un - Malerial SCenCe

Polurs, Cerails ond opoeo

Cliakon- Melals

Maenal SGenCe' teckmdo

ovlend ar the dovelpment
Maenal SCaenCe i fenont we oml,hve
walornl hove
oyeas
ond has ban or thausands

daeent reneths andd weaunens

beflerrbor
a'nd a - C

ond he oCus
Pose The Comindior phc_chemish
and ih
aa meler'c

on he elalianslip bo the opeses

lern'a, SCenCe. The
L huthire ta t h edouan
development R s SenCe alow deni
o'ded a base e e pC.
pvov'ded unosled
Cweeral, Ea*) SCenCe
SCena are
at

o 4ecA alerals
uoant- Cowonenh
hoGae ond pekv a
thac,pvoperhes
Srure

o y honC?

propeh'e
oCe
kbtud len'aSCence
nuenals en the neort
o unow aßous.
All tpinurs need or k Eprtu
"idermal" Jhe. &ofuwre
he
dpend on he dvelopmen o in
peent oton meons

ConoudC Gonovahon
ler e appl'cAon
fhe Cecr ue qnos
utemtl hor a peC
iplaCe. a old elalle onbarese
for xope!- plakC Contalne d
9+1 well leorrdeons a t the dsaters ore
en'als. So + s VMtal
(aued by he wiAm to elct udemaly
bteurs koud unos how
phoheonmel
best + t e demands o
he desgn -

t ConomiC
ch dhe demonds sdbesk N drllhy
a well as

aestheb C demonds
 i ovfend+ het eve Enine0r d
Thus Ve
ubeal SCenCe
and underend he lonCepk o
TJs enles t e e neoy
e baseon
ondaraljon
T o Select a ellenal
Cosyt peo lena
alenalsb
UndervAtond Re wh o
TO neu
wernel
Cvcale.
To alle to opflakan-
uulk rirls |p d t
7obe alle to w

h uwanGulzatbn.
huwen Ciilzahbn
loiaL pe»spec e covelo?ment o
iwovtent h the d e hu huun
wen
Malenas are o
it Con
on sebe a dR
olnt e,
on stomt k n e pesple
und o
alavled toi s n e Age
Cbsakon and wO0dpr te
weleals lhe Aone Cax suin
hau Mawmend
w2 ons
urpos to e he
dools brouglt- Jpr explovskon
edrbetter qulit
teCeri
The mCcon Ton ae
4 led to bonze Aae lotloue evoe om the

the hiatot o huwen Culza4on

n wov

e o n age the
sleel age
tone Ase 4o fe Bronzc e
e paCe

Clo kon choracerrized b Ravuul

ore
auelerals undar
qpplee
Metals- Tho yeA defoymekle
^ho
e l e c c Cordu tEwhy c h r o c a n h t s a r e due to atoms e
Tes Von der wals
weelnc, toa and wea ker

bound togeter e Pe00c bonds apptcA

ae n o t Sood tnougk on appcc
orCesPure elals Th elel d e n edas
ucdas
t u c h u a appuc.Ans e
epeca0y wrth amothe
mefalto
a wdal x e
aWo pr e
derred qulttes C Compounds
and waul
l.
The he inovqon ane bates
&ibates ol
Cera ' , -
or
ovbides nndes
or

oxdes a or phous-
ede. eter o
Ctane dnd. Ppov#l
CesC ore.
po
jp welevval behove atl ke etkor
CerawrCs
A oms in and a r boumd
hagave. 0ms
Potre or
bewen
tam * g las porCelavn
Colouwb sr
poler Polymevs inte orm oermo -plaski Cst
olecles tol have Covalent bondins within each noleaule
and Von der Woals C e blw 4em poen C Canst
ot
netoov o Covelentbonds Due to +ee und oon
Pomey ae IC.0 elechc.Q Rowd tIbovs

Copote usder'els',- Cov-gam'te demol, ore mul:phane

Cormbindton o domd
eals
e n'a
oltaned b a v C
to ca fain vo peren t e ,
indiudual Comlorens
omnoat t a i n f a - ReinlorCa Comend ConCrete, a nc4u
Corgote. oltalned by CombindsCament+Sand qra vel y
tc tee ber Natural Comp0les in nuture woo
Thewain Cke> d Comfoies are metal - x

olme
-

x and Ceram'C mett x .

emi Comdu tlovs.- Sem Conduclon or Covalent in natue

7hey a opaape +o wible g Sut hraspevendto i n d .
SCon 1allum ornide .

