntspehLfspy; Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpah> kNyrpah> rpq;fg+u;> fdlh>
,q;fpyhe;J> mnkupf;fh> N[u;kdp> mT];jpNuypah Nghd;w ,lq;fspYk; fr;Nrup
epfo;j;jpAs;shu;. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; eilngw;w 4MtJ cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp
khehl;bYk; rpwg;Gf; fr;Nrup elj;jpAs;shu;.
vd;.Nf. gj;kehjd; mtu;fs; 72 MtJ tajpy; 15Mk; jpfjp 7Mk; khjk; 2003
Mk; Mz;L ,iwgjk; mile;jhu;.
264
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;
265
ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL
mwpKfk;
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPL Mfpad fy;tpr; nrad;Kiwfspd; Kf;fpa %d;W
$WfshFk; vd;gJk;> fw;wy; fw;gpj;jypd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mwpa fzpg;gLP kjpg;glP i
; l
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; vy;yh Mrpupah;fSk; njspthf mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;ba
xU tplakhFk;. mit xd;wd; kPJ xd;W nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; mNjNtis
xt;nthd;Wk; kw;iwatw;wpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpYk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd vd;gJ
Mrpupah;fs; ahtUk; mwpe;j cz;ikahFk;. njhlh; (epjKk; epfOk;) kjpg;gPl;L
Nfhl;ghLfSf;fpzq;f fw;wy; eilngWk; NghNj kjpg;gPLk; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;. ,J
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; Muk;gg;gFjp> ,ilg;gFjp> ,Wjpg;gFjp Mfpa
ve;j xU rkaj;jpYk; ,lk; ngwyhk; vd;gij Mrpupah;fs; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ
mtrpakhFk;. jkJ khztiu kjpg;gpl vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Xh; Mrpupah; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy;
kjpg;gPL Mfpad njhlh;ghd xOq;fhd jpl;lnkhd;iwg; gad;gLj;jy; mtrpak;.
ghlrhiyia mbg;gilahf nfhz;l fzpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lkhdJ xU guPl;ir

KiwNah Nrhjid elhj;JtNjh my;y. mJ khzth;fsJ fw;wiyAk;> Mrpupah;fsJ
fw;gpj;jiyAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU jiyaPlhFk;. Mjyhy;
khzth;fSf;F mUfpy; ,Ue;J mth;fSila gyq;fisAk; gytPdq;fisAk;
,dq;fz;L mtw;wpw;F gupfhuk; fz;lthW khzth;fis mth;fsJ cr;r tsu;r;rp
kl;lj;ij milar; nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba xU Ntiyj; jpl;lkhFk;.
fw;wy;- fw;gpj;jy; nrad;%yk; Njly; nrad;Kiwapd; ghy; khzth;fs; topg;gLj;jg;gL
fpd;wdh;. ghlrhiyia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fzpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij
nraw;gLj; Jk;NghJ khzth;fspilNa Mrpupah; rQ;rupj;J mth;fs; nra;Ak;
Ntiyfis mtjh dpj;J topfhl;liy toq;fpr; nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd
vjpu; g hu; f ; f g; g Lfpd; w J. ,q; F khzth; f s; njhlu; r ; r pahf kjpg; g P l ; L f; F
cs;shf;fg;gLtNjhL khzth; Mw;wy; mgptpUj;jp vjpu;ghu;j;jthW eilngWfpd;wjh
vd;gij Mrpupau; cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
khztUf;F jf;f mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;J mtw;iw khzth;fs; rupahfg;

ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;fsh vd cWjpg;gLj;jy; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; Clhfj; epfo Ntz;Lk;.
mj;NjhL mjw;F jf;f topfhl;ly; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kjpg;gPl;by; (fzpg;gPl;by;)
<Lgl;Ls;s Mrpupah;fs; jkJ khzth;fSf;F ,uz;L tifahd topfhl;ly;fis
toq;f KbAk;. mit nghJthf gpd;D}l;ly; / Kd;D}l;ly; vdg;gLk;.
khzth;fspd; gytPdq;fisAk; ,ayhikfisAk; fz;l ; wpe;jNghJ mth;fsJ fw;wy;

gpur;rpidfis eptu;j;jpg;gjw;fhfg; gpd;D}l;liyAk; khztu;fspd; jpwikfisAk;
Mw;wy;fisAk; ,dk;fhZk;NghJ mtw;iw Nkd;gLj;j> Kd;D}l;liyAk; toq;FtJ
Mrpupaupd; flikahFk;.
fw;wy;- fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; ntw;wpf;fhf ghlnewpapd; Nehf;fq;fSs; ve;j

