fjpu;j;njhopw;ghL

mZntz; 82 ,w;F Nkw;gl;l %yfq;fs; cWjpaw;witahf ,Uf;Fk;. cWjpaw;w

fUit cila %yfq;fs; mit cWjpahditahf khWtjw;fhf fjpu;gG ; f;fis
epfo;jJ
; fpd;wd. nghJthf ghukhd cNyhfq;fs; fjpu;jn ; jhopw;Gilajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
cjhuzk; ,Nubak;> Njhupak; Nghd;wd fjpu;jn
; jhopw;ghLilad.

fjpu;jn
; jhopw;ghl;L %yfq;fshy; %d;W tpjkhd fjpu;g;Gf;fs; ntsptplg;gLfpd;wd.
,opT CLUTk; Mw;wy; nfhz;l fjpu;gG ; f;fs; my;gh Jzpf;iffs; () vdTk;
mjw;Fr; rhu;ghf CLUTk; Mw;wy; cau;thd fjpu;gG ; f;fs; gPw;wh Jzpf;iffs; ()
vdTk; cr;r CLUTk; Mw;wy; nfhz;l fjpu;gG ; f;fs; fhkh fjpu;fs; () vdTk;
ngauplg;gl;Ls;sd.

<af;Fw;wpapy; cs;s xU Jis xd;wpDs; ,Nubak; mZit itj;j NghJ fjpug ; G

; f;fs;
xNu jpirapy; Nky;Nehf;fp tUk; NghJ fhe;jg; Gyj;ij gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; NghJ 
fjpug
; G
; f;fs; tpyfypdw ; p nry;tijAk;  fjpug
; G
; f;fs; ,lg; gf;fkhf jpUk;gp nry;tijAk;>
 fjpu;gG ; f;fs; tyg; gf;fkhf jpUk;gp nry;tijAk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

; jhopw;ghL epfOk; NghJ kpd;Gyj;ij gpuNahfpf;Fk; NghJ  Jzpf;iffs;

fjpu;jn
kiwj;jl;i l Nehf;fpj; jpUk;GtijAk;>  Jzpf;iffs; Neuj;jl;il Nehf;fpj;
jpUk;GtijAk;  Jzpf;iffs; jpUk;gypd;wp nry;tijAk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

; jhopw;ghl;by; ntsptUk; vy;yh  Jzpf;iffSk; xNu

fjpu;jn
Gs;spia te;jilfpd;wd. Mdhy;  Jzpf;iffs; ntt;NtW
Gs;spfspy; milfpd;wd. fhuzk; ntsptUk; vy;yh 
Jzpf;iffSk; xNu rf;jpiaf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; 
Jzpf;iffs; ntt;NtW rf;jpAiladthf fjpu;ff ; g;gLfpd;wd.

xU fjpuj
; n ; hl;L %yfk; xNu Neuj;jpy;  Jzpfi
; jhopwg ; ffs;
,uz;ilAk; fjpu;f;fhJ.

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - ngsjpftpay; tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk; - 17 -

 Jzpf;iffs;

Jzpf;iffs; fPypak; fUf;fis xj;j Jzpf;iffshFk;. ,it fjpu;g;Gf;fspy; ghuk;

$baitahf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,tw;wpd; CLUTk; Mw;wy; Fiwe;jjhFk;.

1. ,it GNuhj;jdpd; Vw;wj;jpd; ,uz;L klq;Filad.

2. Ijurd; mZtpd; jpzptpdJ ehd;F klq;F jpzpTilajhFk;.
3. ,tw;wpd; Ntfk; xspapd; Ntfj;jpd; 0.06 klq;fhFk;. ,t;NtfkhdJ ,tw;iw
fhYk; %yfj;jpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
4. CLUTk; Mw;wy; Fiwe;jit. tspapy; 5 cm tiu cLUtyhk;. mYkpdpaj;jpDs;
0.01 cm tiu CLUtf;$baJ.  Jzpf;iffspd; CLUTk; Mw;wypYk; 100
klq;F Fiwe;jjhfTk;>  Jzpf;iffspYk; 10,000 klq;F Fiwe;jjhfTk;
cs;sJ.
5.  Jzpf;iffshy; mjpfstpy; thAf;fis madhf;fKbAk;.
6. rlg;nghUs;fspy; GNshnuhspu;it Vw;gLj;jf;$bait. (Ngupak; gpshw;wpNdh
raidl;L> rpq;Ff;FNshill;L Nghd;w rlg;nghUl;fspy;)
7. kpd;Gyq;fspdhy; fhe;jg;Gyq;fspdhy; tpyfYf;F cs;shFk;.
8.  Jzpf;iffs; fhuzkhf Njhy; vupT Vw;gLk;.

 Jzpf;iffs;

kpfNtfkhf ,aq;Fk; ,yj;jpud;fis xj;j Jzpf;iffshFk;. jpzpT kpff; Fiwe;j

Jzpf; i ffshFk; .   Jzpf; i ffs; GNuhj; j pudpd; gUkDila kiwNaw; w j;
Jzpfi; fahFk;. + Jzpfi
; ffs; GNuhj;jpudpd; gUkDila NeNuw;wj; Jzpfi
; fahFk;.

