THE EMPIRES OF SCYTHIA :

A HI S T O R Y OF

R U S S I A AN D TAR TAR Y
F R OM THE E ARLIEST AGE S T I LL TH E F ALL OF THE MONGU L
P O WE R IN E U R O PE , IN THE M I DDLE OF TH E
SI X TEENTH CEN T U R Y .

BY F . R . G R A HAME .

Th e seat
d
O f mlghttest empivre, f rom the es t ne Walls i d
Of C a mh alu, s eat o f C a th nlan kh an,
c d by
And S am ar a n t
Tlmur s hrone,
’

To Pek in by S indean kin gs a nd th ence

,

To A gra a n d Lah ore o f great Mo gul

. ,

D o wn to th e go ld en Che rs e nes e o r where

,

Th e Pers ia n in E cbata n s et or sl nce

’ ’

I n Hiflpah a n or w h ere th e R uss i a n cz ar

,

I n Moscow or the S ul ta n in Byzance

, ,

Tur ke stan b orn Par ad ise Lost

- .

LON D O N
J AM ES B L AC KW O O D , P A T E R N O S T ER B O W .
 CONTENTS .

BOOK I .

F ROM THE E AR LIES T AUTHE N TI C H I STO RY OF S C YTHIA

C ONQ UE STS OF THE MON GUL TARTAR S .

C HAP TE R I
.

t d c tion
In ro u

CHAP TER III .

Th e As ia ti c S cyt hi a ns—Th e Ha ns— Attil a

CHAPT ER IV .

Bh e Ig onrs— Ava rs—B ui gari ane—S l a v on i ans— Ch a za rs

’

C HfiPTER V
.

c G g
The C au as us— e or i a

C H APTER VI .

i i
The F nns—R us s ans—N ov ogorod a nd K iofl -B urih —O e l g Igor— O lga
-

E umpe in the Ni nt h Cent ury—B ia rmaland—th e Cri m ea

C HAP TER VIIL Fnowoai TO 9 71

- .

S v iatozi af— He s ub d ues th e Ch a z a re—Inv a des th e Greek Empirh i cipalities

' ‘
l he Pr n
4 C ONTENT S .

P AG E
C HAPTER IX— FBOM 97 1 TO 1015 .

Vla di mi r th e G reat—Th e R uss i a ns are c onverte d to C h ri s ti a nity

C HAP TER x — Fnom 1015 TO 1053 .

S v i a tOpolk— Th e Po les i nv a d e Rus s i a—Jam s l a f

C HAPTE R 800 to 1070 .

v k h d
Th e A ars or Tur s — M a m ou o t Gh izni- He n a e s In
’
i v d di a —Th e S elj uk Tur k s
g l M k h h
To r ul B eg—Alp Ar s an— al e S a — Th e Po i otzi

C HAP TE R XII — FROM 1053 TO 107 8 .

Iz ias l a f—Th e Po l es inva de R us s i a— Sv iatozla f II — Vyzev ol d— N ov o g orod

.

C HAPTER XIIl .
— Fno m 107 8 TO 1126 .

Vyzev old Ja rdsl a fov i tz—Sv lato polk Izi a si afov i tz— V l a di m ir M onoma chus

C HAP TE R XIV — . FBOM 1125 to 11 5 7 .

Th e Po esl i nva d e R uss i a — Yourii D oig orouki— M os cow foun de d— Kin gdom of Hali ch 1 67

CHAPTE R XV— Fno mr 1 15 7 TO 1214

. .

C onti nua ti on of th e Hi st ory o f R uss ia— Invas ion of th e Po l es— S t a t e of So c i e t y

C HAP TER XVI

A ffa i r s of Po l a n d— E s th oni a— L i von i a — C ourl a nd— Th e Teut oni c Knigh ts—Lithu
a ni a— Th e O tto ma n Turks — The O rigi n o f th e M ongul s

BOOK 11 .

FR OM THE C ON QUE STS O F THE MON G UL S TO THE RISE OF TIMUR .

CHAPTER I Fa om 1175 TO 1227

. - .

Zingis Kh an—Th e C onq ues t s of th e M ong uis

CHAP TER II — Fnonr 1214 TO 12 48

. .

Th e Pri nc es of K io f— Pa th Kh a n— He c onq uer s R us s i a a nd ra v a ges Po l a nd and

,

Hungary—E m ba s s y se nt b y th e Po pe to th e G ran d Kh a n—E l ec ti o n of C ouy uk_ .

K m ac or um- C a m p o f B a th a t S emi

C HAP TER Il l —FROM 1246 To 1263 .

Y arosi at of N ov ogorod— M angon Kh a n— Kubl a i c onq uers C h ina—Hoi ag ou c on quers

‘

Persi a — Th e Mong ul s of C h lna—Kh a ns or K ipz ak

 C O NT EN T S . 5

P AG 3
CHAPTER 1V— Fno m 1240 TO 1302 . .

R ei gn of Al e xa nd er N ev sko i i n R us si a- N o h a i s R e be lli on— The Mon i s of Pers i

’
g gn a
A b a ga— Ar gnn~Voyag e of th e C hi nese P i nc es s to Pers i a K a z a n
r -

C HAP TE R “4 11 m : 1271 TO 13 40 .

C o nti nua ti on of th e Hi s t ory o f R us s i a— R ei gns o f Ya osl a f D em etri u a nd Andrea

r
s , , .

L ith uan i a — Th e Ge no es e C o l oni es —Uzb e k Kh a n— E xec uti ons o f M i chae l D eme

,
triu s a nd A l ex an d er— Iva n I
, .

C HAPTE R VI — Fa o u 1340 To 13 5 2 .

C ha ra c t er of the R us s i a n s—Th e B l a c k D ea th

CHAPTER V11 — Fno m 1352 to

. 1 392 .

Re i gn of D emetri us D onsko i— K ipza k— Lith ua ni a— B a ttle of the D on— Mos co w

b urned— Monas teri es Li tera tureéPola nd— Th e Te uton i c K ni gh ts
-

BOOK III .

THE HISTOR Y I
OF T M UR A N
D HIS S UCC ESS OR S .

C HAP TER L—Fnom 133 6 TO 1404 .

Ti mur B ek or Tamerl ane— Hi s C on ques ts — Tokta m is h

C H AP TE R II —Fno m 1398 TO 1400 .

i
T mur n i va des Ind i a—The G i ps ws
C HAP TER III — Fri om 1399 TO 1403 .

Ti m ur m ar c h es a gai ns t G eor gi a S yr i a and th e O tt o m a ns—C a pt ure s Baj a zet

, ,

C HAP TE R 1V— Fnon 1403 To 1530 . .

Ti mur re tur ns to Sa m ar c and—S et s out fo r C hi na—Hi s D ea th— Tr oubles i n th e E m

p i re— His S ucces s o s —Th e E m peror B a ber
r

BOOK IV .

C O N T IN U A T I O N I T Y
O F THE H S OR OF R S S A, TO THE F N AL EX U I I TIN CT ION
U P
OF THE M ON G L OW ER IN E R OPE U .

CHAP TER I .

i t
Th e F fteen h C en ur — Fa t y ll of C onstnnti ne pie— The Monguis—Th ei r Con querors a n d
c d t
D es en a n s —Th e C ossa ck s
C HA PTER II .

Hor d e Ci Tonshi—R eign o t Va ssili, Ba zll th e B ind— l Manners a nd Cu toms

” ’
Th e
'

or s

o f the R us s i a ns
6 CON TEN T S .

PAG E
C HAPTE R III .

Th e Re ign of I van Vassilov itz—Hi s C on q ues t s Ma n ia g e wi th S Oph i a o i B y z a nti um

’
'
-

S t at e of th e Church— A nevr C od e of L e wis —Wa r wi th K ip za k— E m b a ss i e s to

'

M o s co w

C HAP TE R IV .

E mba s sy to Vi enna a nd C op enh a ge n—W ar w ith Fi nl a n d

CHAPTER V .

vey of R uss i a— S ib er i a— Its

S ur Conquest The C ri mea—Her Khan
- su bmits to the
Tur k s

C HAPTER VI .

W r b e t wee n Moscow and Pol a nd— C oro na ti on of D em et ri us Dea th of I va n III

a - .

A cc es s i o n o f B a zil IV — Pr i nc e Glinski _ Pil la g e o f M o s cow — W a r w ith K a an

. z

D ea th of B a zil— Acces s ion of Iv a n th e Terr ible— C a pture of Ka z an and A s tra kh an

E x ti nc ti on of th e M on gul p ower in E urop e

APPENDIX .

P e rm s DESCRIBING THE PLACES AND Ma m as o r THE PEOPLE, AND THE C OUNTRY OF

R US SIA, BY Ma sm a
'
GEOR GE TURBERVILLE
'

, 1668

P usa a m s LAY on THE

'
WISE OLEG
 BOOK I

FROM THE EARLIEST AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF SCYTHIA

TO THE

CONQUESTS OF THE MONGUL TARTARS .

Firs t then fr om henc e

Turn to the o rien t s un, a n dp a ss the he ig h t
O f the se un c ul tured m o un ta in s ; then c e d es c e nd
’
To w h er e th e w a n d eri n g S c yth i a n s , tr a i n d to he a t
Th e d is ta nt w oun din g h ow , o n w he el s a l o ft
R oll on thei r w a ttle d c o tta g es .
”
Tr a nsla tio n of Es c hy l us
'

POTTEB S .
 THE ARCHER AND THE STEPPE
‘

C HA P T ER I .

gldrs butfis n .

O ft o e r the trem bl in
‘
tio ns fro m afa r
na
t i b
Has S oy h a rea th th e l i vin g clo ud of w ar
.
-
. Cm .

D UR IN G the cen tury befo re d th a t s uccee din g the Chris

,
an

tia n er a the whole po we r i nflu en ce, a nd civilis a tio n of the

, ,

e n tire k n o wn world we re c e n tre d i n o n e proud a n d d es p o tic

mili ta ry s ta te Rome by c on qu es t a n d i ntimida tio n ha d

.
, ,

r e n de re d h e rs elf mi s tre ss of a l l the explore d a n d m os t

fa vo ur e d pa rts of A s ia Africa a n d E urope her Iegi o n s h eld
, ,
‘

i n o be di e n ce eve ry n a tio n , fr o m the extremiti es of G re ece to

the Briti s h i s les a n d the Atl a n tic oc ea n ; her ea gl es we r e
bor n e a n d drea ded from the sa n ds of E gypt a nd Ar a bia to ,

whe re the ba rba rous T e uto n o n the s hores of th e Ba ltic , ,

e n c o un t e re d the rough wea p o n s of the Go th th e wide

wa s tes o f Scythia a lon e were to her un kn own a n d untro dden
pla ins a n d from S cythia her fi na l i n va ders a nd co n que rors
,

ca m e .

This n a m e w as the va gue a n d ge n era l a ppella tio n bes to w e d

by th e Gre e ks a n d the R o ma n s upo n a ll the coun tries th a t
e x ten d e d from the b a nk s of the Dn ie pe r to the borde rs o f the

a lm os t fa bulous C a th a y
*
I n thos e d a ys they were di v id e d
.

by the a n ci en ts in to E uro p ean a n d As ia tic S cythia ; to

m o de rn ge ogra phe rs they a re kn own a s Russ ia a n d Ta rt a ry .

The fo rme r, a s the ba rri e r be tween As i a a nd E ur o pe , the

th ea tres of pres en t a ctio n a n d civi lisa tio n a n d pa s t gra n d eur ,

a n d fa m e h as be e n a gita te d from tim e to ti me by the r ev o lu

,

tio n s with whi ch both ha ve be en con vul sed ; a n d ove r h er

h a s the firs t fury of eve ry te mp es t rolled , th a t ha s s o
fre qu e n tly burs t forth from the c en tre of the grea t er c on
tin e n t, a n d r us hed li ke a whi r lwi n d over h a lf the ea rth
. .

The anc i nt n m e of Ch i na e a .
10 THE AR C H ER AND THE ST E PPE .

F rom the de pths of Ta r t a ry, or As i a tic S cythi a , ha s or i

g i n a lly i ss u e d e ve ry t o rren t of i n va din g ba r b a r i a n s th a t
h a ve o verru n E as te rn E urope fo r the l a s t n in e hu n dre d ye a rs .

C r a dl e d o n the glo omy s t e ppes o f Mo n go li a wh e re th e ea rth ,

fo r n i n e mohth s fr eniai n sf bufied u n de r a thick be d o f s no w,

' "

and w h ere the Sole vegeta ti o n c on sis ts o f sh o r t g ra s s a n d a ,

fe w s ca n ty tuft s o f h ea th th e se hor de s o f m a rti a l s h e ph e rds

,

ha v e p e ri o dica lly p o ur e d do w n i n s ea rch of a rich e r c o u n try

-

a n d m o re gra t eful s o il a n d spr ea din g o v e r th e b a rr e n pl a i n s

, ,

o f Ta rt a r y a n d Ru s s ia h a v e form e d th e m s e lv es i n to m o vi n g
,

e mpire s who for a fe w y ea rs h a ve d o min eer e d ov e r th e s u r

,

ro un di n g tr e mblin g n a ti on s a n d th e n va n i s h e d a n d m e lte d ,

a wa y ; l ea vi n g little o th e r tr a c e o f the ir e xi s t en c e th a n th e

re co r d of de s tr uction S uch we r e th e mon a rchies o f the Hu n s ,

.

the Igo u r s a n d Ava rs j the C ha za r s , Po lo tzi a n d M o n gu ls

' ”

, . ,

w hile the O ttom an Tu rks who a re a l s o S cythia n i n o rigin , .

a n d des cen t, more for tu n a te th a n th eir pre de c e ss ors h a ve

ma i n ta i n e d a positi o n in: o ne of th e fine s t c o u n tri es of E ur o p e
.

fo r the la st fo ur hu n dre d yea rs .

As the mo st end urin g m o s t powerful a n d th e m o s t kn o wn , , ,

both in a n cien t a ni m o d er n tim es , o f th e s e tur bulen t na ti o n s

o f the n o rth R u ssi a occu pi e s by fa r the m o s t promi n e n t
.

pa rt in the his to ry o f the Scy thia n e mpire s ; an d I sha ll

“

therefore m a ke the a n na l s of tha t co un try my pri n cipa l

; .

subj e c t A fter tra cing the origin o f her pe o pl e I s h a ll gla n ce

.
,
.

a t the progres s o f the R un s the C ha za rs a n d the n u m e ro u s ,

.
i
,

o the r T a rta r tr ibes , who s e; n a m es w e re o n ly k n o wn by their ,

in ro a ds i n the middl e a ges to th e cou n tries a n d in ha bit a n ts ,

.

o f e a s t ern E uro p e , Then s ke tchi ng the ri s e o f the Ru ss ia n

.
,

m o n a rchy I s h a ll! proce ed to the con qu es t s o f Z ingis Kh a n

, .

an d the Mo n gol s a n d th e wa rs of his d e s c en da n t, a n d s till

, ,

m o re fo r mid a bl e c o un t ry ma n Timur w ith the s h o r t li ved .

, ,
-
.

domin a tio n of Sa marrc an d . .

The a ncient pa trimony O f the Ta r tar s is n o w i n c lud e d in - -

.
.

the em pi r es of Rus s ia a n d C hi na but th eir con qu e s ts which ,

.

ext en ded ov e r I ndi a, Chi na, Rus s ia S ib e ri a a n d G r ee c e h a ve

.
, , ,

le ft u p on the i nhabita nt s of bo th tho se c ou n tries a dee p .

.

i mp ress o ffthei r lo n g a nd tyr a n n ica l s wa y 3 a nd the re is gre a t

r es embl a n ce in m an y of the ir c us t o ms an d l a ws , the ir :

j ea lous y of foreign n a ti on s dres s a ppea ran ce a n d ch a ra cte r , , , ,

g th
Amon st e se m a be mentioned hi ch preva ils a l ik e in St Pete sb ur g Pekln
on e w r
i ch c a ll s o n the E m per r or S ultan w h eneve a fire b rea k s o u t
.
, ,
a n d C ons ta ntlno p ienw o r
c pit t personall y in its exti nction
,
in th e a al , to a ss i s .
 mm onucr i on .
11

and des potic p a tria rch a l form o f gov e rn m en t The s a m e .

e xclu s ive ch a ra cte r de c r ees fo r biddi n

, g e migra tio n r i gid a d ,

h e r en ce to a n ci en t u s a ges a n d n umer ou s s e cret s o ci e ties

, ,

p o litical a n d r e ligious a r e a li ke re ma rka ble in b o th ; a n d

,

both e mpire s h a ve b een fre qu en tly s ubdue d a n d rul e d by

fo re ign i n va de rs a n d s a va ge wa rli ke h o rd e s 3 a n d e xhibitin g ,

a vita lity a lmo s t u n kn o wn to th e n a tio n s of E uro pe h a ve ,

ris e n a ga in fro m th e i r a s hes an d e ma n cipa ti ng them se lves

, ,

fro m th eir con que ro rs , ha ve flo uris h e d a ga in w ith rene wed

vigo ur a n d pr o sp erity .

Bu t th e Chi n ese w ho s i n ce th a t time h a ve on c e more

,

fa ll en u n de r Ta rta r rul ers w ith wh o m a n d the n a tive s a

,

w a r h a s l o n g b ee n ra gi n g which threa t e n s to t ea r i n pi ec es
,

th e w h o l e C e l es ti a l E mpi re, a pp ea r th ems e lves to h a v e b ee n

a S cythia n p eo pl e a n d th e re fo re o nly ea rly se ttle d a n d
,
. .

civil ize d T a rta rs , The i r m a n n ers , s a ys D r La th a m in .

,

m a n y re s p e cts grea tly res e mbl e those pe culi a r to th e S cythi a n

tribes de s cribe d by Herodotus a Ge r ma n a utho r h a s poin te d -

o u t s ev e nte e n di ffe re n t cu s toms which a r e id e n tic a l i n the

C hi nes e a n d Tur ks the ir l a n g ua ge h a s been proved to be :

by n o me a n s s o di s s imil a r to a ll o ther n a ti o n s a s h as fo rmerly

.

b e e n s upp o s e d ; a n d the d ra go n the e mbl e m o f S cythia is , ,

*
u s e d a li k e by the S la voni a n s Chi es e
n a n d T rt r
,
a a s ,
.

Ab o ut six hun dre d ye a rs be fo re Chris t , a horde of S cy

thi a n s c o n qu e re d I n dia ; a n d o n e of th e ir tribes , the fa ir
ha ire d blu e eye d Ge tae return i n g towa rd s th e n o rth a n d esta
,
-
, ,

bl is hin g th e ms elve s in the pl a ins to th e ea s t o f th e C a s pi a n ,

fi n a ll y s e t tle d in S ca n din a via l ea vi n g a fe w who a r e s till

,

c a ll e d Jit s in H in do s ta u fi while i n E urope they b e ca me

k nown a n d cele bra t e d by the n a me of G o ths .

c
En yc lop e dia Br ita nni a — D r La a m c th .

l
. .

Anna s a nd An tiqu m es o f R ai a s tha n

‘
{
T o d s .
 C H A P T E R II .

fi
nba hfianta
gla zes s ub ut mtlis st
b
-

p t
C a m es res m e li u S cyth aa
s
a g s r te tra h unt do m os
,

Quorum pla us tra s v a i .

M iv unt e t i g idi Ge rm
r
Immeta ta q uib us j ugera li b era s — HO R AC E
.

. .

UN T I L towa rds the l a tte r an d of th e la s t c en tury, when {

the a mbiti o n a n d c o n qu es t s of h er s o v e re ign s ha d brought

Ru ss ia i n to clos e c on ta ct a n d oppos itio n w ith the o th e r m o r e
a dva n ce d n a ti o ns of E uro pe s h e h a d bee n co n s ide re d by
,

h er c o n tem p o ra r i es o f th e wes t a s ra th e r a n As i a tic th a n a

E ur o pea n powe r to o ba r ba r ous a n d r e mo te to c on te n d w ith
,

th eir s ta te s m e n i n the c a bi n e t or m a in ta i n a n y i n te r e s t or
,

in flu en ce in c o mmon with th e i r o w n ; a n d s hut o u t by the

s t o r m y Po la n d h e r s e ve re a n d rigo rou s clim a t e a n d th e ,
,

e xclu s iv e p o licy o f her go v er n me n t

.
fro m tra d e or i n ti m a t e
,

con n e ction w ith the re s t o f the co n ti n en t s he h a d lon g b e en

s h r ely a n d gra du a lly i n cre a s i n g b o th i n p o we r a n d e xt e n t
f
,

though h a rdly kn ow n a nd un he e de d e xce pt by a fe w fa r

s ight e d p o liticia n s a n d th e n eighb o urin g s t a t e s with wh o m
,

s he w a s co nti n u a lly a t w a r Thi s i s o l a ti o n m a y be c o n

.

s id er e d to h a v e c o mm en c e d i n the e l e v en th a n d twe lfth

c en turi es when a c a reer of pr o s pe ri ty a n d c o n que s t which
, ,

might h a ve en ded in the s ubjuga tion of the th en d a r ke n a n d

more ign o ra n t n a tio n s of the wes t w a s cut s hort by the per ,

petua l in r oa ds o f the s a va ge T a rta r trib es w ho h o ve r e d o n

l

her ea st e rn b o rde r a n d the civil di s co rds o f h er pri n ce s a n d

,

l a t e r by the ra pid con qu est s o f the M o n gu ls un de r whom

, ,

sh e w as l o n g h eld i n s la ve ry .

Ne ith er hi s to ry nor tra ditio n ha s l e ft u s a n y po s i tive

i n fo rma ti o n whe n the firs t col on is t s fro m Asi a en te re d
-

Euro pe ; but it i s gen era lly co n s idere d th a t th e Fi nn s we re

the firs t i n h abita n ts of Ru s si a a n d i n d e e d o f t he whol e c o n
,

tin en t a n d th a t fthey w e re from t he n ce driv en gra dua lly

,

n o rthwa rds to the e xtre miti e s of N o r wa y Fi nl a n d a n d , ,

La pl and, w here th ey n e w dwell, by the s e con d immigra ti o n ,

 R U SSIA, AN D H ER EARL IEST IN H ABI TAN T S . 13

which w a s pro ba bly th a t o f th e C elts Whil e the Fin n s .

r etr ea te d towa rds the n o rth this la s t p eo ple m o ve d o n to

,

the wes t b e i n g e xp el le d fro m the Ru ss i a n s te pp es by a fres h

,

h o rde o f i n va ders the S cythia n s w ho s c a tte rin g the i n

, , ,

h a bit a n t s b e fo re th e m li ke ch a ff pre cipita te d th e m s e lv es ,

up o n E a s te rn E ur o p e The ir fa milies a n d ca ttle e n ca mpe d

.

u po n he r e xt e n s ive pl a i n s which h a ve s ucc es s iv ely pa s tur e d

,

th e fl o c k s o f the Fi nn s C elts S cythi a n s G o ths Hu n s a n d

, , , , ,

M o n gu ls th e i n ho s pit a bl e clim a t e d en yi n g to a p e o ple n o t

\

s ki ll e d in a g r icult u re a n
y o the r m o d e of s uppo r tin g life th a n
,
.

th a t of w a n de r i n g she phe rds o r hun t ers But s in c e the .

p o we r o f the la s t of thes e i n v a de rs w a s o ve r thro wn th e ,

Ru s s ia n e mpire ha s c o n tin ued to i n c r ea se i n exten t a n d

p o w e r till it n o w emb ra c es a s ixth o f the h a bita ble portio n
,

o f the gl o b e a n d e xt e n di n
, g fr o m th e b o rd e r s o f the Pa cific
O cea n to tho se o f the Ba ltic Sea a n d fro m the i c e b o u n d ,
-

s h o re s of th e Ar ctic to the s u n n y a n d fe r tile la n ds o f

P e rs i a a n d Ar me n i a the gre a tes t dive rs i ty i s to be fo u n d
,

i n the i nh a bita n ts clim a t e v e ge t a ti o n a n d ge n e ra l a s p e ct o f

, , ,

the c o un try the fo rm e r c o mp r i s i n g n ea r ly a hu n dre d difl e

re n t na ti o ns ; for the ha n ds o m e G e o r gia n the s wa rthy ,

T a rta r th e fa ir Es tho n i a n the P e rsi a n o f E r iva n , the s ma ll

, ,

a n d timid L a pp , the G h e b e r o f B a ku th e fi s h e a ti n
g S a mo
-
,

ye de a n d th e Bo ya rd o f M o s c o w a ll a li ke o w n th e s w a y o f
, ,

the C za r In th e n o rth w h e r e gl o om y fo res t s o f pi n e a n d

.
,

fir w i th d ee p b o gs a n d e xt en s ive m a r s he s c o ve r the fac e o f

, ,

the co un tr y till the y a r e r e duc e d o n the s h o re s of the Whi te

, ,

S ea a n d F rozen O c ea n to s ca n ty wo o ds o f the d w a r fis h bi r ch
,
-

a nd l a rch th e in h a bit a n ts a r e d ra wn in the ir sl e d ges by the

,

r e in de e r a n d s tro n g a n d s h a ggy S a mo ye de dog 5 whil e i n

,

th e s o uth the a rid s t e pp es

,
oversprea d with gra s s a r e
, ,

tra ve rs ed by th e c a m e l a n d a r a ba , wh o se dr ive rs the fe w ,

n o m a di c t ri b es s till r o a mi n g a cro s s th es e sa n d y w a s t es ,

b el o n g to the h o rde o f N o ga y Ta r ta r s the pe a ceful a n d i n s ig ,

n ifi ca n t d es c e n d a n t s o f the l a s t a n d fi e rc est c o n que ro rs of .

the e mp i re .

The o n ly moun ta i ns o f a n y e xt en t th a t bre a k the u n i -

formity o f the le ve l l a n d s c a pe i n Ru s sia a r e the Ura ls , ,

kn o wn to the a n ci e n ts a s the R yphea n ch a i n which di vide ,

Europe from As i a ; th e hill s o f the Ca ucas u s wh o se lo fty ,

pea ks fa m o us in G re cia n fa bl e a n d Pe rs ia n s o n g ris e b eyo n d

, ,

the s tepp es of the Do n a nd the Bla c k Sea ; a n d fur ther

 14
7 THE AR C HER AN D THE e rr E.

sou th in the kingdom of G eorgia w her e the v i ne m u lberr y

, , , ,

an d o ra n ge lu xuri a n tly a n d u n cultiva ted gro w li es the

, , ,

s olit a ry a n d s n ow c a pp e d Mou n t of Ar a ra t c e le br a t e d a s th e
-
,

res ting pla ce o f the a r k

-
.

Her rivers o f which th e Vo lga i s the lo n g es t in E uro pe

, ,

a r e n a viga bl e a lmos t to th e ir s o urce a n d, b ein g c o n n e ct e d b y ,

c a n a ls fo rm a co mmun ic a ti o n b e t w ee n the Bla ck C a s pi a n

, , ,

White a n d Ba ltic Sea s t h o ugh fro m the s ca rc i ty o f wa t er

, , ,

d “
in th es e p a rts s e ve ra l a tt e,
mpt s to u n it e th e D o n a n V o lga ?
which a pproa ch to w i thi n a d is ta n ce of fo rty mil es h a ve ,

fa i le d a n d th e y a r e r e n de re d us e l es s dur i n g ma n y m o n ths o f
,

the yea r by th e i c e , which a n n u a lly bl o c ks up e ve ry h a rb o u r

in th e e mpi re with the exc epti o n o f tw o or th r ee o n the
,

Euxi n e thu s formi n g a gr ea t impe dim e n t to the c omme rc e

'

o f Ru s s ia by s ea a n d c a us i ng he r to c a rry o n a c o mpa ra tiv e ly

,

la rge r tra de by ca ra va ns w ith S ibe ria Chin a a n d a ll C e n tra l , ,

~

As i a tha n with the othe r n a tion s of Euro pe

,
-[
Th e limits of .

n o e mpire h a ve s o fre qu en tly ch a n ge d a s tho se of Ru s s ia ;

h er t e r rito ri es h a v in g s prea d i n the ea rly p er iod of h er ,

hi s tory ove r n ea rly the s a m e e xt en t o f cou n try in E ur o pe

,

th a t they a t pre sen t o ccupy ; while i n the b eginni ng o f the

sixtee n th ce n tury wh en s he fin a lly e m a n cipa te d he rs e lf fro m
,

the T a rt a r rule th e y h a d dwi nd l e d do wn to l ittl e mo re

,

th a n Mo s co w h er ca pita l an d a fe w s urro u ndi n g pr o v in c es

, , ,

th en kn o wn a s Mus co vy The ki n gdom s o f P o la n d G e orgi a .

, ,

S ibe ri a K as a n A s tra kha n a nd the Crim ea, with a pa r t o f

,
.

Arme n ia a n d th e Gra n d D u chy of Fi nl a n d a r e n o w in cl u de d ,

withi n her fr on tier s w her e tho ugh th e Sl a vo nia n is the m o s t

,
f
,

con s id e ra ble a n d d o mi n a n t r a c e i it has prob a bly v e ry much ,

' '

i n t e rmin gl e d with the Ta rta r trib es by w h o m it ha s bee n s o , .

fr e quen tly s ubdu e d pa rticula rly the M o n guls i ts l a tes t foreign

, ,

m a s t ers fro m who m a hundre d a n d thirty n oble Ru s s ia n

,

fa mili e s ar e des cen d e d beside s m a ny of the co mm o n people , .

N ume ro us words in the Russ ia n l a n gua ge a r e a l s o d eri ve d

fro m the s a me s our ce 3 s e vera l of th eir n a m es fo r w eights ,

m ea s ures a nd c o in s the pu nis hm en t o f the kn out v a r i ou s

, , ,

le ga l custo ms h a bits o f life a n d a rticl es o f d r e ss w ith m a n y

, ,

of the fo r m s a n d ce rem on ie s a t th eir c o urt :

.
a hey h a ve been joined wi thin the la s t few yea s by t ra m ra li w a y
T '
. r a
Pro fessor R e rz ius o f S to ckho l m m a i nt a i ns th a t th e S l a v o ni a ns th e m se l ves do no t
.

be n g to th e C au c as i an d i vi s io n o f the h um a n fa m il y Dr W h a m c o ns iders tha t n in e

tenth s of the mo dem Ru s i a ns a nd i nh a bit nts o f R us i a are o f the Ta rta r ra ce ; o a
. .

s a s r, s
he denomi na tes i tg th e U gri a n in w h i c h c a t e gor y no co m pr i ses th e Huns Fi nns
, ,
'

m uck s a nd a ll th e Tar tar t ribes In th e empi re exc ept tire B s hklrs

,
- , ,
-
, l
a .

t nrticle
 R U SSIA AND m m m a t msr - AN T
INH ARIT 15
"

, S.

The S cythi a ns a r e the first in ha bitan ts o f Russ ia of w ho m

we ha ve a ny kn o w l edge Th e y people d the n orth o f A s i a .

a nd the ea s t of Eur o p e an d fro m the mo s t di st an t ti mes

,

fre quently ove rthre w the thro n es of So uthe rn As ia , pen e

tra ti ng o n o n e occa s i on e ven a s far a s Egypt, W he re, be fore
the da ys of the P ha ra oh s, they fo u n d ed a d yn a sty ca lled the
Hysko s or S h e phe rd kin gs
, In the fifth boo k o f the .

C hro nicles of B e ro s u s the C ha ldea n tha t a n ci e n t w ri t er

, ,

in fo r ms u s th a t Nimr o d se n t As syr iu s Me du s Mo s ena, a n d , ,

M a go g to fo un d c ol o ni es in var ious par ts of As ia a n d E urope

, ,

a n d tha t M o s c u s pla n t e d s e ttl e me n t s i n both co n tin en t s .

This ac co u nt h as given ris e to the s uppos iti o n tha t Meson s ,

ca m e to Eu ro pean S cythia a n d tha t fro m him the river ,

M osc o wa rec eive d i ts n a m e ; 1 while A ssyr ius wa s fa ther of ‘

the As syri a n M e dus o f the Me d es a n d M a gog of the E ast ern

, ,

S cythi a ns, or Ta r ta rs He ro d o tus d e s c r ibes the s e peopl e as

.

in ha biti n g a c o u n try to the wes tw a rd of the Ta na is from ,

when ce they ha d dri v e n the Cim me r ii i (a C eltic tribe ) ,

whom Nie buhr s u ppose s reti re d to w a rd s the wes t an d em i ,

gra te d from S cyt hia in to the c o un t ri es on the D a nu be a nd ,

a ccordi n g to S ir I sa a c Ne wto n b o th n a tio n s mus t h a ve ,

s pre a d t hem s e lve s o ve r E ur o p e a n d L es s e r Asi a be fo re the

y ea r of the flood 1 220 tha t is a bo ut the time of the Isra eli

, ,

tis h judge s The S cythi an h o rdes w h o ca me i n to E urop e

.
,

had been ex pe lle d from the e as tw a r d o f the C as pi a n by the

Ma s sa getae a nothe r of the ir t rib e s "w h o ha d be e n di s
, ,

po ss e ss e d of the ir o w n cou n try by N i nu s ki n g of A s syri a ,

a n d th e y a pp ea r to h a v e c a rrie d o n s ome c omm erce wit h the

Gree ks, a s we le a r n from the hi s toria n tha t the c ar a va n s of

Gree k merc ha n ts w ho tra de d up th e Te nais or Don towa rds
, ,

the U ra l mou n ta in s we re a lwa ys a ccompa n i e d by seven

,

i nte rpre te rs s pea ki ng a s m a n y diffe ren t la n gua es In the

,
g .

a n na l s of Pe rs i a a ll the cou n try n orth of the Ca uc as u s a n d

,

rive r O xus is ca ll e d Tura n o r La n d of D a rkn ess in co ntra , ,

dis ti nction to I ra n or the La n d of th e Sun ; a nd their

,

hi s tory tra ns mi ts the re cord of p e rp etual w a rs ca r ri ed o n

Some h i s tori a ns h a ve conje c ture d th a t th i s n ame wa s deri ve d from Mesech a s on o f

Ja li e t a nd q uo te th e p s s a ge f o m E z eki e l w h i c h d e s c rib es M s eoh a s s uppl yi n ? re
.

wi fh s ta ves a nd bra z e n vessel s (the T rta rs from th e e rnes t a ge s ha ve bee n 3kgi n i n

a r , e
.
a a ,

Wo rki ng me t a l s ) In s up po rt o tthel r g um e nt
,
‘

ar

S lr Jero me Hors ey s Tra e ls n R u a

.
.
’
v i ss i

Herod o t us s ta t es th a t i n h is fim c more were s till many m onuments and b ri d ges

.

,
ere c ted b y the C h nm r la na m S cy t hi
e a .

Prttc ha rd s
' "
N a ture dis torv 0 : Ma n.
 16 TH E AR C HER AND THE S TEPPE .

b e tw een the tw o na ti o n s fr o m the m os t r em o e t p er i o d of

a n tiqu ity
*
.

The sa m e m a nn er s ,m o d e o f living, a pp ea r to
t
c u s o m s, a n d

ha v e p r e va ile d a m o n g a l l th e tr ib es o f the S c ythi an s, fr o m

the s h ore s o f the Eu xi n e to w h er e th ey en c o un te r e d th e
-

e m pir e o f the R u n s , o n the b o r d er s o f Chin a , a n d c l o s e ly r e

se m bl e d th o s e o f the m o der n Ta r ta r s Th e ir pla in s a b o u n d e d .

-

i n w ild h o rs es o n e o f w hi c h w a s p o ss e s s e d by e v ery w a r r i o r
, ,

w h o s e a r m s c o n s i s t e d o f w o o den s p e a r s o r j a v eli n s a bo w ,

a n d a qu iver o f p o i s o n e d a r r o w s a n d i n p a ss i n
g a r i v er i
‘

the y m a de u s e o f th eir s a ddl e s c o n s is tin g o f l ea th er sa c k s ,

s tu fi
'

e d w ith s tr a w u p o n w hi c h th e y s a t ca u s i n g th e ir h o r ses
, , ,

w h o s e ta il s th ey h eld to s w i m b e fo re th em a n d thu s fl oa t
, ,

th em a c r oss Wh en tw o S c ythi a n s w is h e d to s w ea r a n eter n a l

.

frie n ds hip th e y w er e a c c u st o m e d to m a k e a n in c is io n i n th eir

,

b o dies a n d m i n gli ng the ir blo o d i n a c u p firs t di pp e d i nt o

, , ,

th e v e s s e l the p o in ts o f th ei r s w o r d s a n d th en s u c k e d the e n d s ,
.

Bu t th e g eo gr a phy a n d hi s to r y o f S c ythi a a pp ea r s to h a v e
been ver y im p er fec tly kn o w n to the Gr e ek s 1 to w h o m s he ,

ga ve tw o phil oso ph er s a n d w ho c e l e br a t e d i n th eir s on gs in

, ,

the da ys o f H o m er , th e p ea ce a n d i n n o c en c e o f the pa s t or a l
li fe a s e xis te d u p o n her pla in s u n a w a r e o f the s a v a ge m a n n e r s
,

o f he r p eo pl e a n d the fre qu e n cy w ith w hi c h th o s e v e r d a n t

,

fie lds w ere s ta i n e d w ith bl o o d Th e s a m e c u s t o m th a t pr e .

f

va il e d a m on g the H un s a n c ie n t R u s sia n s M o n guls a n d a ll

, , ,

th e T a r ta r tr ibes o f s a c rific i n g h o r se s a n d s l a ves o v e r the

,

gr a ves o f th e ir n o bl es a n d c hie fs w a s a l s o pr a c tise d i n ,

S c ythia a n d the pr in c ipa l w ife o f a s o ver eign w i th his c oc k, ,

c u pb e a rer m ess en ger a n d fifty n a ti v e S cythi a n s l a v e s a n d

, , ,

h o rses w er e a ll s tra n gle d o v er the t om b o f th e ir c hi ef w h o

, ,
w a s u s u a lly bu r i e d w ith g r ea t p o m p a n d ce re m o n y j e w e ls
,

The P i p
ers a n b
oe ts c el e rate . i n m a n gl i
of t e r s on s , th eg ifi h i g
or es a n d m a n c en ce o f
Afra s ib. T
a n a nc i e nt u n g o f th e
l b i pl did
ur a n a n s . th e n u m e rs o f h i s re t n u e , a nd s e n
c o ur t h i i h h b d d
He w as th e r i v a l o f t e r fa v o ur te e ro , R o us tem , w o s e fa m e h a s ee n rec o r e
I i h d T i k i g li k h h
.

i n a n ra n a n oem of te n t ou s a n v erse s Th e ura n a n n s, e th e P ar a o s o f

g p k b
.

E y t, w ere a 1 no w n th e n a m e o f Ai ra s ib
'

h b i g d Ki h d D ip
.

f i n 1 240 , w en th e o ng u ls
‘
es e e o i, t ey c ros s e th e n e er i n th e s a me
m a nner .

1 id ph g g ph
A rte m orus of E e s us. a e o ra fl ih d b
er, w h o o ur s e d
a o ut th e y ear 10 0 n o , s ta te
pl d l p di i
. .

th a t the c ountry e a s t o r th e Ta na i s w a s unex o re ; a nd s o a te a s a fte r th e e x e t o n of

l d G C pi b i d g h
A exa n e r the re a t, th e a s a n w a s el ev e to be a ul f o i th e N o r t er n O c e a n, a nd
‘

P li i h t pp d
ny n fo rm s u s t a h is c o n tem po r a ries s u Pl os e th e a us M a otis S ea o f A zo f to be
) (
d h A V lg T k G k
'

c o n n ec te W i t th e rc ti c S ea h e o a w a s u n no w n to th e re e s , a n d i s fir s t
i pi i
.

m entioned , u nder th e n a m e o f R h a . by th e R o m a n w r ters It i s a c o m m o n O n o n

i g l gi h i hi p i l p i d
.

a m o n the m os t e m nent eo o s ts . t a t ti ll w t n a c o m a ra t v e
w or
g
ld hi3 Bl k S
s to ry. th e C a Spia n a n d ac d h y re c en t er o o f th e
ea s w e re c o nnec te . a n d t a t th e o cea n o v e r
d d pp h b h h C hi h
no w e th e s a n y s te es t a t no w lie e tw ee n t e m to th e nor t o r the a uc a s us , w c
ill
a re s t gl i p g d i h l
s tro n y m re na te h ll H d
w t sa t a n d s e s p k ero o tus s ea s o f th e S ea of
bi g b i k
.

Azof a s e n oi a o ut the sa me extent a s the R e c Sea .

18 m nn AND TH E swa r ms
a n c nz .

c ha n ged the ir ha bi t ation s to pr o cu re pas tur e for th eir fl o c k s

a n d h er ds : th e ir o v er n m e n t w a s m o na r c hi c al a nd th e
g ,

d e fer en ce the y pa id to th eir so ve r e igns w a s u n pa r a ll ele d .

Whe n th e kin g die d h is bo dy w a s c a rr ie d th r o u gh e ve r y pr o

,
“

v i n c e w h er e i t w a s re c e i v e d in s o l em n pr oc e s s i o n a n d a fter
, ,

w a r d s bu r i e d * a n d the tu m u li w hic h a bo un d in S o u the rn

,

Ru ss i a a n d u po n the ea s ter n c oa s ts o f th e C rim ea, a r e

, .

s upp o se d to h av e be e n e r ec te d by th es e p e o ple o v er th e

to m bs o f th e i r ki ng s Fro m this a c c o u n t a n d the d e sc r iptio n

.
,

of th ei r a ppe a ra n c e by H ippo c ra tes w hi c h s o g re a tly ,

r ese m bles th a t o f the m o de r n Ta r t ar s th e r e a pp e a rs to be n o ,

d o ubt th a t th es e S cythi a n s w ere the a n c esto rs o f th a t p eo ple ;

a n d N ie bu hr i n s u ppo r t o f thi s a r gu m e n t re m a r k s th a t th e i r
, ,

c u s t o m o f b u r n in g th e bo dies o f th eir de a d, th e ir pe r s o n a l

a pp e a r a n ce a n d th e ir m o d e o f li fe a n d c us t o m s a ll p oi n t to
, ,

this r a c e o f m a n ki n d Aga in s a ys he “ in t o xic a ti o n fr o m

.
, ,

th e va p o u r o f r e d—ho t s to n es a n d c o n fine d u n d e r c l o s e c o ve r
,

l e t s i s Siber ia n o n ly H e ro do tu s co n fo un d s th em with the

, ,

va p o u r ba th s w hi c h the ba r ba ri an s i n th es e par ts e nj oy e d a n d
, ,

p er h a ps ca rr i e d to a l u xu r io us e x c ess f"? A fur th er pr o o f if ,

an
y w e re wa n tin g i s th a t th e S c ythi a ns w er e a c cu s to m e d
, ,

to s h a ve the i r h e a d s fro m i n fa n c y w ith th e e x c e ptio n o f o n e ,

l on g ta il o n the c r o w n a pr a c tic e th a t s till pre va ils am o n g

the Chi n es e a n d m a n y o th e r tr ib e s o f Ta r ta r s .

The S c ythi a n s i n the ye a r B C 62 4 u n d er th ei r ki n g

,
. .
, ,

M a dyes p en et r a te d i n va s t n u m ber s thr o u gh th e r o cky

,

de fil es o f the Ca u c a s u s a n d d e va s ta ti n g a ll th e c o u n tr y o n
,

th eir r o u te , o v er r a n Asi a M i n o r w he r e the y m a in ta in e d ,

them s e lves fo r tw en ty e ight y ea r s , h a vin g d r iv en o u t the-

M e de a i ts fo r m er in ha bita n ts ; th ey a lso a ttem pte d to

,

c on q u er Syr ia a n d a dva n c e d a s fa r a s
, Egypt bu t w e r e ,

i nd u c e d to r etu r n by p r e s e n t s fro m its k in g Ps a m m e ti c hu s , ,

and , be in g s u bs equ e ntly dr i ven b a c k w ith gr ea t sl a u ghte r ,

the r e m a in d e r o f thei r a r m y w a s fo r c e d to r e tr a c e i ts s te p s
to the i r o w n n o r th er n r e gio n s ; th o u gh a m o n g the b o r d er ,

hill s o f Pa l e stin e m o re tha n two thir ds o f the i n va de r s h a d

,
-

fo u n d a gra ve Ab o u t the yea r 53 0

. Cyr u s the Gr ea t ,

kin g o f P er s ia a dva n c e d w ith a l a r ge a rm y a ga in s t the

,

S cy thia n tr ib es w ho d welt to th e n o r th o f th e Ca s pia n Sea

Herodotus
t Fo r an a c co unt o f th e R uss i a n v a p our b a th a nd for th e m anner h h
.
’

i n wh ic t ey a re
u n i v e rs a ll y e nj o ye d by th e p e op l e s e e th e la s t c h a p te r o f Ko hl s P g
,
' “ "
St etersbur ,
and m a ny o th er work s on R uss ia
, ,
‘ “
.

C us tni e s La R us s i e en .
 nnss m, A ND a s s EARLIEST mu s e u m s . 19

but he su s a i n e
d a t er r ible de fe a t from th e i r qu e en Tomyr is
t , ,
o r Za ri na a s s he i s c a ll e d by D i od o r us Si c ul us a nd w a s him
,

se lf s la i n in the e n a gem en t
g .

In the ye a r 5 2 2 B C D a r i u s Hysta sp es * kin g o f Per s i a

. .
, , ,

c o ll e cti n a n en o r m o u s a r m y fro m a ll p a r ts o f his e m pi r e s e t

g
,

o u t fr o m S usa his c a pita l, for a n e xpedi tio n a g a in s t th e

,

S c ythian s w ith , m en His fle e t of s ix h u ndr ed .

s hip s w hi c h h e m a nn e d pri n c ipa lly w i th Gre eks s ail e d u

, p ,

the D a n u be ; a n d th r o w i n g a br idge o f b oa t s o ver the r iver

, ,

ne a r th e p o in t W h ere the s tr ea m divide s he ma r c h e d his a r m

y ,

a c r o s s it a n d Th e
pe ne t ra te d i n to the w ilds of S c y thia
, .

i n h a bit a n t s o n r ec eivi n g i nt e llige n c e o f th e i n va s i o n by w hi c h

,

the y w er e m ena ce d h a vin g se n t th eir w iv es an d c hildr e n

,

in to the hea r t o f th e c o un tr y, fill ed u p a ll the w ells , s to ppe d

th e s pri ngs a n d on s u m e d the fora ge thr o u gh o u t th a t pa r t
c ,

o f th eir t err it or ies o v e r w hi ch the for c es o f D a r iu s m u s t pa s s .

Th ey th en a d va n c e d to w ithin s ight of the e n e m y n o t ,

d es ig n i ng to co m e to a n en ga gem en t w i th the n u m er o u s a n d
w el l di sc ip lin e d a rm y of th e Pe rs i an s bu t h 0 pin g to d ra w
-
,

th e m i n p u rs u it a wa y fro m th e pr o te c tio n a n d su pp or t o f
th e ir s hip s an d i n a dry a n d s a ndy dis tr i c t w h ere the y
, ,

w o ul d i n e vita bly s u ffer fr o m w a n t o f pr o vi s io n s an d w a ter

-
.

D ar iu s fe ll i nto the s n ar e ; fo r s eein g the S cythia n s ea c h da y ,

wi thi n a sho rt di sta n ce of h i s tro o ps , in o ppos i ti o n to th e

a dvi c e o f the w i ses t o f hi s o fli ce r s , h e v a in ly en d e a vo ur e d to
o ver ta ke th e m , c o n s ta n tly e xp e ctin g to s u cce e d i n gi v i n g

th e m ba ttl e, w hil e the y p er pe tua lly e l u d e d h is p ur s u it .

B e i n g u n e n c u m ber e d w ith b a gga ge a n d a ll w ell m oun t e d o n ,

th e ir fle e t a n d ha r dy s t eed s the S c ythi a n s eas ily esca pe d ,

fro m the ir m ore h ea vil y la de n e n e mi e s m os t o f W h o m ,

m a r ch e d o n fo o t, a n d w ho po ss e ss e d n o c l ue ? to gu ide th em
th r ough the sa n dy tra ckl es s d es e r ts At l en gth fa ti g ue a n d
,
.
,

th e s ca r c ity o f fo ra ge a n d p r o vi s i o ns, h a v i n g gr e a tly r e d uc e d

the P ers i a n a r m y b e fo r e th e y h a d o n ce e n ga ge d th e en e m y ,

Da r i us des pa tch ed a h e ra ld with th is m ess a ge to th e S c ythi a n

.

pr in ce In da thyr us i Prin c e o f th e S c ythia n s w h e r e fore d o s t

, ,

tho u fly b e fo re m e ? w hy d os t th ou n o t p a u se eithe r to giv e ,

m e b a ttle i f th o u be li eves t thyse lf a bl e to e nc o un t er m e o r , ,

Anc i ent Hls to ry Hero dotus

' “ "
R ollln s . .

A ccord lng to H d h
ero o tus . t i s e x d itirm w a s u n de r ta en by D ar lus to p un s th e k i h
S hi h i
c yt a ns for t e r c o n ue s t o f As a 1 q i i
\ no r, w c w a s t en a ers a n pro v lnce hi h h P i .

H d h S h
1 ero otus s ta tes t a t th e cyt ia n i ng s were d esce n e from cyt ia , a son o f k d d S h
Hercules .
20 THE ARCH ER AND THE S TEPPE .

if th o u thin k es t thyself to o w ea k to a c kn o w l edge thy m a st er ,

by pr es en ti n g him w ith ea r th a n d w a ter ? ” The S c ythi a n

p ri nc e i m m e di a t ely r etu r n e d this a n s w er to the P er 3 1a n -

m on a r c h If I fly b efor e th ee Pr i nc e o f the P er s ia n s it i s
, ,

n o t b ec a u se I fe a r th e e Wha t I do n o w i s n o m o r e th a n
.

w h a t I a m u se d t o do i n ti m e o f pea ce W e S c ythi a n s h a ve
'

n eith e r c iti e s n o r la n d s to d efe n d if th o u w o u lds t fo r c e u s

to e nga ge the e , c o m e a n d a t ta c k th e t o m b s o f o u r fa th er s ,
”
a n d th e n th o u s h a l t fi n d w h a t m a nn e r o f m e n w e a r e .

The fu r th er D a r i us a dva n c e d u p o n th e b a rr e n a n d w a s te d
pl a i n s the gr ea t er h a r ds hips h e ha d to en c o u n t er w hil e his
, ,

a r my w a s thr ea t en e d w i th fa m i n e ; a n d a t l e n g th th e
a ppr o a c h o f w i n t er re n d e r in g it pro b a ble th a t his tr o o p s

w o u ld s o o n be r e du c e d to the l a s t e x tr em ity fro m h u n ger

a n d fa tig ue h e w a s fo rc e d to c o m m e n ce a n u nw illi n g a n d
,

m el a n c h o l y r e t r ea t A t thi s j un c tu re he r ec e ive d a s ec o n d
.

m es s e n ge r fr o m th e c hi e f o f hi s e n em i es w ho pr ese n t e d him ,

w ith a bi r d a m o us e a fr o g a n d fiv e a rr o w s w hi c h w er e
, , , ,

e xpl a i n e d in thi s w a y by o n e o f th e P er s i a n l o r d s w h o w a s ,

fa m ilia r w ith the h a bits a n d c us t o m s o f th e i r fo es Un l e s s

yo u fly like bi r ds hid e i n th e ea r th like m i c e, o r s wi m th e
,

r ivers like fr o gs yo u s ha ll n o t e sc a p e fr o m th e a r r o w s o f the

,

S cythia n s . Th e r e tr ea t o f D a ri u s , w h os e o r igi n a l in t e n ti o n
a ppea r s to h a ve b e e n to m a r c h b a c k to As ia ro u n d by th e .

C a u c a s u s w a s c o ntin u a lly h a ra ss e d by th ei r u n e xpe c te d a n d

,

flyi ng a tta c ks ; a n d th e Pers i a n s o n ly esc a pe d c o m pl e t e

d e s tr uc tio n fro m th e S cythi a n s h a vin g been d ec e i v e d by fa lse
,
.

i n t e llige n c e a s to the pa rt o f the D a n u be w hi c h D a r ius

i n t en d e d to c r os s A c c o r din gly th ey a s s e m bl e d i n l a r ge
.
,

nu m b er s high e r u
p the r ive r in o r d er to di s p u t e th e pa s s a g e
,

o f hi s a r m y 5 w hile i n th e m ea n ti m e th e P er s i a n ki n g le d hi s
, ,

fo llo w e rs o ver by a n o th e r p o i n t a n d r e ga in e d hi s s hips in

,
.

s a fe ty wi th th e s h a tt er e d r e m a i n s o f h i s o n c e o v er w h e l m in g
,

fo r c e d
Thi s e xpediti o n o f D a r i u s pr e sen ts a r em a r ka bl e pa r a ll e l
to th a t c o n du c te d i n th e s a m e e m pir e by Na p ol eo n in l a te r
da ys a h e n ter p r ise u n der ta ken by o n e o f the gr ea tes t gen e ra l s
—

a n d the fi nes t a r m y o f m o d er n ti m e s bu t w hi c h w a s e v e n
'

,
m o r e di s a s tr o u s i n its r e s ul t .

In the yea r R C 3 2 7 Al exa n der the Gr ea t t o o k p oss es s i o n

.
,
‘

Hero dotus .

f R o lli n s Anc i ent Hi s tory

'

.
 R USSI A, AN D HER EARLIE S T IN HABI T ANT S . 21

of S ogdia n a ; a n d h a vin g m a d e the r iver Ja xa r tes (the Sir )

,

the b o und ar y o f his fa r s prea din g d o m in i o n s h e c ro s se d th a t

-
,
r iv e r w ith a n a r m y o f M a c e do n ia n s a n d i n va d e d the c o un tr y
,

o f the S c ythia n s w ho ha d thr ea ten e d his n e w ly fo u n d e d -

,

c ity o f Al e x a n d r i a Es c ha te n o w k n o w n a s the t o w n of
,

K hoj en d e S o m e o f th e b or d er tr ibe s s u bm itte d to hi m 5 bu t

.

A r ia n a n d Q uin tu s C u r tiu s r el a te th a t the r en o w n e d d is

c i plin e a n d c o u ra ge o f hi s ve t er a n s h a d s o s m a ll a n e ffe c t u p o n

the w ild a n d i n tr a c t a ble S c thi a n s th a t Al exa n d er w a s

y ,

fo rc e d to r e tire pre cipit a t e ly a n d to tu rn his a r m s a ga in s t a ,

foe l es s va lia n t o r les s ca p a bl e o f r es is t a n ce I n dee d C ur ti us .

,

s a ys th a t th e Ma c e d o n i a n s s u s t a i n e d s o g re a t a l o s s in o n e

p a r ti c u la r ba ttle , th a t d ea th w a s i n flic te d u po n a n y pe rs o n
w h o m a d e the l ea s t m e n ti o n o f i ts e ven t the a b r u p t ,

m a n n er in w hi c h the S c ythi a n s a tt a c k e d a n d the r a pidi ty ,

w ith w hi c h th e y r e t rea te d i n to i m p en e tra ble w a s t es grea tly ,

c o n fus in g a n i n va di n g a r m y * O n e o f his s u c c ess or s S eleu cu s

.
,

N i c a n o r a fter w a r ds a tt e m pt e d to un it e the D o n a n d V o lga

,

by a c a n a l— a pr oj ec t whic h ha s b een r en ew e d i n l a ter tim es

r

by bo th the S u lt a n S eli m II a n d Pe ter the Grea t th o ugh .

,

i n n e ith er i n s ta n ce w a s it a tt e n d e d w ith s u c c es s .

In th e yea r B C 2 5 0 a t r ib e o f S c ythi a n s fo un d e d th e
. .
,

kin gdo m o f Pa rthia w hi c h e xi s te d in dep e n d en t a n d po wer ful

,

fo r fiv e h un d r e d ye a r s .

Bu t th o u g h the Scythi a n s fr o m w h o m th e e c o u n t ry ,

o bta i n e d i ts n a m e a r e the fi r s t p eo pl e o f Rus s ia w h o w e r e

,

k n o w n to the a n c ien t w r i te rs o f Gr e ec e d the Sa u ro m a tae o r ’

S a r m a tia n s w i th w h o m th e y a ppea r to h a ve b e en fre qu e n tly

,

c o n fo un d e d w e r e i n a ll p r o b a bility th e o ld es t i n h a bita n ts }
, .

Th e y w er e u n d o u bte dly th e dir e c t a n c es to rs o f the m o de r n

Sla v o ni a n s ye t his t o r i a n s h a ve m a in t a in e d m a n y di ffer e n t
’

o pi n io n s w i th r e ga r d to th e i r o r igi n s o m e a s ser ti n g th a t th ey ,

w e r e a c o l o ny o f M e de s ” o r a t r ibe o f C elt s a n d o th er s th a t ,

th ey w er e a r e m n a n t o f the C a n a a n it e s w ho w e r e dr iven by
J os h u a fro m Pa le s ti ne S o m e h a ve a ls o s upp os ed th a t th e y
.

w ere a t ri b e o f th e S c ythi a n s o r the d e sc en d a n ts o f th e ,

S cythia ns a n d a n a ti o n o f Am a zon s d es cr ibe d by Hipp o

,

Gold s m i th s Hi s t o f G reec e
'
"

He rod o tus o bser e s th a t a ll the na tio ns b eyond th e Euxlne exc ep t th e Sc ythi a ns

. .

f v
w ere m o re th a n a ll oth ers b a r b a ro us ; but th e s e s pp e a r ln th e w es te rn pur ts to h a v e m a d e
. ,

s o m e p rog res s a nd h e m e n ti o n s th e i r to w n o f B ory sth e l nte s w h i c h w a s d e c o ra te d w th n

p ri ifins a nd s phlnxes a n d w a s de stroy e d by ligh tn i ng i n th e relg n o f th e S c y thi a n k i ng

. ,

,
S c l es

f
'

La th a m s Va r ieti es of Ma n
.
'

D l odc r us Si cul us m a i nta i ns th a t th ey w ere Medea

.

x
22 THE ARCH ER mm T
THE S EPPE .

t
c r a e s, w h o se w o m e n h or s eba c k, a n d u se d th e bow
ro de on

a n d the j a ve li n n o n e b e i n g p er mi tt e d to m a r ry till s he h a d
,

ki lle d th ree en em ie s i n ba ttle a nd H er o d o tu s , w ho is the

a u th o r ity for th i s l a s t th e or y r e l a t e s tha t th e S cythia n s ,
,

fin din g th e m s e lve s un a bl e to s u bdu e the s e fem a l e w a rr i o r s i h

the field in t er m a r r i e d wi th th em a n d th u s the tw o n a ti o n s
, ,

b ec a m e a m a lga m a te d * .

Bu t w h e th er o r n o t th e S a r m a ti a n s w e r e a t r ib e o f the
C e lts th ey a ppea r to h a v e b e en c o nqu er e d a b o u t th e s a m e
,

tim e by the S c ythia n s a n d dr ive n to th e w e s t a n d it i s,

pr o b a bl e th a t th e n a m e o f Ru ssia i s d er iv e d fro m o n e o f th eir

tr ib es th e Ro x ol a n i w ho m Str a b o pl a c es a t th e n o r th
, ,

e a s t er n e xtr e m i ty o f E u r op e a n S c ythi a h a vi n g bee n e xpe ll e d ,

to tha t ba r r en r egi o n fro m th e b a n ks o f the D a n u b e w he n , ,

des c e n din g fr o m th e ir o r igi n a l h o m e o n th e pl a in s be t w e en

the V o lga a n d D o n th e y ha d in va d e d the b o r de r pr ov i n c es
,

o f the R o m a n e m pi r e Th e ir m a n n ers a n d c u s t om s w er e
.

v e ry s i m ila r to th o s e o f the S c ythia n s , per ha ps h a v i ng a d o pte d

th e m fr o m the i r c o n qu e r o rs ; a n d th ey w ere dis ti n gui s he d
fr o m the ir n eighb o u r s the fa ir h a ir e d T e u t o ns , by th e ir d ar k
,
-

c o m pl e xi o n s a n d h a ir a n d l o o s e fl o w in g ga r m e n ts th e pr e
, ,

va l e nc e o f sla ves a m on g th em th e light e s t eem i n w hi c h th e y ,

h eld th eir w o m e n th ei r pl u r a lity o f w ives a n d c a v a l ry

, ,

c o m p o s in g th e i r c hie f m i lit a r y for c e ; w h e r eas the T e u t o n s

w er e pr in c ipa lly i n fa n tr y, th e y w o r e c l o th e s fitti n g tightly to

th eir p er s o ns w ith th e m s l a v es w e re u n k n ow n a n d n o m a n
, ,

w a s a llo w e d to p o ss ess m o re tha n o n e w i fe Gibbo n s a ys o f .

“
th e for m e r p e o ple Am o ng the differe n t br a nc h es o f th e
— .

h u m a n ra c e the S a r m a ti a n s fo rm a very r e m a r ka bl e s ha de ,
,

a s th e y seem to u n it e the m a n n e r s o f the As i a ti c b a r b a ri a n s

w i th th e figur es a n d c o m pl e xi o n o f the a n c ie n t i n h a bita nts o f

Eur o pe Ac c o r di n g to the v a r iou s a c c ide n ts o f pe a ce a n d
.

w a r a llia n c e or c on qu es t th ey w er e s o m e ti m e s c o n fine d to
, ,
.

the ba n k s o f the Ta n a i s a n d so m eti m e s s p r ea d th e m s elves

,

o v e r th e i m m e n s e pl a ins w hi c h li e b et w e e n the Vi s t ul a a n d
'

th e Vo lga The c a r e o f th e ir n u m er o u s fl o c ks a n d h er ds
.
:
,

the pu r s u it o f ga m e a n d the e x er c is e o f w a r o r ra th e r o f
, ,
”
r a in e
p di t d
rec
,
e the va gr a n t m o tio n s o f the Sar m a tia ns i .

Like the S cythi a ns, th eir m o ve a ble c a m ps o r c iti e s the o r di ,

n a r y r e s id e n c e o f th e i r w iv es a n d c hild r e n c o n s is te d o n ly o f ,

l a r ge w i c k er w a ggo n s d ra w n by o xen a vehic le w hic h is —

He dotus t G ibbo D li n a nd Fail o f the Roman E mpi e

‘
-
ro . n s ec e r .
 R USSI A, AN D n a n na nnms r I N HABI TANT S 23
”

s till in
com m o n u s e in S o u th er n Ru ss ia a n d a m o n g m ost o f ,

the T ar ta r tr ibe s by w h o m it i s c a ll e d a n a ra b a 5 a nd i n the

, .

C ri mea a n d a dj a c en t c o un try is gen e ra lly d r a w n by the s ma ll

tw o hu m p e d ca m e l o f th o se p a r ts
-
Th ei r w ea po ns of wa r .

w ere s h o r t da gge rs l o n g l a n c es a nd a w eighty bow a nd

, , .

qu iv er o f p o i s o n e d a r r o w s a nd o n a n e xpe di ti o n th e y w e re , ,

a cc us to m e d to l e a d i n th e i r h a n ds o n e or two s p a re h o rses *
,

ca va lr y c o m po s in g th e i r w h o l e m ilita r y s tr en gth w hi c h .
,

e na bl e d th e m to a dva n ce a n d r e tre a t w i th a ra pidi ty th a t

s ur pr is e d the sec ur it
y a n d e lu de d the pu rs ui t o f a dis ta n t
e nemy Fro m the sca rc ity o f i r o n in thei r co unt ry th e y
.
,

m a de c uir a ss es o f ho rs e h oso fs th a t w er e c a pa bl e o f re s i s ti n g
a j a ve lin o r s w or d, a n d wi th the e xc e p ti o n o f th e i r chiefs
, ,
bur n ed the bo die s o f the ir d ea d Th ey p ossess ed i m m en s e .

flo cks a n d h er d s a n d w er e di v ide d in to s ev era l t ribes— the

,

R o xol an i, Ca r pi Ja zyges M e ta n a s tce a nd Lim iga ntes , a n d

, , ,

a re fi r s t m en tio n e d by the n am e o f Sl a voni a n s a b ou t the

fou r th a n d fifth c en tu r i e s .

The figure of a S a r m a ti a n o n th e c ol u mn o f Tr aj a n is ,

d e picte d in a high c o nic a l c a p a n d fu ll tr o us er s w hi c h b ear ,

grea t r es em bla nc e to the d r es s o f th e m o d er n Ru ssi a n pea '

s a nt a n d P r is on s , the Ro m a n a m b a ssa d o r to the c o ur t o f

Attila the Hu n me n tio ns th a t a S c y thia n o r S a r m a ti a n

, ,

n o bl e w ho m he sa w th e re w ore his h ea d s h a ve n in a ci r cu l ar
, ,

fo r m a fas hi o n th a t pr e va ile d in P o la n d so la te a s the b egin

,

n i n g o f th e p res en t c e n tur y r h
The Sa rm a ti a n s w ors hipp e d th e s un a n d m o o n , the a ir , a n d
‘

m an y in fer i or d e iti es Th e y w e r e a v er y d e pra ved peopl e

.
,

a n d ar e a ccu s e d by th e ir e n em i es a n d c o n t em p o rar i es o f
b ein g th e m o s t lic en tio us o f the ba r ba r ians Th ey in vad e d .

the Ro m a n em pir e s ev e ral tim es du r in g th e th ir d a n d fo u r th

ce n tu r ies a nd Mar cus Cla ud i u s s en t e ight tho usa n d Jazygia n
,

ho rs e to Brita in .

B es id es the Scythi a n s un der w hich term the a ncien t ,

w rite rs o f Gr ee c e a ppea r to h a ve i n c l u d ed o nly the Ta r ta r

na tion s o f Scythia a n d the S a r m a tia n s o r a n c es tors o f the
,

Sla vo n ia ns Hero do t us m e n tio n s s e v er a l o th er ki ngdo m s a n d

,
‘

p e o pl e a s i n his tim e e xis ti ng i n S cythia ; a n d a m o ng m a n y

o f w h o m w e c a n tra ce s e v e ra l m a nn er s a n d cu s to m s by w hi c h

w e ar e en a bl e d to ide n ti fy th em w i th th ei r de s ce nda nts , w ho

A p ra c tic e th a t h as ofte n b e en m a d e u se o f o n fo rce d ma rc h e s by the Russian and
C o s s a c k c a v“a l ry
f C as e s Russ a a nd Pol a nd
.

Trav els in
'
, i .
24 THE AR C H ER AND THE S TEPPE .

i nh a bited the s a m e p a r ts a t a m o r e r e c e n t per io d Th e .

B u din i who w er e p ro ba bly Fi n n s h e d es c r ibe s a s be in g

, ,

a m o n g th e o ld es t po s s e ss o r s o f the s o il a n d in h a bi ti n g th a t ,

pa r t o f Ru s s i a w h ic h i s n o w c a ll e d P o do lia A Gr ee k co l o n y .

ha d e sta bli sh e d its elf i n th e i r p r o vin ce w ho till e d the ,

g ro un d a n d s u ppli e d G r eece Wi th c o r n 5 a n d th ey a ffir m e d

,

tha t th e Bu di n i pr a c tis e d m a gi c a n d w er e in the h a bi t o n c e

,

a —yea r o f c h a n gin g th e m s e lves i n t o w o l v e s w h en th e y pr o w l ,

c d a b o ut in thi s s h a p e fo r a fe w d a ys a n d th en r e s u m e d th e ir ,

h u m a n fo r m * The s a m e c h a rge o f s o r ce r y w a s c o n s ta n tly

.

br ou ght a ga in s t the Fin n s in the m i ddl e a ge s ; the ta l e o f th e

w e hr w o lf p ro ba bly d er ive d fr o m th e m is fa m ili a r to a ll
—
, , ,

a n d e v e n n o w th ey h a v e m a n y p r o fes s e d m a gi c i a n s The .

I s s e d on es w ho a ppea r to h a v e bee n the s a m e w i th the Igo u rs

, ,

He r o do tu s in fo rm s u s w e re a c ivilize d n a ti o n d w e lli n g to
, ,

th e fa r ea s t b ey o n d th e m to th e n o r th the c o un t r y w a s im
, ,

p a s sa ble o w i n g to the w hi te fea th er s i th a t w er e c o n tin u a lly ‘

fa lli n g a n d to th e ir r igh t w a s the l a n d o f th e gr ifii ns w h o

, ,

gu a r d e d the c o un tr y o f go ld A m o n g the Scythia n s th e m .

s e lv e s w h o w er e di vide d i n to m a ny ki n gd o m s o r t r ibe s the

, ,

s a m e G ree k w r it er pa r ti c u l a r ly r e m a r ks u p o n the M ela n c hl en i ,

w h o a l w a ys c l o th e d in bl a c k the Aga thyr s i W h o s e pr o vi n c e ,

a b o u n d e d i n go ld a n d w ho p a i n t e d th em selv e s t h e i r m a nn e rs
, ,

b e i ng p e c u lia r fo r th eir e ffe m in a c y ; a n d the A rgippoei w h o s e ,

n a m e w a s d e r iv e d fr o m the w ild w hite h o rs es a b o u n d in g i n

th e i r di s t r i c t w hi c h w a s s itu a t e d o n th e V o lga a n d D o n ;
,

a n d h e o bs e r ves o f th e w h o l e p eo pl e th a t
“
[ the S c ythi a n s ,

h a ve n o t o n ly a gre a t a bh o rr e n c e o f a ll fo r e ign c u s to m s bu t ,

ea c h pr o vin c e s eem s u na l tera bly ten a c io us o f i ts o w n .

A n a c h a rs i s th e c el e br ate d philo so ph er a n d the br o th er o f

, ,

th ei r ki n g h a vin g vi s it e d G reece w i s h e d u p o n h i s r e t ur n to
, , ,

his n a tive l a n d to in tr o du c e s o m e o f her c u s to m s a m o n g his

,

c o un t ry m e n ; bu t i n c u rr i n g th e ir dis pl e a su r e by thi s e n d e a
;
vo u r h e l o s t his life by the ba r ba r o u s c hie f s o w n h a n d a n d
,
:
’
,

Scyd e s a S cythia n pri n c e h a vi n g b een e du ca te d by h is

, ,
(

m o th e r w ho w a s a Gr eek e xp e rie n c e d so o n a fte r his a c c es

, ,

s i o n a s i m il a r fa t e fo r a like o f fe n c e Ab o ut this pe rio d .

there w e re se ve ra l w i s e a n d l e a rn e d S cythi a n s , w h o s e n a m e s
w er e r e s p ec te d e ve n a mo n g the Gr ee k s a n d o f w h o m A n a
,

c ha rsis , w ho w a s a c o n t e m p or a r y o f S o l o n a n d D ec i m u s
,

a pp ea r to h a ve been the c hi e f ; a n d o n e o f th e m o s t b ea u tifu l

Hero dotus . t It i s a lmos t nee dless to remark fi th a t thi s wa s ev ld cntly s no w .

 CHAPT ER III .

di :
g g siatiz fimw r are s— i te
G films —
g lide .

Sh p h
e w m e th e ra m a rt w ere , o e r m a n y a h
’
ill
Th gh ll id
,

m a ny a v a ey . s tre tc h d i ts w e e xte n t.
'
rou
i d h
R a s e by t a t m igh h
ty mo narc to r e e p l
i gT
T he rov n h i hi l d
a r ta r, w e n , w t ns u t r u e
G ki n s to w ers h e b i g G LYNN
en t th e une r r n DOW .—
' '
ain s t Pe .

W h e re fli r ion s Fra nk a n d li e ry Hun

S h o ut in th e ir s ulph uro us c a n o py CAMP BELL
,

. - .

THE gen era l a ppe a r an c e o f the c ou n tr y thr o u gh o ut T a r t a ry ,

‘

o r As i a ti c S c ythi a, gr ea tly r e s e m bl es th e bl ea k a n d m o n o to

n o u s s t e pp es o f Ru s s i a High r an ges o f r ugge d a n d a lm os t

.

i m p as s a bl e m o un t ai n s tra vers e it i n d ee d in the n o r th e r n a n d

w e s ter n dis tr i c t s w hich a r e fre qu e n tly c r o w n e d w ith t a ll a n d
,

e xt e n s ive fo r e s ts bu t a ll th e c e n tr a l p a r t i s ta bl e l a n d c o v er -
,

e d i n s u m m e r w ith littl e bu t gr as s a n d he a th a nd i n the ,

w in t e r w ith th e d ee p a n d fr o ze n s n o w the s e v e r ity o f th e ,

c li m a t e ,
in s o c o m pa ra tive ly t e m p e ra te a l a tit u d e b ei n g ,

a cc o u n te d fo r by i ts gr e a t e l e v a ti o n a b o ve th e l e v e l o f the

In the l a n d o f the K ha lka s n u m er o u s r i v e rs e n liven

‘

s ea .

th e ri c h p a s tur es of th e pl a i ns ; but in M o n go li a w a t e r i s
r a r el y to be s e e n a s th e s tr e a m s a r e l o s t i n the s a l t l a k e s in
,

th e des er ts a n d w el l s a r e du g a l o n g th e m o s t fr e qu e n te d
,

r o u t es fo r th e co n v e n i en c e o f c a r a v a n s S c a r ce ly a tr ee is
.

v i s ibl e th r o ugh o u t th a t pr o vi n c e n o thi n g bu t c re e pi n g b r i ers

, ,

a few sc a n ty t u fts o f h e a th a nd the s h o r t a n d b r ittl e gr a ss

, 5
but the l a n ds c a p e i s o c c as i on a l ly va r ie d by d eep r en t s in the
e a r th ,
a n d r o c ky r a v in es ; i m m e n se n u m b e r s o f w ild a n i

m a l s b o u n d a c r o s s the s te pp es e a gl es a n d vu lt u r e s ph eas a n t s , ,

a n d a va r i e ty o f s i n gin g bi r d s s o a r i n th e a i r 3 a n d i n the
-

va ll e ys o f the Alta i m ou n ta in s l u r k th e tiger a n d the w o lf ,

b o th r em ar ka ble i n th ese pa r ts fo r th e ir fer o c ity * .

Th e T a r ta rs o r Tur a ni a ns fi w ho h a ve i n h a bite d th e se
,

Hu “’ n m n h ib t nd O i
1 S m tg l l t g e a T
l i
gu i
‘
r a i re s n u a
g qh tl
c s ua
ti l l e ti y th T
.

es
b th b ii g m W illi;
no 0 s s av nn e le
lly ll d th m i th T t
o e e ra n an n a o ns c o c v e as e u
b tI h
u g
av e enera ca e e e T
er i
a r a rs or ura n a n s , o as e i o re
a ppli d t th m d l t p
e o e , an a so t o u i
t
re v e n w i th th
a co n O tt m w h w i th th
s on e o a ns , o, e
T ra nso xi b h s of th m e f m ily (i nc l ud i g th S lj k
a n ra nc e e sa a n e e o ft
e u s, x l us i ly
ar en e c v e
te m d Tu k om
r e r o Tu k s
a ns , r r .
 TH E ASI AI IC sc r r n m s s ~ r n n H U N S— ATT I L A 27
' ‘
.

re fro m the ea rli es t a ge s d e rive th eir o wn o rigin fro m

gi o n s ,

T ur k a n d T a ta w h o m th ey a fii r m w er e tw o s o ns o f Ja ph e t
, .

O kha u s H a n o n e o f th e i r c hiefs a n d a pp a ren tly the M a d es

, y ,

o f H e r o d o tu s c a rr i e d his a r m s i n to Syri a i n th e e a r l
, y pa r t
o f th e s e ve n th c e n t u r y b e f or e Ch r is t a nd a dva n c e d a s fa r ,

a s Egy t
p a n d the P e rs i a n p o e ts c e le b r a te th e gl or ies a n d

fa m e o f the T ur a n ia n ki ng A fr a s i b the r iva l a n d e n e m y ,

o f th e ir h e r o R o u s te m a n d w ho s e s u c c essors c a rr i e d o n
m a n y s a n g uin a r y w a rs w i th the P er s i a n s a n d o th e r n a ti o n s ,

o f S o u th e r n As i a Bu t thei r e a r ly hi st or y i s en v el o p e d i n
.

the g rea t es t o bs c ur ity w ha t w e kno w o f the m i n th o s e

.

ti m es i s c hie fly d er ive d fro m the h a l f a po crypha l a n n a l s o f.

-

the Chi n e s e ; a n d, tho u gh th e y h a v e o c c a s io na lly u n i te d i n

o n e g r e a t e m pi re a n d m a d e c o n s id er a bl e a dva n c e s in r efin e
,

m en t a n d c iviliza ti o n the y h a v e n e v er p ro c e e d e d b eyo n d a

, .

c e rt a in p o in t a n d h a v e S ubs e qu e ntl y re t u rn e d to th e ir a n c i e n t
,

h a bit a tion s a n d th eir wa n d er i n g a n d pa s to ra l life

, .

Th ey ea r ly s e p a ra te d in t o m a n y differ e nt t ribe s w h o w ere ,

c o n s t a n tly e nga ge d in w a r w ith e a c h o th er a n d the s u r r o u n d

i ng n a ti o n s a n d o f w h o m th e m os t c on s pi c uo u s w e r e the
,

H un s Igo ur s, T ur k s a n d T a r ta rs , the na m e o f the l a tte r

, ,

h a vin g bee n b es to w e d in th e m i ddl e a ges by the E u r o pea n s

u po n th e w h o l e peo pl e m e re ly fr o m th e i r w a rr i o r s h a v in g
,

m a r c h e d i n the v a n o f the Mo n g u l a r m y w h e n i n 1 2 2 4 th e s o n , , ,

o f th e c o n q ue r o r Z i n is Kh a n i n v a de d E u ro pe B ut be fo r e
g , .

o r Hia n nus , w e r e b
*
th e C hr i s tia n era the H a n s , g y fa r the
, ,

firs t a n d m o s t p o w er fu l o f the T ur a n i a n ra ce Th e y i n h a bite d .

a n e xt en s ive tr a ct o f c o u n t ry b e t w ee n the n or th s id e o f th e

gr ea t w a ll o f C hin a, a n d la ke B a ika l i n Siber ia a n d a cc o rdi n g , , ,

to the Chi n es e r ec or d s w e r e go v e r n e d by a so ve r e ig n w h o m
,

the y c a ll e d Ta nj on o r th e s u n o f he a ve n , as ea r ly a s 1 2 5 3
, ,

B C th e p o w er b e i n g h e r e di ta r y i n his fa m ily w hi c h de rive d

.
, ,

i ts s o u r ce fr o m the Hea dy n a s ty the thi r d w ho r ul e d C hin a f , .

The s u n w as the chie f o bj e ct o f the a do ra ti o n o f the R un s ,

a n d be fo r e it e ve ry m o rn in g the Ta nj o u a n d his p eo pl e pro

, ,

s tr a ted the ms e lve s o n the e ar th ; 1 a n d i n the even i n g th e y p a id

Greas y s a y s th a t the n uns w e re cl os ely all ie d l li o rigin l a ng ua ge a nd h a bi ts w i th the

, ,
F i nns
ibb li F ll a n E m pi re Uni v ersa l Hi s tory G utala fl s
.
" “ ‘

1 '
G o n s D
'
e c ne a nd a o f th e R o m . .
"

Hi s to ry of Chi na "

They o ri gi na ll y ma de h uma n s ac r i fic es but o bs er v ing -o ne yea r th a t a n e xtra o rdi n a ry

o bT a ti o n w a s fo ll o we d h a n unus ua ll y s e v e re se a so n a nd d ee p s no w th e y c o nc l ud e d th a t
,

s uc h o f e ri n gs w e re di s p ea s i ng to th e i r d e i ty a c c o rdi ngl y they we r e di sco nti n ue d fo r

Th e trac e s th a t h a v e d esc e n d ed to us o f th e la ng ua ge a nd w ri ti n o f thc Hum
,

h ea r s trnmz res em bl ance to th a t o f th e Turks The Hea dyna s ty re ig ne d gc m s c 220 7

ev e r . ,

. .
, ,

to 1 76 7
28 THE ARCH ER AN D TH E S T EPP E .

the sa m e honours to the m o on r ega r din g h er w ith a l m os t ,

e qu a l v en er a ti o n a n d r es p ec t Th e y fr e qu e n tl y p ro ve d fo r .

m i da ble to the Chi n e s e e m pi re a n d th e s ur ro u n din g w a r l ik e

n a ti o n s
, m o s t o f w h o m th ey s u bj e c t e d to th e ir d o m i n i o n ;
a m o n g o th e r s th e I o u r s w h o w e r e di s tin gu i s h e d fo r th e ir
g ,

a c q u a i n ta n c e w i th l e tt er s i m pa r t e d by th e m to the o th er
,

T a r t a r t r ib es w i th w h o m it i s s till in u se At la s t i n th e
,
‘

.
,
\

yea r 2 1 3 B C a fter a ges o f h o s tili ty a n d w a r fa r e the Chin es e

. .
, ,

e m p er or H oa n g Ti c a u s e d th e gr e a t w a ll to be c o n s tr u c te d a s
,

a d e fe n c e a ga i n s t th e i r p e r p etu a l inc u r s i o n s a b a r r i e r o f fift ee n ,

hu n d r e d m il e s i n len gth w hi c h s till b ea rs w it n ess to th e ,

n ec ess i ty th a t pr o m p te d s o d iffic u l t a n d s tu pe n d o u s a w o r k .

Th e y the n t u rn e d th e ir a r m s a ga in s t th e Y o u ei T c hi o r G e tae
; , ,

w ho w e re e s t a bli sh e d o n the ea s ter n s h o r es o f the C a s pi a n »

,

a n d the H u n T a nj o n La o s l a yin g th e e ne m ies c hi e f m a d e

?
, , ,

his s k u ll i n t o a d r inki n g c u p a n d w e a r i n g it s u s pen d e d fr o m

—
, ,

h is gi r dl e h a n de d it r o u n d a t the b a n qu e ts w ith hi s c hi e fs
,
.