Nehf;fj;ij ve;j kl;lj;jpy; epiwNtw;w Kbe;jJ vd;gij ,dq;fhzy;> khzth;fSf;F
mtrpakhfpd;wJ. kjpg;gPLfs; %yk; khzth;fs; mile;Js;s Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fisj;
jPu;khdpj;jy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l MrpupauplkpUe;J vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. khztu;fs;>
Mrpupau;fs;> NtW gpuptpdu;fSf;F khzth;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wpa jfty;fis
mwptpg;gjw;F Mrpupau; Kida Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba kpfTk;
nghUj;jkhd Kiw> njhlu;rr ; pahf khztiu kjpg;gPlL
; f;F cl;gLj;j tha;gg
; spf;Fk;
ghlrhiy kl;l kjpg;gPl;L KiwahFk;.
266
Nkw;gb Nehf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLk; Mrpupah;fs; jkJ fw;gpj;jy; nrad;KiwiaAk;
khzth;fspd; fw;wy; nrad;KiwiaAk; NkYk; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhf;Ftjw;F
tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f fw;wy; -fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gply; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
,J njhlu;ghf Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; khzth;fSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jj; jf;f mZFKiwg;
Ngjq;fs; (tiffs;) rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,it ePz;lfhykhf Mrpupau;fSf;F
Njrpa fy;tp epWtdj;jpdhYk;> guPl;ir jpizf;fsj;jpdhYk; tpsf;fkspf;fg;gl;l
KiwfshFk;. vdNt mit njhlu;ghf ghlrhiyj; njhFjpiar; Nru;ej ; Mrpupau;fs;
Nghjpa mwpt+l;lk; ngw;wpUg;gh; vd vjph;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mg;Ngjq;fs; tUkhW@
1. xg;gilfs;
2. nraw;wpl;lq;fs;
3. mstha;Tfs;
4. Njbaha;Tfs;.
5. mtjhdpg;Gf;fs;
6. fz;fhl;rp / Kd;itj;jy;fs;
7. fsr; Rw;Wyhf;fs;
8. FWfpa vOj;Jg; guPl;irfs;
9. mikg;Gf; fl;Liufs;
10. jpwe;j E}y; Nrhjidfs;
11. Mf;fr; nraw;ghLfs;
12. nrtpkLj;jy; Nrhjidfs;
13. nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs;
14. Ngr;Rf;fs;
15. Ra Mf;fq;fs;
16. FOr; nraw;ghLfs;
17. vz;zf;fU glq;fs;
18. ,ul;ilg; gjpT - N[h;dy;
19. Rth;g; gj;jpupiffs;
20. tpdh-tpil epfo;r;rpfs;
21. tpdh-tpilg; Gj;jfq;fs;
22. tpthjq;fs;
23. FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fs;
24. fUj;juq;Ffs;.
25. cldbr; nrhw;nghopT
26. ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;
mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Nkw;gb fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gl

P L
; Kiwfs; midj;ijAk;>
vy; y hg; ghlq; f spdJ vy; y h myFfSf; f hfTk; gad; g Lj; j KbT vd
vjpu;ghu;fg;gltpy;iy. jkJ ghlj;jpw;Fk; Fwpj;j ghl myfpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd
Ngjq;fisj; njupT nra;Jnfhs;tjw;F mwpt+l;lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
Nkw;gb Mrpupah; mwpTiug;gb topfhl;ba jkJ khzth;fspd; fw;wy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij

fzpg;gplg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;L Ngjq;fs; gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mrpupah;fs; jkJ khzth;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf mtw;iw
jf;fthW gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;jhJ jtpu;;j;jy; khztu; jkJ
mwpthw;wy; kw;Wk; cs vOr;rp> cs ,af;f jpwd;fis tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;
mtw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; jilahf mikAk;.
267
fzpg; g P L
fUtp - 01
01. fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; : Kjyhk; jtiz
02. cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 3.2
03. fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;; : • nrsf fhyf; fpUjp

gh`p ju\{Guhya -
Mde;jigutp my;yJ
khukzd; - `pe;Njhsk;
04. fUtpapd; jd;ik : • nra;Kiwr; Nrhjid
05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;: • nrsf fhyf; fpUjp mike;j ,uhfk;> jhsk;>

,aw;wpatu;> ngau; vd;gtw;iwf; $Wthu;.
• nrsf fhyf; fpUjp mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd;

MNuhfz mtNuhfzj;ijg; ghLthu;.
• nrsf fhyf; fpUjpia ,uhf> jhsj; J ld;

ghLthu;.
06. fUtpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw gw;wpa MNyhridfs; :

MrpupaUf; F : • khztiuj; jdpj;jdpahfg; ghlr; re;ju;g;gk;
toq;Ff.
• ghLk;NghJ kjpg;gPl;Lf;Fupa epajpfSf;Nfw;g
fzpg;gPL nra;f.
khztUf; F : • nrsf fhyf; fpUjpia ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghbg;

gapw;rp nra;f.
• rupahd cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld; fpUjpia kddk;
nra;f.
• fpUjpia ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLf.
07. Gs;sp toq;Fk; epajpfs;:

• RUjpNahL ghLthu;.
• ];tu];jhd Rj;jj;Jld; ghLthu;.
• jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.
• nrsf fhyj;jpy; ghLthu;.
• kddk; nra;J rupahf xg;Gtpg;ghu;.
08. Gs; s pj; j pl; l k; : • kpf ed;W - 04 Gs;spfs;

• ed;W - 03 Gs;spfs;
• rhjhuzk; - 02 Gs;spfs;
• tpUj;jpaila Ntz;Lk; - 01 Gs;sp
268
fUtp - 02
0 1. fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; : Kjyhk; jtiz
03. fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;; : • kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd; Ie;J

gpupTfs;
04. fUtpapd; jd;ik : • tpku;rdk;
05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;: • kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd; Ie;J gpupTfisAk;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• kNdhju;k rq;fPjj;jpd; gpupTfis XUtu; ghLk;

NghJ mjid tpku;rr ; pf;Fk; jpwid ntspg;gLj;J
thu;.

MrpupaUf; F : • kNdhju;k rq;fj
P j;jpd; Ie;J gpupTfSk; mlq;fpa
xypg;gjpT ehlhit xypf;fr;nra;J khztiur;
nrtpkLf;fr; nra;f.
• nrtpkLj;j tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

tpku;rdf; fl;Liu vOJk;gb gzpf;f.
• tpku;rdf; fl;Liuapy; ghlfupd; Fuy;tsk;> ghLe;

jpwd;> mzpNru; fiyQu;fspd; gq;F> Mw;Wifj;
jpwd; Nghd;w mk;rq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij typAWj;Jf.
khztUf; F : • jug;gl;l xypg;gjpT ehlhit xypf;fr;nra;J>

mjid ed;F nrtpkLf;f.
• nrtpkLj;j tplaq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ghlfupd;

Fuy;tsk;> ghLe;jpwd;> mzpNru; fiyQu;fspd;
gq;F> Mw;Wifj;jpwd; Nghd;w mk;rq;fs; cs;s
lq;fyhf tpku;rdf; fl;Liu tiuf.
269
• tpku;rpf;Fk; jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
• Mu;tj;Jld; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLthu;.
• rpwe;j Kiwapy; xOq;fikg;ghu;.
• rpwe;j nkhopg;gpuNahfj;ijg; NgZthu;.
• jkJ ,uridia ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