1. CLUTk; Mw;wy;  Jzpf;iffspYk; mjpfkhfTk;>  Jzpf;iffspYk;

FiwthfTk; cs;sJ.
2. thAf;fis madhf;Fk; Mw;wy; FiwT.
3. xspg;glg; glyq;fs; kPJ jhf;fk; tpistpf;Fk;.
4.  Jzpf;iffs; %yk; nraw;ifahd fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;il Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
5. kpd;Gyj;jpYk;> fhe;jg;Gyj;jpYk; tpyfYf;F cs;shFk;.
6. ,tw;iw mz;zsthf xspapd; Ntfj;jpy; nry;Yk; ,yj;jpud;fs; Nghd;W
fUjyhk;.

 Jzpf;iffs;

fjjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;bd; NghJ epfOk; rf;jpf; fjpu;g;Gf;fshFk;. ,it Vw;wk;> jpzptw;w

fjpu;gG
; f;fshFk;.

1. xspapd; Ntfj;jpy; nry;Yk;.

2. kpd;Gyj;jpNyh> fhe;jg;Gyj;jpNyh jpUk;gyilahJ.
3. miyePsk; Fiwe;j kpd;fhe;jf; fjpu;g;Gf;fshFk;.
4. thAf;fis madhf;Fk; ,ay;G kpff;Fiwe;jitahFk;.
5. CLUTk; Mw;wy; kpff;$baJ. rpy nrd;wpkPw;wu; jbg;ghd cNyhfj;jl;il
CLUtpr; nry;yf;$bait.
6. xspg;glg;glyj;jpd; kPJ jhf;fk; tpistpf;ff;$baJ.

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - ngsjpftpay; tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk; - 18 -

 7. jPqF
; gaf;ff;$ba gw;wuP pahf;fis mopgg
; jw;Fk;> czT> kUj;Jt cgfuzq;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iw fpUkpaopg;gjw;Fk; gad;gLk;.
8. ahNjDk; Nkw; g ug; g py; gltjhy; mk; N kw; g ug; g pypUe; J ,yj; j pud; f is
tpLtpf;ff;$bad. mjhtJ xspkpd; tpisit Njhw;Wtpf;ff; $bad.

 fhyy; ( Nja;T)

jha;f;fUtpypUe;J  Jzpf;ifnahd;W fhyg;gLtjdhy; kfl;fUtpd; jpzpntz;

ehd;fpdhy; FiwtiltNjhL> mZntz; ,uz;bdhy; Fiwtilfpd;wJ. xU %yfk;
Nja;tile;J kw;WnkhU %yfk; Njhd;WtJ epiykhWif vdg;gLk;.

A 4
A
Z X Y  42 
Z 2

 fhyy; ( Nja;T)

rpy fjpuj
; ;njhopw;ghl;Lf; fUf;fs; mjpf cWjpepiyia miltjw;fhf ,yj;jpud;fis
my;yJ nghrpj;jpud;fis fhYk;. ,J  fhyy; vdg;gLk;. fUtpy; GNuhj;jpud;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifapYk; ghu;f;f epAj;jpud;fs; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ  fhyy; epfOk;.

A
Z X  Z A1Y  01 

,yj;jpud;fspd; fhyy;  fhyy; vdTk;> nghrpj;jpud;fspd; fhyy; fhyy; + vdTk;

miof;fg;gLk;.

nghrpj;jpud;fs; ,yj;jpud;fspd; vw;wj;jpd; vjpNuw;wk; cila Mdhy; kw;iwa vy;yh

,ay;GfSk; ,yj;jpud;fis xj;j Jzpf;iffshFk;.

 fhyy;

; jhopw;ghl;Lf; fUnthd;W NjAk; NghJ   Jzpf;iffs;> 

nghJthf fjpu;jn
Jzpf;iffs; fhyg;gLtjd; tpisthff; fpilf;Fk; kfl;fU mUl;lg;gl;l epiyia
milAk;. ,k;kfl;fU  fjpuf;fis fhyy; nra;tjhy; jho;rf;jp epiyia mjhtJ
jiuepiyia milAk;.

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - ngsjpftpay; tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk; - 19 -

fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;L gpupe;jopif tpjp

ahNjDk; fzj;jpy; fjpu;jn ; jhopw;ghl;L %yf khjpupnahd;wpd; gpupe;jopif tPjkhdJ

mf;fzj;jpy; mk;khjpupapy; fhzg;gLk; fjpu;jn
; jhopw;ghl;L fUf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F
Neu;tpfpj rkdhFk;.

Fwpj;j xU fzj;jpy; fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;L %yfj;jpy; cs;s fUf;fspd; vz;zpf;if N

vd;f.

,q;F  MdJ Nja;T khwpyp vdg;gLk;.

Muk;gj;jpy; cs;s fUf;fspd; vz;zpf;if No ck;> Neuj;jpy; vQ;rpAs;s fUf;fspd;

vz;zpf;if N ck; vdpd;>

miu MAs; fhyk;

xU fjpu;j;njhopw;ghl;L khjpupapd; Muk;gf; fUf;fspd; vz;zpf;if rup miuthrp

Mtjw;F vLf;Fk; fhyk; miu MAl; fhyk; T  1

2
vdg;gLk;.

fjpu;jn
; jhopw;ghl;L %yfq;fSf;F miu MAl; fhyk; khwpypahFk;.

N  Noet 2e
T1
2

No T1
 Noe 2
2 ln(2)
T1  
1 T1 2 
e 2
2

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - ngsjpftpay; tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk; - 20 -