Th e Getae w ho fo u r h u n dr ed yea r s b e fo r e h a d b e en d r iv en by
,

th e Hu n s fr o m th e b o r d ers o f Chi n a a ga in a b a n d o n e d th e ir ,

c o u n try a fte r thi s d e fe a t a n d m a r c h e d s o u th w a r d to th e b a n ks

,

o f th e I n du s 1 h ey w e r e th er e a tta c ke d by the P a r thi a n s

'
.
,

a n d a fte r a l o n g w a r es t a bli s h e d th e m se l v e s i n B a c tr i a a n d

So gdi a n a w h er e t hey w er e c a ll e d by the Gre eks I n d o

,

S c y thi a n s a n d Str a b o m e n tio n s tha t i n s t ea d o f bu r n in g th e ir ,

d e a d the y ke p t d o s o n pu r p o s e to de v o ur th e m a c u s to m
,
g .

th a t pre v a il s a t thi s da y a m o n g the Ta r ta rs i n the c i ti es o f

-
'

“ ”
Thibe t . H e n c e it i s s a ys the G ree k a u th or
‘

,
th a t n o »

t o m bs a r e visibl e in the s u bu r bs of the t o w n , w hile the t o w n

its elf (s p eak in g o f the c a pit a l ) is fill ed w ith h u m a n bo n es * -
.

Bu t the d efe n c e o f the Chin e s e w hi c h ha d b ee n e r e c t e d ,

w ith s o m u c h l a b o u r a n d s kill p r o ve d o f littl e a va il in r e

“

s i s ti ng th e i r r es tl e ss a n d for m id a bl e fo es
; a n d in th e ye a r
2 0 6 B C th e Hu n s a g a in i n va de d Ch in a a n d fo u n d e d th e
. .
,

dyn a s ty o f Ha n w hi c h pro d u c e d s e ver a l o f he r m o s t c e l e bra te d

,

a n d l ea r n e d m o n a r c h s Th e fifth o f th es e V o u ti in the e n d
.
, , ,

pr o ve d the c hief c a u se o f th e ir r ui n ; fo r a r m i ng hi m self -

a ga i n s t the c o m r a d e s o f hi s a n c e s t or s he r e p ell e d w ith d r e a d ,

ful s la u ghter a fres h i n ro a d o f the H u n s a n d p e n e tr a ti n g ,

fa r in to the i r c o u n tr y w ith a w e ll e qu ippe d a n d w ell di s c i - -

plin ed for ce he a t l en gth r e du c ed th ei r T a nj o n to su b m i s s i o n

, ,

a n d c o m pell e d him to pa y t r ib u te a n d o w n th e a u th o r i t
y of ,

Huc s ' "

Trav el s in Ta rta ry , are .
 r u n As m r rc S C Y TH I AN S — THE n uns — Ar m “ . 29

th e Chi nese c hi ef Th ey w ere fur th er w ea ke ned by the

.

d i v i s io n o f th e ir n e w h u m bl e d a n d i m p o v er i s h e d trib e o n e ,

o f th e ir p r i nc es e ith e r fr o m fe a r o f the en e m i e s w i th w h o m
,

th ey w er e s u rr o u n d e d a n d w ho per p et ua ll y h a ra ssed th e m
, ,

s i n c e th eir p o w e r w as n o l o n ge r to be d r ea de d o r fr o m l o ve ,

o f i n d e p e n d en c e a n d a m bi ti o n o f s o ver e ign p o wer r e tir in g ,

t o w a r d s the s o uth a t the h ea d o f fa m ili es w ith w h o m ,

h e fo u n d e d a s ep a r a te s ta te l ea vi n g his c o u n tr ym en to fight
,

fo r e ve r y in c h o f th e i r na tive de s e r t s The n o rth e rn H un s c o n .

ti n n e d to ge th er fo r _a bo u t fifty yea rs l o nger w h e n th ey w e r e ,

o ppr e s s e d o n e ve r y s id e by th e i r e n e m i es 3 a n d th ei r c o un tr y

b e in e xh a us te d by fa m in e their po w er w a s u tterly d es t ro ye d
g
,

i n the firs t c en t ur y o f the Ch r is tia n e ra a fte r h a vi ng exis ted , ,

a s th e C hi n es e c h r o ni c l es i n fo r m u s fo r thi r t e e n h un d r e d ,

y e a r s Ab o u t
. m en fo u n d a n a s yl u m in the e m pi r e
o f Chi n a i n w h o s e m ilita r y s er v i c e th ey e n ter e d a n d w h e r e
, ,

the y s e ttle d pr in c i pa lly i n the p r o vi n ce o f Shun c hi a n d ,

m en r e m a i n e d in th e i r o w n c ou n tr y ; bu t th e m o s t
w a r lik e a n d p o w e rfu l tr ib es p r e fe r r in g a sa va e freed o m in the
,
g

b ar r e n a n d ic y r e gi o n s o f the n o r th r a th er th a n s u bm i s s i o n ,

to a n y fo re ig n p o w er r et re a te d b eyo n d the Alt a i m o u n t a i n s

,

to Sibe ri a
*
O n e di v i s io n o f this n a ti o n s e ttl e d d o w n i n
.

the pl a i n s to the ea s t o f th e C a s pi a n w h e r e th e y w ere c al l e d ,

the N e ptha l ite o r w hi te H un s a n d d r ivin g th ei r o ld e n e m i e s

, ,

th e G e tae in to E u r o p e fo u n d e d a kin gd o m w hi c h e xi s t e d fo r
,

s e ve r a l h u n d r e d y e a r s w h e n it w a s o ve r th ro wn by a fr es h
,

t o r r e n t o f T ar ta r i n va d er s a n d a pp ea r s a t th a t tim e to h a ve
be e n co n s ide r a bly a dva n c e d i n c i v iliza tio n l Th ey live d .
‘ '

u n d e r a r e gul a r go ver n me n t a n d w er e s u bj e c t to o n e pr i n c e
.
,

a n d a w r itten c o d e o f l a w s Go r go si n c e c a ll e d C ar izm e w a s
“

.
, ,

th e i r c a pita l a n d th e r es id e n c e o f th eir ki n g w h o se th r o n e
, ,

w a s e n r i c he d w i th e m era ld s a n d hi s c o u r t m a i n t a i ne d i n the
,

gr e a te s t s plen do ur but they r e ta ine d the s im pl e fai th o f th eir

,

a n c e s to rs till s u bd u e d by the a r m s o f th e dis cipl es o f Ma

ho m et . Th ey d e a l t u pr igh tly w ith o n e a n o th er a n d w ith ,

th e n e ighb o u ri n g n a ti o ns, a n d r es p ect e d the fa ith o f tr e a ti es

i n p e a ce a n d the dict a te s o f hu m a n ity i n w a r , s eld o m m a ki n g
,

i n r oa ds o n the s u r ro u ndi n g c o un t ry except o n p ro vo c a ti o n ,

w he n they p ro ve d o n a l l o c ca s io ns th a t th ey s till r e ta in e d
th e i r a n cie n t va lo u r , a n d e xte n de d th eir vic to riou s c a r e er to
Hum bo ldt s uppo ses th a t the Totteks or Azteks w ho . l i
co o n zed Mexi co. we re a div !
s i o n o f th es e peo pl e
D l F ll h
.

"
f G i bbo n l
' “
ec i ne a nd a of t e Roman Emplre .
 30 THE AR C H ER AND THE S TEPPE .

the ba n ks o f the In du s a n d b or der s o f Sin d e A m os t .

s in g ul a r c u s t o m pr ev a i le d a m o n g th e m ea c h o f th e ir gr ea t

m e n w a s in the ha bit o f c h o o s i n g tw e n ty o r m o r e c o m p a n i o n s
to e nj oy his w e a l th a n d diver s i o n s du r i n g hi s life a n d o n ,

h is d e c e a se th ey w er e a ll bu r i e d a li v e i n the s a m e gr a ve
this o ri gin a ti n g w i th the idea tha t th ei r s e lf sa c ri fic e w o u ld -

e n a bl e th e m to a tte n d th e i r p a tr o n in a n o th e r w o r ld w h er e ,

th ey m ight diver t th em s el v e s w ith h un tin g a n d fea sti n g a s ,

h
t e y ha d d one b f
e o e in
r thi s
*
O n Fe r o ze s kin g o f P er s i a .
,

l a yi n g a n u nj u s t c la i m to th e i r c ou n tr y w hic h h e en ter e d ,

a n d w a s t e d w ith a l a r g e for c e th e y a d v a n c e d a ga i n s t him , ,

th eir c a v a l ry bei n g s u ppo r te d‘ by tw o th o u s a n d e l e ph a n t s ,

a n d d e fe a ti n g the P er i a n s in a gr e a t b a ttl e i n w hi c h th e y
s
,
’
to o k p r i s o n er th e e n e m y s ki n g th e y r e l e a s e d h i m u p o n hi s
c o n s e n ti n g to d o h o m a ge a n d p ro s tr a t e hi m s elf b e fo r e th ei r ,

m o n a r c h w h o s e fe e t he hu m bly kis s e d
,
B u t o n r eg a i n i n g
.
.
,

hi s liber ty Fer o zes a g a i n i n v a d e d th e t er ri to ry o f the

,

R un s a n d i n thi s s e c o n d e xp e di ti o n th e P ers ia n s o v er eign

, ,

l o s in g bo th his a r m y a n d hi s life w ith thir ty o f hi s s o n s a n d ,

an im m e n s e a m ou nt o f plu n d er the v ic t or i ou s w a rr i o r s ,

o verr a n a ll P e r s i a a n d h e ld it i n su bj e c tio n fo r tw o
, ye a r s ,
.

o bligin g C a ba d e s the s o n a n d s uc c e s s o r o f Fe r ozes to

, pa y ,

th e m tr ibu te The o th er divi s i o n o f the H un s s e ttl e d i n

.

the fr o ze n de s er t s o f Sib er ia w h e r e th ey s o o n l o s t e ve r tr a c e
y ,

o f a n y o f the r ud i m e n ts o f c ivili za ti o n w hi c h th e
y ha d e v er
p o s s es se d A s la te a s the thir te en th c en tu r y the pla in s o n
. .

the e a s te r n b a n ks o f th e Vo lga w e r e s till ca ll e d G r ea t Hun

ga r y a n d the in h a bi ta n t s w h o s e kin gdo m ha d en du r e d till
, ,

a t th a t p e r i o d it w a s s w e pt a w a
y by the M o n gul s s till s po ke ,

th e i r l a n g u a ge It is s u pp os e d th a t th e y w e r e pr o m pte d to
.

the i n va s i o n o f S c y thi a by the o pp re s s i on o f th e o th e r

T a r ta r n a tio n s o n the o u ts kir t of th e ir t er ri tor ies a n d i n th e
ye a r A D 3 7 6 th ey a dv a n c e d w ith a ll th e ir fl o c ks a n d h er d s
. . .

b eyon d the V o lga a n d d ro ve o ut the Al a n i a Sl a vo n ic

.

, ,

n a tio n the r e m n a n t s o f w h o m t o o k r e fu ge i n the C a u ca su s

,
,
w h e re th ei r d e s c en d a n ts u n d e r the n a m e o f O s s e tes s till .

r em a i n 1 S e ver a l C o thi c tr ibes ha d s e ttle d d o w n u n der

‘
. . r

Chr i s tia n bish o ps a n d fo r m a ny y ea rs r es ide d pe a c e fu lly

,

a n d s e c u r ely i n w e ll bu il t villa ge s a s c u lt i va to rs o f the so il

-

In th e h pa rts o f S iberi a m a ny t m b s h a v e been o p ened

s out er n o i i g
c on ta n n th e b on e s
o f me n a nd h o rs es wath ar m our j e w e l s &c m a ny o f w hi c h a re pp d
,

su to be m or e
i

os e
th a n a th o usa nd ye a rs ol d
, , , ,

f Gibbo n s “ Decline a nd Ful l of the Ro ma n Empi re

.

'

.
 TH E A SI AT I C S C YT H I AN S — TH E H U N S— ATTILA . 31

in S ou th e r n R u ssia Th eir c o r n fields a nd h a bita tio n s w er e

.
-

bu r ne d a n d d es tr o y e d by the H uns to w h o m it i s s a id the ,

use o f fi r e w a s u n k n o w n e x c e pt fo r the p u r p o s e o f d es o l a ti n g
,
th e c o u n t r ies th ro u gh w hi c h th e p a ss e d , a n d w h o c o m p ellin g
y ,

the O s tr o go ths to r e t rea t to the D n ie s t e r fo rc e d th e Vi s igo th s ,

to o bta in l ea v e o f th e e m p er o r Va l e n s to s e t tl e i n Th r a c e
;
th e i r s a va ge a n d fr ightful a pp ea r a n c e ex c iti n g a l m o s t a s
m u c h t er ro r i n the h ea r ts o f th e ir e n e m i e s a s the ir dr ea dfu l
r a va ges W e a r e in fo r m e d by the his to r i a n s o f th e tim e
.

th a t th ey w er e di s tin gu i s h e d fr o m the r es t o f the hu m a n

s p e c i es b
y th e i r b r oa d s h o u ld e rs fia t n o s es a n d s m a ll bla c k
, ,

e yes d e e pl
, y b u ri e d i n th e h ea d a n d th a t the y w e r e a l m o s t
,

e n ti r e l
y d e s titu te o f b e a r ds th u s s tr o n gly r e s e m bli n g th e
,

m o d e r n T a r ta r s a n d th e t e r r ibl e r e p o r t p r ec e d e d th e m i n

E u r o pe th a t th e y w er e d em o n s o r lo s t s o ul s esc a pi n g fr o m
, ,

e t e r n a l p u n i s hm e n t
*
A n a k e d s w o r d fix e d in the gr o u n d
.

w a s the o n ly o bj ec t o f th e i r r e ligi o u s w o r s hip th e y o r n a

m e n te d the tr a ppi n gs o f th e ir ho rs es w ith the s c a lp s o f th e i r
en e m ie s a n d , pu t a n e n d to th e i r o w n live s o n the a p pr oa c h
o f a e o r di s ea s e Jo r n a n d e s s a ys th a t th e y h a d n o fo o d
g .

bu t r o o ts a n d r a w m e a t a n d a l w a ys ea t o n h o rs e b a c k
, ,

sc a r c e ly e v e r d is m o u n ti n g
(w hic h in a ll p r o ba bility i n d u c e d
th e hi s t o r i a n Z o s i m u s to w r i te tha t th ey c o u ld n o t w a lk) ,

a n d h a d n eith e r t e n ts n or h o u s e s h a vin g s u c h a n a v e r s i o n
, ,

to th e m th a t th e y c a ll e d the m th e s e p u lch res o f th e livi n g ,

a n d a l w a ys s l ee pi n g i n th e o p e n a ir .

The i n va s io n o f the H un s d ro v e th e Go th s u p o n th e
en er va t e d a n d lu xu r i o u s R o m a n e m pir e w hi c h w as th e n ,

li ttl e c a l c ul a t e d to r e s i s t s o grea t a s h o c k bu t the c o n qu e s t s

o f the b a r b a r i a n s w e r e fo r a ti m e s u s p e n d e d a n d th e ir p u blic ,

fo r c e i n c a p a c i ta te d a n d e xh a u s t e d by the di s c o r d o f th e ir ,

C hi e ft a in s a n d it w a s n o t till s ix ty y ea r s l a te r w h e n th e ir ,

tr o uble d fa c tio ns w e re u n ite d by the fir m ha n d a n d s kilful

p o lic y o f the ir c el e b ra t e d c hi e f Attil a th a t the H un s o n c e ,

m o r e b ec a m e fo r m id a bl e to We ste rn E u ro p e .

Thi s d es c r ip ti o n o f th e H uns w h i c h the w ri ters of th a t ti m e h av e l eft us bea rs a ,

s tr i k i n g r e s e m bl a nce to th a t g i n us o f th e Ta r ta rs by th e tra v e ll e rs a nd m i s s i o n a ri e s
v e

o f th e m iddl e a ge s w h i c h s a y s H ue m a y be rec o g n i z e d fea tu re fo r fea ture i n th e M o n

,

go l s o i the p res e nt d a y J o h n d c Pl a no C a rpi n i ha s d es c r i be d th e m a s be i ng o r the

, , .

m iddl e el ze w i th b r a d fl a t face s p ro m i n e nt c h ee k ~ bo nes s h ort fla t no s e s li ttl e eyes

.

o ,

pla ce d o bliq ue ly a nd s e p a ra ted by a g rea t s pa c e w i th th e bea rd s c a nty o r e n t r ly

, , ,

,
i e

w a nti n g F r i a r hic o ld s a ys of th e m Alter le a v i ng T urk ey w e ente red a ta ry we rsh eo rne

,

w e m et w i th th a t w o n d e rful a nd h o r rid p eo ple th e Tur turs w h o d ifl er s o m uc h i n p

.
‘

, ,

m a n ne rs a n d mo d e o f h ie fro m a ll th e na ti o ns in th e w o r ld Th ey di f er in pers o n fo r ,

th ey h a v e g re a t b roa d fa ce s a nd ey es s o li ttl e a n d n a rro w th a t th ey l o o k o n l y li k e

.
, ,

s m a ll s li ts i n th e i r fa c es ; th ey a re w i th o ut b ea rd s a nd m any o f th e m l oo k e xa c tly li k e
,

,
u p r ig h t o l d b a b oon s
"
.
32 THE ARCH ER AND TH E s r s r p n
'
.

I n the re Ar c a diu s em p er or o f th e E as t a b a n d o f
ign of , ,

thes e a dven tu r er s r a va g e d the pr o vi n c es o f As i a M in o r fr om ,

w h en c e th e y br o u ght a w a y r i ch s p o il s a n d i nn u m er a bl e c a p
ti v es . Th e y c r os s e d th e s ea o f A zo f pe n etr a ted by a s ecr e t ,

p a th a l on g th e sh o r es o f the C a s pia n s ea tr a v er s e d the ,

m o u nta i n s o f Ar m eni a pa s s e d the T i gr i s a n d Eu ph r a tes a n d

, ,

o c c upi e d Cili c i a a n d th e Ch r i s tia n t o w n o f A n ti o c h Egypt .

tr emble d a t th e a ppr o a c h o f th e in va d e r s a n d th e m on k s a n d ,

n u m er o u s pilgr i m s o f J er u s a le m pr epa r e d to es c a p e th eir ,

*
fu ry by a s p ee dy e m ba r k i a t o n fr o m th e H ly L d
o a n B ut .
,

a b a n do n i ng th e d ir ec t ro a d to P a l e s ti n e ; a n d a dva n c i n g o n

the pla in s o f M e di a the y w er e th er e e n co u n t er e d by a Pe r s i a n

,

a r m y o f s u per i o r di s c ipli n e a n d s tr e n gth a n d b e in g fo r c ed to , ,

r e ti r e e f
fe c te d a p er il o u s r et re a t to th e ir o w n c o u n tr y w ith
, ,

the l o s s o f a l m o s t a ll their b o o ty bu t w ith th e i r r e s tles s ,

a m biti o n u n a ba t e d .

At tila o r Etze l th e s o n o f M u n dzuk w h o re c e ive d fro m

, , ,

his en e m ie s a n d a lli e s the title o f the S co u r ge o f G o d a n d ,

’
w h o b o a s t e d th a t th e gr a ss n e v er grew w h er e hi s h o rs e s
h o o f ha d tr o d s u c c ee d e d hi s u n c l e R u gil a s a s j o in t ki n g o f
,

th e H u n s w ith his b r o th e r Bl e d a w h o m be h o w e ve r it i s
, , ,

s a id,
i n i mi t a ti o n o f the a lle ge d m urd e r o f R em us by hi s
b r o th er the fo under o f R om e s o on d e pr ive d o f hi s th r o n e ,

a n d life His fea tu r es a c co rdi n g to a G o thi c hi s t o r i a n bo r e

.
, ,

th e s ta m p o f hi s n a ti o n a l o r igi n s m a ll , d e e p se a t e d e yes a ,
-
,

fla t n o se s w a t thy c o m pl exi o n a n d a fe w h a ir s i n the pl a ce

,
-
,

o f a b ea r d br o a d s h o ul d e r s
, a n d a s h o r t s q u a r e, dis r o or
p p , ,

tio n e d b o dy tho u gh o f gr e a t stre n g th i

, His h a u ghty s te p .
‘ ‘

”
a nd d e m ea n o ur s a s Gibb o n
y , e xp r e s s e d th e c o n s c io u s n e ss ,

o f hi s s u p eri o r i ty o v e r th e r es t o f m a n ki n d ; a n d h e h a d a

h a bit o f fier c ely r ollin g hi s e yes a s if h e w i s he d to e nj oy the ,

t erro r whic h he ins pir e d Y e t thi s sa v a ge h er o w a s no t.

Gibbo D c li
'
n s n d F ll f th R m
e ne a E m pi e a o e o an r .

1 Herb ert, in his Att ila

, h as t us h
hi s descr ipti on u
v ers i fle d t .

Terr i fi c w a s hi s s em bl a n c e i n no m o uld
O t be a uti tul ro 0 r t10 n c a s t h is li m b s
,
‘ ’

N o th i ng e xa te but w i th s i n ew s bra c e d
, ,

Oi C h a iybwa n tem e r a gile li th e

‘

And s w nfl er th a n t i s roe ; hi s a m pl e c h es t
, , ,

W a s o v erbro w d by a giga ntic h ea d

'

W i th eyes k e e n d ee pl y s u nk a nd s ma ll th a t ie nm d
,
‘
.

S tra ngel in w ra th a s th o ugh s o me s pirlt unc c a n , ,

Wi thi n tya t c o rp ora l te ne m e nt i nsta il d

. ,
'

L ook d fro m its w i n d o ws ; but Wl th te m per a fire

.
' '

Be ani e d m ildi o n th e unre s ls tl ng ; th a t '

His bea rd a n ho a ry ; h is fla t nos tril s c rowu d ‘

A cl eatr ls e d s w ar t v i s a ge ; but w i th a l
,

Th at q ues tio na ble s h a pe s uc h gl o ry wore

, ,

Th a t mortal s qualled beiore hi m

, ,
“
.
 34 THE ARCH ER AND THE S TE PPE .

in c o m pa tible w i th hi s u s u a lly fie r c e u n yie l di n g a n d rigid , ,

d em ea n o ur * His o w n p a l a c e w hi c h w a s s u r r o un d e d by a
.
,

w a ll a nd high t o w e rs di s pl a ye d s o m e p r e te n s i o n s to a rc hi
,

t ec tur e a n d o rn a m en t It w a s s u pp or te d by c a r ve d pill a r s
.

o f m o s t c u r i o u s a n d s i n gu l a r w o r k m a n s hip a n d pr o vid e d w it h ,

a b a th h o u s e -
a n d the w h o l e e n c a m p m e n t pr e se n te d a r e

m a r ka bl e mi xtu r e o f lu xur r u d e m a gn i fic en c e a n d b a r b a r is m , .

The m o s t s pl e n did c a r p ets fr o m Pers i a li n e d the te n ts the ,

m o s t pr ec i o u s s t o n es the tra ppin gs o f the H u n s th ei r c l o th e s ,

w er e m a de o f s ilk a n d e m br o id er y a n d th e i r t a bl es w er e ,

c o v e r e d w i th d i s h es a n d g o bl e t s o f g o l d Attil a a lo n e pre .

Ser ve d th e s i m pli c i ty o f his a n c es to r s a n d di n e d lik e th em o n ,

h o r s eba c k o ff the r o u gh e s t fa r e pr e s e n t e d to him o n a w o o d e n ,

pl a te fr o m a s ilver ta ble by his c o u r ti ers w ho h e ld th ei r ,

ba n qu e ts i n the s a m e h a ll w ith th e ir c hi e f At the fea s t .

a t w hi c h Pr isc u s w a s p res e n t , a Go thi c c hi e f o c c u pi e d the

r ight a n d the R o m a n a m ba s s a d or s s a t o n th e l e ft h a n d o f
,

the m o n a r c h w hi c h l a s t i t i s p r o b a bl e w a s the pl a c e o f
, , ,

h o n ou r a s a m o n g the Chin es e a n d m o s t o f th e Ta r ta r n a ti on s
,

a t th e p res e n t da y .

In the yea r A D 4 47 the H un s a g a in em er ge d fr o m th e ir

. .
,

Hu n ga r ia n r e tr ea t a n d tu r n e d th eir a rm s u po n th e Ro m a n
,
.

p r o vin c e s in We s t er n E uro pe L ea din g hi s fo ll o w ers i nt o .

the h ear t o f Ga u l Attil a dr o v e b e fo r e him th e m a r ti a l

,

F ra n ks u n d er th e ir kin g M e ro v e u s a n d a dva n c e d a s fa r a s
, ,

O r l ea n s w hi c h he s u rr o u n d e d a n d c l o sely b es i eg e d Bu t
, .

the Ro m a n go ver n o r fEtiu s c o ll e c ti n a n e n o r m o u s a r m y o f

g ,

Go th s V a n da l s Fr a n ks a n d a l m os t e ver y n a tio n fr o m the

, , ,

Vis tu la to the Atl a n ti c w h o s e a lle gia n c e w a s c l a im e d by

,

Ro m e or w h o fo r go t he r o pp r es s io n i n th ei r ea ger n e s s to
,

jo i n a ga in s t the c o mm o n e n em y A ttila r ec r o s se d the S e in e , ,

a n d e n c o u n te r e d the fo r c es o f hi s a n ta g o n i s t i n the pl a i n s o f

Pr evi o us to c o m m e n c i n g the e n ga ge m e n t the ,

ki n g o f the H un s ha d c o n s u l te d the pr i es t s a n d divi n er s

w i th r e g a r d to th e r e s ult a n d th e y ha d pr e di c te d hi s d e fea t
, ,

th o u gh w ith the d e a th o f his pr in c i pa l o ppo n en t Bu t d e ter .

Thi erry s Hi sto i re d es Huns

'

1 A bo ut fiv e m il es from : C I1a l ons s ay s Gre a s y ne a r th e l i ttl e h a m l ets o f Ch a p e

.

“ “

a n d C u pe rl y th e g ro und is i nd e nte d and h e a p e d up i n ra n g es o f g r a ss

y m o und s a nd
, ,

.
tre nc h e s w hi c h a ttes t th e w ork o f m a n s h a nd i n a ges p a s t a n d w hi c h to th e pr a c ti s e d
,
‘
.

e ye d e mo ns tr a te tha t th i s q u ie t s p o t h a s o nc e b ee n th e forti fi e d p os i ti o n o f a h ug e m ili ta r

, .

h os t Loc a l tra d i ti o n gi v es to th e s e a nc i n t earth w ork s the n a m e o f A ttil a s c a m p n yr

,
‘
. . e o
i s th ere a ny re a s o n to ucs tlo n th e c o rre c tness o f th e ti tl e or to d o u bt th a t b e hi nd the s e ,
ery ra m p i tg i w ti s t l a t ' uh a th e n k i n g th a t e v er r ul e d i n
fi
th e in o s t po w
al g
urs g
uro e mg gt: d tll e l ern1i ii ts d l f ils wa s t a rmy wlifchlmgS trl v en o n the pla i ns “ a n“:
,
' '

th e L ris tia n so ldi ers o f Th ou lo us e a n d Rom e

,
"
.
 THE a s m 'r rc S C YTH I AN S— TH E H UN S— ATT LA I . 35

m i n e d to b ra ve fa te o r o ve r co m e it th r o ugh the i n tr epi dity

,

o f h is fo llo w e rs i n a m ili ta r y o r a ti o n h e e n d e a v o u re d to
,

r o u s e th e i r u n u su a l d e s p o n d e nc y a n d r e m i n di n g th e m o f , ,
th e i r for m e r e xpl o it s a n d va l o u r Wa r r i o rs pr o tec te d by
”
H ea ve n he ex c la i m e d , a r e s a fe a n d in v u l n er a ble a m id th
, i

a rro w s o f th e fo e I m ys e lf w ill h ur l the fir s t j a ve li n a t

, ,

the en e m y a n d the w re tc h w ho r e fuse s to fo ll o w h i s m a s t e r s

’
,

e xa m pl e s h a ll be d e vo t e d to i n s ta n t I n fr o n t o f
th e c e ntr a l c o l u m n Attil a l e d his fo ll o w e r s i n p e rs o n o n to
,

the a t ta c k bu t a fter a m o s t d es p e ra te b a ttl e in w hi c h o n e

, ,

h un dr e d th o u s a n d H u n s w e r e le ft u po n the fie ld a n d sixty ,

th o us a n d o f th eir o ppon e n ts the fo rm er w er e fo r c e d to ,

r e t rea t and
, g a i n i n g th e i r e n c a m pm en t th ey pr e pa r e d to
, ,

d e s tro y th e m s elv e s the i r w ives a n d tr e as u re by fire r a th e r

, , ,

th a n yi e ld o r fa ll i n to th e h a n ds o f the R o m a n a f Y et
’
fE ti u s s vi c to r y ha d b ee n to o d ea r ly p u rc h as e d to e n a bl e hi m
to p u rs u e th e fu giti v e s o r c o n ti n u e the w a r a n d Attil a ,

fin a ll y a ba n d o n e d G a u l w i th o u t fur th er m o l es ta ti o n a n d ,

s w e pt like a d e s t r u ctiv e t o r r e n t o v e r a ll s o u th er n G e r m a n
y
a n d n o r th e r n Ita ly Th e H u n s s a c ke d a n d r e du c e d to a s h e s
.

the t o w n s o f Al ti n u m . C o n c or di a Pa du a Vi c e n za V e r o n a
, , , , ,

a n d B e r ga m o bu t s pa r e d th e c iti es a n d a l l the i n h a bi ta n ts
,

o f Mila n a n d P a vi a u p o n th e i r s ub m itti n g to ;th e ir s a v a g e

,

c o n qu er o r s w i th o u t r es i s ta n c e Fi n di n g in th e r o ya l pa la c e
.

o f Mil a n a p i c tur e r epr e s en tin

g o n e o f th e e m p er o r s o f R o m e
o n h i s th r o n e w ith th e p r i n ce s o f S c ythi a p ro s tr a t e a t his
,

feet Attil a c o m m a n d e d a pa i n ter to r e v ers e the figu r es a n d

, ,

th e e m p e ro rs w e r e de li n ea t e d a ppr o a c hi n g i n a s u pplia n t
a ttit u d e to e m pty th e i r ba gs o f tr ib u ta r y g o ld a t the fe e t o f

the S c ythi a n m o n a rc h i
Af te r r a va gi n g a ll the n or th o f Ita l y the H u ns a dva n c e d ,

t o wa r ds Ro m e u n d e r the pr e t en ce o f r e lea s i n g fr o m i m pr i s o n
,

m en t H o n o r i a the s i s t er o f the e m p er o r Va le n ti n i a n w ho
, , ,

p ro m p te d by a m bi tio n o r j e a lo u s y o f he r bro th er h a d s e n t
‘ .

to o ffer At tila he r ha n d 3 a n d u p o n her d e s ign bein g ,

disc o ver e d by the R o m a n s w a s pla c e d i n c lo s e c o nfin e m e n t

,
.

Ma r c hi n g a l m o s t to the ga tes o f th e e ter n a l c ity Attil a w a s ,

p r e pa r in g to e n c a m p w i thi n a s h o r t dis t a n c e o f i ts w a ll s
b e for e c o m m e n c in g the siege w h en his p r o gr ess w a s a rr es te d
,

Gibbo n s “ Dec li n e a nd Fa ll of th e Rom a n E m pi r e

'

Fii tee n De c i s i v e B a ttl es

J - ‘ "
( re a sy s
Gibbo n s D ec li ne a nd Fa ll o f the Roma n Em pi re
.

' “
.

Ure a sy s B a ttl e o f Ch a l o ns
‘ "
.
36 THE ARC H E R AN D TH E S TE PP E .

by the P o p e Leo b oldly a d v a n c ed fro m th e t o w n a r ra ye d

,
w ho ,

i n his po n ti fic a l r o b es a n d u n a tt en d e d bu t by a fe w u n a r me d
,

pr ie s ts Pr o c ee din g to w a r ds the r o ya l ten t, th e hea d a nd

.

c h ie f o f the C hr is ti a n w or ld s t er n ly c o n fr o n t e d th e b ar b a r ia n

m o n a rc h a n d pr o du c e d s o p o w e r fu l a n e ffec t u p o n th e m in d
,

o f Attila by his m aj e s ti c a pp e a r a n ce a n d th e c o u ra g e a n d ,

e l o qu en c e w i th w hi c h h e c o u r a ge o u s l y d e n o u n c e d the c hi ef i f

h e a tt e m p te d to a ppr o a c h a s t e p n e a r e r a n d d a re d to p o ll u te ,

by his a tr o c iti es th e c ity w hi c h h a d b e en s a n c ti fie d by th e

m a r tyr do m o f St Pe t e r a n d St Pa u l , th a t th e Hun c o n
. .

s e n t e d to a b a n d o n hi s d es ig n a n d r et ra c i n g his s te p s w i th
, ,

hi s a r m y s h o r tly a fter wa r d s e va c u a te d I ta ly, a n d r etu rn e d

,

to h is w o o d e n c a pita l .

N o t l o n g a fter thi s e n te r pri s e Attil a a dd e d a b e a u tifu l ,

m a id c a lle d Idilc o to th e a lr e a dy l a r g e n u m b er o f hi s w iv e s
, , ,

a n d c a u s e d hi s es p o u sa l s to be c e l e b r a te d w ith gr e a t p o m p in

h is p a l a c e b eyo n d the D a n u b e ; bu t o n the n i ght a ft er hi s ,

m a rr i a ge h is a tte n da n ts w e r e r eu s e d by the s h r ie k s a n d c r i es
,

o f h i s b r id e a nd e n t eri n g hi s c h a m b e r
, ,
th e y di sco ver e d ,

th a t th e i r m on a r c h ha d e xpir e d thr ou gh s t he b r ea ki n g o f a ‘

blo o d v e s s e l th e eff e c ts a s s o m e a u th or s r el a te o f p o i son

,
fl
-
,

a d m i n is t ere d to hi m i n hi s w i n e go bl et a t the w e ddin g -

b a n qu e t a t the in s tiga tion o f h is yo un g a n d r el u c ta n t w ife 5

,

bu t h is fo ll o w ers a l w a ys p er s i s ted i n den yin g thi s as s er ti o n n o t ,

b e in g a bl e to su ppo r t the ide a th a t th e i r h e ro w h om th e y ,

‘

l o o k e d u po n a l m o s t a s a di v in ity s h ou ld m e e t w ith hi s d e a th ,

fr o m the h a n d o f m a n His r em a in s w ere en c l o s e d i n th r ee

;

c o ffin s o f g o ld s ilv e r ,
a n d ir on a n d th e H u n s b e w a ile d h is
, ,

d ec ea se a c c o r din g to th e ir s a va ge c u s t o m by c u ttin g o ff th eir

, ,

h a ir a n d ga s hin g th eir fa c es w i th w o u n d s a n d h a vi n g
,

p riva tely buri e d hi m i n the n ight th ey th r ew into his gr a v e ,

th e m os t va l ua bl e p o rtio n o f th e plu n d e r w hi c h he h a d
w r es te d fr o m pr o s t ra te c iti e s a n d c o n qu ere d n a tio n s the
c a ptives w ho ha d o p ene d the g ro un d b ein g i n hu m a n ly
m a s s a c r e d o v e r h is t o m b * The po w e r o f th e H un s did n t
. o

l o ng su r vive the dec e a s e o f th eir gr ea t chief Ella c th e .

,

e ld es t s o n o f Attil a l o s t hi s life a n d c ro wn i n a ba ttl e fo u ght

,

a ga in s t the Go th s o n the ba n k s o f the r iv er N e ta d in

P a n n o ni a His br o ther D en gisic h m a in ta ined his gro und
.

a ga i n s t the o pp re ss i o n o f th o s e n a ti o n s w ho h a d b e en hi s

Thi s prac ti c e p rev a il e d a mon g th e Tartan o f C en tral A s i a so l ate a s th e sev enteenth

c e n tury a nd th ev now occns ibna uy sa cri fi ce h orses G ibb 0 “ 8 Decl ine and F ul l or th e
“

"
R oman E mpi re
. .

.
 r n n AS A T
I I C S CY TH IAN S —TB E H UN S —ATT I LA . 37
’
fa th e r s sl a ves fo r a b ou t fifte en yea r s l o n ger o n th e ba n ks o f
th e D a n u b e , w h en , in va di n g the E a s te rn e m pi r e , he fe ll i n
b a ttl e , a n d hi s h ea d, sever e d fr o m the sen sel e ss cor ps e, w a s
c a r r i e d to C o n s t a n ti no pl e , a n d e xpo se d i n th e Hi ppo dr o m e to

th e idle ga ze o f the Gree k po pu l a c e . Er n a c , the yo u n ges t

a n d fa vo u rite s o n o f A ttil a , re tir e d s u bs e qu en tly with his
’
o w n h or d e a n d hi s br oth er s fo ll o w e rs i n t o th e h e a r t o f L es s er

Sc ythi a , w h e r e th e y wer e so o n o v er w h el m e d by a fr esh t orr e n t

o f i n v a d e r s, th e I o u r s , w h o , i ss u in g fr o m th e i c y r egi on s of
g
Sibe ria , fin al ly e x ting uis he d the e m pi re of the Hun s * .

Gibb on s “Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

'
 CHA P TER IV .

s a om s—
tb g g bara— fig ul sris ns— S Is hnnis ns— d hagsrs .

Ha rd ly the pl ace o f suc h a ntiq ui ty

O r no te o f th os e gre a t m o na r c hie s w e find
.

,
O n a fa di ng v erbal me m ory
Anl yem pty na m e in w ri t is ie tt beh i nd —Fu z ,

THE t y o f th e Igou rs o r Og a r s * p ro ba bly the I sse

co un r ,

d o n es o f H ero d o tus w ho n e xt to the H uns w ere the m o s t

, , ,

po w erful n a tio n a m o n g the T a r ta rs o f a n c ien t As ia c o m ,

pris e d tha t te rri to ry o n th e b o r d e r s o f the Alt a i w hi c h i s

w a te re d by the S el in ga T o ul a a n d O r kh a n r ive r s , Th ei r ,
.

e a r lies t r eligi on w a s p r o ba bly but th ey a pp ea r

to h a v e a d o p te d l a t er the fa ith o f B u ddh a sin c e w h e n th e ,

Bu ddhis t pilgr i m , Fo Hia n vi s ite d th e ir c o un t ry A D 3 9 9

-
,
,
. .
,

it w a s pr eva l ent th er e a s he fo u n d a m o n g th em fo ur th o u
,

s a n d m o nk s o r l a m a s i Th e i r so c i e ty w a s se p a r a te d in to
th re e cla s se s or c a s t es hu n t er s s he ph e rds a nd hu s ba n d m e n ,
'

, , ,

the two fo rm e r b e i ng c o n s i d er e d th e m o s t h o n o ur a bl e 3” a nd ,

a c co rdi ng to L e v e s qu e the y ha d m a de grea t pr o gres s be fo re

,

th e ir o ver th ro w i n the c u ltiv a ti o n o f the a rts a n d s c ie nc es .

”
It w a s this peo pl e s ays the F r e n c h w riter , w ho c o m ,

m u ni c a ted th e m as w ell a s th e a r t o f w r i ti n g, to the o th e r

,

na tio n s o f the T a rt a r rac e a n d pr o ba bl

y to m a n y o thers , .

Per h a p s it is to the m w e a r e in de bte d for a s tr o n o m ica l

o bs er va ti on s w hi c h, m ad e u n d er a m o r e n o r th ern cli m a te
,

th a n th a t o f the a n c i en t p e o pl e w h o tra n s mitte d th em ,

c a nn o t be the r es ult o f the i r r es e a r c h e s § These p r o ve th a t .
,

t d d i d
The w or 0 re i s er v e fro m t s n a me hi
h b
.

"
f Tll'lS roll on, the sa me a s th a t o i t e S a m na mn s a nd G mnosophi sl s h as een
“ '

d I di i d
.

ri v e n, s a ys ev es que, by th e B ra h m m s , fro m n a nto t i s no rthe rn es er ts ; th e

na ek d phil ph os o p ll d
ers w ere co m e e p h
to w ra lt e ms e v e s i n fur. but the i nse ns i bi y s un k
i i d h i i
n to w zar s a nd p ys c a ns d Di f gl
I t is for me on th e i de a o f o ne e ty. h ; a n e s, a nd th e
b lli pi i pp g
.

re e o us s r ts w ho o os e h i s o v er n
Pri tc h a rrl s N a tura
‘
l Hi s to ry o i: Mo n
"

D li pi
.

G lbbo n s “ e c ne a nd Fa l l o f th e R o m a n E m re
‘

B l i i d h
.

y , i n h is H s to ry o f A nc e nt a nd M o ern As tronomy." rov es t a t the

“
M . ai l
ll b i ll d
s te a r o s erv a t o ns co ec te byP l h b
to e my , m us t a v e e e n m a d e i n 5 c l ma te w he re th e
l g i
o n es t d a y w as s xteen ho urs i n d i hi h
ura t o n, w d g
c d
w oul a re e wi th th e la ti tu e of th e
s o uth e rn re gi o ns o f S be r i a
i
In th e g uid in a rro w menti o ned by He ro d o tus w h ic h th e Hyperbore nn m a gi c i a n
.

Ann is c a rri ed i ngus h a nd so me c o m menta tors h a v e s uppo s ed tha t th ey reco g niz e th e

.
-
i ,
co m p as s — Hm ow r
" ‘
. .
 rna m o o ns, A V AR S ,
B U L GAR I AN S , ETC . 39

in very r e m o t e a ges the n o r th c o nta i n e d a l e a r n e d n a tio n

,

w h os e m e m o r y is l o s t to u s th o u gh w e e nj o th e b en e fit o f
y ,

i ts s c i en tific I t h a s b een s u pp o s e d th a t th e
thi r d la n gua ge o f the a r ro w h e a d e d in s c r iptio n s fo un d i n -

A s s yr ia i s Ugr ia n o r Igo u r ia n ; a nd if s o th ey m u s t h a v e
, ,

in v a d e d o r ha d s o m e c o m m u n ic a tio n w ith th a t c o un try

,

m a n y c e n tur ie s b e fo r e Ch ri s t While the e m pi re o f the .

H un s w a s p r e d o m i n a nt in C e n tr a l A s ia the Igo u r s b ec a m e ,

s u bj e c t to t he i r d o mi nio n bu t o n th e d ec li n e o f th e i r p o w e r
e m a n c ip a t e d th e m s e lves fro m a fo re ign yo k e a n d m a in »

ta in e d fo r s o m e yea r s the i r in de pen de n c e I n the b e gi n n i ng .

o f the s ixth c en t u ry the E m p e r o r Ju s tin s e n t a n e m b a s s

y to .

th e i r Kha n a n d o n r ea c hi n g th e r o ya l e n c a m p m e n t o f
t en t s a n d a r a b a s w hi c h w a s te m p o ra rily e s ta bli s h e d n e a r the
,

s o u r c e o f the Ir tis h the Ro m a n e n v o ys we r e for c e d to

,

u n d e r go p u r i fi c a ti o n by p a ss i n g b e tw e en tw o fires b e fo r e
, ,

th e y c o uld o bt a in a n a udi e n c e o f the T a r ta r pr in c e fi After ‘

h a vi n g d r i v e n the H un s fro m Sibe ri a i nt o E ur o p e th e Igo u r s ,

w e r e i n th e i r tu rn i n va d e d d ur i n g the fifth c e ntu r y by the

Ava rs a n o th er T ar ta r tr ib e a n d ha vi n g s u s ta in e d a l o n g a n d
,
'

fie r c e w a r fa r e a t l e n g th i n o ne d ec i s ive a nd tre me n d o us
, ,

b a ttl e th e Kha n w ith thr ee h u n dr e d th o u s a n d o f his s u bj ec ts

,

w a s s l a i n the flo W er o f hi s c hi e fs
,
a n d e v ery p r i n c e a n d ,

w a rr io r o f h is h o us e Upo n this r e ve rs e a b o u t tw e n ty th o u
.
,

s a n d o f th e Igo u r w a r ri o r s 1 a b a n d o ni n g th e i r n a ti v e c o un t r y
, ,

s e ttl e d d o w n in the n o r th e a s t o f R u ss ia a n d i n th e t er r it or y
-
,

o n th e As ia ti c s id e o f the Ur a l w h ere , i n c o nj u nc ti o n w ith ,

the o th er Fi n n i s h t r ib e s th ey a fte r w a r d s fo u n de d the r e m o te

,

c o m m e r ci a l ki n gdo m o f Bia r m a l a n d o r Per m w h o l o n g ke pt , ,

u p a n i n tim a t e c o nn ec ti o n by th e ir tr a d e w i th N o r th er n
A s i a a n d Eu ro pe The r es t o f the n a ti o n , w ho re ma i ne d i n
.

Ta r ta ry pa r ti a lly r ec o ve re d th e ir p o w er a fe w ye a rs a fte r
,

this e ve n t a n d c o n tinu e d till 1 12 5 w h e n th ey fe ll ben ea th

, ,

th e yo k e o f the K er a ites th en the p re d o m in a tin g e m pir e i n

,

C e n tr a l As ia .

The d esc en d a n t s o f the fo ll o w ers o f Attila w e r e k n o w n i n

th e s ixth c e n tu ry by the n a m e o f Bu lga r ia n s a t w h i c h ti m e ,

th e y divid e d w ith the Sl a v o n i a n s th e t e rr it o ri e s o f R us s i a

a n d Po l a n d ” Th e c o u n tr o n the Vo lga w a s c a ll e d fr o m
.

y
th em Gr ea t B u lga r i a o r by the i n ha bita n ts th em s elves H un
,

Le es q ue s Hi sto i re de la R uss is A s i a ti c R esearc h es

-

Gibbon s D ec li ne a nd Fa ll o f th e R om" a n E mpi re j

'
v . .

'

N a tura l Hi s tory of Ma n
.
' “
Pri tc hs rd s .
40 run A RCH ER AND THE sr nrr n .

*
g a ri a ; a n d the r u i n s of th e ir c a pita l , Bolga r , i itu a t e d o n s

the s h or es o f th a t r ive r , a nd c o n si s ti n g o f a fe w a r ch e s a n d

tom bs s till r em a i n Th ey a fter w a r ds founde d a kingdo m

, .

o n the ba n ks o f th e D a n u be an d i n the s e v e n th a n d e ia , ghth

c e n tu r i e s of th e Ch1 i s ti a n er a fr e qu e ntly ha ra s se d a n d
i n va de d the Ea s ter n E m pir e .

The n a m e S c l a v i a ppea rs i n ; th e wo r ks of the Arm en i a n -

his to r ia n Mo s es o f C ho r e n e w ho fl ou r is hed i n th e fifth c en

, ,

t ury ; bu t the Sl a v o n ia n s n e w e xten din g fr o m the P a cific , ,

Oc ea n to th e Ad r i a ti c Se a a r e fir s t de s cr ib e d u n de r tha t ,

de s ign a tio n by th e Go thi c w r i ter J o r n a n d es a n d h is co n ,

’
t e m p o ra ry Pr o c o piu s the hi s t or ia n o f J u s ti n ia n s r eign w ho
, ,

c a ll s th e m Sc l a v i ni The n a m e i s d er i ve d fr o m their wo r d
.

s l a/v a gl or y
, a n d Pr i tch a r d a nd o th e r e th no l o gi s ts c o nsi d er
, ,
-

th a t th e y w e r e u n d o u bte dly the d es c end a n t s of the Sa m e

tia ns Gibb o n s ays o f them
. Th e s a m e r a c e o f Sl a von ia n s
a pp ea r s to h a ve m a i n t a i n e d 1 n e ver y a g e th e po ss es s i o n of the ,

s a m e c o un t r i e s Th e i r n um e i o u s tr ibe s h o we v e r di s ta n t or
.
,

a dve rs e us e d on e c o m m o n l an gu a ge ;
, it was ha rsh a n d
irr egul a r a n d w er e kn o w n by the r es em bl a n c e o f their fo r m
, ,

w hi c h d e vi a t e d fro m the s w a r thy Ta r ta r a nd a ppro a ch e d , ,

w ith o u t a tt a i n i n g the l o fty s ta tu r e a n d fa ir c om pl exi on o f

,

th e G er m a n F o u r th o usa n d s ix hu n dr ed Vil la ges w ere

‘

s c a tte r e d o v er the p ro vi n c e s o f Ru ss i a a n d Pol a nd and th e i r “

,

hu ts w er e has tily bui it o f r o ugh ti m ber i n a c o u ntry d e fic ien t

'

b o t h in s t on e a nd i r o n The sh e e p a n d h o r ne d ca ttl e w ere

.

l a r ge a n d n um ero u s a n d the fie lds , w hi c h th e y s o we d w it h

, .

m ill et a n d g ra m s a ffo r d e d a c o ars e a n d l e s s n u t ritiv e foo d

, .

Th e y fo ught o n fo o t a l m o s t n a ked a n d exc e pt a n u nw ieldy , ,

s hi e ld W ith o u t a n y d e fe n s ive a r m o ur ; th e ir w e a qns o f

, .

p .

o ffe n c e w e r e a bo w a q u iv e r o f s m a l l p o i s o n e d a rr o ws a nd
, ,
. .

a l o n g r o pe whi c h th ey d e xt er o u s ly th r e w fr o m a di s ta n c e
, ,

a n d e n ta n gl e d th e i r e n e m y i n a r u n n i n g Like the
a n c i e n t S c ythi a n s they pr a ctis ed the r ite o f des tr oyin g the
,

(l e a d by fi r e a n d w id o w s w e r e b u r n e d o n the fu n era l pil e o f

, .

the ir hu sb a n d s w i th w h o m if a m a n o f w ea lth o r c o n s id er a
, ,

ti o n a sla ve wa s b u r ie d a l iv e s o th a t he m ight be i m m e dia t e ly

, ,

p ro vid e d w ith a n a t ten d a n t in a fu tu r e s ta te The S c la .

”
v e i s a ys P ro c o pi u s “ w o rs hi p o ne Go d the m ake r o f
n, , ,

light nin g Th ey r e ga r d hi m a s the s o l e go v er n or o f th e

'

u ni ve r s e a n d s a c r ifi
,
c e to hi m o x en a n d v i cti m s o f a ll ,

S h ptel 22
ee c e t G ibb on s D ecl i ne and Full of th e Rom an Emp ire
.
'
.
q

12 I:THE ARCH ER AND r a n STEPPE

“

4
‘

an d ti fici a l felic ity o f th e Gree k a n d R i om an

‘ '
"
r
a

J or na n des distin gui s hes the w h o l e Sl a vonic r a c e by the

c o lle c tive n a m e of W inidae $ After de sc r ibin g D a c ia, .

s u r r o u n d e d by l o fty Alps
”
he a dd s th a t o n the l e ft s ide
, ,

o f th ese m o u n ta in s t o w a r d s th e s o u r ce o f the r iver Vi s tu l a

, ,

li es a n i m m en s e r e gio n whic h is in h a bit e d by the po pu l o u s

”
n a o n o f the W i uidae
ti Di ffer e n t tr ib.e s o f thi s r a c e h a d ,

he sa ys , “ p a r tic ul a r e pith e ts but th e n a m es by w hi c h th e y

w er e
g en er a lly d i s tin gu i sh e d w e re th o se o f Sc la v in i a n d
,

An tes ” Pr oc o piu s i n d esc r ibin g th e m o bs er v e s

.
,
th e ir , ,

c o m ple xi o n s a n d h a i r a r e n e ith er w hit e n o r ye ll ow n o r ,

e n ti r e ly i n c li n e d to bl a c k, bu t a ll o f th e m a r e s o m e wh a t r e d

h a ire d The y dw ell in m is e r a bl e c a bi n s er ec te d a t c o n

.
,

s i der a ble di s ta n c es fro m ea c h o th e r a n d n o t u n fr e qu e n tly ,

c ha n ge th e pl a ce o f th e ir a b o de
”
He d es c ri bes them a s .

i nha bitin g the n or th er n s ho re o f the D a n u b e w h en c e th ey ,

m a d e fre q u en t i n cu rs io n s i n t o the p rovi n c es o n the r ight

ba n k o f th a t r iver bu t a t the p re s en t d a y th ey s pr e a d o v e r
Ru s s ia Bo he mi a , Po la n d , Mo n te n egr o a n d C ro a tia a n d
, , .
,

fo r fifteen h u n dr e d yea r s h a ve i n h a bite d n ea r ly the s a m e

“

c o u n tr i es .Th e figu r es o f th e Sl a v on ia n s o n the hi s to r i ca l

pilla r a t C o n sta n ti no ple a r e d r es s e d s im i l a r to the Ru ss ia n
,

p ea s a n ts o f the pre s ent ti m e w h o h a ve m a d e ver y little ,

a lt er a tio n i n th eir h a bit s a n d m a nn er o f l ivi n g fr o m th o se o f

thei r a nc e stor s i n the ni n th c en tur y, a nd it i s pr o ba ble th a t

th e Sla v o n i c di a l ec t, i n w hi c h th e c hu r c h ser vi c e s a r e per -a

for m e d th ro u gho u t Ru s s i a a n d tha t c o m m o nly s po ken in

,

the c o untry var y bu t s lightly fr o m the o n e u se d by th e

,

Sla vo n ia n s a n d Sa r m a tia n s This la n gua ge is i n ters pe r se d

'

w i th m a n y Ch a lda ic t ni c i a n an d o ld Pe r s i a n w or d s a n d
, , ,

h a s a grea t er r e sem bla n ce to S a n sc r i t the ir c o m m o n s o ur ce

,

, ,

th a n a n y o ther E u r o pe a n l a n g ua g e wi th th e e xc eptio n o f ,

the Lithu a n ia n w hi c h is a l s o a S a r m a ti c to n gu e §
, D u ri ng .

the r eign o f th e E m p e r o r J us tin i a n the Sl a v o n i a n s a n d Bu l ,

g a r ia n s c on tin u a lly c ro s s e d the D a nu b e a n d i n va d e d the ,

E as ter n e m pir e ; a n d Pr oc o piu s as s er t s tha t i n thir ty tw o ,

-

yea rs il th eir a nn u a l i n ro ad s ha d co n s u m e d two h u n dr e d

Acco r ding to To oke a nd o th er tra v e ll er s in the l a st a nd p res ent c enturi es th e B us
s i nn s of th e p re se nt d a y s i ng m o re th a n a ny o th er peo pl e i n th e w or ld Th e p e a sa nts
, ,

ma nufa c ture a k i nd o f gui ta r u o n w h ic h th ey pl a y ; th ey h a v e a l so a no th er m us i ca l i n

.

s tr ume nt un iv ersa l a mon g th e a rta r na ti o n s a sor t o f h or n i t is al s o to be fo un d a m on g

.

pt a nd Sy ri a 7 B e l l s Hi s tory o f R us s i a
, .

th e p eas ants o n
' “ "
.

1 Fro m w h ence 9 d eri v ed the na m e o f W e nd s a Si a v o n i c tr ib e i nh a bi ti n g a p a r t o f

.

G e rma ny Pritc h a r d s Na tura l Hi s tory o f

'
an
Art P h il Euc B ri t Gi bbon s D ec li ne a nd Fa il of th e R oma n E m pi re
. .
'
. . .
. .
 TH E re ouns, A ARS, BULG ARIANS, a r e
V i
.
43 }

th o u s a n d i n h a bitan t s o f the R om a n e m pir e In o n e i nva s io n .

th ey p e n e tr a t e d th e B a lka n s , a n d e ve n c r osse d th e H elles

p o n t r e tu r ni n g to th eir o w n c o un tr y l a d en w ith the r i ch es
,

a n d s o ils o f As i a
p ; w hi l e a n o th er p a r ty a dva n c e d w ith o u t
o pp o s iti o n to the s tr a i ts o f Th er m o p l ae a n d th e i s th m u s o f
y ,
C or in th the w o r ks th a t the e m pe r o r ha d r a is e d to o ppo se
,

th e m b e in g deser t e d by his s o ldi er s o n th e a ppr o a c h o f the

e n e m y, o r th e w a ll s s ca l e d b
y the e ne m y An o ther yea r .
,

th re e th o u sa n d Sl a vo ni a n s p a s se d the D a nu be a n d Hebr us ,

d efe a t e d e ver y R o m a n ge n e ra l w ho m ar c he d a ga in s t th e m ,
a n d pl un d e r e d w ith o u t o ppo s iti o n the c iti e s o f Ill r i c um
"

y
a n d Th r a c e ea c h o f w hi c h h a d a r m s a n d n um b e r s s ufli c ie nt
,

to r e p u l se a n d o ver w h e l m th e i r r u d e ly e qui pp ed a s s a ila n ts

a n d th e i n va d e rs m a rc h e d ba c k bey o n d the D a n u b e w i th

i nn u m er a bl e c a pti v e Gr ee ks Pr o c o piu s a c c u ses th em o f

.

c o m m ittin g th e m os t h or r id c r u el ti e s o n th e i r pr i s o n ers bu t
ha vi n g b ee n a n e ye w itn e ss o f the d es o l a tio n a n d m i s er y
c a u s e d by th e i r in r o a d s u p o n the Byza n ti n e e m pi re he w a s ,

n o t lik e ly to be l e n ie n t i n hi s j u dg m en t o f th e p e r e tr a to rs
p ,
“
a n d pro b a bly r a th e r e x a gge r a t e d th e i r i nh u m a n it Fo r
y .

th eir m i ld a n d libera l tr e a t m en t o f th e ir p r is o n e rs s a ys ,

Gibb o n “ w e ma y a pp ea l to the a uth o r ity s o m ew h a t m o r e

, ,

r ec e n t o f the E m p er o r Ma u r i c e
,
bu t i n the s iege o f T0 pi r us ,

a t o w n n ea r P hil ippi w ho s e o bs ti n a te d e fe n c e ha d e n ra ge d
,

th e m the y m a s s a c r e d fiftee n th o us a n d m en bu t s par e d the

“

, ,

w o m e n a n d c hil d r en ; the m os t v a l u a bl e c a ptiv es w er e

a l w a ys r e s e r ve d fo r l a b o u r o r r a n s o m th e s er vit ud e w a s n o t
,

r igo r o u s a n d th e
,
t er m s o f th eir d e liver a n c e s p eedy a n d
”
m o de ra te .

The in r o a ds o f th e Sl a vo n i a n s a n d Bu lga r i a n s u p o n the

E a s ter n em pi re w er e c hec ke d in th e fo llo w i ng c en tu r y o n ,

the i n va s i o n o f th e ir o wn c o un tr y by the Av a r s a n d C ha zars x i ‘

The fo r m er w h o by the w r iter s o f th e ti m e a re s a id to h a v e

,

bee n a s e c ti o n o f the H u n s a fter su bj uga ting the s o uth o f

,

Russ ia pe n etra t e d i n t o H un ga r y a n d Ita ly a nd the l a tter

, ,

w ho w er e a n c i e n tly k no w n by the n a m e o f A ka zir s a n d in ,

2 1 2 A D m a d e a n i rr u pti o n i n t o A r m en i a a n d o f w h o m a
. . ,

h o r d e ha d o r igi na lly a c c o m pa n ie d the R u ns a n d es ta blis h e d ,

a m o n a r c hy i n Lith ua ni a s pr e a d th e m se lv e s o ver the C r i m ea

, ,

a nd to th e n o rt h o f th e C a u c a s us w h er e th ey a fter w a r d s
,

Gibb o n s Dec li ne a nd Fa ll of th e Ro ma n E mpi re

‘
.

f Th ey w ere k no w n ev en to the di s ta nt Chi nes e by th e na me of C os a

. .
44 r nn ARCHER a m) THE sr np m
‘

fo un d ed kingdo m a t Astrakh a n C on tem p ora r y w ri ters

'

a. .

d es c rib e the Khazars o f Li th ua n ia a s b ein g o f sm a ll s ta ture,

W i th bla ck eyes , a n d r a th er r e s e mblin g the H un s i n fea ture,
w hile the Cha za r s of As tr a kha n , w ho w e re pr oba bl y a ve r y -

mi x ed peo ple, w e r e ta ll an d h a nd s o m e I n 7 4 0 , th e s o v ere i g n .

»

o f th e l a tter k i ngd o m , B ul a , w a s c o n v er t ed to J u da i sm by

the J e w s, wh o ha d be en r ece n tl y expe ll e d fro m the Byza n tin e

em pir e, a n d he i n tr o d u c e d a la w r e n d e r i n g th a t fa i th i m pera
tive on a ll futu r e Ch a ga ns , o r K han s (thi s t i tle b ei n g bo r ne -

by the Cha zar ia n m o na r c h s ), th e He bre w re l i gi o n b ei n g a l so

a t th a t ti m e pr ofes se d by m o s t o f the n o ble s a n d offic ers of

s ta te Ma ny o f the Or i en ta l J e ws a ppe a r to ha ve Vi si te d
.
«

this kin gdo m , in the h o pe o f oh min in g so m e as si s ta n ce i n

im pro vi ng th e co ndi tion o f th eir c o un trym en in the Ea s t,
tho u gh w itho ut s uc c es s but a t th a t tim e th er e w as on e
pla ce w he re the J ew s w er e s til l h eld in co ns ider a ti o n a n d
e qu a lity for th ey fo r m e d a l a r ge a n d in fl uen tia l b o dy a t th e
,

c o ur t of the Mo or i sh kin g o f Co r do va , a n d in a w or k a n ci en tly

w ritten i n A rabi c , bu t s u b s e q uen tly tran sl a t e d in to th e
Hebre w to ngu e, c a ll e d th e Cu sri or C o sa r , th e re is a c ur io u s
l e tt er , w hich the l ea rn e d J e w s c o n s i de r to be gen uine,
a d dresse d in th e y ea r :8 60 , by the Rabbi Ha s d a i , the sca n of
I s a a c, the so n o f Ezr a , w ho r eta i n e d a high ofic e a t th e c o ur t
o f A- bdo nr a h m en , the ki n g o f Co r do v a , d es ig na te d by the
titl e o f Em ira l M o u m e n in , the c hie f o f the fai th ful , ” to
the Kh an o f the Cha zars , in w hi c h h e e ar n es tly e n tr ea ts th a t
pr i nce to s en d hi m i n fo r m a tio n r es pec ti n g hi s kin gd om a nd
p eo pl e * .

0 Af
t er li menta ry Intro d ucti on h e w ri tes th a t Ha s d a i th e son of l es s th e s o n
a co m
o f E z ra o f the p e w i s h c o mm un i ty p re se n ts his mo st h um bl e re s p ec ts to the m i hty ki n
g
.
.

o f th e Ch a zuta rej o i ce s a t his g re a tnes s a nd pro s f r h is w e l f re Th a t he fe e 5 h i ms e ?f

, .
'
o a
too m ea n to a ddr es s so gl o r io u s a m o na rc h ut n e e r th e l es s p res umes to write to
, , .

v
hi m a s he (the W riter ) h a d th e high h o no ur of b e i ng nea r th e rs o n o f the gre at
,

m igh ty a nd glo ri ous k i ng of C o ra o v a : a n d w a s m os t a nxio us to o bp e

.

in ce rta i n i nfor ma
. .

ti o n re s p ec ti n g th e exi s te nce o f a Je w i s h mo n arc h y w h i c h w o uld g re a tly l end to th e c o m

.

h is b reth ren a nd ra i s e th e m in th e p ubli c e s ti m ti o n Th e rent di sta nce b e tw een

.

fo rt a
the tw o na ti o ns w a s d ou b tl e s s the rea son w hy s o l i ttl e w a k no w n n S p a i n res p e c ti n g the
.
‘

s.
C h a zur la n mo na rc a l tho u gh a re p o rt w a s i n c i rc ul a ti o n th a t so me l ear ned S p a ni s h
J w s pa rtic ul arly h yilbbi ruda ben M en a nd Ra bbi Jos eph ha d v i s i ted the c ourt o f the ,
'

e . a

g re a t Ch a gri n a nd b ee n th e h um a nd a d m i r i n g w i tnes s es o f h i s m igh t and s pl end o ur

. ,
“

Th at he grea tly d es i res to enj oy tp 1 6 s a m e h a pi nes s a l th o u gh he s erv e s a k i n g w h o is the

.

p
ge t d wh lli c is c o urte d b m a n o th er k i n gs Tha t the
,
r a es t o f t h e ca l lp h s a n o s e a a n e
fice w hi c h he (Ha sd a io h eld a t th e M o or i s h c o ur t m a 0 i t hy
,

s d uty to rec e i v e a ll th e
.

o f
i ore ig n a mb a s s a d ors w ho d e liv ere d to h i m th e pre s e nts t h ey brough t to his ma s t r
‘
,
. , e
a nd r e c e i v ed fro m him th o s e w in d h w e re s e nt i n re turn to th e ir res p ec ti v e s ov e e ig ns
.
r

Th a t h e h a d a v a iled hi ms e l f of ev e ry o ppo r tuni ty to q ues ti on t he am bassa do rs fro m fa r

.

di sta nt l a nd s res p ec ti ng the Ch a s e rs but w i th o ut s uc c es s : th oug h som e merc h a nts fro m

C h ora sa n h a d gi v en hi m s o me i nfo r ma ti on o n th e s ubj ec t but th e i r s ta tem e nt a ppe a red
,

i nc re dibl e a nd ma d e lor a se l fi s h p ur pose Th e a m bas sa d o rs o f th e em pero r of ( b us te r

.

s
tln ople h o we v e r ha d a ss ure d h im th a t a Je w i s h m o na rc h a c tua lly did e xi s t i n C h a znri a
, .

, ,
a nd a dd e d th a t th o ugh by la nd m a n y n a tio ns i nterv en e between the ir co untr y a nd the ,
.
G re ek em pi re a near connec ti on s ub s i s te d be tw e e n b o th by s ea ; th a t a n a c ti v e tra d e w a s
.

ca rri e d o n between the Ch u ms and C ons ta n th m pie a nd th a t th ei r present Qi i a ga n w as

,
 THE . mov es, m a ns, BUL GA R I ANS, a re . 45

The kh a n o f the Cha za rs w a s a ss is te d in: his go v er nm ent

by a c o un c il o f ni ne, to w hic h Jew s Chr is tia ns , Ma ho m e ta ns, ,
a n d Pa ga ns we r e e qu a lly a d m iss ible The high es t ve n era tio n .

w as pa id to him he ra re ly qu itte d his pa l a c e, a n d s e ld o m

r ec e ive d v is iters a n d a n a u die n c e w as o nl y to be o b ta in e d o n
,

m a tt er s of the grea tes t i m po r ta n c e

-
All wh o e nt er e d his .

pr es en c e w er e o blige d to fa ll p ros tra te b efor e him, a nd r em a i n

in tha t po s t ure ti ll th ey w er e c o m m a n d ed by th eir s o ver e ign
.

to r i s e a n d the g rea t o ffic e r s o f s t a te .

w hen c o nd e m n e d to s
/

d ea th , w er e gr a nte d the p rivilege o f s elf de s tr u ction, a n d s o -

s pa r e th e m se lves the i g no m in
y o f dyi ng by the ha nd o f
*
e x e cuti o n er N0 o ne e ver pas s e d a r oya l to m b o n ho rs e ba c k
.
,

bu t a l w a ys dis mo u n te d, b o w e d to the gra ve a nd co n tinu e d ,

o n fo o t till it w a s o u t o f s ight Th eir p rinc ipa l to w ns w ere .

Be la n s hi r n o w A s tr a kha n the se a t o f go vern m e n t w hic h

, , ,

w as a ls o ca ll e d Ite l o r N i hir ize Se r m en d o r Se ra i Ba u v the

-

, ,

p a l a ce o f the l a dy n o w Ta r ku a n d o ld Ch a s e r a nd Sankc ]
, .
.
-
,

w hi c h la y o n the ro u te to Ar c h a n ge l w i th w hi c h p or t a nd ,
.

No v o go r od the y c a rr i e d o n a n ext en s iv e t ra de by ca ra va n s .

till the Mon gols su bd ued the pl a i ns o f K ipza k, a n d n um e r o u s

o th e r for ti fi ed citie s a tte s t the i r a dva n c e d s t a t e o f s o c ie ty,
th ei r w ea lth a n d pr os p e ro u s c o n diti on
,
They w e re pa r tic u .

la r ly c el e b ra te d fo r the ir m a n u fa c t u r e o f ca r pe ts a n d e xte n d ,

e d the i r d o min io ns o ve r a l l th e s o u th o f R us s ia the Ca s pia n

Sea be in g kn o w n i n the m iddle a ges a s the l a ke o r sea o f the
C ha za rs . Bu t i n the t en th ce n tury th e i r po w e r b ega n to .

d ec lin e th ey w ere d e pr i v e d o f a p a r t o f th e ir do mi ni o ns by .

the Ru s si a n s un der th e i r g ra n d pr inc e Sv ia toala f a n d the

,

c o n q u e r o r d e s tr o y e d th ei r c a pit a l , w hic h ha d been fo r tifie d .

by Gr e ek e ngin eers , a n d s u bver te d the dynas ty o f Je w i s h .

na me d J os eph Hns da i g oes on to s ta te th a t h e h a d dc spa tched l etters by a trusty Jew

b e fo re to the k i ng o f th e Cha s a ra ; but th a t a fter a n a bsenc e ofs ix month s the mes s e nger
.

h a d re tur ne d fro m Co ns ta nti no pl e w i th o ut rea c hi n the pl ac e or h is de s ti na ti o n b ec a us e

, . ,

na w g a bl e a t c e rt i n se as o ns a ng ] i mpa s sa bl e a t a ll o th e r ti mes o f th e
,

th e se a w as o n] a

y ea r th rOu h t e g rea t s torm s w hi c h p re v a il e d a nd th at it w as eq ua lly i m po ss ibl e to

,

p ro ce e d by a nd o n a cc o unt of the di s turbed s ta te onthe i nterv e ni ng tribes He ha d fe lt

, ,

g re a tl y g rie v e d a t thi s m i s fo rtune but h a d req ues te d so m e Pa l es ti ne Je w s to ta ke c h a r ge

.
,

o f h i s l e tte rs w h o w o uld fo r wa rd the s a me b o f N i s ibi s a nd Ar me n i a w he n th e

,

w
a m bas sa d o rs o f the k i n g o f G ub a l h a d a rr i v e d ty ere s i n g in h is tra i n two Je w is h ra bbis
, ,

w h o h a d fa i th fully s w o rn to fo r w a rd the rese nt l e tte r to its d es ti na tio n Has dai a ls o

, ,

p ra ys the k i ng to a ns w e r h is l ette r th ro n g his s ec re tary and to gi v e hi m ev e ry i nfo rm a

.

ti o n res ec tin g ce rta i n l e ge nd s o f a n e mi ra ti o n o rJe w s a co lo ny o r w h o m a re s a id to h a v e

,
i
.

se ttle d n a far di s ta n t co untry w hi c h e be lie v es w as ( h a za rla and re q ues ts hi m to

J
,
furn i s h him w i th ev e ry i nte llige nc e re ga rd ing his te rr i to rie s th e h is to r o f h is na tion
,
,
Je w i s h pred ec e ss ors h ad c ut c d o n He re
,

tli e i r la n g uag e a nd th e w a rs h e a nd h i s .

g re tted th a t a l l his e ndea v o urs to find a c erta i n M a r A mmm w ho a bo ut s x yea s before

,
i r
'

h a d a rr i v e d In 8 s i n h a d b een w ell rece iv ed a s co urt a nd wh o m he h ad s i nce h ea rd was a

,
-

n a ti v e Ch es a r a d fhile d, a nd tha t ther e fo re h e a nd his b reth re n ha d no oth er h opc ot

, ,
‘

o bta i n i n lnib rma tlo n res pec ti n g th e k i n d om o f the C ha anrs c pt h is roya l condesc en
,

s i o n w o ng a deig u to a ns wer thi s le tte r gebnew R ev v ew Vol ll 0 86

.
'
, . . . .

r The sa me c ustom prev a ils a t the p rese nt d ay iii J apa n

- -
.
 46 r a n ARC H ER AN D r a n s u pr a .

kings, thou gh the Jews th em selves d very num er ou s

‘

-
r em a ne i
a b o ut A s tr a kha n till a m u c h la t er t im e
*
Their fo rc es ha d .
.

vi ly b g tl y w a ken e d by the in c u r s io n s o f the

p re o u s ee n re a e

P etch e n ega ns a n d oth er Ta r ta r tr ib es a n d i n 1 0 1 6 th ey

w ere a ga i n in va de d by th e Russ ia n s, w ho t o o k th e ir kha n

' '

G eo r ge Tzu da pris on er , a r a ce o f Ch ri s ti a n
h a vin g su c cee d ed th e Jewi sh lin e In 1 140 th ey w e r e a gai n .

go ver n e d by a Jew , th ei r c h a gan Go sr o ha vi ng been c o n ver te d

’ ‘

to J u da i s m by the Ra bbi Is o ra h a n o te d pr ofesso r o f tha t ,

fa ith bu t sh ortly a fter the m o n a r c hy o f the Cha za r s s a n k

, ,

u n der th e s uc ce ss ive a t ta c ks o f the Po l otzi a nd o th e r w a n d er

i n g tr ib es , a n d w as fina ll y s w ept a w a y by the M on go l s un der
G h en giz o r Zi ngi s Kha n .

After the con ver s io n o f the Bu lga r ia ns o n the Da nu be to "

Chr is tia n ity tha t n a ti on s e ttl e d do w n un der a m o r e r egula r

,
-

a n d p e a cea bl e go vern m e n t a n d c ea s in g th eir in vas io n s o f , ,

Greece, th e y gen er a lly j o in e d w ith the e m pir e in th e ir w a rs

w i th the Sl a v on ia n s tho ugh th ey h a d l on g b efo re a d o pte d th e
'

l a n gu a ge a n d m a nn ers of th e l atte r p eo ple Th ey r e n o u n c e d .

th ei r pa gan fa ith a bou t t he m i ddl e Of the ni n th c en t u r y ;

fo r d ur i n g a w ar they w er e c a rryi n g o n a ga i ns t the Byza n
, .

tin e e m p ero r Mi c ha el IIIq the s i s ter o f th eir kin g Boga ri s ‘

w a s ta ke n p ri s o n er an d b ein g a r oya l ca pti v e, sh e w as c o n

,

du c te d to C on s ta n ti no ple a n d tr ea te d w ith grea t h o no ur a n d ,

c o u rt e sy b e in g a ls o a t he r o wn r e ques t, i ns tr u c t e d in th e
, ,

d oc tri n es o f the Chr i s tia n r eligi o n Of the tru th o f this fai th .

s he b e cam e so c on vi nc ed th a t s h e d es ire d to be ba tize d an d

‘

p ,

w h en in 84 5, the Byza n tin e em pire c o n cl ud e d a p ea c e w ith

,

Bulga r i a, a n d she r etu rn e d to her o w n co unt ry bei n g -

,

a n xi o u s fo r the c o n v ers io n o f h e r br oth er a n d his

p eo pl e s he
if
,

w r o te to C on sta n ti no pl e r e qu es tin g th a t i n stru c to r s m ight be

s en t to a i d h er i n her en d ea v o u r s to pr o pa ga t e Ch ri sti a ni t
y?
Tw o dis ti n guis he d bi s ho ps o f th e Gr ee k Chu r c h, C yr ill u s
a n d Me tho di u s, w ere a c co r d i n gly d es pa tch e d to B u lga r ia bu t
for a l on g tim e the kin g re fuse d e v e n to lis ten to th eir a rg u
m e n ts, a nd fi r m ly a dh er e d to id o l a t r y He, h o w e v er s o . -
,

g ibes of th e Volga p artic ul a r ly the Tch e wa shes ma ny J ew is h cus toms

Am o n th e tr
still rev e il
. ,

e nj a mm o f T ud el a in 1176 w a s i nfo rmed In Pe rs i a th a t on the li lu h pl a i ns of N i s h a r

.
_

twe n ty e igh t d e s j o urney fro m S a m a r ka nd i n a te rri to ry c ov ered witl1 c a s tl es a n d tow n

. , , ,
’

th ere d w el t a n y
-
s
ndependent J e w i s h pe o pl e o f the trib e s o f D o n Z e bul on As h er a n d
,

N a phtha li under a pri nce Jose ph Am arc a a L e i te —E a aitha m en quoti ng R itter

, . .
,
' "
, ,
v .
, .

a t The E mpero r O oh steni ine I i V of C ons ta nti no pl e marri ed a d a ugh ter of o ne of th e

‘
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.

C h azm inn kh ans

s

'

i .
I The W orks of Ja mes Montg omery . Finlej e
-‘ “
B yzantine
 THE, m o us e, AVARs , BU LGARI AN S , ar e
‘

.
47:
t me d Me th o diu s fo r whom h e for m e d a s tro ng a tta chmen t;
es e e
,

th a t he ret a in e d him as a fr ien d a nd c o un sell or a t his c o u r t,

th o u gh he r e fu se d to b eco m e his pr o s elyte a n d fin di n g tha t , ,

he w a s a s kil ful p a in ter , de s i re d him to co m po s e a pi c tur e

w hi c h s h o u ld e xhibit co ll ect e d to ge th er the m o s t h orr i bl e de
, ,

vi c e s his i m a gin a ti o n c o n ld c o n ceive Meth o di us exec ute d s o .

ter r i fic a r e pre sen ta tio n of the da y o f j udgm en t, a nd expla in e d

i ts s c e n es to the kin g s o fo rcibly th a t Bo ga r is w a s o verp o wer e d
,

by his r eas o n in g a n d co nsen te d to re ceive b a ptis m

, To .

Cyr illu s i s a ttr ibu te d the tra ns la tion o f the Scr iptu res, whi ch
h a s r e ma in e d i n us e fo r eight hu n d re d yea rs w itho ut a lte ra
tio n a m o n g th o se Sla vo ni c n a ti on s, th e Ru ssi a n s, S er v i a n s ,

a n d Mon t e n e gr i n s w ho s till a dh er e to the Gr e e k c h ur c h

,
It .

w as fi rs t p r i n t e d a t Pr a g ue i n 15 1 9 a n d is pr o ba bly the m os t
,

a n c ien t v er s io n o f th e Bibl e i n a l ivin g t o n gue .

B u lgari a w as a t thi s peri o d the m o s t a dva n c e d a n d c o m

m er c i a l kin gd o m o f the n or th a n d fo r m e d the c hi ef m e di um
,

fo r s upplyi ng G erm a n y a n d S ca n di n a via w ith the m a n u fa c

tu r e s go ld a n d j ew e ls o f C o n s t a n tin o ple a n d As ia M a n y
, , , .

t r ea ti es fo r regu l a tin g the tr a de a n d fixin g th e a mo u n t o f

,

d uty to be p a id u po n the G r ec ia n fr o n tier ha d b een c o n ,

c l u d e d fro m tim e to ti m e be tw een the tw o p o w er s , a nd th e ir

tr a ffic wa s gre a tly a u gmen t e d du ri n g th e l o ng pea ce th a t

pr e va il ed a fter th e s ec ess io n o f Bo gar is (w ho ha d ta ken the
n a m e o f Mi c h ae l o n his ba pti s m ) a n d his p eo pl e to th e
Ea s tern Ch u rc h This pr in c e sen t his s e co n d so n Si m eo n to
.

be e du ca te d a t C on s ta n tin o pl e a n d in th e yea r 8 85 r esig n e d

,

his thr o n e to the h e i r a ppa r e n t Vl a dim i r a n d r e ti red in t o a

-
, ,

m o n a s ter y
. Bu t the m i s c on du c t o f the n ew ki n g a nd th e ,

dis o rders i n to w hich h e c o nse qu e n tly plun ge d the s ta te, c o m

elle d Boga r is th r ee y ear s a ft er to e m er ge a ga i n fr om
p , ,

o bsc ur ity ; a n d c o n s ign i ng Vla dim ir to a cl o i s ter

,
h a vin g ,

p r e vio usly ca u se d his eyes to be put o ut the r oya l m on k ,

ga ve the cr o w n to Sim e o n an d r e tu rn e d to his c ell w h e re

, ,

he e xpi re d i n the yea r

A t this tim e th o u gh C o n s ta n ti no pl e w as c a ll e d the em
,

pir e o f the Gr eeks the Gree ks th em s e lves o cc u pie d a very

,

s u bor di na t e p o s itio n i n th e s t a t e The p ea s a n ts a n d hu s

.

ba ndm en in the p r o vi nc es w er e chi e fly Sl a v o n i a n s a n d

fo reign c olo ni s ts ; a n d the m er c h a n ts a n d super ior clas s es ,

R om a n s , a n d m e m bers o f the La ti n Chu r ch The po litica l .

Fi l y s Byza ntine Empi re

n a
'
.
48 me ARCHER Aim r a n srs r rn.

dmin istra ti on wa s chi e fly in the hands o f Asia ti cs an d fo r a

'

a ,

centur y a nd a ha lf the Em p r ess Ir en e w as th e on ly

o n the i m p er ial th r on e w h o se o rigi n w as pu rely Gre e k Th e
.

e m pe ro r s, w ho had e n e r a l l
y be e n cou r t fa vour ites, s u c c ess ful
!
g
gen era ls , o r m ere a dve n tur e rs, w er e seldo m su c c ee d e d by
m o r e th a n tw o or thr ee gen era tio ns o f th eir d esc e n da n ts,
a n d m os t o f the s e w er e Ar m en i ans , o r o th er As ia ti cs a n d ,

o n e Ba s il I ro se from a Sla vo n ia n Gr ee k i n dee d ,

, .
, gr o om .
,

w a s th e l a n g ua ge o f the go ve r n m e nt , yet e ven by the po pu

la ce i t w a s l oo ke d up o n as a ter m of r epr oa ch .
 50 THE ARCHER AN D THE STE PPE .

l a te as ghteen th c en tury the t r a veller R ein eggs fo un d

the ei ,

h er e the r e m a in s o f a w a ll n ea r ly n in e ty mil es lon g a n d i n ,

p a rts a h un dr e d a n d t we n ty fee t high * a nd the r uin s to thi s ,

d a y m a y be tra ce d a t in ter va ls , e xt e n din g a l o n g the w h o l e

Ca u ca s i a n fr o n ti er i n o ne pla c e fo r m o re tha n fiv e m il es, in
t o l er a ble p r eser va ti o n The pr ec is e d a te o f i ts er ec ti o n i s
.

v e ile d i n o b s c ur ity bu t m a n y w r i te rs a r e o f o pi n i o n th a t it
w a s c on s tr u c te d a fter the S c ythi a n s h a d p en e t r a te d th r o u gh
the m o u n ta i n s i n th e s e ve n th c en tu ry b e fo r e Chr is t a n d
, ,

s u bj u ga te d A s i a Mi n o r i n o r d e r to se c u r e the pa s ses a s
,

c l o sel
y a s p oss ibl e fr o m a ll fu tu r e i n va s i o n s o f the b a r b a r o u s
w a r r i o rs fr o m th e n o r th The C a u c a s i a n r idge i s for m e d by
.

tw o r a n ges o f hill s r unn in g p a r a ll e l fr o m e as t to w es t o f

, ,

w hic h the n o r th er n s l o pe s c a ll e d th e Whit e Mo u n ta i n s e x , ,

p o s e d to the h a rs h a n d r u d e bla s ts o f Siberi a a r e r u gge d ,

a n d b a rre n r i s in g e v e r y w h e r e fr o m
, to fe et
a b o ve the l e ve l o f the s e a —the m o s t e l e va t e d th e Elbu r z , ,

a tta i ni n g th e h e ight o f fee t The s o u ther n ra n ge .

