Rpple ceoliier pulsaling De.

he
The ou pu o a
Condains a De
Dc a he ecle ukpu
Pubaling
Ac Compo7ent
at he oulput o
and Ac Compononts. The n the wqve.
esponstble or pulsading
tentiien
Componen in he oufput o
R p p l e s he AC
is undeBivahle and accounks, or he
e t i k e Th
ertikier.
in the ousput o
oPuksang
pon he
The elealavenes oa Jetio depend
magnilueo Pee e
R pple Fackor
T is dekred a he statio bekueen e.ms value o AC

Cusoent o the average

Componen odhe Loao
Joad cuwwen. 8 g v e n
by
ovalue o

Ye Tae
TAC
wheue Tace rems Value ok AC: Componen o
Joao cusvent.
Tac Aveage value of Joao cwoent
The cms value ok tolal lood Cuent es,deke
as
 Lms /eTae)
Louing both sides

TS T Ta

Tde
Tae Tomg Tc

we know h a reppleaefor is Tac/Td

Tue
Jevide Tde both ides of esuafion Ci

Tdc Tac

Tdc

Tc

Jeoifiore,
For
FO ha waye

Trms Tm Tdc

Y - L
Y

Y :9
For ull wave ectikies,
Tms Tm and e T e a

T2

- I

-3
8

Y 048
 he nc Compoy en is Jes
For a
l wave3teakilton
than de' Componen in the oufpu hence the pulsaHon
aoe les in oulpul.

Capaciler Fille
The Capacidor e i s also kwwn as c-Rl,
hoan tn he
The cireu diagam oc-or as

belouue.

V V
RL
Recikex A E
ocilphd eYDYF

C-Filen irau

T Consisks o a Capacilor o npaailanee o tComeckel

he oulpu of he
in Paxalle wth the Soad autoss

ekiken.The capaikve reaclanoe o

a capacihr is

ghven
ev
Xe WC

whese, W:Angulaveuen
 o CuwLent
whee tesuenoy
whee
.Xc (ei)
Fo a De v 0D

Then Xc

The
The rtipple ack Copaothr es
Y
W3vce RL

the Capaeilor ktler ts exeeamly Popuka as has

gdize, liRle weighk and Joo sapple
Jou cost
Pmall
anddchaxaakrisko. t s genexaly
useod or Jow
Cuserent and Commony Ubeo in Juansistos
volage
radio, batey.
Tnduofor der
T Consest ok an inducoo Lanott &
o induofanoeL
gedes, with dhe doao R aos He oulput
Comnecled
o dhe ectien.uL

VA VLn
Reeie

Tnductor Ftex úre

The inaluetiye xestslanee o inaluc/or M
XL WL
wheue W= ngulaxeaueney ok Cuent
9409

For DC Ve0
Do, XL -0
Fo AC #o

The tndundor allow pa Hhough 4

The pulsalung valkage o Heotiier Conain Ac Compovend
esisBonee
and DC Component The induefor ote high
o the paage of Ac bul zeso u0skanee or the
Henee the hale be Component Paxles
PaBage oo De
Pabage
ndueror and seadh a the Jaao L and
twough the
thtough he
appeo (nduoform.
aotoss the
most othe Ae Component
inolueforLex is
The
The ripple lackor
lglosid
Y-k
3VL
Inoueor o n cve weo lasge
ov cuseent CR is mal

ond is ot used or dnal cLBCend as & has

tohigh ipple wlue. o pil
ey o o
anex dinde genicordua/or oliade s
the teyese vakage on
Anen
evese
cuent inwneases.
inctease dhen LvesO
voage awhich
he
he
e maaimum
evense

d h ehigh
value is
Cuemd noreases shaxply o

volage.
known as brtedkdow
Koown

Ve Vz

ok pemiaonducor oliole
characfedstics
he brealdown Valtuge also koun as Zene
o volkage ond udderun tnoroase in revese curenf
a Zener cuwet
es kown
The brreakeauwn
rtegioni a knee o reverse
chanaaeridies o keniconduekor diode.
Brteakdoun vollage o a gemicondualor deperds upon

the Omounu o depin

Hhe disde uis heaviy dopped hen he deplekon
egion uwve thin ard henee he breakdoon
unotion wi tukes plase ak dow sovese vallage.
on the thex hand i he
dis-e dopre laghly
wl hiak and henoe the break
he deplekion daye
doum othe iunotion wtu Jakes plaoe
at high
evexse Valkage.

