8-

Phone elbciy ad roub Velboty

veborty witm which a plane
Phape velocity o Jhe
Dwe movê) thoough a
MOnochromatte
(Vp)
mecio Known a Phaseor twawe lelocty
s
Acto0kingto de broglie (1921) evey qmoui faseiele Ka Q
LO0we anodated uwth t
h -
Acorckingo neteivs Reladon
2
E mC -

Confaiing (Cud

mc
h -
Now Phase velo Caty

h m
Vp C2
16
-U
 OD e Kodo

hs Shows thod rater wwe anouiakeod wth faviclo woulo

tuvel aurtetou fonbile sel has ening thu pardicl
Behind.
matenial kablole carb be ebreeuked by a single
hub Ci

AA
wawe
wave-

wve fockef

tus problem oy awvmig

thara
dchrodinge ALsalved
motorn ts euialat to q0
mat gial Basticle
En ekvgly
veoerke and ww
dlfnet
wawes wih ebstly
Hepreseuded ay
othe and
each
hch suhertnsere
wwe fakeks
 rob Vebciky
Jhe vebcit which a wawe Kaoke9move) in a naliom

Called roub Vekoy (j

a plane monochroahic wawe s supreseufed as

aSin[2T(2-vt

- a Sin [Ka- +
Che r -
K waue 90
n augulau vebar
a a Sin
(krdk)%-(o +do) t ]-3
-a Sin [K- of|+a Sin fCkrdk)a- tot
du) +J
aSin (k1dk) -(o rdo)t t Sin CKx-®t) | )
SinC SinD
t
205/cD Sin CD
24 Cos K+dK-K Sin

rdo)t+
Qa Cos Krdk-(uw+do)f k -
Sintaka-lw
ky-ot

aCosdk.-doSimSin Ko+dKx- wt»dok

+ Kq - W 4
4e a Cos/K n-do+) SinKn+dKa -2ot -da t

a Cos /dk -do4 Sin kda-(w+do

k dk K

- a Cos dk -do4 Sin (Ka-t)

Hemtete. osas-d] debermir

too wowe packeks asu moving C-e )
Wavey
Jhe term deteMamime bhare veloeity he

o w we
920W Spæq

Tu2 (2nv)_2

So
K

doh
olk2 clK
 and
elabon b/lon_Vp

K
Kp
dKk t )
oK
V p t kdve
dk
Ve ddk

V Ve + L dy

Vp - dvpxa
Ad
dA
 LWewe un ovol s Phygical imitomei

Cansicad anechanics inital valu- fabre aciuikies freoli

a F 0P

F=Kn Hoor's la
F m
Cma Kx
m da -kn
at
m dn +Ky-
dlt
A feost-cpP)7
key) to salve tu alu eoble o
elos 1Ca qneolauds
eud t1s aot yalicd r Quowum onetlouical &sleu
uhve funcion
s am elseial eemeud-c a Qatom, mechanies dny
.

Waue
Mechanical sysfen an be
9ncaningd ontormaton about a G»
obkuned om wave fa'. P s denoted B (,)

a-D amohon o a system awo PCx,Cx,#) for 1-D notan.

akong M-qus
alled
we ge P, Solvinq a ordor deveusial &
&chrocbinger
dy +VY
m da
Shrodivgen E" in Gunudum Meckanics Blays the Saome Hale
Bayed by sleutont lao anetion n claotal
qmechanieS
rn uatom Mechanies, ey ue is auoeiateol uith a qadit
ehi vauie ioelically wh hae aud ime ie n iaht
luw, edhic and Magnetic ield vaies Beuiedk'ally uith
t l aud ehace»
Smilaudy tn a wue acket, t is ho wove P utwch voies
Peviodiol
Pbeng a Comleo j ls no any obeervable gausity, ckuv

uourty ich Kas a, cefaite hysioal giitantt

- Arle
y= A-is
= P- (At i8)(A-B)
= A T 82 8

hy sical Sgifcant of Wavefunion

As Know
2 2
P ArB ahichsa suoal
9uauh ty
VI S Koouwn as
Aobabilty dlnsidy
 n 1926 man Gorm provi clealthe stasist al nten brefattonn
Accorclivq kim thu robabibty e
finding
findi ha ankicke at any poind-aa ven +2m S

A Lange value o Ij*ataßoid means hahbassibi

Pin d na fovticle at tat fotrd- at given tine auo
Vice-veA
-Brogoe Hypathesis - hhenomenon e nt-onfencnte
otufenonte,
Cans
iracton foloriaakon
,

phenomeno
be exlaime by wwe heoy 0 "int But &0me
Lze Photo elecbic fe- and mbton etfect- earik eplaines
e
a0awe heoy on be explainee only emo sasliaton)
ave aMoelb consists of Bantide mkvre-