,

o r Bla c k M o u n t a in s d o n o t r i s e to the l i m i t o f the s n o w lin e

,
-

bu t a ll tr a vell ers u nite in ext olli n g the e xtr e m e b ea u ty o f the

l a n d sc a pe a n d fer tility o f the so il w hic h pr o du c es s p o n te ,

n e o u sly m a gn ifice n t vi n e s m u lber r ie s a n d fi tr e e s in te r

g
-
, , ,

s p er s e d w ith the s o u th ern l a u re l a n d n or th er n bi r c h a nd o n

‘

th e m ou n t a i n s the m o s t l u x u r i a n t p a s tu re fo r ca ttl e The .

grea tes t di v e rsity i s a lso t o be fo u n d a m o n g th e a nim a l kin g

'

do m th es e r o cks fo r m in g th e m o s t n o r th erl y lim its o f the

,

j a c ka l a n d the e xtr e m e s ou ther n b ou n d a r y o f the re i n d eer

,

e ver y va ri ety o f c lim a t e a n d te m p e r a t ur e pre va ili n g and , ,

w hil e o n e di s tr i c t i s s c o r ch e d w i th h ea t a n o th er is fro zen

,

in s no w The w i n t er in the t er r it o ry i n h a bit e d by the

.

Su a ve s r o un d the fo o t o f Mo un t Elbur z e xt en ds fo r n ea r ly
, ,
n in e m o n th s i n th e
yea r l
’ ‘

The m a n y tr ib e s w h o a t the pr e sen t da y i n h a bit the fertil e

, ,

va ll eys o f th e C a u c a su s a n d w ho a ll s p ea k a differe n t la n
,

gu a ge a pp ea r i n s om e i ns ta n c es to h a v e r es id e d th er e fr o m
,
‘

the m o s t r e m o te ti m es i n o th e rs t o h a ve b een c o m pe ll e d to ,

s e e k a r e fuge a m o n g th ese -m o u n t ai n s fr o m th e h o s tilit

y of
fo r e ign n a ti o ns by w h o m th ey h a ve been e xp ell e d fr o m th eir
,

h
Re lne g g s “ R e se arc e s in th e a uca s us
‘
C
i g hill ip p di g
.

“
1 Th e eye , soa r n ov er th e s a nd m ounta n c a e s . enetra tes to th e s ta nt i a nts
o f the C a uc a s us h
O ne s ees t e i r w o n e r f
. d l p k k
u fo r m s , ea s ste m s 1 s un i n ta e- a n s, c le ftbl l d
c up lo a s disc n o w r t no igh
w le t
f n o w for wa r s . no w a c kw a r s d b d G p
r a es s m l e u on us . i d p
pl h i g l i d
, , , , .

a n d figs i n e nty ; a nd th e c o untr y i s e nc a nt n "

a n d uxu r a n t — M a a m e Pfe i fle r's
'

V g d ld
.

eo rg la a nd the Ca ucas us, i n her “ oy a e roun th e Wo r

ga uca sus
— Ha xth a usen‘s
z
z
r "
, ,
, .
‘
.
 THE C AU C ASU S— GE O RG I A . 51

or igin a l a nd i n so m e in sta n c e s dis ta n t s i tes Kl a pro th has

, , .

d isc o ver e d a grea t a ffin ity in the l a n gu a g es o f s o m e o f the

Ca u c as i a n s par ti c ula r ly tho s e s po ken by the s ix teen C ir
,

c as s i a n t r ibes to th e Fi nn is h a n d S a m o i e de di a l e c t s o f
,

No r th er n R uss ia the O ss e tes a re ge n er a lly c o n s ider e d to be

d es c en d a n t s o f the Al a n s a b r a n c h o f th e Sl a vo ni c r a c e 3 a n d
,

th e p o s te r ity o f the Av a r s o n ce so fo r m id a ble to E u r o pe a r e , ,

s u ppo s e d to e xi s t i n the i n h a bit a n ts o f D a gh e s ta n o n the ,

ea s t er n s id e o f the C a u c a s u s w ho fa n a ti c Ma h o m e t a n s a r e ,
, ,

n o w th e fi er c es t o ppo n en t s o f the R u s s i a n p o w e r u r ge d a n d ,

c o mm a n d e d by Sc ha m l th e ir p r o ph e t A m o n g th e Tc h e te
y ,
.

c he n ze s the m a n y piec e s o f o ld E u r o p ea n a r m o ur s w o r d s
, , ,

a n d o th er w a r lik e e qu ipm e n ts a do r n e d wi th La ti n i n s c r i
p ,

ti o n s th a t ha ve been fo un d b es ides m a ny o f the h a bit s a nd ,

c u s t o m s o f th e p eo pl e w hi c h he a r m o re r es e m bla n c e to th o s e
,

o f Wes t e r n Eu r o p e th a n to the s la v e h o l di n g s urr o un d i n g

n a ti o n s o f A s i a , a pp ea r to w a rra n t the s u pp os iti o n th a t a ,

few o f the v a n qui s h e d cr u s a d er s m a y h a ve ta ke n re fuge

a m o n g th es e m o u n ta i n s w h en es ca pi n g fro m the s w o rd s o r
,

d u nge o n s o f the Sa ra c ens a n d se ttle d do w n pea c ea bly a m o n g ,

the i n h a bita n ts Wh e n the fo llo w ers o f Ma h o m e t r en der e d

.

the m s e lve s m a s t e r s o f Per si a the Ghe ber s o r Fi re w o r ,

-

th e a n c i e n t p o ssesso r s o f th a t ki n gdo m flyi n g

*
s hi pp ers , ,

fr o m th e ir o w n l a n d s c a t te re d th e m s elves o ver m a n y co u n tries

,

o f the e a s t a n d a c o l o ny j o i n in g th e i r fe ll o w re ligi o n is t s o f
“

, ,

w h o m th e re w e r e m a ny i n Geo r gi a e s ta bli s h e d th em s elves i n ,

the C a u c a s u s w h er e a bo u t tw e lve m il es fr o m B a k u th e y
, , ,

s till p r e s er ve th e ir s a c r e d fi r e , i n a t em pl e d e di c a te d to the

gl o r y a n d co n s e c ra te d to th e w o rs hip o f th e s u n 1
’
.
, ,

Mi ngr e li a the a n c ie n t C o l c hi s w a s the s c e n e o f th e a l m o s t

, ,

fa bul o us e xpe diti o n o f the c o m pa n i o n s o f the Gr ee k Jas o n

i n sea r c h o f the Go lde n Fl ee c e a n d w ith the a dj a c e n t di s t r i c t , ,

o f A bc h as i a , fo r m e d a pr o vi n ce o f the ki n gd o m o f Mi th r i

d a tes th e p o w er fu l a n d l o ng su c c ess fu l o ppo nen t o f the

,
-

R o ma n po w e r i n the ea s t Tigr a n e s , ki n g o f A r m e n i a the .

,

a lly o f th a t i ll fa te d m o n a r c h b e i n g va n q u i s h e d by Po m pey
-
,

s ixty fi -
v e yea rs b e fo r e the C h r i s ti a n era fle d to the Ca u c a s u s , ,

a n d A tha lus the V i c er o y o f C o l c hi s, w a s c a rr ie d pr i so n er to

,

0 “ Th ey s uppo s e the th ron e of th e Al migh ty is sea ted i n th e s un a n d h enc e th e i r ,

w ors hip o f th a t l umina ry fli— Ha nwa y s T rav e l s '

f Th e fire w o rs hipd w as exterm i nuanteadi in Gi eo rngid ua sbtun

y Tlm ur ; but a fte r h is d e a th a fe w o f
.
‘

i ts v o ta ri es re turne fro m th e m o t ns o a n d Pe rs i a w h ere th e y h a d fl ed l o

e s c a p e th e fur y o f th e M a h o m eta n s to th e i r o l d h a u n ts a t B a ku The G he b e rs h a v e a ls o
,

erec te d a tem pl e a t A s tra k h a n but the i r num b er is fa s t dim i n i s h ing

.

. .
52 THE ARC HER AND TH E STEPPE .

’
Ro m e w her e i n c h a in s he a d o r ne d the ha u ghty
,
c o n qu er or s

t ri um ph The Ab c h a sie n s w e re s uppo s e d by Her o do tu s to

.

be d esc e n d a n ts o f the Egypti a n s o f S es o s t ri s w ho c a r ri e d hi s ,

.

c o n qu e s ts o ve r th e p e a ks o f th e C a u cas u s a c r o s s the s t e ppe s ,

o f S o u th e r n S cythi a a n d to the s h or e s o f the D o n b ec a u se

, ,

in his ti m e th ey h ad bla c k c o m ple xi o n s a n d w o o lly ha ir ;

a nd tr a di ti o n a ffi r m s th a t the Egyptia n kin g pl a n t e d h e r e a

lear n e d a n d p o li te c o l on y w ho m a n u fac t ur e d lin e n bui lt , ,

n a vi e s ,a n d i n v e n t e d g eo g ra phi c a l m a p s The y a r e a m o n g .

the m o s t a n c i en t i n h a bi ta nts o f the C a u c a s us a n d s o m e o f ,

th eir n u m b er ser ve d i n the ho s t o f Xe rx es a r m e d w ith ,

d a gge rs w o od en ca squ e s, a n d lea th e rn bu c kle r s - a nd it

,

w a s i n thi s pr o vi n c e p r o b a bly o n the s ite o f the littl e h a rbo ur

,

o f S o u c hu m K a l e th a t th e c e le br a t e d t o wn of D i o s c ur i a s w a s
,

s i tu a t e d w her e ac c or din g to Str a bo th e r e pr e s e n ta tive s o f

, ,

se ve n ty diffe r e n t n a tio n s m et to t r a ffi c a n d w hi c h w a s lo n g ,

r e s o r t e d to by the m er c h a n t n a vi e s o f Ty r e
. C a r th a ge, a n d ,
’
G reece In P lin y s tim e be fo r e the c o un try w a s la id wa ste
.
,

by th e Ro m a n s tha t w r i ter a ffir m s th a t a h u n dr e d a n d thi r ty

,

l a n gu a ge s w er e s po ke n i n the m a r ke t for w hi c h a s m a ny ,
“

in ter pre ter s w er e c o n s ta n tly e m plo y e d s o ex te n s ive a tra de

"
a n d c o m m u n i c a ti n o w a s c a r r i e d o n by the kin gdo m o f
Mithr id a te s w i th a ll th e r e s t o f A s ia Min o r a n d Geo rgia, ,

In dia Ba c tr ia Egyp t Ita ly, a n d Gr eece

, , , .

The b e a u tiful a n d fer til e ki n gd o m o f G eor gi a fi s tr e tc hi ng

‘
-

fr o m the fo o t o f the C a u c a s u s to the b or d er s o f A r m e n i a a n d

Per s i a is s upp o s e d to h a ve been fir s t p eo pl e d s ho rtly af ter
,

the de lu ge p ro b a bly by a b r a n c h o f th e Me des a n d Pe rs i a ns

, ,

o f w hi c h e m pi re it a t o n e p er i o d fo r m e d a p r o v in c e bu t the
Geor gia n s , w ho c a l l th e m s elves K a r tli a c c o r di n g to th eir ,

n a ti o n a l tr a ditio n s d e r ive th e ir o r ig in fr o m K a r tles a ,

pa tr i a r c h w h o fl ou r is h e d a t the tim e o f th e c o n fus io n o f

to n gu es a n d fo u n de d the to w n o f Mtsc he kka w hi c h w a s
, ,

the s ea t o f the Geo r gia n go v er nm e n t till A m / 1 69 Be fore p .

this the ea r lies t in ha bi ta n ts ha d live d i n c a ve s a n d h o l es in

,
.

the gr o un d o f w hi c h tra c e s a r e s till to be s e en in s o m e o f the

,

sou th e r n dis tr i c ts S e ver a l Chines e c o lo n i es a ppea r to ha ve

.

e ar ly se ttl e d in G eo r gi a a s w ell a s in th e c o u n tri es o n the

,

e a s t e r n s h o r e o f the C a s pi a n Se a ; th e ir e xi s te n c e i s m en

tion e d by He r o do tu s a n d Xen o ph on s peaks of Gym n ia s o n

,

G ibb on D line nd F l l f the R m n Em i e

’ "
s ec a a o o a r
t Thi n me by w hic h it w a ot k till tp time f th Cr id by Gib
.

s a »

. w s n des isno n 10 o e us a sa
h av e b een bestowed on i his co untry in honour ofiS t George of Ca pp a do c ia
.

bon to . .
 TH E C AUC AS US —
GE O RG IA . 53

th e Ar a x es a s a n tern c ol o n y fo ur hu n d re d yea rs befo r e

e as ,

th e Ch r is ti a n e r a A n c ien t hi s tor ia n s d esc r ib e the Chi ne s e

.

c o l o n is t s a s a pe a cea ble a n d c ivilize d p eo ple a n d s kilful ,

a gr i c u ltu r is t s w ho c o n s t r u c te d c an a l s a n d p r i n c ip a lly e n ga ge d
, ,

i n tra di n g pu rs ui ts ; a n d they a ppea r to h a v e bee n h eld i n

r e s p e c t a n d es t ee m by the n a tive s the C a u c as i a n tr ib e s ,

r ea d
i a s si s t n g th e m a ga i n s t the a r m s o f Po m pey w hen he
i

i n v a de d th eir l a n d ; w h e r e h e set fir e to th eir fo re s ts a n d

vi ll ages a n d l a id w a s te a l l the c o un t ry th r o u gh w hi c h h e
,

p as s e d * .

Geo r gia w hic h w a s kno w n to th e a n c ien t s by th e n a m e o f

,

Ibe r ia (pr o b a bly a n a tiv e w o r d a s it i s still c a ll e d Iv er ia by ,

th e i n h a bita n ts ) w as s u bdu e d b Al e xa n d er o f Ma c e d o n o n
y
,

hi s p as s a ge to In di a th o u gh a t M tsc hekka he m et w i th a n ,

o bs tin a te a n d h e ro i c re s i s t a n ce He l e ve lle d the fo r tific a ti on s

.

to the gr o un d a n d tre a t e d th e i n h a bita n ts w i th g r e a t r ig o ur

, ,

l ea vi n g o ne o f hi s o ffic ers A s o n i n c o m m a n d o f the pr o vin c e

, ,

bu t thi s vi c eroy w a s s u bs e qu e n tl y e xp e ll e d by th e p e o pl e
u n der Pha r n a c e s o r Pha r n a z a n a tiv e c h ie f w ho
y
b ei n g a
, , ,

d es c en d a n t o f th e ir a nc ie n t ki n gs w a s pla c e d u po n th e ,

th r o n e n o On e o f his s u c c es so rs bu ilt the fo r tr es s o f

.

B a r iel but i n the fo ll o w i n g c e n t ury B C 1 0 0 the Al a n s

, , . .
,

b ro ke th r o u gh th e C a u c a s us a n d o ve rr a n the c ou n tr y w hic h ,

a fter w a r d s b ec a m e t r ib u t a ry to Mith r id a te s ; bu t u po n his ,

o ver th r o w it a ga i n e m a n c ipa te d i ts e lf fr o m for e ign d o m i n i o n

, ,

a n d re m ai n e d fo r m a n y y e a r s i n d e pe n d e n t I n th e ti m e o f .

St ra b o the peo ple a r e des c ribe d by hi m as b ei n g divi de d in t o

,

fo ur dis ti nc t cas t es bes id es the s la ve s the pr i n c es o f w h o m

, ,

th e o ldes t m e m b er b ec a m e ki n g s o ldi ers pr i e s ts a n d till ers , , ,

o f the gr o un d a n d a c o m m u ni ty o f g o o d s pr e va il e d i n fa m ili e s
, ,

un d e r the s t e w a r d s hip o f th e e ld e s t w h o w as a lw a y s s u p r em e )
(
i n a h o us eh o l d } :
Fo ur n a rro w pa s s es p en etr a t e th e m o u nt a ins o f the C a n -

c a s us a n d St r a b o d e s cr ibe s the c e n t ra l o n e Py l ae C a u c as iae

, ,

or the C a u ca s ia n G a t e s o m e ti m e s c a lle d th e p a s s o f B a r i e l
, ,

as b ein g i n h is tim e c l o se d by w a ll s a n d ga te s w hi c h P li n y ,

Th e Chi nese c ol o nis ts w ere al mo s t entirel y e xtirpa ted by Ta merlnne .

f Wa gn er s C a uca s us
‘ “
.
"

I Ch a rm i ng hill s e m b rac i ng c h ee rf ul v a ll ey s w h ile o n th e s ak e o f m a ny a m o untaai n

Stoo d th e ru i ns o f to w ns a nd fo rtre ss es Here a l so th ere w ere t m es a s i n the o ld Germ n
, ,

e m i re w h e n o n e n o bl e m a n w a ge d i e ud w i th the o th er a nd n o m a n w a s s ure o f h is li
.

- fe
G e n tlem e n l iv ed i n fo rti fi e d c a s tles o n hill s a n d m o un ta i ns w e nt a r me d
, ,

an ro perty
a nd h
i ,

a rnes s e d li k e kn i h ts a n d i n c as e o f i m pe n di n g h os tili ti s th e s ubj e c ts fl e d t

.

o the e
c a s tl e s Th er e a re s a i ye t to be neo ii le w h o u nd er o r o v e r the ir d re s s es w ee r k i rts of
,
.
s

i ro n k n i tte d w i re a nd he l m e ts i ns tea d o f c a p s but I s a w no ne o f th e e

. ,
"
, ,
Pr s ir r nn s .
- .
 54; THE ARC HER AN D THE S TEPPE .

s pea ks m i r a c l e o f n a t ur e, a n d P to l em y m en ti o n s by
of a s a .

th e n a m e o f the S a r m a ti a n Ga te Pr o c o pi u s a ls o d es c r ibes it
m i nu t e ly, a n d o bser ves tha t a ll th e o ther p a s s es o f the
C a uc a su s c o u ld o n ly be c r o s s e d by p e des tr ia n s , bu t tha t this
fi" I t w a s a re uen
p
w a s a ss a e bl by h o r s em e n a n d c a r r i a ge s f q t
s u bj ec t o f dis p u te b e tw een P er s i a a n d the Byza n tine e m pir e,

a n d in the s ixth c en t ur y this d efi l e , to geth e r wi th th e Ca n

c a s ia n pr o vi n c e s a n d Ge o r gi a , fa llin g i n to the p o s s es s i o n o f

the Per s i a n Sh a h C a ba d e s, h e c o m m e n ce d th e r es to r a ti o n o f
the e n tir e w a ll o f th e C a u c a su s Bu t thi s va s t u n der ta ki n g
.

w a s n o t c o m ple t e d till th e r e ign o f hi s s o n a n d s u c c esso r,

C hosr o e s N us hi r va n , w ho e r e c te d i r on ga tes a n d to w ers to
s t r en gth e n th e ba rr i e r a n d d e fe n d th e pas s e s , i a n d w h o , o n
‘ ‘

c o n c l u di ng a p e a c e w ith the em per o r Ju s tin ia n i n 5 63,

a gr ee d th a t th e y s h o u ld r e m a i n o pen to the e a s ter n a n d

w e s t er n n a ti o ns bo th p o w er s uni ti n g to pr o t e c t th e m fr o m
.

the i n c ur s io ns a n d de p re da ti o n s o f the tr ib es o f th e n o r th .

Cho sr o e s a ls o fo un de d th e c ity o f D er ben d , o r n a r ro w ga te,

o n the ea s t e r n or C a spia n pa ss , w he r e th e Ca uc as ia n w a ll
e x ten d s fo r s o m e di s t a n ce i n to th e s e a , a ddi n g to this a ,

s e c o n d r a m p a r t to p r o t e c t th e h a r bo ur a ga i ns t s t o r m s a n d

h o s t il e a tta c ks , a n d c o n s tr uc ti ng th e m w ith s to nes o f s uch

a n e n o r m o u s s i ze th a t it r e qu ire d fi fty m e n to m o ve o ne .

Der b e n d s ta n ds on a r o c k, a n d is gu a r d e d w i th tw o t o w ers
a n d s e ve n i r o n ga tes, w hi c h , w ith a m o s qu e , w e r e e r e c te d

du r in g th e Sa r a c e n s w a y by the c a liph H ar o un a l R a s c hi d,
w ho m a d e it a r o yal r e s iden c e, a n d pl a ce d o v er e a c h ga te
tw o li o n s o r s ph i n xe s , s u pp os e d to p o ss e s s a m a gi c a l p o w er
i n a l a r m i n g a n d fr us tr a ti n g th e e ffor ts o f the i n fide ls , tha t
w er e c o n s t a n tly s tr ivin g , a s the Ar a b s a ffir m e d , to un der m in e .

th e w a ll s , a n d p e netr a t e i n to th e c o un tr y o f the fa ithfu l

fo llo w er s o f th e pr o ph e t Ac co r di n g to Rit ter , a pr o ph ec y
.

s till fi n ds cr e di t a m o n g th e M a h o m e t a n s o f w e s t er n As i a , .

th a t the e m pir e o f the fa i thfu l s h a ll n o t m ee t w ith d es tr uo

ti o n til l a n a ti o n o f in fid el e n e m i es w i th yello w fa c e s ha ve
f orc e d th e ir w a y thr o u gh th es e w a ll s ; a n d thi s id ea s till
a r m s th e fa n a ti c i sm o f the M u ssu l m a n tr ib es o f the C a u cas us

to r es is t to th e l a st e xt re m ity e v ery e ffo r t o f th e R u ss ia n s i

Ha xth a us en
'
s Tribes of the Ca uc a s us
“

s ta tes th a t th e enti re C a uc a s i a n w a ll h a d th ree h und re d g a te s a nd

.

fwEerdsrisbsuit tinhi1161
.

s i s p ro b a bl y e xa gg era te d th o ugh h e m e nti o n s the na m e s o t a g rea t m a n

.
‘

to y
o r th e m Ha xth us e n s T ib f t e C a uc a s us
, .
‘ "
— a r e s o h
1 W h en the C a uc a s us in mo d ern ti mes w a s subj ec t to th e ca liph o f D a m as c us a
. .

v e rnor wa s pl a c e d th e re w i th th e ti tl e o f Vic eroy o r the C a liph a s a d e i enc e a ga i ns t

'
,

gtuss is
o
,
.
 THE C AU C ASUS 55

m
to es ta bli s h th ei r d o m i n io n o v er th ei r" o un ta in ou s r et rea t s .

C ho sr o es, to pr o t ect the p as ses fro m the n o r th e rn n a ti o n s,

e s ta bli s h e d s e v er a l feu d a l p r i n c ipa iti e s a m o n g the C a ucas ia n
l
di s tr i c t s, o ve r w hich he pla c e d vi c eroys, w h o m he in t rus t ed
w ith the d e fe n ce o f the ga t es . The chi ef o f the t e rr itor y of
S eri r, the pr in cipa l o f thes e s ta tes, a n d w hi c h la y to the
n o r th o f D e r b en d b or e th e ti tl e o f “
l o r d o f the go lden
,

thr o n e a n d the Ara b tra ve ll er Abu B a w ba l , desc ribes

the in h a bita n ts in the yea r 9 60 a s b e in g en ti r e ly Ch r i s tia n ,

th o u gh th ey lived i n cl os e a lli a n c e w ith the Jewi s h ki n gdo m
o f C h a za r i a , a n d th e s u r ro u n din g Ma h o m e t a n t r ib e s
5 but
his to ry i s s ilen t as to w h e th er the Gheb er c hi e fs w ho ha d
b een pl a c e d on the th r o ne by Ch os r o es , who e s ta bli sh e d the
reli gi o n o f Zo r o as t er th r o u gh o u t Ge o r gia , ha d bee n c on ve rt e d
to Chri s tia n i ty, o r w h e the r the c r o wn ha d bee n u s urp e d by
*
a dyn a s ty o f pr i n ces fr o m Byza n ti um . This kin gdo m e xis te d
till th e thir te en th c en tu r y, w hen it w a s o ve r thr o w n by
Zin gis Kh a n a n d p r e vi o u s ly, i n th e m i dd l e o f the t e n th

cen tu r y, the Ru ss ia ns , u n d er the ir gra n d p ri n c e S v ia tozla f,

t o o k po s s es sio n o f the w e s ter n pr o vin ces of the Ca u c a sus
th o u gh a h un d r ed a nd fifty yea r s la ter th ey w er e e xp ell e d
by the Po lo tzi , w ho w ere in th e ir turn a nni hil a te d by the
ter rible in v a s ion o f th e M o n gul s .

Abo ut tw o c entu ries a fte r Ch r i s t, Kin g Aspa gur o f G eorgia

pas se d a la w , p r o hibiting the pr a c tice of sa c ri fic i n g c hi ldre n
to ido ls , w hi c h w er e fi n a lly a b o lis h e d d urin g the re ign o f h is
s u cce ss or M i ca u s (w ho o c c u pi e d th e thr one fro m 2 65 to

thr o ugh th e m e di u m o f a Chr is ti a n s la ve, w h o m the Ar m en ia n

chr o ni c l es c a ll Nina , a nd w h o , h a vin g by her s kill r eco v ere d
the q uee n fr o m a d a n ge rou s illn es s, su ccee de d in in d u c in g her
r oya l pa t r o n s to em bra c e Ch r is tia n ity . Tiflis, the m o d ern
ca pita l, w as buil t in 45 5 , by kin g Va khta n g Gu rga l a tu, u po n
the s it e o f a n a n c i en t vi ll a ge , ca l l e d Iphiliss i or Iphi li ska la ki,
o r w ar m t o w n , o n a cco u n t o f the h o t s pr in gs in i ts n e ighb o ur

h o o d, to w hi c h he re mo ved the s ea t o f go ver n m en t from

Mts c behka , fo u rt een year s a fter its fo unda tio n i n 4 6 9 In .

the co u rs e o f the s ixth c e n t u r y, th e Pe rs i an Sh a h C a ba de s

conqu er e d Geor gi a a n d the C a uc as u s a fter a lo n g w a r a n d
th ey r em a in e d s ubj ect to his e m pir e till the thr o n e o f the
Gaz nev id e s , a n d the Ghe b er w o rs hip w a s o ver turn e d to w a rd s
the l a tter en d o f the s e ve n th ce n tur y by the vi c t o r i o u s a rms
Ha xth a use n's C a uca s us "
. 1 Wa gner s
'
C a uca s us
56 THE ARC HER a rm THE s wa r m .

o f the S ara cens, wh o h a d alr ea dy em bra c e d th e fa ith a n d

"

e n th us ia s m o f Ma ho tn e t These c r u el a n d fa n a ti c a l in vad e r s
.

having s ubdu e d Pe r sia s en t a n a r m y i n to Geo r gia , un der

,

th e c o m m a n d o f M ur huir e h the br o th er o f th ei r ca lip h ,

Va lid wh o t oo k D er b en d a fter a fur iou s b a ttle in w hic h the

, ,

S a ra c en h er o K r i Ha r w a s kille d 3 he w a s buri ed n ea r th a t
for tr ess a n d to thi s da y the L es ghi an s , w ho fo llo w th e d o c
, ,

tr in es o f I s l a m m a ke pilgr i m a ges to his to m b Fr o m this

,
.

ti m e till the en d o f the n in th c en tu ry * the Ar abs c o nti nu a lly ,

o ver ra n a n d w a s t ed G eo rgia c o m p e ll i ng th o s e pr o vi n c es
,

w hic h th ey c o n qu er e d to p r o fes s th e Ma ho m e tan r e l igi on ,

a n d m er c il e s sl y d es t r o yin g w ith fi r e a n d s w o r d a l l th e to w n s ,

h o u s es , a nd villa ges , w he re the in h a bita n t s r e fu se d to su bm it

to this de cr ee In 8 6 1 th ey seize d u p on th e c a pit a l Ti flis
.
,

bu t s ho r tly a fter o n the d ec lin e of the ir p ow er i n As i a w ere

, ,

fina lly e xp elle d fr o m G e orgia t h o ugh they ha ve l eft m an y ,

t ra c e s o f the ir do m i n i o n i n th eir c ol o n i es, w hic h s t ill e xi s t

in th e C a u c a s us This d elive ra nc e fr o m the ru le o f the
.

S a ra c en s w a s c h efly effec t e d by the va lo ur a n d m ilita r y s kill

i

o f the c e le bra te d fa m ily o f th e O r pe li a n s w h o a re sa id to ,

ha ve been th e r em na nt o f the r o ya l fa m ily o f Chin a o r o n e ,

o f the c o u n ti e s b or deri n g o n E a s ter n T a r t a r y a n d w ho , ,

h a vin g b een dr ive n fro m the thr o n e by a gr ea t r e v o lu tion in

the ir n a tive l a n d e n ter e d G eo r gi a thr o u gh the p a s s o f B a ri el
, ,

a n d o ffere d the ir s e r vic es to the di s pi r it e d a n d t r ibu t a ry

king to a s s is t him i n free in g his thr o n e a n d co u n tr y fro m

,
.

th e tyr a n ny an d o pp ressi o n o f the M a h o m e ta n s For the ir .

s u cc e s s i n this u n d e r ta kin g the y r ec e ive d fro m the gr a te ful

,

mo n a r ch the fo rti fie d cas tl e o f O rpeth a nd h a ve e ver s in c e

, ,

p ro ve d the firm es t su pp or ters o f the thr o n e a n d kin gdo m o f

Ge or gia a n d the br a ve s t de fen d ers o f i ts peo pl e a nd go vern
,

m en t to w h o m they h a ve fre qu en tly r e n der e d s ig na l s erv i c e d

,

In A D 1 0 4 9 d ur i n g the r e ig n o f D a vid I , th e S elj u k Tu rks

. .
, .

u n der T o g r u l Beg th e i r c el ebra te d m o n a r c h

, i n v a de d a n d ,

d e va s t a te d G eo r gia for cin g the ki n g w ith his c ou r t a nd

,

t re as ur es a n d the pri n c ipa l fa m ilies o f the n o bility to fly

, ,

to the m o u n ta i n s a n d des tr o yin g th e field s a nd vill a ges a n d

, ,

w a sti n g th e c o un tr y ev er y w h e r e o n the i r r o u te but Liba ri d

i
Or pel ia n the s ba la s s a r or c o n s ta bl e o f the ki n gd o m a s s e m bl e d
-
, ,

h e Jew is h fa m il y of Ba g ra tlo n a sc ende d th e th ron e o f G eorgi a in the e i g h th c entury

ilf
a n d th e i r d es c e nd a nts l e hm c d till th e R us s i a n co n q ue st th e p re sent re p resc nta tiv e or
.
'
'

th e fa m ily b e i ng a n o ffi cer i n the R u s i a n s e rv i c e

s

t The o ld est m e m b er of th e O rpeli an or Orbe lhm fa miiy ls h ereditary c ro wn fi el d

.

m a rs h al of the ki ng do m .
58 THE ARCH ER AND THE S TEPPE .

a ga in st a n d besieged him i n his o w nc a s tle a mon g the mo

ta i ns where the ga rr i s o n was s o o n r e duc e d to th e l a s t ex
,

tr emi ty fro m fa m in e In th e h o p e o f o bta i n i n g m erc y for

.

him s elf a n d his s o ldi ers the you ng pr i n ce a dva n c e d fr om the,

ga te a n d, thr o w i n g h im self a t the feet of hi s u n c le i m pl o r e d

, ,

hi s pity bu t h e w a s i m pr i son e d a n d bli n d e d by th e h a r d

h ea r te d a n d i n hu m a n m o n a r c h w ho o n Iva n e s u rr en d er i n g , ,

hi s c as tl e w h en u n a ble a n y l o n ger to r e s is t th e a r r o w s a nd
,

s w o r d s o f th e e n e m y a n d the s l o w e r a n d m or e c r u e l r a va ges
,

o f fa m in e c a u se d thi s n o ble to u n d e r go the s a m e r igo r o us

,

fa t e Al th o u gh Or pelia n h a d o nly yi elde d o n the c o n ditio n

.

o f b e in g p er mi tte d to de p a r t w i th h is few r em a i n i n g fo ll o w er s , ,

fr eely a n d u n m o le s te d to a n o th er l a n d Geor ge c a u se d th em ,

a ll to be t re a c h e r o u s ly s ei ze d a n d i m pr i so n e d a n d h a vi n g ,

c o mm a n de d the e xe c u ti o n o f e ve r y o th er m e m b er o f th e

va n qu is he d ho u s e (w ith the e x c epti on o f the br o th er a n d two

s on s o f th e u n for tu n a t e c hi e f
. w h o fle d i n t o P e r s i a ) a n d , ,

c a u s e d Iva n e to be blin de d i n hi s d u n ge o n i n o r d er to ,
~
o blit er a t e a ll r e c o ll e c ti o n o f th e ir d e e d s a n d n a m e h e d ec r eed ,

th a t it s h ou ld be efia ced fr o m the in sc r iptio n s o n th eir to m bs

'
,

a n d e ve n s tr uc k o fith e p a g es o f the hi s t o r i e s a n d c hr o n i c l e s
'

o f Ge o r gi a Bu t o n the d e a th o f Geo r ge w h o w a s s u c c e e de d ,

by his o n ly da ugh ter Th a m a r this pr in c ess w h o s e r eign is , ,

the m o s t gl or i o u s i n the hi s to r y o f G eo r gi a r eca ll e d to he r ,

d om in io ns the r em a in in g m em bers o f th e h o u se o f Or pelia n ,

a n d a s Iv a n e ha d e xpi r e d i n pri so n
,
.
-
r es t o r e d to th e m his ,
*
fo it d t e
rf e e e s a t s She e xp elle d t h e P e r s ia n s w h o i n va de d
.

h er t err ito r i e s a n d e xten di n g th e lim its o f her ki n gdo m fro m

, ,

the Bla c k to th e C a s pi a n Sea r e d uc ed s ev er a l n e ighb o ur i n g

.
,
.

pr in c es to her s w a y The a rm s o f h er s o n Geo r ge IV w ho

. .
,

m a de Iva n e O rpelia n IV th e c om m a n d er o f h is fo r c es w er e . .
-

a l s o t r i u m ph a n t o ve r the tr ib es lyi n g to the s o u th a n d w e s t

o f Geo r gi a w h o m h e c o m p e ll e d to e m br a c e Ch r i s tia n ity bu t

"

i n 1 2 2 0 his r eign w a s m a rke d by the dr ea dfu l r a v a ges o f the

M o n g ul T a r ta rs w ho e nter i ng the kingd o m th r o ugh the
.
.

, ,

p a ss o f Derben d tr a v erse d it o n th e i r r o u te to Pers ia tho u gh

,
'

i n this th e i r fir s t i n r o a d th ey ga i n e d n o v er y d ec is ive
, ,

a dva n ta g e o ver the i n ha bi ta n ts rl Tw o yea rs a fte r o n the ‘

d ea th o f Geor ge w ho ha d i n tr u ste d th e r egen cy o f the ki n g

,
-

d om a nd the gu a r di a n ship o f h er br o th er to the c a r e o f his .

Arti c l e Georgi a Encyclop e dia Br ita nnica

, .

1 Huc s
'
Ch ri sti ani ty in Ch i na Tartary Jar , ,
"
.
 r u n c a u c a sn s fi
c no ns m . 59~

da ughter R ho uzou da n his so n a nd s u ccessor, D avid, n ot

,

b ein g of a ge, th ey a ga in in va d e d Ge orgi a , a nd p resenting ,

th em selves as fello w Chr i s tia n s a n d a l lies prepared to a ss ist

-
,

the youn g qu ee n a ga in s t her e n em ies th e Ta r ta r s To carr y .

o ut the dec e pti o n th e y pl a ce d in fro n t of th eir a r m y s o me

,

pr ies ts w h o m th e y h a d ta ke n pr is o n ers a n d car rie d before ,

th em the cr os s a s a s tan da r d Th e dec e ive d Geo r gi a ns w ere

.

s ur p ri s e d a n d a tta c ke d u na w a res l o s in g s ix th o usa n d m e n ;

,

but di s co v e r in g th e ir fa ta l m is ta ke the y r a lli e d th ei r for c es

, , ,
a n d en c o un te r in g the e n em y kill e d tw e nty th o u sa n d b e s id es
, , ,
c a ptu r i n g m a n y p r i so n er s a n d pu tti n g th e i r w h ol e a r m y to
,

flight . The q u een R h ou zo u d a n sen t an a m bas sa dor to

Ho n o ri us III to w a r n h im o f the d a n ger by w hic h Euro p e
.

w as m en ac e d if th e Mo n gol s w ere a llo w e d to c on ti n ue th eir

vict or io us pr o g res s un o ppo se d a n d i n -h er l etter s h e s t a tes
tha t she ha d be en u n a bl e to sen d the a ssi s ta nc e s he ha d
p rom is ed a ga in s t the S a r a c en s b ec a u se s he ha d n eed o f a ll
,

her a r m ies to r es is t a s u dd en i n vas i o n of b a r ba r ia n s The .

dea th o f Zingis Kh a n w hi c h t o o k pla ce i n 1 22 7 for a

, ,

m om en t ar res ted the a rm s o f the M o nguls w ho h a st en e d ,

b a ck to the im per ia l c a m p to a s si s t i n th e el ectio n o f a n ew

chie f ; but thi s a c c o m plis h e d the y a ga in o ver ra n Geo rgi a,
, ,

a n d the qu e en , h a vi n g i n va in a pp ea l e d for a ss i s t a nc e to the

Ch ris ti a n c o un tr ies o f E ur o pe s a w h er th r on e a n d peo pl e

,

l a id pr os t ra te a t the fe e t o f the T a r t a r kha n, u n de r w h ose

s w a y th ey r em a in e d t il l the year S he h er s elf b eca m e .

a Ma h o m et a n, a n d the r o ya l fa m ily w ho h a ve r eign e d s i n ce ,

the eigh th c en tu ry a n d a sser t tha t th e y a r e d e s cen d e d fr om

,

S ol o m on s till reta in e d th eir titl e a n d a u th or ity, th o u gh o nly

,

a t the pl ea s u re o f the M o n gu l c hie f a n d so l o n g a s th e y ,

o b eye d his di c ta tes a n d p a id a s u ffic i en t t r ibu t e .

Fro m the r e vo lu ti o n s a n d a l m o s t c o n ti nu a l w a r s w ith

w hich Ge o r gia ha s b ee n dis tr a cte d fo r so m a n y h un dre ds o f
yea rs , she has na tu r a lly m a d e bu t little pro gr es s in li tera tu re,
o r in a ny a b s t ru s e s c i en c e o r a rt ; bu t the Bibl e wa s tra n s
l a te d by St Euthym i u s in t o the n a tive to n gue a s ea r ly a s the
.

e ighth ce n tur y, a n d th er e a r e s o m e p o eti c a l r o ma n c es s till

e xt a n t co m p ose d i n th e m iddl e a g es p a r tic ul a r ly the poem

—

o f Ta ri el by G en er a l R u s tev a l a c o ur tier o f Q ue e n Th a ma r
, , ,

a n d a n o th er by th e s a m e a u th o r r ec o r di n g her r eign a n d
,

expl oit s . The Geor gia ns h a v e a l so s evera l o th er h er oic songs ,

Huc s
'
Chrlstlanlty ln jl
‘
a rtary . Thib et , are.
60 THE ARCHER AND r a n STE PPE
.

pa r ticul arly the Ba r a m i a ni a n d the Ro s to mi a ni, a n d h o l d in

high estim a ti on Vi sr a m ia ni a n d Da r ega nia n i, tw o pr ose
w or ks by S er g o f Thm o g ir, a n d M o s es o f Kh oni but thes e,
w ith a c o ll ec tio n o f hym n s by the pa tr i a r c h An to n i , the
C o d e o f Va kht a n g, by Va khtan g VI in 1 7 0 3, a n d the
-
.
‘

Ch ro ni c les o f the s a m e prin c e, m a ke u p a lm os t the w ho le

.
*
a mo un t o f the n a tive w r i tin gs o f G eo r gia .

Ma n y tr a c es o f Chr i s tia n ity a re s till to be m e t w ith

a m o n g the wi ld tr ib es o f th e C a u ca su s , a n d the r u in s o f

ch urc h e s a n d c ro sses a r e fre qu en tly s een i n the m ou n t a in s,

w hi c h, a c cor din g to s om e, a re th e r eli c s o f the a tt em p t o f
Qu e en Th a m a r o f Geo r gia to c o n v er t the n a tives to the
Chris tia n fa ith a c cor di ng to o ther s, the y w e r e pl an te d th e r e
by the Gen o es e, w ho, in the thir t ee n th a n d four teenth c en
tu r ies, c a rr i e d on a n exte ns ive tr a de w ith G eorgi a a n d
Mi n g relia, a nd for m e d m a n y c o lo ni es i n th o se c o un tries, o f
w hich th er e a r e a t the p r es e n t da y but few r e m a i n s l .
’ ‘

Arti c l e Geor gi a, " in th e Encyclop e dia Br ita nni ca

t Wagner s “ C aucas us .
.
’
 C HAP TER VI .

Jinits—
fi ussims — fi nhn nrnh s ub
g i bf—
fi nrih— dBIzg
figur — 6
91533
e
.

Fa ir s pri ng eu li
es th e fa v o ur ng a le, i
Th e na v a l p d
i nn ere r s rea s hi s 8 3 ; 5
A nd plo ug id
ing w e th e wa te ry w ay ,
p
E x lore s wi th a nxi o us eyes hi
s
re y.

c an S co r n

E quipp d for dee

'
ds alik e on la n d or s ee .

B mou .

TH E Finn s ,
or Tsc hu des (tha t is ,
ba r b ar i a ns or na tion s ,
a li e n to the Sl a v on ic r a c e
) a s th ey ar e c a lle d in Rus s i a
, ,

fo r m er ly o c cu pie d a ll th a t pa r t o f the c oun t ry w hic h li es to

the n o r th o f the V a ld a i Hill s b e t w e en the Vis tu l a a n d Ur a l
,

M o un ta in s,* a n d are c o m m o nly c o ns idered to h a ve b een the

a b o ri gin al in h a bitan t s o f S ca n di n a vi a , fr om w h en c e th e w e r e
y
e xp elle d by the Go th s Th e Bu din i d es cri b e d by H er o d o tu s
.
, ,
a pp e ar to h a ve b ee n a Fi n n is h tri be l a n d P t o le m y in the
' ‘

s eco n d cen tu ry m en tio ns the Phi nni, to gether w ith the

Gytho nes a n d Ve nedae, a s n a tions of sm a ll e xten t a n d p o w er ,
i n the n eighb o ur h o o d o f the Vis tula whil e in the tim e o f
P lin y th e s ou th ern co a s t o f the Ba ltic, to the ea stw a r d of
,

th a t r iver w a s va gu ely ter m e d Finni ngia Pr it c h a r d a n d

,
.

La th a m a r e o f Opi nion tha t the Fin la nders, La pla n d er s a n d ,

m o st o f the Sib er i a n tr ib es b el o n g to the sam e r a c e w hi c h ,

a pp ea r s to h a ve b or n e a c l o se a ffi ni ty to the R u n s a n d
Igo ur s w ith w ho m th ey ar e by s o m e w r it ers iden tifie d a n d
, ,

c o ll ec tively term e d Ugr i a n As th e Sl a vo ni a n s be c a m e m or e

.

p ow e r ful, th ey gra dua lly re duc e d a ll the a bori gin a l h or des ,

a n d d ro ve th em furth er n or thw a r d ; for a s w e l ea r n fro m

Nes to r the a n cien t ch ron icler of Russ ia , the Fin n s i n hi s

,

ti m e o cc u pi ed a ll the t errito ry fro m Lake Peipus eas t w a r d }:

a n d tr a c e s o f th e m a r e to be m e t wit h a t the prese n t da y ,

m or e o r l ess i n t er sp er s e d w ith the Sl a v on i an s o ver a ll the ,

n or th er n p a r t o f Ru ss i a , p a r tic u la rly i n th e hilly di s tr i c t o f

Va ld a i a n d in the go v er nm en t of St P etersb urg besides .
,

Pri tch erd s

’
Nat . Hist of Ma n
. . fH e ro dotus . 3 Chronicl es of N es tor .
 62 TH E AR CH ER AND THE S TE PPE .

v
se e r a l tr ib es o n the Vo lga a n d th e in ha bita n ts o f the ,

r o vin c e o f Fin l a n d by w h o m it i s c a ll e d Su o n e m m a o r the

p , ,

c o un t ry o f l a k es Th e Ma gya r s o f Hu n ga r y a l s o b e l o n g to
.

the sa m e r a c e w hi c h i s r e m a r ka bl e fo r i ts l o v e o f m u s i c a n d
,

p oetry a n d p o s ses s e s m a n y s o n gs a n d h e r o i c ba ll a d s wi th
, ,

l o n g r om a n c es a n d lege n ds i n vers e * Th ey w o r s hippe d the .

s u n m o o n a n d s t a rs a m o n gs t w hi c h th e c o n s tell a ti o n o f th e
, , ,

G rea t B ea r r ec e i v e d p a r ti c u l a r h o n o u r s b es i d es th e wi n ds , ,

l a ke s river s fo u n t a in s a n d c a tar a c ts a n d se ve ra l go dd esse s

, , , ,

th eir pr in c ipa l de ity wa s c a ll e d Yo m a la 1 a n d they be li e ved ,

‘

i n a fu tur e s ta t e They w er e e a r ly a c q ua i nt e d w ith the a r t

.

o f s m e lti n g i ro n ; Fin ni s h s w or d s a r e r en o wn e d in the

I c el a n dic s a gas i a nd tr a ditio n as c r ib es to Finn s the dis
c ov e r y o f va r i o u s m i n es in S w e de n Th e y w er e a ls o
p a r ti c u l a r ly a tta c h e d to a gr ic u ltu r e a n d a ppea r to h a ve b e en ,

w e ll ver se d i n a ll the i m pl e m e n ts o f h us ba n dr y ”tho u gh , ,

fr o m the r igo ur o f the c lim a te they w er e pr in c ip a lly ,

d e p en d e n t fo r th e ir su bs i s ten c e u p o n th e pr o du c e o f th e i r
n um er o us l a k es The pr o vi n c e o f Fi nl a n d w a s p a r tly s u bj e c t
.

to Ru s s i a i n the ea rly p e r i o d o f h e r hi s to r y 5 bu t i n the

tw elfth c e n t ur y i t w a s c o n qu er e d by S w e d e n w ho l o n g ,

e n d ea vou r e d by fo r ce a n d tyra nn y to co n ve r t the n a tives to

Chr is tia n ity A n E n glis h pr i es t c a lle d He nr y w ho ha d

.
,

a cc om pa n i e d E ric th e S w e di s h g en er a l in thi s e xp e di tio n

, , ,

w a s a pp o in t e d bi s h o p o f the c ou n tr y a n d zea l o u s ly co m ,

m e nc e d the pr o p a ga tion o f the Chr i s ti a n fa ith ; bu t th e

vi o len t m e a s u res w hic h he u s ed to c o m p e l the Fin n s to
r en o u n c e th e i r id o l s p ro du ce d a n i n s ur r ec tio n a ga in s t the
,

i nva der s a n d He nr y fa lli n g a vi c tim to the a ni m o s ity o f the

, ,

i nh a bi ta n t s w a s as sa ss in a t e d i n a tu m u lt a n d b ein g a ft er
, , ,

O ne l g
of th e - on e st of t e r oem s i s th e h i p K
al ev a l a . a c om o sitio n h al f r s t a n. a f Ch i i h l
h h
ea t e n, re a ti n l g th e hi
s tory o f a m o t e r (ev
,

en t y i n ten e d for th e h id l
r n ) a nd h e r Vi gi
child , a n d of w hi h
c th e ec ul l ar v ers iflc a ti o n robubly a v e r s e to on fel ow s
‘

p
g
o e m of i L g l
h ll l d
Hi a w a t a Th e fo o w ng . tra n s a te by exa nd e r C a s tre n from th e nni s i nto Fi h
i gli h p i
.

i uss is n, and by H err S c h rlefen nto En s , i s a s ec m en

W isel th en th e s un m a de a ns wer
W e ll k no w thy c h ild b e l ov e d
,

I t w a s h e a l o ne w h o m a d e m e
,

Lets me rush i n go ld th rou gh hea v en

Lets m e bea m i n s li v er s plendo ur ,

Al l the l o v e ly d ays o f s ummer

,

Yea I s aw th y s o n b e l ov e d
Hi m thy b a be 0 th ou unh a ppy !
,

I n th e m a rs h u to th e gi rdl e
.

To his a rm s w i tp in th e h ea th er "
. .

The n ame for th e De i ty i s Yuma w i th th e tr ib e s on th e Vo lg a

t I n the sa ga of St O l a f w hil e rel a ti ng th e b a ttle o f S tikl es ta dt
.

. ,
, th e ha rd s ay s
Th e k i ng him self no w p ro v ed th e p ower
or F l un to l k s cra it in ma gi c h our " '
-
.

11Prltchard s N at Hi st of Man
" '
. . .
 THE FIN S , RUSSI AN S,
N ETC. 63
w ar d s c a n o n i zed ha s s in ce b een m a d e th e pa tr o n s a in t o f
,

Fi nla n d B oth b e fo r e a n d a fte r his d ea th gr e a t c r u e lties

.
,

w e r e i n fli c t e d u p o n th e u n fo r tun a te p eo pl e a ll w h o r e fu s e d

ba p ti s m b e i n g m er c il es sly pu t to d ea th by fir e a n d s w o r d ,

a n d th o u gh th e
, y w er e u lti m a t e ly c o m pe ll e d by p er s ec uti o n to
pr o fe s s the Ch ris ti a n fa i th th ey still r e m a i n ver y su per s ti ,

tio u s * I n th e m iddl e a ges the w o r d Finn w a s syn o ny m o u s

.
,

w it h th a t o f s o r ce r e r a n d it w a s ge n e ra lly b e lie ve d th a t thi s

,

p e o pl e ha d a pa r ti c ul a r i n ter c o ur se w i th the d evil ; 1‘ a n d a t

a ll ti m es th e y h a ve b ee n c e l e br a te d fo r th e i r c o nj ur er s w h o ,

a c t pr ec i sely i n th e s a m e m a n n e r a s the A n eho ks i n Gr e e n

g
l a n d a n d th e Sh a m a n s a m o n g the n o r th e r n T a r ta r s o f
,

Si be r ia i A bo the c a pita l o f Fi n l a n d till 18 2 7 w h en its

, ,

d es tr u c tio n by fir e ca u se d the s ea t o f go vern m e n t to be

r e m o v e d to the m o d e r n p o r t o f H e l s i n g fo r s a w ell bu ilt c ity ,
-

g ua r d e d by the s tr o n g fo r tr es s o f S v e a bo r w a s fo u n de d a bo u t
th e t w e lfth c e n tu r y a n d d u rin g th e m idd le a g es s u fiér ed
,

s e ve r e ly fi v e ti m e s fro m fi re b es id es i h [ 5 0 9 b ein g s a c k e d a n d ,
-

a l m o s t t o ta lly de s tr o ye d by the D a n es It is b u ilt u p o n a .

pr o m on to r y be t w een the gu lfs o f Bo th n ia a n d Fin la n d a n d , ,

be for e th ey w e re tr a n s ferre d to i ts r iva l, c o n ta i n e d a u n iver

s it
y m u s e u m a n d libr a r y b es id es s e v er a l o th er p u bli c e dific es
, , , .

Th e gr ea t e r p a r t o f Fi n l a n d r e m a i n e d i n the p os s e s s i o n o f
S w e d e n till 1 8 0 9 w h en s h e w a s fin a lly su bd u ed by Ru s s ia
,

a n d h er l o ss w a s a se r io u s bl o w to the fo r m er p o w er to ,

w h o m s h e ha d a l w a ys p r o ve d a va lu a bl e a lly H er s o ldi er s .

dis tin gu is he d th e m s elves u n d er the ba n n ers o f Gu s ta v us ‘

Ad o lph us in the Thir ty Ye a r s W a r 3 i n the da ys o f Ta c itus ’

she w a s c el e br a t e d fo r he r a r c h er s a n d a Fi n n i s h r egi m e n t

fo u ght v a lia n tly in the a r m y o f Willi a m the Thir d a t the

B o yn e " .

The n a m e o f Ru ss i a n s § is firs t m en tio n ed in his t o r y i n

M il ner s S h o of th B l ti c
'
res e a
P r di Lo t w h th l i o cu
.

" "
1S
'
ee a a se s e re es e nes c r
F ll w th igh t h g wh c li d .
o o e n - a e n. a
'

idi g h gh
I n s ec re t, r n t ro u th e a i r s h e co me s,
L d ih ll
ure w t th e s m e of i n fa nt bl d oo to d a nc e
i h pl d i h hil
W t La a n w tc e s, w e th e l a b rlng mo on
'

lip Ec h i h
s es a t t e r c a r m er — M urr o w
Th e N orw eg i p an hi k
eas a n t ev e n n o w t n s the L pp a Fi
a nd a ss um e a t pl ea s ure
r mc a n
th e s h a p e o f a n i ma l s
Pri tc h a r d s N a tura l Hi s to
.

of Man
' "

Lord Mac aula s Hi s tory 0 E n 1a nd — M ll ner s S h ores of th e B a l ti c

.

' " ‘
.

Herber ts tei n n 1549 s ay s th a t t l e pe o i s o f M os co w a ss ert th a t the a nc ie nt a pp ell a

.

ti on o f R us s i a w a s Bo s se l a w h i c h in R us s a n m ea n s a di s p ers i on
, .

N e sto r i n his c h ro n i c l e s sa y s Thi s na m e o f R uss i a n w a s gi v en us by the Va rnngia ns

,

a nd b efo re th a t ti m e w e w e re k now n un d er the n a me o f S l a v es ; a n d th e lfo l a n

, .
ia n s w h o ,

w ere al s o a m on g th e S l a v es h a d n o o th e r l a ng ua ge The na me of Pola m a ns w as glv c n

th e m fro m th e fi e ld s th ey c ul ti v a te d a n d b ec a us e th ey i nh a bi ted thc p la ln but th ey w ere
.
,

,
l i h g h l
,

of S av e or g in a n d h a d.n o o t er l a ng u a e t a n the S a v o n
"
.
64 THE AR C HER AND TH E S TEPPE
.

the year 839, w h en a few w ho ha d y i s ited C on s ta n tin o ple

w ith their s o v er eign , w h om the Byza ntine chr on icl es ca ll
Cha ca nus (w hich w a s p ro ba bly his titl e cka gwn o r kite/n), a o
c ompani e d the em bas sy s en t by Th eo philu s, Em peror of the
East, to L ou i s le D ebo nn a i r e, Ki n g o f Fr a nc e, the s on a nd
su cc essor of Ch a r l em a gn e, i n th e t ra i n a n d un d er the pro teo
ti on of the p om po us a m ba ss a do r o f th e Greeks S om e .

his tor ian s su ppose th e m to ha ve been the d es cen da nts o f the

Roxol a ni, w h o in va de d M cesia A D 7 0 , an d d e fea te d tw o . .

R om a n c o h or ts w h en Adr ia n m a de pea ce w ith the ir king,

bu t w ho w ere s ubse qu en tl y dri ven to the n or th, w h er e the
geo gra ph er o f Ra venn a , A D 8 8 6, pla c es th em in the vicini ty
. .

o f No v o goro d (the Rus si an s h a vin g fo un de d a kin gd o m

there b e for e tha t pe ri o d), a n d c o ns ide r them to h a ve b ee n a
Sla von ic or S arma tic tr ibe bu t the Russi a n s ar e m en tione d
*
by Con stan tine P phy gen it u s as b ein g a disti nct p eo pl e
or ro

from the S la voni a n s a n d in his tim e s p ea ki n g a difier ent

,
'

l a ngua ge i Acco r din g to L eves qu e the y a r e des c en d ed fro m

‘

the but a s s u m e d the n a m e a n d l a n gu ag e o f t hei r

Sla vonic c on quer ors w h o w ere u n do u btedly the d esc en da nts
,

of the S arm a ti a n s a n d th e t r a di tio n s o f S w e d en m a i n t a i n,

th a t the H uns a n cien tly f o rm e d a po w er fu l m on ar chy i n

Russia w hich th ey r el a t e w a s th e n ve ry d en sely p eo pled
, ,

fa r m or e s o th a n a t the pr es en t da y It i s c er t a in th a t a fter
.

the dea th of Attil a w he n h is fo ll o w er s w e r e driv en ba c k u p on

,

the pl a in s o f Scythia , th e Sla vo n ia n s w er e a l so exp e ll e d by

th e Goths fro m the s h or es o f th e D a nub e h a vin g been for ce d ,

by the Hu ns to the extre m e n o r th an d s ou th w es t o f R us -

s ia, a n d s pr ea di n g ov er S a rm a tia or W e s t er n Scythia, th e y

,

w er e s ca tter e d a nd di vide d i n to m a n y tr ib es a n d n a ti o ns, th e

prin cipa l o f w hom w e re the Po les u n de r th eir chie f, Le ch , ,

fr o m w ho se n am e th ey w er e a n c ien tly ca ll e d L_ e chi ; th e

“

Dr ev li a ns, w ho der ive d th e ir a pp ella tio n fro m the w o o ds a n d

for es ts a m on g w hich they d wel t i n Volhyn ia a nd the ,

K riv itches, w ho foun de d th e c ity a n d fo r tress o f Sm olen sko .

Accor din g to so m e a u tho r s, the Ru s si a n s w er e so d es igna t ed

In his map, h e gi v es th e Russi a n a nd Sla v onic nam es for th e catara c ts on the Dnieper
1 S ome auth ors supp ose th a t th e S l av o n i a ns p oss esse d a W ri tten l ang ua ge in th es e
‘

a nc i ent ti mes r i or to th a t no w i n u s e a mo n g th e m but th ere a pp e ars to be v er l ittl e

y
id sev era l m a nuscr ip ts w ere fo un d a t N o v o goro d
, .

g round for s h e a n ea In
. th e y e a r 1781
i n e v ery p erfect s ta te ; but a l th ough th ey w er e c o m m uni c a te d to sev era l aca dem ie s
, .

th ey h av e nev er b een expl a i ne d Th ey w e re wr i tten i n th e same c h aracter s as an .

i nsc r ipti on on a c lock in the c onv ent of St S a b a at S v eni gorod near Mascara—CAM
.

.
, ,
r s nua us nu .

3k nown“ Histoire de la Ii ussle “ .

66 THE ARCHER AN D THE su p p ly .

of the sa m e n a m e, r ebuilt the c i ty o f K iof A D 430 It w as ,

. . .

s u bs e qu en tly c on qu er e d by Ol e g a w a r like a n d V i c to ri o us
,

pr in ce o f N ov o go r o d in w h o se po ss es si on it r em a i ne d ti ll hi s
,

d ea th a fter whic h the C ha za rs su b du e d the c ity a n d s ta t e,

,

a nd r u l e d n ea rly a l l the s o uth o f Ru s sia fo r m or e than tw o

h un d r e d year s .

Ac c o r din g to Nes tor the o ld his tor ia n a n d Ven era bl e

,

Be de ” o f Russ ia, N o v ogor o d w a s foun d e d a b ou t th e sa m e

ti m e by the Sla vo n i a ns a s the seco n d er e c ti on of K i of .

Adva n ta geou sly s itu a te d n e a r th e co n flu en c e o f the Volk hof

,

w ith La k e Il m en a n d p os sess i n g by La k e La do ga a n d the

,

Ne va a direc t c om m unica tio n wi th th e Ba ltic Sea s o m e

.
,

w riters h a ve su pp os e d th a t a l a r ge Fin n is h c ity e xi s te d on

i ts p re sen t sit e w hi c h id ea a pp ea r s r a th er to be su pp o r te d
,

by i ts n a m e No vo Gor d o, o r N ew City pr evi o u s to the ,

irr upti o n o f the Sla vo n i a n s u p o n the n or th o f Rus sia ; a n d

s om e a n c ien t r ui n s w hich till l a t e ly w ere to be s een i n the
,

n eighb o ur h oo d o f N o v o or o d a r e c o n sid e r e d to ha ve be en the

g ,

r e m a i n s o f thi s o ld a n d u n ch r o n i c l e d c a pit a l o f the Fi nn s o r ,

w h a t p o s s ibly m a y h a ve b een a c ity o f th e Ha n s .

Th e g o ver nm e n t w a s re p u bli ca n, u nd er a c hi ef m a gis tr a te

cho s e n fr o m a m o n g the boyar ds a nd it e a rly a t ta in e d s o
,

m u c h p ow er a n d o pul en ce fr o m the exte ns i v e tra de carr i e d

,

o n by i ts m er c h a n t s a n d n o ble s by m ea ns o f ca r a v a ns , a m o n g
,

th e P er m i an s C ha zar s, a n d Bu lgari an s o f the Vo lga , a n d

,

thr ou gh th em w ith Per sia a nd I n dia th a t “ w ho c a n r es is t ,

”
th e g ds a n d
o ,
th e gr ea t N ov o or o d 2
g w a s a c o m m o n p r o ver b
*
a m o n g the surr o u n di n g n a tio n s a n d fo u r h u n dr e d tho u sa n d
,

in h a bita n ts ar e sa id to h a ve r es id ed w ithin i ts wa ll s But .

her t err it ori es w er e en cir cl e d by en em i es th e a dj o i n i n g Fi n,

n i s h o r Tc hu di sh t r ib e s, a n d th e P er m i a n s c on ti n u a lly in ,

v ad i n g the c o m m o n w eal th a nd the tr ea s u r e w hi c h th e i r

,

te m ples w ere r e pu te d to co n ta in exc ite d the a varic e o f the

S c an din a vi a n s ea kin gs— o r Va ra n gia n c o r s a ir s a s th e y are
-

c a lle d in the Ru s sia n ch r o nic les — w h o fr equ e n tly d ev a s ta t ed

th eir co a st s ; a n d p o ssessi n g th emselves o f th e pr o vi n c e s o f
,

Re vel a n d Livon ia ca rr i ed o n for m an y ye ar s a p er p e tu al

,

w a r w ith the n eighb ou ri n g Sla vo n ic a n d Fi nn i s h n a tio ns .

Th es e pira tes hir e d th em selves a s m er cen ar y soldiers to the

high es t bidder, a nd th ei r a ss i s ta nc e w a s o ften pur ch a s ed by

Lev ’ “
es que s His toi re de la Russie
.
 THE F INN S RUSSI AN S
, , a r e. 67

the N o v o
go ro dia n s
ga in s t the plu n der i n g in c ur s io ns of th eir
a

o th er fo e s w h o a t l en th s t r e ngth e ni n g th em s e l v es by u ni o n
, g , ,
s o i m p e r ille d th e e xi s t e n c e o f the r e pu blic w h ose po w e r ha d
,

b een w e a ken e d by c o n s ta n t w a r fa r e tha t Gos tr o m is la the , ,

l as t m a le d es ce n da n t o f a l on g lin e o f pr in c e s a dvise d his ,

fe ll o w c itize n s o n hi s d ea thb e d to n o m in a t e his gr a n ds o n

-

R ur ik the pr i nc e o f the Va r a n g ia n s his su c ces s o r a s

, ,

chief m a gist ra t e o f No v o go r o d a n d thu s s ec ur e the a l ,

li a n ce a n d p r o t ec ti on o f the Va r a n gia n s Ru r ik w h o .
,

w as th e s o n o f the S w e dis h m o n a r c h Lu dbr a t a n d his ,

q u ee n O um ila th e d a u gh ter o f Go s tr o m is la w a s b o r n a t
, ,

Up s a l A D , . a n d in th e y ea r 86 1 r es p o n di n g to the
.
,

i n vita ti o n o f the b o ya r d s o f No v ogo r o d a c c o m pa n i e d by his ,

tw o br o th er s Tr u v a a n d Sin e u s a n d a m o tl ey c re w o f Fi nn i s h , ,

Sla vo n i c a n d No r m a n a dven tu rer s he s a ile d w ith a few ships

, ,

u
p the Volkho f a n d en d ea vo ur e d to es ta blis h hi m s e lf i n th e
,

c i ty. His c l a im w a s di s p u t e d h o w ever by a l a r g e m aj o r ity , ,

o f the i n h a bita n t s w h o o bj e c t e d to th e r ul e o f a for e ig n e r

,

a n d a Va r a n gi a n w h o se fo ll o w ers th e , y c o n s id er e d a s m er e
u n c ivili ze d d ep r e da t o r s an d r e fus in g th e m a c c es s i n t o th e i r
, ,

t ow n th ey c l ose d the ga te s a ga i ns t hi m Bu t i ns t ea d of
, .
,

r e t ur n in g to hi s s hip s h e r eso r te d to a r ms a n d b ui ldi n g the

, ,

t o w n o f La do ga d a s h ea d qu a r t er s fo r his tr oo ps h e fo r tifie d
’
-
,

i t w ith a r a m pa r t o f ea r th h is br o th er s a l s o es ta bli s hi n g ,

th em s el ve s w ithin a sh o r t dis ta n c e o f the c ity Th e No v o .

g o r o di a n s a ss em bli n g i n l ar ge fo r c e a dva n c ed fr o m the to w n

, ,

u n d er th e i r m os t a bl e g e n er a l Va dim e to e xp e l the i n va d e r s ,

fr o m th eir i n t r e n c h m en ts bu t b e i n g de fea te d i n a d es p e r a t e
en ga g e m e n t , th eir a r m y co m ple tely d es t r o y e d a n d th e i r ,

l ea d er sla i n Ru ri k im m e di a te ly quittin g his s tr o n gh old

, , ,

m a r c h e d u p o n N o v o go ro d w h er e the c iti ze n s b e in g w itho u t

, ,

a ge n e ra l , a n d t o ta lly d is o r ga n i ze d by th e i r d e fea t su b m itt e d ,

to hi m W ith o u t fu r ther r e s i s ta n c e a n d pl a c e d th e i r go v er n ,

m en t in his h a n ds A D 8 62 He a pp o i n te d Sin e us to the

, . . .

s o v e r e ig n t
y o f Bie l o O zer o a n d Tru v a to tha t o f Izb o r s k ,
-
,

c hi e f t own s i n tr ib u ta r y t er rito r i es w hi c h o n th ei r b o th , ,

dyi ng w ith o u t h e irs he a ga in in c o r p o r a te d w ith his o w n

,

do min i o n s a n d a b o li shi ng the r epu blic a n fo rm o f go ver n

, ,

m en t, h e t oo k the titl e o f V eliki Kn ez, or Gr a n d Prin c e .

O ustreiofl s “
'
Hi
story o f Russ a
"
i
i hi l ill i gh b h d
.

f d
The ru ns o f t s c as t e s t
S
ex s t in th e nei our oo o f N ov o goro d
d pl p
. The na m e i s
deriv e from the la v oni an wor la der , a ace of re ose — C m nnna uszu .
68 r un ARCHER AND THE S T EPPE .

He pa cifie d an d str en gth en ed hi s do m ini o n s, a n d a ppea rs to *

h a ve r ule d w ith j u stic e a nd m o der a ti on r e co n c ilin g the ,

p eo ple to hi s gov er n m en t by a do pti n g the Sla von ic la n gu a ge

a n d ma nn er s hi s fo ll o w ers ta ki n g w ives fr om a m o n g th a t
,

n a ti o n a n d h e hi m s elf es p o u s i ng a d es c en d a n t o f the a n c i en t
,

r uli n g fa m ily o f N o v o go r o d i n o r d e r to pr o c u r e a n a ddi ti o n a l ,

cla i m to the thr on e ; a n d a t hi s d ea th i n 8 7 8 he w as s u c , ,

c ee de d by hi s s o n Igo r w h o b e i n g o n ly a yea r o l d O l e g, the

, ,

b r o ther in —la w o f Ru rik, t o o k u po n hims elf the o ffic e o f r egen t

-
.

The Va r a n gia n s w er e n ot lo n g c o n ten t w ith thi s n or thern

e xtre m ity of the Sla vo n ic d o m in i o n s a n d th e t err it or y o f ,

K io f w h o s e ca pita l i s s itu a te d like R o m e a n d C o n s ta n tin o pl e

, , ,

u p o n s e ven hil ls w ith th eir s um m its o v er l o o kin g the br oa d

,

a n d r a pid s tr e a m o f the D ni e p er w a s to o pr o d uc tiv e , thi c kly ,

p o pu l a t e d , a n d fer tile to be l o ng o ve rl o o ke d by su c h dar in g

,

a n d ra p a c i ou s fr ee b o o t er s e v er i n sear c h o f a dve n tu r e a n d ,

p l un d er 3 a n d w ho tho u gh a c c u s tom e d to the fr o zen a n d

,

t idele s s w a te r s of the Ba lti c a n d its m a rs hy a n d in h os pita ble ,

s h o r es h a ve w h e r e ve r the o pp or tu n ity w a s a ffor d e d by the

, ,

w e a k n e s s c ivil di s co r ds o r pu s ill a n i m ity o f th os e n a ti o n s

, ,

w ith w h o m th e y h a v e c o m e in c o n ta c t e s ta blis h e d th em s e lves ,

i n th e m or e fa vo ur e d a n d gen i a l a t m os pher e o f the s o uth ,

a n d i n E n gl a n d F r a n c e a n d th e m os t s u nn y a n d fer til e
, , pr o
v in ces o f Ita ly h a ve m a d e th eir p o w er r es p ec te d a n d th e i r
, ,

ven gea n c e fea r e d er ec tin g kin gd o ms a n d n o bl e h o us es w h o se

,

d e s c en da n ts a r e n o w pro u d to tra c e th ei r o r igin fr o m the r u d e

a n d w a r like fo ll o w e r s o f the Va ra n gi a n s e a ki n gs Sh or tly -
.

a ft er th ey ha d o c c u pie d N ov o Or o d th ey tu r n e d th e ir a r m s
g ,

to w a r ds the r ic h an d gr a ss y pl a ins u p on w hi c h K i o f s t an ds ,

a n d un d e r th e c o m m a n d o f O sko l d th e s t ep so n o f Rur ik a n d -
, ,

D ir o n e o f h i s c hi efs dr o v e o ut the Ch a za r s w ho m a n y yea r s

, , ,

b efo r e h a d exten de d thei r sw a y o ver this c ity a n d pr o vi n ce

a n d h a vin g fi
,
r m l y es t a bli s h e d th e ir p o w e r o v er the Wh o l e

t err itor y o f K i o f in 86 6 m a d e the fir s t w ar like d e sc en t o f

,

the Ru s s i a n s u p o n C o n s t a n ti n o pl e Ta kin g a dva n ta ge o f .

the tem p ora ry a b sen c e o f the E m pe r o r Mi c ha e l fr o m th e c ity,

the y s a il e d w ith a n a va l a r m a m en t o f tw o hu n d re d v e s s el s
th ro u gh th e Bos ph o r u s a n d e ve n oc c u pi e d the p o r t of Byza n
,

tium , r e tur ni n g to th eir o w n c o un tr y la den w ith the s po il s

A c di n t Sta rc h th e em pi
e or o o f R u i k ext n d e d e th o se te ri t ri e n w om
re r e ov r r o s o c
i R el R g
.

eh ndin t e v n n en t o er r P l t k P k f Vy b or g S t Pet r b g
s o ev o o z
pf ogo rog O l n t Smolensko A h a ng l i sl d lmi Ja l f K ost em a a nd V l gd
e , . , e o , , . e s ur ,

he P rm i ns a nd é
ov o z. . rc e a r ros a r o o a
but Arch ng l ce t lnly a t th at p e i d b el on ge d t t
, ,
a e '

r a r o mol ensko and o e a

Poi otzk were ind epend ent s ta tes till subdue d by O l e g a nd Vl a di mir
,
.
 m s F I NN S, nussi a s s, a r e . 69

of the Gr e cia n ci ties th ou gh a vi o len t s torm — a cco r din g to

th e Gr eek l egen ds , o c ca s i o n e d by the in ter cessi on o f the Vir gi n
Mar y a pa rt of wh o s e c l o a k w a s pres erved by the Byza ntin es
,

a s a sa cre d r elic a n d c a rr ie d o u t in pr o cess i o n a tthe c o m m a n d

, ,
o f th e ir e m p er o r o n hi s h a s t
y r et ur n c om p ell e d th em to ev a
—
,

c ua t e p rem a t ur ely the h ar b o ur a n d w a t e r s o f C on sta n ti n o l e *

p .

Abo u t thi s tim e a r eg ul a r c o mm unica tion w a s es ta bli sh e d

b e tw een the Gre cia n e m pir e a n d the c oa st s o f the Ba ltic Se a ,

by the com m er cia l ent erpr ise o f the m er c h an ts of N ov o go ro d

a n d K io f A la ke a nd r iver in s um m er a n d the i c e i n
.
,

w in ter c onn e cti ng the for m er c ity w ith the Ba ltic s he re

, ,

c e i v e d in h er s t or es all the pro du ce of the n o rth an d tra ns

,

p o r t e d i t by ca n o es to Ki e f, w h ere it was a cc u mul a t ed in

va s t m a gazi nes till the a nn ual de par tur e o f a flee t to Co n
s ta n ti no ple, w hich u s ua ll y t o o k pla c e in Jun e The shi ps .

sa il e d d o w n the D n i e per i a s far a s th e thi r t ee n c a ta r a c t s

;
‘ '

w h o se ro ck s a n d r a pid fa ll s br ea k th e sm ooth a n d e ve n
c o ur s e o f th a t r iver , s o m e o f w hic h th ey w ere en a bl e d to

c ros s by s im ply lighte n i n g the c a r go but a v o idin g the m o r e ,

pr ec ipita te a n d form id a ble by dr a ggin g the vess els pas t

them o ver lan d a n d th en res tin g o n a n is l a n d b elow the l as t
,

fa ll th ey h eld a festiva l i n cele bra ti on o f th eir es ca pe fr o m

,

th e p er ils o f the ri ver a n d the a tta c k s o f the h os ti l e tri b es

,

w ho r oam e d a lon g i ts fi r —li n e d s h ore s b e fore pro cee d in g to ,

e n c o un te r th e m ore form i da ble w in d s a n d br ea k ers o f the

sea But, pre pa ra to ry to c r o ss in g th e E u xi ne, the da m a ges

.

w h ic h th eir fra il ba r ks ha d s u s ta in e d in the ir ro ugh pa s sag e

o ver la n d a n d w a t er, w e r e r e p a ir e d o n a sec o n d i sl a n d n ear

the m ou th o f the r ive r a n d wi th a fa ir w i n d a few fa vo u r

,

a bl e d a ys w o ul d m o o r th em in th e h a r b o ur of C on s t a n ti no pl e .

T he R u ss i a n c an oes w hi c h con si s t e d o f a s i n gl e tr ee h oll o w e d

,

o u t a n d this n arr o w fo un da ti o n r a i se d a n d ext en d e d on e ver y

,

s id e by pl a n ks , till it h a d a tt a in e d th e d es ir ed h eight a n d

l en gth w ere la d en w ith s l a ves o f every a ge (the Ru ssia n s

,

A d ta il ed a cc ount of th e a tt k p n C nstanti n pl e by O sk o l a and D ir is gi e by

c ac u o o o v n
th G k h ist i ns Zona r s Ced u C st ti P phyrogenltus a nd th tri .

e re e or a a re n s . on an ne , or e a
h P h ti s a nd i na tius the tw o l tter b ei g yew i t es s s Pi otius ay s h t
, .
‘
a rc o
l y h e the B uigarfa ns co m e
s o u a n e n e l s
t th Ch i ti f i th b t a l so the n ti of th e
. . .
on av o v er e an a o
u r s on a
i p d h l l d g
,
R uss a ns , w h o, ro u o f t eir s ucces s l a te y. e v e n e xa te thems el v es a ai ns t th e G re e k
e m ire. but a re bg i g
e i nn n h g p ii
to exc a n e th e i m ur t es o f h enth enls m for the p ure a n d
o n e ex d d i oc tr nes o f Ch i i i
r s t a n ty
"
i h i l i h
Th e R uss a n c ro n cl es a so ment on t a t the em
d h ig p di i d k p d d h
.

p eror. un er w os e re n the ex e t on w a s u n erta' en. ers ua e t e m. a fter th e

c o ncl us io n o f enc e. to bec o me C h fl s ti a ns — B lnc kmo re s N o tes to M Ch h
o ura v le ii ‘s urc
i D i pi
.

" "
G bbon s “ ec l ne a nd Fa ll o f the Ro m a n E m re.
‘
o f R us s a
f p i ll d h l
Th e D ni e er wa s a n c ently c a e Bo s t en es , fro m th e S c th a n or Sl i d
a v on c w or s ,
bar a pi n e fo re s t a nd stena a w a il th e s ores of tha t ri v e r be a s l i ned wi th r us t fo res ts
. ,
Le v es q ue ! His toi re d o in has s le
.
”
o f fi n - .

t r mr te e n a re mark ed i n the m a p of Cons tanti ne I orphyto 3°nltu5 Of which h e s h “

. ’ .

,
th e S l a v oni c a nd R uss i an na mes .
 70 m a s s eus e AND THE STEPPE.

b eing in g rea t dem an d as s o ldier s a t C ons ta n tin o ple) hi des, ,

’
furs, a m b er from the Ba l tic s h ore s h o ney a n d bees w a x an d ,

they r etur n e d a t s ta te d sea so ns w ith a rich ca r go o f co rn, oil,

w i ne, the m a n u fa ctur e s o f G r eec e the e mbr o id er y o f P ersi a , ,

a n d the s pi c e s a n d e b on y o f the In di a n I s l es A c o m p an y .

o f R us s i a n m er ch a n t s s e ttle d a t C o ns ta nti no pl e a n d i n the ,

pr in cipal p r o vi ncia l citi es a n d to wns o f the Gre e k E m pire,

fo r tra di n g pur p os es a n d the tre a ti es for m e d b e tw een the
,

tw o n a ti o n s pr o te cte d the ir p ers o n s , eflec ts a n d pr ivil eges

'
.
,

Bu t the m ar ve llo us a cc o un ts w hi c h the m er cha n ts a n d sa il ors

w ho a c co m p a n ie d the fle ets in th es e co mm e r c i al e n ter pr is es ,

c a rr ie d h o m e o f the w ea lth a n d m a gn i fi
,
cen c e o f C o n sta n
tino pl e e xc ite d the d esir e o f th e i r co un trym e n fo r a l a rger
,

s upply th a n th ei r c o m pa r a tive l y s ca n ty t ra d e a ffo r d e d, a nd,

i n the s p a ce o f a h u n d r ed a n d n in e ty yea rs fo u r n a va l e x ,

ed i tion s w e re u n der taken by th e Russ ia n s to pl u n d e r the

p
trea sures o f th e Gr ee k ca pita l * .

Th e C hr is ti a n r eligio n a ppears to h a ve been firs t tra ns

p or ted to K i o f i n the e xp e ditio n o f Os kold wh o w ith m any .
,

o f h is fo ll o w e rs o n his r e tur n fr om hi s h o s til e e n t er pr ise

,

a ga ins t C o n s t a nti n opl e e m b r a c e d Ch r i s ti a n ity ;

,
a n d C on

s ta n ti ne P or phyr o gen it us a n d o th er Gr eek his to r ia n s r el a t e ,

th a t d urin g the life ti me o f t ha t prin c e a bis h o p w as s en t by
the E m p er o r B as il th e Ma c e do ni a n a n d St Igna ti us the ,
.

p a tri ar c h o f Byza n tium t o K io f, w ho m a d e m a n y c o n ver ts,

,
-

chiefly in c o n se qu en ce of th e m ira cu l o us prese r va tio n of a

vo lu m e o f th e G os pels, w hic h r e m a i ne d un c on s u m e d w h en
throw n i n to the m id st o f fla m es by the u n b elie ver s a n d the ,

Me t ro p o li ta n o f Ru ssi a a ppe a r s in the ca ta lo gue o f pr ela t es

s ubj ec t to the Byza ntin e p a t r ia r c h s a s ea rly a s th e y e ar
I n the rei gn o f Igo r a c h u r ch o f th e pro ph e t Eli as ,

Glbb no
'
sD cli nd Fa ll of the R oma E m pire
e ne a n
“

i h di d h
.

1 Th e R us s a ns a v e a tra ti o n t a t S t An re w "preac ed in t e r country.

h h i H b
er er
b
.

steln, in h i s R e r um M us c o v itic a r um C o m me nta r il , an s Th e B us s l a ns o enly oa st

h i l h i V di i
i n t e r a nna s , t a t be ibre th e t mes o f l a m r a nd d
leg, th e la n of R a w a s ba p
tized a nd bl d
es s e d
by An rew the a ost e of p l Ch i h
r s t, w h o ca m e , a s t ey a s ser t, fro m
G reece to the mo uth o f the D niep er a nd s a il e d up the r i v er a g a in st the s trea m a s fa r a s
the moun ta i ns w h ere Klo t now s ta nds a n d th ere bl essed a nd b a pti zed a ll th e countr
, ,
‘

th a t be pl a nte d h i s c ros s th ere a nd preac h e d th e g re at g ra ce of G o d fo rete lli n g th a t t i s

,

,
c h urc h es of th e Ch r i s ti a ns w o uld be nu m ero us ; th a t th en h e w en t to th e so urc es of th e
,

Dnieper to the g re a t la k e V olok a nd d escend ed by the ri v er L ov a t to l ake I l men a nd

th ence as sed by th e r iv er Vo tc her w h i c h fl ow s o ut o f th e s a me l a k e to N ov o goro d :
, ,

th ence y th e s a m e r i v er to l a k e L a do g a a nd by the r i v er N ev a to th e se a w h ic h th ey ca ll
,
'

Varetsg lra l but w h i c h w e c a ll the Ger m a n Se a (the B a l tic ) b e twee n F in la nd a nd Liv o nia
' , ,

a nd s o s a il ed to R o me Fina lly th a t h e w as cr ucified for Ch ris ts sa ke in th e Pelopon

, , .
'
.
,
n es sus by An ti p a te r
”
.

