Astgrmert-!

2023005230

Unit-1
1) Define Ohme Law withanexample and
itt Eimitationg
+|Ona Law:
4t statesthat the crrent thoougha
Conductm i prepeienal to Voftoge acIOH
the conducten f alt phytical cerdi fiens
Cike tempehatine and pressue is kept
Constant.
Mothemati
’Vo T
V=TR
Vvotageaoy theconducto
I’wionthough Conducto
R>Registance of onducto
Er. 1facireutsitha vottag fiv
appied acrey are Asto uoitha
reittanel< o ynR) Then acehding
to ohm's Law
12V
R 3fnp,
 * Limitakens: 2023005230
) hisCauwis net applicable fe uiatral
netwok ike Dide,Tanigte
2) ignet appicable fo nom-Cnoanelinent.
Ex:
I:Thynistei, ErechicAc
2) State &Explajn Kirchh'e auws as
appied to Elctiealeeite?
Kichs Cuwert Law( KCL):
()aemet: The eumo cuOntt enting
Ony junction in an eleica
circut eawing thatunctien ie: total
Cuahnt at anodo ia cengeved
Explonation: KCLit baRd en poincipal
chasge cn gewattrnt any point inan
eroc calcdycuit, the total ehage ortehing
the peirtmutt be equal to the total chage
LavingthotpeintThitmeans that t
alge braiceun of cuNAnt a'ata
node is aluays zer0
In =}Tout/
 E na tinplecireuit, if SA gsent
eteh aiuncfien then 24 Ceavein
Dnothe branch to soh ykcl
Kirchif Votgyelaw:(EVL)
tatment: The sum eletonote fereg
ond algebvaic suma otage deps
|in angyclosed Tocp af anetcial kaüt
i8 equal to zero ielotal Votag ond
a clesed Coop i8 Congewed
Exptanafien: KVL is based on the prii
LawfongeNatingfenbay t tat that
the engy upplesl byvoiage. to wncy
mit be equal to the enegy cenkuned
by the Lonpenents inacoted Tocp
KVL is eRpreseda;

E: n actosdloop ciscuit witha avbaty

and two 3Vdopaot TeAittots,
KVL,&tateethat av 3H3V43V,

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(b) Fndthecireit( I) in the crct hovenin the
SA

V SA
2A 3A
IA 3N
8A

A) gep-: 3A
A

I, = A -0-46A
tep-:

’4924A 3n
.. Totol Cunnt
inthocrcuit
8A

’1-0:46+ 4.92
1=538A
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2) what is Re
igtance,nductane,
|apacitance, Votage,Currert and what
thefacta sojectngon Reitfou?
Resiyane(R): 4 is oncprohenthat a
Substaxe
CUrrent.
e stothe fpw oelectrio
ndactance( )i Thatrndeneygt an elecbteal
Cenducte to oppose achangeinthe
etecticcurert
* Caacitonce fewng
(c): Th
thhoughit
abilty a(ompensat
iircut to collact and ktoe engy
tn thefom fan
elecicalchag
+ Vortage (V):t repse sortt the PDrenthgu
9A uit chargein unelectical circui
K8 ca tled ßn aka
potertiat difeone
Currert(T)
Chasge
: istha flow
oeloctial
(ele chons) thoghacenducto
e a cirCt
*fateyaecting resistance:

tongh
Crossdectonal Aea 20130O52 30
(b)FdthVotage ytnthe ircuithounn
thetig below;
A)
2A

(2V)

’12Vs0-I6
=0

’|2-V-30-|6=O
’Ve-30-16+2
’Ve- 46+12

20230OS230
 H)woei tos yA and6n ane connectdin poaallo
(aj the curertupied by&oce ii s0A.
Find the eq'Resittance and cuAent thhog
each bonch
2023O0S230
A Rea= RR yx6
RtRz 4t6 =24
VIRe
-30x24
-7:2V
’IR,=V2-|8A
Ri
CurttughR2 = ]2A
R 6
(b) A 3sVDe &uppy is cenected acrss a
Tesistance ef600 Ain gehie ueith aun
nknun rei%tonce 200.n i8 Cennecd
QH6O0A and shewe areading f sv
Caleulate the valeesestance R
A) Reg =
G00x1200 =y00 :V=sV
600+1200
T-V5400 = |2"5mA
Uing kvL; Nottmetenis shoinga
vottage e sv
 o.Votage acess the wntnem
Yeistarce. R=3s-5
=30V,

K=30
125
Thre reistee &,6 and y ae

Detehmie hat eguvalort eAtance

uert and voltage att
acod cach
eenunt.
A) Req, = &t6ty =18A
T=V- 100 -556A
Vottage aeE each Yeisto;
V,=IR,
fo Ry:
VIR
=5-36X6 3336V,
Fo Rs
V3 IR3
=656 X4 22V
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(b)|DtemineCturt"g"
&upenpotten hesem?
A) 6
6 6A

’Reg1 x6
20X18 -360

Now=if+Re ’ 360X B60X6

Reg,
202300523o 18
tt

6) Explain the PThesem'with tees? ’120Fubs.