(epajpfSf; N fw; g ) • ed;W - 03 Gs;spfs;
270
fUtp - 03
01. fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; : Kjyhk; jtiz
03. fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;; : • gjk;

NtytNu - igutp
my;yJ
ghy;tbak; Kfk; - ehl;ilf;
FwpQ;rp
04. fUtpapd; jd;ik : • nra;Kiwr; Nrhjid
05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;: • gjk; mike;Js;s ,uhfk;> jhsk;> ,aw;wpatu;

gw;wpf; $Wthu;.
• gjk; mike;j ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzj;

ijg; ghLthu;.
• gjj;jpid ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.

toq;Ff.
fzpg;gPL nra;f.
khztUf; F : • gjj;ij ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghbg; gapw;rp nra;f.

• rupahd cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld; kddk; nra;f.
• ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLf.

• ghtj;Jld; ghLthu;.

271
fUtp - 04
01. fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; : ,uz;lhe; jtiz
03. fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;; : • [htsp

NtfePT - RUl;b
my;yJ
thdpg;nghe;J - fdlh
04. fUtpapd; jd;ik : • nra;;Kiwr; Nrhjid
05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;: • [htsp mike;j ,uhfk;> jhsk;> ,aw;wpatu;

gw;wpf; $Wthu;.
• [htsp mike;Js;s ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz

mtNuhfzj;ijg; ghLthu;.
• [htspia ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.

toq;Ff.
fzpg;gPL nra;f.
khztUf; F : • [htspia ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghbg; gapwr; p nra;f.

• rupahd cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld; kddk; nra;f.
• [htspia ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLf.

• rupahd cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld; ghLthu;.

272
fUtp - 05
01. fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; : ,uz;lhk; jtiz
03. fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;; : • ,irf;fUtpfs;

jk;Guh
ehj];tuk;
taypd;
04. fUtpapd; jd;ik : • xg;gil - ntspf;fsg;Gj;jfk; jahupj;jy;.
05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;: • jk;Guh> ehj];tuk;> taypd; Mfpa ,irf;fUtp

fspd; mikg;gpid tpsf;Fthu;.
• ,t; ,irf;fUtpfis thrpf;Fk; Kiw gw;wpAk;

RUjp Nru;f;Fk; Kiw gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• ,irf;fUtpfspd; glq;fis tiue;J ghfq;f

isf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

MrpupaUf; F : • ntspf;fsg; Gj;jfj;jpd; mikg;G gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
- ml;ilg;glk;
- KfTiu
- cs;slf;fk;
- ed;wpAiu
• jk;Guh> ehj];tuk;> taypd; Mfpa ,irf;

fUtpfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisAk;> glq;fis
Ak; Nrfupg;gjw;fhd MNyhridfis toq;Ff.
• xt;nthU khztDk; jdpj;jdpahfr; nraw;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;gjidf; $Wf.
• ntspff
; sg; Gj;jfk; jahupgg
; jw;fhd fhy vy;iy
iaf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $Wf.
khztUf; F : • jk;Guh> ehj];tuk;> taypd; Mfpa ,irf;

fUtpfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisAk; glq;fis
Ak; vt;thW Nrfupf;fyhk; vd;gJ gw;wp mrpupaup
lk; Nfl;lwpf.
273
• xt;nthU khztUk; jdpj;jdpNa nraw;ghl;by;
<LgLf.
• ntspf;fsg; Gj;jfj;ijj; jahupj;J Fwpj;j fhy

vy;iyf;Fs; rku;g;gpf;f.

• nghUj;jkhd jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;ghu;.
• Mu;tj;Jld; tplaq;fisj; Njbf; nfhs;thu;.
• jfty;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ikiag; NgZthu;.
• Neu;j;jpahfg; Gj;jfj;ij Mf;Fthu;.
• Fwpj;j fhyj;jpy; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.

274
fUtp - 06
01. fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; : ,uz;lhk; jtiz
03. fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;; : • fu;ehlf rq;fPj thf;Nfa

fhuu;fs;
- n[aNjtu;
- khupKj;jhg;gps;is
- fdk; fpU\;za;au;;
04. fUtpapd; jd;ik : • Ra Mf;fj;njhFg;G
05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;: • thf;Nfafhuupd; tho;f;if tuyhw;wpidf;

$Wthu;.
• mtu;fs; ,irf;fhw;wpa njhz;bid tpsf;Fthu;.