0Vdigasy semieonducfor s frapory dopre fo

have ahonpeo teakdoun valkage then
talle
zene diode.
The z e n dide a Ptopexly dopred sleniconduohor

diode which has a Whasp brceak down vokage.

hown in the
The mbolicgue zene
diole
N
belod 6gue

Zene dioce
Sambolic diaglom o
0ndinavuy diode with a bat
Tis jum ike on

Junned ke hape.
zemer diode s alway8 rceveyse base
AA aot
acf
Tazenen diode is o wakd biased them tts
l ovigs
OA 0vdinay diode.
osinoe il is en/ered ino
nlo
Tt sn't bwnt tmmediately

brreakgown uegio.
 zenet diode ano evalonk
he Cirei Conaining
Cirrou is gven below.

Tz
apay 9A
V
V
Vzb093mo
Vz

Cirteui condaining Euhvalent Ciraut ok

zenex diode Zenen diode

h e Xevese valkge aonas, he zenen dioe ds

han brceakdouon valfage CV2) Hen the
eual 0 moe

NeNeHse valkage incteases shanpy

Tn 4his region dhe evetse chotaceuinios u a

cuUSORNd ais. Hence e

phraight Juge Paxalel do the
the Zenex dtode is Conant af CVe
Vakume aouosS

Bul he cuRend dhrough Zeno diode chonge

change.
can be epresenfby a
qBo, anidea diode
zenex

baitery o
ok valage CVa) in the bceakdaon segon
cirou 5on
in he esai valent
volhage Resqulalion
glounce o oupu Dc bur he
Aheckilien is a g0o
vaies with he vanialion tn topul
oukpuk Vofage
Soad rtesislanoe.
yolkoge or

Unmoeases ten the De oukpuF

De oupu

THhe input Vakage

Valdage albo inkeabe
ineases, the oupu volage
t h e doa Cuworent
he cineu
he valkage dop
acooss

dereases due to
DRoeool
elemeny
is desirahle r wany eleclronde devices to have
T
Valiationg
cowlank oulput Vorage JHOspeottve
a
inpu vollge o doa
reegula
Dorden o ge
Conalant Valume, the, vallage
is useo
devtce C sabilizON.)
ba VoAfage Rgularor
is useo as a
Zenex diode
fegulayor
Voage conlant
T is an eleekronie device which prtovide oun
avek
a gsouee whose Vo.lkage may vat
Vollageo
O
wie rtange.
zenex diode used as Voage
The creu
diaguam o
egalakor.
 T
t MwwM-

RL Vo

V
olli
I9

avolsge Regulaor.
Zenex diofe as
wth vosage Cv2) ts revese
The zeng dioqe zene

xeLslanoe CRL) acrOES

aoss he Joad
Comepke
which a conskant oukput VoXage ts qebide
cesisanue CR absosb LAudkuaton
theuokuation
The deseie Conslant
Odec to mainfain a
okoulpu VoJtage tn
Lood CRL.The zener dinde woill
Vallage a o s s he
manlain a Conkhan Vofage(o =
Vz aorass (R kl He
Cv) does not all bolouo (V2)
n pul volage
the drui s ropexy dog
hen he oufput
N
Aemains Cons/anf eveg
volkage CV6) awrass Jsad CRL)
volage (v) 0n Joad(R may vo
he nput
OVe a wide range