3tomalerial'- Malertals A t Con be u e d r pmim

p ala o
o domed or diseased human bod o T
*tt. tej mud be o Compuh'ble olh
ohen malenals i
eod4mues ond muat not roduCa 4oxrc ustencas
y - stanles s t e e l p o l - etelene ,Al-oatds ete .

StandardLakton Sytemhc ConC' eprenlaton o

pmentro row
ad, ools 8pares woles.
medeme

ond
cAuh tnduhrl
Pupoe- Due to itke rootk
ment 1 a loje o
Cve ind industnal eguire ems
hove to tore a lorge no
sa'on h la
Hhousonds ond
eren

into sevtral
Yunn
1eelpre, ore blouJL be some an i d d s ,;
wws a l e on
Sandovd prolutb Cn be arufech vcd
on a
uumu m

her balu thon Cost Gn be uept

(Ts2) /^ dhe
Tndon Stendevds Inshhabon
Our Count
our Alandord/sqhlan at
Mattona
nAtona L bod LcA deads wr'th
leve
 Cevhan poin k b menherr govdb Standord'sabon ove

Standevd ave at he ba 0wosoduCron .They ule

onble housonds dleun iy se les to Le ploed o n ke
ech o eveu bod
e n one puckand a nou APavh u s hor a 3Cooter or Gv, he
nows eut' will SCvewh to Bmpine ha all h t
Lk'.Beart Jark pluy hads or
endrdze!
Re tr hat thene art
onla erdah 4eche
Stondr h Conve
e ude ond dold
Stenderd'zabon ueons roduC e wm Varety

m
uumu m
VawehLie $andard'zed) als ipovh
ools poumes
eCono phodeh.
Shemdr d'taken t Ke
Sendrd'sehon th He Phoen esla o k slandds ov un'h
valu Pedan
eaurt e k 'exent, guab gwhtj
eAe y Coupavcd and ueanue

Sheps hvolve i'n Slendrb'ya kon Proedure art allou

Lor the hdp oorlet' yesuvcA Aales htshes efc.decide
ohaf to seel tn kuture
Then 1dere shandor vuge , oduts
pon nhe ranget ash he depinev to develop nuh vore
lomfoam to tel He v

eu wlenals Cooven tc heceyo

d vankege Slandsn'ds.kon in enl o nae mens
Advandtz s
Advane
4 eckons Como bmiodome degue roSamdda
e rourle u4bsodon
em dern hleheu dnd deran alArobrorns
)Monuothrir plnt-(brrih lile. Lows vnd Cosb behr oulsk hod ci).

odutkon on Seckom bevph!- <heent too den)

Produ chrom 'Con dpovtwa (Atura ke dlve howhes)
 puel'
ouely
ipetho% Ponille')
ulity Contol degodws ( Betk Conho
Aarondajes and
Reductson in Choice beCaune e dutes vone
Comyequnt lom uuem ov Cuto
Hanle Acdous c a Comta oduy
chon
Cone ubc in

on andav drzed voduc t.vGe

to intoduce. he wodels beCae
94 dta0t.
Cat eCaline oduchon p
Stenderdaaton tends to ovous lge. oous Comon'e
u l l ov hew ConCer hs Con ra
eCaune
buine een brouC Jame iteus a ome na.

Arpcons'
s poduce a G+s lele von
Sul-aamebes N Coonens eq- aulouSlen gesvboxes
autoeleec bul
Madesah 3tenddssadon ea. both direcl erals ( stl
weld elechode) and ndecA eral (ue as ols

oduckon eqppent fondar &edson .