MrpupaUf; F : • nraw;ghl;il Muk;gpf;Fk; Kd;du; fzpg;gPl;Lf;
fUtp gw;wp khztUf;F mwpKfQ; nra;f.
• Nkw;Fwpgg
; pll
; thf;Nfafhuu;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;
fisAk; glq;fisAk; Nrfupg;gjw;fhd MNyhr
idfis toq;Ff.
• Nrfupj;j jfty;fis rupahd xOq;fpy; njhFf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;Jf.
• xt;nthU khztDk; jdpj;jdpahfr; nraw;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;gjidf; $Wf.
• Ra Mf;fj;njhFg;gpid epiwT nra;tjw;fhd

fhy vy;iyiaf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $Wf.
khztUf; F : • nraw;ghl;il Muk;gpf;Fk; Kd; fzpg;gl

P L
; f; fUtp
gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijAk;> fzpgg
; L
P Kbf;f Ntz;ba
fhy vy;iyiaAk; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;f.
• Nkw;Fwpgg
; pll
; thf;Nfafhuu;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;
fs;> glq;fis vt;thW Nrfupf;fyhk; vd;gJ
gw;wpa MNyhridfis Mrpupauplk; Nfl;lwpf.
275
• Nrfupj;j jfty;fisj; njhFf;Fk; xOq;FKiw
gw;wpf; Nfl;lwpf.
• xt;nthU khztDk; jdpj;jdpahf nraw;ghl;by;

<LgLf.

• nghUj;jkhd jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;ghu;.
• Mu;tj;Jld; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLthu;.
• Nrfupj;j tplaq;fis Neu;j;jpahfj; njhFg;ghu;.
• jfty;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ikiag; NgZthu;.
• Fwpj;j fhy vy;iyf;Fs; nraw;ghl;il epiwT
nra;thu;.

276
fUtp - 07
01. fzpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; : %d;whe; jtiz
03. fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;; : • ,uhfkhypif
04. fUtpapd; jd;ik : • nra;k;Kiwr; Nrhjid
05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;: • ,uhfkhypif mike;j ,uhfq;fs;> jhsk;>

,aw;wpatu; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• ,uhfkhypif mike;j ,uhfq;fspd; MNuhfz>

mtNuhfzj;ijg; ghLthu;.
• ,uhfkhypifia ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.

toq;Ff.

fzpg;gPL nra;f.
khztUf; F : • ,uhfkhypifia ,uhff; fyg;gpdw

; p ,uhf> jhsj;
Jld; ghbg; gapw;rp nra;f.
• rupahd cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld; ,uhfkhypifia

kddk; nra;f.
• ,uhfkhypifia ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLf.

• njspthf cr;rupg;ghu;.
• ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.
• ];tu];jhd Rj;jj;Jld; ,uhff; fyg;gpd;wpg;
ghLthu;.
277
278
fUtp - 08
03. fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;; : • ,uhf ,yl;rzk;

- MNghfp
- Rj;jrhNtup
04. fUtpapd; jd;ik : • tpdh tpilg; Gj;jfk;
05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;: • MNghfp ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
• Rj;jrhNtup ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

MrpupaUf; F : • ,f;fzpgg; l
P L
; f; fUtp gw;wp khztUf;F mwpKfQ;
nra;f.
• tpdhf;fspd; tiffisf; Fwpgg

; plL
; > tpdh tpilg;
Gj;jfk; jahupf;Fk; Kiw gw;wp khztUf;F
tpsf;Ff.
• xt;nthU khztUk; jdpj;jdpahfr; nraw;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; $Wf.
• fzpg;gPl;bw;fhd fhy vy;iyiaf; $Wf.
khztUf; F : • fzpg;gPl;Lf; fUtp gw;wp Mrpupauplk; Nfl;lwpf.
• nfhLf;fg;gl;l gFjpfis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L

tpdh tpilg; Gj;jfk; jahupf;f.
• khztu; xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdpahf nraw;

ghl;by; <LgLf.
• nraw;ghl;bw;fhd fhy vy;iyia Mrpupauplk;

Nfl;lwpf.