A) upe Poition Thooien is a hundamtal
principle inelectical circits analytis
that inpfies the ana Lysit o lin@as
drautt ithmurtiple souce statey
thot the Uant
ovolfage
ement ainea cirut wsithany
o in
mutiple independert touhcesig the
algebyoic tmoI andV cawed by
each ouce acting a[oreuwhil all
Othes aretwnddo
 8eps: 2023O05230

9Jdnttg ale independont tousrog.

(2) Tunot bne kouCe at a-fime and anaye
the iscuit each sepehaty
(3) Caluate the I oVdue to each souc0
actinguoeird alone
(u Sumthe individual IerV toAndthe
total gepen&e withatgonc9yactive
a) Explan the Theverinsad Ntorns
Theem8 usith Examples?
Thevenirlg Theem: t tateg that anH
lineas, Bilateral netweik of retong
independent and dependent touhces
Can be replaced by an equivatent
Cruit compoaing a8ie f uith a aingle
eiton uith igle voftag sousce
Ex:Conside a
ctrouttuith a single
vottage sOeand avesisto and
fetsind theenin eq-aooss AEB
Ri
B
 2023005230

Disconnect t6Bem thecireuit.

Replace V, withahet circit ov
Calculate RTh =R+R+Rz=|8
Appy chn'ataw:yIRn

Rm XT 2
A+6
= |2V
i Caleuate| Centut TheVenin Eg:Ccut
Vin=12 &Rn=18
A

+Notong Theetum: tis acamplimentay

opsoach to lhevening Theoimt
Yepresents aCinea,bilaa netw
4 a currert
0ee(IN)Tn paala
usttha reiteh RN)
Ex: A
6
3AR
R3
iCalrulate Ii 2023005230
Niccoect teminalg AandBom
the circuit:
’
Replacethecurert
opencircuit. ourco T, uith o
’ Total Resietare(R)
RN =RiRztR3=l4
New appy ohTawto
calcaate I
.:IN=VRn
i) calruae
Vctoge
>CennectAEB (v):
’Calculate
Wang chsLaw
votageDrep aoisR,
>yoftoge aches AE B VR=IR,= 4xG
is oqual to
votage
othereomerts ingoriee uth it.
>Thencovine theret.
’hen
(iu) Calal ate T:
IN=V
RN
(iv) Con tuct Noton toCis cut
 Ntn Eaireuit compriRtacwAert
&owna(IN) and a e eten(RN)) in
2023O0S23O

IN AQnd KN =l4
IN=lA
A W

8) Expoin the Maximwm Pbuwer Trang

hasm-dutihu the Bouste regitane i8
equol to the CoadeHtOrre?
Acueidirng MaxPowirang heoremowe
andto the Lond is maimum wheh
the Coad reigtano ît equal to soue
reitane
loadCurnt
R

Poweab4hbed by load;

RstR
Difoenating RuttR:
de
R
 =Va( (Ri+tg-:RLJRs+)

(Rstk-zR(RtRi)=o
2

’Ri+R t2Rsk2R-2Reks

) Deline the
Unttz 2023005130

(a) Wavefom:
tollusng
Yeprenntating tisaehae ha gaphical
a wave thouing how
a quariiy varies uoi th
tme
thi changing valueao this st depick
Dva specihc pexicd quartity
(b)
anstartaneouy alue: The intvalue o
awawen
oat a
it the val oj the
waueteim
sperifcpeint o time-
the agnitude o}aune yepreAents
at anexact
moment ard can
as the waw agcontinay
proqieaks
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()Gcte: treeusto one complek patten
vaaien în auw en tin Dudey
both-ve ave petioypl thewavjom
(d)TimePoiod: The timetakon fen ene
Cemplete occillatfento occwDenoted
by'T"Ut is beeonds.
(e) Frequancy: ttisthe no-
vibsohens on)
thenoeoccwenceg
eNent po wntte tnme arepeoBing
) Anpitude: The max
displacement
dietance movod bya peirt on avtboting
equilbriwm.
2) Deline Peak, Riys nd
St ACGrcuit? Avenage
20230OS) 30Waa
A}i) Peak Value: The maxvalue that atentng
quartiy (I ev) eache} in one cyrte
Rithe tVe r-Ve