Moura v re fl in h is “ His to ry of the R us s i an Ch urc h quotes the old c h ro n icl er N estor

’

s —St And re w e ne tra ti ng u th e D n i e e r i nto th e d es erts o f S c yth l pl a nted

. , ,
w ho p
the firs c ross o n th e h ll s o f K io f a n s a id to h is fo ll o we rs S ee yo u th ese h is ? O n
.

thes e h ills s h a ll s h mc the ligh t o f di v i ne gra c e Th ere s h a ll be h ere a gre a t c i ty and

, ,

Go d sh a ll h av e in it m a ny c h urc h es to hi s na me —lil eurav iefl s Church of Russ i a

.
.
" ' "
. .
 wa s n uns, nussmns, a r e . 71

i s m enti on e d as e xis tin g a t K io f, w her e the Chr is ti an Va ra n

gian s s w ore to th e o b ser v a n c e o f the tr ea ty, for m ed by th e
R u s s i a n pr in c e a n d his p eo pl e, w ith the a m b a s sa dor s o f Co n
s ta nti no le, a n d the c a t a c o m b s a n d c av es o f the Pec he r sk
p y
o nas ter
y a t K i o f a re s upp o s e d to h av e been ex ca va te d by
E em .

In 8 7 9, the yea r fo ll owi n g th e d ea th o f R urik, Ole g, th e

r ege nt o f N o v o o r o d as s e m blin g a l a r ge a r my fr o m a m o n g
g ,
a ll th e n u m ero u s tr ib es w ho p eople d his d om in i ons , a n d
a c c o m pa n i e d b
y the i n fa n t pr i nc e I gor , m a r c h e d a ga i n s t
S m o len s ko , th e ca pita l o f the K riv itches, a S la v o ni c t r ib e
by w ho m it ha d been fo un de d a bou t the sa m e tim e as No v o
gor o d h a v in g o v errun a nd s w e pt a w a y a ll th e s m a ller t ow n s
,

a n d vill a ges th a t s t u dde d th e pl a in s b e t we e n the tw o c itie s .

H e su bj ec t ed S m o len sko to h is s w a y, a n d em b arkin g his

fo llo w ers in a fle et of the s m a ll a n d p re ca r iou s v essels u s e d
i n th e com m er c e o f N o v ogoro d whi c h he ha d c o m p ell e d h e r
,

m er c ha n ts to su pply a n d c a us e d to be tr a ns por t e d w ith hi s

,

a rm
y o ve rl a n d til l h e r e a c he d the s h o r es o f th e D ni ep er a ,

li ttle to the n o rth o f Sm o len s ko, he s a il e d do wn the r iv er

a n d a rr i v e d b efore K iof . Ther e, lea vi ng hi s ships , he d is
gu is e d hi m s elf a s a N ov o go r o d m erc h a n t, a n d e nt ering the
.
,

to w n , pr o fesse d to h a v e a rr iv e d w ith a fl ee t o f t ra din g v ess els ,

p a yin g a Wis it a l o ne a n d o n fo o t to the palac e o f the gra n d

p r i n c e w h o m h e i n d uce d to a c co m p a ny hi m w ith m erely a
, ,

fe w c ou r ti e rs a n d a tten d a n ts to in s p ec t hi s flee t a nd go o ds
,
.

A s s o on a s the d e lu de d O sko ld ha d a rr ive d o n the b a n ks o f

the r iv er , th e N o v o gor o dia n s l ea pi n g fr o m the ir ba rks s ei ze d
u p o n the u n for tun a t e p r i n c e w ho m th e
, y i n s ta n tly m ur der e d ,

a n d O l eg, f o rc i n g his w a
y in t o the c ity a t th e i r hea d t o o k
,

p o sse s s i on of the w h ol e p ro v i n c e a n d r em o v e d the sea t o f his

-

go v er n m ent to K io f, its n ea r er pr o xi mity to C o nst a n tin o pl e ,

a n d t he s u pe ri o r ity o f i ts c li m a te a n d s o il w ith its c en tr a l

,

p os ition givin g it a gr ea t a dv a n ta ge o v er his o w n ca pita l

,
.

H e s ubdue d o r w o n ov er to his a u tho r ity m a ny of the

S l a v o n i c a n d Lith ua ni a n tr i bes w h ose a ll e gi a n c e ha d hith er to
,

be e n ex a c te d by the C haza r s a n d com ma n d e d the S ev er i a n s

,
*
a n d R a ditni ts ch es ,
tw o C a u c a s i a n n a ti o ns , to d es i s t fr o m
p a yin g th eir c us to m a ry t ribu t e to th a t p eo pl e a n d r ec o n c ile d
,

the K iov ia ns to hi s go ver nm e n t by r e l a xi n g th e sev e r ity o f

the la ws, a nd re du c in g the ta x e s A fter r eigni ng s ome yea r s
.
-

Wagner s C aucasus "

'
.
72 THE AR C HER AND THE s'f s r r n .

i n K iof, he res igne d the gov ernm en t to Igo r till hi s r e tur n ,

a n d, fi ttin g out a n e xp e ditio n for the in v a sio n of C on s ta n
tin o ple , i n the ye a r 9 0 4 h e sa il e d to the e n tr a n c e of the
B ospho ru s, w her e the Gr eeks , w ho w er e pr e pa r e d to r es is t
hi m , ha d r a ise d a s tro n g ba r r i er o f a r m s a n d fo r tifica ti o n s to
defen d th e pa s sa ge 5 but, a v o idin g thi s , he c a u s ed hi s s hi p s
to be d r a gge d a c r o s s th e l a n d, a n d a r r iv e d b e for e C o n sta n
tin o ple, w h e re , h a ngin g his s hi eld a s a tr o ph y o v er th e ga tes,
he m a r c h e d wi th hi s w a rr i o r s into th e ca pita l C om pl etely
.

ta ken by sur pri se, the Gr e eks , a s t on i s he d a n d a la rm e d a t the

u n exp e c te d m a n n er i n w hi c h the s a v a g e c hie fta i n h a d o ver
c o m e the for m ida bl e o b st r u c ti o n they h a d e r e c t e d to o pp o s e

hi m , fo n dly s u pp osin g th a t it w ou ld pr ov e in su r m o un ta ble

to bar ba r ia ns , w ith w h o m th e a r t o f en gi n eer in g, a s pr a c tis e d
by th em, w a s u nkn o w n , p ro po s e d to n ego ti a t e w ith the in
va der s, a nd c on c l u ded a n im me di a te tru c e . Whi l e the
s tra n ger s r e m a i n e d i n the c ity, th e Em p e r or Leo ga v e a
b an qu et to the Ru ssia n pr in c e a nd hi s s o ldi ers , a t w hic h he
a tt em pt e d to ri d hi m s e lf o f hi s tro u bl e s om e e n e m i e s th r o u gh
the c o w a r dly me dium o f p o i son but the a tt em pt fa ilin g, the
Byz a n tin e m on a rc h w a s o blige d to a c c ept a n ign om in io u s
p ea c e, a n d ra n s o m the c ity fro m des tr uc ti o n The t erm s o f
.

th e trea ty b ou n d Le o to pa y a tr ib u te to ev ery v esse l b el on g

in g to Oleg, a n d to r em it a ll ta x es a nd du ti es u p on Ru s s i a n
m er c h a n ts tra din g i n th e Greek e m pir e . The gr a n d prin c e
r e tu r n e d wi th hi s fl e e t a do rn ed w i th s ilken sa il s to K i of, a nd

a fter a fe w ye a r s fo r m e d a n ew t r ea ty wi th C o n s t a n ti n o pl e,

for th e sec u rity o f the li v e s a n d fo rtun es of th e Ru ssia n

t r a ders, i n w hic h it w a s a gree d th a t the go o ds o f a R u ss ia n
dyin g w itho ut tes ta m en t, in the do m ini o n s o f the em per or
o f C o n s t a n ti n o pl e, s ho u ld be t r a n smi tt e d to hi s h eir s in

Russ ia , a n d, if b equ ea th e d by w ill , s h o u ld be for w a r d e d to

the l ega tees th a t, if a Ru ss i a n kill e d a Gr eek, or a Gr eek a
R uss ian , th e a ss a s s i n sh oul d be pu t to dea th o n the s p o t w h er e
the c r im e w a s c o m m itte d 3 o r , if the m ur der er had effe c te d hi s
e sc a p e , h i s for tun e w a s to be a dj u dge d to the n ea r e s t h e i r o f

th e m u r d er e d, a pr ov i s i o n b e in g m a de fo r the w ife o f the

,

c rim in al. It w a s a ls o p r o vid ed th a t , fo r s tr iki n g a n o th er

w ith a sw o r d or a n y o ther w e a p o n , a fin e o f thr ee litr e s o f
go ld sho u ld be exa c te d fr o m th e o ffen der an d th a t a thie f,
Gr eek or Ru ss i a n, c a ught i n the fa c t, m ight be pu t to d ea t h
w ith i m punity but, if he sh ou ld be seiz e d, the s t o len go o d s
74 THE AR C HER AND THE sr ur r E .

the Greeks, w ho w ere n o w a w a r e o f the r ea l s tr ength a n d

p ertin a c ity of their n or th er n a dv er s a r y pr e pa r ed en er getica lly ,

to resis t thi s s udd en i n r oa d a n d fittin g o u t e v ery r em a i n in g

-

v e ss e l a n d ga ll ey th a t w a s n o t e m pl oye d on fore ign ser vi c e

wi th an un usu a lly a bu n da n t s u pply o f the t err ibl e fi r e ,

*
tha t
they a l wa ys u se d i n th e i r w ar like o p era tio n s, a n d w h o se
fla mes n o wa ter w o u ld a lla y p ou r ed it fr om ev ery side o f ,

their ship s u pon th e e n em y s inkin g a n d destr o yin g two ,

thir ds of his c a no e s j Ma n y tho us a n ds of R uss i a ns to a v o id ,

bei n g bu rn ed, s pr a n g in to th e s ea w her e the grea ter num ber ,

per i she d in the w a v es o thers w h o w er e ca ptur e d w er e , ,

beh ea de d by or der o f th e em p er o r a n d the r es t w er e in ,

hum a nly m ur der e d by th e Th r a c ian p ea s a n ts as th ey

a tte m pte d to ga in the s hore
. The re m a in in g v essel s esca pin g
.

in to s hall o w w a ter, I gor r e tur n e d w ith th em to K iof w her e, ,

rec ruitin g hi s for ces by al li a n c e w ith the P et ehen ega n s h is -

,

fo rm er fo es he pr epa r e d a n o th er e xpediti on for the followi n g

,

s p ri n g w ith w hi c h h e h o p e d to r e tr i ev e hi s l os ses a n d a ec o m
,

plish his r even ge Bu t th e G r eeks a n xi o u s to a v ert the

.
,

c a l a m ities o f a n o th er Ru ss i a n i n v a s i o n, a n d n o t w illin g to

e nco un ter the c h a n c e o f de fea t fr o m a n i n fur i a t e d a n d v i n

di cti v e a dver sa r y, o ffer e d to r ev iv e the tr ea ty tha t the Gr eek

em p er or ha d be e n fo r c e d by O l e g to a c c e pt, a nd pa y to I g or
the tr ib ut e w hic h hi s m o r e s u cces s ful p re d ec es s o r ha d ex a c te d
for ea c h of hi s v ess el s ter m s th a t a fter so m e h es ita ti o n w er e , ,

a c cepte d by the Ru ss ia n pr i nc e : In th ese n a v a l hos

Th e c ompositio n o f th e G re e k
fl re, w h ic h w a s so extens iv ely used i n th e w ars of
B yzantium. be ln the mos t form i d a ble i m ple me nt o f d efe nce po s ses sed by th e Gree s.
,

k
a nd o ccas i o n al ly ou t by th e i r em p e ro rs to th ei r a llie s. w a s c o n s i d ere d a s a s tate secret oi
the utmost i mpo rta nce. a n d fo r ne arl y four c enturi e s i t w as unk no w n to th e Ma h ometa na
.

but. bei ng d isco v ered by th e S ara cens” th e use d i t i n re pel lin g th e rus a ders an d ov er C
pow ering th e 9. One o f its rin c i al ngred i en ts i s s u ppo s ed to h a v e been na ph th a.
o r the bitumen w ic h is co ll e cte o n e s h o re s o f th e D e a d S e a. a nd w he n i gn ited it
w a s s ca rc e ly poss i ble to ne nc h i t. w a te r ha v ing no c li ent. In s ie ge s it w as poured from
.

k
th e ra m pa rts . o r l a unc h e li e o m; bo m bs i n red ho t ba l ls o f s to ne or i ro n. or w a s d a rted
J
i n fla xtw is ted ro un d a rrow s a nd a v e lins. It pro d uc e d a thic s mo e a nd lo ud explosion. k k
a nd is thus d es cri bed by th e c r us a d er o i nv ille J I t ca m e fl ying th ro ugh the a ir li e a k
k
w inged d ra go n. a bout the th i c nes s o f a h o g sh ea d wi th th e re c o n o f th und er and the
s eed o f li g htnl n k
a nd th e d ar nes s of th e “is h t w as dis Del ied by is h orri ble il l umi uu m
o n — Count R
" ’
t qf Pa m
F
. .

G lbbo n s Dec line and a ll of th e R oman E mpi re "

'
.

In th is trea t a cco rd i ng to N es to r, i t w as s tl e la ted th a t “ th e R ussian princes a re

n o t i n future to a v e any tro o ps i n th e c o untry o f h erson (th e e nins ula o f h erson in C
C
th e ri mes ). o r i n any o f th e tow ns th a t a re d e end e n t o n It, s til l es s to m a e w a r wi th k
th i s co un try, a nd to end ea v ou r to c o n ue r i t q a t i f th e R us s ia n prince re u ires a id , w e. q
m
.

th e C ae sa r, promise to m is h it. to r e pl a c e und er h is a uth o ri ty th ose o f the s ur o und ing r

A n d i f th e R us s ia n s mee t a t th e mouth of th e
.

c ountri es w hic h h av e th row n i t o ff

fi
.

j
D ni eper K h ers onls n sher men th ey s h a ll no t i n ur e them , a n d they sh al l not h av e the
’
l
ri ght to w i nter at the mo uth o th e D n ieper. n o r a t B
iel o B ej ie (B eris la i . but a t the )
a proach of s utumn th ey sh a ll re turn to th e ir o w n c o un try i n to R us s ia . If th e la c B k
p k
l ulgarla ns atta c the co untry o f K h erson, w e r eco mm e n d h e R us sia n pri nce to d riv e t
k
them bac . a nd not to a llow them to d is turb th e pea c o
"
—
H D Seymour's " Russia on
. . .

ls c k S ea ." A
gg
th rc.
s trenty prov es th a t th e R us si a ns h a d bec u tr oublesome to th e Gree1: towns or the
'

C ri mea . ev en a t th at early period .

 TH E FI NN S, R U SSI AN S, ETC . 75

til i ti es , ys Gibb on ,
sa ev er y di s a dv a n t a ge w a s o n th e s id e
o f th e Gre e ks ; th e i r s a v a ge e n e m
y a ffo rd e d n o m er cy, hi s
p o v e r ty pr o m is e d n o s p o il his i m pe n etr a ble r e tr ea t d e
pr iv e d the c o n qu er o r s o f th e h o p es o f r ev en ge a n d th e pr id e
o r w e a kn ess o f e m pi r e i n d u lge d a n o pin io n th a t n o ho n o u r
,

c o u ld be ga in e d o r l o s t i n th e i n t e r c o ur se w ith b a r ba r i a n s .

At firs t th e ir d em an ds w er e high a n d i n a d m i ss ibl e, th r ee

po u n ds o f go ld fo r e a c h s o ldie r o r m a r in er o f the flee t the
Ru ss ia n yo u th a dher ed to the des ign o f c on ques t, bu t th e
c o u n s e l s o f m o d er a ti o n w er e r e co m m e n d e d b the h o a r
y y s a ge s .

”
Be c o n t e n t , th ey s a id, w ith th e li b era l o ffer s o f C ae sa r
i s it n o t fa r b e tter to o bta in , w ith o u t a c o m ba t, the p ossess io n
.

o f go ld , s il v er , s ilks , a n d a ll th e o bj ec ts o f o u r d e si r e s ? A re
w e s u r e o f v ic tor ? C a n w e c o n c l u d e a tr ea ty w ith th e s ea ?
y
W e d o n o t tr e a d o n the la n d w e fl o a t o n the a byss o f
“

w a ter , a n d a c o m m o n d e a th h a n gs o v er o u r h e a ds The .

m e m o r y o f th es e a r c ti c fl ee ts th a t s ee m e d to des c en d fr o m the
P o l a r c ir cl e l eft a d e e p i m pr ess io n o f t err or o n the i m p eri a l
c ity . By th e v ulga r o f ev er y r a n k it w a s a sser t e d a n d
b e liev e d, th a t a n e q ues tri a n s ta t u e i n the s qu a r e o f Ta u r u s
.

w as s ec r e tly i ns cr ib e d w ith a pr o ph e cy, h o w the R u s s i a n s

in the l a s t d a ys s ho u ld b ec o m e m a s te r s o f
F o u r yea rs a fter h is r e tu r n to K io f, Igo r set o u t o n a
j o urn ey a m o n g the D r ev lia n s , to en fo r ce the pa ym e nt o f thei r
trib ut e H e ha d a lr ea dy l o a de d them w ith h ea v y e xa c ti o n s,
.

a n d p r ov o ke d th e m a t l en g th to r es i s ta nce by de m a n d in g

do uble th e o r di na ry a m o u n t At a c o unc il th ey he ld a m o n g
.

th em se l v es , th ey d ec id e d n o l o n ge r to s u bmi t to his tyra n ny

”
a n d o pp r ess i o n This p r i n c e , s a id th ey, is a m ere w o lf,
.

w ho w ill s t e a l th e s hee p o n e by o n e till he h a s d e s tr oye d th e

” ~
w h o l e fl o c k he m us t be a ss as si n a te d 1 They s ta tio n e d a n
.

a m b u s c a d e i n a w o o d, th ro u gh w hi c h h e a n d his r e ti n u e

w o uld p ro b a bly p as s , n e a r a t o w n c a ll e d Ko r os te n , o n the

r i v er U s c ha, a n d the re w a yl a id a n d m u r d er e d hi m H is .

dea th t oo k pla c e i n 9 45, i n the s ixty n in th yea r o f his a ge, -

a n d he w a s b u r i e d n ea r the s p o t w h er e he fe ll a ku r a m o r
g
tu m u lus , a c co r di n g to the a n c i en t S cythia n a n d S la v o n ia n
c u s t o m , b ein g r a is e d o v er hi s to m b i .
He m ar ri e d O lga , o r
Pr ec a s n a a s s he is c a lle d i n the R uss i a n c hro n i c les , w hic h

'
F
Gl bbo n s “ D ec l in e a nd a ll o f th e R oma n E mpire .
"

f K a ra m s i n s
'
H
is to ry o f R us s ia
.
”

T s a y s . th a t i n 17 10 h e h ims elf sa w th e ha rgam, or s epulc hre of the gra nd

‘
1 a ti s c h e t
i
I
p ri nce, g or — Pl nkerton s R us s ia
.
' "
.
 76 THE m our n AN D r u n s r nr rr .

signifie s bea u tiful an d by w hom he ha d o n e son, Sv ia toz

’

v ery ,

l arf Sh e w as b orn i n a vill age c a ll ed Sibout a bo ut eig ht mi l es

. ,

fro m Pleskof a nd w as or igina lly the d a u ghter o f a ferry m a n,

'

o r, a s so m e his tor i a n s r el a t e o f a r e d u ce d bo y a r d, a n d d e
“

s c en de d fro m the a n c i en t ch a ga ns o f Russ i a Igor m e t her .

d in
firs a cc en a
t id t lly i n a w o o d w hi l e h un tin g,
a n b e g s truck ,

w ith h er grea t b ea u ty ele v a t e d her to s h a r e hi s th r o n e

,
a nd

i n the year 9 0 3 th ei r m ar r ia ge w a s ce le b r a t e d w ith g rea t

“
cer em o n y a n d fea s tin g in the tem ple o f Per u a t P e offi
o n l s k
’
On r ec eivi n g th e n ew s o f her h usba n d s m ur d e r she a s s ume d
‘

the re i n s o f g o v er n m e n t i n K iof a n d r es o lvi n g to a v en g e , ,

t enfo ld the as sa ss in a tio n o f th e g ra n d pr in ce a n o ppor tun i ty ,

w as n o t lo n g i n pr ese n tin g i t s elf; for , s h or tly a fter h er

‘

a cces s i o n M a l e o r M a ldittu s
,
the pr in ce o f the D r e v li a n s
, ,

se n t a n em ba s s y to her c ou r t to so li c it her h an d i n m a r r i a ge .

She ba r b a r ou s ly c a u se d a ll th e de pu ta ti o n to be b uried a live,

d espa t c hin g m es sen ge r s of her ow n to th e ir c o u n try, s a yi ng -
,

if the i nh a bi ta n t s wi s he d her to be th e i r prin c é ss a n d m is -

t res s th ey m u s t sen d her a lar ger n u m ber o f w oo e rs a nd

,

th en o r d e ri n g th e n ew en vo ys to be sc a ld e d to d ea th i m m e
, ,

d ia tely s et o ut a cc o m pa n ie d by a la r ge r eti nu e to the l a n d o f

,
-
,

the Dr ev l ia n s befor e in tellige n ce o f the c r ue l fa te o f th ei r

,

co un trym en c oul d by a ny m e an s ha v e rea ch e d th e i r p r o vi nc e .

Arrive d th er e s he pr o fess ed to c o m ply w ith the ; proposa ls of

,

the pr i n c e w ho m she i n vite d to a ba n que t w ith his p rin cipal

,

n o bl e s a n d c hi e fs a n d i n the m id s t o f the r e a st w h en th ey
p c
,

w er e n e a r ly a ll i nto xi c a t e d w ith w i ne , the y w ere su ddenly

m as sa c r e d by the a r m e d Ru ssi a n a tte n da n ts o f Olga , w h o ha d -

p r e vio u s ly give n her s e r v a n ts ins truc ti o n s to tha t e fie c t ; a n d

'

h er a rm y pill a ge d a n d r a va g ed the c o un try r e du c i n g the ,

t ow n o f Ko ro s ten 1 the s c en e o f the mu r d er o f Igor to a sh es

,
'

, ,

a nd fi n a lly s u bj u ga ti n g the pr o vin ce a n d a n n e xin g it to her

, ,

o w n kin gd o m
« .

O n her r etu r n to K iof, O lga d e vo te d h er en e rgi e s a n d

.
-

r eso u r c es to the i m pr o v em en t o f Ru ss i a a n d the p r o m o ti on ,

o f the w elfar e a n d p ro s p er ity o f i ts p eo pl e s h e m a d e a t o ur

ro un d her do m i n i on s a n d du r i n g he r p ro gress c aus e d b r idges

, , l ,

to be bu ilt, a n d r o a ds to be c o n s tru c te d, e n c o u ra gi n g co m .

m er c ia l en te rpr i se a n d a ttem ptin g to i n cr ea s e a n d fa c ilita te

,

the i n t ern a l c om m un i c a ti on o f the c o un t r y She fo un d ed .

Pn i k erto n s ’
Russ ia
.
tK orosten occupied the site or the modem IBboroek, in Volh ynla .
 THE F INNS , a ns enm s, ETC . 77

m an y to wn s an d
villa ges a n d a ppea r s to h a v e b een d eserve dly
,
.
.

lo ve d by the n a tio n w h o m s h e go ve r n e d w ith j u s tic e a n d

,

m o der a ti o n , a n d by w h o m s he w a s l en g he ld in e s te em a n d
r es p ec t .I n the ye a r 9 5 5 d u r i n g a p er io d o f pr o fo u n d p e a ce
,

i n h er d o m i n i o n s , s he a bd ic a te d th e th r o n e a n d a c co m p a n i e d ,
by n um e r o u s a tt en d a n t s sa il e d fr o m K i o f to vis it the
,
‘

E m pe r o r C o n s ta n tin e Po r phy r o gen itu s a t C o n sta n ti no pl e ,

w h e re s he w a s r ece i v e d b the Byza n ti n e s ov e re ig n w ith the

y
gr ea t e s t m a g ni fic en c e a n d the p o li s he d a nd l ea r n e d C aesar
'

him s elf a pp e ar s to h a ve be en mu c h i m pr e s s e d by the u n u s u a l

i nt e llige n c e a n d in fo r m a ti on p o ss ess e d by his s in gu l a r g ues t .

The o bj ec t o f her j o u r n ey a p pea r s to h a v e b een to o bt a in a

m o r e c o m pl e te kn o w l edge o f th e p r a c ti c e a n d d o c t ri nes o f the
‘

Chr is ti a n r e ligio n w h o s e vo ta r ies s he h a d a l w a ys pr o tec t e d

"

, .

i n K i o f fo r s h o r tl y a fte r h er a r r iv a l i n the G r ec i a n c a pit a l

, ,

s he e m br a c e d Ch r is tia n i t
y a n d w a s b a ptiz e d by the p a t ri a r c h
,

Po lyc e u tes in the c a th e d ra l o f St S o phi a in C o n s ta n ti n o pl e .

he r e xa m pl e b e i n g fo llo w e d by h er u n c l e thir ty fo u r l a di es '

,
-
,

a n d t w en t
y tw o o ffic e r s o f h er s ui te tw o i n t er pr e t er s a n d
-

, ,

thi rty fo u r Rus s ia n m er c ha n ts, W ho c om p os e d h e r r etinu e

-
,

th e e m p er o r hi m s e lf s ta n di n g a s h e r s p o ns o r a n d p rese nti n g ,

h er w i th m a n y v a l u a bl e a n d s pl e n did gi fts * After he r .

r e tu r n to K i o f s h e fi r ml y p e r s is t e d i n h e r n e w r e li i o n a n d
g ,

l a b o u r e d as s id uo u s ly to pr o p a ga t e it in her d o m in i o n s tr a ,

v e llin g to he r n a tive vill a ge o f Sibo u t a n d to Pl esko f fo r , ,

the pu r p o s e o f i n s tr u c ti n g th e i n h a bit a n ts bu t h e r e xe rti o n s

did n o t m e et w ith m uc h s uc c es s b o th h e r fa m ily a n d n a ti o n ,

o b s ti n a t e ly a dh er in g to th eir a n c i e n t fa ith
-

S he bu ilt s e v era l .

c hur c h e s a n d m a n y Gr ee k m i ss io n a r ie s s e ttl e d i n the e m pi r e

, ,

n o a tt e m pt b ei n g m a d e by the p e o pl e to des tr o y th e Ch r i s ti a n .

r e lig io n by p er sec u ti o n it ra th e r b e i n g tr ea t e d w ith r idi c ul e

,

a n d c o n t e m pt bu t h er e x a m pl e a pp ea r s to h a ve m a d e s o m e
i m p ress io n u p o n th e m a n d m a n y o f the R us s ia n tr a der s fro m
,
'
x

C o ns ta n ti n o pl e w ho ha d been s tr u c k w ith the m a gn ific en t

,

c h u rc h es o f the Gr ee ks the s pl e n d o ur o f th e i r c e r e m o n i e s
, ,

a n d the so le m n ity o f th e i r se r vic es c o m p a r e d it o n th e i r , ,

r e tu rn h o m e w i th th e id o l w o rs hip a n d c r u el r e ligio u s r ites

,

o f th e ir o w n c o un t r y a n d i n m a n y i n s t a nc es pr o fes s e d th e
,

Chr is tia n fa i th This w a s m o r e esp ec ia lly the c a s e i n the

.

city a n d pr o vi nc e o f N ov o go r o d w h ere tra diti o n ass erts th a t,

S h
o me a ut o rs s ay h a t th e G reek
t em eror p
m a d e th e Gra n d Pr incess a n ot
. ter at
ma rria ge, but there
. a ppears to be no founda ti onf or th is s tory.
 '

78 THE ARC HER AN D THE S TEPPE .

even durin g the li fe o f Olga the herm it s S ergius a n d Ger ,

m an us liv e d up o n th e deso l a t e i s la n d of Ba l a a m i n La ke
La do ga , a nd th a t fr o m the n c e St A bra m iu s w en t to prea ch .

to the wild a n d ba r b a r o u s in h a bit a n ts o f

Olga , w ho r a n ks as a s a in t in the Ru ss ia n ca l end a r, an d
“
w h o m th eir c hr on i c l es c o m p ar e to th e su n , fo r a s the sun
illum in a tes the w or ld s o she illu m in a te d R us si a w ith the
,
”
fa ith of Ch r is t, di e d fo ur te en yea rs a fter he r co n v er s i on , in
9 67 a t th e a dva n ce d a ge o f eighty fiv e 3 s he ha d b een s uc
,
-

c eeded, on her a bdi c a ti on bv her s o n Sv i a tozla f w h o m a ll her

, ,

en dea vo ur s h a d fa ile d to i n s tr uc t in e i th er the Ch r i s tia n

re ligi o n or her o w n e nl igh ten e d vi e w s o f l eg i sla ti o n a n d
governm ent After her dea th she w a s b ur ie d i n a sp ot
.

w hic h she ha d h erse lf c h os en by a Gre ek p r ie s t n a m e d ,

Gr egor y, w ho h a d a c c o m pa n i e d her fr o m C on sta nti n o pl e,

th ou gh h er b on es w er e a ft er w a r d s r em o ved by her gr ea t
gra n d so n Jar osla f a n d in t err e d in th e Chur c h o f the Tith es
,

a t K i of ; a n d, in ful fi l m en t o f her la s t r e ques t n on e of the ,

p a ga n ga m es a n d o th er c e r em o n i es c a ll e d Tr ezn i, u sua lly

p er for me d in Ru s s i a o v er th e gr a ve s of p ers on s of di s tin ction ,

w er e p er m itted to be c el e b ra t e d o v er h e r to m bf i '

It is u n cert a in a t w h a t p er i o d c o i n e d m on e y w a s fir st
gen era lly u se d in Ru s si a bu t s o m e piec es w hi c h w er e c a s t
,

a b ou t thi s p eri o d a r e still p r es er ve d i n N o v o or o d b ea r in g

g
'

the im pr ess i o n o f a m a n o n hors eba cki Th e co in calle d

grivn a is m en ti on e d fo r th e fi r s t tim e in the R u s si an a nn a l s
“

’
in w h en dur i n g a fa m i n e a ho rs e s h ea d w a s so ld for
, ,

h a lf a gri vna ; a nd the n a m e a ppe a r s to ha ve been a pplie d n ot

'

o n ly to th e c o in , w hi c h w a s w o r th a p o u n d s w e igh t o f s ilver
’
,
bu t to th e p o un d w eight its elf, a n d to th e sum o f fifty c un es ,
the l a tter b e i n g a c o in o f s ta m pe d s kin o r l ea th er o f w hich ,
’
the cur re n t va l ue w as a m ar ten s s ki n the ta x e s b e in g u sua lly ,

pa id i n fu rs .

At this ti m e w h ile the s o ver eign s pr in c ip a lly r esid e d a t

‘
,

K iof, N o v ogor od, th e i r n or th er n c a pit a l, w a s in cr ea s i n g an d ,

Mourav lefl’s “ C h urc h of i

R us s a .
7 Ibi d .

1 Accordi ng to S ir Je rome Horse- hi s sta m p h a d its origi n in a n ev ent w hic h ap ears

'
t
to be the sa me a s th at rel a te d b i le ro d o tus w i th re ga rd to th e S c yth i an s l av es Ri h e
w e re the o ny
'‘

y s o ldi e rs a s th e di sc ipli ne o f th os e c ou ntri es is ; a nd i n

.
" “
m a s ters s ays he
. .

a nc i entti mes h a v ing go ne to figh t a g a i ns tth e Ta rta rs th e i r s l a v es too k p os s es s i o n o f thei r

,

,
h ous es l an ds and wea l th O n th e i r return th ey p er c e i v e d th e s e l l e ma nc ipa te d b onds
,
-
, .

m en a ll as sembled i n battle a rmy b e fo re th e c i ty w a ll s : a nd c o ns id erin i t beneath th ei r

,

di gni ty to use wea pons o f war i n Oppos u l g s o igno ble o f end e rs e a c h raise d his w hip in u
,

me nac i ng atti tud e a nd by ti me reca lli n to th e i r rec o ll ec ti o n th e i r former serv ltud e so

.

a l a rme d th e s l a v es tha b they rec lrltnteg

,

y fl ed a nd fro m th a t ti me i n remem b ra nc e of
,
,

i easy v ictory the coin of o v ogorod bore a ma n o n ~horsebac k ra i si ng h is wh ip

. .

ths , .
"
 THE F I NN S , nussrAus ETC . 79

ha d a ga i n b eco m e a n im m en se a n d i m port a n t city It w as

.

di v ide d in to fiv e dis tin c t t o w n s ea ch o f w hich w as s ur

,

r o un d e d by a s to n e w a ll de fe n ded by t o w er s a n d r a m pa r t s
, ,

w h e r e a l a r ge b o dy o f a r c h er s a n d s pe ar men w er e co n tin u a lly

m o u n t e d fo r its d e fe nc e
. Th e p o p ul a ti on am ounted to a b o ut
h a lf a mi lli on o f inh abitan t s .
 C HA P T ER v n .

{bril} (Eznturg fiiaxmalanh

fi i tinn s
filiigz G -
Ca mps in figs —
‘

h und red r ea l ms a ppear

A
L a k es fores ts c i ti es pl a i ns extendi ng w id e
,

Th e p om p o f k i n gs th e s h e ph er d s h um bl er p r ide
, , , .
'
.
,
G o w s u rm .

grav e s Th e
O f em pi res h ea v e but li ke s o m e p a ss i n g w a v es
BYRON
.
,
.

TH E pe r io d o f th e n in th c en tu r y fo r m s a n i m po rta n t e ra
i n the hi s t o r i c a l a n na l s o f E ur o pe f" fo r it w i tn ess ed the
fo u n da ti o n o f a s e ttl e d m o n a r c hy a n d r e gu l a r go ve rn m en t in
m o s t o f h er ki n gd o m s a n d s ta tes a n d the p o p e s fir s t b e ga n ,

to a c qu i r e th a t gr ea t a s c e n d en c y w hi c h th ey a fter w ar ds
e xer c i s e d n o t o n ly a s s pi r it u a l a dvi s ers
, bu t a s p o li ti c a l ,

a r bit e r s o f the c o n tin e nt Th e R o m a n e m pir e w ea k en e d a s .

,

it ha d b e c om e by the lic en ti o us n e s s a n d c o rr u pt io n o f its

r ul e rs th e l u xu r y a n d r i c h es o f i ts high er c l a ss es ; a n d the
,

a b s o l u t e s l a ve ry o f the l o w er ha d b een u n a bl e to r e p e l the ,

ba r b a r ia n ho r d e s who s u cc essively r a va ge d i ts t er r ito r i es a n d

c o n qu ere d its fa r s p r ea d a n d u n pr o t ec te d p r o vi n c es
-
a n d ha d ,

C ONT EM POR ARY E UR O PE AN S OV ER EI G N S OF THE N IN TH C E N TUR Y .

EAST MPIR E E RN E840 Ch l th B ld 83 4 K th II a r es e a en ne

I i 1I l B eg ld V
. . . . .

8 0 2 N i ph ce o r us87 7 L 8 54 D ou s e ue o na
81 1 M i h lI 87 9 C l m 859 C ti ne II
. . . .
, . . .

c ae t ar o a n. ons a n
8 i3 L V th A m i II th e F t
. . . . .

eo 884 C h l
e r 874 E th
en a n. a r es a us
8 20 M i h l II 888 E d 876 G g y
. . . . . . .

c ae u es re or
829 Th phil L g th et 898 Ch l III th e S i mpl e 894 D ld VI
. . . . .

eo us o o es ar es o na
8 42 M i h l III
. . . . . . .
'

. c ae .

867 B a z il I th e M a cedo nia n . GE RMAN E MPIR E S WEDEN

Ch a rl e m a gne g
. . .

886 Leo
. VI . 80 0 .
825 R e na t LO d bl O 'I
‘

Lo u is le D e bo n na i re ig i
. . .

. R e ns unc er ta n .

840 Lo tli a ir e.

gbert Lo u i s I I
.

827 E 85 5
C h a rles th e B a ld
. . . .

837 Ethel w o l f 8 75
L oui s III
. . . .

85 7 E th e lba id 87 8
h lber t
. . . .

8 60 Et e 87 9 C h a rle s I II
h l red Ar no ld
. . . .

885 Et e 887
l d th e G reat L o u is I V
. . . .

872. A fre . 89 9 . . PO PES

St ph V
.

816 e en
POL AND lI
.
.

p e nn a nts 8 17 P a sc a
P la s t a c o untry p ea s ant
. .

E g i IL
. .

8 01 Go d efrie d 842 824 u e n us

I
. . .
,

V l i
. .

809 Ola f 86 1 Z e me v ltus 827 a e n t n us

He mm ing L es c us I V G re go ry I V
. . . . .

81 1 892 8 28
S i w a rd
. . .

8 12
.

Ha r o ld
. 8 44 Sergi us I L
Lee I V
.

8 14 847
S i wa rd I I
. .

B e nedi c t III
. .

8 49 855
E ric I
.

N i c h o l a s I th e G rea t
. .

85 6 86
E r i c II
. .

J o h n V III Po pe Joa n
. .

8 5a 872
Ca nute I
. .

Ma r tin II
. . .

878. .
882
A d ri a n III
. .

s c m a up 88 4
m S te phen V I
. . .

FRANCE 819 C on g a il us 885

Ch l g D gl
. .
. .
.

ar e ma ne . 824 ou a 89 1 F er mas us
L Alpi ne
. . . .

81 4 L ouis , 10 De bonnaire.
. . 80 6. Bo ni fa c e VI .
82 .
THE AR CH ER AND THE S T EPPE.

fa ith in n or th w estern E ur o pe , by th e sign a l d efe a t i n fli c t e d

-

u po n the i nfidel s by the m o s t c el e br a te d o f th e m a i r es da

l t e Ch l e M t l w h i t e d by hi s ga ll a n t a r m y o f
p a a ,
a r s a r e ,
o ,
a s s s

Fr a n ks, ga in e d th e de ci s iv e a n d s a n g uin a r y fie ld o f T o u r s .

No r w a y, Sw e d en , a n d D e n m a r k, fur n is he d i n th e i r s ea
kings th a t dr e a d e d r a c e o f pira t es, w ho , c o v etin g th e su p er ior
w e a lth o f th e i r m or e p ea c efu l a n d s e ttle d n e ighbo u r s , a n d
pr e fer r i n g the a d v e ntu r o u s live s o f c o r s a irs to the c u ltiva tio n
o f the l a b o r io u s a r ts o f p ea c e in th e i r o w n i n h o s pitabl e l a n d s,

h a ra ss e d a ll the s u rr ou n di n g c o a s ts by c o n ti n ua l in va s io n in
s ea r c h o f pl u n d e r a n d w h o , u n d e r th e n a m e o f Va ra n gia n s ,

i n 8 6 4, h a v e b ee n m en ti o n e d a s o v er th r o win g th e r e pu bli c,
a n d fo un di ng the ki n gd o m o f N o v o g o r o d A b a n d o f th ese
.

w a rr i o r s , l ea vi n g Ru s s ia , a fte r w a r ds b ec a m e th e b u l w a r k a n d
m o s t tr u s t e d gua r d o f the la ter Byza n ti ne C aesa r s w hil e
th e ir S c a n di n a via n kin s m en in 9 0 5 w r e s te d fr o m Fr a n c e
, ,

the e xten s i v e a n d fer tile p ro v i n c e o f No r m a n dy a n d pl a c e d ,

th eir c hi efs u po n the thr o n e o f En gl a n d a n d i n 1 0 8 0 , a ,

c o lo n y o f th e se No r th m e n t oo k p os s e s s i o n o f Si c il y a n d the

so u th er n p a r t o f It a ly es t a bli s hi n g th e kin gd o m o f N a ple s

, ,

u n d er th ei r l e a d e r Ro ge r I
,
.

Pr us si a , w hi c h w a s p e o pl e d by a b ra n c h o f the Lithu a n ia n
r a c e w ho fo ll o w i n g the co ur se o f th e Vi s tu l a , ha d s e t tle d
, ,

r o u n d its m o u th o n the b or d e r s o f th e B a l ti c m a i n ta i n e d till

,

se vera l c e n tu r i es l a t er i ts sa va ge i n d e pe n d e n c e id o l a t r y a n d
, ,

pr i m itiv e m a nn er s th o ugh s e ver a l a tte m pt s ha d b ee n m a d e

,

to c o n v e r t th e i n h a bita n ts by the n e ighb o u r in g s ta t es o f

G er m a n y a n d Po la n d It w a s c on qu er e d i n 12 30 by the
.

Te u t o n i c k nights , w h o a t len gth c o m pell e d th em by fo r c e to

e m b r a c e Ch r is ti a nity .

The G er m a n e m pir e d a t e s i ts c o m m e nc em en t fr o m the

vic to r i o u s Ch a r le m a gne w ho h a v i n g a nn e xe d it to F ra n c e
, ,

in the ye a r 8 0 0 c a u s e d hi m se lf to be c ro w n e d E m pe r o r o f the
,

Wes t a t Ro me a n d a d de d a se c o n d h ea d to the ea gl e w hic h

,

r e pr ese nte d the i m p er i a l po we r to d e n o t e th a t the e m pir e s

,

o f Ro m e a n d Ger m a n y w e re u n ite d i n him

; bu t hi s su c
c e ss o rs i n h er it e d n e ith e r hi s p o liti c a l pr u d e n ce n o r m ilit a r y

a n d l e gis l a ti v e skill his d o m i n i on s w er e divid e d by his

d esc en da n ts a n d in 9 1 2 th e pr i n c es a n d n o bl es o f Ger m a n y
, ,

a s s er tin g th e i r i n de pen d e n c e thei r c o un tr y b e ca m e s e p a r a te d

,

fro m th a t o f Fr a n c e u n der the fir s t n a tive e m p ero r C o n r a d ,

w h ose s ucces so rs w er e h en ce fo rth el ec te d to fill the thr o ne

 E U R OPE IN TH E N N TH I C ENTU RY . 83
by a gra n d c onfed era tio n o f the p rin c es, b ar o n s a n d knights ,

o f th e Ge r m a n e m pir e .

Th e r e pu blic o f Ve ni c e w a s fo un d e d in 80 3 the c ity h a vin g ,

b een bu ilt in the fifth c en tu ry o n seven ty tw o i s la n d s i n the -

Ad r ia ti c Sea , by a co lon y o f Ita lia ns w ho flyin g fr o m the , ,

to w n o f Aq uila o n the a ppr o a c h o f the ba r ba r o u s h os ts o f

Attila to o k r e fuge o n th os e ba rr e n a nd deser t r o c ks 3 w h ere
,

the i r in d us tr y a nd ta l en t er ec te d a r ich a n d b ea u tiful t ow n ,

a n d th e i r e xt e ns ive a n d e n t e r p r i si ng tr a d e s u b s equ en tly .

e s t a bli sh e d the gr ea t es t c o m m e rc i a l s t a t e of the Middl e Ages .

The hi s tor y o f P o l a n d w hi c h w a s p eo pl e d by the S a rm a

,

ti a n o r Sla vo nic r a ce, m a y be i nc lu d e d in th a t o f Ru ssia ,

fro m the ea r li es t a ges to the fo u rth o r fifth c en tu r y of th e
Ch ri s tia n er a , w h e n it c o n tin u es ver y o bs cur e till the c o n
vers io n o f i ts du ke, Mie c zys la v I , in 9 65 , o n the o c c a s io n o f
.

h is m a rr i a ge wi th th e da u gh ter of the kin g o f Hu n ga r y a ,

Chri s tia n pr i n ce a n d a t th a t tim e h er s o ve reign s a o

kn ow l e dge d— a t l ea st for a p a r t o f th eir l a n d s— the s uzer a i n ty
o f the G e r m a n em pi r e a n d t o o k a p a rt in its w a rs a n d di ets
,
. .

A d a u gh ter o f Mieczysla v m a r ri e d S weyn , ki n g o f D e nm a r k ,

a n d w a s m o th e r o f C a nu t e , th e D a n i s h co nqu e r o r o f E n gl a n d

a nd hi s s u c c e ss o r Bo le sl a f, a fter a l o n g w a r w i th the e m p eror

, ,

Henr y II o f Germa ny, fo r the p o ssess ion o f B o hem ia a dd e d

.
,

Siles ia a n d Mor a via to his kin gdo m a nd a bs o lve d him self ,

fr o m his fe u d a l o bliga tio n s to the e m pire He a s um e d the .

s

titl e of kin g o f P o l a n d a n d die d i n,

At this p e r i o d the G reek em pir e t ho ugh a l rea dy a de ca y ,

i ng p o w e r w a s the c hie f s ea t o f l ea rn i ng a n d s c i e n ce i n
,

Eur op e a n d th er e the c ultiva tio n of the p o lit e a r ts a n d

,

lit era tu re w a s su s ta i ne d du r in g a p eri o d th a t m a y w ell be

,

term e d the d a r k a g es in the o the r na tion s o f the c o n ti n en t

”
a nd
“
it s h o ul d a ppea r, s a ys Gibbo n “ th a t Ru s s ia m ight ,

h a ve d er ive d a n ea r ly a n d r a pid i m pr o vem e n t fro m h e r pec u

lia r conn ec tio n w ith the ch ur c h a n d s ta t e o f Co ns t a n ti n o pl e ,

w hich i n th a t a ge so j u s tly d e s pi se d the ign o r a n c e o f the

L a tin s Bu t the Byza n tin e e m pi re w a s s er vil e s o lita r y an d
.
, ,

vergin g to a h a s ty d eclin e a ft er the fa ll o f Ki e f the n a viga ,

ti on o f the Borys then es w a s fo r go tte n the g rea t p ri nc es of

,

Vl a di m ir a n d Mos c o w w er e se pa r a te d fr om th e s ea a n d ,

Ch ris te n do m a n d the divid e d m o n a r chy w a s o ppress e d by the

”
ign ora n c e a n d bli n d ness o f Ta r ta r s ervitu de 1 .
‘

{ K ras lnskl s H is to y of Poland

'
r {Glbbon s D ec l ine a nd Fal l of the R oman E mpire
.
" ' “
84 THE ARC H E R: AND TH E STEPP E .

The kin gdo m o f Bia r m a la n d s o c el e b ra te d i n th e s a ga s, ,

a n d i n a ll the t ra diti o n s o f the n o r th d u r i n g the e a r ly m idd le ,

a ges o f Eur o ea n hi s t o r y, c o m pr eh en de d th e mo der n pr o

p
vi n c es o f Pe r m ia a n d Ar c h a n ge l fr o m th e b an ks o f th e ,

O ne ga a n d D un a to the b or ders o f th e glo o m y pea ks o f the

,

U r a l c h a in This w a s the c o u n try o f the B ia r m i vi s ite d a nd

.
,

d es c r ibe d by O tta r the o ld D a n is h c a pta in to Kin g Alfre d

, , ,

a n d w ho i n h i s v oya ge a l o n g th e c o a s t o f S c a n di n a v ia
, ,

e x a m i n e d the dis t a n t s ho r e s o f th e White S ea a n d fo u n d ,

th er e a p ea c e fu l a n d c ivili ze d p eo pl e, livin g in w ell b uilt -

villa ges a n d c ities a n d c ul ti v a tin g the gro u n d wi th i nd us try

'

a n d s u c ce s s Th ey a pp ea r e d to hi m to s pea k the s a m e la n
.

g ua ge a s the Fi nn s * w ho inh a bite d the n o r th o f S we de n a n d

, ,

w e r e a very s a va ge a n d pr i m iti v e tr i be At tha t ti me ther e .

,

e xi s te d o n th e D w i n a a l a r ge c o m m er c ial t o w n c a ll e d Sigtem

o r Bi rc a l fr e q u e n t e d d ur i n g th e s u mm e r by t r a der s fr o m
‘ ‘ "

S c a n di n a v i a w h er e th e Bia r m i s o ld to the n o r thm en n ot

,
'

o n ly p elt ry s a lt a n d i r o n th e p r o d u c e o f th e i r c o un tr y bu t
, , , ,

l ike w i s e In di a n w a res w hi c h c a m e to th e m by c a r a va ns
,

th r o u gh the m e di um o f the C ha za rs a n d Bu lga r i a n s a n d ,

a c r o s s the C a s pia n Se a i n th e b a r ks o f th e P e r s i a n s Tzor dyn , .

o r Gr ea t Per m w a s a c c o r di n g to St ra hl e n b er g a
, , gr e a t m a r t ,

a t th a t ea r l
y p e ri o d a n d a ppe a r s to h a ve b ee n fr e qu e n te d by
,

m er c h a n t s fr o m A s i a a n d a ll p a r ts o f Ea s t er n Eu r o p e In .

th a t r e gi o n n um e ro us r ui ns o f fo rt ress es a n d t o m bs still
”
r e ma in and s a ys Pr it c h a r d
, a n u n qu e s tio n a ble vo u c h er,

fo r the r ea l e xis ten c e o f a n a n c i en t tra d e w ith the eas t a re -

th e g re a t n um b er s o f eas t er n co i n s w hi c h h a ve b ee n di s co v e r e d
i n t o m b s a n d i n o th er pla c es th r o ugh the w h ol e e xt e n t o f
,

this c o u nt r y fr o m the l a k es La d o ga a n d On e g a to the D w i n a

, .

Th es e c oin s w hi c h h a v e bee n c ar efully e x a m in e d by m a n y

-
,

a n tiq u a r i a n s i n G er m a n
y a n d i n Ru s s ia , a r e pie ce s o f s ilver
m o n ey b el o n gin g to c ha l ifis a n d o th er e a s tern pr in c es w ho
'

,
r e ign e d b e fo re th e yea r 10 0 0 o f th e Chr i s ti a n e ra a n d m a n y
,

o f th e m a r e s il ve r P e r s i a n c o i n s o f th e kin d u s e d b
y the
Ar a bs b e fo r e the yea r 69 5 w h en the Ar a bia n o r S a r a c en ,

m o n ey w a s fir s t ea s t Fr o m th es e fa c ts M Er a bu a n d o th er
.
, .

l e a rn ed m e n h a ve i n fer r e d th a t a gr ea t tr a ffic w a s c a r r ie d o n
du ri ng the m iddle a ges th r ou gh th e ea s te r n pa r ts o f E ur ope,
L pp
Th e a s
q ppid
.

7 Ad ua m s ta tione m (Bl ream o um G oth orum i n m ed i c Sv eo n iaa pos ltum), qum

tutis s i m a es t i n m a ritim is S v e o ni z
'

l
e re g io nibus, s o e nt D a nor um S la v nrum , a t ue Se m q '

nror um ne rv e s a l ilque c y t a S hi
n pop ull pro di v ers i s co mmerci or um necess ita ti bus s e ll e ni ter
.

conv cnlr e — ADAM on a um

. . B .
 E U R OPE I N THE N NTH I C EN T URY . 85

bet w een the n or th ern co as t, then in h a bit ed by Sca n dina via n

-

a n d Fin ni s h r a c es a nd the c o un tr i es n ear the E uxi n e a n d the

,

C a s pia n w hich the a r ts a nd the re fin em e nt of S ou ther n As ia

,

ha d r ec en tl y
The Ara b w r ite rs a l s o s pea k o f a fa r di s ta n t kin gdo m to
’
the w e s t o f th e Upper Vo lga a n d thr ee m o n ths j o ur n ey fr o m ,

the l a n d o f the Bulga r ia n s w h er e the s u m m er ha d n o n ight

a n d the w i n t er n o da
y a n d w h ere the fr o s t w a s so bitter tha t
, ,

th o s e w h o ca m e fr om th a t c o un tr y br o ught w ith the m e v en ,

in th e s u m m er a c ol d sev er e e n o ugh to kill a ll tr e es a n d

,
”
pl a n ts for w hi c h r ea so n a n o ld hi s to r i an o b s er v es , m a n y
,

n a ti o n s for bid th em to e n ter th e i r

Th e c el eb r a te d a nn u a l fa i r o f Ni a n i No v ogo ro d i is s u p
p os e d to h a ve b een h eld a t M aka ri ef in the n eighbo ur ho o d ,

o f th a t t o w n fro m w h en ce i t h a s bee n r e m o ve d o n ly w ithi n

,

th e la s t fe w ye a rs fro m the m o s t r e m o te tim es 5 a n d it

a ppe a rs pr o b a bl e th a t m erc h a n ts fr o m e v e ry c o u n tr y o f A s i a ,

an d e v e n tr a der s fr o m Wes t ern E u r o p e o c ca s i o na lly re s or te d .

,

to b a r te r th e i r w a r e s in its m a r ke ts 5 c oi ns o f the S a xo n ki n gs
o f E n gla n d h a ve b een fo u n d b e tw e en l a ke La d o ga a n d Pe r
m ia a n d m a n y fr a g m en ts o f E nglis h p o tt er y h a ve b e e n
,

e x c a v a t e d i n th e di s tr i c t a n d go v e r nm en t o f O r en b u r g .

I n the S c a n di n a via n s a g a o f St Ol a f th er e is a n a c c o un t o f .
,

a n e xpe diti o n u n der ta k en by tw o s ea ki ngs K a r l a n d G u n -

,
.

s te i n r o u n d th e No rth C a p e to Bia r m a l a n d o n the c o as t o f

, ,

t he Whi te Se a , w he r e a fte r tr a di n g for s kin s a t the m o u th o f

,

th e D w in a , i n the t o w n o f Bir c a n ea r w h er e Ar c h a n gel n o w ,

s ta n d s th e y pr o c e e d ed a fter th e fa ir to plu n d e r the te m pl e

,

a n d id o l o f Yo m a l a ,” the p r in c ip a l de ity o f a ll the Fi n n i s h

tr ibes th e y t o o k a c up o f s ilver c o i ns th a t res t e d o n his kn e e ,
a g o ld or n a m e n t fr o m r o u n d hi s n e ck a n d the n r o bbe d th e ,

gr a v e s o f the chi efs w ho w er e in terr ed th ere o f the t rea su r es

a nd j e w e l s w hich th e i r t o m b s c o n ta in e d a n d b e a r i ng a w a y ,

e ver y a r ti c l e o f v a l ue, t h e y r e ti r e d to the p r o te c ti o n o f th e i r

-

o w n s hips § Ma ny s i mila r a ttem pts a pp ea r to h a ve be e n

.

m a de by the a va r i c i o u s N o r thm en to pilla ge the w ea lth a n d

4' P rltc h a rd s
'
N a tura l Hi
story o f M a n
"

S di i
.

t S trln n h a m s “ W lki ng s z ug c S tna ts v‘ e r fnss ung und Sll len 'des nlten c an na v a n
‘

1 F o r a n a cc oun t o f t s fa hi i
r, s e c s Hill
er a
"
S ib i
a nt s Oliph
ore s o i th e ac S ea ,Sh Bl k
i h k i
,

C us ti nc s
'
His to lre d e is R us s a " a nd m a ny o t e r w o r s on R us s a .

di g l id l
Ac c o r n to the a nna s o t the N o rs e men, th e o w a s s o s tu e w t ew e s t a t i t
‘
dd d i h j l h
di d p h d g ld i l p i
,

c a s t a ra a n ce a ll a ro un ; u o n i ts ea w a s a o e n cro w n s e t w th tw e v e re c o u s
d k
s to nes , a n d r o u n its nec a co a r w ll
c hi h l
i n v a ue a mo unted to t re e un re m a r s i n h h d d k
g ld
o , a nd a d hi
re s s w h
c h o uti v e lg hed th e la dl ng o f t ree of the r c es t s h s -t a t e v e r i h ip h
na vi a te d G i
th e rec a n s ea s .

ng s
’
i g
Bea -k n s o f N orway .
 86 THE ARCH ER AN D TH E squar es ;

m er ch an dise th a t the t ra d e a n d i n du str y o f the Bia rm i ha d

a cc u mu l a t e d in th e ir t o wn s ; a n d , a b o u t the n in th cen tu ry,

the sea ki n gs fo r m e d a se ttle m en t o n K o lm ogri , a n is l a n d

-

n ear the m ou th o f the D win a, w h er e a m o n as te ry w a s after

w ar ds er e cte d i h the thi r te e n th o r fo u r teen th cen tur y by
the N o v o gor o dia n s , w h e n un d er th e i r g ene ra l , S te ph e n, w ho
w a s s u b s e qu e n tly fla ye d a li v e by the i n ha bita n ts , th ey co n
quere d a n d con ver te d th e fl ou ris h in g kin gdo m of Biarma la n d .

In the ten th cen tur y Er i c , the so n o f Ha r a ld Har faa ger , kin g

o f Nor w a y, sa ile d w ith a fl e et i nt o the White Sea , a n d la n d

i ng on i ts s ho r e s , a s th e s a g a s r e la te, fo u ght m a n y a ba ttl e

a nd w o n m a n y a vi c to r y H is s o n , Ha r a ld Gre ys ki n, se vera l
.

yea rs la t er , a ls o pen e tra te d i n to the c o un t ry, b urn in g an d

d e s troying a ll the c u ltiva te d fie lds a n d vil l a g es tha t la y n ear
his r o u te ; a n d t o t al ly d e fea tin g the Bi a r m i, w ith t err ibl e
s l a u gh t e r, i n a g re a t b a ttl e o n the b a nks o f the D w i n a , he
w ithdr e w fro m th eir la n d, a ft er s pr ea di n g w a s te an d desol a
*
tion fa r a n d w id e A S c a n di na via n s ka ld of the ti me, Glurn
.

Gi ws en, c el ebra t es this fo ra y i n the fo ll o w in g so n g

I sa w h ero Hara l d c h a s e
th e
W i th bl o ody s w o rd Bia r m e s rac e :
,
‘

Th e fl y b efo re hi m th ro ugh th e n igh t

,

A ll y th e i r b urn i n g c i ty s ligh t
, .
'

O n D w i n a s b a n k s a t Harold s w or d
,
' '

Ac ros s th e s torm o f s p ea r a nd s w or d
. .

I n s uc h a w ild w a r c r ui s e a s thi s
,
-

Grea t w o uld h e be w h o co uld b r i ng p e ac e

,

.
f
Ac c or din g to e videnc e c o llec t ed by Mull e r the pr ov inc e of ,

Per m i a w a s c o n qu er e d in the t w elfth c en tu ry by the b efore

m e ntio n e d St S te ph en Per me ki a Russ i a n o f N o v ogor od
.
, ,

w ho i n v en te d the P er mia n a lpha b e t a n d fo u n de d a m o nas tery ,

a t th e m o u th o f the r i v e r W ym The pe 0 p1e o f Permi a a re .

des cr ibe d by Ever a r d Y sbr a n d t Ides ”? i n th e a cc o un t o f his

j o ur ney thro ugh Siber ia i n the yea r 1 69 2, w h en h e o bser ves
s pe a k a l a n gu a e r e se m bli n
th a t the y g g th a t o f the Livo
n i a ns | | n e a r G erm a n y, fo r s o m e o f h is re tin u e w ho un d ers to o d ,

th a t t on gue co u ld c o m pre hen d a grea t pa rt o f w h a t th es e

,

peo ple s a id .
”
He m en tio n s the ir ca pita l a s bei ng a ve ry .

g rea t city, i n h a bite d by m er ch a n ts a n d a r ti fic ers in silver ,

c o pper, a n d b o ne a nd s ur r o un d e d by s a lt pits bu t r e m ar ks
,
-

tha t the na tives o f the pr o vin c e d o n o t live in t ow ns, but

m o stly i n s m a ll v illa ge s bu ilt i n th e w oo ds a n d a dd s tha t .
,

the coun tr y t er m i n a tes i n a fo r e s t “

The s ta tu re a n d h a bi ts .

aL ing s Sea k i gs f N w ay
’
- n o f I bid
or
He w s a D e t s mb d r to Chi na
.
.

t by P t
1The Licfl or Fi nns who i nha bit the p ov i n or Li v onia
a an the G
, s en e er rea a a assa o .

, r ce .
 E UR OPE IN THE N NTH CENTURY I . 87

of th e s e p eople s a ys he ar e n ot differen t fr o m tho se o f the

, ,

Ru ss i an peasa n try Th ey a ll live by a gr ic ultur e e xce pt .

,

th ose em plo ye d i n the m a n u fa c tu re o f fur s Th ey pa y tr ib ut e .

to his czar is h m aj es ty but a r e un der n o w a y w o d e, ch o o sin g

,

j u dges a m o n g th em se lves Th ey ar e a ll Chr i stia ns o f the .

Gr e e k
The m os t a n ci en t i nh a bita n ts o f the C r im ea o f w h o m w e
h a v e a ny r ec o r d w er e the Ci m m eri a n s a C elti c tr ibe w ho
, , , ,

b e in g d r iven fr o m th en c e by the Scythia n s r e ti re d to th e ,

D a n ub e a n d th e la t ter h a vin g b een expell e d fro m the n o r th

o f P e r si a by Ni n us, ki ng o f A ss ri a, to o k p o ss ess io n o f a ll
y
the co un tr y w hi c h b ea rs the i r na m e A r e mna n t o f the .

Ci m m eri a ns, ta ki n g r e fu ge in the m o un ta in ou s r egi o n s o f th e

C r im ea th ey w e r e a ft er w a r ds kn o w n by the n a m e o f Ta u r i ,
,

a n d to th es e p eo ple a r e a t tr ib u t ed the e x c a va tio n o f the

n u m er ous c a ver ns i n the r o c k a t I nker m a n fi Abou t s e ve n .

te en h un d re d yea rs be fo re the Chris ti a n er a a n A m a zo n ia n ,

qu e en led her w a r rio rs b eyo n d the D on a n d es ta blis h e d in ,

Ta u ri d a the w or s hip o f M a r s a n d Di a na a t w ho s e a l ta r s the ,

s a va ge T a ur i s a c r ific e d e ve r y s t r a ng er w ho l a n d e d o n th e i r

s h or es, or fel l in t o th eir h a n ds ; i a n d w h er e Iphige niai had

be e n a p po in t e d a p r ies t ess , w he n r es cue d by O res tes an d

Pyl a des " I n the s ixth ce n t ury b efor e Ch r is t the G ree ks
.
,

fo r m e d a co l o n y i n the Cr im ea § a n d bu ilt th er e Pa n ti c a poeu m ,

o r B o s ph or us w h er e K er t c h n o w s ta n d s
, a n d Th eo do s i a o r ,

K a fia a n d the He r a c le o ts of the E uxi ne w ith a c o lo n y fr o m

'

As ia Min or a bo ut the s a m e peri o d fo un d e d Ch ers o n the

, ,

n a m e o f the Hera c le otic Ch e rs on ese give n by the Gr eek s to ,

the pe n i n s u l a on w hic h tha t to w n w a s s itu a te d b ein g d er ive d ,

fro m the m Th e c o mm er c e o f the G ree k s e ttl er s s o o n

.
,

beca m e v ery fl o ur is hi n g th ey b uil t citie s a n d tem ples a n d

.
,

P ri tc h ard s '
l His to ry of Ma n
"
N atura
"

7 Thi s na me i s d eriv ed fro m In an d ker ma n, a cas tl e —R eui lly s Trav el s in th e

.

“ “ '
,
C r i mea "

S i k cons ide r s th a t th e E ux
.
"
H
‘

1 D ey m our In hi s R us s a o n th e Bl ac S e a and i ne a nd
the C r i me a we re th e sc e ne a t: th e a d v e n tures of Ul ys ses i n the O dy s s ey iro m w hi c h h e
. . , , ,

q uo tes a p a s sa ge w hic h he s uppos es to be a des cr ip tio n of the h a rbour oi Buia kia v a i t

..

b eing a s h e s tates a m o s t e xac t pic ture

,

, ,

W i thi n a l o n g recess a be th ere li es .

E dge d ro un d w i th c lifl s h g h p o i nte d to the skies

‘

Th e j utti ng s h ore s th a t s w el i o n e i th er s id e
, .

C ontra c t its m outh an d b rea k th e r us hi ng tid e

,
.
,

From th enc e we c limb d a po i nt w h os e a i ry bro w '

Comma nds th e p ro s pec t o f the pla i ns be lo w

,
"

Pope s Hom er s Odyssey 6 10 v 101

.

' ' "

. . , . .

i] S ee s to ry of I higeni a i n the Hi s tory o f G reece .

Th e fa mo us M i tia d es th e h ero of Ma ra th o n w a s for some ti me g ov ernor of the Greek

.

, .

co o n ic s i n th e C rimes o r
i Ta uri c Ch ers ones e
, .
"
88 THE ARCH ER AN D THE S TEPPE .

in tr o d uc e d to the C r i m ea the a r ts a n d ci viliza tion of Gr e ec e

a n d a t on e in fo r m s u s i n hi s o r a tio n
tim e, a s D em o s th e ne s
a ga in s t Le tin es Ath en s a n n u a lly i m po r t e d fro m th e C r im ea
p ,

b e t w een th r ee h un d r e d th ou sa n d a n d fo u r h un dr e d th o u s a n d
m e di um s o r bu sh el s o f gr a in In the ye a r 4 80 B C the . . .
,

Thra c ia n s d rivin g the S c ythia n s fr o m th e p eni ns u la o f

,

K er t c h e s ta blishe d a t B o s ph o r u s a m on a r c hic a l s ta te * bu t
, ,

th r ee hu n d r e d ye a rs l a t er a tr ibe o f S a r m a ti a ns o r Sa ure m a tae

, ,

o r igi n a ll y o f M e di a o v er r a n the C r im ea a n d i n c o nj u n c ti o n
, , ,

wi th the T a ur i o f th e m o u n ta i n s i n v a d e d B o s ph o r u s a n d ,

Ch e r son le v yin g en o r m ou s co n tr ibu tio ns u po n the i i nha bi

-
,

ta n ts . Fr om th a t tim e th ey c o n ti nua lly h a r a s s e d a nd

r a v a g e d th ese pr o vi n c e s ti ll the yea r 18 1 B C , wh e n th e . .

w h o l e o f th e C r i m e a w a s s u bd ue d by th e a r m s o f the kin g o f
P o n tu s Mi th r ida tes th e Gr ea t w h o e s tablis h e d a t Pa ntie s
, ,

poeu m the c a pita l o f h i s ki n gd om a n d dr o ve the Sa u r e m a tse ,

i n to Sc ythi a /P Ab o u t s ixt een yea rs a ft er Mi thr id a tes ha vin g ,

b ee n d e fe a te d by Po m p ey a fter a lo n g w a r w ith the R o m a ns ,

-

hi s s on Ph ar n a c e s r e b el le d a ga i ns t h im a n d i n c it e d the a r m v
,

to r e v o lt a ga i n s t th ei r s o ve r e ign a n d th e ki n g fi n din g him ,

s e l f be s ie e d i n hi s c a pi ta l u t a n e n d to his o w n lli fe :b
g p , y «

p oi so n 5 1 w hil e the R o m a n s c e d e d his t err it or y to Pharn a c es ,

e x c e pt the t o w n o f Fa n a o r ia w hi c h it h e y e r e c t e d i n t o a
g ,

r e pu bli c a s a r ew a r d to the c iti ze ns fo r ha v i n g b ee n th e fi rs t

‘
[

to d e s er t th e ir u n fo r tu n a t e m on a r c h i “
Abo u t the y ea r A D 62 the Al a n s a Sa r m a ti c tr ibe p en e
. .
, , ,

tra te d i n t o th e C r i mea a n d for c e d the kin gs o f the B os ph o r u s

,

to pa y th e m tr ibu t e Th ei r d o m in io n il a s te d n ea r ly a hu n d re d
.

a nd fi fty ye a rs w hen th e y i n th e ir tu r n w er e su ppla n ted iby

,

th e G o ths a n d it w a s u n d er the r ul e o f th e l a t ter p e o pl e

, ,

Th i f G k k i g f th B ph u fr m
e ser es o ree n s o 480 t B 3 04 w
e os A ht e or s,
rc o an 3 04 o C ere
480 ; S p t L 4 38 ; S l ig i tw ty y
. .
,
ac tid ae. a r a c us 4 31 ; n o b t th
e euc u s ,
en m f
e a rs , u a re
e na e o
th k g k w ; S ty I i40 7 ; L
,

e in un no n a rus 39 3 ;
e uc o n , 8 53 P y d 348 °
a r s a es ,
S ty
a rus I L 810 ; E um i 3 09 ; S p t
a us , III 804 Th y w styled A h m tida)
a r a c us e e re rc an
d h i d l i d p
, ., .

fio m the fo u n er o f t e r y nas ty , a n d c a m e d es c e ntrf ro m N e o tol e m us , w h o , o n th e

'

d h h
ea t o f h is fa t er Ac hi l T j
l es i n th e ro a n w a r. ls s a id h ig d h
to a v e em ra te to t ese coas ts
h i ll d Th d i b i h
.

D e mo s t e nes, i n o n e o i h is o ra t o n s , a u es to e n g t e n o n e o i th e mos t
“

eo o s a a s
i ld
fa m o us c ti es in th e w o r ; a n d aLeucon , d i
ur n i
a sc a rc ty i n G reec e, s en t a h d d
un re
h d di p
t o us a n me ums of c or n a s a res en t to th e At i e ula ns .
f ill
R eu y s
‘
Ci
r m e a.
"

t 4 c ur i o us tra di ti o n pr ev a i l s in Sw ede n to th e e fl ec t th a t M i th r id a tes i n stea d o f c om ’

m i ttin g s ui c id e a s the R o m a n hi s tor i a ns r e l a te too k r efuge w i th h is fo ll o w ers in S ca n

, ,

d i nav m w h ere und er th e nam e o t O d i n his e xpl o i ts a nd v a l o ur re cu re d for h i m th e

,

y
a d ora ti o n of the p ri m i tiv e a n d s av a ge peo ls a m o n w h o m h e r e s id e a nd w h ere h a v i n g
, ,

b een l o ng re g a rded a s th e c h i ef de i ty of t eir m yt i o lo gy his fa me h a s des cend edto pee

te ri t a s th e i r mo t a nc i e nt n a ti on a l h er o
,

yhe rui ns a nd tu m uli o f the C ri mea a fl ord a n a m pl e fi e ld for h e res a rch es a nd

s .

H T
‘

t e
s ec ul a tio ns o f th e a n tiq ua r i a n a nd s ev er a l o f th e a r ti fi c i a l m o un d s th a t a b o u nd in th e
.
'

v c lni ty o f Ke rtc h h a v e b ee n e xc a v a ted b

y the R uss i a n gov ern m ent a nd h a v e b ee n fo un d
,

to con ta i n th e bo dies or na m ents a nd tra ppi ngs o f w h a t a r e s upp os ed to h a v e b e e n th e

,

, ,

S cythi a n a nd Bos pho rea n kin gs a nd s ome a ppea r to h av e b een c onstruc ted sev era l h un
.

d red yea rs b efore th e C hl l l tl l l e l fl

,
‘ '
i
.
90 THE ARCH ER AND THE S TEPPE .

i nva ded by the Pa tzi na ks o r Pe tch en ega ns a nother T arta r ,

n a ti on, who, t o w a r d s the l a tt e r e n d o f the n in th c en tur y,

i nva d ed the C ri m ea a n d a ft er w a r ds s ettl e d d o wn n ea r the
,

m outh of the D n i e per th e y ca rr i e d on a n e xt e ns ive tr a de

a n d c or r es p on d en c e w i th C o n s ta n tin o pl e, a n d th eir em pir e
l as te d a b o ut a h u n d re d a n d fifty yea rs w h en th ey w er e a t ,

t a cked a n d va nqui s h e d by the C o m a ns or Polo tzi a n o th er ,

T a r ta r tribe w ho t o o k p o s sess io n o f the C rimea m ad e Se nd a k

, ,

(Solda ya) th eir ca pita l a n d fo r ce d th e Petche nega n s to retir e

,

to the i r a n c i en t h o m e s i n the As ia ti c dese r ts ,

In the .

s o u th ern a n d m o un tai n o u s dis tr ic ts o f the C ri m ea , u p o n a n

el e va te d lim es ton e r o c k w i th w a ll s r es ti n g o n the v er y e dg e

,

o f th e p rec ipic e , a n d o ver lo o ki n g the r ic h a n d be a u tif ul

v a lle y o f Jeho sa pha t s ta n ds the to wn o r ra th e r fo r tr es s of

,

Tc houfu t K a lé *
the c e n tr a l p o s iti o n a n d pr i nc ipa l s e ttl e
,
.

m en t o f the Ka ra ite s ec t o f the J ew s 1 a n d w hi c h is p rob a bly

‘

the o nly t o w n i n the w o r ld w hi c h th a t p e op l e c a n c a ll

e x c l us ivel y th e i r o w n a n d w hi c h i s r u l e d a nd go ver ne d by
,

th eir own mun ic ipa l l a w a i A c c o r ding to th e ir ow n tr a di -

tion s th ey enter ed the C r i m e a b e fo r e th e Chr is tia n era a nd

, ,

co m i ng fr o m Assyria , w h e re the y ha d b een c a r ri ed i n the

c a ptivity, a l l b ein g descen d ed a s th ey a sse rt fr om the tr ibe , ,

o f Ju d a h th ey s el ect ed for th e i r r es id en c e the su m m it o f

,

th es e st eep a n d l o fty c r a gs o n a c c o un t s o their l ege nd s , ,

a fli r m, of the r e s em bl a n c e o f i ts s itu a ti o n to th a t of Je ru

s al e m Th ey differ fro m the r es t o f the ir n a ti on , by w h o m

.

they a r e r egar d ed a s h er e tic s a n d s chis m a tic s i n n o t re ceivin g -

,

the d o c tr i ne s o f the Ta l m u d w hic h w a s pr o b a bly co m p osed ,

s in ce th e i r d e par t ur e fr o m J udaea ; a n d th ei r s yna go gu e a t

Tc houfut K a l éi s su ppo s e d to be a t lea s t a th ou s a n d yea rs

o l d o n e o f th eir t om bs o ut sid e the t ow n b e ar in g the i ns c ri
, p
tion A D 6 40 A fe w o f the s a m e s e ct s till lin ger aro un d
. . .

the br o k en w a lls o f Je r u sa l e m w h e re th e y a s s em ble e ver y ,

F rida y to m o ur n to ge th er the d ep a rte d gl ory o f the a n c i ent

,

city ; a nd a c o nsi dera bl e n um b e r a r e s c a t ter e d a m on g the

t ow n s a n d villa ges o f R us s i a a n d Po l a n d , h a vi n g em igr a t ed
to the l a tte r c o un tr y w h en the M o n g ol s i n va de d Ta urida ,
“
llph a nt's nussi ar g t Bl
Z
g % i pp ak
ei) c
d
ii s na me ls as ld y lc er, ' 0 e ‘ i e r1v e I rom .K a m a nd fie wa rds slgn i‘yin in i g
bi bl k
Ar a c. ac dog —6 i Sh’
1ip h an £ s
. R uss a n or es o i th e ac S ea " Bl k
1 Th j id b p i il g d l p d
. .

“
ey en oyed c o ns e ra l e r v e e s un er th e Ta rta r ru e, and w ere e xem te
ib i h i p d
fiom some contr ut ons t a t w ere m ose -o n th e G ree s a nd Arm en ans, w c , t ey k i hi h h
i d
a s sert, w a s on account of s erv ces f o rm erl y ren ere to th e a rtar d
a ns : but. a c co r n T kh di g
d b i d h
to Peysonnel, a Jew mh oc tor" o ta ne t e m for h is co untry men as a rew a r , for c urin d g
p i l D S
a r ncess of the roya iamily. —H. . ey mo urs
‘ ‘
R uss a on the B ack Sea " 650 . i l ,
 E UROPE IN THE 1m m5 CENTURY . 91

and d e pr ive d th em for a tim e o f th e ir ro cky an d m oun ta ino u s

r e trea t bu t a ll i n e v ery l a n d l o o k to the C r i m e a w here ,

they ar e r es pec te d ev en by th ei r Russia n m as ters fo r their

e xt re m e
pr obi ty a n d u p r ight d ea lin g a s th ei r pr o p er h o m e
'

. ,

a n d to the r a bbi o f Tch o uf u t K a l e as the high es t ec c l e s ia s ti c a l

a uth or ity o f th ei r c h u rc h a n d a ll d es i r e th a t th e i r r e m a in s

m a y l ie w ith th ose o f th e i r for e fa thers i n the c em e t er y ,

s p r e a di n g o v er the v a ll e
*
y b e n e a th i ts h o ar y w a ll s .

I n 840 , the Em p er o r The o phil u s of C o n sta n tin o ple e r ec te d

th e C r i m e a in t o a p rov i n c e u n d e r the n a m e o f Ch e rs o n a n d ,

u n ite d w ith i t the G re e k t o w n s o n the Ku b a n a n d i n th e

m iddl e o f th e t en th c en t u ry it s till rem a in e d a p ar t o f th e

Greek e m pir e a n d w as u se d a s a pla ce o f ba ni s h m en t fo r th e
,

p o litic a l o ffe n ders o f the s ta t e I n the year 8 42 he b ui lt a

.

fo r tres s, a n d es ta blis he d a tra di ng c o lo ny a t Sa r kelfi o n th e '

s h o r e s o f the D o m: w hic h br o u ght Byza n ti u m i n t o c o n n ec

ti o n w ith the Petchen e ga ns a n d th e kin gdo m o f the Kha z a r s ,

th o ugh th e la tt er ha d a lr ea dy gi v en a n em p r ess to the i m

p er i a l thro n e .

t All d ev outK nrai tes, sc a ttered th ro u gh th e C r imes w hen i nc reas in g i n flrm i tles w a r n
d
th e m o f a p ro a c h i ng dis solution, are bro ug ht hi th er to i e —O lipha nt s R us si a n S h ores
'

B
.

"
o f th e l a c Se a
C
.

N o w B ie la v ej a. nea r Tch erka s k, th e c a pital oi th e Don os sacks.

‘

t F i nla ys
' “
By zanti ne E mplre
“
.
 C HA P T ER V III .

fihi atuglai —e
fiz sa ttw a fi t i s
gsts—
g w
utt fi
i ng tip d w t t
Gmpirz

d ig: primigalitiza—fi is trai l} .

q
To u s ti s e ua l , al l w e a sk i s w a r
’

W h il e y et w e ta lk, or but a n i n sta nt sh un

fi k
no g h t, o ur l otio ns w o r r e ma in s u nd o ne,
et ev e ry G ree wh o sees m y s pea r c onfo un d .

F ull on th eGreeks, the

y driv ein fl rin m ay— Por e s “
Homers I li
’
a d.

IN th e year 9 5 5 , b e fo r e co m m en ci ng her j o u r n ey to C on
s ta ntin o pl e, the Gr a n d Pr i n ce s s O lga fo r m a ll y r es ign e d her
thr o n e a n d go v ern m en t in to the h a nds o f her s o n , Sv ia tozla f
’
-

Igo r o v i tz,* w ho w a s a t th a t ti m e a b ou t thir ty fiv e yea r s ol d -

.

U p on her r e tur n to K i o f, a fter h av in g r ec e iv e d b a pti s m a t

the h a n ds o f the Gr eek p a tr i ar c h in th e c a th e dr a l o f S t
S o phia a t C o ns ta n tino pl e, s h e en d ea v o u r e d by ar gum en t a nd
e n trea ty, as s is te d by the p er s u a s iv e e l o qu en c e o f the Gr eek

pr i es ts w h o a c c om pa n i e d her , to i nd uc e her so n to fo ll o w her

e x a m pl e, a n d r e n o un c e th e er r ors o f the p a ga n fa ith bu t
tho u gh h e fo r bo r e to p ers ec u t e a ll the pr o fes s o r s o f Chr is
ti a n ity, w h o m , thr o ugh o u t his r eign , he a ll o w e d fr e ely to
p ra c ti s e a ll th e r ite s a n d cer e m o n i es o f the ir r eligio n , a n d
c o nfide d to his m o th e r th e c a r e a n d e d u c a ti o n o f h i s c hildr en

d ur in g his nu m er o us m ilita ry c a m pa ign s, a ll her effo r t s for

h is c o n v er s i o n w e r e u n a v a ilin g fo r h e r e m a i n e d a firm be
liev er i n th e id o la try a n d c ru el w o r shi p o f his c o u n tr y, c o n
s ide l i n g th a t the Ch ri s ti a n r eli i o n , w hi c h h e id e n ti fi e d With
g
the s pl e n dou r a n d lu xu r y o f th e G re eks , c a u se d n a ti o n s a n d
m en to b ec o m e d e gen er a t e, c o w a r dl y, a n d e fie m in a te Co n
'

tem n i ng a n d de s pis in g a ll the a r ts o f c iv iliz a ti o n , a n d ev en

the c om m o n c o m fo r t s o f life , be di s c o ur a ge d a n d di s c o n
tin n e d a ll th e im pr o v em en ts o f hi s m o th er , a n d a tt e m pt e d to
r ev i v e i n Ru ss i a the s a v a g e c u s to m s , p r i m iti v e m a n n e rs , a n d

w a n der i n g, r ov i n g h a bits o f hi s a n c es t o r s , the ba r b a r ou s

Ov itz or ov itch i s th e R us sia n for “ so n, a nd i t i s th e c usto m in R us s ia fo r a s o n
k
a l w a y s to ta e h is fa th e r s n a m e a d d ed to h is o w n ; ov na or cone i s
"
d a ug h te r, a nd is
a dd ed to her father s na me by a d a ug h te r, a s Anna i v a nov n a, A nna th e d a ugh ter o f oh n
‘

J .
 SVIATOZLAF . 93

an d un s e ttl e d S lav on i a ns Sho rtly a fte r hi s acc ess ion he

.

a b a n d o ne d hi s p a l a ce a t K i o f a n d dis m is s ing his bo d

y gua r d
-
,

a n d p ers o na l a tte n da n ts form ed a l ar ge s tandi ng a rm y

, ,

r e c r u it e d fr o m a m on g th e m os t s a v a ge t rib e s i n h is d o m i n i o n s
,
w ith w ho m he e n c a m p e d u o n a n o pe n
p pla in o u ts ide the
c a pit a l ; a nd a b o lis hi ng a ll the dis tin c ti o n s o f c o n v e n i en c e
, ,

r ec o g ni s e d n o o th e r r a n k th a n th a t a ffor e d b
d y s u p eri o r
m ilita ry ski ll a n d val our N e ith er huts , n or t en ts , n o r a ny
.

o th e r c o v er in g th a n the o p en a ir , w a s p erm i tt e d a m o ng h is

s o ldi e rs ,
w h o w er e d e v o te dl y a tta ch e d to thei r p ri n ce, a n d
w h o se p r i v a ti o ns a n d d a n ger he e qu a lly s ha r e d ; a t n ight ,

wr a pp e d i n a b e a r s ki n w ith his h ea d r es ti n g on hi s s a ddl e

-
, ,

h e a l w a ys s l e pt u p o n th e b a r e gro u n d a n d n ev er a ll o w e d his
,

fr ugal m ea l s to c o ns is t o f a n y o ther foo d tha n a sca n ty s u pply

o f m ea t w hi c h wa s oft en h o rs efi
,
es h b ro il e d o r r oa st e d u p o n

the c o a l s an d the c oa r s es t r o o ts o r gra in

, The s i m pl e a n d
.

ha r dy life, a n d few re quir e m en ts to whi c h he a c cus to m e d his

a r m y , w ith the s t r i c t d is c ipli ne w hi c h h e m a i n ta i n ed en a bl e d ,

him to lea d his troo p s to d is ta nt c ou ntri es, a n d e nga ge with

a n e n e m y i n the fi e ld w ho se ba ttali ons w ere fa r m o r e
n u m ero u s , a n d w h o se a r m s a n d e qu ip men t s w er e fa r s u pe ri or

to the w o o den j a v e li ns , bo ws a nd s li n gs w hi c h fo r m e d the

, ,

so l e i m pl e m e n ts o f w a r in us e a m ong th e R us si a ns a nd ,

une n c um b e r e d by b a gga g e his m a r c h es a n d i m p et uo u s a tta c ks

,

s u rpr i se d the fa n c i e d s ec u rity o f his fo es b e fo re th ey w e re

a w a r e o f th e n e ig hb o u r h o o d o f his t ro op s o r ha d tim e to
,

pre pa re a ny a de qu a t e m ea n s o f de fence .