• cw;rhfj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
• Fwpj;j gFjpf;Fs; tpdhf;fisj; njupe;njLg;ghu;.
• tpdhf;fspd; juj;ijg; NgZthu;.
279
• tpdhf;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpilfisf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• fhy vy;iyiag; NgZthu;.

280
fUtp - 09
03. fUtpf;Fupa ghlg; gFjpfs;; : • tUl ,Wjpapy; khztu;

Mf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l
epfo;r;rpfisj; jahupj;jy;
04. fUtpapd; jd;ik : • Mf;fr; nraw;ghL
05. fUtpapd; Nehf;fk;;: • NkilNaw;wf;$ba epfo;r;rpfisj; njupe;njLg;

ghu;.
• epfo;r;rpfSf;Fupa khztu;fisj; njupe;J

gapw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
• NkilNaw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd rfy tplaq;

fisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L nraw;gLthu;.
• tUl ,Wjpapy; epfo;r;rpfis NkilNaw;Wthu;.

MrpupaUf; F : • nraw;ghl;il Muk;gpf;Fk; Kd;du; fzpg;gPl;Lf;
fUtp gw;wp khztUf;F mwpKfQ; nra;f.
• NkilNaw;Wtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd epfo;r;rpfis

Ak; > mjw;fhd khztu;fisAk; njupe;J gapw;rp
apy; <Lglg; gzpf;f.
• Fwpjj; jpdj;jpy; NkilNaw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd

rfy tplaq;fisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L nraw;
ghl;by; <Lglg; gzpf;f.
• khztu; FOepiyapy; nraw;gLk;NghJ xt;nthU

khztuJ jpwidAk; mtjhdpjJ ; > kjpgg
; l
P b
; w;Fupa
epge;jidfSf;Nfw;g fzpg;gPL nra;f.
khztUf; F : • fzpg;gPl;Lf; fUtp gw;wp Mrpupauplk; Nfl;lwpf.
• NkilNaw;Wtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd epfo;r;rpfs;

gw;wpAk;> khztu;fs; gw;wpAk; fye;Jiuahb>
gapw;rpapy; <LgLf.
281
• NkilNaw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd ,ju tplaq;
fisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L nraw;gLf.
• Fwpjj
; jpdj;jpy; jpll
; kpll
; gb Nkil epfo;rr
; pfis
Mw;Wifg;gLj;Jf.

• nghUj;jkhd epfo;r;rpfisj; njupthu;.
• Mu;tj;Jld; gapw;rpapy; <LgLthu;.
• epfo;r;rpfspy; rpwe;j juj;ijg; NgZthu;.
• Nkil epfo;Tfs; jtpu;e;j ,ju mk;rq;fspYk;
ftdk; nrYj;Jthu;.
• rpwe;j Kiwapy; Mw;Wifg;gLj;Jthu;.

282

T 13 Tim 38

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T 13 Tim 38

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fu;ehlf rq;fPjk;

Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

mofpaw; fy; t pj; J iw

fiyj; jpl;lk; tFg;Nghuhy; fdp\;l ,ilepiy (6-9) rpNu\;l ,ilepiy (10-11)

f.ngh.j cau;ju tFg;GfSf;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lq;fSk; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G

jhk; gad;gLj;Jk; fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwia ntw;wpfukhd tifapy; gpuNahfpj;J

,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b Mrpupau;fSf;F ,d;wpaikahj xU

Nguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuh

,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b 2010Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; 13Mk; juj;jpw;Fupa

tpky; rpak; g yhnfhl

jpU. tpky; rpak;gyhnfhl

Nkw; g hu; i t : jpU. J. ,uhN[e;jpuk;

xUq;fpizg;G : Kidtu; kPuh tpy;ytuhau;

jpUkjp. gp. n[jP];tud;

ntspthup : nry;tp. Nf. kapy;thfdk;

jpU. it. fNzrypq;fk;

jpU. jp. fUzhfud;

jpUkjp tpdpj;jh NaRul;zk;

jpUkjp. ep. Nfhgprq;fu;

ml;ilg;glk; : tp.vd;.v];. cjare;jpud;

fzpdpg; gjpg;Gk; tbtikg;Gk; :

02. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; iii

03. juk; 13 ,w;Fupa Nju;r;rpfs; iii

04. ghlrhiyf; nfhs;iffSk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSk; iv

06. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Neu xJf;fPL vii

08. ghlg;gug;G ml;ltiz 07

01. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwik - mwpKfk; 10

02. nghUslf;fk; - nraw;ghLfs; 12

03. nraw;ghLfspd; njhlu; 15

01. fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; 265

,d;W ghlrhiyfspy; 6Mk; tFg;gpypUe;J fy;tpg; nghJj;juhjug;gj;jpu cau;ju

r%fj; Njitfs; khWtjw;fika fiyj;jpl;lj;jpYk; khw;wq;fs; fhyj;jpw;Ff;

,t;thW khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ ghlrhiyfspy; 2009Mk; Mz;L

Mrpupau;fs; ghltplaq;fs; njhlu;ghfj; jk;ikj; jw;fhyg;gLj;JtNjhL> mwpKfQ;

01. fu;ehlf ,irj;jj;Jtq;fs; gw;wpa mwpitg; ngWjy;.

02. Nky;ehl;L> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir gw;wpa mwpitg;ngWjy;.

03. rh];jpupa rq;fPjk; ghLk; jpwidg; ngWjy;.

04. Rakhf ,uhfk;> ];tuk; ghLe;jpwidg; ngWjy;.

05. ,urQhdj;ij tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

06. fyhrhu> ghuk;gupa gz;Gfis kjpf;Fk; jd;ikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

07. Ra Mf;fq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk; jpwidg; ngWjy;.

03. juk; - 13 ,w;Fupa Nju;r;rpfs;

1.0 fu;ehlf ,ir> `pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irfspy; ,urpj;jtw;iw

2.0 gy;NtW ,ir epfo;r;rpfisj; jhNk jahupg;gjd; %yk; jkJ Mw;Wifj;

3.0 ,ir cUg;gbfis RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghbf;fhl;LtJld; kNdhju;k

4.0 fu;ehlf ,irapd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

5.0 `pe;J];jhdp ,ir> Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis

6.0 ,ir tsu;r;rpf;F thf;Nfafhuu;fs; Mw;wpa gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;gpLthu;.

7.0 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpahtpYk; gpugy;akhd fu;ehlf

fu;ehlfrq;fPj ghlq;fis tFg;giwapy; fw;gpg;gJld; tFg;giwf;F ntspNaAk;

,t;thW ghlrhiyf;nfhs;iffisAk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; jpl;lkpLk;nghOJ

fu;ehlfrq;fPjk; mwpKiwAk;> nra;k;KiwAk; ,ize;j xU ghlkhFk;. mwpKiw

fu;ehlfrq;fjP g; ghlj;ijf; fw;gpgg

mjpgupd; fw; g pj; j y; jiyikj; J tg; g q; F

,izg; g hltpjhdr; nraw; g hLfs; .

,it njhlu;ghd rpy MNyhridfs; ,q;F jug;gLfpd;wd.

01. ghlrhiy ehshe;j nraw;ghLfSld; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; ,iriaAk;

03. tUlj;njhlf;fj;jpNyNa ,izg;ghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd jpll ; k; tFf;

04. ,it jtpu tUlhe;j ghlrhiy itgtq;fshff; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; guprspg;G

05. rKjhaj;ijg; ghlrhiyf;Fs; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; ghlrhiyia rKjhaj;

06. ,ir njhlu;ghd fz;fhl;rp xOq;F nra;ag;gLjy; khztu;fSila Mf;fj;

07. rq;fPj thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; jpdj;ijf; nfhz;lhLjy;.

08. thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;rr