> h e put voume (VE) inoreases dhen ouufpus

acKoss CR enaios Conakant af(Ve)
Valume CVa
the enoey volage ts dboppeo Qcns the
and
qBeni es
reex'slance R
 uncease n value ok Cuerd
h i s which Caube an

)nutng hgh R.The zenen diode wt Conduod

Cuten bul Joad Cuwend CT) remains
the nxease
Vo TL RL remains
Consfan po the bupu valkage
Vakiaion in the npuk Volume
Conslant ok
isespeotve
CvE).
valume
rtesistanee CR) inoreases but topu
Tthe Joas inaneasos.
Cuent CTL
Cv)s Conskant, hen the Joad
deovease in zener Cworent (TD.
This wi cause

consank
Consequerdly the ouput Valume remaíns at a

eststanee.
aooss the qleries
Vallage. The Valtage dtop
Vz V-V,
Kesisanee
The Cuwet owtryhotaugh seuies
T TztTL
w astk
Actonding to ohm's auo

V-V Jooa
R
=
obatoly 9e

Tz tTL

LED which, emds vistale ybt

s a jundion diode
A LED
.n.inonwoHo
wosobiase Corduotiop.
Coyruaion a hown beloo
The Conbruoion o ymbod LED
gkemiconduolor maleria and N-ype
e. P-ype
Produees light ustng dikuion
gemiconduokhr maleniaf
method.
m e l aConkoo

mela

Prounaps
eleorons or N-yre
LED iwaxa blaked The ee
as dhe Junetion Cund rtecombination wtth hole
maestia
Ppe makeia.
ee olearons axe condue on band and af highex
in
the
holes ae tn valance band
enegH Jevel and Hhe
eneNgi
eleoconsCombine with ho.le en
when he tee
tn the pmok head and uyhk
ts eleae
is
maeri a ike Galll un phosphtde an Galliun
EX AMpLE; Ga AS Tnrtaxed do
Goup Red or geen Jis
Ga AsP Reor yelloy ithd

LED yoage and Cwtent-

LED
npu diagraum o he ondand biased
as
The

Ahaoy he belo0 gwe.

RS

Corccud diagtam oonuaso biase LED.

to keep
The sestlor Rss Coneereo in peries iy odot
he LED below he saume vo.age.
he Oukrent Hhxough
valtage awross Rs
The

V Vs-V
where Vs nput volage
V vollage awters LED ooh
The auarq CLent s gven
T RS
Vs-V
RS
A vanages o LED 4
T is Pe eien
h a s Jange Jie.
has cheap Ast

Aplicakion
Power indicalor
vtdep ond mobide display Smmbo

DNDN -0FF ndicoos

opkcal Communication.
PHOTO DIODE
whioh Hevewe
TTis a Jevensed bia iunion dinde t
Cuonend Imoneases hem he undion expose o
ost on Ge Revekse
Jighd. A Phobdiode made up he
disely Popookona fo
Cuemt in a phohdiode .
lloung on he junoio,.
kakensily o
unolion s
h e talensiy lighdalloutg on he
the revetse cusent is reafet.on the
9Heaehan
e aen
he intens igkl is gmallerthen
olher hand
dhe reveNse cusoon malla
When e eotiler Stevetsed bias mal. The
teves8e
CuMerd is Proluce by hexmally genexaje
hale Pairt which ae wept across P-N
elecron
eleebrielieloeneakd by a xevese Vollage.
unetion
he reevewse CuLet inoneases wth tnoroase in Jempaiue,
The
due to inerease in ekecikon an hae paie.

pimclary whem P-N unglon Pholo dinoe is eposeol h

Cuent Jnoteases with tneHease i
Jight he sevetse

when light alls on pN juncinn o

infensio kigh.
Phalons J
Phatodiode he enoy winpant by he
The edratee elecios
the aom un P-N unoion.
CUOLent. Hence He
0 hales wL inckease he everle

inonease in nfensiy ighd deoreale the sess/anee

oa Phokdioge.