Cuent wwhich sendsthe some amount

t chage though acircuit tn acutain
tme inteyal ait that sent by or
 attenting cwert thoaghthe saume
| cisCut in Kanne time inyeaa.
i) RMIVal:The squaeToot f the
mean o the &qune all cusseny
oe Cycle
(b) DeftneActve,Reoctive,Appoettoweg
Qund PouNA FacteR
i)Active Power:tdoeg wehlwek in an
elecicoliruit trepreent thepe'iÝn
ctpoe thot i reuponiblefer perleirg
xeal wek uch a doiving motets e
heoting
o poudaplianest isthe compenert
thot reuts intrange
enehgom 0ucebload
(thy
ReactivePouweh:tis
oBci llotes back
the pouthat
ondth b\ wthe touce
and oad in an AC circuttis meahn
in Volt-Ampres-Reacive(VAR)1t
dont pehtom uBe julwonk but ig
heceH ary toetaslih electricar o
electomagntic ftet ds in moteis and
troroiert
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(i) Appanertouer(): tig the total powes
upplied by the 80wce to the food in Arc
Cr cuit-4tis the combinatien ef both,
actve powe (P)and reachve powQ)
|tt t8 meakued in Volt Ampehe (VA).
Mathnatcal repse sentaten;
202300523d
(N) Pouwerfactor (PF): Theratio
sealpoueh
o appanet poweris knom as Pouwe facte.
3) Explain cleany uith yneat output
0) Navefehm f AC Crcuit enly vesistance(R)
A((NotageWavfolm(V):
The voltage waveoim in apurely
reristive AC cirCUit is a inugoidal
Wavefen $t reaches t peak vaue and
zer0 CKO KAngg at the tametime as the
Curtert Wavejom
) Cusrentihavefon(T):
he cusent wavefom na puvey
reistive ACCiTcwit is areo ainuoidal
Wane fom-talto reache git peak
vales and croasings at gametime ay
votage Wavefom
(iiyViuoliyaten: 202300S230
Visually id you
en the y-aif and timewere to plotvotagey
(t) on -axi
You do gee. aSymmical 3inu toidad
wavfem cro&&4 gho ot regula
that
înteval ond reaches tve and -ve peak.
(ty WavejomAignmerd
thee is ophate
:
Thit means thay align ght blw VandI
* n petecty
apueyreitie ACcirouit;
)V and
)Qnd Iwawefonns aneboth ginu goddl
Thuy aig pejectgt neachngpeakg
3) Theeit no
)
phate di-bjw Vand T
Thewavetoun; dyploy a
inusoidal paten syneial
(b) Explain cleanty uith ngat
output wawen
ACCTCMt containg ont inductoncel!)
A otoge ond Cussent
el both AC circuitt Wautom ane Bame
eONtainingR)
Resstounce 6tnductonce.
 |Phae&ht:-
there is
n a puely inductve
ArCcirait
%0 90°phayed4.bjw vand I
This mean8the I peakg "ycle ohead
Voftage peakg
’ an apweyfnductive ACoroit;
ú) Vand'T wavefmt ae both inu koidal
(iThee iS a qo»phae diM with current
Teading votage
(") Beth wavefesstast jom zero, each
theis peak va ues and heses zeho
again.
4 Deaive ardexplainthe respone inge
pha ge R-Leries Ciscuit ?
Compennti ahingle-Phage R-L&AieGruit
(i)Resistance (R) 2023O0S230
i) sndutance ()
ACvOtageouhe: The Vtorce ovides an
|afehnating voftage()uth argules
uquenyl)ari ampitde (Vena)
fralyongte
j KVLAprling KVLto sehies Cirit,we
N1(R+t oL)
 nction
of aJoUma wOMeauent time
e give Dbnajnwent
eil This Time- (vi)
at
pongnt
=tmaginayCon Roal tan(3)
ogs urrend DiThoe grom: Phae (i)
V=IxZ
12-R+jusL
t-L&iy
dr Current
ain AC eow
eoftimb the (z)-
is mpedance
-imaginay
unie üi)
LtdutBana
(urrent Complex I’
s) DaiNe Qnd explain the rYpenge f ivgle
phaye R-Cgeies cirouit?
A)iynpedance ReiAoh s (R) -’ ZR =R
(i) mpedance of apacit (C) ’zC-t
tiy Totaldmpedane (2) p the RC
cirouit is the dum a teiey
tnpedance
Reietoh and mpedance f(apaitoh
fthe

s) Daive and Explain

phose R-L-Cteies theRespeng of hingle
Circuit usth regenance?
A) i trmpedance fRestoh (R)
ZR=R
(âmpedona of tnducHeh (L)
ZL=joLapaito (C)

iv) Total rnpedance

Z=2R +ZL t2C

=KtjoL jc
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 Retenane Conditton: 20230052 30
gt occusg uohorn imagiay post o
impedanco e jul and l Canh
Pach ethe1 out- 7hihagpen? joc
hen
joL= -

Le
VLC
Thit i8the netonance angul
a) Deive Qnd explain the
responge
phae RLC paratel circutt? single
A) 4deot/eC e onano irait
+
XL XC
a XL and Xe oheequal the admittone
H
Ic VIR IC
L R
 dmpedane, t-R
R

ond L -t
X

Y- Rus X
Rw+x Ruxt Xc

Xe= RwtR

Ruw
XcXe -Rut
°=XLC
Ru

o,ot Z=
restnorcQ CRw

20230O5230