MoDULE IV vaztove îMeehanies

re 4Cyneli bodiig g- The feUoim charqes occ in t e ComponenT

he r z l edvams
SHtnM a he Component detve.akeR
s ineami.
tYai
PrRrg in-e Componen deems
e pon - e cemponent at ehzh 2xtinas loadsant etplie roy e
mey no veve
oesis bti done enthe Componen- sy thex fruk e poins mave

Enugy is eei CoN&UW o cvarh tue ns uwyacn

Strai anu a% a tun tlion 4 load aud displate mua

Case T: Sthaio ener Costant load -

Loee

Load
dsplae nud
Cunve

Displaement (V)

Lowd C

atda

load
displauma
CwY

a+da
Asslatameu (V)9
 Satd4a

Ld
C v a c u d
t u

ExheAral Aisplaun

Cwt

Worn
done

V2
V
cv

AU= P dy
hye i Sthand enean
sthoin 2nëvay unteax) =
P,dv
cxtdone AW
Exlerna
Chhgei
displatement;-
Cowstant
Stvam energy at
Call a
a + d a

a d dsplecenoet

Cve

a+da
V

udoxk Is done
onrthe ystem kecaure
advanes, no extaal
CraL
As he
is net l o d d ts move
he exhara load

lxeal dat done Awest

Wat
o

o Cha IN
Stvain energy u:
Sthain eneváy delyac)
 C

FO
U
 Net ent»gy U= Ue +Us
7, TC+ 4 c Y
U
E
bitk
CyacK l proprsjele can prdvee a
Accedig Gnteih, a
Cowtant Even
Kve tahos he net eegy he ystem aLmeiws
fhc CaK esPrpgee
tto
ir
- h CoK éxhrk. m clhes wends 1 l
wth e n a to
bHle hactove chanqe in Net ewmay
tohen
Incemental choye im toe Cye.cU levoth is Zero.
te du-o [ dc
d e +Us
dc
TC+4CTs =
TT. 2C =4-Ys
E Ohe O¢ is
the
tvadove
in
t h e mel
94 &E rerth 4
he preette 4, Cvou s
TIC Encen lenmth (C)
Ys Sutu eny
Validalion 6ufkh's appreoch
ara
onqlstöbes
>itftn Camed
oua seiiesd expvimeik
P
Sphoi
Verses aubzetete intes red pekn elim1ndle asidual
Apeis annealedto
Thewee Dre- Cyocked
and thew
hes, a d
as o:25 - 0 . 2 8 MPa m
Etimated a
lintan timefion
e Cenkidud t 6wfate ttwslon
e glas is a
Tempoalore
is C24a a lam is o.54 Nm
E + glas 2Yaln E =01S MPa m
This Fnes TT
 Etimatiow heoveti kvent 4OS
>Esimales f b e strenth q a Cnystalhne Kelid C ke made
base cn k lalhte popert
statos-the
tovce Separetion laud he int-atomic cesepereton lad Con be
tmclion exkibitinethe +elloudne+ha prpeslieg
PPro ximeted y a
n inel &lope 4het Covespenck to the elhste Modulus E
a tetm Sork 4 kepera hon (ie oea d e t e Cawhve) thet
Covvs foncs te he Brta eneray Ys
A mex1mum Vaue her aepyegens h e ntus- atomie
cohesive a u .
Appre priale aulation is qiven by
Tx)-(EY S
( -
bzapreken equlbrum 1neatomic pacine
tenthe eqvilibrUm feparain
nd X dendee t e dieplatement
astante
Threeral Theortr Stvegtu- The meximom yoalua exhibiTd
E
Gh
his dalakon 1s this
subshtwli 2sO
VALe iw
d e
h e w
40
Sctha fatd skal vah E 33Gfa
6
 A06
ke cvliul Stvenytikg mu tEAan axtgl
e Heve ovah Tth i a coheyas aAvl
Srengh 'mJd Kseeli cavour
'32 MPa)
tr
Reakons hee lnse
Vonnatians E
ane
t
LEonos do da Vnci14S21519) nd an inver Velalion Äp
leeheede ktvemth al the leth res
a Cotant diamele
Le eAAblsh
Blue1834) l tvan yag e Weaker
hn a t tsiveg a he Kame diamal .
Size eut- nce in
aw
Stremth athe drcSiNA {
e t plee detyeaes
Mild s t
So heovetial tengd 33 GPa) is maeto biage tten
the ozlual
ktreqtu ml Skal ( ie 32o MPa).
4 bl1
 (MPa