The n a ti o n a ga i ns t w hi c h he firs t tu rne d his ar ms was

the kin gd o m o f the Ch a za rs , on the s ou the r n s h or e s o f th e
V o lga w ho ha d b een la t ely co m p ell e d to r elin qu is h their
,

t er rito r y to the n or th o f the Cr i mea , a nd a t the m o uth o f

the D n ie p e r to the r es tl e s s a n d u n s ettl e d Petc he nega n tr ibes
, ,

a nd w h o s e p o w er w a s n o w v e r y i n fer i o r to th a t w hic h it h a d
b ee n w h en th e y su bj uga te d K io f, a n d th rea te n e d the i nde
p en d en c e o f the G r e ek e m pi r e A .b o u t the y ea r 9 63 ,

S v ia tozla f p en e tra te d i n t o th e ir pr o vi n c es a n d , a dva n c in g o n

,

the pl a i n s e x te n ding to the n o rt h o f the C a uca s ia n m o u nt a i ns .

h e d efea te d the Ch a Z l l ar m ies i n a pi tc h e d ba ttle ma r c h e d

i
‘

u p o n th ei r c a pit a l B ela ns her , w hi c h he t o o k by s t or m to ,

gether w i th the fo r t o f B e lei e Ves s, w ho se defe nces ha d

.

been c o n s tr uc te d by Greek en gi n ee rs to fo r m a p ro t ec ti o n to
the w e althy a n d p o p u l o us c ity a n d, h a vi n g b es ie ge d a n d
94 THE AR C H ER A ND THE sr nr r n .

c a rr e i d Ta m a rta r ga s a Gh a z a r to wn i n the m o dern p e n i n s ula

,

o f Ta m a n , o n the C r i m e a n B o s ph o r u s w hi c h h e c a ll e d T r un ,

to r a c a n he u lti m a t ely c o m p e ll e d th e w h o l e kin gdo m to s ub

,

m i t to hi s a r m s a nd a ckno w l e dge his a u th ori ty He then .

i n v a de d the Ca u c a s ia n pro vin c e o f S a a n ia a n d t o o k p o s s es s i on ,

o f the w es t er n C a uc a s u s w h i c h th e R us s i a n s r e ta in e d fr o m
,

tha t ti m e fo r a hu n dr e d a n d fifty yea rs .

I n the yea r 9 66 the Eu r o p ea n p r o v i n ces o f th e Byz a nti ne

,

em pir e b e i n g th r e a t en e d by a n i n v a s io n o f th e Hu n ga r i a n s ,

N ic e pho r us the G reek e m per o r , s en t to s o li c it the a ss i s ta n c e

,

o f Pe te r ki n g o f B u lga r i a
,
to pr e v en t th e ir pa s s a ge o f the
,

D a n u be . U pon the r efu s a l o f thi s p ri n c e to a gr ee w ith the

de m a n d, a s h e ha d hi m sel f la t e ly c on cl u de d a n a llia n c e w ith
Hu n ga ry, N i c e pho ru s s e n t K a l o hyr es th e s o n o f th e go v er n or ,

o f Ch e rs o n a s a m b a s sa d o r to K i o f to pr o p o se to S v ia to zla f
, ,

tha t the Ru ss ia ns s h o u ld in v a de B u lga r i a a n d a t the s a m e , ,

tim e the Greek e n v oy p r es e n t e d the Gr a n d Pr in ce w ith

,

fift een h u nd r e d po u n ds o f go ld to de fr a y the e xpe n ses o f the

“ ”
e xp e dit io n .The high p o s iti o n s ays Fi nl a y i n hi s Byza n
, ,

tin e em pir e “ o c c u pi e d by the c o ur t o f K i o f i n the ten th

,

c en tu r y i s a tt es te d by th e s tyl e w ith w hi c h it w a s a dd r e ss e d
,

by th e c o ur t o f C o n s ta n ti n o pl e Th e go lden bu ll s o f the
.

R o m a n e m per o r o f th e Ea s t a ddres s e d to the Pr i n c e o f Ru s

,

s ia w e r e o r n a m e n te d w ith a p e nd an t sea l e qu a l in s i ze to a
,
”
do u bl e s o lidu s like tho s e a ddr es s ed to the kin gs o f Fr a n ce
, .

Bu t K a l ohyr es o n hi s a r r i v a l a t K i o f t u r n e d tr a itor to hi s
, ,

s o v e re i n an d pr o c la im in g hi m s elf em p er or n ego tia t e d for

g , , ,

th e s u pp or t o f the Ru s s ia n s i n o bta i n in g hi s o w n e l e v a ti o n
to th e thr o n e o f Byz a n ti um S v ia to zla f e a ger ly a c c ept e d th e
.

pr o po sa l a n d pr o m ptly a v a ilin g him s elf o f the o ppo r tun ity

, ,

thu s o ffe r e d o f a ppr o ac hi n g a st e p n ea r er to Co n sta n ti no pl e ,

the u ltim a t e o bj ec t o f hi s a m bitio n l e d a n a r m y a c r o s s the ,

fla t a n d m a r shy field s o f W a ll a c hi a to the b a n ks o f th e

D a n u be w h o se p es til en ti a l s h o r es n ea rly ni n e h u n dr e d yea rs
, ,

l a ter pr o v e d so fa ta l to th e i n v a di n g forc es o f Ru s s ia He
, .

c r o s s e d th e ri v er i n 9 6 8 a n d d e fea te d the B u lga r ia n s i n a

,

fur i o u s e nga gem en t ; a n d th e kin g dyi n g s h o r tly a fter he ,

p ossess e d h im s elf o f Pr es thla v a the c a pita l a n d u ltim a t ely

, ,

r en der e d hi m s elf m a s t e r o f th e w h o l e ki n gdo m Bu t h e w a s .

s o on fo rc e d to a ba n do n hi s n e w c o nqu es t ipt o f
, by th e r ec e

a l a r m i n g i n tellig en c e fro m Kie f The Petc hen eg a n s ta ki n g

.
,

a dva n t a ge of the a bsen ce o f the G ra n d Pr i nc e w i th n ea r l the

y
 s v ra r ozna r . 95

w ho l e a rm y , ge them s el v es o n the R us si a n s fo r the

to r ev e n

l os s es th ey ha d for m e r ly s u sta in e d fro m them ha d a dv a n c e d ,

u p o n K i o f i n g re a t fo r c e a ft er d e so l a tin g the s u rr o un di n g

c o un tr y ; a n d la i n g s i ege to the c a pita l w h er e the G r a n d

y ,

P ri n c ess O lga a n d the s o n s o f S v ia to zla f wer e r es idi n g it w a s ,

s o o n i nv o l v e d i n a ll th e m i s e r i es o f fa m i n e Bu t th eir .

tr ium ph w a s n o t o f l o n g dura tio n ; for Pr itic h a Russ ia n ,

gen er a l c o ll e c tin g a br a v e th o ugh s m a ll a n d u n disc i plin e d

, ,

ba n d o f his s ca tter e d c o un trym en m a r c he d s pee dily to the ,

s u c c o ur o f the c ity a nd a r r ivi n g o n the o pp os i te b a n k o f the

, ,

D n ie pe r c r o ss e d th e r i v er i n the n igh t H e the n i ns tr u c t e d

, .

hi s s o l d i er s to fill th e a ir w ith th ei r s h o u t s a n d the s o un d o f ,

the ir t r u m pets o n h ea r i n g w hic h the e n e m y w a s s e iz e d w ith

a la r m a n d a r u m o u r c i r c u l a ti n g i n th e i r c a m p tha t Sv ia tozla t
,
.
,

w i th his v i c t o r i o us a r m y ha d a ppr o a c h e d fr o m the D a n u be ,

th e i n v a de rs a ll fle d p re c ipita t ely fro m be fo re the to w n w hi c h ,

w a s e n t e r e d a n d r eli e v e d by Pr i ti c h He s h o rtly a ft er w a r d s .

ha d a n in t er v i e w w ith K o u r th e p r i n ce o f th e Pe tc h en ega ns
, ,

w h en a m u t u a l e x c ha n ge o f c o ur te s i es e n s u e d a n d a s pro o fs ,

o f thei r fu tu r e pe a c e a n d fr i e n ds hip the R u ss ia n ge ne r a l ,

prese nte d the pr in c e w ith a s hield c ui ra s s a n d s w o r d a n d , , ,

r ec ei v e d fr o m hi m i n r e t u r n a h or s e s a bre a n d a q uiv e r o f , ,

a r r o w s 3 bu t the Pe tc hen ega n s ha d h a r dl y e ffec te d th ei r

r e t re a t fr o m the pr o vin c e o f K i o f b e fo re the a r r iv a l o f ,

Sv ia to zla f w ith hi s w h o l e a r m y w h o o n r ec e iv i n g i ntelli , ,

ge n c e o f th e da n ge rs by w hi c h his c a pita l w a s thre a te n e d ,

ha d i m m e di a t el y e v a c u a te d B ulga ri a a n d h a s t en e d to i ts ,

r e li e f. He fo ll o w e d the Petc h en ega n s a n d a tta c ke d a n d ,

r o u te d th e i r a r m y ; a ft er w hi c h he m a d e a t r ea ty w ith the .

re m a i n de r a n d a llo w e d th e m to r e tu r n i n sa fe ty to th e ir o wn
,
*
la n d.

On the r es t or a ti on o f p ea c e S v i a tozla f r e m a i n e d fo r s o m e
,

ti m e a t K iof His m o th er u r gen tly e n t re a t e d him to a ba n do n

.

the B ulga r i a n w a r a n d he c o n s e n t e d to r em a i n i n hi s o w n
,
” “ the
em pi re d i
ur n g h
t e r e s t o f h e r life
“
S e e sa id he .
, ,

e xte n t o f m y p o w e r a n d d o m in i o n s This is m y c a pita l to .

,

w hi c h fro m H u n ga r y I br i n g i r o n a n d h o rs e s fr o m C o n s ta n ,

ti n O ple s il k a n d go ld fro m A si a s w o rds a n d j ew e l s a n d fro m

, ,

W ha t m o r e c a n I r eq u ire ?
”
Rus s i a ho n ey a n d s la v e s .

“ Th
en s a id she
,
I a m c o n te n t to die bu r y m e w he r e v er
, ,

th o u w il t a n d thr ee da ys a ft er s he e xpi re d In the

, ,
.

K a ra msl s History of Rus ia

'
n s .
96 THE AR C H ER AND THE ST EPPE .

meanw hil e, the Em per o r N ic eph o r u s ha d l d d

conc u e an
a ll ia nce w ith B ulga ri a ,
i t d B o ris a nd R oma n us the
a nd as s s e ,
’
s ons of Pe ter, to r ec ov er th e ir fa ther s thr o ne ; but a fe w

m on th s l a ter h e w a s hi m self a ss a s s i n a te d i n his p a l a c e a t

C onsta n ti no pl e, by hi s n e phe w an d gen era l, Johu Zimis ces ,
*
who i m m e dia t ely a ss u m e d the i m per i a l c r o w n The seco nd .
,

a n d m os t fo rm id a bl e i n v a s io n o f S v ia to zla f to ok pl ac e s o o n

a fter the a ccess i o n o f this pr i n c e H e di v ided his domi .

n i o n s b e tw e en his th ree s o ns Ya r o p ol k O l eg a nd Vla

, , ,
.

di m ir 1 a n d a ga i n m a r c he d s ou thw a r ds w ith a n a rmy of

,
-

Russi an s , Cha za rs , a n d Cr o a ts i n a l l a m ou ntin g to forty ,

th o us an d m e n a n d en ter in g Bu lg a r i a a bo ut the yea r 9 7 0

, ,
.
,

a d v a nce d u p on the c ity o f Pr es thla v a o r M a rc ian o po lis He .

to ok it a fter a des p er a te s iege h a v in g b een s ev eral times ,

r e pul s e d fro m i ts w a ll s by th e i n h a bit a n ts b o th s id es enga

g ,

i ng w ith the m o s t r eckl es s c o u r a ge , a n d ma d e the king of

B ulga r i a a n d hi s fa m ily pr is o n er s tho u gh Boris s ho r tly a fter ,

die d in c a ptivi ty .

Mo lda v ia , W a lla c hi a a n d B ulga r i a, the p r i n c ip alities , ,

of dipl o m a ti c l a n g ua ge h a v e fo r m e d fo r a ges the b a ttl e fi

, eld -

a n d thea tr e of c o n t e n ti o n fo r a ll th e n a ti o ns wh o ha v e a lter

na tely r ul e d in C o n s ta n ti n o pl e a n d th e r e stl ess a n d w a r like

.

t r ib es o f the n or th The S c ythi a n s a n d Ma cedo n ia n s , the

.

Sa r m a ti a n s a n d Ro m a n s the Sl a v o n i a n s a n d Gr ee ks the
, ,

Ru ssia ns a n d T u rks, ha v e a ll a t differen t ti m es cr ossed the

w a ters of the D a nu b e , a n d fo u ght fo r a n e m pire u p on its
s h or es ; fo r the r i c h c ity o f th e B o s pho rus h a s fo rmed the

s plendid go a l to the a m bitio n a n d vi c to ri e s o f ev er y c o n

qu eror i n W es te r n As ia du r i n g the la s t th o usa n d yea rs , a n d

their inr o a ds u p on her te r ri tor i es a n d in c es s a n t w a rs, grea tly
co n tr ibu te d to the fa ll o f the eas t er n thr o n e o f the C e s a re,

w h en she s uccu m b e d a t l e n gth b efor e th e p ers e v er i n g a n d

un ti ri n g effo r ts o f th e O tt o m a n s u lt a n M a h o m et Th es e , .

p r o v in c es, w hic h w er e kn o w n a s D a c ia to the Rom a n s ,

a nd w h er e th ey pl a n te d a c o l o ny a n d j ea l o u s ly b a n i s h ed ,

s o m e of the ir m os t l ea r n e d a nd v i r t uo us m en, o r igi na lly

form ed a p a rt o f the ki ngdo m o f Ma c e do n ia , a nd c o in s h av e
b een exca va t ed of a s e a rly a p er i o d a s the r eigns o f the pre
Finla y s "
'
B zantine E m pire
"

y
.

str angest a s
sa m
e occ s In
ur zov , Mo sc o w, O
c z nh o v , R o s tovw o rd s w h ic h i n En g l is h a re e uen
, fr q tly
but er r eously spel t wltu a w — S ce
on . Maj or s note to “ Herbers te ‘s‘ Rerum Musca
'
m
mtor um.
’
98 THE AR C HER AND THE ST E PPE .

of th e ir fie l ds w hi c h th ey s ca r c ely sc ra t c h w ith the sa m e r ude

,

w o o d en pl o u gh th a t s e rv e d t he i r p r e de c esso r s the a n c i e nt ,

D a c ia ns th e y c a r e n ei ther to pl a n t n o r l a b ou r m er e ly to e n
r ic h th e i r m a s t er s o r fe e d fo r e ign s o ldi e r s ; ye t th ey s til l
,

pr o u dly c l a im the ir des c en t fro m the Ro m a n c o l o n i s ts a n d ,

the i r u nc u l ti v a te d dia le c t s till r eca ll s the c la ss ic la n gu a ge o f

a n c i en t R o m e .

A t th e ti m e o f th e i n v a s i o n o f Sv i a to zla f th e n e w e m ,

pero r J o hn Zim isces w a s en ga g e d i n qu elli n g s o m e in tern a l

, ,

d i s t ur ba n c es i n the e a s t e r n p ro v in c e s o f hi s em pir e a n d the ,

Ru s si a n s c r o s s e d the Ba l ka n w ith li ttl e o pp o s iti o n a n d be ,

s ie ge d a n d c a ptur e d Phil o p o lis Th er e they r e c e iv e d a n

.

e m bas s y fr o m Zi m isc e s o ffe r in g t er m s o f p ea c e a n d d e m a n di ng

, ,

th e ir e v a c u a tio n o f Ro um a n ia ; bu t the Gra n d P r in c e s ent

w o rd i n r e pl y th a t C o n s ta n ti n o pl e mi ght s o o n e xp ec t the
,

pr e s en c e o f a n e n em y a n d a m a s t er We w ill n e v er sa id
.
”
,

he ,
q u it s o fin e a c o u n tr y till yo u h a v e r a n s o m e d yo u r to w n s
'

a n d yo u r p r i s o n ers th a t a r e n o w i n o u r p o w e r Gr eeks ! if .

you re fus e th es e t er m s a n d w ill n o t pa y l ea v e E ur o p e a n d ,

r e ti re i nto A s ia : yo u a re w o m e n , w e a r e m e n o f

A t th e s a m e ti m e h e o bta i n e d the a d m ir a ti o n o f his e n em ies ,

by r e fu s in g a ll th e go ld , s il v er a n d o th er gifts w hi c h w er e
,

o ffer e d hi m by the n o bles o f the e m pir e o n his pr o gr es s w ho ,

des ir e d to c o n c ili a te th e b a r ba r ia n s a n d they dec la re d tha t

thi s w a s th e ki n d o f kin g they s ho uld w ish to s er v e o n e —

w h o pr e fer re d a r m s to go ld a s h e a cc e pte d n o o th er p r ese n t

,

o r r a n s o m th a n a r m s o r w ea po n s o f w a r w h i c h c o n s t r u c te d , ,

o f w e ll w r ou ght i r o n b
y the s kilfu l Gre eks w er e fa r m o r e
-
,

fo rm i d a bl e tha n the w o o d en sh a fts a n d j a v e li n s w hic h w i th , ,

a s hi rt o f h e m p c ha in , a r r o w s a n d l e a th e r n s hi eld s w er e the
, ,

s o l e e qu ipm en ts o f his o w n s o ld ier s a n d As i a tic a lli e s

'

O n r e c e iv i n g the m e n a c e o f the Ru s s i a n c hi e f th e e m p er or , ,

in the fo ll o w i n g s pr i n g 9 7 1 t o o k th e field a t th e h ea d o f a n
, ,

a r my o f fi ftee n tho u sa n d in fa n tr y a n d thi rt e e n th o u sa n d,

c a v a l ry, bes id e s a bo dy gu a r d o f c ho s en tr o o ps c a lle d the ,

I m m o r ta l s a n d a p o w er fu l ba tte r y o f field a n d s i e ge e n gin es

,
. .

He a l s o d es pa tc h e d a fl e e t o f thr e e h u n dr e d ga lleys w ith ,

m a ny s m a lle r v essel s u p th e D a n u b e to c u t o ff th e c o mm u
, ,

n ic a tio n o f the Rus si a n s w ith t he i r o w n c o u n tr

y a n d, m a r c h ,

i ng fr o m A dr i a n o pl e c r o s se d th e B a l ka n o r Haem u s
, In the .

m ea nw hile the Rus s ia n a r m y ha d a dv a n ce d to A rca di epolis,

R bbe s Hi s to y of R ussia
'
a r
 sv ro znAr .
'
99

w h er e on e o f th ei r di v i si on s b ein g sur pr i sed a n d de fea te d by

,

th e G re ek ge n er a l B a r d a s Shier o s , the r em a i n d e r a ga i n
,

r e t u r n e d to B u lga r ia a n d o n th e a ppr oa c h o f the e m e r or

, , p ,

thos e tr o o p s w h o w e r e s ta tion e d a t Pres thla v a l e ft the c i ty ,

a n d e n c o un t e r e d his fo r c es i n the o p en pl a i n A ft er a
*
.

v igo r o u s r es is t a n c e , the R us s ia n s w ere c o m pl e t el

y de fea te d
by Zim is c es a n d l e ft e ight tho u s a n d fiv e hu n dr e d o f th eir
,

m e n a m o n g th e d ea d a n d a ba tta lion w hi c h w as i n tr e n c h e d
i n the n e ighbo u r h oo d o f Si li s tr i a p er c eivi n g th a t th ey w e re ,
’
s u rr o un d e d a n d h e m m e d i n b
y the en em y s c a v a l r y s l ew ,

th em se lv e s w ith th e ir o w n s w o r ds r a ther th a n fa ll by the

”
h a n ds o f th e ir fo es They b eli e v e s a ys Leo the de a con
.
, ,

tha t h e w ho i s sl a in in b a ttle w ill in th e n e xt w o r ld be the

s l a v e o f th e m a n w h o kill s hi m ther e fo re th ey s ta b th e m sel v es
w h e n th ey ha v e n o h o p e o f fli ght o r v i c to r y a n d di e p ers ua d e d ,

tha t they wi ll a t l eas t p res e r v e th e ir fr e e do m i n a fut u re

s ta t e
.
‘

l ‘
Tw o da ys a fter Pr es thla v a w a s s t o r m e d a n d ta ke n
,

by the G reeks w h o s e tti n g fire to the r oya l pa l a c e w hi c h

, , ,

w as fo r tifie d a s a c ita d el e igh t tho u sa n d R us si a n s w ho de

,

fen de d i t p e ris h e d in the fl a m es a n d the r em a i n der o f th e ,

ga r r is o n , c on s is tin g o f fiv e hun dre d so ldier s w er e a ll pu t to ,

the s w o r d The tra itor K a lo hyr es h a d s u c ceede d i n es c a pi n g

.
, ,

to D or ys to la r o r D r issa w h e r e S v i a tozl a f ha d i n tr e n c h e d
, ,

him s e lf w ith the o ther h a lf o f hi s tr o o ps an d Zim is ces a fter , ,

c e l e bra ti n g Eas t e r i n Pr es thl a v a a n d r es to r i n g the s o n s o f ,

B o ris to the Bu lgari a n thr o n e fo ll o w e d the Gr a n d Pr i n c e , ,

a n d bl o c ka d e d D r i s sa b o th by l a n d a n d w a t er fo r tifyi n g his ,

o w n e n c a m p m en t w ith a s t r o n g r am p a r t a n d dit c h Sev era l .

des p er a t e s a llies w er e a tte m pt e d by the ga rr is o n hea de d by ,

Sv ia to zla f i n p e r so n : th ei r s u ffe ri n gs b eca m e e xtr em e fr o m

fa m in e a n d a t l en g th a fter a s iege o f s ixty fiv e da ys th e
, ,
-

Ru ssia n c hi e f m a de o n e m o r e a t tem pt to c ut a pa ssa ge for

’
hi m self a n d his s o ldier s th ro u gh the e nem y s t r oo ps Bu t .

hi s i n fa n tr y gr ea tl y r e d u c e d by pr i v a ti o n w a s n o m a t c h for
, ,

the s teel a rm o u r c l a d c a v a l ry o f th e G re eks , w ho w er e g re a tl y

-

as s is te d b
y th e n u m er o u s a r c h er s a n d s li n ger s th ey ha d s ta
tio ne d u n d er c o v er in e v e r y pa r t o f the c a m p a n d w ho pi c ke d ,

o ff the R us s i a n s w h e n e v er a m i s s ile c o u ld be di s c h a r ge d

w ith o u t d a n ge r to th e ir o w n s ide N e v er th el ess th e b a t tl e .

,

c o n ti n ue d al l the d a y a n d th e Rus s ia n s fo u ght s o v a li a n tl y th a t

,
’
c o n t e m p ora r i es a sc r ib e the v ic tory o f th e e m p ero r s a r m y to

Fi nl y s
a By antine E mpire
’
z 1 R abbc s Histo y of R u s i
.
'
r s a.
1 00
.
THE AR C HER AND THE ST E PPE .

the p er sona l assis ta nce of St Th e odor e , w ho they afi

.
ir m l e d
the famous c ha r ge o f the G re e ks, th at a t l ength br o ke the
R us sia n phalan x, a n d pr o v e d the s u per i o ri ty of th e Ch ris ti an
*
So ldiers o v er the fo r c es of p a gan ba r b i ar ans .

The m o r nin g a ft er t hi s defea t, Sv ia to zl a f s en t an a m bas sa

d or to the G recia n cam p o ffer in g te r m s o f p ea c e The .

l ib er al c on d iti ons tha t h e o bta i n e d, p r ov e tha t Zimis c es

c on s id ere d it i m pru d e n t to dr i v e hi m to e xtr emity o r des pa i r ,
a n d w a s a w a r e th a t, if he i n s i s t e d u p o n th e R uss i a n s l a yi ng

.
do w n the i r a r ms, it w o ul d o n ly lea d to th e ir des tr uc tion of
Dris s a , or a pro tra c te d s i ege a nd fl es h bloo dsh e d The em .

per or wa s c o n t en t ed w ith the r es ign a ti o n o f all th ei r plun der,

s l a v e s , a n d p ri so ner s , a n d the mo s t s ol emn as sur a n c e s on t he
pa r t of the Gra n d Pr i nce to r eli n quish fo r e ve r a ll h o s ti l e d e
s ign s a ga in s t the Gr ec ia n e m pir e , or i ts c ol on i es in Ge o r gi a an d

C hers on a n d he a gr ee d to a ll o w the R uss i a ns to desc en d the

D a nu b e in th ei r boats, r en ew i n g th e tre a ty pr e v i o usl y form ed,
for the r e gu l a tion o f the t ra d e a n d n a v a l c o m m u n i ca t io n be
tw een th eir r esp ectiv e empir es 1 A tthe sa m e ti me he di s tri
.
‘

bu te d a mea sure o f c orn to e a c h o f the Rus s ia n s oldier s , Wh o m

the di sa s ter s o f the ca m pa ign ha d r e du c e d to l ess than on e h a lf
o f the ir o r igi n a l fo r ce ; a n d thi s p ea c e b e in g c o n c l ud e d i n

J uly, 9 7 1, it w a s a r ran ge d th a t the fo llo w i n g da y a n i nter .

v i e w s h o uld take place be twee n the two o ppon ents i

Att ende d by a l ar ge bo dy o f gu a r ds o n h o r s ebac k, the
e m pero r r o d e do wn to the b a nks o f th e D a n u b e , c l o th e d

i n gli tter ing a r mo ur an d on a s pl en did h o rs e, a nd mee tin g

S v ia tozla f, w h o a r r iv e d by w a ter i n a bo at w hi c h he
s t eer e d hi m s elf w i th a n c a r , t he y c on v er s e d fo r s o m e tim e,
w hile Zim is ces r ema i ne d mo un te d o n the bea c h , a n d th e
Gra n d Pr in c e, w ho ha d a ppro a c h e d the s h o r e, c on tin u e d s itting
i n the st er n o f his ba r k Th e Gre eks a ll c r o w de d ro u nd to
.

v i ew th e R uss i a n c hie f, a n d he is d es cr ib ed b Le o th e dea

y
c o n, w h o w a s a c qua i n t e d w ith m a n y o f tho s e w ho w e re
pr esen t , as bein g o f the m iddle s ta tu r e, w ell fo r m e d, w ith a
b roa d c h es t His eyes we re s m a ll, an d a l m ost e c lipse d by
.

his thi ck a n d sha ggy b ro w s , hi s n o se fla t, an d he ha d n o

hear d, bu t l o ng a n d thic k m u s tache s His h a i r was cu t
.

c l o se to his h ea d e x c e pt tw o l o n g l o c ks i n fr ont i n his e ars

h e wor e go ld ear r i n gs, or n a m e nt e d w ith a r uby b et ween two
.
-

Flni ay
'
By antine Empi re
s “ z
"

Gibbo n s D ec line a nd F ll o f the R om an Empire

.
’ “
a
Finla y s “ Byzantine E mpir e "
.
'
.
1 02 THE AR C HER AND THE ST E PPE .

w h er ea s, if w e flee, w e sh a ll c ar ry w ith us e ternal dis gra c e .

A n d si nc e it is n ot poss ibl e fo r o ne w ho i s s urro un de d by a

h os t o f en em ies to esca pe, i t i s m y in ten tion to s ta n d firm ly ,

a nd a t a ll r i sks to e xp o s e m yse lf in the fo re m os t ra n k fo r the

”
s ke o f m
a
y c o un tr y
. The Ru ss ia n s r e a n im a te d by the
,
-

de term in a tion o f th e i r le a der r e plie d to this s pe ech

,

W h ere v er th o u l ea d es t w e w ill fo llo w a n d a cc o mpa nyin g

”
,

S v i a to zla f a s he l ea p e d u p o n the s ho r e, ru sh e d w ith a fur i o u s

,

o n sl a u ght thr ou gh th e r a n ks o f the e n e m y ; bu t i n a n a tt em pt

,

to c u t a p as sa ge fo r hi s a r m y th e Gr a n d Pr in ce w a s s tr u c k
,

d o w n by a bl o w o n th e h ea d w ith a j a v elin a n d i n s ta n tly

,

kill e d his b o dy be in g s e iz e d a n d bo r n e o ff in t r i um ph by the

,

fo e
. A t the fa ll o f the ir o n c e dr ea d e d a n d fo r m ida bl e o ppo
n e n t a ll th e Petc h en e a ns u tter e d l o u d s h ou ts o f
, g j oy ; a n d
th e i r prin c e c a us ed the s ku ll o f th e Rus si a n c hi e f to be fo r m ed
in to a d ri nking c up, a n d e n c ir cl e d w ith go ld, a n i n scri pti on
-

b ei ng pl a ce d u pon it to this e fle c t In the a tte mpt to seize

”
the pr op er ty of o ther s th ou did s t l ose thi ne own
‘

.
 C H AP T E R IX .

Marti na: the dfi

rzafi— d lyz Ba ssinet
; are tmttzx
tzh tu
db
ristianitg .

A m i gh ty k i ng
o ranc ie nt d a y s "
. - Bm s rs n m .

A FEW of fo llo w e r s o f S v ia to zla f u n der Sv en al d a n

the , ,
’
o l d a n d highly es teem e d c hie f i n th e G ra n d Pr i nc e s a r m
y ,

es c a pi n g fro m the s w or ds o f the P etchen e a n s m a de th e ir

g ,

w a y to Ki e f a n d en t er e d i n to the se rv i c e of Y a r a po l k th e
, ,

e ld e s t s o n o f Sv ia to zl a f w h o a t t he ti m e o f his fa th er s
’

, ,

d e a th i n 9 7 2, W a s tw e n ty se v e n ye a r s o f a ge
,
-
.

Thi s pr efe r en c e, a n d the in fl u en c e w hic h he a ll o w e d hi s

boya r ds fi a n d es p e ci a lly S v en a l d, to e xer c i s e o v er hi m ,

e xc it e d the j ea l ou sy a n d a n i m o s ity o f his br o th e r O l e g the ,

s ec o n d s o n o f S v ia tozla f a n d p r i n c e of th e D r ev lia n s
, a nd

thi s c hie f m eetin g Lu ta s the s o n o f S v e na ld, w hile e n ga ge d ,

i n hu n tin g s u dden ly a tta c ke d a n d w ith o ut a ny fur th er pr o

, , ,

v oc a tio n, a s s as sin a t e d hi m Th e i n digna n t fa th e r des i r in g

“

.
,

to r e v e n ge hi m s elf u p o n the m u r d er er a ppea l e d fo r j u s ti c e ,

to Ya r a po lk a n d en tr ea te d hi m to dec l a re w a r a ga i ns t h is
,

b r o ther a nd i n v a de his te rr i tor i es a n d the p ri nc e yie ldin g ,

“
E URO P E AN SOV EREI GN S C ON T E MP OR AR Y W ITH VLAD I MI R THE G R JAT .

n a m es o n GREEK EMPIRE POLAND. S PAIN

C
. .

9 78 1si1 l
. Il a nd
. ons ta n N-uc is l a f . R a m i ro I l l .

ti n e IX 999 B oles luf I 982 Va re m und II

Cons ta ntine alone V
. . . . .

1026 . . 9 09 Al ph ons e
. .

n uxo m r .

GE RMAN s u ms . 99 7 S teph en
. . P O PES .

9 73 o th o 11 Bon lfl nc e Vi L
m m III J
. .

9 311 s wr nzx. 984 oh n XIV

H nry 11
.

J
. . .

1002 . e . 99 4 O la f
. 985
o hn XV
J
. . .

980 o hn XVI
V
. .

ENGL AND . nmm a nx. Gre g o ry .

974 Ed w a rd th e Ma rtyr 980 S w ey n S IIVe s te r I I

U C J
. . . . .

9 79 E thelred the n re a dy. 1 0 1 4. a n ute th e G rea t 1 00 3 o h n XVI I

VIII
.

J
. . .

1 0 04 o h n X
. .

FRANC E. 11m
sc or n/ 100 9 Se rg l us VI
III B
. . .

L o th a i re III K en n e th 1012 e nedi c t VIII

986 Loui s (1 6 a iné C
. .

F
. .

. a nt 994 o ns ta nti ne IV
. . .

9 87 H ug h Ca pc t
. . 99 8 G rl mus . .

996 Robert 190 4 M a lc ol m H .

fB
. . .

oy a r d i s a n old S l a v o nic wo rd , s til l us ed w he n s ne aking of the Buss ls n noblli ly ;

it is menti oned i n the Byzantine annals a s ea rly a s a n 7 64 . .
1 04 THE AR C H ER AN D THE S TE PPE .

to the de m a n d of his fa v o ur it e, i m m e di a tely m a r c h e d a n

a r m y fr o m K i o f . O l e g a d v a n c ed i n p er s o n to m ee t the
e n e m y 3 bu t, a fter a fi e rc e b a ttl e, hi s fo r c e s w e r e c o m p ell e d to

fly i n c on fus io n , a n d a br idge, a c r o ss w hi c h he a n d h1s fugi

ti v e tr o o ps w er e r e tr ea tin g, br ea ki n g do w n , he wa s dro w n e d
i n the r iv er , bo r n e u n der by th e m u ltitu d e o f h o r s es a n d
s oldi er s w ho s h a re d h i s fa te . Y a ra po lk w a s o v e rw h elm e d
w i th r em or s e u p o n h e a r in g o f thi s ca tas tro phe , a n d, fin din g
the b o d y of h is br o th er a m on g th e s la i n , ga ze d u p on the
'

gha s tly c o u n ten a n c e, exc l a i m in g, O S v en a ld, b eho ld the

”
a c c o m pli s hm e n t o f thy d e s i r e ! an d then w ith his o w n
h a n ds bu r i e d h im After the de a th o f the ir p r in c e, the
.

w h o le o f the pro v i nc e s ub m itt e d to the a r m y o f K io f w itho u t

r es i s ta n ce a n d s h o r tly a fte r , by the a d v i ce o f hi s c hi e fs and

c o ur ti er s , w h o c o m pl e t e ly r u l e d him , Y a r a po lk w a s i n duc e d .

to s e ize u p o n N o v o g or o d, the p o sses s i o n o f hi s yo u n ges t

br o th e r , Vl a dim ir , a n d, dur in g his t em p or a ry a bse nc e in
S ca n di n a v i a , d i v idi n g the p ro v in c e a m o n g the b oya r ds w ho
ha d a s si s t e d h im with th ei r a r m s a nd fo l l o w er s .

As s o o n a s h e h a d a sse m bl e d a s m a ll b a n d o f V a r a n gi a ns
*

to a ss is t hi m in th e r e ca ptu r e o f hi s ter r it o ri es , Vl a dim i r }

r e t u r n e d to Ru ss i a a n d, e n t er i n g N o v o go r o d w ith hi s lit tle
,
1

a r my, w a s r e c e iv e d w ith the gr e a t es t j oy by th e p eo ple, a nd

im m edia tely r e e s ta blis he d by th em u p o n hi s th r o n e, w ith ou t

-

s tr iki n g a bl o w . Th e u su rpin g c hi e fs, h a v in g b e en s urpr is ed

in th e i r p a l a c es b efo r e th ey w er e p r ep a r e d w ith a n y r es ist .

a n c e , w e r e di s m i s s e d by th e p r in c e w ith a m e ss a ge to Ya r a
.

p o l k, i n fo r m i n g him th a t, a s he ha d c r o sse d th e fr o n ti er s o f
“

their d o m i n io n s for h o stile purpo ses, h e mi ght e xp ec t a v i s it

i n r e t u r n fr o m th e tr o o p s o f N o v ogo r o d . A fr esh c a use fo r
c on t en ti o n s o o n a r o s e b e t w ee n th em ; fo r Vl a di m ir , d em an d

i ng i n m a rr ia ge R o g ue da , the da u gh te r o f the P r in c e o f
‘ s

Po lo tzk, a s m a ll st a t e o n the Dw i n a , hi s br o th er a t the sa me

ti me b eca m e a s u itor for th e h a n d o f th e pr i n c e ss . Her
fa ther , R ogv o lo da , fea rful o f gi v i n g o ffe nc e to e ith er o f the
tw o p r i n c es , d es i re d hi s da u ght e r to dec ide w hi c h o f the h im
s h e w o u ld a cc ept fo r a hu s b a n d . She m a d e c h o i c e o f Y ar a
p o lk, o bj ec ti ng to V la dim ir o n a cc o un t o f his mo th er h a v i ng
b ee n a s la v e, w hi c h s o en r a ge d hi m th a t he i nv a de d Po lo tzk,
de fea te d Ro gv o lo da in b a ttl e , a n d, ta kin g hi m a n d his ti v e
so n s p r i so n er s, pu t th em to d e a th w ith his o w n h a n ds , a n d
'

S wedes or N orthm en.

 1 06 THE AR C H ER AND THE S TE PPE .

a s su m e d by hi s s u c c ess o r s till the fifteen th t

c en ur y, an d
h a v i ng a do pte d the i nfa n t so n o f Y a r a po l k w ho w a s bo rn ,

a ft er the de a th o f his fa th er a s h i s o w n c hil d ,

h e c o m p e lle d ,

She h a d bel on ge d to
’
hi s bro th er s w id o w to b ec o m e hi s w ife .

a n o bl e Gr ec i a n fa m il
y in th e E a s t er n e m pi re an d th o ugh , ,

c el e b ra t e d e qua lly fo r her b e a u ty a n d a c c o m plis hm en ts h a d ,

b een ea r ly de v o t e d to the c lo i s te r bu t h er c o n v e n t h a v ing

b een desecr a te d a n d pl un d er e d by the a rm y o f Sv i a to zla f ,

s h e w a s ta ke n pr i so n er by th a t pr i n c e a n d s e n t to K io f
, ,

w h e r e s he a ft e r w a r ds b eca m e the w ife o f his e ld es t s o n fo r ,

w h o m s he n o w e x c h a n ge d the fier ce a n d c r u e l Vl a di m i r .

H e s h o r tly a fter wa r d s c a u se d Blu de the n o bl e w ho ha d ,

a c t e d s o tr ea c her o u s ly t o w a r d s Y a r a po lk to be pu t to dea th , ,

a ft er en t e r t a i n in g h i m fo r thr ee d a ys a t his p a la c e a n d ,

tr ea tin g him w ith the gr ea tes t ho n o u r a n d m a gnificen c e a s a ,

r e w a r d fo r hi s s erv i c e s to hi m s elf ; th o u gh a s a j u dge he , ,

a ffir m e d tha t he w a s b o un d to pun is h th e b etr a ye r a n d

deceiv er o f hi s pr i n ce .

A lth ou gh be fo re th e c o nv ers io n o f th e Ru ssi a n s to Ch ri s ti

,

a n i ty a pl u r a lit
, y o f w i v es w a s c o m m o n a m o n g th e m ye t the ,

seco n d m a rr i a g e o f Vl a di m i r r o u s e d th e j e a l o u s a n d in di gna
y
tion o f R o gu e da the prin c ess o f Po lo tzk m o r e tha n ev en the
, ,

m u r der o f h er fa th er a n d tw o br o th er s a ppea r s to h a v e do n e ;
a n d s he s o s tr o n gl
y e xpr es se d h er r e se n t m en t th a t he e xp el ,

l e d h er fr o m th e pa l a c e a n d o blige d her to r es id e in a so li
,

ta ry dw ell in g, n ea r the c a pita l, w h er e he o c c as i o n a lly v is ite d

her .

H er e she br o o de d her w r o n gs , till s he c a m e to the

o v er

deter m in a tio n to r e ve n ge the m , w h en ev e r a fa v o ur a ble

’
o pp o r tu n it
y s h o u ld oc c u r, by t a ki n g a w a y h e r h us ba n d s li fe
a n d , e n te r in g his c ha m b er o n e n ight w hil e h e w a s s l eepi n g
,

s he s eiz e d a d a gge r fro m his s id e, a n d w a s a b o u t to pl u n ge i t

i n t o his h ea r t, w hen , s u dden ly a w a kenin g, h e a r r est e d her

a r m a n d w o uld h a v e put h e r to in s t a n t dea th h a d n o t th ei r
,

c hild rus h e d in b e t we en th em , a n d e n tr ea t e d Vl a di m i r to
’
s pa r e hi s m o th er s life His i n ter c ess i o n w a s su c cess ful , fo r
.

the p ri n c e, e m br a c in g hi s c hil d, l eft the h o u se , a n d a fter w a r d s

b es t o w e d upon R ogu eda the pr i nc ipa lity o v er w hi c h her
fa ther ha d fo rm er ly r u l e d * .

The Var a ngia n s , w ho ha d a s s is te d Vl a di m i r in reco v er i n g

K a ra msin s
'
History of Russia .
 V LAD I M IR TH E G REA T . 10 7

h is thr o ne a n d depo s in g h i s b ro ther a nd w ho n ow fo r m e d ,

hi s gua r d a n d perso na l r e ti n u e beca m e c l a m oro us in their

,

d e m a n ds fo r a la rge a n d s uffic i e n t r e c o m p ens e fo r th e v a l u

a bl e s er v i ces th e
y ha d p er fo r m e d They r e q uest e d tha t th e
.

w h o l e o f the pr ov in ce o f K i o f m ight be div ide d a m o ng th e m

a n d Vl a di m i r, fi n di ng th a t h is r i c h es w er e q uit e i ns ufic ie n t
.

to s a tis fy th e ir a v a ric e a n d s ile n c e th e ir i m p o r tu nity a n d ,

b e i n g a nxi o us to r i d hi ms e lf o f thes e t r ou bl esom e a n d o v er

b e a r in g a lli es , a dv ised the m to s eek n o t a m ore gra teful bu t , ,

a m o r e w ea lth
y m a s t er a n d tr a ns fer the ir s erv i c es to the
,

e m p er or o f C o n s ta n tin o pl e , w h e r e i ns t ea d o f fu rs a n d ski n s
, ,

s i lk a nd go ld w o u ld be th e re w a r d o f th e ir fidelity A t the
“
.

”
sa m e ti m e s a ys Gibbo n
, th e Ru ss ia n pr in c e a dm o n is h e d
,

h is Byza n tin e a ll y to dis pe rs e a n d e m pl o y, to r ec o m pe n s e

a n d r e s tra in th es e i m p e t u o u s c hild re n o f th e n o r th
, Con .

t e m p o ra ry w ri ters ha v e rec or de d the in tr o du c ti o n na m e a n d , ,

c ha ra c t e r o f th e Va r a ngi a n s ; e a c h d a y th ey r os e in c o n fi

d en ce a n d es teem ; the w h o l e b o dy w a s a sse m ble d at Co n

s ta n tin o pl e to p er for m the d u ty o f gu ar ds a n d th ey p r es er v e d ,

till the la s t a ge o f the em pir e the c h a r a c t er of sp otless l oy a lty ,

a n d the u se o f the D a n i s h o r E n gli s h t o n gue W ith th ei r .

bro a d a nd dou bl e e dged b a t tle a xes o n th eir s h o ulders th ey

- -
,

a tte n d e d the G r e ek e m p ero rs to the t e m ple , the sen a te a n d ,

th e hippo d ro me ; he s l e pt a n d fe a s te d un d er th e i r t ru s ty

g ua r d ; a n d the keys o f the p a l a ce the t reas ur y a n d th e , ,

c a pita l ,
w ere h e ld by th e fir m a n d fa ithful h a n ds o f th e
Va ra n gian s their s tren gth be i n g r ecr uite d by a n um er o u s .

ba n d o f their coun tr ymen fro m E ngla n d a n d the Sc an di na

"6 )
v i a n c o un tr i e s

D uri n g th e e a r ly p a r t o f the rei gn o f Vl a di m i r E ri c, the so n ,

o f Ha ra ld, kin g o f N or w a y fi tte d o u t a fleet a n d arm y a nd

, , ,

s a ilin g u
p the Ba lti c a n d the G ul f o f F in l a n d, l a nde d n ea r
the s p o t w h ere St Pe t e r s b u r g n o w s ta n d s, a n d a d v a n c in g o n
.

th e t o w n o f A ldeigia bu i g ~ l o n l a ke L a do ga l a id w a s te a ll
, ,

the co un try o n hi s r o u te pl u n d er in g a n d s l a yi n g the i n h a bi

,

t a n ts a n d bur ning the ir dw elli n gs He b es ieg ed a n d ca pt u re d

.

the to w n, whi c h be d es tr o ye d w ith i ts c a s tl e by fire, s p r e a di ng

d eso la tio n o ver a ll the c o u n tr y r oun d a n d occ u pyin g
G ibbo n s
‘
F
Dec line a nd a ll o f the R om a n E m pi re
“ .

T
1 hi s to wn is suppo s ed to be th e s a m e a s N ota burg, now Schussel burg. wh ic h i s on an
i sl a nd formed b) th e Nev a a nd th e la e. k
 108 THE ARc HER AND THE STE PPE
” ‘

. .

alto geth er fiv e year s in thi s for a y , w hi c h i s thus m enti on ed

in the N o r w egi an Ba n d a dr ap a f

w e gen er ou s E a rh b ra v e an d bol d ,
h o s c a tte rs h i s br ig h t s hin ing g ol d ,
f

E ri c , w ith fire- s c a tterin g h a nd‘ ,

W a s te d th e R us s i a n ' m o na rc h s l a nd .

W i th a rro w s h o w er . a nd s to rm o f wa r,
W
W a ste d th e l a nd o t a i d' em ar ;
‘

A ld ei g ia burn s , a n d E ric s m igh t

S co uts , th ro ug h a l l R uss i a by i ts li ght .

I n 9 82, the B ulgar ia ns fr om th e Vo lga in v a d ed Russ ia ,

bu t w ere d efea te d a n d forc e d to r e tr e a t a n d th e fo llo w in g

, ,

ea r h a v in g a l s o s u bdu e d th e Y atv a ge r s a Fin n i s h tr ib e

y , , ,

w ho u p to thi s p e r i o d ha d r e m a i n e d un c o n qu e r e d a n d i n de
p en de n t o f Ru s sia the Gr a n d Pr in c e u p on hi s r e tur n to Kidf
,

pr o c l a im e d a r eligi o u s fe s tiv a l i n h o n o u r o f the go ds to sho w ,

h i s gr a titu de for his v a r i o u s s u c cess e s a n d a c co r di n g to the ,

pr ev a il in g c u s to m s up on Su c h oc ca s i on s l o t s w er e c a s t am ong ,

th e p eo pl e fo r th e c h o i c e o f a hu m an v i c tim to be offer e d u p ,

a s a s a c rifi c e to Pero u n , the go d o f thun der in the s a cr e d .

,

fir e th a t w a s ke pt p er p etua lly bu r n in g b ef o r e hi s d ec o r ated

s hr in e l Th e p r o c l a m a tio n w a s r e c e iv e d w i th en thu s ia sm
.
-

by the p eo pl e a n d g rea t p r e pa r a tio n s w e r e ma d e for the

,

c er e m o n y but th e l ot fa ll in g u p o n a youn g Chr i s tian n a m e d

I v a n w h o s e fa th er F e d o r ha d c o m e fr o m C o n s t an ti n o ple a n d
,

s ettle d in K io f a n d the l a tt er r e fu s in g to d e l iv er u p his s o n

,

a s th e v i c tim to th e i r m is tak e n z e a l th e p eo pl e a ss em bl e d in ,

c r o w ds r o u n d his h o us e w hi c h th ey a tta c ke d a n d d e stroye d

‘

, ,

the tw o Va r a n gi a n s p er i s hi n g a m id s t the Thes e ,

h o w e v er a c c o r din g to the Ru ss i a n hi s tori a n s, w er e the on ly

,

Chr i s tia n s w h o s uffer e d p er sec utio n fo r th eir fa ith du r in g the

r e ign o f Vl a d i m ir tho u gh a t this per io d he w as z ea lo u s in
,

e re c ti n g s t a t u e s a n d a lta r s to the p a ga n d e iti e s o f hi s c ou ntry ,

a n d e xh a u s t e d the r i c h e s o f hi s p a la c e a n d tho s e w hi c h h e
“

h a d a c qu i re d in h is fo r e ign w a r s by m u l tiplyi n g a n d a do r n i ng ,

th e ir t e m ples a n d i m a ge s Rumo ur s of hi s t rea s ur e s a n d m u .

nifi c e n c e th e s tre n gth o f his a r m y the n u m b er o f hi s g ua r ds

, , ,

a n d h i s m ilit a r y e xpl o its s p re a d a m on g o th er n a ti o n s b eyo n d

,

the b o r ders o f Ru s s ia 3 a n d s e v era l Eu ro p ea n a n d A s i a tic

s o v er eign s s en t a m b a s s a d o rs to hi s c o u r t to o bt a in the se c ur i ty

L a l ng
‘
s Se a -
k ing s o f N o r w a y.
bo dy w a s o rw o od , h is h ea d o f s il v er, a nd c a rs a nd m us ta c h es of g old , h is
’
1 Beroun
'
s
l eg s o f i ro n , a nd i n In s h a nd h e g ra s pe d a th und er bo l t a d o r n e d w ith a s pe rs j
q
.

1 M S orth e la te B aron R osenka mpf, uoted by B ia c kmore

. .
 1 10 THE AR C HER AND THE s r a p r s .

ser vices, perfor m e d by r i c hly c lo the d pr i ests, a n d a c c om pa ni ed

by the beautifu l m u s i c o f th e c h o r i s ters daz zl e d a nd e nc ha nted
,

the c o m m i ss io n er s fr o m th e n o r th a n d, on th e i r r e tu rn to

th ei r o wn l an d they m a de th eir r e po r t b e for e the a ssem bly

,

o f b oyar d s a n d e ld ers a t K io f The a ss is ta n ce o f th is c ounc il

.

ha d b een re qu ir e d by Vl a d i m i r to a id hi m i n so im p o r ta n t a
,

sel ec ti on , a n d they d ec l a r e d to the Cza r th a t if the Gre ek,

r e ligion ha d b e e n a ba d o ne th e P r in c es s Olga w ho w as
, ,
”
the wis es t o f m o t r al s w o u ld
, n o t h a v e e m b ra c e i
d t This .

ar gu m en t a n d the r e p o r ts a n d d es cr i pti o n w hi c h the Ru ss ia n

,

en v o ys bro ught hi m o f C o n s t a n tino pl e e n ti r ely s a tisfi , e d hi m ,

a n d h e r es olv e d tha t h e n c e for w a r d th e fa ith o f Byza n tium

‘

s h ou ld be the r e ligio n o f his e m pi r e 3 bu t too pro u d to ,

r e c eive b a ptis m fro m the h u m bl e pr i es ts a lr e ad y es t a bli she d

a t K io f o r a n y o th e r th a n o n e o f the highe s t digni ta ri es o f

,

th e Chr i s tia n Chu rc h, a n d n o t w illin g to s o li c it fr o m the

G r eek em peror s th e fa v o u r o f bi s h o p s o r m i s si o n a ri es to c on
v er t hi s p eople in o r d er to o bt a i n a s u ffic i e nt nu m ber of
pr i es ts to s pr ea d ov er th e w h o le c o u n tr y in 987 he l ed a n ,

a r m y i nt o the Cr i m e a a n d l a id s i e ge to the w ea lth

, y a nd
p o p ul ou s c ity o f Cher s o n o n the s m a ll p en in s u l a kno w n to
,

the Gree ks a s the Her a c l eotic C h er s o n e s u s n o t fa r fro m the ,

p resen t site o f S e ba s to po l The t err it or y u p o n w hic h Cher

.

s on s to o d w a s d iv ide d o ff fro m the res t o f the C r i me a b a

, y .

w a ll fi v e m il es l o n g e xt e n di n g fr o m the Tc h er n a a R etehka
, y
to B a l a kl a v a , a n d the w ho l e o f this en c l o s u r e w a s o cc u pi e d
by the ga r d en s a n d v ill as o f th e i n h a bi ta n t s o f the t o wn ,

w h ose se c u rity w as pr o v i de d for o n th e l a n d s ide by a w a ll

ne a r ly tw o m il es i n l e n gth b u ilt o f li m es to n e fiv e o r s ix feet
, ,

thick, its m as siv e s tr en gth be in g fu r ther in c reas e d by three

to wers o f w hic h the l a r ges t w i th a g ua r d—h o us e b e l on ging
, ,

to it d efen d e d th e pr i n c ipa l ga te sl
, The ci ty w as bl o cka de d
'

for t welv e m o n ths by the R us s ia n pri n c e w h o fa iled i n s ev eral ,

a tt em pts to ta ke it by s t o r m w h e n a t r ea c h ero us Gr eek

, ,
n a m e d A tha n as iu s , s h o t a n a rr o w i n t o his ca m p wi th a n

i ns c r ipti on u po n it b e a r i n g this a dv i c e Tho u c a ns t s to p

o r tu r n a si de th e s o ur ce o f the s pr i n gs w hi c h a r e b ehi n d th ee

t ow a r ds the e as t ; it i s th en ce tha t the w a t ers o f the to w n

a re bro u ght to u s
”
He i mm e dia t e ly to ok a dva n ta ge o f this
.

K ara m s i n s
'
His tory of R us s ia
B la ck Sea
.

fH . D. S e
y m o ur
'
s R ussia on th e ,
"
he
t .
 V LAD I MI R THE GREAT. 111

i n fo r m a tio n a n d by c u ttin g o ff th e a qu e d uc t w hi c h s u ppli e d

, ,

the t o w n w i th w a te r i n a fe w d a ys co m p e ll e d th e c itize n s to
,

s ur r e n de r a n d o pe n th e i r g a t e s to hi s a r m
, y
*
He th e n pr o .

p o se d to trea t o f p ea c e w ith the e m p e ro r s Bas il a n d C o n st a n

tin e w ho r e ig ne d j o i n tly a t Co n s ta n tin o pl e a n d o ffer e d to
, ,

r es t o r e the t o w n o f Ch e r s o n a n d a l so to a ss is t the Gr e e k
,

m o n a r c h s in qu e lli ng a r eb e lli o n i n th eir d o m i n i o n s o n the ,

c o n di ti o n o f r e c e i v i n g fr o m the B z a n ti n e p r in c e s the h a n d
y
o f th ei r s i s t er A n n a in m a r r i a ge ; bu t th r e a t e n i n g to c a rr
y his
a r m s a ga i n s t the v er
y w a ll s o f the G r eek c a pita l if h is ter m s ,

w er e n o t i m m e di a t e ly c o m pli e d w ith A t th e s a m e ti m e h e .

c a u se d th e br a ze n ga te s a n d c ity b ell o f Ch e rs o n to be t r a n s

p o r te d to N o v o go r o d a s a t r o phy o f his v i c to r y a n d e r ec t ed ,

b e fo r e the firs t Ch r is ti a n c h ur c h i n tha t c ity w h ere th e fo r ,

m e r i n the e dific e o f S t S o phi a s t ill r e m a i n 51 th o u gh

‘
.
, , ,

a c c o r di n g to s o m e a u tho rs th e o r i gi n a l b r as s w a s a ft e r w a r d s
,

c a r r i e d by Bo les la f II o f P o l a n d to Gr o d n o a n d pl a c e d i n
.
,

th a t c a the dr a l I t w a s n o t th e firs t tim e th a t a Byz a n tin e

.

C aesa r ha d pu r c h a s e d a dis gra c e ful pea c e by giv in g a s is ter o r

a d a u ght e r in m a rr i a ge to a v i c t o ri o u s c h i e f w h o m th e y dis ,

d a infu lly r ega r de d a s a m er e ign o r a n t ba r b a r i a n a n d a fte r ,

s o m e h e s it a ti o n o n the p a r t o f the G re ek e m p e r o r th ei r fe a r ,

o f th e v e n gea n ce o f Vl a di m i r p r e v a ile d o v er the pr a ye r s a n d

e n t r e a ti es o f the i r s i s t e r w h o w a s o n l y i n d u c e d to c o n s e n t to
,

b e c o m e the w ife o f the Rus s ia n pr in ce th r o u gh th e i n flu e nc e ,

o f the a rtfu l a n d p o litic p r i e s ts w h o p er s u a d e d h er th a t by

, ,

th us d ev o ti n g h e rs e lf to h er c oun tr y a n d r e ligio n she w o u ld ,

u n d o u bt e dly e n s u r e th e e t er n a l sa l v a ti o n o f h e r so u l Ao .

c o r d in gly th e c o u r t o f Byz a n tiu m a gr e e d to th e p r o p osa l s o f

,

th e Cza r a n d c o n d e m n e d th e u n h a p py A n n a to p as s th e
,

r e m a i n d er o f her life i n th e r igo r o u s c li m a t e o f th e n o r th fa r ,

fro m th e a r ts a n d r e fin em en ts o f her o w n ga y a n d fr iv o l o u s
l a n d a n d the pr in c e ss biddin g a m o u r nfu l fa re w e ll to the
,

ple a s ur es a n d pa l a c es o f C o n s ta n tin o ple qu itte d fo r e v er h e r ,

n a ti v e c ity a n d a c c o m p a n ie d by a b o dy o f e c c l e s i a s ti c s sa il e d
, , ,

to Ch er s o n . In the c a th e d ra l o f thi s pl a c e o n the s a m e d a y ,

th a t Vl a di m i r w a s ba p tiz e d r ec eiv i n g th e n a m e o f Ba zil

, ,

w ith his t w e l v e s o n s a n d a ll the g en e ra l s a n d b oya r ds in hi s

,

a r m y hi s m a r r i a ge w ith the p r o u d d a u ght e r o f C o n s t a n ti n o pl e

,

C hronic les of N es tor .

1 Herbertstelu s
'
‘
R e rum Musc ov ltorum .
1 12 THE ARC H ER AND THE STE PPE .

was l brat ed by the Ar c hbis h o p o f Cher so n a n d b e fo re the

ce e ,

c e r em on b e fo r m a ll r e pu di a te d th e s i x w i v e s a n d e ight hu u
y y
dre d c on c ubin es i he ha d till the n p o s s e ss e d He th e n r e t u r n e d
‘
.

to K i of ha vi n g pre v i ou s ly e r ec te d a c hu r c h to S t B a zil i i n
,
.

Ch er so n in h o n o ur o f his p a tr o n s a in t a n d in r e m e m br a n c e
, ,

o f hi s c o n v e r s i o n b r in gin g wi th hi m his w ife a n d a ll the ,

prie s ts o f Ch er so n in cl u din g th e a r c hbis ho p o f th a t c ity a n d

, ,

a pr i e s t c a ll e d Mi c h a e l a Syr i a n by bi r th w h o m s o m e a u th or s , , ,

r el a te w a s the bi s h o p o f K i o f i n th e ti m e o f O s ko ld
,
and ,

w h o m he ha d a pp o i n te d m e tr 0 po lita n o f Ru s s ia a n d the si x

pr ela t es w ho ha d a c c o m pa n ie d th e Gr e ek pr i n c ess fr o m C on
s ta n ti n o pl e H e c a u s e d a l so to be c o n v eye d to his o w n
.

c a pit a l th e r eli cs o f S t Cl e m e n t a n d S t P hi ra w ith m a n y '

.
.
,

i ma ges o f sa i n t s a n d b o o ks o f r e ligi o n th a t h e ha d ca ptu r e d

,

i n the C r i m e a "
.
tw o i m a ges o f br as s a n d fo u r ir o n h o r ses ;
,
,
,

a n d c o mm a n d e d the w o o d e n s t a t ue o f P er o u n to be dr a gge d

by t w el v e s o ldie r s th r o u gh th e s tr ee ts o f K i o f a nd, a fter ,

b ein g b a tter ed by c lu bs , to be c as t in t o the D n i e p er a t the »

s a m e ti m e pr o c l a im i n g, tha t al l w ho s h o u ld r e fus e to r e ce iv e

the r ite o f b a pti s m s h o u ld be trea te d a s th e e n e m ies o f Go d

'

a n d th e i r pr i nce
I t w a s un n ec essa ry to c o m p el th e Ru s s i a n s to o b e di en c e by
a ny m o r e r ig or o u s m ea su res ; fo r s u pp o s in g th a t tha t r eligio n ,

There rem a ined tlll w i th in th e l a s t few year s exte nsiv e ruins of thi s c ity, but m any
“

o f its s to nes w ere e mpl oy e d to c ons tr uc t th e m od ern S e bas to po l, a n d it s u ffered s till fur
F
th er d ev a s ta tion in th e la te W a r , w h en th e re nc h c o nv e rte d th e m. w ith th e fra gm en ts o t
a c h u rc h i n to ba tteries
. . T
h ey di scov er ed th e re m a ins o f a to w er a m o ng the r ubbis h ,
u po n w hic h w a s a n i nsc r i pti o n, s ta tin g it to h a v e been res to re d a bou t th e y ea r AD 491 . .

The tr a c e s o f th e a nc ie nt ro a d s a nd g a rd e n s th a t c ov e re d th e littl e territo ry o f th e c o IOny,

a n d th e prin c ipa l s tree t, w h ic h w as a bo ut tw e nty feet w i d e, w i th the g re a t m a r et k
p lac e . a re s ti ll di s tinc tly tra c ea bl e, and th e r em a ins o f a la r ge pa la c e s ta n d o n o n e s id e
o i a s m a l l s treet lea din g to th e m a r et- pl ac e
‘

k
L ie utena nt K ruse w a s c o m m i ss ione d by
k
.

the R us s ia n g ov ernm e nt to m a e exc a v a tions a m on g th e rui ns a n d h e unc ov e re d th e

C
,

a n c ient c a th e d ra l o f herso n w h e re Vl a d im ir w a s ba ptiz ed , i n w h i c h a fe w c o lu mns o f a

fine w h i te c ry s ta lline m ar bl e, s triped w ith blue, w e re s ti ll u ninj ure d a nd a sec o nd c h urc h ,
w hic h w as l a r g er th a n th e c a th e d ra l, bu il t in th e for m o f a G ree c ro ss. a n d fty fee t k fi
e ac h w a y Th e se mic i rc ula r s ea ts for th e c lergy w e re fo und e nti re , a nd a c oa rs e m osa ic
.

s ti ll exis te d a s th e p a v em e n t It a p pears to h a v e been a G ree k tem pl e tra ns fo r m ed i nto

C C C
.

a hr is ti a n hurc h , a nd w a s p erh a ps th e a nc ien t Par th e n on o f h ers o n, d e d ic nted to th e

f l Ol d iv i ni ty o f the T
a m i — H D . S ey mo ur s “ R uss ia o n the
’
S e a a nd S en B k
fi
fil
. la c
0f ao
f k
Herberts te in sa y s th a t h e e pt th ree h un d red in a h igh tow er i n K lot; th ree h und red
i n B le lo g ra d , a n d tw o h und re d a t eres tof a nd S elv i B .

t Th“i s c h urc h w a s a ls o e xc a v a te d by Lieutena nt K ruse N es tor, i n hi s c h ron "

icles .

s a ys , th a t th e Princes s Anne w a s re c ei v e d by th e K h e rs o ni a n s i nto th e ir p ort. a n d

th a t th ey co n d uc ted h er to th e s i nc e
“
Th e ba pti s m o f l a dimi r to o pl ac e i n th e V k
C
.

c h urc h o f th e H
o ly M o th er o f G 0 4 a t herso n, s itua te d i n the m id s t of th e to w n , o n th e
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m a r et-pl ac e It i s here ne a r th i s c h ur ch th a t is to be seen to th is any, th e p a l a c e o f
.

V I
.

la dim ir, a nd th a t of th e p r ince ss m me dia te ly a ft er th e ba p tis m. th e bis h o p c on

.

d uc te d th e pri nc ess for a noth er c e rem ony , th a t of m ar ria g e Vi a di m"i r o rd er ed to“ be built
a ch urc h in K h erso n. w hic h c h urc h m ay s till be s een i n o ur d a y s — Nes tor s re nc h
‘

F
T
.
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ra n s l a tio n. v ill 183
C
. .

M ourav le fis
’
h urc h of R ussia
C k V C
.

l a r e s ay s th a t h e o bta i ned s ome co pper c o ins of la d imi r i n th e h er s o nese, w ith

upo n the m proba bly marki ng the era o f hi s ba ptism —H f) S eymour s
'
it R us si a on
B
. . .

"
th e lack Sea , &c , x 169 . . .
 1 14 THE ARC H ER AND THE S TEPPE .

teri es w hic h Vl a dim i r c a u se d to be e r e c t e d thr o u gho u t his

e m pi re, w a s the C a th e d r a l o f the Tith e s a t K i o f, so ca ll e d
fr o m a v o w th e p r in c e m a d e to e n d o w it w i th th e t en th p a r t
of his ve nu es a n d w hi c h w a s c o n s tr uc t e d by Gr e e k a r c hi
re ,

t ee ts br o u ght fo r th e pur po s e fro m C o ns t a n ti n o ple w h o a l so

, ,

fo u n d e d s to n e b u ildi n gs in the c a pita l for th e n a ti o na l

a s s e m bly a n d h a lls o f j u s ti c e M a n y o f th e G r e e k bo o ks of
.

r eligio n w e r e tr a n s l a t e d in t o th e Sl a v o n i c l a n g ua ge by o r d e r

o f the C za r w ho in tr o d u c e d th a t v er s io n o f the Bibl e in t o

Ru s s i a w hi c h h a d b e en tr a n s l a te d a b o u t a c en tu r y be fo re by
Cyr ill u s a n d he s en t m is s io n a ri es to pr e a c h to the Bul ga r ia n s
o n th e V olga w h o h o w e ver did n o t m ee t wi th m a n y con
, , ,

v er ts fi B u t th e ir r e pr e s e n t a tio n s in du c e d fo u r o f the pr in c es
' r

o f th a t p ro v i n c e to vi s i t K i o f w h e r e th e y a ll s u b s e qu en tly
,

e m br a c e d th e Ch r i s ti a n fa i th Th e Ma h o m eta n p r i n c e o f the
.

P e tc he n ega n s w ho w i th a l a r g e r e tin u e m a de a fr i en dly

, , ,

j o u r n ey to th e Ru s si a n ca pit a l w a s th e m o s t e m in en t pr o s elyte
,

o f th e C za r fo r w hil e h e r e m a in e d th e gu e s t o f Vla di m ir h e ,

c a r e fu lly o b s e r v ed th e r i te s a n d c e r e m o n i e s o f th e Gr eek

r e ligi o n a n d, o bta in in g a th o r ou gh k n o w l e dge o f i ts do c

,

t r i n es , c a u s e d him s e lf to be ba p tize d a n d t a kin g up hi s , ,

r e s id e n c e i n th e c i ty r e m a i n e d th er e till hi s d e a th
,
a n d in

th e yea r 9 9 1 the C za r r ec e ive d a n e m b a s s y fr o m R o m e s en t ,

by the p o pe to a s su r e h im o f his e s teem a n d r e ga r d The .

a ver s i o n w ith w hi c h hi s b o ya r d s r e ga r d e d hi s i n n o va ti o ns ,

a n d his e ffor ts to sp r ea d the a r ts a n d s c h o l as ti c l e a r n in g o f

Byza n tiu m a m o ng th e m c a u s e d Vl a di m ir to m a ke a la w
,

o bligi n g th e m to a ll o w th ei r s o n s to a tt en d the s c h o o l s be ha d

fou n d e d a n d he e s ta blis h e d a p a ym en t o f ti th es fo r the

r e li e f o f the p o or , a ge d s ick s t ra n ger s
, a n d p r is on er s
, as
, ,

w ell as to pr o vid e for the fu n er a l s o f th o s e w h o di e d w i th o u t

l ea vi ng s u ffic i en t to d e fr a y the e xp e n s es o f th ei r bu r ia l .

Th ese tith e s co n s i s te d o f a fixe d co n tr ibu tio n o f c o r n c a ttle , ,

a n d th e pr o fi ts o f t r a d e b es id es a ta x c o ll e cte d fr o m e ver y
,

c a u s e w hi c h w a s t r i e d ; th e r ight o f j u dgi n g c a u s e s b e i n g

gr a n te d to the bi s h o ps a n d m e tr o po lit a n w ho a d m i n is ter e d ,

j us ti c e a c c o r din g to the ec c l e si a s tic a l l a w s p r o m u lga ted by the

E m per o r Jo hn the S c h o l a r o f Co n s ta n tin o ple l .
‘ ‘

M oura v iefl’s Ch urc h o f R us s i a

The fo ll o w i n g i s a n exac t a nd v er b a l c o py o f th e edi c t i n q ues ti o n a c c ordin to th e
.

f
text o f th e mos t a nc i e nt co d e x o f th e thi rteenth ce ntury
.
In th e na me o f th e e th e r
a nd o f th e S o n a n d o f th e Ho l y Gh os t I P r i nce B a z il c a ll e d a l s o Vl a di m i r s on o f S v i a
.

tozl af gra n d so n o f l or a nd o f th e h o l y Pr i nc e s s O lga h a v i n g rec e i v e d th e s a v i ng r i te

. , , , .

o f bap ti s m fro m th e sa rs o f G reece a n d fro m l h otiu s th e a tr i a rc h o f C ons ta n ti no ple

, ,
’
p
a n d h a v e b ro ug h fi st et pol ita n Leontiue w ho thereup on ha s ba ptized t he
, , . ,
t t o K i o f th e r m ro ,
 V LAD I MI R THE G REAT . 1 1 53

D ur in g the ign o f Vla di m ir , Tryggv e Ola fssen the kin g

re
,
o f o n e o f the s i x pr o vi n c e s i n t o whi c h N o rw a y w a s divid d
e ,
a n d a gra n d s on o f H a r a ld Ha r fa e r fa llin g a victi m to
g , the
con s pira c y o f Gu m ilda the wi fe o f E ric Hera ld s s o n w h o , ,
’
,
wi sh e d to s ee h er hus ba n d s o l e p o sses s o r o f hi s fa th e r s ki n g ’

dom a n d, le a vin g a s his s u c c es s o r o nl y a n in fa n t so n hi s

,

in he rita n ce w as s e ize d u po n by the n e ighbo ur in g pr in c es , a n d

As tr id, the w ido w o f Trygg v e w a s c o m pe ll e d to fly fr om th e ,

c o un t r y w ith he r so n Ola f, a tten de d by Th ora lf, a fa ithful

’
a dh eren t o f h e r h u s b a n d s to th e c o u r t o f Ha co , kin g o f ,

S w e den w ho b o ldly r e fuse d to de liver h er up to No r w a y

, .

S he r em a i n e d tw o ye a rs w ith thi s gen er o u s p r i nc e 5 bu t, th e

u s ur pi n g chi e fs th r ea t en i n g hi m w ith s ign a l v en gea n c e if h e

r es is t e d t h e i r d e m an d A s tr id fea r i n g to e n d a n ger her

pr o , ,

t ec tor r eso l v ed to t a ke re fuge w ith h er b r o th er Sigu r d , w h o

,

h a d b een l o n g i n the s er vi c e o f Vl a dim i r a n d fill e d a high ,

o fli c e a t hi s c o u r t Sh e ther efo r e l e ft S w e den w ith th e

.
,

i nt en tio n o f j o in i n g h er b r o th er i n Ru s s i a ; but, w hil e cr o ssin g

the B a lti c h er v e ss e l w a s c a ptur e d by s om e Es th on i a n
,

Wh ol e c ountry of th e Rus s i a ns S
h a t I b uil t to th e Holy Moth er o r
om e
yea rs a fter t
G od the c h urc h c a ll e d th e Ch ur c h o ( th e Te n th s a n d e nd o w e d th is c h urc h as th e
.
,

c a th ed ra l w i th th e r igh t o f r e c e i v i n g ti th e from the w h o l e c o un tr of th e R u ss i a ns s o

, ,

fa r a s my d o m i n i on exten d s w i th thi s p rov i so th a t to thi s h o use 0 th e S a v i o ur and or

.

h is h ol y m oth er b e lo ng s t h e te nth m i te (s qu i rre l s k i n) o f th e j udi c i a l d ues i n th e di s tr i c ts

, , ,

o f th e p ri n c ed om a nd f r o m c o mm erc i a l i m po s ts th e pro d uc e o i th e tenth w eek ; m oreov er

,
‘

from e v e ry h ous e a n d ta m l l fro m c a ttl e a n d fro m rea ped c o rn th e tenth m ust be p a id

, ,

An d s i nc e u po n rea di n t e G reek N o ma neo n I h a v e di s co v ere d th a t a cc o rdi n g to a

, , .

p recep t th erei n ce nta i ne th er e a r e ce rta i n m a tters o f d iapute w hic h It do es not be l o ng

, , ,

to th e p ri nc e a nd h is b oy a rd s a nd j udg es to ta k e c og n i za n ce o f a nd to d ec id e u p on th ere
th re h a v e I a l te r d ue d elibe ra ti o n w i th m y c o ns or t th e Pr i n e ss An n a a n d w i th my c hil
, ,
c
d ren reso l v ed to co nc ed e th e a d m i n i s tra ti on o f a s tice i n certa i n fi xe d c ases to th e
, ‘
,

c h urc h th a t is to the m e tro o l ita n a nd co ll ec ti v e is h o p s o f th e R us s i an terr i tory

,

Ac
co r d ing iy ne i th er s h a l l m y ild ren n or g ra n d c hild re n no r m y la tes t d escend a nts e i th er
, . .

c i te be ibre th e i r tr ib unal s ec c les i a s ti ca l erso ns o r us ur p th a t Ju di c i a l p o w er w h ic h h a s

, , ,

been co nce d ed to the ch urc h fo r thi s excpna iv e ly bel o n gs to h e r a cco rdi n g to my gra nt
,
"

He oes on to s ta te a ll th e v ar i o us cr i mes u po n w h ic h th e c h u rc h i s to pa ss j udgme nt

, .

a dd g It i s a ls o a m o n g th e a nci e nt r e gu la ti o n s th a t th e bi s h o ps s h ould h a v e the

,
ng
s up erv i s i on o f the mea s ures w e igh ts s c al es a n d b a l a nc es o f the to w n a nd o i th e m a rk et
,
, '

Ov er th es e m a tters m us t t!) e bi s h o ps w a tc h ne i th er increa s i n g no r di m i n i s hi ng the m

, , .

a nd o n the u n i v ers a l d a y o f j nd g m e n t th ey s h al l a ns w er fo r th is a nd fo r th e s a l v a ti o n o i
,
‘

so ul s N o w th es e are th e pe rs o ns w hi c h belo n g to th e c h urc h : th e s tew a rd s o f th ei r

,

e s ta tes th e p r i es ts (p o pes ) d e a c o n s a nd th e lr c h ild re n th e w ife o f a p r i es t a nd the w h o le

. ,

bo dy o fcl erk s : mor eo v er th e m o nk t he n u n th e w o ma n w ho ba kes th e ho ly brea d th e

, , , ,

i tered pilg ri m th e phys i c i a n th e ma n w h o by a h o l y m i ra c l e is restored to h ea l th

, , , .

cl o s
th e s l a v e w h o m h is m as te r r e l ea s es for th e goo d of h i s s o ul th e s tra nge r th e bli nd a nd
, , ,

th e l a me ; es pec i a lly the m o nas te r i t he h os pi ta ls a n d e s ta bl i s h me n ts fo r the ca re of

, , ,

gues ts a nd s tra ngers All the se a re t e peo ple wh o fo r the s a k e o f G od bel o n g to the
,

c h urc h Be twee n these p a rti e s the m e tro po li tan o r th e bi s h o p is to ac t a s j udge a nd to

. , ,

a rra n ge the o ffe nces di s p ute s a n d c o n te n ti o ns w h i c h ta ke pl ac e a mon g th e m as a ls o

. , ,

the s ucc es s i o n o f pr o pe rty N o tw i th s ta n d i ng w h e n a ny Judi c i a l m a tter a r i s es b etw een a

, , ,

p ers o n bel o ngi ng to the c h urc h a n d a no th e r m a n the tri bun a l a pp oi nte d to j udge th e
. ,

ca u se s h a ll be p a rtl y c i v il a n d p a rt! ecc l e s i as ti ca l .

In c a se th a t a ny one e i th e r 0 m y c hild ren or d es c end a n ts sh a ll a c t c ontra ry to

,
“

thi s decree ma d e i n c onform i ty w i th th e re g ul a ti o n s o f th e Ho ly F a th er s a nd o f th e fi rs t

. ,

Tea rs or s h a ll a ny li eute na nt s te w ar d o r j udge or a ny o th e r p e rs o n i n fri n g e th ese p r i v i

,

l e ges o r the c h urc h m a y th e c urs e ligh t up on hi m b o th i n thi s a nd th e li te to cpme

, , , ,

a ccordi n g to th e j udg me n t o f th e H0 1 fa th ers a n d o f th e s ev en g e n e r a l co u nc il s — l rom

, , ,
“ <
, .

M s of B aron R osenka mpf q uo ted a Bl a ck m ore s “ N otes to M o ura v i efi s Ch urc h of

' '

R us s i a
. ,

L ai ng s “ S ea-ki ngs of Norw a y

.
‘
.
116 THE AR C HER AN D THE S TEPPE
'

i
c or s a r s , fter pu tti n g s o m e o f the c r ew to d ea th di v id ed
w h o, a ,

the r em a i n der a m o n g th e m ; a n d Ol a f a n d Th o r a lf w er e
s e pa r a t e d fr o m A s tr id fa lli n g to the s h a r e o f a pir a t e ca ll e d
,

K le rko u w ho c on s id er i n g Th or a lf to o o ld to be o f a n y s er vi ce
,

as a s l a ve kil le d hi m bu t t o o k Ol a f to E s th o n ia w h er e h e
, , ,

e x c h a n ge d him fo r a r a m w ith a p ea s a n t by w h o m h e w as ,

trea t e d w ith m uc h kin dn e s s a n d w ith w h o m h e c o n tin u e d ,

n ea r ly s ix ye a r s At the en d o f th a t ti m e w h e n he w a s n in e
.
,

ye a r s o ld Sigur d, th e br o th er o f As tr id c a m e fr o m N o v o gor o d
, .
,

to E s tho ni a a c c om p a n ie d by a s pl e n did a n d n um er ous r e tin u e

, ,

to c o ll ec t th e ta x es o f Vl a di m i r 5 a nd w hil e pa s s in g thr ou gh ,

o n e o f th e t o wns c h a n c e d to s ee O l a f a n d , o bs er vin g th a t h e
,

, ,

w a s a fo r e ig n e r s en t fo r hi m , a n d i n qu i re d his n a m e a n d
,

c o u n tr y Ola f r e la t e d a ll his ad ven tu res a n d Sigur d dis

.
, ,
- l

c o ver i n g th a t h e w a s his o w n n e ph e w b ou gh t hi m fr o m the , .

p ea s an t to w h o m he b e lo n ge d, a nd to o k hi m to N ov o gor o d
tho u gh w itho u t m a kin g kn o w n his n a m e a nd r a n k It .

c h a n c e d tha t Ola f w a s o n e d a y in the m a r k e t pl a ce w h en .

-
,

a m o n g m a n y p eo pl e a s s e m bl e d th er e h e r ec o gn ise d K l er kon , ,

th e c ors a i r w ho ha d pu t Th or a lf to d e a th a n d h a vi n g a ,

s m a l l a xe in his h a n d , he s t r uc k hi m o n th e h ea d a n d
'
‘ '

ins ta n tly kill e d him a n d th e n h a s ten i n g h om e to hi s l o dgi ng

, , ,

i n for m e d Sigur d o f w ha t h e h a d do n e A la w e xis t e d i n .