Intenason tandovdhaean -
intevnabor ond.y
AbeComes nental to Follo ateals
has o Capure exov
.

aCount
M o t 9nduntrialm Countre 0ve wmee oTSO
Iso doesnot I hdpendent sfondavls 44
O0n

but H wa s Commend.tons wke are inc uded

in 4e NaAtona landrdlh ohe Coll&boratup Counfre,

 Nu or Standord:gabon 6
1 uvova
uo
B u l -Stondd'snlon enur tul
Loek
bod

he In Comdnt Re
2.Uwpv C u ' an Stondrb'yakon enurts 3120le. N clea
CowwwnCkon b/w fhe Vamaus defp vwenh operahwr thKe
evanisaon Tos qlso leads to Letler owuniCRon he or
Loit h pber ond Cu towers
3TO c r a l ouul Shendk sekson s e o fut

ovsoni 34kon and voduc Cn aclveve. a n ououn

noun o
i n evh
Slemddzehon weons
lat fprm pYSound fnvento Al ovfonizak.
owull ocu holL e
riduC t e fotl

Cnkkon!- vaw n l , [4ools

ConCie eenakon e m t
sekc
SPaves ples a
and divee ind tr
acAukes
sindustra
u
o the gouotr een'34lons
have t sore

Mdustral veainent
a lege no

tousonds
enn

into Aveval
a lage o e m s , o en unm
la A
Thp, hene oul! le ome mesn
'. no mes
to doncbe +Re tem
Cownon C c e s a ikm Hen aL
he
v l dsgortnent u e
enent homes and Aort K i
em
Ke Bom
dlent hCes

An Oendpadton >Bore laze *o

undreds o ilew- Le
t o lats. koupt hee Aloull
dems oen Yun edule Couler lu he To
o Ho
PnoCus
eveal dejovdnont rbhd eckhosa!- gn deforbuenh wlh velad
Cuncon he Slon deri ProCuemnt prodachon bu
defot Ment
Confuron i'n
homey Hence hue uve Couplex'an
 Codc.Aro brin in Apeed unambigu dou el
poCe av ease4 chp. echanjm
>uniGu Couwon ldentlsc. kon
Thene houl! be aUaue Lommon hcon k ms
0Fheru
ere
t Caures On unnCemo hCrca tn he jnvenr
Co des ave logCa
o hern too
o Cowlex logje
1

7h wovds destph*n ave

rclalel and also wifhout- logC

Yes o Cd:chona nL4on dGdes
alphabeta.A re
Aha beAcA- g+iA
an

ts numentc revrtnt fonn o Codes.

+ a
Numen
Apha- Numeic 34 sa Com binson a hwbkal
uencA reeLAn Codes .
34 'a rehnundbon Codes +Rrouk Co lourr
Colour Code a-yellos humber plle

Meltod oCoshckon.
A ra te Nuwen'L Ssk m
)DeCmal slem
Aha- Nuwenc Aplem
kodaK s e

Aduenlase
Cdc.lon ha e
CcAon a
raanalzel
,
vuloadsan
veuced +he no. ole.
awds
o b r e s and
enablesstema groupi
R ee lems
Confudon Cauned bd. deaCn)on

34 hels in aoid dupl dkon o

94 leads to e
aCuvale reCovds
CosptAon nles e,Co_nihon iovts, Kud
edu Cin Clenc to eos h
t s fonb e to
ems ort aded a Clov dhe sourles
bul he kms wtsledrderf
+eves s e Slorht potnt omabon ond Jendavd'zokon«
NeRods Sem Codshko-n (8
Aro e g 4rs based on the seial nuuber undor
h e . elewa re Ceve and 4he ome 's allotied
as a Code. humber under ahocchal nvendeng
lem are aigned avitrong number
vendo
X 3 beans are recresan& wnpoc a no 5o3o
ha aedbeen
alreed alltedto he preou Hem re Caare
hen he Code. no ohese. bcari Ge sog I
MoC overone n o t nou he kiato he ems Ths a
e rtaron s the slem hof Popula
TLS en an he advamtagt haf hent 15 no ed
any no lems
aNumenC ysem!=
A numeiG axng
ten a to ten d+ Code nube
to each ttemTe irseverlno. l l incleRe
C c.on o e h 4e item belongs, the x t everal
humbev l indcle: He Suß-cm ond the last fhrec
ue are wsull unCode. £x
3 29
eeral ckm henenC
C S-clans Syecolyc. lem uler
3MhmaniC plem Alpha-nuwenc em
A Mnemonc temem uncon much Le a numenCL k m
m
Housever, i4 Cambines nunenC Gnd ahhoSehc nofeonm
mbols , -dost kon bol+
fa Scs So