Con.slruotion tlear
jungtor enbardtu n
a
P-N
Photodiode consss of
enekoser as shouon on
he uke.
plakie

oncidert ighd

N P eleas
Playte

V
The Jishd is inotdend on dhe P-N uion
allooed to o
ide o he clea
he Pholo diode
the and the xemaining
ncloen ane porded black. the whoe cirouit
plasio
onder oome-Honrth o e
vey small an odhe
cs ve
inch h e lymbalhc diagram o
phoo diodo is

-0

ymboio diagra o Phob

wOsK Jioe
The
The irteuit diageam ok rovesebased Pholo diode as
hoon inue
L

ATrt

Circu diagram o a phoyo-diode

The pholo diode is Conmeoked o the Dc guppy Poendtal
diewence and Hhugh a serie oekshance R

Po Jighk s Ancqent on Phorodiode then the

evesed went Tre v e gmall7his qSma

Cwwerf s Kwown OUS dark cuwnent.
rtevose
 BOhm'3 Jaud
Ve Tt Rre

Tre

whee Vit daxk Vollage

Trt dank Cent
Rr dark restslane.
Cn his Case eggible cutent is l u

P-N junoton of Phofodiode

h e ghis tncident
on

CuRwent nereases due fo erra

Hhen
them he tevese

ee eleckrtons in P- unoion.
ineiden Jight inoneases hen he
t h e takensiy ol
also inoreases and rteach
eyexseo CuLent CTa) is
cs moun a
his
Value fhis Cuenk
af he mqtimum

alunalk Cuen

ApeJiccalion
i s used alanm oreui.
Counter cineui. vls
s T isis wed
SOLAR CELL
A octl t a junction disde uhiok, conver un
ightHo oleaktici. T is Conmealed wtth doad rtetslame
KLRL bekaeen th uuoteuaina as Hhouonthe gw

JBgt
EKi

galayqalay cel with Jod rebiskance R

when qunJigh s alnweo indleent on the go lo

Cell pholos e aos orbed and oleouon ho.les pas
aMe Prcodluoe n P an N-regeorn he eleohron and
hales geneate ovee mall diskanee eon the juntin
Can ench he dip.likion width w'k duson.
the eleckun and nakes ote pepataed b bawwiex
keld acxass depleion layer. he electuon eom
heom P-skye
p-stde
can move dougasds N- Biop and the hales
hoJes frm the
N-tde Move auwards p-Boe. 9 the palan cellL ts
Open Cirauy then ehe Comneotibn oelboiwon and ale
opon
oo
ocircuiy gtdes of he une tion Preoduoe nopen
yaltage Voc a hoon n thegure.
 hekocen huo
when Joad teislanoe k s CoTeofed
n the cineui
eruninas othe golot cell, Cuwend T luis
Cunenf auos ohen he feuminals o slat
The maximum
the maximum cuwermt oos
cicoutreand
coll ae ort
cwnent is Known os shoxt irwwted
thrugh d. thaf
thrauagh
as Tse.
CUBLend, denoled

t + +t + tt++tt tt P
VoC\
-1 TT*TTTT
N

fopmaxion oopenCinouit diagRa

8un

hos-reuid cusoueny C o t t ee
lsli s a n c e R s
esisanceR,
hough tth
he road
e oo
T louos
ouS though
Cutent kight ineidort
sum light inciderd
The
froptotona
o nlensig o
direo
direolly
gsola cel.
kong as
the hraugh Re do lang
Condemueso Uouo cell
cels ase
ave maoleup
made up
the Cue
dalan
Bala
D gkun
gkun lght.
lyht.
ezposed
qolan cells quphtde
ole.

gl, Cd,
Ge,AS

0 cell
a glolas
diagam ol
ynbo.lic
APpkicakion
suseo PoweH duppky
is use o Powet qur o dpace tlation.

ot hud ugrdhorebb.

bobionr ipat