No v o go r o d to the effec t th a t if a ny m ur de r w a s c o m m itte d

,

i n th e c ity a ll the p eo ple s h o u l d u ni t e in se e ki n g o ut a n d

“

d i s c o ver i n g th e c r i m in a l a n d a c c or din g to th e a n c i e n t J ew i s h
,

la w s t on e h i m to de a th i n th e s tr e e ts a n d fe a ri n g l es t Ola f ,

s h ou ld s uffe r thi s s u m m a r y pu n i s h m e nt fr o m th e h a n ds o f
th e c iti zen s , w ho w e r e m a ki n g a s tr i c t s ea r c h for the a ssas s in ,

Sigur d c o n du c te d him to th e pa la c e* o f th e Gra nd

Pr in c es s d a n d in fo r m in g he r o f w ha t h a d h a pp en e d, en
‘

tr ea te d her to pro te ct his n e ph ew She w a s pleas e d w ith ,

the a pp ea ra n c e o f the bo y w h o m s he a ffi r m e d w a s fa r to o

,

h a n ds o m e to be s la in ; a n d, i n t erc e din g fo r him w ith

Vla di m ir , o bta in e d a c o m m u ta tio n o f his pun is h m en t to a
fin e w hic h s he he r s elf imm e di a tely p a id a n d e xpr esse d a
, ,
.

des ir e to r e c eive him in to her h o us e h o ld As it w a s c on .

tra r y to the l a w s o f R u ss i a fo r a n y foreign p r i n c e to r es id e i n

the c o un tr y w itho u t th e e xp r es s pe r m i s s i o n o f the C za r
,

Sig urd in fo r m e d her o f the r e a l n a m e a n d r a n k o f Ol a f a nd ,

It w th e c t m i N
as og od fo th
us o G nd Pri nc
n ov ord P i c ss to es id in
r e ra e an r n e r e
sc a ra tc p l h b i g tte d d by a q ll y m
a a c es . e ac e n a ti
n e
pShe s called Allog ia in the s a ga of O l af T yggv eson trom whic h this ac countis tak e
n e ua nu e rous re n ue.
i r n.
,
 1 18 THE AR C H ER AN D THE ST E PPE .

a cce pt e d when a yo u n g Ru ss ia n s te ppe d o u t o f the r a n ks

, ,

a n d fa lli n g o n hi s kn ee s b e fo r e h is pr i n c e h e r e q u es t e d tha t
, ,

h e m ight fill the h o n o u ra bl e p o s t o f c o m ba ta n t fo r h is n a ti o n

i n the a pp roa c hi n g d u e l He w a s o r der e d fir s t to p r ov e his
.

v a lo u r i n a n e n c o u n t e r w ith a n i n fu r ia t e d b u ll a n d h a vin g , ,

o bt a in e d a s ig n al s u c c ess h e w a s u n a ni m o u sly p r o c l a im ed
,

the c h a m pi o n o f Ru s s i a by th e a rm y a n d th e Cza r The .

r i v a l fo r c es c l o s e d r o u n d th e c o m ba t a n ts a n d w a ite d wi th ,

b rea thl es s a n xie ty the i ss u e o f th e s tr u ggle b e t w ee n the

giga n tic Pe tc he n e ga n a n d his s m a ll e r bu t m o r e a gile a dv er
s a ry . I t l a s te d bu t a fe w m o m en ts a n d ter m in a ti n g w ith ,

the de fea t a n d dea th o f the fo r m e r the v i c to r w a s e l e v a t e d ,

o n the s p o t to th e r a n k o f a b o ya r d a n d a n a r m is tic e o f three ,

e a r s w a s a gr e e d u p o n — the Petc h e n e ga n s r e ti r in g to th ei r
y
ow n lan d Bu t u p o n the c o n c lu s io n o f th e tr u c e th ey a ga i n
.
, ,

i nv a de d Ru ss ia a n d l a yin g s iege to o n e o f h e r fr o n tier t o wn s

, , ,

Vl a dimi r i m m e dia te ly m a r c h e d to the a s s is ta n c e o f the

in ha bita nt s Ho wev er hi s ea r ly s u c c ess h a d n o w a ba ndo n e d
.
,

him the Ru ss i a n s w er e d e fe a te d i n a fie r ce ba ttl e be fo r e the

w a ll s the ir a rm y w a s c o m pl et ely r o u t e d a n d di s p e r s e d a nd
, ,

the Cz a r o n ly e s c a p e d de a th o r c a pti v ity by c on c ea li n g hi m

s e lf u n d er a br idge w hile the v i c t o r i o u s tr oo p s p as s e d o n a n d
,

plu n de re d a n d d ev a s t a t ed hi s t err ito r i es .

Ja ros la f th e p r i nc e o f N o v o go ro d t a ki n g a d v a n t a ge o f thi s
, ,
’
de fe a t o f his fa ther s a r m y a s i ts a lm o s t c o m ple te a n n ihil a
,

ti o n w o ul d pr o b a bly r e n der it im po ss ible fo r th e Czar to

e n fo rc e o b e di e n c e u po n h is r e b elli o u s s o n 5 a n d b ei n g c hi e fl
y
i n d uc e d to ta ke thi s s te p by the w is hes o f the c itiz en s o f
N o v o g o ro d w ho h a d a l w a ys b een j ea l o u s o f th e s u p r em a cy o f
,

K i o f a n d d es ir e d to for m a n i n de p en d e n t s ta t e h e r e fus ed
, ,

to pa y th e a c c u s to m e d tr ib u te , a n d a r m e d hi m s el f a ga in s t his
fa the r Vl a di m i r c ollec tin g his sc a n ty n u m b er o f fo llo w ers
.
, ,

p ut him s e lf a t th ei r h ea d, a n d p r e pa r e d to m a r c h a ga i n s t
N o v o go ro d bu t th e r e v e rs es his a r m y ha d s u s ta in e d a n d the ,

in gr a tit u d e o f hi s s o n s o pr eye d u po n hi s m in d th a t he die d

, ,

b efore he h a d a dv a n c e d m a n y m iles o n his r ou t e o n th e 1 5 th ,

o f J uly 1 0 1 5 a t the a g e o f sev en t

, , y sev e n He l e ft e le v e n -
.

s o ns, i n c lu din g his a do pte d n eph e w a m o n g w h o m he ha d ,

div ide d his em pi re n a m ely S v i a to po lk p ri n c e o f T v er , ,

S ou desla fi pr in c e o f Po lo tzk N i c o l a s p ri n ce o f Tc her n ig ofi;

' '

, ,

Vl a dim ir pr in c e o f Sm olen sko M ic isla f p ri nc e o f T m u ra

, ,

c a t a n o r T a ma n B or is, Gleb, Ja r osla f, pr in c e of Nov ogo ro d 5

 V LAD IMI R THE GREA T . 1 19

Izia s l a f, S v i a to sla f, a n d S ta n i sla us a nd o ne d a u ghter, M a ry,

w h o m ar r i e d Mie czysl a v I I , kin g o f P o l a n d
. H i s to r i a n s
.

h a v e bes t o w e d u po n Vla di m ir th e titl e of G r e a t ; a n d he a n d

his w ife, the G reek p ri n c es s A n n a , w ho di e d b e fo r e him i n
1 0 1 1, a r e e n r o ll e d a m o n g the sa in ts o f R uss i a H is r em a i n s
.

w er e i n te r r e d i n a m ar bl e c o ffin , a n d buri e d i n the Chur c h o f

the Tithe s to w hi c h he ha d c a us e d the r e lic s o f th e Gra n d
,

P r i nc ess O lga to be r em o v e d, a n d whi c h w a s a fte r w a r ds

bu r n e d a n d des tr oye d by the Ta r ta rs when they ga in e d
p osses s io n of Russ ia 5 but, i n 1 63 6, Pe t er Mo gila , a rc h
bi s ho p o f K i of, dis co v er e d u n der i ts r u ins the c o fii ns o f the
Cza r a n d the Gr ee k prin c e ss , a n d, h a v i ng r e mo v e d the h ea d o f
Vla di m i r to th e Pec hersky m o n a s tery, he l eft the r e ma ini n g
b o ne s t b ed ’
un di s ur .

The i n tro d uc ti o n o f Chr i s tia ni ty form s a gra n d e p o c h in

th e hi s to r y o f e v ery n a ti o n fro m the c o m pl e te r ev o l u ti o n i t
,

pr o du ce d i n th ei r m a nn e rs a n d c us to m s, by its c r ea ti n g a
bo n d o f un io n be tw een the m w hi c h pr ev en te d th eir fo rm er
,

p er pet u a l a n d d esu lto ry w ars Fr om th a t tim e they gr a dua lly

.

s e ttl e d to m o r e p ea c e fu l a n d i n d us tr i o us o c c u p a ti o n s livi n g ,

by a gr i c ul tu r e or m a nu a l skill r a ther th a n by pl u n d er i n g
their m o r e w ea lthy or w ea ker n e ighbou r s, or fo llo w i n g the
r es tl es s a n d pr i m itiv e pu rs u it o f hu n tin g a p re ca r io u s m o d e

of life w hi c h h as ev er a l lo w e d littl e s c o p e for th e m o ra l a n d

,

i n te lle ctua l d ev e lo pm en t o f th o s e na tio n s w ho s e ha rs h c li m a te,

o r u n pro d u c ti v e s o il ha v e c o m p e ll ed th em to a do pt the c h a s e
,

as th e ir o n ly m e an s o f s u b s i s t en c e I t w a s h a r dly to be
.

e xp ec te d tha t i n R us s ia , fr o m the m a n n er i n w hi c h Chr i s ti

a ni ty w as fo r c e d u p o n the p eo pl e, it s h o ul d m a ke a s m u c h

a ltera ti o n in the i r c o n diti o n a n d h a bits as if th e i r c o n v ers io n

ha d p ro c ee d e d m or e s l o w ly a n d fr o m co nvi c ti o n a nd n o t
, ,
’
m er ely fr o m o be dien ce to the ir s ov er eign s w ill a n d c o m m a n d .

The figu r e o f th ei r h ouseh o ld go d w ith w hi c h e v ery Ru ss i a n

,

w a s a c c u s to m e d to a d or n th e w a lls o f his hu t, w a s r e pla c e d

by a pi c tu r e o f h is p a tr on s a in t a n d the e n th u si as m w ith
,

w hi c h th e y p erf o r me d the r it es o f the ir pa ga n c ree d w a s ,

t ra ns ferr e d to the s er vi ces o f the Ch ri s tia n fa ith ; bu t th ey

as si m il a t e d th es e to m a n y o f th e ir b a r ba r ou s c er e m o n i e s a n d ,

r e ta i n e d m a n y o f thei r a n c i e n t s u p ers titions , s til l r egar di n g

w ith a w e a n d r ev er en ce the r i v ers a n d gro v es th a t th ey h a d

fo rm erly h e ld a s sa c red to the i r go ds, a n d kee pi ng a s ho li da ys
th os e da ys a n d sea s o ns o f th e yea r w hic h they ha d be en
Mournv le fl s
'
C h urch of Rus sia
.
1 20 Tu e ARC HER AND THE S T E PPE .

*
a cc us om e t d to
‘

th eir he a th en fes tivals

s et a pa r t for To .

this day i n the m or e rem o te v ill a ge s a n d pr o vin c e s of Ru ssi a

, ,

m any o f th eir a nn iv e r s a r y c e l e br a ti o n s a nd c us t om s r a ther

“

r esem bl e th e ii do l a t r o u s p r a c ti ces o f th ei r a n c es t or s th a n th o se
-

of a people wh o pr o fe s s th e Chr i s tia n r e ligi o n fi

'

l Little a lter a ~ ‘

tio n a pp ea rs to h a v e b een m a d e i n th e c l o thi ng a n d m a n ner o f

livin g o f the p eas an try ; a n d ev en the fo rm o f th eir dw ellings ,

fr om the d a ys of S v ia to zlaf a n d Vl a dim i r to the pr ese nt

‘

tim e fo r th e Ru s s i a n s h a v e a l w a ys bee n r e m a rka bl e fo r the

t en a c ity wi th w hic h they h a v e a d here d to th ei r ha bits an d
fc u s to m s a n d for th e i r a v er s i o n t e e n
, y c ha n ge o r inn ov a tion
a n d th e s a m e l o v e of m u si c an d p o etr y, a tt ac hm ent to th eir
l a c e o f bir th in do len c e , a n d res pec t to a ge, a pp ea r s to ha ve
p ,

c h ar a c t er ize d the i r p e a sa n t ry th e n a s it d oes n o w The , .

p ra ctice w hi c h s till pr ev a ils a m o n g the la tt er, o f form ing

the ms elves in to villag e co mm u n iti es a n d h o ldi ng their ,

l a n ds i n c om m o n, e l ec ti ng a c hie f fr o m a m on g th em selv es
e very thr e e y ear s a pp e a rs to h a v e b e en in fo r c e fro m the
,

p eri o d w h e n they fir st a ba n do n e d th ei r n o m a di c h a bits , and

m u c h res e m bl e s the a n c ien t sys te m o f H in d o sta n As i n both .

R ussi a an d China , a t the pr es en t da y, a fa ther w a s su pr eme

in his h ou seh o ld, hi s a u th o r ity b ein g a bs o l u t e o v er his wife
‘

a n d c hildr en a s th a t o f m a s t er s o v er s l a v e s , a n d o n his d ea th
'

the el d es t s o n suc c e e de d to hi s p os iti on as a r biter an d s upe

r i or o f th e fa m ily } : Th ei r w o m en a pp ea r fro m the ea r li es t
The R ussian pea s a ntry a t th e p res ent d a a lmos t nniVers ully c el ebra te th eir marria ges
a t th e se a s o n o f the yea r form e r ly d ed i to th e S l a v o n i c o d s o f l o v e a nd marria ge a .
"
p ractice w hic h pre v a l'ied a m o ng s t th e h e a t
’
h en S la v o ni a n s r Pl nkerto n s Russia
'

. . .

1 O n M ids um mer s ev e a c us to m s ti ll exis ts l n R us s ia , a m o ng th e lower cl as ses. t hat

- -

q
ca n o nlv be deriv ed fro m a v e ry re m o te a n ti uity , a nd i s per h a ps a re m na nt o f the w or
s h ip o r Ba a l A a rt of ea s ant w o m en a nd g ir ls a ss em bl e i n some re ti red a nd unim
p y p
.

quented spo t a n l ig t a a rge fire, ov e r w h ic h th ey lea p in s ucce ss io n ! by c ha nce any I

on e o f th e o rb
.

or sex s hou ld be i ound n ea r th e pla ce. or s h ould h a v e seen th em i n the ac t

o r per fo rming th e h ea l h enns h rite , it i s a t th e i mm i n e nt ri s o f his l ife ; for th e wo men k
fi
W o uld no t sc ruple to s ac ri c e h im fo r h is te meri ty I w a s as s ured th a ts uch ins ta nces ha d
‘

k
.

ofte n bee n no w n E ng l i s h w om a n i n R uss ia "

.

Fo r e a cco ui it o t the s a me cer em ony , i n w hich th e m en a l so j oined , see Dr in er P k

a
‘

.
' ’'
ton a us ela .

A fe a st res embling th e h e a th en S a tum a lia w a s c el ebr ate d as l ate a s the present cen
tury, i n the v e ry s tre ets o f the ca pita l, by th e pe as a ntry o f Russ ia
k
.

Ha n li a us en m e ntio ns in h is w o r o ne o r tw o in s tance s o f the exte nt to w hich ev en

no w the a tria reh ai sys tem i s car rie d i n R us s i a “
It i s th e c ustom in Mosco w for al l
.

th e da ug i ters w h eth er ma rrie d or s ing le, to p a ss th e w h o le o f th elr ev e nln s i n the

a a r tmen ts o f thei r mo th er , w h i c h g re a tly d ere n g es th e d om es tic life of the l usbnnd
.

P
.

he rin ces s G w a s mentio ned to m e a s the ty pe o f th e w i fe o f a boya r d of a ncie nt

R uss ia : ev ery ev ening till h er d ea th s h e w a s s urround e d b h e r d a ug h ters On one .

o c c a s i o n. o ne o f th e d a u g h ters , th e Pr inc e s s A w h o he l a h i gh os itlon a t court,

wa s pre v ente d by h er d uty il c m v is iti ng h er m o th er. w h o. o n the fo lo w ing m orning,
-
l
ov er whelm ed h er wi th the bn ter es t r eproa ch es He r d a ug h ter exc used h erself by
q
.

pl ea d i ng h er oblig a tio ns to th e e ti uette o i th e p a la c e ; but th e s o le a ns w er w a s , E v ery

’ ‘

ev eni ng of a d a ug hter bel on gs to th e m oth er , th a t i s th e u s a g e o f R uss i a) Her s on, who

h ad c o mma nd ed a c orp s d a r mé
‘
e a s ge ner a l- i n c h i e f, a nd w h o h a d been succes s iv el a n
y
-

a mba ssa d or, a gov er nor g

.
- e n l
era , a nd h a d fi
lle d oth er hi h ofli c es, w a s obli ged. when at
. P
S t eters bur to W a lt o n h is m o ther e v e ry m or ni n g i e v entured o ne d a y to m a e a
. k
slig ht ch a n e n the s ta bles o f h is m oth e r, by s u bs titutin g a g oo d h ors e fo r on e tha t be
d eemed bu h is m o ther res ented th is bold ne s s for th e fol lo w in g morni ng sh e i nflicted
.

on hi m sev eral sev ere blows, Whi ch he receiv ed wi th submi ss ion

"
.
1 22 THE AR C HER AND TH E STE PP E .

by Sv i a tozla f a n d Vl a dim ir , o f di v iding the em pir e among

th e ir s o n s p r o d uc e d gr ea t di ss e n s i o n i n the s ta t e a n d p er p etu a l
, ,

c ivi l w a r s . Her s tr e n gth a n d p oliti c a l i m p o r ta n c e b e i ng

dim in is h e d s h e thu s b ec a m e a pr ey to her fo r e ign en e m ies
, ,

o p en i n g by h er i n t er n a l t ro u bl es a w a
y fo r th e e n tra n c e o f
th e fie r c e a n d r e s tl e s s tr ib es o f As i a w h o w a n d er i n g i n s ea r c h
, ,

o f fo r a ge for th e i r h ors es a n d p a s tu r e fo r th e i r h er d s , u p o n
,

h er b o r d e r s w er e e v e r r e a dy to pr o fit by h er divi s i o n s o r
,

c a l a m itie s to m a k e i n r o a d s u p o n h e r t er r it o r i e s a n d th e i r

c o n tin u a l i n v a s i o n s r e t a r d e d fo r yea r s the a dva n cem en t o f

c o m m er c e a n d le tt er s , a n d the s o c i a l p r o gr es s o f Ru ssi a 3 a n d

u l ti m a te ly b r e a kin g o ff a ll c o m m u n ic a ti o n w ith C o n s t a n ti
,

n o l e a n d the W e s t r e pl un ge d h er p eo pl e i n t o th e i n o r a n c e
p , g
a n d ba r b a r i sm fr o m w hi c h in th e r e ign s o f Olga a n d Vla di m i r
’

, ,

th ey a ppea r e d to be b e gi nn i n g to e m er ge .

Fr o m the in tr o d uc ti o n o f Ch r i s tia n i ty in t o Ru s s i a till the

tim e o f P e t er the Grea t , th e Ru s s i a n s li ke the Gr eeks da te d
, ,

the c u rr en t yea r w hi c h b e ga n i n S e pte m b er th o u gh by a n

, ,

e r r o n eo us c a l c u l a ti o n fr o m the c r ea tio n o f th e w o r ld
, Thus .
,
’
th e yea r o f Vl a di mir s de a th A D 10 15 w a s ca ll e d w ith
, . .
,

th em A M 652 3
. . .
 C H AP T E R X .

g bistopolh— d lgz $ 0 13 5 inbs he fi ussis — é

lml fs s a .

In th e eld igh lp d
t o f m o ra
’
r u e nc e s ch ool d.
l gl h ig l d
How fee i n y a t o m e th e s ov e re n ru e ,
h g h h
Lo l he a ra n u es hi s c o o r ts - t ere th e s to rm
b h i
O f a ttl e mee ts h im in a ut ent c form .

Y e t high o r l ow
N one bl eed a n d n one l ie p ros tra te but the foe
,

. . — Wo m)s w o nm

Fr o m a n. d g to th e R us s ian d ates
1 0 1 5 to 1 063 ; or, a c co r in , fro m a n. 6523 to 6 5 81
.

S VIATOPOLK , the s o n o f Y a r o po l k, th e eld er b r o th er o f

Vl a dim ir , h a vin g b een b or n a ft er the d ea th o f his fa th e r , ,

h a d b ee n a do pt e d by the Cza r a s his o wn s o n , a n d ha d r e

c e i v e d th e go ver nm en t of Tver a s his s h a re w h en th a t p r i n c e

divide d the em pir e a m o n g hi s s o ns bu t the s u c c es s io n to

the thr on e o f K i o f ha d l o n g b een the o bj e ct o f hi s a m bi ti o n ,
a n d h e h a d chie fly re s id e d th e r e d u r in g the d ec li n i n g
ye a r s
o f Vl a dimi r , w ith th e in te n ti o n o f se izin g u p o n this i m p o r

ta n t c ity o f th e em pir e, a s s o o n as the gra ve s h o u ld h a ve

c lo se d u p o n th e C za r Bu t a fo r mi d a bl e r iva l e xi s te d in th e
.

pers o n o f Bo r is, a n o th er s o n o f Vla dim ir, w ho w a s e m pl o ye d

w ith the a r m y a ga i ns t th e Pe tc h en e gan s a t the ti m e o f hi s
fa th er s de a th, a n d w ho ha d r en dere d him s elf e xtr em ely
’

po pu l a r wi th his soldi er s a n d the n a ti on a t l a r ge Th e .

for m e r un a n i mou sly pr o po se d to a ssis t him in ga i n i ng the

va c a n t thr o ne , but he r ej ec te d th e i r ofier, d ec la r in g th a t it
'

d e vo lve d r ightfully u p o n the e ld er b ro th er ; this, h o we ve r,

did n o t pr es er ve hi m fr o m th e c r uelty o f Sv ia to polk, w ho ,
fea r i n g tha t he m ight o pp os e his a mbitio us s c h em e s, ha d
a lr ea dy d e s pa tch e d a s s a ss i ns with or ders to m u r d er him .

Th e y en tere d h is t en t in th e n igh t, w h ere he a n d hi s br o the r

Gl e b w ere en ga ge d in p r a yer , a n d, ha vi n g firs t s tr u c k d o w n
th e s en ti n el w ho gu a r d e d it, pu t a n e n d to th ei r liv e s a nd

th es e tw o youn g pr in c es, w ho p oss essed m any vi r t u es , a n d

w ere m u c h b el o ve d by the p eo pl e , w h ose s ym p a thy th e y
es p e ci a lly p r o c ur ed, fr om th ei r fa llin g victi ms to the a m bi
1 24 THE AR C HER AN D THE STEPPE .

tio n and cr u elty o f th ei r bro th er w hil e a t their de vo

-

tio n s w er e a fe w yea rs a fter the ir d ea th ca n on ize d by the

, , ,

Ru s s ia n Ch ur c h a n d th eir t o m b i s s till sh ow n i n the a n c ient

,

ca th edr a l a t Tc her n igo fi An o th er br o th er w ho a ttem pte d

'

. ,

to fly i n t o Hu n g a r y w a s s ei ze d u p on a n d br o u ght b a c k to
'

K i o f w h er e h e w a s pu t to d e a th a nd S v ia to po lk, su pp os i n g
, ,

th a t the r e m a inin g s o n s o f Vl a dimi r w er e e s ta blish e d a t too

gr ea t a di s ta n ce to give him a ny c au s e fo r fea r as sum e d the ,

go ve r n m en t of K i of bu t Jar o slaf, the pr i n c e o f No v ogor o d,

'

i n dig na n t a t th es e cr ue lti es a n d r eso lve d to a v enge the

,

m u r d er o f hi s b r o th e r s , a dv a n c e d u p o n K i o f w ith a n a rm y,
a n d d ri vi n g Sv i a to po lk fro m the c a pi ta l fo r c e d him to t ake
, ,

r e fu ge w ith hi s fa th er in la w Bo le sl af kin g o f Po l a nd , w h os e
- -
, ,

a ss i s t a nc e the d ep o s e d pr in ce s o li c ite d for the r e c o v ery o f his

d o m in io n s Th e P oli s h m o n a r c h w ith a p ow erfu l a r m y

.

en t ere d R ussi a i n th e yea r l o1 8 a nd h a vi n g d efea te d the

, ,
_

ar m y o f J a ro s laf h e c om pe ll e d th e c ity o f K i o f to c apitula te

,

a ft er a bra ve d efe n c e a n d re pl a c e d Sv ia to po lk up on the

,

th r o n e a n d Ja r o sl a f h a vin g form e d a s c h e me to sur pri se

a n d c a r r y o fi th e l a tt er fro m h i s ca pit a l a n d hi s d es ign
'

fa ili n g i n the exe c uti on , r e ti r e d to N ov o g oro d to whic h ci ty ,

h e w a s p u rsu e d by th e i m pla ca bl e Bol es l a f, w ho d efea te d a nd

d es t r o ye d h is w h o le ar m y a t its ve ry ga te s Disc o u ra ged by .

hi s di s a s ter s a s h a m e d o f his d efea t a nd fe a r i n g tha t his co n

, ,

tin ne d ill s uc c e s s m ight a lie n a t e fr om h i m the a fiec tio n o f

-
'

h is p e o ple J a r o s la f m a de p r e p a ra ti o n s to c ros s the Ba l tic ,

,

a n d p a ss th e r e m a i n d er o f hi s life a s a n a dv e n tu rer in fo r e ign

l a n d s but u po n th e e ntr ea ty o f his s u bj ec ts , he w as ind uc e d

, ,

to a lt er his de ter m in a ti o n a n d r e ma i n a m o ng th em ; they

a l s o l e vi e d c o n tr ib u ti o ns u p o n th eir o w n c i ty to ena ble him

to pr o cur e m er c e n a r y t r 0 0 p s to a s s is t him i n the r e co v ery o f

K iof .

Me a nw hile Bo l esla f, w ith th e P o li s h a rmy, h a vi n g te—e sta b

l is h e d Sv ia to po lk in his do m i n io n s, th o u gh a t th e sa m e tim e
e x a c ti n g fro m him a yea r l
y tr ibu te, r efuse d to w ith dr a w fro m
K i o f, w hich wa s a t tha t tim e th e m o s t w ea l thy an d l uxu r i o us
c i ty o f the n o r th , till a t l e ng th her c itizen s a nd s o ldie rs ,
‘

w e a ri e d by the o ppr ess i o ns a nd e xa cti ons o f the P o l e s, for m e d

a c o n s pir a c y a ga ins t th em , d e si g n i n g to de s tr o y th e ir w h o le

a r m y by a s u dd e n m a s s a c r e , o r by the m ore s ec r et a n d i n s i

dio u s m ea ns o f p o i s o n Bu t Bo l es la f, ha vin g di s co v er e d thei r

.

in t en tion s on the ev e o f its fulfilm ent, a ss em bled a ll his

 12 6 THE AR C HER AN D THE S TEPPE .

ha d t a ken po s sess io n o f K i o f But the Kin g o f P ola n d un

.
,

w illi n g to s u r r en d e r e nti re ly thi s pr in c ip a lity in t o th e h a n d s

o f his for m e r e n e m
. y a n d e l a te d by th e v i c to r i es he ha d
,

l a te ly ga i n e d o ver the Pr u ss ia n s , w h o s e c o un t ry h e ha d
i n va de d to a ve n ge the m ur d er o f St A da lber tfl‘ a ga i n .

m a r c h e d u p o n K i o f a n d, su r p ri s in g th e a r m y o f Ja r o s la f o n
,

th e b a n ks o f the D n i e p er a tt a c ke d the Ru s s i a n s b e for e th ey

,

h a d tim e to fo r m a n d b ei n g s e i ze d w ith a pa n i c th e y fled in

, , ,
-

c o n fus io n hu r r yi n g a w a y the i r pr i n c e w ho w a s a lm os t
, ,

tr a m ple d to d ea th i n th e ir flight s o th a t Bol e sl a f o nc e m o re

b e c a m e m a st er o f th e c a pita l It w a s n o t til l a fte r hi s dea th
.

i n 1 0 2 5 th a t Ja ro s la f s u c c ee de d i n e xp e lli n g his s o n a n d
,

s u c c e ss or M i ec zys la f II a n d th e P o lis h a r my e n tir ely fr om

,
.
, ,

R u s s ia w h en a p ea c e b ein g c on cl u de d betw een th em it w as

, ,

c o nfi r m e d by th e m a rr i a g o f th e Po li s h kin g w ith Ma r y
e ,

the s is ter o f J a r o s l a f a n d d a u ght e r o f Vl a di m ir a n d c on ,

tin n e d thr o u gh o ut the w h o l e r e ig n o f Ja r o sl a f A s s oo n a s .

this pr i n c e ha d r e e s ta bli s h e d him s elf o n th e th r o n e o f K iof

-

h e in v a de d the p ri n c ip a lity o f Po l o tzk the t er r i t or y o f his ,

'

e ld er b r o th er So u d e s la fl w h o ha d t a k e n p a rt a ga i n s t h im i n
,

the l a t e w a r s a n d de fea ti n g a n d ca ptu r in g th e u n fo r t un a te

, ,

c hi e f h e th r ew h im i n t o p r i s o n
,
w h e r e h e d e t a in e d h im i n
,

c los e c onfi n e m e n t th r o u gh o u t th e w h o l e o f his r e ign th o u gh , ,

o n the d e a th o f Ja ro s la f, S o u d e s l a ff w a s r e l ea se d b his n e ph e w
y
I zi a s la f th e s o n a n d s u c c e s s o r o f the Gr a n d P r in c e a n d e m
, , ,

b ra c in g a m o n a s ti c life a s s u m e d the c o w l in the c l o iste rs o f

,

Pe c he rs ky a t K i o f .

O ne o f the s o n s o f Vl a di m i r , w h o h a d r ec e iv e d th e to w n
and
go v er n m en t o f Sm o le ns ko fro m his fa th er, a ppea rs to
h a ve t a ke n n o p ar t i n th e w a r s o f his br o th e r s , bu t tr a n s
m i tte d his pr in c ipa lity to hi s d es c e n d a n ts w hi c h th u s , for a ,

ti m e , b ec a m e s e pa ra te d fr o m th e R u s s i a n e m i r e sf The
p
fo u n d a ti o n of thi s c ity i s s u pp o s e d to h a v e b ee n c o e va l w ith
th a t o f N o v o g or o d it w a s a fl ou ri s hi n g to w n a n d s t a te
be fo re t he tim e o f Ru rik, a n d w a s a nn exe d by Ol e g to his
d o m i n i o n s o n hi s m a r c h to the c o n qu es t o f K i o f .

O n h ea r in g o f th e su c c es sf ul r es u lt o f the l o n g w a r b etw e en
the P o l e s a n d Rus s i a , M i c is l a f, the s e ve n th s o n o f Vla dim ir,
a n d pr i n c e o f Tm u ta r a ca n , a t o w n w hi c h ha d b ee n ca p ture d

d lb
S t A a e rt w en t to P i
ru ss a i n 1010, to re a c p h Ch i i i
r s t a n ty to th e h h
ea t ens o f th a t
'

di g Cl k p h d h i
.

c o u ntry Acc or n to D r
. a r e, h e .rea c e i n th e te n t c e ntury i n R us s a, the
ra n d i r i nc e ss O lg a h av m g r e ques ted th e E m peror 0 th o to s end mi s s i o nar i es
’
(
i
er e mp l re.
to co nv er t

Sé
g ur .
 SVI ATOPOLK — THE PO LE S I N VADE RUSSI A— JAR OSLAF . 127
'

by Sv i a to zla f from the Kh a za rs in th e m o d er n p eni nsu l a o f ,

Ta m a n o n th e s e a o f A zo f sen t a l e tter to Ja r o s la f r e
, , ,

q ues tin g fr o m him th e c ess io n o f a s m a ll po r tio n o f the i r

’
fa th er s va s t d o m i n io n s o f w hic h the Gra n d P r in c e w a s n o w
,

a lm o s t th e s o l e p o s s esso r M ic is l a f ha d p r o ve d hi m s e lf a .

b r a ve a n d su c c es s ful gen e r a l i n m a n y w a r s w ith the r e stles s

m o un t a i n tr ib es o f th e C a u c a s u s by w h o m his littl e kin gdo m ,

h a d b ee n frequ e n tly m en a c e d 5 a n d h a vi n g t er m i n a t e d a ,

h os tili ty tha t ha d l a s t e d for m an y y e a r s by d e fe a ti ng i n ,

s i ngl e c o m ba t th e c hie f o f the Cir ca ss i a n s h e b uilt th e ,

c h u r c h o f T a m a n i n r e m e m b r a n c e o f h i s su c ce s s a m e mor ia l
w hi c h e xi s t s a t the p r es en t da
y H e a l so a s s i s t e d the Gr ee k .

E m p e r o r i n a n exp e di ti o n a ga in s t the Kha za r s o f th e C ri m e a

bu t o n r ec eivi n g fr o m Ja r o s la f in c o m pl i a n c e to h i s d e m a n d , ,

a s m a ll t err it o r y w hi c h w a s i n s u fli c i e n t to s a ti s fy h i s a m bi
,

tio n h e m a r c he d w ith a n a r m y i n to R us s ia a n d a ft er c a r ry
, , ,
’
i ng o n fo r s o m e tim e a s u ccess fu l w a r i n h is br o th e r s
d o m i n i o n s a gr e e d to c o n c lu de a p e a c e After this it w a s
, .

fin a lly a r ra n ge d th a t the tw o b ro th e r s s h o uld r e ign j o i n tly

a n d w ith e q u a l p o w er o ve r th e w h o l e e m pi r e
; a n d th ey
c o n t in u e d to g o ve r n a m i c a bly t o g eth er till the d e a th o f
M i c is la f w hic h t o o k pla c e s e ven y ea rs a fter the c o n c l us i o n
,

o f the tr u c e By o r d e r o f this p r in c e the c a th e d r a l o f the

.
,

Sa vi o u r a t Tc her n igo ff w a s bu i lt fi"

In 1 0 3 0 the p r o vi n ce o f Es th o n i a re vo lte d a ga i n s t R u s s i a ,

a n d p r o c l a i m e d i ts elf a n i n de pe n d e nt s t a te Ja r os l a f m a r c h e d
'

a ga i n s t it a n d a fter r e es t a bli s hi n g hi s a u th or ity fo u n d e d

, ,
—
,

the t o w n o f D o r p a t c a ll e d by the Ru ss i a n s Jo u r ie ffi w h ere

,

h e pl a c e d a ga r r i so n to c o ll ec t th e t r ibu t e D o r pa t r e m a in e d .

i n the p o s s e ss io n o f th e R u s s ia n s till th e yea r 12 1 0 w h en i t ,

w a s c a ptu r e d by Vo lg um G r a n d Ma s te r o f th e K n ights o f ,

the S w o r d To s h o w his g ra titu d e fo r th e fid elity o f No vo

.

go r o d a n d fo r i ts va l ua bl e a ss is ta n c e i n his ti m e o f n ee d
, ,

Ja ro sla f g r a n t e d to its c iti zen s m a n y pr i v il eges a n d ga ve ,

th em a fo rm o f go ver n m en t w hic h l a id the fo u nd a tio n o f th e

Mourav iefl ’s Ch urc h o f R us s i a

1 Yo uri o r G e o r ge w a s th e Ch r i sti a n na me of Jaro si a f B ia ckmore in h is notes to
.

M o ura v i efi s Ch urc h o f R us s i a q uote s a s h o r t e xtra c t fro m a a p e r p re s e nte d to th e

, ,
. ,
' "

S oc i e ty o f R uss ia n His to ry a nd Antiq u i ti es i n w hi c h w i th rega r to th e d o ublec n a wmaess

,

o f th es e p r i nc e s h e s a ys Th e a nc i e n t S l a v o n i a n s h a d o nly one na me to w hi h
, ,
"

a dd e d th e i r p a tro ny m i c Th e R uss o S ia v o nia ns h a d us ua ll th ree na m es ; o ne gi v e n by

, , ,

th e fa th er a t th e i r bi r th a n o th e r a t th e i r ba p ti s m a nd th e ty
-

l li d th e i r p a tro n y m i c as for
.
'
,

i ns ta nc e S v ia to po ik M i c h ae l Is ya s ia v ic h Th e Ch r i s ti a n na m e s of ma ny of the r i nc e s
, , ,

a re no t k n o w n a n d i t i s i m a gi ne d th a t th ey w er e p u r p os e l y kc t s ecre t th a t th e
.

cam s
,
,

o f th e m m igh t no t be s u bj ec t to so rc ery or i nc anta ti on w hi c h t wa s s u pp os e d c o uld no t

,

e f ec t unl ess d on e i n the ri g h t na me

' "
.
128 THE ARC H ER AND THE S TEPPE ‘

i n depen d en c e a n d pr os p er ity th ey enj oy e d du r i n g the m iddl e

a ges , The g o v er n or o f th e pr o vi n c e , w h o w a s a l w a ys to be
a pr in c e o f th e r o ya l fa m ily , o n his i n s t a lla ti o n w a s b o un d

u p o n o a th to o bs e r v e the l a w s , a n d t o o k n o p a r t i n the
d e lib er a tio n s o f the p eo pl e The fir s t m a gis t ra te in th e city
.

w a s the p os a dn i clc, o r m a yo r , w h o w a s e l e c te d fo r a lim ite d

tim e , a n d u n der hi m w a s th e s e n a te , c o m pos e d o f the bo ya r ds ,
k o r tri bu n e , o n e o f w h o se
*
hi
w c wa s h e l e c tiv e ,
a n d the ti s a ts i ,

m e m b er s w a s c h o s e n by e ver y hu n dr ed free m en th a t c l a ss .

c o n s i s ti n g o f a l l w ho w er e n e ith e r n o bl es o r s l a v es .The
c i ti ze n s s a t i n j u dg m en t u p on th e ir o w n o r d er 5 n o n e but

N o v 0 g o r o dia n m a gi s t ra te s c o u ld be a pp o i n t e d by the so ve
r e ig n i a th e pr o vin ce , a n d th o s e w e r e to be a pp r o ve d o f by

a n d n o c itize n o f N o v o g o r o d c o u ld be a r r es t
'

the p os a dm c/ o

e d fo r d e bt . The y ha d a l s o the r ight o f i m po s in g th e ir o wn

ta xes, a n d fr a m in g th e ir o w n c o m m er c i a l la w s l .
‘ ‘

J a r o s la f a l s o pr o m u lga te d a l e gi s l a tiv e c o de , c a lle d Gr a m ota

S ou debu a i a , fo r th e g o v e r n m en t o f th e W h o l e e m pir e, a n d
th ey a pp ea r to h a ve b e en th e fir s t w r itten l a w s u se d i n
Ru s s i a Th e j u dge s tr a ve lle d fr o m pl a c e to pl a c e , a n d w e re
.

s u ppo r t e d a n d p a id by th e i n h a bit ant s o f the dis tr i c t w h er e

th ey a d m in is t er e d j u s ti c e The p un is h m e n t o f d ea th w a s
.

a b o li s h e d ; fo r m e r ly, w h e n a m u r d e r h a d b e e n c o m m i tte d ,

th e fa ther , b r o th er , s o n , o r n e ph e w , m ight a v en ge i t, bu t n o
o th er un l es s it h a d b ee n i n fli c t e d u p o n a c iti zen o f No v o
go r o d , i n w hic h c a se th e i nh a bit a n t s o f the to w n w ere b o un d
to a v en ge h i m by s to n i n g th e o ffe n d er to d ea th ; bu t this
c u s t o m w a s n o l o n ge r p e r m itte d , i n s t e a d o f it a fi n e b e i ng

fixe d a s the p en a l ty o f the c r i m e . Fo r th e a s sa s s in a tio n o f

a bo ya r d e ighty r i v n a s w a s e x a c te d , a gr ivn a b ein g w or th
’
g
a b o u t a p o u n d s w e ight o f s ilve r fo r th a t o f a fr ee R u s s i a n
,

fo r ty griv na s, a n d for e ver y w o m a n h a lf th a t s u m bu t for

the m u r de r o f a fe m a l e s l a ve a l a r ge r fin e w as a dj udge d th a n
fo r th a t o f a m a n . Fo r a bl o w w i th the fis t, o r the sh ea th
o r h a n dl e o f a s w o r d , for k n o ckin g o u t a t o o th, o r pul li n g a

m a n by the h e a r d, th e fin e w a s tw elv e g ri v n as fo r a bl ow
w ith a c l u b thr ee g r i v n a s , a n d the p un i s h m e n t fo r s te a li n g a .

h o rs e w a s i m pr iso n m e n t fo r life Th e o n ly a bs o l u te sla ves

.
‘

w e r e pr i s o n er s o f w a r , m e n o r w o m en bo ug ht o f for e ig n ers
a n d th e ir d e s c en da n ts bu t a d e bto r w h o c o u ld n ot a c qu it
hi m s elf o f his o bliga ti o ns w a s s o ld to his c re dito r s, w h o se
K a rax
‘
nsin s History of Russ i a .
 1 30 THE AR CHE R AND THE S TEPPE .

s tipul a t ed, th a t she sh ou ld be a c c om pa n ie d to N ov ogoro d by a

*
S w e de, who shou ld h o ld the s a m e r a n k in Ru s sia th a t he did
i n his own c oun tr y a n d , o n h er r e qu es t b e in g g ra n t ed she
-

c h o s e her br oth er i n la w the E ar l R o g n v a ld, to c on du ct her

- -
,

th e r e, b es t owi n g u p o n him th e go v er n m en t o f La do ga N ot . _

l o n g a fter the m ar ri a ge o f hi s da u ght e r , Ola f w a s dr iv en fr om

his ki n gdom by Ea r l H a ko n a r e b elli o u s a n d tur bu l en t v a s ,

s a l a n d w ith his w ife a n d s o n t o o k r e fu ge i n Ru s s ia , w h er e

,

h e w as pr ese n t e d by Ja/ro sl a f w ith a tr a c t o f l a n d s u fic i ent

fo r the su pp o rt o f his fo llo w e r s th e G r a n d P r i n ce li kew i se , ,

o ffe r in g hi m the s o ver e ign ty o f a pr o vin ce o n th e Vo lga , w hi c h

he r e fu se d a s h e p ur pose d u n d er t a ki ng a pil gr i m a ge to
,

Jer us a lem But th e d ea th o f Ha ko n ta kin g pla ce in 10 30,

.

a n d Ol a f d r e am in g o n e ni ght th a t a n a n ge l c o m m an d e d him

to r e tur n to Norw a y he r e p ai r e d to h is o w n k in gd om , l ea vi ng
,

hi s son Ma gn us to r ece iv e hi s e d u c a ti o n a t N o v ogor o d an d ,

en de a vo u re d by fo rc e o f a r m s to r e e s ta bli s h hi m s el f o n his -

thro n e The exp e diti o n h o w e ver pr o ve d unfortun a te, for

.
, ,

the N or wegi a n ki n g w a s d e fe a te d a n d kill e d i n the fa ta l

ba ttle o f Stikles ta dt I ~fo u ght o n the 2 9th o f J u ly o f th at
,
-

yea r a n d his h a lf bro th e r th e c elebr a te d H ara ld Har dra da l

-
, ,
' ‘

h a vin g b een severely w o un de d i n th e sa m e en ga gem ent ,

e s ca p e d to Ru ssi a , w h er e he w a s m o s t h o s pit a bly a n d h on our

a bly r e ce iv e d by the G r an d Pr i n c e w ho m a d e hi m o n e of his ,

gen er a ls In the po em o f Bo l v er k the Ska ld, hi s r esidenc e

.

in tha t co un try i s thu s m e n tio n e d

The k i g s h p w d lin l ea n nd b ri gh t
'
s ar s or es c a
Pr p d i f ign l d t fig ht
e are n o re
an s o
,

O k t h th i fil l
ur ra v e ns croa o av e e r
'

Th w lf h w l fi m th d i t n t hill
e o o s
'
o e s a
O rb ki g i t R i g e
.

u r av e n s o us s a on ,
B h h h '
ra v e r t a n h e o n e a r t t e re s n on e ;
His s h a rp s w o rd w ill c a rv e m a ny a feast .
Fo r wo n a nd r av en i n th e ea s t " .

Aft er r em a ini ng s ever a l y e ar s in Russ ia , in 1 0 3 4 be w i th ,

m an y o f his foll o w er s j o in e d th e V a ra n gia n g ua r d, w hi c h

,

w a s pr i n cip a lly c o m p o s e d o f his c ou nt r m en a t C o n s ta n ti

y ,

h o pl a 3 a n d a c co mp a n yi n g th e G r ee k s i n m an y w a rlike ex e
p
dition s to Sicily a n d a ga i n s t th e S a r a c en s, b oth in P a l es tin e
,

L a i ng s Sea k i ngs of N orwa y

’
- S a ga o f Ol a f th e S a i nt
"

forOwl af w asenwmoanrs hi "ed aans a Rs a i nt a nd c h urc h es ded i c a ted to h is mamor in S weden

. .

k, gl d us si a a nd e v en in C ons tan tl noi le, and his sh rine was

,
ay D
,
N i
l on reso rte d to by p il g r i m s
, , ,

grhe S tem .
.

Sag a of Haral d Hardra da .

 '
— THE
sv rAr OPOLK L PO LES I NV AD E RUSSI A— JAROSLAF . 13 1

a nd Afr i c a , he gra du a lly a m a ss e d gr ea t w ea ltht r ea s u r e , and

b oth i n go ld a n d j ew el s Fr o m tim e to ti m e he s en t thi s by

.
-

R u ssm n m er ch a n ts to N o v o go r o d to be i n t ru s t e d to th e c a r e ,

o f Ja r os la f un til hi s r e t ur n to h i s n a tiv e
’
D ur in g his r esid en c e a t the Gr a n d Pr in c e s co ur t he ha d ,

form e d a n a tta ch m en t to J elli sa v e ta (Eliza be th) or Ellis o f , ,

a s s he i s c a ll e d in th e Nor w e gi a n a n n a l s the d a ught er o f ,

J ar osla f a nd w hile s a ili ng a c r o ss th e Bl a c k Sea o n hi s r etu r n ,

’
to her fa th er s d o m i n i o n s h e c o m p o se d s ixtee n son gs in he r
,

pra is e a ll en din g i n th e sa m e w o r ds o f w hi c h the foll ow in g

, ,

i s a s p eci men

P S i ily w id pl i w fl ew
a st c s
'
e a ns e
A d tl i d w
,
w
a u n e s s , n e v er -
ear e c re
O ik i g t d h d th g h th
ur v n s ee r us
‘
ro u e sea,
A i k i g li k f t l t il d w
s v n - e as , as se
‘
e
1 thi nk l g thi h
.

N ev er , , a on s s o re
D id N m ors e il b f ;
a n e v er s a e ore
Y t t th R
e o e i q If
us s a n uee n, ear,
My g ld d o d I m
a oru td
’
, a no ea r .
"

On his N ov ogor o d in 10 45 he t o o k a ll the gold

t
r e u rn to , , ,

s ilk j e w e l s , a n d pr ec i o u s s t o n es w hi c h h e h a d a cc um ul a t e d
, ,

w hil e i n the se r vi c e o f the G r ee k e m p er o r i n t o hi s o w n

p o ss ess i on a n d th e No r w egi a n s a ga s r el a t e th a t “ th ey
a lt o ge th er m a d e s o v a st a t r ea s u r e th a t n o m a n i n the no r
'

thern l a n ds ha d e v er s een th e lik e be for e b e l on gi n g to o n e

m a n ; for h e had a s s i s t e d th e G r ee k s in th e c ap tur e o f eighty
’
s tr o n gh o ld s a n d h a d b een th r e e ti m e s th ro ugh th e em p e r o r s
,

t rea s ur y, the so ldi er s a n d o ffic e r s o f the Va r a n gia n gu a r d

ha vi n g th e p ri vil e ge o f pas s in g th r o u gh the i m p eri a l trea sury
o n th e d ea th o f th e em p ero r a n d k ee pi n g w ha tever th ey ,

co ul d s e ize u p on w hile m ar c hi n g a c ro ss T he w in t er a fter .

Her al d s r e tu rn to Ru ss ia he m a r r i e d the pr in c es s Jellis s

’
,

v e ta w ho ha d re fus e d th e ha n d o f s e ver a l p rin c es d ur in g his

,

a b s en c e a n d the e ve n t is th u s re l a te d by a n a n ci en t N o r we
,

gi a n ba r d, Stu ff th e Blin d
A g d er 's hi
c ef n ow g ai n a th e ueen, q ‘

W l g
h o o n hi s s ec re t o v e h a d e en ; l b
g ld d b
O f o , n o ou t a m ty s tore, igh
pi
Th e r nc e ss to h er us a n or e. h b db t

Ha vin g r em a n e i d tw o y ea r s lo n ger in Russi a , he em ba r ke d

Accor di ng to s ome a uth or s . th e r ncess p i Z oe, of C o ns ta ntim pi e w s e to marry i h d

h i m, a nd l h
o n hi s refusa t re w h im i n to r son, p i h p d
from w e nc e h e es c a e a nd returne to d
ia
R us s
f Laing s “ Sea ki ngs of N orwa y S a ga of Hara ld Ha rdrnda ’
.
’ - . .
132 ru e ARC HER a r e THE s rnr r n
'
.

for N or w a y, o n the i n vita ti on o f his n e ph ew M a gnus fi w ho

h ad l ive d s eve ra l y ear s a ft er the d e a th o f Ol a f a t th e c o ur t o f
N ov ogo r o d, a n d o nly qui tte d it a t the p res s i ng s o lic it a tions
o f his s u bj e c t s , w i th a sm a ll fle e t o f s hips , for his n a tiv e l a n d .

The v oya ge o f Har a ld to N o r w a y i s c o mm em o r a te d i n the

v erses o f the N o r se b a r d, Va lg a r d o f Va lli

Th e (a h-e s tca rgo s h ip e er bo re ’

F rom R uss i a s di s ta nt ea s te rn s h ore;

'

Th e ga ll a n t Ha ra l d h o m e w a rd b r i n gs ,
G o ld a nd a fa m e th a t Ska l d s ti ll s i ng s
”
.
,

He ign e d j o i ntly w ith Ma gnu s till the d ea th o f the

re

la tt er i n 1 0 4 7 w h en H a r a ld b e c a m e s o le p os se s s o r o f the
,

ki ngd o m ; a n d sub s equ en tly a s s i s ti n g To sti g, E a r l o f N or

thu m ber la n d the br oth er o f Ha r o l d, kin g o f En gl a n d in hi s
, ,
’
in vas i o n o f th a t p r in c e s d o m i n i o n s th ey w er e b o th d e fe a te d ,

a n d kille d i n a b a ttle fo u ght n e a r Y or k o n th e 2 5 th o f ,

S eptem ber 1 0 66, a n d th e N o r w egi a n m o n a r c h w a s su c

,

c ee d e d o n his th r o n e by hi s s o ns Ol a f a n d Ma gnu s x t
Ab ou t th e yea r 104 0 , Ja ro s la f b es to w e d th e go ver n m e nt
' ‘
f

of N o v o g o r o d u p o n hi s eld e s t s o n , Vl a di mir , w ho w a s a t th a t
ti m e t w e n ty yea r s o f a ge a n d ha d s c ar c ely e s ta blish e d
hi m se lf o n h is thr o n e b efo r e h e a ga in r evive d the p r oj e ct o f
a na va l i n v a s i on o f C o n s t a n ti n o p le — a n exp e di tio n w hich
h a d n o t b een u n der ta ken fo r h o s til e p ur p oses s i n c e the un fo r
tun a te a tte m pt o f Igor a nd w hic h in this ins t a n c e w as n ot
,

d es tin e d to m eet w i th gr ea ter s u c ces s U nd er th e pr e ten c e .

o f o bta in in g sa ti s fa c ti o n fo r th e m u r d e r o f a Rus s ia n i n th e .

Byza n ti ne e m pir e he sa il e d to the en tr a n ce of th e Bo s ph orus

,

but his fl ee t wa s r epu l se d i n th e a tte m pt to for c e a p a ssa ge

by th e Gr ec ia n ships a r m e d w ith th ei r d es t ru c tive a r ti ficia l
,

fir e, a n d m en fell vi c ti m s to the fla m es Bu t the .

fleet o f C o ns ta n tino ple be c o mi n g disp ersed in the p u rsu it, the

Ma gnus ig b
re n ed from a o ut 1035 to 1047 ; a fte r th e defea t and ea t d h of h
h is fa t er .
St. O la f
, d
h e re m a i ne for se v er al years i n R uss ia. Sl gv a t the Ska i d
I h
th e m erc a nt o ft w h o ri v es
a sk d
i hi
.

His tra de to R us s a, Ho w h e t r v es ,
b pi O ur no l e r nc e ? Ho w liv es h e t ere h
ill g d A nd s t oo n e w s , h is pra se I ea r
“
i h .

And Ar wer a noth er hard s h ortl y b efo re h i s re turn to N orway s ays

, , ,

It i s no l c o s e re p o r t th a t h e
W ho w ill c omm a n d o s t l a nd a nd se '

This g e nero us y o uth w h o sca tters g o (1

N or wa y s b ra v e s o n but ten yea rs old
'
,

Es riggi ng s hi ps i n Rus s a i s la ke
, ,
'

ms cro wn with fiie nds s up port to take

-
,
’
, .

He was j oine d i n N ov o rod b m a y o f h is fath er s foll owe rs whom h e a ccompan ed i

'
,
to S w ed en w h ere th ey u ti m et y re"ga ined pos ses sion of N orway
t La ing s Sea k ings of N orway
, .
’ - .
 1 34 THE ARCH ER AND THE S EPPE T .

K io f, and em p o w er in g th e l a tt e r to pu t d o w n a ny i ns ubor d i
n a ti o n o n the p a r t o f h i s br o th ers by fo rc e o f a r m s a n d on

h is d ea thb e d r em em b er in g the c a l a m it o u s w a r s w hi c h h a d
,

fo ll ow e d the d ec ea se of S v ia tozl a f a n d Vla di m i r a n d th e di s ,

s e n s i o n s w hic h the p a r titi o ni n g o f th e e m pi re h a d a l w a ys

o c ca s i o n e d h e e n tr ea t e d h i s s o n s to live a t p e a c e w ith o n e
,

a n o th e r a n d n o t p er il th e s a fe ty a n d w elfa r e o f th e i r c o un tr y
,

fo r t he i r o w n s el fis h a m bitio n He w a s b ur i e d i n the , .

c a th e dr a l a t K i o f w hi c h h e h a d fo u n d e d a n d w h o se w a ll s
, ,

h a ve s u r vive d th e s t o r m o f th e M o ngo l i n va s io n , a n d e very

fir e s a c k a n d s i ege to w hic h th e u n fo r tun a t e c ity h a s b een
, ,

s in c e s u bj ec t e d a nd th e m a r bl e m o n u m e n t s till s ta n ds th a t
.

w a s e r e c te d o ver h i s t o m b a n d b e i n g a l m o s t th e o n ly sa r c o
, ,

pha g u s o f th e ki n d i n R us s i a it h a s b ee n s upp o s e d tha t it

,

w a s b r o u ght o r igi n a lly fro m C o n s ta n ti n o pl e * .

Fo r the p er i o d i n w hi c h h e li v e d Ja r os la f w a s a l ea r n e d ,

a n d a c c o m plis h e d pr i n c e a n d a dilig e nt s t u d e n t a t a ti m e
,

w h e n r e a di n g w a s c hi efl y c o n fi ne d to th e p r i es ts H e ha d .

r es t or e d to h is e m pi r e the i n es ti m a bl e bl e ss i n gs o f p e a c e ,

w hi c h h e g en er a lly pr eser ve d thr o ug ho u t h is life a n d his ,

m em or y w a s l o n g h eld i n w e ll m er ite d g r a tit u de a n d e s t ee m

-

fo r th e j us ti c e a n d m o der a tio n wi th w hic h h e r ul e d a n d the ,

w is do m a n d e qu ity o f hi s l a w s 5 but th e di s a s tr o u s p r a c ti c e of
the per io d to w hi c h h e c o n fo r m e d o f dividin g his d o m i n i o ns
v ,

a m o n g hi s so n s p r o du ce d a t his d ea th a r e p e titi o n o f the

,

dis s e n s i on s a n d r e vo lu ti on s w hic h ha d u s h er e d i n the c om

m e n c e m en t o f th e fo r m er r e ig ns a n d the i m p er i a l pr i n c es ,

di sr e ga r din g the dyi n g i nj un c tio n s o f th eir fa th er a n d fo r ,

g et tin g e very o th er c o n s id er a tio n in a m biti o n fo r th ei r o w n

p er s on a l a ggr a n dis e m en t a n d des i re fo r in d ep en de nt so ver e ign
p ow er r e pl un ge d Ru s si a in to a ll th e h o r r ors o f a disa s tr o us
,

a n d d es o l a tin g c ivi l w a r ,

In a pp ea ra n c e J a r o sl a f w a s s ligh tly m a d e w ith bl a c k eyes

, ,

a n d h a ir a n d r a th e r b e l o w the m iddl e s ta t u r e
, H e m a rr ie d .

the p rin c es s Ingi ger d o f No r wa y w ho a c c o r di n g to a c u s to m , ,

th a t still pr e va il s a t the c o ur t o f Ru ssi a i t o o k the n a m e o f ,

-

I r e ne o n e m br a c in g the Gr ee k fa ith a n d by w h o m he h a d ,

s i x s ons a n d fo ur d a u ghte r s ; n a m e ly Vla di m ir w ho died , ,

b efor e hi m 5 Izi a sl a f w ho m a r r ie d a d a u ght er o f the E m p er or

,

’ "
Plukerton s R uss la
p i
1 E v e ry fo re l g n r nces s, w h' o m a rr es i a p ri nc e of th e i m peri a l fa m il y o f R us s i a 18
d p k ll s a me ti me c h a ngi ng her na me a nd ta ki ng th a t
,
l to a o t th e Gre e f e
O bll g ef io n, a t th e
of a m um in the R uss a n ca en ori l .
 SVIATOPOLK — THE PO LES I NVADE RUSSI A— JAR O SLAF . 1 35

H en r y I II G erm a n y, a n d s u c cee de d to the th r o n e

. of of K iof
S v ia to zl a f, pr i n c e o f N o v o g o ro d , w ho m a r r i ed the i t
s s er o f

C as im i r ki n g o f P o l a n d 3 Vizis la f pr in ce o f Po lo tzk Vyze

, ,

vo l d w ho m a rr ie d a p r i nc ess o f the Gr e e k em pir e the

, ,

da u ght er o f C o n s ta n tine Mo n o m a c hu s a n d Ha ltéth e Bo ld 5 ,

J el li s a v eta the w ife o f H a ra ld Ha r d ra da king o f No r w a y

, ,

An na the qu e en o f Hen ry I ki n g o f F r a n ce ; a n d tw o
, .
,

o th er d a u ght e r s o f w h o m o n e b e c a m e th e w ife o f B o le s l a f II .
, ,

ki n g o f P o la n d a n d the o th e r es po us e d the ki n g o f Hu n ga ry
, .

Th e i n v a s i o n o f C o n s t a n ti no pl e by Vl a di m ir Ja ro sla fo v i tz ,

w a s th e l a s t h o s til e a ttem pt o f th e Ru s s i a n s u p o n th e e m pi r e
o f th e G r ee ks F r o m this tim e th e ir fr ien dly i n te r c o ur s e
.

r e m a in e d u n di s t ur b e d fo r m a n y
yea r s bu t th e c ivil w a r s th a t
p r e va ile d in K io f d ur i n g th e r e ign s o f the s o n s o f J a r o sla f ,

gr ea tly d i m i nis h e d th e ir tr a de a n d co m m er c e a n d a s the

T a r ta r t r ib es in Ru s s ia gre w m o re p o w er ful fr o m th e w ea k
n e ss o f K io f th e ir m e r c h a n t v es se l s u n l e ss s t r o n gl
, y a r m ed ,

a n d a tt e n d e d w e r e fr e q u e n tl
, y pl un d e re d i n the D n i e p er by
th es e de pr e da to rs l o n g b efo r e they h a d r e a c h e d th e s h o r es o f
,

the E u xi ne S e a B ut th e R u s s i a n s r e m a in e d fir m ly a tta c h e d
.

to the r e ligi o u s fa i th o f the Gr ee ks a n d w e r e th e o nl y n a ti o n,

w h o r es po n d e d w ith a n y a ss i s t a n c e to the l a s t a pp ea l o f the

Byza n ti n e e m p er or fo r s u ppo r t a g a i ns t th e fin a l i n va s i o n o f
the T u r k s
.
and as C on s ta n tin o ple b e c a m e m o r e d ee ply
i m b u e d w ith ec cl es ia s ti c a l p rej u di c es a n d m o re h o s tile to the,
”
L a tin n a tio n s the E a s ter n Ch u r c h
, s a ys Fin la y be , ,

c a m e i n th e ir e y es the s y m b o l o f th e i r n a tio n a lity a n d the ,

bigo te d a tta c h m en t o f the R us s ia n s to the s a m e r eligio u s

fo r ma lities o b ta in e d for th e m fr o m the Byza n tin e G ree ks the
,

a p e ll a ti on o f th e m os t Ch r is tia n
p
F i nl ay s B yza nti
'
ne Em pi re .
 CHAP TER XI .

t he a
C
(
irn s— 51
61 31: w a rts— fila m ent of fib
igni— gz intahzs
Q uins — Mgr S zljuks— angra l mag —
3 1g g ram — weld
fiha lg— d lgz finintgi rift , .

"
I‘ls he of Guiana - fierc e i n w ra th
I i
He co me a nd nd a ‘s a e m s di d
'
Lie s c a tter i n his r u no us a ti p h
bl d h d
His oo - oun s h e ad o rns wi t h gema
é
Pri s ts i n the v e r l gh
y ra m; he s au ters.
ih gi i g ks
A nd c ho ke s up w t th e l tte r n w rec
’
g ld h
Oi o e n s ri nes , th e s ac re d

HAV I N G se en the Russi a n s s ettl e d ow n und er a r e gular

gover nm en t w ith a j u s t a n d e qu a l c o de o f l aw s, a n d b egi n
,

n i n g to s pr ea d a m o n g th e m se lv e s th e p olite a r t s a n d m an

n e rs o f th e G reek s b e fo re p r o c ee din g to the divi s io n of

th e ir pr o vi nc es a nd the dec lin e o f their p o w e r w hic h fr om
, ,

this tim e gr a d ua lly dim in is he d till th ey ha d r ea c h e d the c om

pa r a ti v ely i n sign i fica n t p o s itio n th a t the y m a i n ta in e d i n the
m iddl e ag es it is n ec ess a ry to e xa m in e i n to the th en e xi s ti ng
,

c o ndi tio n o f the Tu r an i a n or T a r ta r n a tions o f C e n tr a l Asi a,

by w h o m this ch a n ge in th eir p r o spects w a s chie fly in fl uen c ed,
an d the i r s u b se que n t mi s fo r tun es i n tr o du c ed .

I h a v e a l r ea dy men tio n e d th e m o s t p ow er ful a n d a n c i en tly

civili zed o f th ei r r a ce, the H un s o r Hio ng nu s th e ir em pir e, ,

th e ir d ec lin e th eir in va s io n o f E ur o pe, a n d u l ti m a te fa ll A

, .

fe w yea r s a ft er th e y ha d s u n k i n to o bsc u rity, the Ava rs fir st

a pp e ar e d o n th e c o n fi n es o f E u r o pe a n d, co m in g fr o m T ra n

s oxia n a e n c a m p e d n ea r th e fo o t o f th e C a u c as us e n te re d in t o
, ,

a n a ll i a n c e w ith th e Sl a vo n ic tr ib e o f th e Al a ns a n d tra ver , ,

s i n g th e e a s t o f R us si a i n v a d e d G eor gi a a n d b es i e ge d a n d
, ,

c a ptu r e d th e t o w n of B os ph o r u s i n th e C rim ea Th e y a re .

s ta t e d a n d it a pp ear s w ith pr o b a bili ty, by the w r ite rs o f the

,

ti m e to h a ve been a sec ti o n o f th e Hun s, w h om th e y s tr o ngly

,

r es e mbl e d b o th i n a pp e a r a nc e a n d m a nn ers, w i th th e e xce

p
tio n tha t th ey wor e th eir h a i r lo n g ; a n d Z e uss has o bs er ed, v
13 8 THE AR C H ER AND THE STE PPE .

w ho live d a bou t A D 5 45 3 a n d a fe w yea r s a fte r th eir kh a n

. .
, ,

D iz a bu lu s w a s vi s ite d by a m bas sa d or s fr o m C on s ta n tin o pl e

, ,

w ho m he r ece ive d w ith b a r b a r ic s pl e n do u r a n d p ro fu s io n ,

*
s ea t e d o n a co u c h s u ppo r t e d by tw o w h e e l s Lik e the o th er .

Tar ta r n a tion s th ey s u pp or te d l a r ge flo c ks a n d li ve d in t en t s
, ,

a g o l d e n w o lf o n th e to p o f a s p ea r fo r m e d the en s ign o f th e ir ,

trib e a n d for yea r s th ey c ar r ied o n a d es u lto r y w a r w i th

,

Chin a w h om a Tu r ki s h pr in c e o n c e pr o p o s e d th a t hi s peo pl e
,

s h o u ld r iva l a n d i m it a t e by fo u n di n g c iti es a n d t e m pl es for

,

th em s elv es i n th e i r n a tiv e d e s e r ts Bu t thi s a dvi ce w a s .

d e fe a te d by a s tr o n ger a rg um en t fro m a n o th e r o f the c hiefs ?

”
“
The Tu r k s s ai d h e ,
a r e n o t e qu a l i n n u m b er to o n e
,

hun dr e dth o f the in ha bita n ts o f Chi n a If w e b a l a n c e thei r .

p ow er a n d el u d e th ei r a r m i es i t i s b eca u se w e w a n d e r w ith
, ,

o ut a n
y fixe d h a bita tio n W h en w e a r e s tr o n g w e a dva n c e
.
,

a n d c o n qu er ; a n d w h e n w ea k r e ti r e a n d a r e c o n c ea l e d , .

Sh ou ld the T urks co n fin e them se lves w ithi n th e w a ll s of

c iti es
,
the l oss o f a b a ttl e w o u ld be th e d es tr u c ti o n o f the ir
e m pir e . Th e Bo n ze s o f Chin a pr ea c h o n ly p a tien ce a n d
”
h um ility S uch 0 ki n g ! i s n o t th e r e ligio n o f h er o es
.
, .

Th e T ur ks till the y h a d i n va d e d a n d a do pt e d the fa ith

,

o f the va r i ou s s o u th er n A s i a ti c s ta tes be li e ve d i n on e ,

S u pr em e B ein g to w h om a lo n e th ey m a d e sa c r ific e s th ough

, ,

they ha d m a n y r eli gio u s so n gs in h o n our o f th e po w e r a n d

be n efic en c e o f the s pi r its o f th e e l em en ts a n d lik e a ll the ,

T u ra n ia n n a ti on s w er e e xtr em e ly s u p er stiti o u s c o n su ltin g

, ,

s o o th s a y e r s m a gi c i a n s a n d wi t c h cr a ft
,
Th e i r l a w s w er e
, .

r igid a n d im pa r ti a l a s th o se o f Spa r t a ; th e m o s t ser iou s

c r im e s w er e pu n is h e d w ith d ea th ; a r o bb e r w a s c o m p e ll e d

to m a ke r estituti o n to the a m o un t o f ten ti m es the va lu e o f

the th e ft a n d n o pun i s h m e n t c o uld be to o h o r r ibl e o r c o n
,

tem pt a n d i gn o m in y to o se v ere fo r a n y a ppea r a n c e o f ,

c o w a r dic e i At th e tim e o f th e i r e m i gra tion to the s o u th ,

o n e o f th ei r tri be s , s ep a r a ti n g fr o m the res t o f the h o r d e

-
,

a dv a n c e d n o r thw a r d s a n d s e ttl e d u p o n the b a r ren a n d

,

frozen pl a i ns o f th e L en a , w h er e u n der the n a m e o f Ya k ,

h u t es, th ey s til l l ea d a w a n d er i n g life a n d s p ea k a l a n gua ge ,

w hi c h e v e n n o w b ea r s so m e r es em bl a n c e to tha t o f th e i r
m ore p o li sh ed a n d l u xu r i o us br eth r e n o f Eu r o p e .

The Tur ks firs t b eca m e c o n s pi c u o u s a b ou t the m iddl e o f

Pr tcha ri ds ’
Natura l Hi story of M an
D ecl Fall of the Roman Empi re
.
'
(t i ne a nd
gp
g
"
on s .

I ‘
 THE A VAR S — THE T URK S, ETC . 1 39

the s ixth c en tu ry w h en th ey ha d a lr ea dy m o r e th a n o n c e
,

in va d e d Pers i a a n d the di s tr i c t s o f M a v a r na l har a n d a fe w

y ea r s la t er th e y p o ss e s s e d th e m selves o f Kho r a s s a n fro m ,
w h e n c e th ey w e r e s h o r tly a fter e xp e ll e d b th e in v as i o n o f
y
the S a r a c e n s w h o h a d r en der e d th e m s e lve s m a s ter s o f Pe r s i a
, ,

a n d fo u n d e d B a gd a d I n the n i n th c en tu ry the w h o l e
.
,

n a tio n i s su e d fo r t h fro m the Mo n go li a n s t eppes a n d fo ll o w

, ,
i n g the pa th tr o dden by the m o r e a dv e n tu r o us o f th ei r tr ib e ,

c r o ss e d the Ja xa rte s a n d e n ca m p e d i n the pl a i n s o f T ra n s

,

o xi a n a th e n t u rn in g t o w a r ds the w e s t, c o n quere d a n d
,

o v e rr a n the ki n gd o m o f the Whit e H un s a t C a r izm e wh o

,

h a d m a i n t a i n e d th e ir e xi s te n c e o n the ea s t er n s h ores o f th e
Ca spi a n fo r s e ver a l hu n dr e ds o f yea rs ; a n d a m on g w h o m ,
thr o u gh the in fl u en c e o f Ti m o thy th e pa tr i a r c h o f th e N e s
tor ia n s * w h o h a d se n t thith er se ver a l m o n k s o f his s ec t,
,

Chr i s tia n ity w a s b e gin n i n g to m a ke so m e p r o gr e s s th o u gh ,

o pp o s e d by th e v o ta r i es o f the M a h o m eta n fa ith The l a tter .

h a d a lr ea dy m a de a c o n s id er a bl e n u m b er o f c o n ver ts a n d ,

fo un de d m a n y m o s q ue s The e m pir e o f th e T u r ks w hic h

.
,

n o w e xt e n d e d fr o m the s h o r es o f the Ca s pi a n to th e d es er t s

a r o un d C a s h a r a n d S a m a r c a n d a n d fro m th e ba n ks o f th e
g ,

I r tis h a n d Per m ia to the b o r de r s o f I ra n o r Pe rs ia , c o n

tinn ed u n ited in As ia till a b o ut the m iddle o f the t en t h
c e n tu r y w h e n it fe ll to piec es a n d b e ca m e s e p a ra te d in t o
,

s e v e r a l s ta t e s a n d tw o o f th eir h o r d e s a ga i n i n va di n g th e
,

n o r th er n u n pr o t ec te d pr o vin c es o f Per s ia w r es te d Kh o ra ssa n

,

a n d Ghizn i ,
or Ga zn a fro m th e do m i n io n s o f the ca li ph s
,
.

The p os iti o n o f thi s p eo ple w ith r ega r d to B a gd a d a t th a t

p e r i o d w as ver y si m il a r to th e r el a ti o n s o f the Sl a v o n ia n s
,

and Bu lga r ia n s in r es p ec t to the c ity o f C o ns ta n ti n o pl e .

Like her w e s t ern n e ighbour th e w ea lthy Per s ia n c a pita l w a s

,

l o o ke d u po n w ith gr ee dy eye s by a ll the w i ld a n d w a r like

t ribes o f the n o r th Th ey c o n ti n u a ll y i n va d e d a n d plu n d ere d
.

th e fro n ti er c iti es a n d h a r a sse d h er fer tile t err ito r i es ; h er

,

go ld w a s suffic ien t to a tt ra c t th e i r h o r sem en th o usa n ds o f

m iles a c r o ss sa n ds a n d r oc ks ; th e s c ie n c e c u l tiva t e d by th e
Sa ra c e n s a t Ba gda d ha s e n light en e d th e w h o l e c ivilize d
,

w o r ld h er m er c h a n ts t r a v er se d As ia w ith th e i r s to r es a n d ,

br o u ght b a c k fr u its a n d tidi n gs fr o m the r em o t es t E a s t ye t ,

s he was u n a bl e to d r iv e th e s e w a rr io r s fr o m h e r pro vin c e s ,

a n d o ften h a r dly p r e ven t e d th e m fr o m e nterin g her o w n

He wa s p a triarc h from a n . 717 to 820 .
 1 40 THE ARCH ER AND THE S TE PP E .

w ell guar de d
-
ga t es Ris in g hi gh o n the ba nks of the
.

mi ghty Tigri s o n a pl a i n w h er e s car c ely a hill in ter ve nes

,

b etw een the P ers i an gulf a n d Me dit err an ea n s ea a n d nea r ,

th e s ite o f the a n ci en t Ni n e ve h a n d B a b yl o n s h e ha d b een ,

fo un de d i n AD 7 62 by Alm a n zo r, the c a liph o f the Ma ho ~

.
-

m e ta n Ar a bia n s o r S a r a c e n s w ho s e pe ople a b ou t a c e n tury

,

b efo r e a n d i n o b e dien c e to the dec r ees o f M a h o m et ha d

, ,

in va de d s im u lt a n eo u sly bo th the ea s t a n d the w es t a n d c o n , ,

qu er in g a n d o verr u n n in g Per s i a wi th fir e a n d s wo r d ha d ,

r e p la c e d th e an c i en t c r ee d o f the fir e w ors hipp e rs for the

"

d o c tr in e s a n d fa i th o f th e Me c c a pr o ph et A l m a nzor es t a b
"
.

lis he d th e th r o n e o f the S a r a c en c a liph s a t B a gd a d w hi c h ,

fr o m this tim e r o s e in p o we r a nd m a gn ific enc e till s he b ec a m e ,

"

the m o s t s pl e n did a n d l ea rn e d c ity o f th e ea st a n d th e vi rt ues ,

a n d w i s d o m o f h er s o ver e ign H a ro u n a l Ra s c hid w er e a c kn o w~

, ,

l odge d a n d r es pec t e d thr ou gh o u t E uro p e H e s en t a m ba s .

s a d o r s a nd pr ese n t s to Ch a r l e m a n e w h o th e n s w a y e d the
‘

g ,

s c e p tr e o f Fra n c e a n d a t th at p e r i o d c l a im e d th e
, pr ou d titl e
o f th e Em p er o r o f the Wes t bu t the s u bj ec ts o f th e l a tte r
’

pr in c e w er e for the m o s t p a r t s till p lu nge d i n the sa va ge

, ,

ign or a n c e w hic h th ey s h a re d w ith the r ude Sa x o n s o f Brit ain

a n d n ea rl
y a ll the o th e r n a ti o n s o f the n o r th , a n d e xhibi ted a
s t r o n g c on tr as t to the p o li s h e d a n d l ea rn e d S a r a c e n s o f the

E a s t w ith w h om l a t er the y w e r e d e s ti n e d to c om e into s o

,

fr e qu e nt a n d fier c e a c o llis i on in the l o n g a nd s a n g ui nary

w a rs o f the C r u s a d ers .

D u r in g the r e ig ns o f the se c o n d d yn a sty o f the Mu ss ulm en

in Per si a the S a s s a n i d ae w ho s a t on th e thr o n e o f th e c a liphs
, ,

for a h u n dr e d a n d t w en ty fiv e y ea r s * th e T ur k s s u bd u ed the
-

p r o vi n c e o f Kh o r a ss a n fr o m w hi c h th e y w er e e xpelle d a few
,

ye a r s a ft er by a S a r a ce n fo rc e Bu t in A D 9 6 4 th e y a ga i n
. .

a d v a n c e d a n d w hil e a t r ib e u n d e r S e lj uk e s t a bli s h e d the m

,

s e lv e s i n Kh o r as s a n a n d a d o ti n g th e n a m e o f th ei r l ea de r
, p , ,

fo un d e d th e kin gdo m o f the S elj u k Tu rks a n o th er divisi o n ,

u n d er Sebec ta i o n e o f th e i r c hi efs w ho fr om a s l a v e or
g , , ,

c o m m o n s o ldier h a d r a is e d hi m s e lf to th e s o v e r e ig n t
, y of
Ba c tr i a t o o k po s s es sio n o f C hia ni a n d e m brac e d th e fa ith o f
, ,

M a h o m et The hu m a nity a n d pr o bity o f this pr in ce is

.

a tte ste d by m a n y o f th e w r it ers o f th e E a s t w ho a m o n g o th er , ,

p ro ofs r ela t e tha t hun tin g on e da y in a fo r e s t h e c a pt u r ed a

, , ,

fa w n but a fte r tyi n g it a cr o s s his s a ddl e he c h a n ce d to l o o k

A
, , ,

Th ls f a mlly r el gncd o v er P ers i a from 874 to 999 A . u.

 J

142 THE ARCH ER AND THE s f np r n

'
.

'

Ta rta rs , of c om p a ra tive in significa n c e a s they w ere m erely ,

to e x a c t the p u n c tu a l pa ym en t o f the ta x ; bu t a n o th e r
c a m p a ign w hi c h t o o k pl a c e i n 1 0 0 9 , a n d w a s p r o v o k e d by
,

the d a r i n g i n r o a d o f A nn i n dpa l w h o s e va l o u r ha d b ee n a t
,

l e ngth a r o us e d by o ppr es s io n u po n Af gh a n is ta n c a rr ie d
, ,

d es ol a ti o n a n d bl o o ds h e d i n to the h ea r t o f In dia The ki ng .

of L a h o r e h a vi n g fo r m ed a n a lli a n c e w ith the m o s t po w er ful

,

cf the n eighb o u ri n g m o n a r c h s a s s e m bl e d u n de r his ba n n e r

,

the fo r c es o f D e lhi C a r o u ge G w a li o r C a ll in ger a n d Aj m e r e

, , , , ,

an d with a n e n o r m o u s a r m y p a s s e d th e In du s a n d en ter e d
, ,

th e r oc ky di s tr i c ts o f C a u bu l But a m os t t er r ibl e d efea t

.

a w a it ed hi m o n the b or de r s o f Pe s h a w ur T w en ty th o u sa n d
Hi nd o o so ldie rs w er e s l a i n i n th e pu r su i t a nd th e co n qu er o r ,

m a r c hi n g dir e c t u p o n th e for tres s o f Bhee m gur w hi c h ha d , ,

b ee n c o n s id ere d a s im pr e gn a bl e a n d w h er e a n en or m ou s
,

a m o u n t cf tr ea s ur e h a d b ee n d e p o s it ed c hi e fly the o ffer in gs
,

o f the id o l a t er s a n d th e w e a lth o f th e p r ie s t s h e b u rs t o pen

th e g a te s w ith o u t o pp o s iti o n th e d e fen d er s h a lf d ea d wi th
—
,

te rr or fa lli n g fla t o n th eir fa ces a t hi s a pp r o a c h— a n d de

, ,

vo ti n g e very livin g thi n g to de s tr u c ti on dis tribu te d the ,

m o n ey a n d j ew el s it c o n ta i n e d a m o n g his s o ldier s his der ,

vi eh es a n d his po orer a n d a ge d s u bj ec ts *
, .

The i m p r u d en t a n d u n fo r tun a te c a m pa ign o f th e Hi n do os ,

h a vin g o n c e r e vea le d th eir w ea kn ess a n d r i c h e s to th e eyes

o f th e T ur k s th e i r c o u n t r y fro m h e n c e fo r w a r d t ill the d ea th
, ,

o f M a h m o u d w a s s e ld o m
,
fr ee fo r a b o ve th e s h or t s pa c e o f
tw o ye a r s fr o m hi s r e p ea t e d a n d dev a s ta tin g a tta c ks Like .

a n e a gl e fr om hi s i m pr egna bl e fo r tr es s e s b eyo n d the dar k

,

an d s tu p en d o us p ea k s o f the I n di a n C a u c a s us o r Hi n d o o ,

K o s h he per p etu a lly a n d un e xp ec t e dly d es c en de d upo n his

,

p r ey ; a n d s w eepi n g a c ro s s the pla in s w ith his deso la tin g

,

fo r ce r et ur n e d to hi s o w n kin gd o m l a den w ith pl un der a n d

,

s p o il
. At thi s tim e C a r n o u ge w a s the c hi ef a n d m os t m a g
n ific en t o f the c a pit a l s o f H i n d oos ta n a n d th e E a s t e r n w r it er s
p rou dly b o a s t o f the s ixty th o u sa n d m u s i c i a n s w ho fo r m e d
bu t a n i ns ig n ifica n t p o r ti on o f the p o p u l a c e 3 the thir ty th o u
s a n d s h o p s for th e s a le o f b e te l a n d o pi u m the pa go das w ith
th eir to w er s r iva llin g the hills i n e l e va tio n the pa l a c es of
h er pr i nce s a n d h er h un dr e d ido l s o f go ld
, Ye t C a r n o uge
.

yi elde d w i th o ut a str u ggl e to the fir s t a r r o w o f th e a r c h er s

o f th e n or th , a n d w a s r e w a r de d by b ei n g e x em pte d fr om de

M u ay 5 Hi story of B ri tis h Indi a

rr
‘
:
 r n n A AR — THEV S T URK S, ETC . 143

s tru c tio n whil e the T ur ks p a ssed o n a n d r a va ged a ll the

, ,

dis tr ic ts to th e s o u th a s fa r a s M a lw a a n d Gu zer a t the n

r e tu r n in g pill a g e d D e lhi a n d La h o r e
, But u po n th e ir r et rea t.

th e p r in c e o f C a r n o u e w a s a tt a c ke d a n d de fe a te d a n d his c ity
g ,

l a id w a s te by th e a n gr y kin g o f Ga llin ger w ho w a s in dign a n t ,

a t the t er m s th a t the I n di a n m o n a r c h h a d co n c l u d e d w ith

the s a v a ge i n v a d er w he n Ma hm o u d r e tu r n i n g e n ga ge d w i th ,

hi s un d a u n t e d e n e m y a n d fo rc e d him to fly b efo r e him a t the

, ,

s a m e tim e a ga in b es i e gin g a n d c a pt u r in g L a h o r e Tho u gh .

in hi s e a r l y yo u th th e c o n qu er o r o f G hizn i ha d b een c hie fly

i n c li n e d to s c eptic is m ye t a fter hi s vic t o r ies h e be c a m e o r
, ,

p r o fe s s e d to be a r igid fo llo w er a n d s u pp o rt er o f M a h om e t
,

a nd in h i s c a m p a ign s i n I n dia his c r ue lti e s a n d de s t r uc ti o n

, ,

w e r e c h i e fly p e r p e tr a te d a n d d ir e c t e d a g a i ns t the Hin do o
t em pl es a n d p a go d a s th e id o ls a n d the B r a h m in s a n d e very
, ,

o r d er a n d ra n k a m o n g the pr i es ts Hi s l a s t e xp editi o n w a s
.

u n d er t a ke n in the yea r 1 0 2 4 w h e n for th e fir s t ti m e h e s a w

, , ,

hi m s e lf thr e a t e n e d o n th e pl a i n s o f G uz er a t w i th the p r o ba ble ,

c h a n ces o f d e fe a t .The n a tive a r m y w a s s t ro n g a n d p r e p a r e d ,

to m a ke a des pe ra t e r e s is t a n c e ; his m en w a ve re d ; h e p r o
s tra te d hi m s e lf o n the gr o u n d i m pl or i n g th e a id o f H e a v e n
, ,

th e n a ppea l e d to th e r eligio us ze a l o f hi s t r oo ps a n d pla c in g , ,

hi m s elf i n fr o n t o f th eir r a nks beso ught th em to o bta in if , ,

n o t th e gl o r y o f c o n qu er o r s a t l e a s t the n o l es s h o n o u ra bl e
,

fa m e o f m a r ty r do m . His e ffo rt s w er e a t l en gth c r o w n e d

w ith s u c c ess ; th e Ta r ta rs c ha r ge d r e p ea t e dly a n d a fte r a , ,

fier c e b a ttl e dr o ve b a c k th e a r m e d e l e ph a n ts o f the fo e

, .

