01. xU cNyhfj;jpd; Ntiyr;rhu;G 3.3 eV MFk;.

mt;TNyhfk; 300 nm miyePsKila

xspapdhy; xspu;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ. (h = 6.6 x 10-34 J s)
a. xsp ,yj;jpud;fis tpLtpg;gjw;fhd Eiotha; kPbwidf; fhz;f.
b. tpLtpf;fg;gLk; xsp - ,yj;jpud;fspd; cau; ,af;frf;jp ahJ?
a. mt;nthspf;fhd epWj;Jk; mOj;jk; ahJ?

02. NwbNah epiyaj;jpdhy; 100 MHz miyePsj;jpy; 10 kW tYit gpwg;gpf;fpd;wJ.

xU nrf;fdpy; fhyg;gLk; Nghl;Nlhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ? (h = 6.6 x 10-34 J s)

03. hfo Ntiyr;rhu;Gila cNyhf Nkw;gug;G kPJ 2hfo rf;jpAila Nghl;Nlhd; gLk;
NghJ tpLtpf;fg;gLk; ,yj;jpud;fspd; cau; fjp 4 x 106 m s-1 MFk;. 5hfo rf;jpAila
Nghl;Nlhd; gLk; NghJ tpLtpf;fg;gLk; ,yj;jpud;fspd; cau; Ntfk; ahJ?

04. 1.8 eV cila Nghl;Nlhd; 1.2 eV Ntiyr;rhu;Gila cNyhfNkw;gug;gpd; kPJ gLk;

NghJ tpLtpff
; g;gLk; cau; rf;jpia cila ,yj;jpud;fis epWj;Jtjw;F gpuNahfpff
;
Ntz;ba mOj;jk; ahJ?

05. rpwpa fjpu;g;G %yfk; xd;wpdhy; xU Nkw;gug;G xspu;jj

; g;gLfpd;wJ. fjpu;gG
; %yfk;
Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J 1 m J}uj;jpy; cs;s NghJ Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gLk;
,yj;j pud; f spd; vz; zpf; i f xU nrf; f Df; F N MFk;. fjpu; g ; G %yfk;
Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J 0.5 m J}uj;jpy; cs;s NghJ xU nrf;fdpy; Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J
tpLtpf;fg;gLk; ,yj;jpud;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?

06. xU Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J fl;Gy xspapdhy; xsp ,yj;jpud;fs; tpLtpf;fg;gLtjw;F

mk;Nkw;gug;gpw;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba ,opT Ntiyr;rhu;G ahJ? (fl;Gy xspapd;
miyePsk; 400 - 700 nm)

o o
07. 800 A , 700 A miyePsKila fjpu;fs; xU Nkw;gug;gpy; gLk; NghJ tpLtpf;fg;gLk;
,yj;jpud;fspd; cau; ,af;frf;jpfs; KiwNa 1.8 eV, 4.0 eV MFk;. gpshq;fpd;
khwpypiaf; fhz;f.

08. cNyhf Nkw;gug;nghd;wpy; gLk; xspf;fjpu;fspd; miyePsk; 900 nm ,ypUe;J

300 nm ,w;F FiwAk; NghJ tpLtpf;fg;gLk; ,yj;jpud;fspd; cau; ,af;frf;jp
,uz;Lklq;fhfpd;wJ vdpd; me;j Nkw;gug;gpd; Ntiyr;rhu;G ahJ?

BGNwhf;ypapd; miyePsk;
hc
 miyePsKs;s xU xspapd; Nghl;ld; rf;jp  MFk;. Nghl;ld; m jpzpTs;s>
kPsj
; d;ikAs;s rpwpa Nfhsq;fshf fUjyhk;. [d;]i; udpd; jpzpT - rf;jpr; rktYik
rkd;ghl;bd; gb E = mc MFk;. ,q;F E MdJ m jpzpTf;F xj;j rf;jpAk;> c
2

MdJ RahjPd ntspapy; xspapd; NtfKk; MFk;.

hc
vdNt>  mc2 MFk;.


cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - ngsjpftpay; tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk; - 13 -

mjhtJ  miyePsKs;s xspapd; Nghl;ldpd; ce;jk; (P) MdJ h MFk;.

h
,jid   vdTk; vOjyhk;. ,t; miyePsk;  MdJ B GNwhf;ypapd; miyePsk;
P
vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

01. jpzpT m> ck; Vw; w k; e ck; nfhz; l ,yj; j pundhd; W Xa; t pypUe; J
mOj;jNtWghl;bD}L Mu;KLf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; ,aq;Fk; ,yj;jpudpd; B GNwhf;ypapd;
miy ePsk; ahJ?