Pxba
pthoe MP
olates

A
 403
CondihM ane tWoDA
aE
plane ve
TT a
E
plane rain
TT (1- a
penny sheped Cya
C1-v) a)
EXTENSION OF GRIFFI TH'S ANALYSISs
IRwIN -
ORWIN -*
2equre
Sme ene s
In brile meteneas, advaneinq Crack CaLx Atai
ente a
andtheetre
engies
dder 4 kople Shephic
esily Cauaine Cata
te
it aus thrsuTh
te
bcd
ad vameig,
falove et) enngq muel
malerak (metads, plaslhs
n meft eqnuring a Cyach
is OIVed*o g5eus
t e u eneay
g p han the qst lanse
hat he Ftries
ak oe Cvazk fips ae
I n i z thewee dttrrnelion infion
thot they
Caue plslie (anelaslie)
94is 2o lge
t e Crack tie
kuehas pstie fleci in metrs,
The plstic (aneks.he) depormehon, koely o
ites Ahe aeleased +he
1rreveikle ar) the
is nofHy n e a n t h Cyah tip.
not otain iL erinn confiathatien
Cauee plalie Can elstie) behavich us eventvally
> The e nesgy h
te the Bunondinys.
Conveated nto htet Ennay ad is los
 Tn etnls, t plaslic dtlovwelion inthe Vicinty
HhCveaK,Tip is Caw*e A0
many ley melen geneTion s dislecatin
e hone a an ein boundonics, fovmaton Voidk ete
h e mteie is loco Yeld Ahek, the Bize 4 t eplast ene is
A lange plasie zoe meaws hot a lnge amcunt d enbay is
t uived t advauLe a Cyack Tp.
The evuad swre enery Canbe coihn as|= Ys+Yp
s-Sumete enesay poKwstA by Swata even i hs
net leees Bsrubzectd to any plash derormelim
p Swlete ewa Caurd by Ae plaslie detamalien niah
Cvc e Bwletts.
SORFALE ENER4Y
selids
S m l a n te Swnfete temin a liqud, al u t e are
OMociate t h Kwre enqes ee eugieg.
dueto ee hve
e c a e a t m s cleset a Sumce
T h e egie develep
mtesior d the Belid.
atom atHre
diterenty from an
T h e inlexior atem ic
adHvaced es epulsed bye neigelhbe vin
drehoms.
eleM Unitevmly in al +he
al more
atoms en
Sumound
u , a n atom d e tace Swote has
no
kind o equnhbrium.
CYe Pide, h aequires a difhent dhe
lbelecsh te readaest
f c t , alam eethe fee Bwets adeng
Ho trrm on equlbvism t oy devaleping Pthoin in he melend elese
tc he free
wote.
Svzhdlormalion 2tquitEenuqy and is knen a Sut nt)
Fresau
tons ne to t u s
 SURFACE ENERGY OF CoM MoN MATERIALS (A*1o
Maeria
Ys (a/m) Yp CT/m*)Ys
Ys-See ew-ds
PoseRted lef Swe
o.98 un
eyenit has
nch
Coppe
oild s t 20 125,0d
to any ploslic
eetd
4,000o
AL Aloy depermalion
230 - S w e energy
detovma-
C Caund by plastie
t e nenthe Cvalsd
Diamend 5.So
POTENTIAL ENER4Y
Cak
ncvecue
in t h
mcremental
Coside
the Cau e an
2xtanal
is done bythe
aAA AWext
Crach q r e H A , Componcat chan-
To Caue this body eltthe
t h in the
entrgy
+et andAe Bham
balane
yAu 94A paevides
h e energay
enunay
Then the avaable )
A W e x-Au.
t-
ehes: GAA =
AA>0
AA ard ains
bhnst
abeve
equalen b
dividinqte
= Ent sekate Yo
(u-West
dA entg.
Kaoudn as palaalia
is Commonly
1= U- Wext
evauct
-dT Thic aqanlen is cplt powetto
dA
evwsy teleo.e vate 4 he ystem. Gi is aluuays pos.fve
e a Cvauh Bhvdier frr ik pos.ble redth
Aa =
intementa) Crak leneth
BAa, whun B Thikne & Speeime
AA
PGvaln Canbe r it a s DAY
 EFFECT OF THicINE SS ON FRACTURE "OGHNE SS
the PtnTe
thet lala thieten largely okc
4ie Kncidn
hes at he vacK tip
In odev t mointain plane tvain alorg the aelv pone
be hieienty la
ah Tp he plate +hieknek must
meluial
To deTes mine plane Sthain -fvotoe trughnek KIc da
enthe al
a tninly+hick Specimen is dequived, depending
Kic
s
dhethe plashe z o n e Kize is
net ma
In this specimen,
ks
Comparedto the thitL nets, plane btvK deulops. Hgh
intsy Can be cpplied bepde Cveeh prepayeton ceeuNs
STRESS ITENSITY FACTORs FoR TYPicAL GEoME TRIES
ttwile Bto
Lonq Etip, ce ntval CeacK,
KI TYJTa
2W
keY cenfquvelimfacth
O Ppli4 Stro
a ho tVanule
Atusile Bther
6)Long Ar.p, o dge CcacK,
a
K Y.To
21

-E