S o m na u t th e c a pit a l o f Gu zer a t o p e n e d h er ga tes a n d w a s

, , ,

e n t e r e d by th e v i c tors i n tr i u m ph a n d a dva n c i n g to the id o l

te m pl e w hic h w a s s u pp o r te d by fifty s ix c o l u m n s a ll o f
,
-

Spl e n did w o r km a n s hip Ma h m o u d o r der e d the e n o r m o u s

,

figu r e o f th e i r c hi e f d e ity w hi c h w a s fo rm e d en ti r e ly o f go ld
, ,

to be i m m e di a te ly r e du c e d to fr a g m e nts The B ra h m in s .

s a n k o n th ei r k n e es a n d o ffer e d a n e n o r m o u s s u m fo r i ts
,
,

r a n so m the M us s u l m a n w a rr i o r w a s i m m o v e a bl e a n d ,

r e it er a t e d h is c o m m a n d s , a nd th e fi r s t t r e m e n d o u s bl o w w a s

in st a n tly gi v en by the w e ighty sa b r e o f a n a tte n d a n t T u r k .

Thi s di s c lo se d to the a s to n is h e d V i e w o f the i n va d er s in

n u m e r a bl e d i a m o n d s a n d o th e r pr ec i o u s s t o n e s o f w hi c h th e
, ,

v a l u e i s s a id to h a ve e x c eed e d a ll the r es t o f the bo o ty th a t

h a d b een c a ptur e d th r o u gho u t In di a i n a n y fo r m e r c a m p a ig n 5
a n d M a h m o ud , w h o ha d c o n t em pl a t e d a t o n e ti m e r e m o vi ng ,
1 44 THE ARCH ER AN D THE S TE PPE;
hi s s ea t cf go ver n m en t to th a t p r o vi n c e r es olv e d a t l e a s t to ,

un it e it to hi s o w n e m pi r e a n d o n h is d e pa r tu re pl a c e d o ver ,

it a s vi cero y a n a tiv e Br a hm in tho u gh a fter his d ea th the

, , ,

p eo pl e a ga i n b e c a m e s ubj e c t to th e fa m ily o f th eir fo r m er

pr i nce * .

At l en gth a b a n d o n i n g In di a th e T u rks s l o w ly re tu r ne d
, ,

t o w a r d s the n o r th a n d Ma h m o u d r ec e iv e d fro m his va ss a l

,

o r i n ti m id a t e d a lly the tr e m bli n g c a liph o f Ba gd a d the

, ,
”
e pith e t o f Gu a r dia n o f th e fa ith a n d fo r tu n e o f M ah m e t, o

fo r his zea l i n th e pr o p a ga ti o n o f th e r e ligi o n o f the p r o ph e t .

H is c a pi ta l o f G hizn i w hi c h h a d h i th e r to b een l ittle m or e

,
’
tha n a r o ugh m il i ta ry en c a m pm en t o r h o r d e o f s h e ph er ds ,

h u t s w a s enr i c h e d o n his r etu r n w ith e v er y d ec or a tio n a n d

,

o r n a m e n t th a t his I n di a n e xp e di ti o n s c o u ld furn i s h o r T a rtar ,

i n g en u ity i n ve n t ; m a n y m o s qu e s a n d pa la c es w er e e r ect ed ,
a n d p ubli c i n s titu ti o n s fo u n d e d a n d the c ity b eca m e cel e ,

bra ted th ro u gh o u t As i a by the n a m e o f the C e l es tia l Br ide .

H e a l s o i n vit e d s e ve r a l p o e t s a n d phil o s o ph e rs to hi s co u r t ,

w h o in th e ir w r itin gs h a v e a ppl a u d e d h i s go ve r nm e n t a n d
r ec o r d e d hi s fa m e a m o n g o th e r s the c e l e br a t e d a s tr o n o m er , ,

Abdu rr a h m a n Su fi l a n d th ey a ffir m th a t he c a u s e d j u stic e

,
-

to be s o r i gidl y m a i n t a in e d th a t in hi s r e ign a s th e y e xpr e ss , ,

”
it,
t h e w o lf m ight d r i n k w i th the l a m b O n o n e o c c a si o n .

a w o m a n fr o m a r e m o t e a n d l a t ely c o n qu er e d P e r s i a n pr o
,

vin c e a pp ea r e d b efo r e hi m in th e div a n a n d c o m pl a in e d tha t

, ,

sh e ha d b ee n d e pr iv e d o f h er s o n a n d pr o p e r ty by a b a n d o f
“ ”
r o bb e r s It i s im p o s sible s a i d th e m o n a r c h “ to pr es er ve
.
, ,
”
p erfec t o r de r i n s o d i s ta n t a n d i n a c c e s s ibl e a dis tr ic t .

”
Why th en e xc la i m e d the w o m a n d o yo u c o n qu e r kin g
, , ,

d om s w hi c h yo u c a n n o t pr o t ec t a n d fo r w hi c h o n e d ay yo u ,

w ill be ca lle d u p o n to a n s w er a t th e l a s t j u dg m en t ? Ma h ”

m o u d sa w th e fo r c e o f h er a r gu m en t a n d i s s u e d p r om pt ,

c o m m a n d s for the s tr i c ter e n fo r c e m en t o f the l a w s i n th ese

pa r t s An o th er tim e h a vin g c o n tem pl a te d the r e d u c tio n o f

.
,

a n e ighb o u r in g s ta te o f w hi c h th e c hi e f h a vi n g l a t e ly di e d
—
, ,

his w ife a c t e d a s r e gen t d u r i n g the m i n or ity o f th e ir i nfa n t

s on — he wa s i n duc e d to d e s is t fro m h is pr oj ec t by a m e s s a e
g
h Hi s t y of B i ti h I di a G ibbon
’ “
d F ll of th R om a
E mpf
‘ ’ “
D e li
'

ia
urys or r s n . s c ne a n a e n
re.
l A n ti e R i i I k P i a He o b
a v a n ra . ers . ed nd g n m t th l rg e f the
s erv a av e a a e o o a r o
M g ell l louds w hi c h h
an c c . ll th W hi te 0 x
e ca s e
I t d ti o t th K ow l dg f th S t y H e s h ys th t b low
.

“
I hi
n s n ro uc n o e n e e o ea rr ea v n e sa a e
th fe t f th S k l th e w hi te s t w h i c h i i i ible b th i l k d i the m , ,
e o e u e , is
re a
p t m y b s i th uth r T h m betw
e o s nv s o n ra an n ore
n or th rn mou t i n u p t f A bi
e n a o s ar o ra a, u a e een n e so e n c a a, e en
Mecca a nd the extrem i ty of Yemen along the c oa st of th e Red Sea
"
— Hum boi dts '

C os mos "
. .

.
14 6 THE ARCH ER AND THE S TEPPE.

a m el a nc h oly pictu r e o f a s tru ggl e fo r the p o sses s i on o f ear thly

r ich es a nd p o we r w ith a ppr o a c hin g a n d i n e vit a bl e d e a th .

A fe w da ys be fo r e this he c a us e d a l l hi s j e w e l s, o rn a m en ts,
a n d r i c h es, to be s pr e a d b e fo r e hi m , a n d th en e n c l o s e d in

the i r fo r m e r s tr o n gh o l d, de te rm i n e d to pr e s er ve th em nu
di mi n is he d to the la s t ; a n d c o m m a n din g hi s w h o le a rm y,
w hi c h c o n s is te d o f o n e h un dr e d th ou sa n d fo o t, fifty fiv e tho u ~ -

s a n d h o r se , a n d thi rt ee n h u n d r e d e l e ph a n ts , to p a r a d e w ithin
“

h i s s ight, h e w ept to thi n k h ow s o on hi s o w n p osses s io n s

m u s t p a s s fr o m w i thin hi s gr as p, a n d ho w , like th o s e o f I n di a ,
th ey m ight to o s o o n b e c o m e the p r ey a n d tr ea s ur e o f a for eign
"
a nd h o s tile tyr a n tf

His m o u r n ful pr e di c ti o n s w er e sp ee dily ful fille d ; a few

yea r s a fter , the so n o f Ma h m o u d w a s d riven by T o gr ul to the
t er r ito r y b o r der in g o n the I n du s , w h er e his d es c en d a nt s, c on ~
fin e d to G hizn i a n d the s tr o n gh o ld o f C a u bu l, r eigne d fo r '

a b o v e tw o h u n d r e d ye a r s , a n d u n til d r iven fo r th by th e

M o nguls un der Zin gis .

I n th e m ea n ti m e, T o g ru l ha d i n v a de d a n d c a ptur e d Ba g
d a d a n d , es p o u s in g the d a u ghter o f th e S a r a c en pr i n c e, w ho
u n it e d a s a c r e d di gn ity w ith the d u ti e s o f h i s r ega l offi c e,

a s s u m e d the titl e o f Gu a r dia n o f th e Fa ith , a n d P ro t e c to r o f

the th r o n e o f the C a li ph He a l s o thr ea ten e d the As ia tic

.

pr o vin c e s o f the Byza n tin e em pir e, a n d bur n e d Ar zen , a lar ge

c o m m er c ia l c ity o f A r m e n i a , c o n t a in i n g th ree h un d r e d th o u

s a n d in h a bit a n t s , a n d e ight h un d r e d c h u rc h es , d e fea t e d the

u nit e d a r m i es o f Geo r gia a n d C o n s t a n tin o pl e i n A s i a Min or ,

a n d l a id s i ege to M a nz i ker t The G re eks w h o m a nn e d the

.

w a ll s s h owe re d fir e, bo ilin g pitc h , a rr o w s , a n d s to n es, u pon

the as sa il a n ts, w h o w er e su bs e q uen tl y c o m p ell e d to r eli n qui s h
the a tta c k, a n d r etu rn to P ers i a Bu t i n 1 0 5 2 th e Tur ks
.

a ga i n i n v a d e d the em pi re , th o ugh th e y r e tir e d w ith o u t

ha za r di n g a b a ttl e, a n d T o gr u l th ei r l ea d er di e d i n A D 1 0 7 1 , . .

a n d, l e a v i n g n o child r e n , w a s s u c c ee d e d by his n e ph e w Alp

,

Ars l a n , o r the va li a n t li on w hile his c o u s in K o u lturni sh, a

g ra n d s o n o f S elj u k, fo un d e d th e dyn a s ty o f S u lta n s i n R ou m
o r I co n iu m , i n L es s er A s ia i Th e gr e a t gr a n dso n o f Ko u l
’‘
.

tu r ni s h b ec a m e l a te r so c e le b ra te d i n hi s tor y a s the va li a nt
a n d gen e r o u s S a l a din.

A s so o n a s th eir fo r m ida bl e o pp on e nt w a s d ea d , the Gr eeks,

Glbbon's li
D ec ne a nd Fa ll of t e Rom an E mh pi re
m B i pi
.

y zant ne Em re
'
lay s .
 TH E A AR — V S THE T URK S, ETC . 1 47

u n aw a r e th a t he h a d
be qu ea th e d his do m i nion s to a s till
fier c e r a n d m o r e t e rr ibl e w a r ri o r p re p a r e d to i n va de th e ,

t er r it o r ies o f th e T u r ks bu t w er e d e fea t e d w ith i m m e n s e

,

s l a u ght er a n d th e i r E m p e ro r R o m a n u s t a ke n pr i s o n er
, Th e .

u n h a ppy p r i n c e w a s fo r c e d to ki ss the gr o un d b e fo r e th e ba r

ba r i a n m o n a r c h a n d p a y a r a n s o m o f tw o hu n d re d th o u s a n d
,

pi e c es o f go ld fo r hi s de liv e r a n c e fi i
w hil e Alp s ubdu e d G eo r gia
a n d A r m e ni a a n d fo r c e d th e i n h a bi ta n t s o f th e se ki n gd o m s
,

to p ro fe s s th e Mu s su l m a n fa ith th o u gh a fter h is d ea th , ,

Ge o r gi a e m a n c ipa te d h ers e lf fr o m th e h a te d yo ke o f the

T ur k s a n d th r o u gh m a ny a ges o f di s a s ter s a n d o ppr es si o n
, , ,

h a s fir m l y a dh er e d to the Chr is ti a n w o r s hip r e ta i n in g th r o u gh ,

e v er y i n v a s i o n o f the M a h o m e t a ns th e s u c c es s i o n o f h e r
n a tive p r i n c e s a n d bi s h o ps .

Bu t Alp A r s la n p r e fer r i n g the c o n qu e s t o f T ur kes ta n th e

, ,

o r igi n a l s ea t o f the h o u s e o f S e lj uk to p ur s u i n g th e fugi tive ,

Gr e e ks , o r c o n tin u in g th e Byza n ti n e w a r l e d a n a r m y s o ,

gr ea t a c ro s s th e Ox u s th a t it r e qu i re d t w en ty d a ys to p a s s
, ,

a n d l a id s i ege to the fr o n ti er fo r tr e s s o f B erze m w h e r e h e ,

c a ptu r e d the g o v e r n o r a C a r izm ia n n a m e d J o s e ph

,
The .

c o n q u er or r e p r o a c h e d thi s o ffic e r w ith his fo lly w h e n br o u ght ,

b e fo r e him fo r h a vin g a t te m pte d to w ith s ta n d his ir r es i s tibl e

,

fo r c e th e pr is o n e r r eplie d a n gr ily to the c h a r ge a n d the ,

b a r b a r o u s T ur k c o m m a n d e d th a t J o s e ph s h ou ld d ie by th e
m o s t p a in ful a n d lin g er i n g d e a th O n h ea ri n g thi s th e d e
.
,

s p era te c a ptiv e d r e w a p o n i a r d c o n c e a le d i n his c l o th es a n d ,

’
plu n ge d it in t o the V ic to r s br e a s t he w a s im m e dia t ely c u t
to pi eces by the gu a r ds a n d a tte n d a n ts , bu t th e e v e n t pr o ve d
th a t he h a d in flicte d a m o rt a l w o un d a n d Alp expir e d a fter , ,
”
givin g u tte r a n c e to thi s dyin g r e fle c tio n In m y yo u th ,

s a id he ,
I w a s a dvi s e d by a s a ge to h u m bl e m yself b efo r e
G o d to di s tr u s t m y o w n s tr e n gth a n d n e ve r to d es pi s e the
, ,

m o s t c o n te m ptibl e fo e I h a ve n egl e c te d th ese l es s o n s a n d

.
,

m y n e gl e c t ha s b e e n d e s er ve dly p un is h e d Yes t er da y a s .
,

fro m a n em in e n c e I beh eld th e n u m b er s the s pir i t a n d the

, , ,

disc ipli n e o f m y a r m i es the ea r th s eem e d to tr em bl e u n der

m y fe e t a n d I s a id i n m y h e a r t Su r ely th o u a r t the ki n g o f
, ,

the w o r ld the gr ea t e s t a n d m o s t in vin c ibl e o f w a r r i o r s

,
'
.

Th es e a r m i es a r e n o l o n ger m i n e, a n d i n th e c o n fid en c e o f ,

m y p ers o n a l s tr en gth I n o w fa ll by the ha n d o f a n a s s a s s in ”

,
.

G lbbon s
’
Decline a d Fa ll of the R oma n Empire
n . U ivn e rs a l History .

I bid .
1 48 THE ARCH E R AN D TH E STEPPE .

He d es ir e d th a t th e insc r ipti o n Y e w ho h a ve s een the ,

*
gl ory o f Alp Ar s l a n exa lt ed to the h ea v e n s c o m e to M ar u .
, ,
”
a n d s ee it b ur i e d u n d e r the d u s t s h o u ld be e n gr a ve n u p o n ,

h is t o m b + .

I n the ye a r 1 0 80 a n d in the r e ign o f M a l e k S ha h the so n

, ,

a n d s u c c e s s o r o f Alp th e S e lj u k T u r ks c o n s u mm a te d w h a t
,

m a y be c o n s ider e d a s th e m o s t i m po rta n t o f the i r c o n qu es ts ,

a s it w a s the o n e w hi c h fi r s t r o u s e d a ga in s t th e m th e a nger

a n d i ndig n a ti o n o f a ll E ur o p e This w a s the s u bj e c tion o f .

J er u s a l em w h er e the m o s t ter r ible o u t ra ge s w er e c o m mitted

,

by the i n fid el s u p o n the d e fe n c e l ess pil gr i m s w ho ha d r es o r te d ,

fr o m e ve r y pr o vi n c e th r o u gh ou t the Ch ris ti a n E as t, a n d the

civilize d n a ti o n s o f thi s c o n ti n e n t, to w o r s hip o n th e s t eps o f
h er s a c r e d s h r i n e s The Gr ee k p a t r i a r c h w a s d r a gg e d by the
.

h a i r a l o n g the pa v e m e n t a n d th r o w n in to a d un ge o n for the ,

p u r p o s e o f e x a c tin g a h ea vy r a n so m fro m his fo ll o w ers a nd

th e p r i es t s o f e ver y s ec t w ere i n s u l te d a n d a b u s e d w h er e ve r ,

th ey ve n t ur e d to a pp ea r i n the s tr ee t s Ma n y a l so w ho ha d .

pa ss e d th r o u gh i n nu m er a bl e t o il s a n d d a n ger s , to o bta in
pa r d o n for th e i r s i n s a n d s a lva ti on fo r th e i r s o u ls by o fferin g
, ,

u p th e ir pr a ye r s o r c a s tin g th e i r w ea lth o n the s t o n es o f the

,

H o ly S e pu lc hr e w h e n th ey a rr ive d a t J e r us a l em w e r e n o t
,

e v e n p e r m itt e d to e n t er h e r g a t e s Bu t a zea l o u s c h a m pi on . .

o f th e i r c a u s e a pp e a r e d in a n o bs c ur e h er m it o f P i c a r dy w ho
, ,

h ea r d a n d sa w th e ir w r o n gs w i th kin dli n g eye a n d r e turn ,

i n g to E u r o p e he th r e w hi m s e lf a t the fee t o f th e P o p e, a n d
,

c o nj u r e d hi m to u r ge e ver y Ch r i s ti a n m o n a r c h to u ni te i n

exp e lli n g fro m Pa le s tin e the Ma h o m e ta n S a r a c en s a n d

Tu rks i Th e a pp ea l s p r ea d like w il d fir e thr o u gh ever y -

c o un tr y o n the c o nti n en t a n d w a s r e s p on d e d to w ith e ua l ,q

e n th u s i a s m by e ve r y p r i n c e a n d k n ight a n d th u s w a s c o m

m en c e d the fir s t C r u s a d e o r H o ly W a r fo r the r esc ue o f the ,

S e p ul c hr e a n d Pa les ti n e by the fo llo w ers a nd d efe n der s of ,

'

the C ro ss .

B ut to r et ur n to the o r igin a l h or d e s o f the T u rks o r Ava r s

,

w ho r e m a i n e d i n T u r kes ta n Th e ir s ubj ec tio n w hi c h ha d .

,

b e en b eg un by Alp w a s c o n ti nu e d a n d c om pl e t e d by hi s son
,

C a r izm e B okha r a a n d C a s hga r r ec e ive d l a w s fro m Ba gda d,

, , ,

a n d th e n a m e o f her p r in ces w a s i ns er t e d up o n the c o in a s

f H w a s buried a t M a ru, 1 079 A D in the forty-ninth year of hi s a ge. and tent h of

gn
. .
,
ms re r

M dra y s B i ti h I di
’ .
' “
r r s n a .

Glbbon s Decline and Fa ll of the Roman Empire "

'
.
1 50 THE ARCHE R AND THE S TEPPE .

yea r s , a n d i nnum er a bl e r e vol utio n s a n d c ivil w a r s the seeds ,

w hi c h th e y so we d h a v e s ur viv e d a n d th e y s till m a i n ta i n ,

t em ple s a n d c o n ven ts in m a n y dis t r i c ts ; a n d the p er ver te d

ger m s o f Chr is tia nity n o w p r o fes se d by the n a tive r ebe l s of
,

Chin a w h o h a ve l o n g fir ml y o pp os e d th e i nflu en ce a n d thr o n e

,

o f th e M a n tc h o u s a pp ea r o n ly to be th e s c a tt e r e d r e m n a n t s
,

o f the c r ee d s o e a r n es tly pr o p a ga t e d by th ese ze a l o u s p r i es ts .

Th e r o ya l c on ver t o f Ka r a bi ta i er ec t e d a c hu r c h o n a pl a i n
-

to the n o r th o f the G o bi d eser t w hi c h h e d e di c a te d to the ,

m a r tyr S t S er gi u s a n d w h er e h e ere c te d a n al t a r a n d a cr oss

.
,
.

H is s u c c es so r s a c c or di n g to the u s ua l c us to m i n ea s tern
,

n a ti o n s ,
u n it e d in th e i r p ers o n b o th a r e ga l a n d p r i estly

ch a r a c ter a n d a K era i te kh a n i n th e t w elfth c en t ur y i nv a d

,

i n g Per s ia r u ini n g E c b a ta n a a n d a dva n c in g to the Tigr i s , m a de

, ,

hi s n a m e kn o w n a n d c e l e b r a te d in w es ter n Eu ro p e a n d ga ve ,

fo u n da ti o n fo r the s t or y cir c u la te d in the mi ddl e a ges of the ,

m a r vel l o u s e m pir e o f Pr e s ter o r Pr i es t Jo hn the w o r d kh a n ,

b ein g mi st a ken fo r J o h n As this w a s his title a n d of

.
,

co u r s e b o r n e by e v e ry m on a rc h th e Eu r o p ea n s s u pp o s ed tha t
,

thi s Ta r t ar pr in ce w a s gift e d w ith the vi r tu e o f im m o rta lity ,

o r i m m en se l e n gth o f life w h en t r a ve ll e r s fr o m ti m e to ti m e
, ,

r e tu r n i n g fr o m a j o ur n e y i nto As i a s till b r o u ght ti di n gs an d ,

r ep o r ts o f w h a t th e y h a d se e n o r h ea r d o f th e m a gn ifi cen t

co u r t o f P r es t er J o h n .

In th e yea r 10 4 6 the K e r a i tes, w ho n ow r ul e d a ll c en tra l

As i a fo r ty fiv e ye a r s a ft er the ir c o n ve r s io n c om pl e ted the
,
-

s u bj u ga ti o n o f C a sh a r
g Th ey a r e m inu tely d es c r ibe d in a
.

l e tter fro m th e m etr o p olit a n o f S a m a r c a n d to his su perior the

”
N es to r i a n p ia c h a t B gda d
a tr r a ,
A p eo ple sa ys he , ,
“
in n u m er a ble a s gra ss h o pp ers, h a s o pen e d for its elf a p a s sage
a c r oss th e m o u n t a i n s w hi c h s e pa ra t e Thibe t fro m Chin a ,

w h e r e a c c o r di n g to a n c i en t his to r i a n s, a r e to be fo u n d the
,

ga te s c o n str u c te d by Al e xa n d er the Gr ea t Th en c e th ey h av e .

p e n etra te d to K a s c hga r Th er e a r e sev en ki n gs e a c h o f

.
,

w h o m i s a t the h ea d o f s e v e n h u n dr e d th o u sa n d h o rs e m en .

The firs t o f th e s e i s n a m e d Na za r e th tha t is to sa y Chief , , ,

’
by o r der o f G o d Th ey h a v e br ow n c o m pl exio n s like
.

I n dia n s Th ey do n ot w a s h th e ir fa c es n o r c u t th ei r ha ir
.
, ,

but pl a it it a n d ti e it t o ge th er a t th e to p o f th e ir h ea d s in
, ,

the fo r m o f a ti a r a w hi c h s er ves th e m i n s t ea d o f a he l me t
, .

Th ey a r e e xc ell en t a r ch er s Th eir fo o d is sim pl e, a n d n o t

.
 THE AV AR — TH E S T URK S, ETC . 151

v er y a b u n da n t . Th e y pra c tis e a b o ve a ll thin gs j u s ti c e

, a nd
,

I n 1 12 5 th e K er a ites c o n qu er e d th e Igo ur s o r Ka l m u c ks ,
in the s o u th er n dis t r i c ts o f Sib er i a , a n d th ey a pp ea r e d to h a v e
c o n tin u e d Ch r i s ti a n s till th e
y fe ll, i n the thi r te e n th c en tu ry,
b efo r e the p o w er o f Zin gis Kha n .

Huc '
s Ch ri stianity in Ta rtary T hibet
, , and China "
.
 CHA P TER XII .

agiaslaf —
fi
filgc shes inta k
e: ssia — g ti ai s m
gla f I I e — iflggzfi
nlh

m i s ts
goruh—
j p é
u maaing ains : s f tip G i l
g urtlg .

i res t c i ti es of th e l a nd
The fa
A re fi r e d by a n i nv a d er s h a n d ;
‘

A n d fa m i ne fo llo w s i n th e ca r
Of th e fe ll d e m on c i v i l w ar
"
, ANON. - .

F
rom A D . . 1053 to 1078 , or from A M 6581 to 6608.
.

THE pe a c e a n d pr o sp er ity w hi c h Ru s s ia e nj oye d d ur ing

th e l a tte r ye a r s o f Ja r o s la f c o n tin u e d bu t a fe w ye ars a fter
,

h is d e a th . The a r m y o f Ki e f h a vi n g b een ve ry m u c h re
d uc e d by its sep a ra ti o n from th o s e d e ta c h m en ts w h o ha d
a c c o m p a n ie d th e i m pe ria l pr i n c es a s gu a r ds a n d r etinues
to the ir v a r i o u s s o v er e ign ti e s Vizisl a f the p r in c e o f Polotzk,
, ,

t a kin g a dva n t a ge o f the dim in is h e d s tr en gth o f th e ca pita l ,

to e n dea v o u r to thr o w o ff hi s a ll e gi a n c e to Izia sl a f a n d i n ,

c r ea s e his o w n do m i n i o n s m a r c he d a n a r m y i n t o the
,

t er r it o r ies o f hi s b ro th er by w h o m he w a s d efe a ted a n d

, ,

fo rc e d to r etir e u p o n Pol otzk To thi s to w n h e w as pur su ed

.

by Izia s l a f w h o c a ptur in g h im a n d hi s tw o s o n s l oa ded

, , ,

th em w ith c h a in s a n d thr e w th em in t o p ris o n thr e a teni ng ,

them w ith i m m e dia t e d ea th u n less the y r e no u n c e d a ll c la im

to the p r i n c ip a lity a n d a c kn o w l e dge d hi m a s th e l a w ful
,

s o ve r eig n o f P o lo tzk a n d Ki e f Bu t the in h a bita n ts , i n

.

cen se d a t this tr ea t m en t o f th e ir p rin ce, r o se u p in a r m s

a ga in s t the u s u r p e r a n d a s s i s te d by Sv ia to zl a f the p r in c e of
, ,

N ov o go r o d a n d his b r o th er Vyzev o ld d r o ve hi m fro m his

, ,

kin gd o m a n d c o m pell e d hi m to s e ek r e fuge in Po l a n d w hose

, ,

s o ve r e ig n , Bo lesla f II w a s his c o u s i n a n d b r o the r i n la w,

.
,
- -

a n d i n 1 0 67 h e w a s fo r m a lly d e pose d fr o m hi s th r o n e by the

Na tio n a l A ss e m bly o f K io f Upo n this Izi a sla f en dea vo u re d

.
,

to r o u s e th e ki n g o f P o l a n d in hi s b eh a lf w h o u r ge d by the , ,

h o pe o f est a blis hi n g fo r hi m s elf a c la im to th e e m pir e i n ,

r ight o f his m o th e r a n d w ife, w ho wer e b o th Ru s sia n

 IZ IASLAF — THE POLES mv a ns RUSSIA, ETC . 1 53

pr in cess es, dva n c ed w ith a n u m ero u s a rm y in to Rus s ia a n d

a
,
w a s e n c o un te r e d by the fo r c es o f Vizis laf w ithi n a few m il es
of K i o f . Wh en Vizislaf per c eiv e d the Po lis h tro o ps dr a w n u p
in o r der o f ba ttl e, th o ugh i n form er w ars he ha d s h o wn hi m
s elf by n o m ea ns d e fi cien t i n c o u ra ge a n d in t repidity h e w a s ,

s e ize d w ith a fe ar a nd ir r eso l u tio n w hi c h he v a i n l

y e n de a
,

v o u r e d to o v erc om e He es c a p e d fr om his t en t a n d fl e d
.

fr o m the fie ld a n d th e n a sh a m e d o f this p u s ill a n im ity a n d

,
‘

a tt e m p ti n g to r e c o ver his s e l f p o s s ess i o n r e t ur n e d

5 bu t a t th e
-

,
s igh t o f th e en em y w a s a g a in o ver c o m e w ith a pa n i c w hi c h
,
’
a l l h i s e fl o r ts fa il e d to c o n q u e r a n d ren d er ed h i m t o ta lly
,

i n c a pa bl e o f c om m a n di n g hi s t ro o ps till fina lly a ba n d o ni n g , ,

th e a r m y hi s so ldi e r s de p r ive d o f thei r c hi e f di s p ers e d

, , ,

w ith o u t e n ga gin g th e e n e m y Th e i n ha bi ta n ts o f K i o f
.
,

fin di n g th em se lves l e ft to the m er cy o f the Po l es w ho w er e ,

m a r c hi n g u p o n the city w ith o u t o ppo s i ti o n , s o li c ite d th e

a ss is ta n c e o f Sv ia tozla f a n d Vyze v o l d, w h o p r o c u rin g a t e

c on c ilia ti on b et w een the c itizen s a n d th eir d ep os e d m o n a r c h ,

I zi a s la f a ga in as c en d ed the thr o n e Th ey a l s o r ec o ver e d fo r

.

hi m th e t o w n s a n d p r o vi n c es o f w hi c h th ey ha d fo rm er ly
d e pr ive d hi m Po lotzk a n d Min s k w e re the o n ly c ities th a t
.

a tt em pt e d to s ta n d a s i e g e 5 bu t the for mer w a s s o o n fo r ce d

to c a pit ula te a n d i n the la tte r w hose res i s ta nc e h a d b ee n

, ,

m o r e o bs tin a te a n d pro tr a c t e d a l l the m en w er e c r uelly

,

m as s a c re d by th e vi c to r s a n d the w om e n a n d c hil d re n dis

,

t r i bu te d fo r sl a ves a m o n g th e ir w a rr iors )“ Vizis laf h a vi n g

es c a p e d fr o m hi s d o m i ni o n s s h o r tly a ft er w a r d s die d i n o b
,

s c ur i ty a n d th e P o li s h kin g b e i n g r eca ll e d to Po l a n d w ith

,

his a r m y by the pr o s pe ct o f a w a r w ith Hu n ga ry Ki e f w a s ,

o n c e m o re fre ed fro m fo r e ig n i n va der s .

Bu t dis s e ns i o n s w er e c o n tin u a lly a r i s in g a m o n g the pr i n c e s ,

’
w h o p er p e tua lly e n cr o a c h e d u p o n ea ch o th er s t er r i to r i e s .

G e o r ge the m e tr o po lit a n o f K io f w a s s o a l a rm e d a t th es e
, ,

dis tu r ba n c es, tha t he a ba n don e d his see a nd r e tu r ne d to

C o n s ta n ti n o pl e his na tive pla ce a n d in 10 7 2 Sv ia to zla f a ga in
,

t o o k u p a r ms a ga ins t hi s br o th er a n d e xp elle d him fro m his

,

th ro n e a n d c o un try Izia s la f h a vin g va inly a pplie d fo r the a s

.

s is ta n c e o f th e e m p er or He n r y IV o f Ger m a n y a c c o m pa n yin g
.
,

his so lic ita tio ns by r ich a n d s pl e ndid pr esen ts , w hi c h d a zzl e d

a n d a s to n i she d th e s i m pl e a n d un r e fi n e d c o u rt o f the G er m a n

ka is er w ho, h o w ever, o n ly r e m o n stra t ed fr uitl essly by a n

,

P inkerton s R ussia ‘
1‘
.
1 54 THE ARCH E R AN D THE STE PPE .

am ba ss a d or with the u su r p er s en t his so n to Rom e to in tr ea t ,

the in ter fer en ce of th e Po p e in hi s b e h a lf ; w hi l e Sv ia tozla f

r em a ine d a lik e dea f to th e b o ld r epr oo f o f Th eo d o si u s a ,

h er m it, w ho dw el t i n a c a ve n ea r K io f, wh er e he foun de d a
m on a ster y r em a r ka bl e fo r th e a s ceti c i sm a n d s ev e r ity of its
,

r ul es, a nd th e h o ly liv es o f i ts pr i es ts
*
Gr ego ry VII th e .
,

a m biti ou s a n d zea l ou s Hild e bra n d w ho e xt en d e d th e p ow er ,

o f the Ch u r ch of Ro m e to a hith er to un k n o w n e xt en t, th en

fille d the ch a ir o f St Pe t er a n d ea ger ly em bra cin g the o ppor

.

tun ity w hi c h a pp ea re d to pr es en t itse lf o f in clu din g Russi a

w ithin the b ou n ds o f the Pa pal s e e a n d i n the e xpe cta ti on ,

th a t I zi as laf w o ul d , o n th e r ec o ver y o f hi s d o m i nio n s t e ,

n oun cc th e su pre m a c y o f the s c his m a tica l p a t r i a rc h a t e of

.

C ons ta n tino ple, a n d a c kn o w l e dge the a u th or ity o f the tia ra

o f Ro m e, h e co mm a n d e d th e ki n g o f Po l a n d to a s s i s t the R u s

s i a n p r i n ce in re ga ini n g h is th r o n e a n d a dd r e ss e d a l on g l e tt er ,

to I zi asl a f l I n thi s d oc u m en t h e s ta t es th a t a t th e r e qu est

.
-
, ,

o f the son o f th e d e p o se d m o n a r c h he h a d a d m in i st er e d to ,

hi m th e oa th o f fea lty to St P et er i a n d hi s s u c ces sor s n o t .

,

d o ubting th a t it w o u ld be a ppr o ve d by the ki n g o f Ru ssia ,

a n d a ll the l or d s o f h is kin gd o m
. s i n c e th e a p o stl e w ou ld ,
'

h en c efo r w a r d r egar d th ei r c o un tr y a s hi s o w n a n d defen d it ,

a cc or di n gly At the c o m m a n d o f the Po pe Bo les la f o n ce

.
,

m or e en ter ed Ru ss i a w i th a p o w erful a r m y ; a n d h a vi n g
r a v a ge d th e b or d er p ro vin c es a n d sa c ke d a n d u tter ly de ,

s tr o y e d th e l ar ge t o w n o f W o lyn h e tr a n s p o r te d the plu n d er ,

Moura v lefi’s Ch urc h o f R uss i a

“
.

f Bl ac k more in hi s notes to M o um v iefl s R us s i an Ch urc h giv es the l etter a s printed

‘

i n B aron i us s Annal s tom xi 472

,
’
. .
, .

Gregorlus serv us sc rv orum D e l Demetr i o (th i s w a s l zia si a f s b a pti sm al name)

'

reg ! Bus so r um c c re gi m e A os to lica m be li ed lc ti onem F il ms v es ter li m i na Apos tolornm

.

v is ita ns a d nos v en it e t qu re gnum mud d o uo S a n c ti Pe tr ! per m a nna no s tra s v a ne;

, .

,
o bti nere e id e m be a to Retro A po s to lo ru m Pr i n c ipi d e bi ts fid elita i e e xh i bi ts d ev o ti s re
, .
,
ci bus pos tu la v it in d ubi ta n te r ass ev era ns ill a m s ua m pe ti ti o ne m v es tro co ns e ns u ra
. m
fo re ac s ta biiem s l Apos to lic as a uc tori ta tls g ra tis a c m uni m i ne d o n a retur C uj us v otis .

e t pe ti no ni bus q ul a j us ta Vi d eba n tur tum ex c o ns ens u v e s tro tu m e x de v o ti ons

O
, .

, poscenti s
tandem a ss ensum rze bui m us e t rc g nl v es tr i gu be rna c ui a s ibi e x p a rts be a tl Petr i tra didl
,
,
m us ea v id e l c et ntentlons a tq ue de s id er i o ca r i ta tis u t b e a tus Pe trus v o s e t re g num
i
v es tru m om nlaque v estra bona s ua a mi d D e urn i nterc ess i o ne c us tod la t s t c um o mni p a ce
, .

h o nors q uoque e t gl o ri a id e m re gn um us q ue i n nne m ita; v e s tra te nere v os i nc l ut et

. ,
v
l uj us m ili ti as na i to c urs u impe tr t v o bi s a p ul s npe m um r e ge m gl ori a m somp iterna m
,
.
i , e f
.

Qui netlam no s pa ra tiss imo s e s s e no v eri t v es traa n o bil ita tis s er eni ta s ut a d umc umque
j us ta neg otia hujus Sed is a uc tori ta tem pro s un n ec es s i ta te petlerlt proenldu b o continua
.

e terea u t h aze et a l i n m u l ta q usa l i tte ris no u

.

p s titionum s uar um cons equa tu r e irec tu m Pra .

conti nentur cord ibus v e s tri s a re ti ne i n fl g a n tur m i s i ma s 1 0 8 nunti os no s trc s quorum

u nus v es ter no tus es t ei fid us a m i c u s ; qu i et e a qua; in l itte rls s u nt diligenter v o bi s ex
, , .
,

p onent et qua; m i nus sunt v i v a v oce explebunt Quibus pro rev erentia b ea ti Petri
. .

c uj us l eg a ti s unt v os m l tes e t a fra biles praabea tls : c t q u i c q u id v obi s d i xeri ut et a rts

, .
. ,

p
é
,
n os tra m tl n te r a u di a tls a t “ m d u bi t t d ti t ques ibi e x a uc tor ltnte Apos i o
“0 83 8 0 is negoti n tra c ts re V0 ?ueri nt e i sta rners n ul lo rum m a l o i ngeni o turba n permitta ti s
e a n. er c re a s : e
,

O mni ote us D eus m c ntes v e s tra a ill umi ner

,
,
s o d po tlus c os si nc ere ca rlta te fo e n d o j uv e ti s v
a tq ue per tem or al i a bo na inel e t v o s tra ns i re a d gl o r a m s em pi ter num Da ta RommXV
.
,
'
. .

K a le nd ns Ma l Ind ic tione d ec i m a ter ti a ; h o c es t a nno

t S teph e n s
" '
Eccles i astical
0
1 56 THE AR CH ER AN D THE STEPP E .

th a t pr eva il e d there a t len gth o bli ged th em to r et ur n a ec om ,

pa n ie d by a n a uxilia r y Ru s s ia n fo r c e to put d o w n the in s a r

r ec ti o n s th a t h a d br o ke n o u t Bu t Bo l es la f tho u gh he ha d.
,

t r i um phe d o ver a ll his fo r eign e n e m i es a t the tim e w h e n he

e nj o ye d the r es p ec t a n d c o nfid e n c e o f his s u bj ec t s n o w h a vi n g ,

by his m i s co n du c t en tir ely l o s t th ei r e s tee m w as u n a bl e to ,

r e es t a bli s h hi m s e lf o v er hi s o w n p e o pl e
-
a n d b ei n g fi n a lly ,

c om p ell e d to a b a n d on h is ki n gd o m h e a c c o r din g to m o s t , ,

w r iter s e n de d his d a v s i n the h u m bl e c a pa c ity o f a c o ok

, ,
*
in a m o n a s ter y in C a r i n thia .

N o s o o ner h a d R u s s i a b een r el ea se d fr om th e o pp r es si on
o f th e Po l es th a n the H un ga r i a n s i nv a d e d h er w es t er n pro

v i n c es a n d the tw o r em a in in g y e a r s o f th e r e ign o f Izi a s l a f

w er e c o n ti n u a lly di s tu r be d by the in vas i o n s o f th e n e igh

bo u r in g Ta r ta r t rib es p a r tic u l a r ly th e Po lo tzi w ho a few
, ,

y ea r s b efo r e h a d d r ive n th e Pe tch en e ga n s ou t o f K ipza kfia n d ‘

n o w e xte n d e d th e i r i n r o a d s a n d plu n d er in g e xc u r s i o n s to a ll

th e c o u n tr i es r o u n d .

I n 1 0 7 8 th ey fir s t e xten de d th ei r r a va ge s i n t o Ru s s i a ,

w h er e th ey w er e m e t by the Gr a n d Pr i n ce w ith th e Ru ss i a n ,

a r m y, n ear the ba nks o f th e r iv e r Alta "

H e h a d p r e vi o us ly .

vi s i te d w ith hi s s u ite the c a v e o f a c e l e b ra te d h er m it n a m e d ,

An th o n y, wh o a fter vi s i ting G r eece a nd th e H o ly La n d ha d

,
"

r etu r n e d to hi s n a tive c o u n tr y w h e r e he liv e d i n a sec lu d e d ,

c ell ,
e xc a v a t e d by his o w n h a n ds a m o n g the for es t s th a t ,

s u r r ou n d e d K i o f a n d wh o i t i s s a i d fo r e t o ld to Iz ia sl af the
, , ,

di s a s t r o u s r es u lt o f the a ppr o a c hi n g ba ttl e j On th e 3 rd o f -

D ec em b er , 1 0 7 8 the Ru ss ia ns e n ga g e d w ith the en em y bu t

-

, ,

th e ir a rm y w a s c o m pl e tely de fe ate d i n a fur i o u s en ga e m en t ,

g
,

by th e o ve r w h e l m i n g for ce o f the Po l o tzi a n d th e i r Gr a n d ,

P r in c e w a s a m o n g the s l a in His de a th too k pl ac e i n th e .

fifty fifth ye a r o f h is a ge a n d he w as suc c ee de d o n the

-

th r o n e a c c o r ding to th e c us to m o f Ru s s ia by hi s b ro the r
, ,

Vyzev o ld to the e xc lusi o n o f hi s o w n s o n s

, .

F ro m the de a th o f Ja r osla f N o v o gor o d h a d bec om e s epa ,

r a te d fr o m K i o f a n d c o nti n u e d s o for a b o ut a h u n dr e d yea r s

,

a n d a fter the r es to ra tio n of I zi a s la f it j o i ne d bu t l ittle i n

, ,

th e w a rs , d is s en si on s a n d r ev o l u ti o n s th a t at v a r i o u s ti m e s
_ ,

di stra c te d th e n e i ghbo u ri n g s ta t es : Th o ugh its e lf a w e a l thy

il l d
Ar t c e . Po an — Encyc lop e di a Br il a nm ca
‘

Kip h k ig i fi ll h
.

J
r K i pza k. o r s a , s n e s th e Ho ow Tr ee ; and t ese pl nlns w e re know n as

"
S pp "
H ll T
D esh tl K lps h a k, or th e te e o f the o o w ree I t is th e s a m e wo rd a s K a ms c h ntka , .

M C h h f R l
'

I o ura v l e fl s urc o us s a .
 IZ I ASL AF— THE PO LE S INV AD E R USSI A, ETC . 15 7

c ity ,yet i so l a te d a s it w a s a mi ds t the fro ze n a n d i n h o s pita bl e

m a rs h es o f the n or th, the c o u n tr y by w hi c h it w a s sur ro un d e d
pr es ente d to o ba r ren a n a s p ec t to r en d er it in vitin g to a n
i n va din g a r m y a n d it w a s ther efo r e co m par a tive ly fr ee fr o m
the i n va s i o ns o f the uns ettl e d a n d w a r like tr ib es w ho s u r
r o un d e d Ru s s i a o n e ver y s id e a n d w ho s o fre q u en tly b ur n e d
,

a n d pl un d e r e d the l e s s fo r tu na t e city o f K i o f A tu m u lt
.

w a s r a is e d i n the city i n th e ye a r i n the r e ign o f

Sv ia to zl a f, by a n i m po s to r w ho pr o c l a i m e d hi m s elf a pr o ph e t,
a n d in s tiga te d the p eo ple to r i s e u
p in a r m s, a n d en d e a vo u r
to s e ize a n d m u r de r the i r bis ho p , Fe d o r The p rel a te m a d e
..

n o a tt em pt to c o n c ea l hi m s elf, bu t, t a kin g th e c ro ss i n h i s

h a n d , he a dva n c e d i n his po n tifica l r o b es, a n d c a lle d u p o n a ll

tr u e b elie v er s to r es is t the fur y o f the i m p o s tor, a n d th e
pr i nc e Gl e b, th e n e ph ew o f Sv i a tozla f, h a v i n g en t er e d the
s tr ee t on h ea r in g o f th e u pr o ar , c o m m a n d ed th e fa l s e pr o ph e t
'

to a pp ear b e fo r e him . Th e w r e tc h e d m an , n o t d a r i n g to .

r e s i s t th e s u m m o n s , prese n t e d hi m s el f b e fo r e the p r in c e, w ho ,

p ro d uci n g a n a xe w hic h h e h a d pr evi o usly c o n c e a le d a m o n g

his c l o th es , s tr u c k th e i m p o s to r u p o n the he a d, a n d put a n
e n d to hi s life . The p o w er a n d p ro s p er i ty o f No v o go r o d
w a s in c r eas i n g, w h il e the o th e r pr i n c ipa liti e s o f Ru ss i a w e r e
o ve r run a n d pl u n d er e d by th e n e ighbo u r i n g n a ti ons : a n d

th ey e xten d e d th e i r c o mm er c e fa r a n d w id e , fir m ly r es is tin g
a ll the e n c roa c h m e n t s o f th e i r p r i n c es up o n th e i r lib er ty a n d

p r i v il ege s , a n d a dd res s in g r e m o n s tr a n ces w hi c h , if n o t hee d e d ,

w e r e s p ee dily fo llo w e d by de p o s iti o n to th o s e w h o m th ey
d ee m e d in ca pa bl e o f ru lin g th e m , o r w h o s e a m bitio n o f
per s on a l po w er a ppea r e d like ly to en d a n ger the ir free do m
a n d pr ivi l e ge s so th a t a s uc c es s io n o f n o l es s th a n thi r ty
,

fou r pr in c e s a lter n a t ely s wa ye d the s c ept r e d ur i ng the s p a c e

*
o f a h u n dr e d ye a r s .

I n 1 0 7 1 a g r ea t fa m i ne o c c urr e d i n R uss i a a n d the id ea,

a ri si n g th a t the w om e n c a u se d it by m a gi c gr ea t n u m be rs
,

fe ll victim s to this a bs u r d a cc u s a tio n ; a n d i n 1 129 Nov o , ,

go r o d a ga in s uffe re d fro m th e s a m e c a la m ity the c ro p s ,

h a v i n g b een w a s h e d a w a y i n the s pri n g by se ver a l fu rio us

s to r m s the p e o pl e w ere re d u c e d to the n ec e s s ity of e a ti n g
the b a r k o ff the t r ee s i n the pl a c e of br ea d a n d the s tr e e ts ,

b e i n g cho ke d w ith the bo die s o f thos e who ha d fa ll en vic tim s

to s tar va ti on, a p es til en c e w a s in du ced, w hic h des tro ye d
0 '
Bell s “ Hi story a m nes ia "
.
1 58 THE AR C H ER AN D THE S TEPPE .

th o u s a n ds m or e o f the in h a bita n t s This terr ible s c o ur ge .

a pp ea rs to h a ve b ee n v er y fr e qu e n t in Ru s s ia d u r i n g the

ea r ly p e r io d o f he r hi s to r y a n d i s e v en n o w o f by n o m ea n s
,

a n u n c o m m o n o c c u r r en c e fr o m th e still un d e v e l o p e d s t a t e o f

c o m m er c e a n d th e s h o r t su m m e r s e a s o n a n d difi
,
i c u l ty o f ,

i n t er na l c o m m un i c a tio n ; s o th a t if the h a r ves t fa ils i n a ,

r e m o t e pr o vi n c e the i n h a bita n ts m a y be u n a bl e to r e p a ir
,

the i r l o ss b e fo r e th e w in t er s e ts in o r if the w in t er h a ppen s ,

to be o f a n u n u su a l l en gth a n d th ei r o r di n a r y p r o v i s i o n
,

e xh a u s t e d th o u gh th e o th er p a r ts o f th e e m pir e m a y be
,

pl en tifully s u ppli e d the o bs tr u c t e d s t a t e o f th e r iver s a n d

,
“

r o a ds du r i n g the br e a ki n g u p o f th e i ce a n d the s c a tt ere d

, ,

a n d sc a n ty p o pu l a ti o n h a s o ften pr ec l u d e d th e a rr iva l o f a n y
,

m a t er i a l a ssi s t a n c e o r r e li e f b e for e m a n y h a v e b e en c a rr i e d o ff
by thi s d r ea dful Vis ita ti on .

Fr o m th e tim e w h en Chr i s ti a n ity w a s fir s t in t r o d u c e d i n t o

Ru ss ia th e pr i es ts h a d b een gra du a lly a c qu ir in g e xten s ive
,

p ow er in th e s ta te a n d o v er the m in d s o f the r u l er s a n d
,

p eo pl e Th ei r r e ve nu es w er e c o n tin u a lly in c r ea s e d by th e
.

gifts o f th e n o ble s a nd p r i n ces w h o e n d o w e d c hu r ch es w ith ,

W h o l e V ill a g es a n d fo r e s ts s o th a t w h e n P e t e r th e G r ea t ,
l

a sc e n d e d th e th r o n e o n e thir d o f th e l a n d s i n Ru s s i a w a s th e
,
-

pr o per ty o f the Ch u r c h Vyzev o l d er ec t e d a c h a pe l to St

. .

D em e tr iu s o n w hic h h e bes to w e d a gr a n t o f h o u ses w o o d s

, , ,

l a ke s a n d r iver s It w a s the c u st om fo r the Gra n d Pr in c es

,
.
,

w h en on th e i r d e a th —be d to a ss u m e the h a bit a n d ta k e th e

,

vo w s o f a m o n k a n d if th e y un expe c t edly re c o v er e d the a c t

, ,

w a s s till bin di n g u p o n th e m a n d th e y r e ti r e d i n t o a m o n a s ~
,

ter y to e n d th eir d a ys in the d e vo tio n s a n d s ecl u s i o n o f the

, .

c l o i s t er Th e metro p o lit a n s o f Ki e f w ere a l w a ys c on secr a t e d

.

by th e p a tr ia rc h o f C o n st a n ti no pl e till th e yea r 1 1 4 7 w h en ,

the Ru s si a n s e l ec te d a m o n k o f th ei r o w n n a tio n n a m e d ,

Clem en t to th e o ffic e a ll egin g a s a j u s ti fic a ti on fo r thi s a c t

, , ,

o f i n d e p e n d e n c e th a t the p a tr i a r c h a l s e e w a s a t th a t ti m e
,

v a c a n t ; bu t th e n o mi na tio n o f this pr el a t e w ho w a s th eir ,

fo u r t een th m et r o po lita n , w a s n e ver thel e ss c on test e d by C o n

s ta n ti n o pl e a n d c a u s e d a divi s io n w ith th a t c h u r c h w hic h
,

l as te d s evera l y ea r s At thi s p er io d w h en lit er a tu r e w a s

.
,

a l m o s t u n kn o wn i n Sc a n di n a v i a ~ Po la n d a n d e v en I c el a n d
, , ,

th e Athen s o f the n o r th i n the m iddl e a g e s Ru s s i a p r o du ce d ,

a n his t or i a n in th e p er so n o f Ne s t o r a m o n k i n the Pec he r sk

y
,

See “
gli s hwoman in Rus si a
En , h
a nd ot er Trav els .
 CHA P TER XIII .

”girli s h! gijara slafetitg— g ti s tupolk Qgia alafubi tg ifi

ls hi mir
‘
fi

Monument“ .

F ROM A M
. . 66 0 6 TO 663 3 , on A D . . 1098 TO 1 12 5 .

ll i n Ara b a s h e pro w l s for p rey

Th e v i a
Oft m a r ks w i th bl oo d and w a s ti n g fl a m es th e w ay
, ,

Ye t n one s o c r ue l a s the Ta r ta r foe

To d ea th e n ure d a nd nurs e d i n s ce nes of w oe
,

, .

THE ign o f th e Gr a n d Pr in c e Vyze v o ld An d r e w i s

re

c hi e fly m a r ke d by th e Co n tin u a l in v a s io n s o f the s u rr o u n di n g

tr ibes pa r ti c u l a r ly th e H un ga r ia n s a n d Po lo tzi o r C um a ns
, , ,

w ho c a rr i e d o n a c o n s t a n t d e s u lt o ry w a r fa r e w i th th e p r in c i

pa l itie s o f R u s s i a ; the c o n te n ti o n s b e t we en h i s s o n a n d
n e ph ew a d rea dful pl a g u e th a t r a v a ged Ru s s i a a n d the

a ss i s ta n c e he r e n d er e d to th e e m p er o r Mi c h a el D u c a s o f ,

C on s t a n ti n o ple th a t pr in c e h a vin g re qu es te d hi s a i d i n s u p
,

p re s s in g th e r eb elli o n o f th e Ch er so n i te s w h o h a d r i s e n ,

a ga i n s t the Gr ee k E m pir e a t a ti m e w h en i ts fo r c e s w er e

e n ga ge d in a w a r w ith the B ulga r i a n s

‘
Vyzev o l d s en t a .

s m a ll d eta c h m e n t to the C r im e a u n d er the c o m m a n d o f hi s

,

s o n s Vl a di m i r a n d Gl e b w h er e the fo r m e r r e c e ive d the s u r

, ,

n a m e o f M o n o m a c h u s f o r th e D u elli s t fr o m hi s d e fea tin g in

’

s in gl e c o m b a t a t the s i e ge o f K a d a the ge n era l w ho c o m

'

, ,

m a nde d the r ebe l t own H a vin g u n h o rs e d the Gre ek c hie f

.

t a in Vl a di m ir s pa r e d his life bu t d epr ive d h i m o f hi s c a p

, , ,

en ri ch e d w ith d ia m o n d s the g o ld c h a i n he w o r e r o u n d h is
,

n ec k a n d hi s gi r dl e a s p r o o fs o f h i s vi c t o r y
, , The Ru s s i a n s .

a l so c o m p elle d the c itizen s o f Ch e r s on to r es to r e s o m e o f

th eir m er c ha n t ves s el s tha t th ey ha d s e ize d a n d pa y th e ,

e xp en se s o f th e w a r w hi c h w a s b r o u ght to a r a pid c o n c lu s i on
,

by the d ea th o f th e E m peror o f C o n s ta n tin o pl e .

Vla dim ir a lso di s tin gu ish e d hi m self i n n u m er o u s c a m p a igns

a ga i ns t the Po l o tzi a n d c a u s e d his n a m e to be d r ea d e d by a ll
,

S ome writers supp ose th atbe deriv ed thi s surna me from his m ate na l grandfa th er r .
 v r zav om) Ja no s na r o v rr z, a r e . 1 61

the Ta rta r t ribes w h o m he d efea ted i n up wa r ds of six ty

,

b a ttl es a n d m a n y pe tty skir m i sh es a nd a t l ength c om pell e d ,

th e m to res p e ct th o se tr ea ties fo r which his a r m s ha d fo rc e d

th em to en tr e a t A m on g oth er vi c t ori es he m a d e a s u c ces s fu l
.
.

e xp e diti o n a ga i n s t N ov o o r o d a n d to o k the p rin ce pr iso n er

g , ,
w ho m he o blige d to c e d e hi s p o s sess i on s to hi s o w n s o n
Ha r a ld a n d c o n t e nt him s elf w ith a ve r y s m a ll p or tio n o f his
,

fo r mer t er rito ry M o n om a chu s ha d fo r m er ly r ec eive d fr o m

.

hi s un c l e S v ia to zl a f, the to wn a n d pr i nc ipa lity o f Sm o len sko,

,

a s a r ew a r d for his s e r vi ces in the w a r b e tw e en th a t p ri n c e

a n d I zi as laf a n d his p o ss e ss i o n s w er e fur th e r a u gm e n t e d by

Vyzev o ld w h e n h e as cen d e d th e th ron e w ho b es to w e d u po n
, ,

h im the fer til e p r ovi n c e o f Tc hern ig o ff Thi s s ta t e l a w f ully .

b el o nge d to Ole g the s o n o f S v i a to zla f i t h a vin g b een be

, ,

qu e a the d him by hi s c ou s i n the so n a n d s u c c esso r o f Ni c h o l a s

,

Vla dim ir ov i tz, * w ho r es ign in g his thr o n e a n d e m br a c in g a

,

m o n a s ti c li fe e n de d hi s d a ys in th e c l o i s te rs o f Pe ch er sky
, ,

a n d ga ve o ve r hi s pa t ri m o n y to thi s p r in c e w ho ha d a lr e a dy ,

b ee n d e pr i v e d o f hi s p a tern a l r ights Ol e g to o k u p a rm s .

fo r the r e c o v ery o f h is d o m a i n s a n d e n t er i n g i n to a lli a n ce , ,

w ith the Po l o tzi o n e o f th eir tr ib es m a r c h e d u n der hi s c o m

,

m a n d a ga i n s t th e i r for m er en emy ; bu t a di s pu te a ris i ng

b e t w een the p r i nc e a n d hi s ba r b a r o u s a llies the l a tt er a fter , ,

m u r d e ri n g the un fo r tun a t e b ro th er o f Ol e g tr ea c herou sly ,

d e li v er e d th e i r le a d er i n to th e h a n ds of Vla di m i r w h o s pa r i ng , ,

his life s u bs e qu e n tly per m itte d h im to r e tir e to Co n s ta n

,

ti n o pl e w h er e he r e m a i n e d du r in g the life o f Vyzev o l d, a n d

,

fr o m w h e nc e he o nly r et ur n e d to ra ise a n o th er r e be lli on i n

the s u c c e edi n g r e ign .

Vyze v o ld w a s bo r n i n K i o f A D 10 30 a n d m a r rie d a , . .
,

d a u ghte r o f the Em p er or C o n s t a nt in e M o n o m a ch u s o f Byza n

tiu m . He l e ft tw o so n s Vl a di mir a n d Gl eb prin ce o f
, ,

Vo lhynia a n d two da u ghte r s A nn a a n d E u pra xi a the

, , ,

form e r o f w h om ha d m a de a j o u rn ey to C o n s ta n ti n o pl e a n d ,

fo u n d e d a sc h o o l a n d co n ve n t a t K io f a nd bo th to o k th e
’
ve il b efor e th ei r fa th er s d ea th w hi c h t o ok pla c e o n th e 1 3th
,

o f Ap ri l 10 9 4
,
He w as bu r i e d in the c a th e d ra l o f S t
. .

S o phi a i n the c a pita l a n d on hi s dea thbe d d ec l a r e d his s on

, ,

Vla di m ir his s u cc ess o r to the e x c l usi on o f his n e phe w ,

,

S v i a topo lk p r i n c e o f Tver the s on o f Izia sla f w h o b ei n g the

, , , ,

eld e s t mem b er of the fa mily w a s the r ightful h eir to the ,

A son of Vla di mi r the Grea t .

1 62 THE m ou r n AND THE STE PPE .

thr o n e But up on b ein g pr o c la im e d a s th ei r s over eign by

.
,

th e peo ple Vla di m ir r e fu se d to a c ce pt the o fi

,
i c e n ot w i s hi n g ,

to v i ol a te the e s ta blis h e d o r der o f s uc cess i o n whic h c o nfe n e d

th e e m pi re u p on Sv i a top olk His fa ther sa id he “ w a s
”
.
, ,
’
m y fa ther s s en i o r I w i s h to p reser ve Rus si a fr om the
.

h o rr or s o f a c ivil w a r A n d du r i ng th e e ar ly p a r t o f th e
.
,

r e ig n o f Sv ia to olk, he w a s the pr i n c ipa l s uppo r t a n d de fen c e

p
o f his c hi e f w h o se gu a r d c o n s is ti n g o f o n ly e ight h un d r e d
, ,

m en w a s i nfer i o r to th e r e ti nu e s o f m a n y o f tho se p r i n c e s
,

w ho w er e n o m i nal ly hi s va s s a ls a n d t ribu tar i es a n d w ith ,

w h o m h e w as c o n ti n ua lly a t e n m ity o r e nga ge d i n a ci vil

*
w ar . At l a s t Ole g ta ki n g a dva n ta ge o f th e dis tur be d
, ,

s ta te o f the em pi re to r e n e w hi s c la i m s, r e tur n e d fr om C on

s ta n ti no le w ith his br o th er D a vid a n d a s s i s t e d by the

p , ,

n e ighbo u ri n g pr in ce s r e ga in e d Tc h ern igo fi a n d Sm ol e n sko

'
.
,

In 1 0 9 7 a c o n gr ess fo r m e d o f a ll the chie fs w ho w ere

, ,

d esc e n de d fro m Vla dim ir th e Gr e a t, w as a sse m bl ed a t K io f ,

o v er w hi c h M o n o m a c hu s p r es id e d a n d i n w hi c h he is r e l a t e d,

to h a v e di s pl a ye d g r ea t dipl o m a ti c s ki ll a n d s a ga c i ty, fo r th e
pu r pos e o f d et er m in in g the lim its of the terr itor ies, a n d
s a tis fyi ng the c l a i m s o f the i n s u r ge n t pr in c es The a r biters .

m e t in a t en t pi tc he d o n th e b a n ks o f the D n ie p er , a n d after
s o m e d e lib era ti o n it w a s a gr e e d th a t Ol e g an d D a vid sh o uld

r e ta i n p os s es s i o n o f the tw o pr o vi n ce s an d c o n fi rm th e ir ,

a lle gi a n c e to Sv i a to o l k by a n o a th s w o rn o n th e c ros s But

p .

the p ea ce did n o t c o n tin ue l o n g ; fo r D a vid h a vin g ta ke n ,

Vo lhynia , the terr i to r y o f Ba silko th e n e phew o f Mo n o m a ,

c hu s p u t o u t the e yes o f i ts u n h a ppy so vere ign w h o m he

, ,

r eta in e d c a ptive w ith the c o n s e n t a n d s u pp or t o f Sv i a to olk

p ;
a n d i n dign a n t a t thi s i nj u s ti c e a n d c r u el ty Vl a dim i r a n d th e
, ,

o th er c hi e fs o f th e e m pi re i m m e di a t e ly 1 o se i n a i m s a ga in s t

the tw o c on feder a tes The y m a rc h e d a ga i ns t K io f a n d ,

pla n te d th em selves b efo re its w a lls w h e n th er e sudd e nly ,

a pp ea re d a s a p ea ce m a k er i n th ei r c a m p th e m et ro p o lit a n
-

N i c h o l a s w ho a dva n cin g t o w a r d s Vla di m ir, e xc la im ed

, , We ,

b e see ch th ee 0 pr in ce be n o t s o u n n a t ur a l as to r uin you r

, ,

o w n c o untr y o f R u s sia ; fo r kn ow th a t if ye begi n to fight ,

a m o n g yo u1 s elves the un b e lie ve rs w ill r ej o i c e a nd w il l t a ke

, ,

a wa y fro m us o u r l a n d, w hi c h yo u r fa th ers w on by gr ea t t o il

a n d val o ur, 1n a l l th eir w a rs in Rus s ia , th ey sou gh t e v en to

c on qu er o th er c oun tr i es , but
ye n o w go a b out to r uin yo ur
Bell
'
s History of R uss ia " .
1 64 THE AR C H ER AND TH E STE PPE .

em igr a tio n fr o m the c ou n tr y a nd a l lo w e d th em to c a r r y th e i r

,

p ro p er ty a n d w ea l th to a n o ther l a n d He r e c e ive d o n hi s .

a c c ess i o n a n e m b a s sy w ith c o n g ra tu l a tio n s fr o m th e E m p er or

,

Al exi u s C o m n e n us w h o m h e ha d fo r m e rly a ide d in qu elling

,

a n i n s u r r e c ti o n i n Th ra c e a n d w h o se n t by hi s e n v o y s pre
,

sen ts c on s i s tin g o f a g o ld e n s c eptr e o r b a n d i m p er i a l ti a r a

, , ,

s u r m o u n te d w ith a cro s s a n d s tu dd e d w ith p re c io u s s t o n e s

,
.

Th e y w e re o f the for m e m pl oye d in th o se o f the C aesa rs of

Byza n tiu m a n d a t th e p rese nt da y a r e pr e s erv e d w ith th e
, ,

i m p er i a l c r o w n s a n d r ega lia in th e tr ea su ry o f the Kr em li n

,

a t M o s c o w w h e re th e y a r e s till a l w a y s u s ed a t the c o r o n a ti o n
,

o f the R u s s i a n e m p er o r s A c c or din g to th e p oe t a n d his to

.

r i a n Lo m on s ofi Vl a di m i r a s s u m e d a t thi s c e r e m o n y th e a pp el
'

l a tio n of C za r a title o n ly given i n th o s e ti m e s to the m ost

,

p o w er ful o r m o s t vi c tor i o us a m o n g the p r in c e s o f K i o f His .

r e ign w a s a p e r i o d o f a l m os t pr o fo un d p e a c e i n Ru s s i a a n d ,

h e gr ea tly i m pr o ve d a n d m o di fie d th e l a w s a t th e s a m e ti m e ,

en fo r c in g th e ir o b s er van c e ; fo r th ey h a d fa llen m u c h i n t o

di s u s e du r in g th e i n vas i o n s a n d c ivil dis t u r b a n c es th a t h a d

s o l o n g a ffli c t e d the e m pi r e w hi c h u n d er h i s r u le
,
e nj o ye d
, ,

m o r e p r o s p er ity th a n it h a d felt fo r m a n y y e a r s He bu ilt .

n e w t o w n s a n d i m pr o v e d th o se th a t h a d be e n b u r n e d a n d
,

d es tr oye d du r in g th e lon g a n d d e s tr u c tive w a r s ; a n d his

d ea th w a s u n iv ers a lly r e gr e tt e d by th e n a ti o n his r eign ,

h a v in g o n ly e xten de d o ver the s h o r t s p a c e o f t w e lve ye a r s .

H e w a s b or n i n 1 0 5 3 r e c e ivi n g a t hi s ba pti sm the Chr i s

,

ti a n n a m e o f F e d o r a n d m a d e hi s fir s t c a m pa ign wi th
,

Bo les la f the ki n g o f P o l a n d i n the e xp e diti o n u n d e r ta k e n

, ,

by th a t m o n a r c h a ga in s t B o h e mi a In 1 0 7 0 he vi s ite d D en
.

m a r k w h er e h e m a rr i e d Gyd a the da ughte r o f the u n fo rtu

, ,
’
n a te Ha r a ld ki n g o f E n gl a n d w h o a ft e r h e r fa th e r s d e a th
, , ,

i n th e fa ta l ba ttl e o f H a s ti n gs a c c o m p a n i e d her g ra n d m o th er
, ,

th e C o u n te s s o f Go dw i n i n h er w a n d er i n gs to Ic el a n d a n d
,

Nor wa y a n d a t l en gth to o k r e fug e w ith the o th er m em b er s

,

o f her fa m ily a t the c o u r t o f he r kin sm an Sve n d the Da n i s h , ,

m ona r c h . Aft er en ga ging in a ll the w a r s b e t w ee n Izia sla f

’
a n d S v i a to zl a f Vl a di m ir fought b r a ve ly u n d e r his fa th er s
,

s t a n da r d in th e b a ttle in w hi c h th a t chi e f w ith Sv i a to zla f , ,

w a s d e fea te d by Bo le slaf a n d th e P o lis h a r m y u n der the

, ,

very w a lls o f K io f By his firs t w ife he ha d o n e s o n

.
,

Ha ra ld w h o m he pla c e d u p o n the thr on e o f N o v o goro d a n d

, ,

wh o m a rr i e d Chri s tin a , the da u ght er of Ki ng In go Stei n ,

 v r znv o m JAR OSLAFOVITZ, ETC . 1 65

h el ss e n of
S we d en, a nd dyin g b efor e his fa th er, l e ft tw o ,

d a u ghters , Ma lfri d a nd I n ge bo r g The for m e r m a r r i e d Ki n g .

Er i c Egm un d o f D e nm a r k a n d the l a tter his bro th er D u ke , ,

C a n u t e La y a r d a nd their so n a fte r w a r ds r e igne d a s V

, Va l de
m a r th e G r e a t o f D en m a r k B a s e c on d m a rri a ge Vl a di m ir
y .

le ft fo u r s o n s ll/Iic isla f w ho m a rr i e d his c ous i n Eu do s ia the

, , ,
d a u ghte r o f Sv ia to po lk Ya r a o lk Via tc heslafi a n d Y o u r ii '

p , , , ,
w h o a ll re ig n e d i n su c ces s i o n a n d to w h o m he b e qu e a the d a
,

w r i tte n w il l o r a dm o n iti o n the o ldes t e xt a n t i n Ru s s ia * , .

His d ea th t oo k pl a c e o n the 1 9 th o f May 1 1 2 5 i n the , ,

s e v en ty thi r d y ea r o f his a e
-
a n d he w a s bur ie d by th e
g ,

m e tr o p o li ta n N ic eta s i n the c a th e dr a l o f St S o phia a t K i o f , . .

D ur in g thi s r eign liter a tu r e a pp ea rs to h a ve m a de s om e

pr o gr ess in Russ ia , a nd Vla di m ir es ta blis he d li bra r ies i n
"
My h ild re n p ra ise Go d a nd l o v e m e n for it is ne i th er fastin g nor s ol i tu de n or
c
m o n a s tic v o ws th a t ca n gi v e you e ter na l li fe ; it is be ne fic encc a l o ne B e fa th ers to th e
. , , . ,

o r p h a ns : be y o u rs e l v e s j udg es for th e w id o w ; p ut to d ea th ne i th er th e i nnoc en t nor th e

.

g uil ty fo r no th i ng is mo re s ac red th a n the l ife a nd s o ul o f a Ch r is ti a n Kee p n ot th e

t i e s ta a t a di s ta n c e ite m yo u ; d o go o d to th em th a t the m a y o ffer up p ra y ers to G o d
, .

Vi o la te not the oa th w h i c h yo u h v e S W o l Il o n t i s c ross My b roth e rs s a id to

.

o r y ou
‘
a
A s s is t us to e xpe l th e so ns of R o tis la f a n d s e i ze u o n the i r prov m c es or re n o un c e
.
.

me
o ur a llia n c e B ut I a ns wered — I ca n no t fo r ge t th a t I m v e k i sse d the c ro s s B e a r in
.
.
“ ‘ ’

m i n d th a t a m a n o ugh t a l w a y s to be e m pl oy e d Loo k carefully i nto yo ur dom es ti c

. .

t a i rs a nd fl y from d runk ennes s Lov e y o ur w i v es but d o not s uffer th em to h a v e

.

al
p o w e r o v er y ou End eav ou r c o ns ta n tly to o bta in k no w l edge W i th o ut h a v i n g
, .
,
an y .

q ui tted thi s si nc e my fa ther s po ke ti v e l a ng ua ge s a th i ng w hi c h w i ns i r us th e a d m i

.

o
r a ti o n o l fo re g ners f l n w a r be v i g il a n t ; be a n e xam pl e to y o u r bo ya rd N ev e r re ti re
. ,

s.
to res t un til yo u h a v e p os te d yo ur g ua rds ; n e v e r ta ke o il yo ur ar ms w h il e y o u ar e i n
.
’

rea c h o f th e e ne m v ; a nd to a v o id b e i n g s ur p r i se d al w a y s be e a rl y on h o rs e ba c k W he n
yo u tra e l th ro ug h yo ur pro v i nce s d o no t a l lo w y o u r a ttend a nts to d o th e l ea s t i nj ury to
, . .

v .
the i n h a bi ta n ts E nte rta i n a l w a y s a t y o ur o w n expe ns e the ma s te r of th e h o use w h ere
If yo u find y o urs el f affl i cte d by a ny il l nes s m ake th re e p ros tra
. .

y o u ta ke up y o ur a bod e
,
.

t i o n s to th e gr o und befo re th e Lo rd ; a n d ne er l e t th e c a n find y o u i n bed

,
A t th e v
d a w n o f d a y m y th ther a nd the v i rtuo us me n by w h o m h e w a s s urro unde d did th us
.

th e y gl o ri fi e d the h er Th ey th en s ea te d the mse lv es to de libera te o r to a dm i n i s ter

, ,

j us ti ce to th e p eo pl e or th ey w ent to the c h a s e ; a n d i n th e m id d le o f th e d a y th e y s le p t
w hi h G d pe r m i ts to ma n a s w e ll a s to th e be a s ts a nd bird s t A s to m I a cc us to m e d
. .

c o
m us e " to d o e v e ry thi n g th a t 1 mi gh t h a v e o r d e re d my s erv nts to do lgb t a nd d a y a
w n ter a n d s um m er I w as p er pe tua ll y m o v m g a b out I w i s h ed to s e e ev e ry thi n g w i th
.
.

m y o w n e y es N ev e r did I a ba n d o n th e p oo r or the w id o w to the o p res s io n of th

. .

e
p o w er ful I ma d e i t my d uty to i ns p ec t the c h urc hes a nd the s a c re c e re mon i es o f
.

r e li gi o n a s w e ll as th e m a na g e m en t of m y p ro pe rty m y s ta bl e s a nd th e v u l ture s a nd
. .

h a w k s w i th w hi c h I h unted I h a v e m a d e igh ty th ree c a mp a i ns a nd m a ny ex e di ti o n

. , .
e -

1 c o nc l ud e d n i n e tee n tr ea ti es w i th the Po l tz i ; I to o k on tg
. s.
v e o ne h und re o f th e i r o i

p r i nc e s w h o m I s e t free a ga i n : a nd I p ut t w o h un d red of t re in to d ea th by th ro w i ng
t he m i n to r i v e r s N o o ne ha s v e r tr el led more i n idly th a n I h a v e d o ne S e tti n g o ut
. ,
e av

i n th e m o rn i n g [to m Tc h er uig o tf I h a v e a r n v e d a t lo t be fo re th e h o u r o r v es pers

. .
‘

In
m y c uth w h a t fa lls from my h o rs e d id I no t e xpe r ie nce ! w ound i n g m y fe t nn d m y
. .

e
b a n a a n d b rea k i n g tn y h e a d a g a i ns t trees ; bu t th e Lo rd w a tc h ed o v er me i n h un ti n g
‘

a m ids t th e thi c ke s t fo re sts ho w m a ny ti m e s h a v e I my s e l f ca ugh t w ild h o rse s a nd bo un d

. .
.

th e m to ge th e r ! Ho w m a ny ti m e s h a v e 1 be e n th ro w n do w n by w i ld o xe n w o u n de d by
,

th e a ntl e rs o f s ta g a nd tro dd n u nd e r th e feet o f e l ite ! A furi o us w ild bo r re n t my

.
e e a
s w o rd fro m my bal d ric lt ; m y s a d d l e w a s torn to pi e ce s by a b e a r This terr ibl e be as t
.

r us h e d u p o n m c o urse r w h m h e th re w d o wn u p n m e B ut th e L ord p o te c te d m e
.

o r
y
o

O m y c hild re n {c ur n ei th e r d e a th n o r w l ld b e as ts Tr us t In Pro v id ence ; i t fa r s urp a ses

.
. .

. s

a l l h u m a n p rec a uti o ns — See K a rc m s in s Hi s to ry or 1tuss l a Labi s s S ea k ni gs of

,
' “ ” ' “
. . - -

"
N or w ay .

t Th e R us s i a ns Pol es
l b d for the number of l a ng ua ges th ey a re
a nd a re s t l il c e e ra te
u s u ll v a c unl u te d w i th
1 15 18 a ll0 m m “ thi n g i n R uss i a a nd a l mos t uni v ersa l a mong the peas a ntry to ta ke a
1l .

-
s i e s ta i n th e m iddl e of the d ay
, .
.
1 66 THE AR C HER AND THE S TEPPE .

ma n y of the m o n as ter ies , in w hi c h h e c o llec te d n um erous

Gr eek a n d L a ti n m a n u s c ripts 5 a n d se ve ra l the ol o gic a l w o rk s
o f thi s p er i o d s t ill e xi s t
. Of these the m os t r em ar ka bl e a r e
the tw o e pi s tl es o f Ni c epho ru s, the m e tro po lita n o f K iof a ,

Gre ek w ho ha d a c c om pa n ie d the pr inc ess An a the da ught er

,

o f V ze v o ld fro m C o n s ta ntin o pl e ; a n d th e r e is al so a de
y ,

s c riptio n by a Ru ss i a n a bb o t, n a m e d D a n i e l, o f a j o ur n e y

u n der t a ke n to J eru sa le m a few y ea r s a ft er i ts c on q ues t by

the firs t Crusa der s .

1 68 THE ARCH ER AN D THE sr s r r n.
'

des tr o ye d a c co r din g to the Russi a n c hr o n ic les “ n o l ess th a n

, ,

fo ur h u n d re d c h a p els a n d c h u r c h es bes id es n um er o us h o us e s ,
.

Mi c isla f w a s a ss a s si n a te d i n 1 1 32 w h en hi s br o ther Ya r o po lk ,

s u c c ee d e d m p o ss es s in g hi m s e lf o f the th r o n e th o u gh v io ,

l en tly o pp ose d by th e s o n s o f Ol e g a n d Izia s l a f the s on o f , ,

th e d ec ea se d pr i n c e At le n gth , the la tter fin din g hi m s elf

.

w ith o u t fo ll o w er s s u c c e e d e d m m akin g his es c a pe to P o l a n d

, ,

w h e re a pp ea li n g to the gen er o s ity o f her kin g Bo l es la f III

, , ,

he en tr e a te d th a t s o ver ei g n to l en d him s o m e a ss i s ta n c e ;
w hi c h Bo les la f r ej o i c e d to fi , nd a pr e te xt fo r h u m bli n g hi s
a n c i en t e n e m y r e a dil y p r o m i se d to d o a n d th e fo ll o w in g yea r
, ,

th e c o n fe de r a te p r in c es m a r c h e d w i th a l a r ge a r m y in to
Ru ss ia The Po le s c o m m itte d th e m o s t frightful r a va ge s
.
,

a n d a l m o s t s u r p a s s e d th e T a r t ar s i n th e i r w a s te w ith fir e an d

s w o r d ; but the i nj ur e d p e as a n tr y r os e up a t e v er y s te p to

o pp o s e th em Th ey u n ite d in ban d s la y i n a m bu s h o r set

.
, ,

fir e to the w o o ds th r o u gh w hic h the in va d ers a dva n c e d a n d ,

a t l en gth , d e fe a ti n g th e m i n a f u ri o u s b a ttl e the sc a tte r e d ,

r e m n a n t o f the P o li s h fo r c es w a s c o mpell e d to m a k e a h a s ty

r etr eat an d t heir m o n a r c h w ho du ri n g a s t or m y r eign o f, ,

.

thir ty se v en ye ars ha d pr es er ve d the fa m e a n d r ep u t e o f a

-
,

w is e a n d e v er vi c t or i o u s pr i n c e die d b r o k en h e a r t e d a t
-
,
-

C ra co w a fe w m o n th s a fter his ign om in i o us re t u r n Bu t a s

,
.
,

s o o n as p e a c e w as r e s t o re d d ivis i o n s a ga i n p re v a il e d a m o n g,

Y a r a po l k di e d a t To u rn ofi1 i n the
'

th e pr i n c es o f K i o f .

e ighty fi -
rs t y e a r o f hi s a ge a n d w a s s u cc e e d e d by hi s b r o th er
,

Vi a tc heslafi a n d this pr in c e o n ly m a in ta ine d his th r o n e fo r

‘

tw elve tr o u bl e d d a ys be i n g d e p ose d I by hi s c o u s i n Vyzev old

, ,

o f Tc he rn ig o fi th e s o n o f Ol e g
‘

,
th o u gh a fte r the dea th o f ,

the l a tter c hi e f a n d th a t o f his br o the r Igo r h e a g a i n

, ,

r eign e d bu t w a s fo r c ed t o a c ce pt a s a c o ll ea ue hi s tu r b ul e n t
, g
n e ph ew Izia sl a f
, He die d in 1 1 5 5 a n d i n th e s h o r t s pa c e
.
,

o f thi r ty—tw o y ea r s e l e ve n p r in c es s w a y e d th e s ce ptr e o f

K io f . O ne s u c c es si vely d e po s e d the o th er a n d i n hi s tu r n ,

s u ffer e d im pr i s o n m e n t or d e a th ; a n d th ro u gh o u t the w h o l e ,

e xt en t o f R us s i a th e p o ssess i o n o f i n fl u en c e p r o p e r ty o r
, , ,

w e a lth w a s a s u n c er ta in a n d pr ec ar i o u s as hu m a n life
, Igo r .
,

the so n o f Ol e g w as d e pr iv e d o f h is th r o n e by hi s c o u s i n
,
’
I zia s la f a ft er a fo r tnight s e xer c i s e o f s o vere ign p o w er a n d
,

h a vin g been c o m p elle d by his r iva l to a ss u m e the h a bit a n d ‘

The Ch ron i cl es of Nestor s a y sev en h und red ; Mourav lefi’ puts fo ur h un dred and
Ta tl sch e fl o nl y th i rty
,
’
.

f1 11 1139 .
t M ai c h 2 nd 1 189 , .
 TH E PO LE S mv a nn RUSSI A, ETC. 1 69

ta k e the vow s o f a m on k i n 1 148 :ven ture d to em er ge fr o m

,

h is o b s c u rity a n d r en ew hi s c l a i m to the p ri n cely c r own ;

,

bu t n o t w ith s ta n di n g hi s p ri es tly c ha r a c t er w hi c h it m ight

, ,

h a ve b een s u ppo s e d w o u ld ha ve pro t ec te d him from vi o le n c e ,

w a s b a r b a r o us ly t o r n to pie c es b the p o pul a ce i n the s tr eet s

y ,

d u r i n g a r io t w hi c h e ns u e d o n the dep os i tio n o f Izia sla f by ,

Ge or ge D o lg o r uki * o r the l o n g a r m e d the you n ge s t son o f

,
-
,

M o n o m a c hus . Thi s pr in c e w a s b o rn i n 10 9 1 a n d w a s o ne ,

o f the a bl e s t a n d m o s t p o w er ful pr i n c es o f the tim e e ith er ,

i n R u ss ia o r th e o the r c o un tr i e s th r o ugh o u t Eur o pe He .

h a d r eig ne d fo r m a ny yea r s in S u zd a l a n exten s ive tho u gh ,

thi n ly pe o pl e d te r r ito ry b e qu e a th e d to hi m by hi s fa the r

-

, ,

w hi c h he ha d gr e a tly i m pr o ve d a n d s t r e n gthen e d a n d w her e ,

h e h a d given l a n d s to m a ny for eign s e ttl ers a n d pl a n te d ,

s e ve r a l c o l o n i es o f b o th Sla vo n i a n s a n d Fi n n s s uc c ess fu lly ,

r e pe l l i n g thr e e fo r m id a bl e i n v a s i o n s o f the N o v o go r o d ia n s .