02. xNu ,af;frf;jpia cila ,yj;jpud;> GNuhj;jpud;>  Jzpf;i fnahd;W

Mfpatw;wpDs; kpfr;rpwpa b GNwhf;ypapd; miyePsj;ij cilaJ vJ?

03. ,yj;jpud; xd;wpd; ,af;frf;jp vdpd;> mt; ,yj;jpudpd; b GNuhf;ypapd; miyePsk;

ahJ?

X fjpu;fs;

kpd;fhe;jj; jpUrpaj;jpy;  fjpu;fSf;Fk;> fopA+jhf; fjpu;fSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l miyePs

tupirapy; ,Uf;Fk; X fjpu;fs;.

 fjpu; fs; fop Cjh fjpu; fs;

x fjpu; fs;

o o
miy ePsk; 0.05A 10 A
5  10 12 m 1  10 9 m
X fjpu;fspd; cw;gj;jp
X fjpu;
<a miw

jq;Fjd; ,io Zn jfL

Fspu; vz;nza;

Fspu; vz;nza;

-+ -+
cau; mOj;jk;

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - ngsjpftpay; tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk; - 14 -

cau; Nthy;w;wsTfspdhy; Mu;KLf;fg;gLk; ,yj;jpud;fs; xU cNyhfj; jl;bd;
,yf;fpy; NkhJk; NghJ x - fjpu;fs; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. x - fjpu;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;tjw;F Vw;w Ma;fUtp fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mNdhl;lhf cu Fw;wpapd; Nky; ,yf;F zn jfL my;yJ jq;Fjd; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

fNjhl;by; jq;Fjd; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. E MdJ mz;zsthf 6V mOj;jj;jpw;F
cl;gLjg;gLk; NghJ fNjhl;by; ,yj;jpud;fs; fhyg;gLk;. fNjhl;Lf;Fk; mNdhl;Lf;Fk;
,ilNa cau; mOj;jk; (50, 000 V) gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; NghJ fhyg;gLk; ,yj;jpud;fs;
cau; rf;jpia ngw;W ,yf;if NkhJfpdw ; d. ,jd;NghJ x - fjpuf
; s; gpwg;gpff
; g;gLfpdw
; d.
,yj;jpud;fspd; rf;jpapy; 0.5% Md rf;jpNa x - fjpu;fis gpwg;gpg;gjhy; $ba tPjkhd
rf;jp nrg;Gf;Fw;wpapd; mfr;rf;jpia mjpfupf;fr; nra;fpd;wJ. ,J fhuzkhf Vw;gLk;
ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;ig fl;Lg;gLj;j Fw;wpf;$lhf vz;iz xd;W gha;r;rg;gLk;.
cw;gj;jpahFk; x - fjpuf; spd; nrwpT> ,yf;if xU nrf;fdpy; milAk; ,yj;jpud;fspy;
jq;fpapUf;Fk;. mjhtJ toq;fy; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;. x - fjpu;fspd; kPbwd;
tPr;R gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; cau; mOj;jj;jpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;.

X fjpu;fspd; ,ay;Gfs;

1. kpfr; rpwpa miyePsq;fis cilait vd;gjhy; mit Neu;Nfhl;by; nry;Yk;.

2. kpd;fhe;j miyfs; vd;gjhy; mit kpd;fhe;j miyfspd; nghJ ,ay;Gfisf;

nfhz;Ls;sd. xU gspq;fpd; mZf;fspd; ,ilNaahd ,ilaPLfspy; mit
NfhzyilAk;. tspapy; xspapd; Ntfj;Jld; nry;Y k;. fhe;jg;Gyj; jpNyh>
kpd;Gyj;jpNyh mtw;iw tpyfYwr; nra;a KbahJ.

3. mit rlj;ij CLUTk; Mw;wy; cilait. CLUTk; Mw;wy; rlj;jpd;

mlu;j;jpapYk; x - fjpuf
; spd; miyePsj;jpYk; jq;fpAs;sd. Fiwe;j miyePsKs;s
x - fjpu;fs;> $ba Nghl;ld; rf;jp cilad. mit td; x - fjpu;fs; vdg;gLk;.
$ba miyePsKila fjpu;fs; nkd; x - fjpu;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd. nkd; x -
fjpu;fis tpl> td; x - fjpu;fs; CLUTk; Mw;wy; $bait. 1 mm jbg;Gila
<ak; kpfTk; td;ikahd x - fjpu;fis tpl Vidatw;iw cUQ;Rk;.