P-Puvckeel pavh
fa-.falney
Bcs Stmds h bot
So3
503 rrentS9»Cpc no. Ho ol
 DeCmal Spem uvers
d to
a aaid be urvers
t» be
Codchon
Delmk pkm hk ea
and e tot odh 'km
lodp t undar
under

in worki 9+ s i l e fe ms
Hems
i nalwost
n
aost ent
he no:

e m D a y b da CSpchors Ahold Le
T Hene
pheve ndush i inCrear
taw'remenh and
hedld
muet Fhe hrta
ch as e under fhis ssskra.
aplole'
hond and eanly and .
and a te
Re
bimle Gn Be em Cod ed
odhed
upto Soo,
000
m h e AJAton g e 9feuehon
lach m bol toil e industoal Conerhs
Gre
ame e Modern
md lomlek, pifure o m
rerlly adj
sBrsck pem- The Bnek m
Conpst e e nd
uhsle
Te t n s ore frouped t'nts
9pbed in three Sfape,. Ub-arspm bes,
uch as a e m b b e s ,
re em'nar
Pren a r CateporeA 1 bnack k m
ond he yhet rtem, The
Component mrehenrire
lontss bn
even
dgik 9e
throh t o n udi
a he logal uzor wupis ^hineull

6) sd k skm! numenal Cde

Code
hodak e m Conndst o lo dy
The bancd on ouras
7hlegc zofroupi ts
or f e nCe. a olt bae as hardwave m
i has
and avalale twrth hovdwe
'sled in havduwareGfalogues
polves. 9 fhi bol4 o va'hsle as a pa ofe
wA chine Tt w}!|e a vulSle under ma'ntenon Ce

Mitro hutut ulAre

aa t
leer
raal
ve uall
acale.
Mtvoshw thuve. ls HRe denal, as vevelld
a the Ahuchure a

at h e o r o tevel , dekred
aBove 25X wmaikon
y ophG auitvonCop e
an
ran
, r a ) and
Mtvo w (huves are dehec b , ifun'hes rracnibed
boundrAntking at not aulo
Crpallne sAuv Maultro
-

Anttfure
 wiCro Amcfore
to dejets present or nt ol mcte
P won appear due the
Tere deketh on 4ake wanombud an bnes dre

he poves
oreon otrut-hort-
ulerdal goes hrough a phoe tromformkion
Cene naled a n a

oroutaßout Cchorgin 4emervalure.

ond or reuve
A mel Cyslaltil'a o a od on Cool.
Rro dertn ov i
twOahut hort. Gn be. Crtadel
emlerals uch os oll r e i3 omd

eent eeeh
on eds o Consbwe hon!-
natra Gn hot ontea
Notnestnuthure a
rehes uek 1ord ners
TDugkneys pucs0A
Sheng Hglow temperakrrt behooun
Covowon eMAlen Ca
indiudi
MeosdnuCture in
utroshtfue - 3talre
Cptal as Cphl
Atoms ar a ed s u naon
Eo-le- Cra?hhe
ovge3ekan
operzekon
tkaf has
no
thaf no
Hicoshu tur tauid
eosw¢hure
-
Gle
vee R a
stchr
A morphous ciom'c
he
oatoms and
oph
-ous Chlas.
A -

Raole wittout shpe