Acorolgto tis Afothesir Bm aaoliahon s prokagake iv

Small packet Known as Juanta or Bhoton.
Jhu adliatlon s &ricl Kave dual chan acter te lwave
favtol
Sn/925. Pe broglie Sugyesheol that Sadliobro n can bekave
a toaye n Somo eberimeuts Qd as haukoles ên ohens
hen end trotons Should also ehußit- tha wauenakrl
Devison aud
Gemen 197) and GP homson Ci9a8)
Conrs he waNe natuwe novin auk le e )
 dichs
A we is amociaked sith eveNy moving havticke
assoeiafed uith
knon amadten cwae and wawelength
amalteroauwe Knouwn as de-broplie waweleyth.
Denivalion Agcorling-to Plouck's Guautvm theor
hey E a fhaton sive byr-
E-Ko 0
m'
photon is conuidened to de a Aavdiolo of mad he
actog-to Ensteins MlayEnergy Relabeon
E = MC
-
Compaling & and -

gomentum photom =
9m -
P 9m
P= hvxv
C2
lv-c]
P hoxC
c
P hv
C
Qmul we Know,

Ph
P
 ie ishe Kethe fanicle hen
E=mv -S)
multiply aud diviole &E) by m
Ev =P
m m

p mE Pe mE

JmE
/ a Chauged pavdicle is acelerakd hrough foteubial
ifenence Vuolts , then he cwaweleng hu
Wawe awo oatedl wth it can Be obtained asi
ke ckaugeal Bawti'ele = qu

E-qV
A=_h
I2m
 Wave uaston 3-
Pchrodunger

loneDefendes Sehnodinger aWaweEg"-

ma) mouivg n +ve direcHon o
Consieden a hadiko of
-anus wlth velocsty t . Hecordung, to du-broqlies Hyfothesis
which
wawe awmoeiaded with t
Cver movi Ng pavhelo fas a

Calleel mfer uaue whose uoavelovgth srveu by

A- h h

Pah h x Tt

P h

Accordang touautum Physics, a wawe consist of tiny

pavickos ot enexqy called Photo

Eneqy PhstonsEho x2rr D

h h
 be a
moUing bah cle can

oowe CAMOaakd wih

Jho
3opreeulecd by wawe
a y C, t) os
- itot-kn
Pto) = a e

Yo, t)- a e l i t - k2
( k - z - E1)
Poy4)a e
Nouo total Eneqy q tho Paualele s aieu by
=KE t P. e.
E tV
Roh 8eds bq Pr-
Mudtily
2
+V

Q
(R(B:a - E)).4)+E

y. E)
 ih VE( (-
Nou ditfeeufialing ( t09 !
e
LP Et), Pa

on oferenfabin w.4x

(s
B Using & auo

= P p. P

h
L
h
P -h d
Now
by PsHrug Valuos ofrom auol
nE
 2
ch +V

Shiss Sehodinger 4ie dboudaud wawe i n

One-dimeubion
2
dor 3-D thO ov 1ðV OY +U
dy dzJ
-
dt m
y

ot

EY H
whee Ee h Snergy Egeu Ualuua

H h U+U 2
Homiltoico
ahecafor
 TEne-Tndefendaut dSchrodinqen Woue G- 'v)
Conaider obida ofmauy
a wih elociBy m' nouing
aWong tve direon- et PE e tho woMCutuni
Exoqy o the farhils susfieasireluy.
dho unve dascribivg th behauoust e uoave anooadel with
N
owpyiu padiclo cau be enprem ay -

Or (Pn-E)
Know thas Pmd-lufeualut cowe is
Aiveu by
ih OY+Uy
n

gehP-E4) E)
Ot

dt -E L
PE

VE
Jt P.le (v) of fonficle oleperch ouly o
oOSit0
4nthis Case usabe fu ) au be wsutten ay
POh+) = Pa) ut)

Dtfexeulialinq ( wfn)

Nawt valuos from aud , n 8°

E u +VC¢u)
E CDu) h/u =
+V ( d4)
diviliua th scles by ul
ED +V

+ (E-v) -0
hisis hodinqer fe-vdleheudletuOwe &in 1-0.
anticle n Cne Dimewional Boa
Vcy- V=0

on.sidutQubsiola th
Bo

mau) a Heg10 o spae in

Jn 9uautun mhanits, a bon
h poteutial Eneqy
Shich pavbicle exhenencLs no jorceie oufslde
aud nfnip
t farbi dle e kevo in thi 90gbn
thu fortple
ths gg10 One dinêuyjonal omeauythab
-a5 .

a shaight-ine sau along

alWowcd-to mOve only alenq
in 1-D
maus m onfine-to move
Conuider afauicle of
tndefolloung coctiong.
bo olegthb elatie 9o
1 The tonlls the bo» ano uijiodauol fofeebly elavto
subowib with same KBgfter making
tho baticle
collasd wm tho wall ad total Eney Esumains
conytaut
oqon -hectheti 1g sUfhat they is yo
Jh wal dboa ae
oudsil tho ba
pubabilty1 Gmidenjth porticl
 e dun V dor 1-D
V) 0 a<q

One-dimeujona &hnodinger aave ven O

T
CE-v) V = 0
For 0<Ka twe Kowe V=0 Sob

-EV =O
OP +/2nE y =0 mE
2

On

RE k2
R-JnE
h Genlal Soluljon
is
c)Ain Ra +8 cos o
whee FlK 8 ayDitray ondtauf
A-0, VC)-0
t B(1)
8O7.6
 Y)- ASin ka
at =0 ) -0

A Sin Ra S'n Ra -0 fAf0

O
Ra-0,tTt 2rt, 1 3 t
in qeuexal Ra- ntt

R= nrr
-
Noo Com kauning
al
9T Jgn E
h

Or 2

2m a
Encqy Sqen Ualuw amo Xero oint Eexqy

E TTh ReNo boul Enegy

ma d 910ud Stabe Enegy
2
E-yTh 4 E
ma
E-9h
m
9E