4. rlj;Jld; x - fjpuf
; s; ,ilj;jhf;fk; GupAk; NghJ mit ,yj;jpud;fis ntspNaw;Wk;.
mjhtJ xspkpd; tpisit epfo;j;Jk;. x - fjpu;fspd; kPbwd; kpfTk; cau;thdit
(1018 Hz). vdNt mit tpLtpf;Fk;. ,yj;jpud;fspd; ,af;fg;ghl;Lr; rf;jp kpfTk;
cau;thdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,t; ,yj;jpud;fs; madhf;f tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.

5. mit xspg;glj;jl;lq;fis Gfhuila nra;Ak;.

6. rpy gjhu;j;jq;fis mit GNshnuhspy nra;Ak;.

7. mit thAf;fis madhf;fk; nra;Ak;. mt;thW nra;ag;gl;l thAf;fs; kpd;idf;

flj;Jk;.

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - ngsjpftpay; tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk; - 15 -

X fjpu;fspd; gad;ghLfs;

1. x - fjpupay; (x - ray) glq;fs;:

XusT td;ikahd x - fjpu;fs; rijia CLUTk;. Mdhy; vYk;ig CLUt
khl;lhJ. x - ray glq;fs; %yk; vYk;Gfspy; cs;s KwpTfs;> ntbg;Gf;fs;>
Mfpatw;iw mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

Rthrg;igapy; Nehapdhw; jhf;fg;gl;l cupfs; (Tissues)> x - fjpu;fis cwpQ;Rk;.

Nehaw;w cupfs; cwpQ;r khl;lhJ. vdNt x - ray glq;fs; %yk; fr Neha; Nghd;w
Neha;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l cupfis ,dq; fhzyhk;.

2. Gw;WNeha; rpfpr;ir:
Gw;WNeha; rpfpr;irapYk; x - fjpu;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. kpf td;ikahd x -
fjpu;fs; NehAw;w cupfis mopj;J tpLfpd;wd.

3. njhopw;rhiyfspy;:
,ae;jpug; ghfq;fs; nghUj;Jifapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s FiwghLfis fz;Lgpbf;f x -
fjpu;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

rpg;gpfSs; Kj;J ,Uf;fpwjh? vd;gij mwpaTk; x - fjpu;fis gad;gLj;jyhk;.

nudp]; ge; J > Nkhl; l hu; uau; Nghd; w nghUl; f s; cw; g j; j p nra; a g; g Lk;
njhopwr
; hiyfspy; ,g;nghUl;fspd; mstpYk;> tbtj;jpYk; FiwghLfs; cs;sdth
vd Nrhjpj;J ghu;f;f x - fjpu;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

4. gspq;Ffspy; x - fjpu;fis njwpg;gila nra;Ak; NghJ mZ ,ilaPLfspy; mit

Nfhzy; milfpdw ; d. x - fjpuf
; s; mZj;jsq;fSld; mikf;Fk; rpy Nfhzq;fSf;F
Mf;fg+u;tkhd jiyaPL epfo;tjhy; njwpfjpu;fs; nrwpTw;W ,Uf;Fk;. ,k;Kiwahy;
gjhu;j;jq;fspd; mZ - mikg;Gk; mZf;fSf;fpilNaahd Jhuq;fisAk;
msf;fyhk;. Nrjd Nru;itfspd;> rpf;fy; %yf;$Wfspd; mikg;Gf;fis jPuk ; hdpff
;
,k;Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

Gjpjhf %yq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lhy;> mk;%yq;fspy; ,yj;jpud;fs; NkhJk; NghJ

gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; x - fjpu; jpUrpaj;ij mtjhdpg;gjd; %yk; mk;%yq;fspd; mZ
vz;fis fhzyhk;.

5. fs;sf; flj;jy; nghUl;fs; Rq;fg; gupNrhjidapd; NghJ ,dq;fhzTk; x - fjpu;fs;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

Note:
x - fjpu;fspd; cw;gj;jp> xspkpd; tpisTf;F vjpu;khwhdJ. xspkpd; tpistpd;
NghJ kpdf ; he;j miyfs; ,yj;jpud;fis tpLtpff ; d. Mdhy; x - fjpu; cw;gj;jpapd;
; pdw
NghJ> ,yj;jpud;fs; cNyhfj;jl;by; Nkhjp kpd;fhe;j miyfis gpwg;gpf;fpd;wd.

cau;ju tpQ;Qhd gpupTf;fhd jD\; ntspaPL - ngsjpftpay; tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk; - 16 -