A yea r be fo r e the e ven t o f his s uc c ess io n a t K i o f w hi le ,

h un ti n g o ver the d en s e fo re st s i n th e ce n t re o f his do m i nio ns ,

h e p a s s e d thr o u gh the de m e sn e o f S te ph en K utchko , a r i c h

a n d p o w erfu l b o y a r d w h o p o s s e s s ed a l a r ge vill a ge o n the
,

c o n flu e n ce o f the r ive r s M o s ko w a a n d N eglin a , a n d c o n ce rn

i n g w h o m a ll hi s d ep e n da n ts s p o ke w ith e xtr a va ga n t r a p
t ur es o f th e m a r vello u s bea u ty o f E u dos ia his w ife B e i n g .

d e sir o u s to see h er o f w h om fa m e r ep o rt e d so highly the

, ,

G ra n d P r in c e s en t a n o r der to K u tc hko des ir in g th em bo th ,

to c o m e o u t to m e e t hi m a n d p r es en t h im w ith th e h o n o u rs
,

d ue to a v is it o r a n d the i r pr i n c e ; but the j ea lo u s a n d

h a u ghty n o blem a n s us pecting t r ea c h ery r e fus e d to c om ply , ,

fo r w hi c h he w as s oo n p un i sh e d by a dr ea dful fa te The .

fier c e a n d i m p er i o u s D o lgo r uki un a ccu s tom e d to di s c he,

d ienc e o r o pp o s iti o n i m m e di a t ely c o m m a n de d his fo ll o w ers

,

to a tta ck the cas tl e o f his un c o u r teo u s v a s s a l th ey fi r e d it ,

a nd a s it w a s c o n s tr u c t e d o f w o o d it r a pidl y blaze d to th e
, ,

g ro u n d ; a n d w hil e i ts u n fo rt un a t e m as ter p er is h e d in the

,

fla m es E ud o s ia w a s r e sc u e d by he r l o ve r in pers on w ho
, ,

e l ev a te d her to s h a re hi s th r o n e Ad m ir in g the s it ua tio n o f

.

h is v i c ti m s es ta t e c r oss e d by tw o Spar kl in g s tr e a m s a n d in
’
, , ,

a n o p eni n g b et w e e n thi c kly pl a n t e d w oo d s Ge or ge es ta bli s h e d

-
,

a r o ya l res id e n c e o n thi s s p o t, a n d s o l a id the fo u n d a ti o n s o f

the fu tur e c ity o f M os c o w i n thi s a c t o f fr a u d a n d vio l en c e

,
.

“
D olo rnkl.
"
h
t a t is ,
“ l g
th e o n - fi rm e d Thi s a pp ell a ti on d escended to a no th e r
é ill b orne 1 s a reg ul ar s urna me —B la c kmo ro s
.

b ra nc ho il
th e fa m y . l v w no m l t i s s t "
'

“
N otes to M
‘
o ura v l efl s 11a rch o f R us s a. i
 1 70 THE ARCH ER AND THE S TEPPE .

A c co r din g to tr a dition the pi c tu re o f the Vir gi n o f E ph esus

, ,

w hi c h the Ru ss ia n s c o n s id er the pa lla diu m o f th e ir c ity a n d , ,

the ir legen ds a s s er t w a s pa in te d by S t J o hn i n As ia Mi n o r
,
.
,

a n d fro m th e n c e t ra n s p or t e d to C o n s t a n tin o pl e w a s br o u ght ,

fr o m the Byza n tin e c a pita l by Geor ge ha vi n g been pr es en t e d ,

by the e m p er o r M an u e l C o mn en u s to hi s w ife the gr a n d ,

pr i n c es s It n o w a d o r n s the Spa s sn a ia Vo r o tu o r Ho ly
. ,

G a te o f the Kr em lin a t Mo s c o w , u n d er w hi c h, to thi s d a y,

n o fa ithfu l Mu s c o v ite p as s es w i th c o ver e d h e a d tho ugh fr o m
Mo s c o w it w a s o r igin a lly tr a n s fe rr e d in 1 1 5 4 to Vl a dim ir o n
th e K lia zm a w her e a c a the d ra l w a s b u ilt to r e c e iv e it a n d
, ,

n o t r e s t or e d to i ts o ld pl a c e i n th e c a pita l till th e y e a r 1 4 0 0 ,

w h en M os co w s a w h er s e lf th r ea ten e d w ith d e s t r u c ti o n fro m ,

the T a r ta r a r m y o f Ta m e rl a n e ‘
.

In 1 14 6 G e or ge e nt ere d K io f w ith a s m a ll for c e a n d a fte r ,

a br i e f s tr u ggl e p o s sesse d hi m se lf o f the th r o n e bu t e ve n ,

h e w a s n o t a bl e to r e ta i n l o n g c o n t ro l o ve r th e r es tl es s a n d
,

t ur bu l e n t pr in ces a n d w a s tw ic e e xpelle d by hi s br o th e r a n d
,

n eph e w th o u gh a t l a s t b ea r i n g d o w n a ll o ppo s i ti on h e r e
, , ,

s u m e d th e go ver n m e n t i n 1 1 5 5 a n d r e t a i n e d it till h i s d e a th
, .

It w a s du rin g h is r eign th a t a n ill us t rio u s s tr a n ger w a s

r ec e ive d a t the Ru s s i a n c ou r t in th e p e r s o n o f th e Byza n tin e

pr in c e An dr o ni c us C o m n en u s 3 w ho es c a pi n g fro m a du n geo n
, ,

i n Co n s ta n ti n o pl e w hi c h hi s trea so n a ga i n s t th e em p eror
,

Ma n u e l hi s c o u s i n ha d w e ll m er ite d ha d pr o c e e de d a s far a s
,

Ha li c h w h en h e w a s i n ter c e pt e d by the e m i s s a r i es o f th e
,

e m p er o r a n d im m e di a t e ly pl a c e d u n d er a r r e s t
,
Th ey w er e .

pr e pa r in g to r e c o n du c t him to C o n s ta n tin o pl e a n d ha d ,

e n c a m p e d n ea r a w oo d to pa s s the n ight o n th e ir j o ur n e
y
h o m e w h en u nder c o ver o f the da r kn ess , he c o n trive d to
, ,

e s c a p e the vigil a n ce o f hi s c a pt o r s a n d fr ee in g him se lf fro m

,

h is b on d s fled to K io f He w a s th er e h o n ou r a bly r ec eive d

.

by th e D o lgor uki, a n d s o o n r o s e high in th e fa vo u r o f the

pr i n c e a n d his p eo pl e by the a r do ur w ith w hi c h h e p ur s ue d
,

fa lco n r y a n d h u n tin g a n d th e ir o th er fa vo u r ite s p or t s ; a nd

,

h e r em a i ne d w ith a p r i n c ely r eti n u e a n d es t a blis hm en t a t

thi s c o ur t till Ma nue l h a vi ng en ga ge d in a w a r w ith Hun
, ,

a ry s en t to o ffer his r e b elli o u s s u bj e ct a p a r d o n o n c o n di

g , ,

ti o n th a t h e w o u ld pr o c ur e the a lli a n c e o f Ru s s ia a ga i n s t
th eir enem i es Geo r ge a c c e de d to th e r e qu est a n d s en t a
.
,
-

d etachment of Ru ss i a n a rc h er s o n ho r s e b a c k u n d er the
“

c ommand of Andro nicus, to the sh or es o f the D a n u be a n d

 {172 "
ms 1 110 11 1311 fa r m THE sr s r r n .

Halich was piec es by the R us si ans , w ho had con ceal ed

c u t to
th emselves in am bush , a nd r u s h e d o u t un e xpec te dly u p on the
foe ; an d Jar osla f, dur in g a lo n g re ign of thir ty fiv e yea rs : -
,
‘
i m prov e d a n d e xten de d his d o m ini on s, a n d h a vin g co n clud e d ,

fa v our a bl e p ea c e wi th P o l a n d, w a s suc c e e d e d by hi s
'

a
"

s on Vl a dim ir i n the yea r 1 1 8 8 After a r eign o f a few .

.
mo nth s thi s pr i n ce w a s d epo se d a nd l m urd er e d by hi s c ou si n
,
l

Ro m a n , the s o n o f Mi cisl af prin ce o f N ov o gor o dmv ho o h

'

ta in ed m a n y v ictor i es o ve r his sur ro un din g e n emi es, twi ce

-

s ac ke d a n d b ur n e d K io f co m pe ll in g hi s fa th er in l a w , the - -
,
~
'

Gra n d Prin c e R u rik re ti e int o a m

r o n as te ry a n d eo n
'

si de r a bly ext en d ed th e fro n ti er s o f his d o m in i o n s w hich in ,

his r ei gn a tta in e d s o m e p o litic a l i m p or tan ce a n d s tr en gth .

He w a s a v a lu a ble a lly to Al exiu s C o m n enu s o f Cons tan '

- -

tin opl e in m a n y sa nguin a r y w a rs, but w a s s u bs e qu en tly

d efea te d a nd k lled in a battle fo ught w ith th e Po les in the
'
i
-=
'

year 1 20 0 , w h en his co un tr y bec am e a w r e tc he d pre y to a ll '

i

the h or ro rs a nd mi s ery o f c ivi l w ar A s h e h a d l eft o n ly .

two i n fa n t son s as his s u c c es s o r s , w h o s e m o th er w a s una bl e

to m a in ta in th e m on the thr o n e a ga in s t the o pp os iti on o f
‘

their a m bitio u s kin sme n a n d the sur rou nding h os tile s ta tes ,

An dr e w II kin g of Hungar y, em bra ce d thi s fa v o ura ble

.

o ppo r tuni ty to in va de Ha l ic h a n d, h a vin g s u bdu e d :th e ,

pr in ci pal ci ties a n d v il la ges proc la i me d his so n K o l om an ,

th ei r king The young pr i n ce m a d e a tri um ph s} e n tr an ce

.
i

i nt o his n ew ki n gd om , w her e h e w as cro w n e d w ith m u ch .

s t a t e by a H u n ga ri an bi s h o p bu t their attem pt to esta bli sh

'
- n -
'

the R om a n Ca th o li c r eli gio n in ? the c o un try i rr it a ted the .

p eo pl e w ho fir mly adher ed to th e n ati o n al fa ith , the! Greek

‘
'

Chur c h a n d r is i n g up in a r m s a ga i ns t the in va d ers the

, , »
,

Russ i an s o f Ha li c h, w ith the as s is ta n ce o f o n e o f th e ir prin ces,

M ic isla f the Br a ve , dr o ve th e fo re ign u s ur p ers from th eir
l an d in 1 2 16 a nd Da n iel th e s o n o f Ro m a n s u c cee d ed to
, , ,

the thro ne It w as upo n thi s t em p ora ry o c cu p a ti on of

.

Ha li ch, in d efia n ce of a ny o th er r ight tha n t ha t o f c o nques t,

th a t the Aus tr i a n s a ss erte d a c l a i m , a s lor ds o f Hu n ga r y, to . -

the pr o vin ce o f Gal icia b e for e the fi rs t dis m e m b er m en t o f

,

P ol a n d m 1 7 7 2 Pea ce w as c on c l ude d up o n the d epa r tu re

.

o f the H un gar ia ns a nd c o n ti nu e d for s o m e ye ars , till i n

,
r

1 2 2 4, the Mo n gul s p o ur e d lik e l o cu st s i n to K i pza k, a n d

D a niel a nd Mic isla f u nit e d th eir a r m s w ith th ose of the
K raslnskl s Hls tory of Poland '
.
 r nn POLES V D
IN A E R USSI A, a r e. 17 3

o ther pr i n c es o f Ru ss ia , i n a fruitl es s a tt e m pt to a rr es t the

pro gre s s o f the ir r a pid a n d a dva n c i ng co n qu es ts The c o m .

bi n e d fo r ces o f the e m p ir e m a r c h e d a s far a s the r iv er Ka lka ,

n e a r th e se a o f A zo f bu t s us t a i n e d a dr e a dfu l d efe a t o n i ts
,

b an ks th ree o f their p rinc es w er e Sl a in in th e en ga gem e n t ,

a n d the flyi n g s o ldie r s s c a tt er e d a n d di s p ers e d a nd o n th e ir

r e t u r n to H al ic h, Mi c is l a f bu r i e d his h ea d in a m o n a s t e ry,

a n d D a n i e l w a s c o m p ell e d to
pa y ho m a ge fo r his th ro n e to
the T a r ta r c o n qu er o r Ba tu Kha n, w ho r a va ge d a n d la id
,

w as te th e w h o l e pr o vi n c e o n hi s pa s s a ge to H u n ga r y a n d
Po l a n d .At l e n gth i n the h o pe o f e m a n c ipa tin g hi m self
,

fro m th eir m erc il es s a n d i nt o l er a bl e o ppr essi o n D a n i el ,

a ppe al e d to th e Po p e fo r a s s i s t a n ce ; a n d h a vin g c o n se n t e d ,

to a c kn o w l e dge him a s his s u per io r a n d the tr u e s u cc e s so r o f,

St Pe ter a n d vi c a r o f Chr is t, he r ec eive d a pr om is e o f a i d

.

a n d s u pp o r t fr o m the R o m a n p o n tiff an d the titl e o f R e x ,

Ru ss ian o r ki n g o f R us s i a He w a s s o lem n ly c r o w n e d wi th
, .

thi s a ppella tio n by th e Abb éde Me ss in a , the Pa p a l l ega te ,

w ho ca m e to o fli c ia te a t the c er e m o n y as p ro xy fo r the p o p e ;
bu t fin di ng th a t I nn o ce n t w a s to t a lly u n a ble to r en d er hi m
,

a n y a s s i s ta n ce o r e v e n to secu r e hi s m ore a n c ien t a n d n ea r er

,

tr ibu ta ri es Hu n ga r y a n d Po la n d fro m r uin , D a ni e l s o o n

, ,

b r o ke o ff a ll c o n n ec ti o n w ith the s ee o f Ro m e a n d by his ,

o w n e ffo rts s uc c ee d e d i n r iddin g his c o u n try o f h er o ppr es

s o rs w hil e hi s e n er gy a n d w is e a d m ini s t ra ti o n gr ea tly c on

tr ibu t e d to r a i s e h er from h e r u tter de so l a tio n a n d m i se ry .

Hi s b r o th er Va s s ilk o w ho s u c c ee de d hi m i n 12 7 6, h a d
, ,

al re a dy r ec e ive d fr o m th e p o p e th e titl e o f R ex La u dem a r i aa ,

o r kin g o f Vl a di m i r o r Lo d o m e r i a a dis tr i c t o f Gal i c i a ; a n d

, ,

o n his d ea th i n th e yea r 1 2 9 0 hi s n e ph e w , Lu o D a n i el o v i tz
, , ,

as c en d e d the th r o n e a nd e s ta bli s h e d his c a pita l a t Lu o fi in

'

Ga li c ia w hi ch he b uilt, a n d w hi c h u n der i ts m o de rn n am e
, ,

o f L eo po l o r L e m b er g n o w fo r m s the c hi e f t o w n o f th a t
,
,

pr ovin c e . His de c ea se c r ea te d s eri o u s dis sen s io n s in the

s t a t e a s th e p o sse s s i o n o f K a li c h w a s l o n g c on t en d e d fo r by
,

a p r in c e o f th e r o ya l h o u se o f S uz d a l, a nd B el a k in g o f Hu n
'

ga r y bu t n e ith er o f the o ppo n e n t s b ein g a bl e to fo u n d a n y .

j us t c l a im Geo r ge , the s o n o f Lu o s uc c eede d in as s e r tin g his

, ,
.

r ight a n d es t a bli s h e d hi ms elf o n the th r o ne i n 13 0 1 On .

,

hi s de a th fif teen yea r s l a te r h is tw o so n s A n dr ew a nd Lu o
, , , ,

r e ign e d j o i n tly ; a n d o n th e ir su cc es s o r G e o r ge II dyin g .

,

w ith o u t h e i rs i n 1 3 3 6, his n e ph e w, Bolesla f, D uke of Ma zo v i a ,

 ”

1 74 THE AR CH ER AND THE S T EPPE

.

t ook p ossession o f the thr o ne but o nly live d to enj o y the

,

dign ity fo ur yea rs . As h e le ft n o s o n s , Ca ssimi r the Grea t ,

ki n g o f P ol a n d u n der the pr et ext o f r e l a ti o ns hi p w ith the

,

l a st so verei gn a nn exe d it to hi s o w n ki n gdo m of which

, , ,

fro m hen ce for w a r d it fo rm e d a cons ider a bl e a n d i m p orta n t

,

par t3 tho u gh the in h a bita n ts l o ng r e sis te d the Po li sh domi

n a ti o n, a n d a pp ea l e d to the o th er Ru ss ia n s ta tes for as si s
t an ce, w hic h the la tter w ho w er e them s elves a t th a t tim e
,

s ufferi n g un der th e gr ie vo us o ppr e ss i o n o f th e i r M o ngo l co n

quer o rs w ere en tir ely u n a bl e to be s to w

, .

It w a s d uring the e a r ly pa r t o f the r e ign o f Geor ge Dol

gor uki, tha t St An th o n y, a ce l eb ra te d h e rm it live d a t No v o
.
,

oro d H e fo u n d e d a c o n ve n t o n th e r iv er Vo lkh o f, a b o u t
g . .

a m il e a n d a ha lf b el o w the c ity i n w hich h is t om b is s till

,

s h o wn, a n d wh er e he di ed i n 1 14 7 .
17 6 THE ARCH ER AN D TH E STEPPE .

mi r w a s fa r pr e fera bl e a t th a t ti m e to the s it e of the old

m e tro p o lis ; fo r th o u gh the c li m a te of K i o f w a s s o s u pe r io r
to the ha rs h a i r o f her n o r th er n r iv a l , a n d the l a n d m or e
pr o d uctive a n d fe rtile, she so n ear ly a ppr oac h e d the fron tier s
o f Hunga r
y a n d Pol a n d, a n d th e b a r b a ro u s r o vi n g Tar tar s o n
the s ou th e rn s tepp es, tha t s he w a s a lw a ys p ec u lia r ly e xp ose d
to the p e r il s o f a s u dden i n v as io n , a n d i n d ee d he r hi s tor y fr om
this ti m e, dur in g n ear ly fiv e hun d re d years, is a m er e dull r e
cor d o f c ivil w a r s an d blo o dsh ed An dr e w a ls o en la rge d a nd
.

i m pr o ved th e s till un kn ow n a n d in s ign i fica n t foun da tio ns o f

Mos co w , w her e he o ccas io n a lly r esid ed fo r a few m onth s ,
th o ugh c hi e fly fo r the a m u se m en t o f hun tin g ; a nd fea r in g
l est N o v o gor o d (w hich a cen tu ry la te r w a s a d m itt e d in t o the
H an sea ti c Lea gue, a n d ha d a l r e a dy form e d c om m er cia l a lli
a n ces w ith th e p ri n cipa l m er c a n til e t o w n s o f G er m a n y a n d th e
Ba lti c pr o vi n c es , a s w ell a s the e x ten s ive tr a d e s h e ha d a l wa ys
c a rr ie d o n w ith the Ea s t ) m ight pr o ve a da n ger o u s ri val to
th e pros pe r ity a n d tra fi i c o f his n ew c a pita l, h e m a r ch e d
a ga in s t h er a t th e h ea d o f hi s a r m y, but w a s r e pu l s e d by the

c itizen s fr o m u n d er her w a ll s , a n d ign o m i n i o u s l y fo r c e d to

r et rea t . His pr ide r efu s e d to r e tur n to his o w n do m in i on s,

with , in s te a d o f the fa m e a n d tr o phi es he ha d a n ti c ipa t ed , a
co ns id er a bl e l o ss o f m an y o f the br a v es t o f hi s m en , a n d th e
’
con tu m ely th a t u sua lly a c co m pa n ies a n a ggr es s o r s de fea t
bes ides , h is boya r ds c l a m o u r e d fo r a high er r ec om p e n ce th a n
his s ca nty fun d s c ould pr o du c e, o r to be l ed to a n easi er
’
vict y, h
o r w e r e they c ould re p y th em selves w ith th e e nemy s
a

s p o il. A c cor din gly he m a rc h e d, w ith ele ve n pri n c es o f the

r o ya l fa m ily, a ai n s t the un fo r tu n a t e city o f K io f, w hi ch ,
g
ha vin g b ee n des er te d by th e gr ea te r num ber o f h er in ha bi
ta nts , a n d lo n g a ban don e d to s tr i fe a nd a n a r c hy, fell a r ea d y
prey to his a r m s ; a nd, a fter a n o bs tin a te enga gem e n t out s ide
the ga t es , h e a tta c k e d a nd c a r ri e d the to w n by s tor m , a n d,
a cc o r din g to th e R uss i a n cu st o m o f a vi c to r , h un g hi s b a nn er

a n d ensign o v e r the pr i nc ipa l e n t r an c e After c o n demn in g

.

Mi cisla f to l o se his eyesight, a n d to p er p et ua l i m pr is on m en t

i n a m ona s tic c ell, An dr e w ca rr i e d the cr o w n , w ith a ll the
insign ia o f r o ya lty, to Vla dim i r, -a nd, reduc in g the a ncien t
‘
The Ha nsea ti c Lea gue w a s a union of th e pr i nc ipa l to w ns in no rth ern E uro p e to
d efend th ei r c o mm erc e a nd tra de rs tho rn the d epreda tlo ns o f the R us s i a n a nd S c and ina
.

v i a n corsa i rs o r th e B a l ti c It w as c om me nc ed i n 1241 by the c i ti ze n s o f Lu bc c k w h o

co nnec ted th emsel v es w i th C o l o g ne B r uns w i c k D a n tzic L o n d o n B er ge n N ov o go rod
. .

. .
a nd B a rg es in th e n o rth ; Augsb urg a nd K urem ur g in centra l Germa ny a n d the I ta li an
. , .

,
republi cs in the s outh
,
.
 C ONT INUATION o r r un n x
sr onr or R USSI A, a re . 177

s ea t of g o ver nm en t to a tr ibu ta ry pr o vinc e in trus te d the ,

c o mm a n d to his b ro th er G l e b a n d re tu rn e d to S uzd al The .

,

fo llo w in g yea r he pre p a r e d a no th er a rm y for the su bj u ga tio n

o f No v o o r o d a n d pl a c e d i t u n der the c om m a n d o f hi s s o n
g , ,

Vyze v o ld a c c o m p a n i e d by s e ven ty on e pr in ces o f the r oya l

,
-

fa m ily, a ll of w h om w er e d e sc e n da n ts o f Vl a di mi r the G rea t

a nd m a n y w er e the s o ve r e ign s o f s m a ll pr i nc ipa liti es w h o m

A n d r ew ha d co m p elle d to r ene w th eir for m er a llegi an c e a n d

de p en d en c e o n hims elf a s Gr a n d Pr in ce foll ow in g him to ,

b a ttle a c co r di ng to the an c ie n t a n d es ta blis hed la w o f

,

R us s ia B ut his a rm y w a s a ga i n r e pu l s e d by the v a l o ur o f the

.

c iti ze n s a n d a l o n g a n d d es u lto r y w a r e ns u e d til ] a t l en gth

, ,

th e No v o gor o dia n s, i n the ho pe o f s e cur i n g fo r the ir c o u n try

so m e pr o s pe c t o f p ea c e a gr ee d to e n ter i n t o n e go ti a tio n s
,

w ith the a m biti ous m o n a r c h a n d a tr uce w as co n c lu de d i n ,

w hi c h i t w a s d e cide d th a t fo r m u tu a l i n ter es t a n d de fe n ce
, ,

th e y s h o u ld un ite th ei r c ity a n d i ts do mi ni o n s to S u zda l an d ,

a c kn o w le dge th e s u pr e m a c y o f the Gra n d Pr in c e th o u gh ,

r e ta i n i n g th ei r for m er p r ivi l e ges, a n d th e i r ow n c o d e o f l a w s ,

a n d m o d e o f go v er n m e n t .

Bu t the o r d er a n d t ra n q u illity w hi c h An d r ew ha d r es t ore d

to the e m pir e w ith a n i ro n a n d h e a vy h a n d w as n o t o f l o n g
,

con tin u a n c e for grea t dis c o n ten t p r e vai l e d in h is fa m ily a nd

, ,

a m o n g a ll th e t ribu ta r y prin c es o f Russ ia w h o re tu rn e d to

th e ir pr iva te e s ta tes a fter the c a m pa ign a ga in s t No v ogor o d ,

w h e r e th e y ha d o bta i n e d littl e h o n o u r o r b o o ty a n d fo u n d ,

the m s e lves o n ce m o re l o r d s a n d m as ters a m o n g their o w n

a dh er e n ts a n d d ep e n da n ts Wi th th e s e ran ge d b en ea th th e i r
.

b a n n er s th ey fa n cie d th em selve s w ith a fa t a l s elf c o n fiden c e

,
-
,

to be in vin cibl e a n d fe e li n g n o in cli n a tio n to s ub m it to the

,

a r bi tra r y w ill a n d pl ea s u re o f the Gr a n d Pr i n c e th eir e xa gg e ,

r a t e d id eas o f th ei r o w n s t r e ng th a n d in fl uen c e i n d u c e d th e m

o n e by o n e to r e vo lt a ga ins t his a u th or ity He s e n t ba n ds

.

o f hi s gu a rd s a n d a r c h e rs i n t o th e i r t err i tor i es b ur n e d th e i r
,

ca s tl es , a n d ra va ge d th e i r l a n ds p un is hin g a ll the o ffen d ers

,

w h o fe ll in to his h a n d s w ith a c r u e l a n d vi n dictive se ve r ity .

M an y o th er s a m on g w h o m w e re three of his bro ther s

, ,

a c c o m pa n i e d by th e i r m o th er , i n tim id a te d by th e fa te o f

th o se w ho ha d b een ca ptu re d , fle d fro m Ru s si a a n d to o k

r e fu e i n C o ns t a n ti no ple ; a n d th e y r em a i ne d th er e till the

g
e a r 1 1 7 4 w h e n A n d r e w w a s a s sa ss i na t e d i n hi s o w n p a l a c e
y , ,

by a co n spi ra c y of hi s guar ds a n d a ttend a nts, for m ed a t th e

178 THE ARCH ER AND TH E s 'r s r p n .

i n s tiga tio n of the e xile d pr in ces a n d his s u bj e cts un ivers a lly

r ej o i c e d a t hi s pr em a t u r e d ea th Hi s br o ther s re c e ive d a
.

p a r do n fr o m Vla dimi r hi s e ld es t s o n a n d s u c c es sor a n d

, ,

s h o r tly a ft er r e t u r n e d to th e i r n a tive l a n d ; but th e ti m e th e y

h a d p a ss e d a s o u tl a w s w a s n o t u n a tten d e d w ith b en e fit fo r ,

the e d u c a ti o n w hi c h th eir c hildr e n ha d r ec e ive d i n th e l ea r n

e d s cho o l s o f C o n s t a n ti n o pl e pr o ve d o f gr ea t a dva n ta ge to
,

th e i r c o u n tr y w he n l a t er th e y r o s e to r a nk a n d in fl uenc e in
,

the s ta te O n a sc en di n g th e th ro n e o f S u zd a l the yo un g
.
,

p rin c e Vl a di m i r ga v e up the p ro vin c e o f K io f to hi s br o the r

Mi c ha e l a n d by this a c t a ga in d ivid e d the e m pir e w h o s e
, ,

s c a t te r e d p r o vin c es ha d been u n it e d by th eir fa th er a t the

e xp e n s e o f s o m uc h w a r a n d bl o o ds h e d H e a l s o fo un de d the .

t o w n o f Tve r w h e re in 1 1 82 he bu il t a for tre ss to pro te c t hi s

,

d om i n io n s fr o m th e in c urs i o n s o f th e No v ogo r o di a n s w ho ,

h a d e m a n c ipa t e d th e m s elves fro m th e yo ke o f the Gr a n d

P r in c e a n d en d ea v o u r e d by the s u bj ec ti o n o f th eir o ppr es s or
,

to en s u r e the i r o w n i n d e pe n d e nc e Abo ut this tim e tw o .

,

o th er r e pu bli c s a l s o a ro se in the e m pi r e : Vi a tk a w hi c h ,

ha d b een fo u n d e d by c o l o n i s ts fro m N o v o go r o d a n d Ps ko f , ,

fo rm e rly a de p en d e n c y o f th e s a m e c ity ; a n d in 1 2 1 7 the

N o v o g o ro dia n s c o m pl e t ed th e s u bj u ga ti o n o f th e w h o l e ki n g
d o m o f Bi a rm a la n d o r Per m ia th e m a rs h y r e gi o n s a b o u t
, ,

th e O n e ga a n d L a do ga l a kes h a vi n g be en c o n qu er e d a s e a r ly
a s 10 7 9 by the Ru ss i a n pr i n c e Gle b o f N o v o go r o d
, The , .

di s tri c t o n the s ho r es o f the White Se a ha d b een s u bd ue d

t o w a r d s th e e n d o f the tw elfth c e n tu ry by St Ste ph en .

Pe r m eki w h o c o m m a n de d the a r m y o f N o v o go r o d a n d
, ,

fo u n d e d a m on as t ery a t the m o n th o f th e r ive r W ym , o r

D w i n a i n ven te d th e P erm i a n a lph a be t a n d e n de a vo ur e d to
, ,

c o n ver t th e i nh a bit a nts to Ch r is ti a n ity ; a n d a t this p er i o d

al l the n o r th o f Ru ss i a w a s u n d e r the d o m in i o n o f N o v o o r o d
g ,

w h o s e thr o n e w a s a ga i n o c c u pi e d i n the e a r ly p a r t o f th e
,

thir t een th c e n tu ry by M ic i sla f a pr i n c e o f the ro ya l h o u se o f

, ,

S u zd a l o r Vla di m ir Mic h a e l A n dr o v i tz o f K i o f w a s su c
, .

c e e de d i n 1 1 7 4 by his c o u s in R ur ik II w h o a fte r h a vin g .

, ,

be en t wi ce e xp ell e d fro m the thr o n e w a s fo r c ed by hi s s o n ,

in la w R o m a n u s o f Ha lic h w ho t w ic e b es ie ge d a n d s a c ke d
-
, ,

K io f to r esig n his c r ow n a n d t a ki n g th e v o w s o f a m on k
, , , ,

Th es e re p ubli c s l i k e th os e of N ov ogoro d w ere not pres id ed ov er by a n el ec te d res i

dent but the th rone w a s o c c upi ed by a p r i nc e i n w h o s e fa m il y th e offi ce w a s h ere d ta ry
, .

th o ugh h is p o w er w as but n o m i na l th e re a l go v ernmen t be i n g v es te d in the e l ec te d

, .

ma gis tra tes a nd the a sse m bli es of b oya rd s a nd c i ti z ens

,
.
1 80 THE AR C H ER AND TH E S TEPPE .

dr a ggin g o ff the pr i so n ers u n le ss th e y s a ve d th e m se lve s by

,

s uicid e , i nt o a c a ptivity w ors e th a n d ea th The p ea s a n t . ,

s o w e d his fi eld w ith th e gl oo m y fore b o din g th a t h i s l a n d

'

m ight be t r a m pl e d a n d d e s tr o ye d by a h o s til e a rm y b efo r e

the w hea t w a s i n th e ea r h e pile d u p the l og w a ll s O f hi s
w o o de n c a bi n fro m w hic h h e a n d hi s fa m ily m ight to o s o on
,

be fo r c e d to flee wi th n o o ther r efu ge th a n the s n o w , o r the

,

s m oki n g a s h e s o f a n eighb o u r i n g m on a s t er y or c h ur c h an d

the b oya r d s tor e d his b a r n w ith the pra yer th a t i ts pr o d uc e ‘

n
,

m ight n o t s u ppo r t th e fo r ces O f hi s e n em i es o r hi m self be ,

c o m p ell e d to w it ness th e ir r e vell in g, w hil e th ei r h o rs es w er e

s ta bl e d a n d th e m se lve s e n ca m p e d i n th e r o o m s o f his o w n
,

pa l a c e D r iven fr o m the in n er m o st r ec e s ses o f th e ir fo r ests

.
,

by th e fir es ki n dle d by the T a r ta r s o n th ei r fo r a ys w hi c h ,

o fte n c o n s u m e d i n o n e v as t fun e r a l pil e m il es o f gr a s s a n d

w o o d , th e p e o ple flo c ke d to the t o wn s i n th e hO pe th a t th ey,

m igh t fin d s a fe ty i n n u m b er s a n d to e s c a p e fr o m the fla m e s
,

o f th e i r vill a ge s , a n d b u r n i n g s te pp e s 3 th o u gh e v e n th er e , ,

th ey c o u ld n o t a l wa ys fin d s h elter fr o m th e in va d ers bu t '

,

s a w th e i r c h u r c h es a n d h o u ses d e s tro y e d b e fo r e th e ir e yes ,

a n d th e i r c hild r e n w i th th e i r w iv es u p o n w h o m n o n e b e fo r e
-
,

h a d b een p er m itte d to ga ze c a rr i e d a w a y i n to h o p e l e s s
,

s l a ve r y. I n the m ea n tim e , the per pe tu a l c o n te n ti on s o f

thei r pr in c es g r e a tly in c re a s e d the m iser y o f th e u n h a ppy
l a n d ; th e a cc ess i on o f e ver y m o n a r c h w a s the s ign a l for a
c ivil w a r a nd
,
w hil e s o m e O f th ese w er e e xp e ll e d th r ee or
,

fo u r ti m es fr om the th r o n e o th er s w er e blin de d to in ca pa c i~
,

ta t e them fo r the r e ga l dign ity o r w er e for c ibly c o n s tra i n e d

,

to a d o pt a m o n a s ti c life a n d o n e s o ve r e ig n o f K i o f R o m a n ,

R o tis la fov i tz v o lu n ta rily a bdi c a te d i n d es pa i r a t the di s p u te s

, ,

a n d d i s s e n s io n s h e w a s un a bl e to s u bdu e a n d a d ev a s ta tin
, g
e xp e di ti o n o f th e T a r t a r s w hi c h h e h a d v a i n l
, y e n d e a vo ur e d
to r e p e l . Few i n d ee d o f the R us s ia n c hi e fs a t this per i o d
d es c e nde d by a n a tu ra l dea th to the gr a ve o r die d i n pea ce ,

fu l p osses s i o n o f the ki n gly p o w er ; a n d th e effo r t s o f th o s e

a m on g th e m w h o e n d e a vo u r e d to i n tr o du c e o r der a n d j u s tic e ,

a r e gu l a r g o ve r n m e n t a n d a m o r e ge n e r a l o b se r va n c e o f the
,

la w s , w er e o n ly pa r tia lly s u c c ess fu l 3 a n d th eir d e a th pl un ge d

the s t a te w h e r e the u nc e r ta in ty o f life a n d fo r tu n e h a d
,

given r is e a m on g a ll c la s s es to the u tm o st r ec kl es s n ess a nd

a p a thy, i n to i ts fo r m er t r o ubl e s a n d a n a r c hy The m etr o po .

li ta ns a n d pr ies ts o cc a si o n a lly e nd ea v o ure d to m e dia t e be

 C ONTINU AT ION O F THE H IS T O RY OF RUSSI A, ETC . 181

tw e en the p r i n c e s s ev er a l o f th e fo r m e r , w h en n ew ly e le c te d
by th e p a tr ia r c h o f C o n s ta n tin o ple , u p o n the ir firs t a rr iva l
i n th e Ru s s i a n ca pita l , t e r ri fie d a t the dis o r d er s a n d c a la
m itie s th a t pr e va il e d r e t ur n e d i n h a s te to the ir n a tive c ity
, ,
o r r e tr e a t e d to o th er
p ro vi n c es o f th e e m pi r e ; a n d o n o n e
O f th ese o c c as i o n s th e Gr a n d P r i n c e i n di s ple a s ur e a t th e c o n
,

du c t o f th e pr el a t e a pp o in ted a n a tive Ru ss ia n to the O ffic e

,

o f m e t r o p o lita n wi tho u t a ny r e fe ren c e to the p a tr i a r c h

, ,

w hi c h c r e a te d a divi s i o n w i th th e c hu r c h o f C o n s t a n ti n o pl e
th a t l a s te d s e ve r a l yea r s The l a w s a n d gen er a l c u s to m s a t
.

this p er i o d a ppea r to h a ve de vi a te d v er y littl e fr om th o se

w hic h w e r e i n u se i n the d a ys w he n Vl a di m i r the Gre a t
a nd J a r o s la f sa t u po n th e th r o n e bu t it is v e r y i m pr o b a bl e
th a t i n thes e t u r bu le nt ti m e s the fo rm er w e r e m u c h e n fo r c e d
o r o b e ye d . The i n do l en c e o f the Russ ia n s a pp e a rs to h a ve
e xc e e d e d th a t o f a l m o s t a n
y o the r n a ti o n Th ey pa ss e d th e ir
.

lives i n lo u n gin g a bo ut the p ubli c s qu a r es o r in th ei r fa v o u r ite

,

a m us e m e nt s o f m u s ic a n d d a n c i n g a n d c a r o u s i n g i n the
,

w i n e s h o ps a n d a c h r o n i c l e o f th e ti m e bitt er ly l a m e n ts o v e r

the l u x u r y a n d in diffe r e n c e to r e li gi o n the e m pty c hu r c h es

, ,

a n d ge n era l d e p ra v ity a n d c or ru pti o n o f m or a ls th a t pre ,

va il e d i n th ose d a ys a m o n g his c o u ntr ym en The ho us e s .

’
o f the l o w e st c l as s es o f th e p eas a n tr y w ho o n S t G e or ge s
,
.

da y w er e a nn u a lly a c c u s to m e d to a s sem ble a n d hi re o u t their

s er vi c e s fo r the y e a r , w e r e a s n o w in s o m e p a r ts O f Ru s s i a
, ,

bu ilt fo r the c o n veni en c e o f w a r m th h al f u n d er gro un d ;

, ,

w hi l e th os e o f a high e r r a n k w e re ge n e r a lly co n s tr u c te d wi th
th e s a m e o bj ec t i n tw o s to r ies o f w hi c h th e u pper w hi c h
, ,

w as a s c e n de d by s tai r s o u tsi de w a s a l o n e in ha bite d

, a nd ,

r o un d ea c h a pa r tm e n t b e nc h es o r diva n s w e re fa st en e d
,

to the w a ll s er vi n g i n s umm er th e pu r p os e o f s ea ts a n d b e ds
, ,

i n w in ter a c o u ch o f s kin s b e i n g s pr ea d u p o n the fl o o r The .

r o o m s n e a r the e n t ra n c e w er e o cc u pie d by the m e n ; the

i n te ri o r w hi c h w a s ina ccess ibl e to s tra n gers b e i n g s e t a pa r t

, ,

fo r th e w o m e n w h o w ,
er e r e t a in e d th er e in the c l o s es t
i m p r i s o n m en t , n e v er a pp ea r i n g i n the c hu rc h e s o r o th er
pu blic pla ces a n d s el d o m cr o ss in g the thr es ho ld s o f th ei r
,

h o us es w her e they ha d n o a u th o r ity o r c o n tr o l ; a n d th e

,

high e s t p r o o f o f c on fid e n c e o r e s tee m th a t a Rus s ia n c o uld

s h o w to a fr i e n d w a s to p e r m it hi m to vi e w his w ife
,
A . .

hu s ba n d n e ver s a w his w i fe b e fo r e s he b eca me h is br id e a n d ,

m a r r ia ges w ere u s ua lly c on tra cted by p er son s w h o se s o l e pro

1 82 TH E ARCHE R AND THE STEPPE .

fess i o n i t d i n pr o vi di n g yo un g m en o r wo m en w ith
c on s s e

w iv es o r hus ba n d s A t th e ir en ter ta in m e n t s the n o bl es w er e .

a c c u s t o m e d to o blige th eir s l a v e s to da n ce b e fo r e th e m for

the a m u s em en t o f th em s e lv es a n d the i r gu es ts c o n s ide r i n g ,

it der o ga tor y to the ir r a n k a n d dign ity to en ga ge in su ch

‘

a n o c c u pa ti o n th e m s e lves ; a n d m u s i c per for m e d w ith ba g ,

pipes a n d lu t es a ppe a r s to h a ve fur n is h e d th em w ith a n u n

,

fa ili n g r e so ur c e e s pec i a lly the wa rlike s o n gs w hi c h Rus s ia

,

a lw a ys po s se sse d O f th es e s o m e w er e o f c o n s id er a bl e l en gth
.
,

bu t the m o s t a n c i en t h a ve a ll u n fo r tun a te ly b een l o s t w ith ,

“
th e e x c e pti o n o f the Expe diti o n o f Igo r , a p oe m Of the
w hi c h c e l e br a t es the ba ttl e a n d c a pti v ity
*
tw e lfth ce n tu ry ,

TH E x TI O o r IGO R A P CE O N OVOGO
E D SEVEBSK L
p EDI N . RIN F RO

I o P ri r, fN g d Se ki i
nc e o m bi ti s o f gl y ; h b
ov o h hi gu d to oro v ers s a ou or eseec es s ar
gw i th h im g i st th P l t
e
m a re l I w i ll b k my l
a a n i di t t d t ; the o ov s es
,
rea a nce n s an es er s ere
h sh ll m i if I n ot dip my h l m t i n th D o h m y thi t w i th
.

my a s es a re a n, d qu ca n e e e n, a n enc rs
i ts w a ters
h
goes o n to rel a te th a t m a n w a rr i o rs a sse m ble : th e ne lghing Oi h o rs es i s
.

Th e a ut or
‘ ‘

h db
ea r ey o n d th e S u l a ; the v o i ce o f g ory res o und s i n K io f ; th e bl a s t o f the tr um p et
r o use s N o o g oro d a n d a t Po ntiul e th e s ta n d a r d s fl o a t i n the w i n d
v I gor is w a itin for
h i s b e l ov ed b ro th er Vy zev o ld w h o s oo n a rr i v es a t th e h ea d o f h is tro op s li ke w e v es
, .

e a ger for the c a r na g e I gor pl ace s h is foot in the go ld en s ti rrup ; he p erce i v es th e th ick
, , ,
"

d a rk nes s befo re him ; th e h ea v ens por tend terr ibl e s tor ms ; the w ild bea sts h o w l in th e i r
.

c a v erns ; bi r d s o f pre s o a r a b ov e th e s o ldi ers w h ose m i n i s p res a g e d by th e e a gl es c

.

a nd th c fo xes ra i se i e ir s h r ill v o i c e o n see i n g th e s hi n i n g s hi elds of th e R u ss i a ns T h

,

e
ba ttle co m m e n c es ; th e ba r b a ri a n l e gi on s a r e ro uted th e i r v i rgi ns n o w b e l o n g to th e
.

w a r r i ors o f? I go r wh o a c q ui re i mm e ns e b oo t i n g o ld a n d c o s tl y s tu f s ; th e C l o th es a n d
,

o r n a m en ts o i th e Po lo v ts es ti ll u p th e m ars es a n d s erv e a s a br idge to the v i c tori o u s

,

a r my I go r is s a tis fied w i th a ba n ner ta ken from th e ene m B ut a ne w a r my s oon ,

a r r iv es fro m th e s o uth a nd I go r a ga i n m ee ts th e m i n b a ttl e ll co nti nues fo r tw o d a ys

.

a n d on th e th i rd m orn i ng th e R u s s i a n s ta n d a rd s a re l o w e re d to th e ene my b ec a use no

. . ,

bl oo d rem a in s to be s he d All i s c onsterna ti on w h en I gor i s d ra g ed a w a y c a ptiv e

,

O n the b o r d er s of th e Bl ue S ea a re h ear d the s ong s of the v i rgi ns (Pog ov tses ) w h o s tr i k e

. .

to ge th er the pi ec es o f go ld ta k e n fro m the R us s i a ns Th e a uth or th en a dd resses th e

.
"
.

v a ri o us R uss i a n p r i nces w h o m h e ur ge s to s peed v en ge a n c e on th e Po lo v tse s

“ "
To
Vyzev o ld III h e s a y s : Th o u c a ns t d ry up the O lga by th e c a rs o f thy nu mero us
. .

b oa ts ; o r d ra i n the D o n w i th th e h e l mets Of thy w a rri ors To R uri k a n d D a v id

.
,
"

Yo ur sh i ni n g h e l m ets h a v e oft e n been (1 ed w i th bl ood ; y o ur h eroes a re fur io us a s w il d

. ,
‘

b ull s w h en w o unded by red hot i ron I o Ya ro s la f w h o m h e ter m s the w i s e : Fro m

- ' “

th y go ld e n th ro n e th o u d e fe nd e s t the K ra ps c lt m oun ta i n s b thi ne i ro n c l a d l e gi o ns ;

.
,
-
y
th o u c a n s t c lose th e ga tes o f th e D a n ube o p en the w a y o f K io f a nd s en d th y a r ro w s Into
,

Th e p oe t th e n l a m e n ts the d ea th o f a pr inc e o f Po lo tzk w ho h a d

, ,
"
the re mo te s t r eg i o ns
'

been k ill ed by the Li thua ni an s 0 p r i nc e bi r d s of prey h a v e c ov ere d thy s o ldi e rs w i th

.
,

th e i r w i n gs a nd s a v a g e b e a s ts drunk th e bl oo d o f thy w a r r i o rs A s fo r th ee th o u h a s t
.
,

s u ffe re d th y J e w e l s o ul to esc a pe th ro ug h thy go ld e n c o ll a r fro m thy m a nly b o dy

, . ,

He "

th e n re fe rs to th e c i v il wa rs a n d to th e ba ttl e be tw ee n Ja ros la f a n d th e P r i n ce o f Po l o tzk :

, , . .

Th e b a n k s o f th e M e i n en a re c ov e re d w i th h ea d s a s n um ero us a s s h e a v es i n a utum n ;
,
“

a n d li k e th e d es cen di n g fl a ils th e s w ord s s e p a ra te w a rr i o rs so ul s fro m th ei r m o r ta l

,
’

co v e r i n O m ournihi ti m es w h y c o uld no t th e re s t Vl a d i m i r re ma i n o n th e mo unta i ns

, ,
'

o f K i o f g(th a t i s w h w a s h e no t i m mor ta l ? ) ea nw hile th e w ife o f I g or m o urn s h er

. .

a b se nt l or d I ro m t 10 r a m p a r ts o f Po ntiv l e s h e c a s ts h er ey es ov er th e p l a i n a nd ex
.
‘
'
.

c la i m s Crue l w i nds w hy h a v e yo u borne o n y o ur w i n gs th e ligh t a rro w s o f the Kha n

,

a ga i n s t th e w a rr i ors Of m y lov e ? H a d y e n o t e no u gh to d o i n s w e lli ng the w a v es o r th e

,

Bl ue Sea to bea r a lo ng th e R uss i a n s hip s ? Grea t Dni e p er ! th o u h a t re mo v ed h uge roc k s s

to o p en th ys e l f a pa s s a ge i nto th e c o untry o f th e Pol o v ts es : th o u h a s t borne the v e s s el s
o f S v i a toz la f to th e c a m p Of K o bia h ; h e a r b ac k to m e a l so th e be l o v e d o f m y h ea r t s o
th a t I m a y no t e v ery mo rni n g c o m pe l th y w a te rs to c a rry h im th e tr ibu te O i m y tea rs
,

B ri g h t s un ! th e n i a v o ures t m orta l s Wi th thy ligh t a nd h ea t; but w h h av e thy b urn i ng _ .

r a ys c o n su me d i n th e w ild er nes s th e l e gi on s o f m y be l ov e d ? B ut g o r i s a t lib erty h e

h as el ud e d h i s g uard s a n d o n a fl y i n g c urs e r h e i s a pproa c h i ng his co un try
,
, For h is o
s u b s i s tence h e k i ll s s w a n s a nd g ees e Hi s h orse a t l en g th fa ll s d o wn from fa tig ue ; h e
.

e m b a rk s o n th e r v e r D o nc tz to w hi c h th e p oet gi v es s p eec h : “ Grea t I gor w h a t m us t

.

n o w he th e fury o f Kh a n K o ri tsc h a h a n d th e rej o i c i n g o f thy d ea r c om ra d e s !

,
,
D o ne t
,
re pli es th e p r i nc e h o w p ro u d th o u m us t be to b ea r I gor o n thy w a te rs a nd to re p a re
,

for h i m a g a s s y c o uc h o n th y s i l er b a nk s ! Th o u s ur ro und e s t m e w i th th re res h ing

,
r v

v a p ou rs w h e n I re p ose u nd e r th e s h a d e o f th e tr e es o n thy b a nk s Th e w i d fo w l th a t -

s w i m on th y s u rfac e a re my p o tec tors a n d g ua r d s I g r s o on rej o i ns h"is di sconsolui e

, .
"
r . o

w ile — Extra c ts 0 1 the Poem oi I g or irom K nra msin s Hi s tory of R uss i a

.

’
, .
 C H APT ER XVI .

gfiairs of fi nlanh fitsflgs uia fiiimnia Qliourlauh alga

‘

fi
fizutl miz B finigbts— fiiflguauia tttamau fi
617132 fi linrka mgr:
fiBrigin o f tip wonguls .

Th e ir lim b s a ll i ron a nd th ei r s oul s a ll fl a me

A c o un tle s s h o s t the r ed c ro s s w a rr i o rs c a me
, .
-

E en h o a ry ries ts th e s ac re d c o m ba t w a ge
’

And cl o th e 11 s te e l th e p a l s i e d a r m o f a g e ;
,

W hil e b ea rdl e s s yo uth a nd tender m a id s a s s um e

The w e igh ty m ori on a nd th e gla n c i ng pl um e — HELmB
,
"
, . .

The Turc om a n h a th le f t h is h e r d
The s a b re o n h is lo i ns to gi rd — Bm 0 N
.
" '

. .

W H I LE th e powe r of the pri n c e s of Russ i a d e c lin e d a n d -

,
,

th eir p e opl e b e ca m e a pre y to forei gn ho s tili ty a n d civil

a n a rchy tho s e provin c e s wh ich , a s n o w h a d fo rme rly m a d e a
, ,

p a rt of this e mpir e g ra du a lly rel ea s ed the ms elves f ro m her

,

a uthority ,
or we re in corpo ra te d in to the d o mini on s o f th e
s urr o u n di n g s t a t es ~
.O f th e s e P ol a n d w a s fa s t r is in g to the
chi e f pl a ce bo t h i n powe r a n d e xte n t tho ugh the s a m e pra e
.
,

tic e tha t h a d prove d s o fa ta l to Rus s i a of div idin g th e k in g ,

dom a mon g the s on s o f the mon a rch, ha d pre vai le d th e re

.

a l s o i n the e a rly p e riod of he r hi story a n d ha d b e e n a tt e n d e d

;
,

wi th the s a me di s a s trou s r es ul ts — i n t e rn al dis s en s i o n s a n d ,

a lm o s t p e rpe tu a l civil w a r . .

Vla dil la f the s o n of Bol e sla f III , h av in g b ee n e xpell e d

,
- .

from hi s du chy by his bro the rs i n 1 1 5 5 , s olicit e d the a s s i s

ta n ce of the G erma n e mpe ror Fre de rick Ba rba ro s sa , a n d
.
, ,

a id e d by him , o bta in e d p o ss ess i o n of Sil es ia, which h a d

form e d a pa rt o f his con fis c a te d prin cipa lity ; a n d hi s d es een

.

da n ts e n tirely sep a ra tin g th e ms elve s fro m Pol a n d a n d clos e ly

, ,

conn e ctin g their thro n e by fa mily a lli a n ces with G erma ny ,

fell en tirely u n de r the in fluen ce o f tha t coun try, of whic h

S il es i a ha s l o ng be en co n s ide red to form a pa rt though it ,

w a s o rigin a lly p e opl e d by the s a m e ra c e a s Po l a n d a n d th e ,

re a t e r n umb e r of its i n ha bita n ts s til l s p ea k th a t l a n gu a ge *

g .

K ra sinskl s History of Pola nd

‘
.
 GENEALOGY OF THE RUSSI

G OS TBOMVIS LA,

O umi la, hi s d ught

a e
r
,

8 62 . R urik . Sin en
l
lg
.

9 12 . I go r m O . a .

955 S i a to zl a f
. d .

1
Vl a di m i r th e Grea t .

Ad
1012 S v ia t
o p olk,
it
.

’
m s s er to on esi a fl ,
l d
.

th e k of Po a n . .
pr . of Pol o tuk .

107 5

l
Vi a ( i m Il ,
'
‘
I zi as l a f, Sv mwsl a f IL ,
J
Vi s i s l a f Vyze v
I
x d d ght pi ,

m Al e an ra. m a au er m th e sis e
t r of r nc e o f m th e d o f C
y III i l
. . . . .

E H Monom ac hi
}
e nr C a s m ir , k Po otsk.
l f G m ny l d
. . .

G eb—10 4, p r . of o er a . o f Po an . Constnnfil
N o v o g or o d .

109 4 l l
th
. .

Vla d i mi r M on oma ch us
.

Sv i a tOp olk , a n d o ers , D ev i IL,

m Ba r ara, b of Ha r a ld 1L, k
p
. .

a rin c es s of C on
d
g fI
By a s e co n
s ta nti n o pl e .
I or 1 146 . Ha r a ld m .

1189 . C hris t
i n a, d . of I
Sv i a to zl a f II I 117 4 Iz ia si af Il l 115 7 k of Mi cisl af II , I
d
. .
, .
, . . .

S w e en .

I
1 206 Vyzev ol d III C onsta n tin e Iz msla f
'

. . .

12 19 Mi c is l a f, I S t Mi cis l u
l d b g
. .

p r o f Tc h er Mi ch a e Fe o r , In g e o r ,
ll d pi t
.
,

n i g o fi, ki e r n c es m. C a n u e
a t K a l kn , 12 24 . of ltl a znn . La a l-d v Rom an. M .

p r of Ba l ch. . i
Wal dem a r l
l
l
th e Gre a t, o f D enm ark , D ani e , 1200 . Vas sflh
115 7 .

Lu o , 129 0 .

Yo ur IL, 133 6 i .

Ve sh o el ez 12 90 .

I
O l g h erd m 0 . p r of T . . v er .

Ja g ieil o , 1380 , m Hed ur g e,

l d th t g
.

q o f Po a n , u s un i in
ith i l d
.

L ua n a to Po a n ; s h e
di
e d 1388 ; m se c o n dly 13 20 Your ii I II
d d y
. .
, .

bop hi n of Au r e .
pr .

o f K i oi
I
.

v
I an n .
‘

eim on 1340 .

Vuss il i r , 13 88 i .

Ho use o f Mo sc o w .
 AFFAIRS o r PO LAND, ETC . 1 85

Lite ra ture w a s firs t i n tr oduce d a mon g the P oles by Chris ti a n

mis sio n a ries a n d Be ne dictin e mon ks ; a n d the ir ea rli e s t
chro n icl es a r e by Ma rtin u s Ga llus w ho fl o uris he d in 1 1 1 0 ,

a n d 1 1 1 5 a n d i s s upp o s e d to h a ve b ee n a F re n chm a n s e ttl e d

,

i n Po l a n d Their l a ngu a ge , b ein g a bra n ch of the S l a v o n ia n

.
,

difier s l es s from th e Rus s i a n th a n ma n y o f the pro vi n ci a l

'

di a l e cts of En gl a n d d o to o n e a n othe r ; a n d a t firs t th e y

m a de u s e o f the S l a vo n ic a lph a bet * of Cyrillus i n commo n ,

w ith the o the r n a tio n s o f the ir ra c e but t o wa rds th e en d o f

th e ten th ce n tury the P o l es we r e o blige d by P ope Jo hn XIII ,

w ith th e Boh e mi a n s a n d La tin s of Molda vi a to a do pt th e ,

L a tin ch a ra cte rs which the y he n c e forth e mpl oyed S o l a te

,
.

a s th e thirt een th c e n tu r y the sa m e c u s t o m w a s s till re t a in e d

i n P o la n d th a t pr e va il e d a m o n g th e a n ci e n t Sl a vo n i a n s o f ,

pu t ti n g to dea th a ll childre n w ho we r e b o rn i mp erfe ct a n d ,

old m e n w h e n i n c a pa cit a te d by a ge .

I t h as b e e n pre vi o us ly s ta te d th a t Es thon i a which is ,

i nh a bite d by a pa rt o f the Fi n n is h r a c e un de r the ea rly ,

Gra n d P rin ces o f Rus s ia fo rm e d a pro vin c e o f tha t e mpire ,

but du r in g the troubles a n d civ il wa rs tha t en s ue d o n the

,

dea th o f Ja r o sla f th e D a n is h kin g E ric took po ss es s io n o f

, , ,

its n o rth e rn c o a s t I n 1 0 9 3 h e built a m o n as te ry o n the

.

F in ni s h gulf d e di c a te d to S t Mich a el which w a s a fte r wa rds

,
.
,

tra n s fo rm e d i n to a co n v en t o f Cis t erci a n n u ns o f which the ,

ruins s till re ma i n a n d a fo rtres s c a ll e d Lin da r n iss e o r ,

D a n i s h town the fo un da tio n of the mod er n R ev el

,
Th e .

Rus si a ns s ho rtly a fte r this exp ell e d the D a n es fr o m the

c o un try though towa rds the e n d of the twelfth c en tur y the
, ,

l a t te r a ga in too k p o s s ess i o n o f the pro vi n c e un d er th eir ki ng ,

C a n ut e who fo un de d a s e ttle me n t up o n i ts s h o r e s brought

, ,

ove r a l a rge b o dy of pries ts to con ve rt the i n ha bita n t s a n d ,

bu ilt s e ve ra l churche s Livon i a the a dj o in in g pro vi n c e to

.
,

E s tho n i a a pp ea rs a l s o fro m the ea rli e s t tim es to h a v e fo rm e d

,

a p a r t o f Ru s s i a a n d a ccordin g to Hen ry the a n ci en t L e tton

, , ,

chron icle r th e in ha bit a n ts ha d b een co n ve rte d by her to th e

,

Gre e k religi o n s o o n a fte r i ts a dopti o n by h er o w n pe o pl e ;

but in 1 15 8 s om e Brem e n m e rc ha n ts la n din g n e a r the m o uth
,

of the D w in a tra d e d with the n a tiv e s , a n d te rmina t ed th eir

,

It w a s c ompos e d b y Ci tili ne o f th e G reek a lph a b e t w ith th e a dditi on o r c ert a i n “

o th er c h ara c t ers d e r i ve d i ie m o th er l a ng ua ges c h ie fl y Ar me n i a n o r Heb re w a nd

, , ,
-

o r igi na ll y c o n s i s t e d o f fo r ty l e tt e rs It i s u s e d s til l w ith s o me a lt er a ti o ns i n R us s ia

, ,

W a ll a c hi a M o ld a v i a B ulga r i a a nd S er vi a The ch a ra cte rs ne w u s e d i n R h e m fo r

.
.
, ,
-
a

pr i nti ng boo ks no t of a n e cc les i a s ti ca l na t ure w ere i ntro d uced by Peter the Fi rs t w h

.
, . ,

, o

W s h c d to m a ke th e S l a v oni c c h a ra c t er a pp ro xi ma te i n a pp ea ra nce to th e p ri nt i n g of
,

es t.
1 86 THE AR C H ER AND THE ST EPPE .

ne goti a tio n s by bu ildin g a for tress a n d foun di n g a se ttle m en t

a t Ri a
g Eightee n yea rs a fte r thi s first e xpe dition a n
.
,

Augu s tin mon k, M ein ha rd o f Hol s tein es ta blis he d hims el f ,

in th e coun try a n d obta i ne d p e rmiss ion from the Russ ia n

,

pri n ce Vla dimir of Psko f to who m the provin c e w a s tribu

, ,

t a ry to u se hi s utmo s t e n dea vo urs to co n ve rt the in ha bit a n ts

,
46
to Chri s ti a n ity I n 1 2 0 1 he in s titut ed th e orde r of Kn ight s
.

S w o rd bea rers by pe rmiss io n of the Po pe I n n o c ent III ,

-
,
.

w h o ga ve th e m la w s s imil a r to tho s e of the Kn ights Tem

pla r s ; a n d g ra n tin g to th e m the third p a rt of the l a n ds o f

,

Livon ia a n d E sthon i a , Me in ha rd wi th the a utho rity o f th e ,

Kin g of D en ma rk pla ce d the en tire go v e rn men t of th e ,

provi n c es in th eir ha n ds In th e yea r 12 10 th e ir gra n d .

,

mas t er Vo lg um too k D orp a t fr om the Russ ia n s by s tor m

, , ,

a nd h a vin g re duce d it to a shes ultima t e ly ca u s ed it to be

, ,

r e built Th e po s sess ion o f R eve l forme d a s ubj e ct o f l o n g

.

dis pute in the thir t een th c en tury be t w e e n D en m a rk S we d en , ,

the Kni ght s , a n d e ve n th e Po p e who howe v e r re li n qui s hi n g , , ,

hi s cl a im in fa vour of D en m a r k i n 1 2 40 tha t n a ti o n to o k ,

p os s ess ion of the town a n d e re cted it i n to a bi shopric ,

.

D urin g the re gen cy o f Ma rgha retta Sa m br i a , the queen

mothe r of D en m a r k she s ele cte d E s tho n ia a s he r o w n do w ry
, ,

a n d gra n t e d it a n in d ep e n de n t gove rn m en t th e right o f ,

c o in a ge a n d m a n y other privile ge s ; a n d i n 12 84 R e vel

, , ,

b e ca m e o n e o f the Ha n s ea tic l ea gu e a n d m on o polize d wi th , .

N o v o go r o d the tra de o f the B a lt i c a n d th e North In th e .

m ea n while E s th o ni a h a d fa ll en i n t o th e p o s s ess i o n o f th e
Ma rgra ve o f Bra n d en burg i n right of hi s wife a pri n c ess of , ,

S we den , though to wa rds the commen cem en t of the 1 4th

cen tury she e m a n cipa t ed h er s elf from hi s a uthority a n d fo r ,

a fe w year s re m a i n e d i n d e pen d e n t
. But in 1 347 she w a s .

s o ld by Va ld em a r III Ki n g of D en m a r k to the G ra n d
, .
, ,

Ma s ter of the T e uton ic K n ights l a t M a ri en burg for ,

’ ‘

m a rks of s ta n da rd go ld a n d thi s gove rn o r prese n te d the ,

coun try to hi s a lly the Ma st er of the O rde r o f S word bea re rs

,
-
,

the l a tt e r ha vin g un ite d th e m se lves with the Ge rm a n kn ights .

Th ey rema in e d a po rti o n o f this body till 15 2 1 whe n the ,

Herrm ei ster Pl a tten burg of Es thon i a s ep a ra tin g hi s es ta

, ,

k e s R uss i a Und r C a th eri ne II

Too
’
e

1 hi ord er w a s fo und ed i n Pa l e ti ne 1190 w ith th e s a m e o bj e c t a n d rul es a s the

.

T s s
Knight s o f St J h n It w a s c lle d the O r d o f the Kni g hts o f th e B less ed Vi rgi n
, ,
o a er
n d w a s re c ruit ed from th e Ge m n n a ti o n a nd b e i n g e x e ll d from Pa le ti n i n th e
.
.
,
a r a e s e
13 th c en tury b y th S a a cens th e s ettl e d i n P us s i a w ere th ey s u j u a te d a n d
.

the na t iv es an foun ded a p owerful s t at e —Count ‘p

e r , r ,
’
, a si nski s
0 an
1 88 THE AR C ER AN D THE ST EPPE
H .

a dopte d by the whol e provi n ce * She w as s ubsequently .

i n va de d a nd deva s ta te d by th e Mus covi te a rmies un der ,

their Czar, I va n the T e rri bl e a t the e xpira tion of the fifty ,

’
years truce ; a n d in ord er to ob tai n p ro te ctio n a ga in s t the
,

Rus s ia ns the Livonia n s co n clud e d i n 15 6 1, a trea ty wi th

, ,

the P oles a t Viln a, in which the y s ubmi t te d to the do min ion

of P ola n d though re ta i ni n g th e fr e e e xe rcis e of the ir religio n,
,

a n d th e ir o w n la ws a n d pr ivi le ges This occas i on ed a w a r .

with Ru ss ia a n d I va n i n va di ng Livo n ia , pla ce d o n i ts

,

thron e Ma gn us , Duk e of Ho ls tei n th e broth er of th e Ki n g ,

of D enmar k, a nd in 1 5 7 0 m a rri e d him to Ma ri a Iva n ovn a ,

a pri n c e ss of his o w n fa m ily Ma gn us c on tin ue d fo r s eve ral

.

yea rs the v a ss al of the Cza r a n d a t l en gth, ha vin g en dure d

m a n y i ns ul ts a n d i n dign itie s a t his h a n d s es ca p ed with his ,

wife in to Pola nd a nd S te ph e n Ba tho ri the ki n g of tha t

, ,

coun try too k posses s ion of Livo ni a which rem a in ed a pro

, ,

vi n ce of Polan d till 16 60 w h en a t the p ea ce of O liva it wa s

, , ,

ce ded to S weden .

In the el e ven th c e ntu ry the pe o pl e of Courla n d wer e n ot ed

for their extre me cruelty a n d their a uguries a nd ma gica l,

a rts . Accordi ng to Ada m o f Bre m e n , th ey we re co n su l te d

by a ll E urop e fo r th eir divi n a ti o n s more es p e ci a lly n o tw i th , ,

s t a n di n g the r emot e s itu a tio n o f th e ir provin c e, a n d th e ir

ba rb a rous m a n n er s by th e c o m p a ra tively poli she d a n d r e
,

fin e d S pan ia rds a n d G r ee ks who s e ves sel s a pp ea r to ha v e

,
.

occa s ion ally p en etra t e d o n tra di ng e xp edi tions to the dis t a nt ,

wa te rs of the Ba ltic Courl a n d a ft e rwa rds b e ca m e a pr ov ince

.

of P ola n d ; a n d o n th e s ubmis s i on of th e knights of Livo nia .

to tha t power, the Gran d Ma s te r of the O rder Gotha rd ,

K etler rec e ive d it a s a he redita r y fie f of the crown of

,

P ol a n d a n d it w a s no t til l the reig n o f Ca therin e II th a t it

, .

fina lly be ca me a pa rt o f the Russ ia n e mpir e

. .

D uri n g the progres s o f the thir teen th century, a n oth e r

pow erfu l princ ipa li ty b ega n to ris e o n the fron ti e rs of Rus s ia
a nd P ol a n d This w a s Lithua ni a , who s tren gtheni ng her
.
,

s elf by the con qu es t of th e w e s t e rn pro vi n ces of the former

s ta te aft e r i ts ove rthrow a n d s ubj e ction by the Mo n uls

, g ,

a nd s uccess fully res is tin g th e a ggr es sio n o f the Livo n i a n

knights, w ho ha ra ss e d he r n orthe rn fro n ti e r un der the pre
t e xt of in tro ducin g a m on g h e r hea the n p eople the fa ith a n d
doctri nes of Chri s tia n ity ; e xt en d e d her d omin ion s to the
Tooke s ' “
i
Rus s an Em ire." p
 AFF AIRS o r PO LAND , a r e . 189

sh ores of the Bl a ck Sea the D n i e per a nd the Da n ub e But

, .
,

the i n h a bita n ts l o n g a n d o b s tin a t ely re ta in e d the p a ga n

w o r s hip of their a n c e s tors a n d a dored the sa cr e d fire which
,

w a s k e p t co n ti n u a lly burn in g o n a n a lta r in th eir c a pit a l a t

Vil n a a nd th e la s t c o n s e cra t e d grove o f the Lithu an ia n s o n e
in the provi n c e of Sa m o gitia , w a s n o t cut d o w n till 1 4 30 In .

1 2 5 2 th e ir du ke Min d o v e w as b a ptize d i n t o th e La tin

, , ,

Church by the l ega t e o f the Po pe w ho a l s o cro wn e d hi m ,

w ith th e titl e of k i n g but a s imilitude o f fa ith w a s i n s uffi

cie n t to prote ct hi m fro m the h o stility o f the G e rm a n
k ni ghts a n d o n th ei r a ga i n i n va di n g his s t a tes , he re turn e d
, ,

to hi s fo rme r ido l a try a n d b e c a m e a mo s t bitte r e n emy to

'

th e L a ti n Ch r is tia n s The y co nti n ue d to h a ra s s h is t er ri

.

to ri es a s l o n g a s th e ir p ow e r e n d ure d a n d i n th e y ea r 1 3 2 2 ,

b es ie ge d a n d bu r n e d the t o wn o f K o vn o , i n Lithu a n i a thr ee

thou s a n d o f the i n ha bita n ts who h a d bra ve ly defe n de d it
, ,

fa llin g victims to the fury of th e fla m es Ghe de m in w h o .

,

s ucc e e d e d to the thr o ne in 1 3 2 0 by th e murde r of hi s m a ste r

, ,

Ve sh o eleg the l a s t prin c e of the old d y n a s ty a s s um e d the

, ,

titl e of G ra n d D uk e o f Lith ua n ia a n d Ru ss i a a n d w a s o n e ,

of th e m o s t c el e b ra te d mo n a rch s of hi s coun tr y or o f the ,

p e ri o d i n which he flour is he d Hi s su c r a in etéw a s a ck n o w

.

le dge d by th e re public s o f Pskof or Ples kof a n d N o v o go r o d, , ,

a n d the T a rt a rs o f the C r imea a ga i n s t wh o m h e a n d hi s

,

s ucc es s o r m a de m a n y c a mp a ig ns a n d w h e re h e tot al ly d e
,

s troy e d th e a n ci e n t citi e s o f Bos pho r u s a n d Ch ers o n and

duri n g his w a rs w i th the Ru s s ia n prin cipa liti es, h e three

tim e s a ppea re d i n a r m s b e fo re the ga t es o f Mo scow *
His .

n,
O lgh er d w a s b a pti ze d i n to th e C ree k Church o n his
,

m a rri a ge w ith a pri n ces s o f Tve r a n d s ubd ue d S o uth e rn ,

Russ i a wi th the s ea port s of Kilia a n d Bia ligor o d He es ta

,
.

blis he d m a n y church e s a n d mo n a s te ri es in his d o m i n io ns ,

a n d wh e n a t K io f a lwa y s a tte n d e d the se rvi c es i n the Chri s

ti a n c a the dra l ; but o n his d ea th i n 1 38 0 h is body w a s , ,

bu r n ed o n a f un e ra l pil e with a l l the hea th e n rites o f h is

a n ce s tors His ki ngdom pas s e d to his fo urt h so u Ia ghellon
.
, ,

who up o n his u n io n w ith H e d w ige the qu een o f Po lan d

, , ,

i n 1 3 8 6 b e ca m e a c o n ve rt to th e La ti n Church a n d Lithu
, .
,

a nia from h e n ce fo rth ,rem ai n e d in close co n n e ctio n with

Po la n d At this pe riod the v a s t e xt en t a n d a l a rmin g
.

i ncr ea se of the Mus s ul ma n p o we r in As i a a n d the re vers es ,

K ras lus kl s
‘
Hi st ory of Po l a nd .
1 90 THE ARC H ER AND THE S TEPPE .

the cru s ad ers ha d s u st a i n e d o n the pl a in s of Pa l es tine ha vin g ,

oblige d the Chri stia n kni ght s to a ba n don the ir oft re pea te d -

a tte mpts to res cu e the H o ly S e pulchre fro m the h a n ds of th e

s a cril egiou s in fi d els th ey looke d r oun d for a n oth er oppor tu

,

ni ty of dis pl a yi n g th e ir va l o ur a n d th eir fa ith a n d the fore s t s

o f Lithua n i a o ffe ri n g a fa vo ura bl e fi e ld to the chiva lro u s

a chi e ve m en ts of the W e s t, m a n y E n gli s h a pp ea r to h a v e

ta ke n a pa rt i n the wa rs u n d e rta ke n by the Liv o n ia n k n ights

'

’”
a ga i n s t th e h ea th e n s o f thi s provin c e I n 1 3 9 0 a ba n d
of E nglis h n obles un de r the Ea rl of D e rby a fterwa rds
, ,

H en ry I V e mba rke d for Pru ss ia a n d a dva n c e d, in c o nj u n c

.
, ,

ti on with the kn ights to the wa lls o f Vil n a but we re un a ble

, ,

to ta ke th e town ; a n d o n thi s occ a s i o n H en ry k ille d i n

‘

s i n gl e com b a t G l e b th e Pr i n c e of Cza r tor i ski a dire ct

, , ,

a n c e s tor o f the c e l e bra te d P o li s h fa mily o f tha t di s ti n guis h e d

n a me . Thi r teen yea rs b e fo re thi s the youn g du ke, Albre cht ,

s on of Albre cht II of Au s tri a h a d p e n e tra te d with m a n y

.
,
G erm a n lord s i nto Sa m ogi tia a n d a s fa r a s Isbor sk ; a n d ,

Su c hem v i rtfl” a n o fi i c er o f h is c ourt w ho a ccomp a ni e d him

'

h a s le ft a po etica l descripti o n o f the ir j o urn ey a n d of th e ,

va ri o u s e xpl o its of s e v e ra l o f his c o un trymen w h o j o i n e d th e

ba n ne r of the Te ut on ic or der i n th e sa me l a n d .

In a dd iti o n to the re publi cs o f N ov o go r o d, Vi a tka , a n d

Chauce r, i n h is C an terb ury Tal es ,

"
w h en d escribi ng a k nigh t , sa ys
“
At Ali s a n dr e h e w a s w h e n i t w as w o n,
ll t ti
.

Fu o f e n me h e h ud d e th e h or d e h eg onne,
ti ll
A horre n a e na o ns i n Pr uce (Pr us s a ), i
In L eth orv e (Lith ua ni a) , h a d de h e re sy ed, a n d i n R uce ,

I S uch emv irt rel a tes

"“

D e sd rltten t a ges ch em d a zher

Vro le ic h ih e in und er l a nt
-

.
D a z w a z R uss e nia g euna nt.
D a ea c h m a n w u ks te n p rennen.
S la h e n, s c hiezze n und re nn e n
Il a i d e ln, us p ch
el n, un erz a v gt .

Afterwar d s h e i nform s us
D a zh er wu s ch t d
rew g a ntzel a nt
D ie i chmi t n a m e n tue bec h a unt:
S a m eyt Bas se n ara el i
i t g
W n re e n und d er a ge] ,
B e g ra tf uns d a m it g r ozzen v rost,
D a fa ultuns a m asen u nd dieh os ch t .

O n th e x pediti on t o w a rd s Meme]
return o f th e e a t ra c k m aki ng th ei r w ay th rough
ess c t y th y p d through
oun r , e as s e
,

E ln W ild un g h ei s t d er gr a nd en
G en w es t e n no c h ge n s a n d e n
,

S o po z r e e r t i c h ny e gera y t
.

v
D a z s pri c ii i c h w ol un f m ey n a yt
,
‘
.

Th ey t hen rea c h ed Konigs b erg of w hi ch Suc h emv lr t s a ys

,

Tg n C h uni g ez per c h so wa z uns a c h

D o h et w i r rue u nd g ut ge m a ch g
,
.

Herz o g Alb re cht s R itters c h a ft v o n S uchemv lr t quo te d in Maj or s i ntrod ucti on

“
' ’ '
,

to Herbers tel n s Rer um Mus comta r um "

‘
.
192 THE AR C HER AN D THE ST EPPE .

Turkish na tion s w ho within the l a s t thre e hun dre d y ea rs

, ,

h a d es ta blish ed th ems elv es a m o n g the provi n c es of W es t er n

A sia ; p a rticula rly by the Ava rs who o ve rthrowin g the , ,

ki n gd o m o f th e Whi te H un s a t C a r izm e a n d th e e mpire o f ,

the S a ra c e n c a liphs a t B a gd a d o ccupi e d for m a n y ye a rs the

,

thron es of Tr a n s o xi a n a a n d Pe rs ia ti ll th ey fe ll i n th eir
,

turn b efo re th e s till m o re fo rmida ble po we r of Zi n gi s Kha n .

When th e ho r de s of thi s c o n queror in va de d Pe rs i a , a n d

d es tro ye d the k in g do ms of the Turk s or Turko m a n s a t
Kh o ra ssa n a n d Ghizn i S o lym a n a ss e mble d a few o f th e
,

s ca tt e re d tribes a n d pre p a re d with thr ee o f hi s so n s to l ea d

,

the m a c ro s s the des erts of Mes opota m i a to the mor e s e cu r e

p r o vin ces o f A sia Min or Bu t, a s h e w a s fo rdin g th e
.

Eu phra tes o n horse b a ck, hi s cha rge r s tu mble d a n d the ,

s ul t a n p e r i s he d i n the w a v e s a n d h i s two e ld e r s on s a l a rm e d
, ,

a t thi s ca la mity a n d di s ma ye d a t s o u n fo rtu n a t e a n om e n

,

a t the c o mm e n c e m en t o f th e ir e n t e r p r i s e a b a n d o n e d th e i l
,

fugi tive c ou n t ryme n a n d r e turn e d to th e ir for mer h a bita

,

tio n s ; while the yo u n ge st O r to gr ul or Togrul wh o had pl e

, ,

v i o u sl
y cr o s s e d the rive r w ith hi s three s o n s C o n d a S a mba n i , , ,

a n d O thm a n ,
re ma in e d fo r s ome tim e with his follo we rs
en c a mpe d o n th e w es t e rn ba n k At l en gth he o bt a in e d
.

p er mis s ion from Al a ddin the s ulta n o f Ic o n ium to s e ttl e

, ,

with fo ur hun dre d Turks in th e mou n ta ins o f Ar m en i a ,

w h e r e h e di e d i n 1 2 88 a n d el e ve n y ea r s a ft e r o n the d ea th
, .

o f Sa mb a n i a n d C o n d a the cro wn d e v o l v e d u p o n O thm a n

, ,

his yo un ges t s o n u n de r w hom comm en ce d the p o we r ful a n d

,

dre a de d e mpire of the O thm a n or O tto ma n Turks who ,

in l e ss tha n tw o hun dre d ye a rs h a d es ta blis h e d a firm fo o ti n g

i n E uro pe a n d s ubdu e d i ts m o s t civili ze d p e opl e th e r e fi n e d
, , ,

th o ug h a rti fici a l a n d e fiem i n a te Gr eeks

‘

But, in th e b egin n in g o f the thirte en th ce n tury th e M o n ,

guls fir s t ro se i n t o p o we r a n d re n d e re d th e m s elve s by th e ir
, ,

e xte n s ive co n qu es ts a n d horrible ra va ges a n d m a ss a cre s the ,

mo s t fo rmida ble of a ll the T a rta rs o r T u ra n i a n n a tion s ;

tho ugh till the time of their c e le bra te d l ea der Zi n gis Kh a n
, , ,

th eir n a m e w a s u nkn own to the civilize d world a n d the fu ture

c on qu ero rs o f A sia a n d h a lf E uro p e were a fe w obs cure trib es,
w a n dering w ith their flock s o n the dre a ry shores o f La ke
Ba ika l a nd th e rivers Anga ra a n d Se li nga i n S ib eria
, , .

t i s time the whole ra c e of Turkish or Turani an p eopl e is o ften v ery i mprop erl y
Fr o m h
t ermed Mongul .
 AnnAm s OF POLAND, ETC. 19 3

A s light n otice of tw o tr ibes ca lle d Mokho a nd Tha tha

occurs i n the ea rly Chin es e a n n a l s a nd, from the po s i
tio n o f the regi o n s wh e re the y a r e sa id to ha ve res ided a b o ut
th e ye a r A D 8 60 thes e n a tion s a pp e a r to coin cide w ith
. .
,

the l a te r Mo ng uls a n d T a rta rs while a ll hi s toria n s a gre e ,

tha t the y w e re of but c o mpa r a tively re cen t a ppea ra n c e o n

th e politic al th ea tre o f A s i a and a c cordin g to S a na n g Se t ,

s eu a pri n c e of the tribe o f O rd o s

, who wrote a his to ry o f ,

the M on goli a n pe o pl e th ey o rigi n a lly c a me from I n di a

, ,

th o ugh thi s as s e rtio n ha s bee n pr o ved to be e ntirely des titut e

o f fo un da tio n I t is e vide n t h o we ve r th a t they de rive th e ir
.
, ,

des c e n t from the sa m e s o urce as the Turks a n d forme d o n e ,

of th a t grea t hord e of n a ti o n s w ho u n de r the s evera l den o m i ,

n a tio n s o f H u ns Ava rs C h a za r s Po l o tzi a n d S c thia n s ha d

, y
, , , ,

a lr e a dy prec ed e d th e m i n the c o n ques t o f the E a s t a n d a cco rd ,

i n g to th e ir n a tio na l tra dition s twe n ty ge n era tio ns be fo re the ,

time o f Z ingis Kha n a n d a t a p e rio d s ubs e quen t to th e a ge

,

o f M a hom e t th ey m a de th e ir e s c a pe un de r thei r l ea der

, , ,

Bo u r te chin o or the Blu e W o lf fr om the s tra i tly gu a rd e d

-
, ,

v a ll e y of Ir ue n e k ou n a mo n g the Alt a i mou nt a i n s wh e re

g
-
, ,

for fo ur hu ndre d a n d fifty y ea rs ha d b een co nfine d the

d es ce n d a n ts O f two wa rriors l c h o uza n a n d K a ya n w ho ha d ' ‘

, ,

ta ke n r efuge th e re with th eir wives o n the gen era l d e fe a t ,

o r m ass a cre of th eir trib e o f which th ey w ere the o n ly s ur ,

vivo rs Th e re th e y ha d be en c o mpe lle d to forge fo r the ir

.
,

Tu r kis h m a s ters a nd con que ro rs the iron an d other m e ta l s ,

w hich the sm r o u ndin

g mo un ta i n s plen tifully con tai n e d till
'

the tribe b e comi n g to o n um e ro us to fin d s ubs i s ten c e wi thi n

,

thes e n a rrow limits the y a ccum ula ted a n en ormou s qua n tity
,

o f fu e l i n a n iro n mi n e a n d with se ve n ty bello w s m e lt e d a n

,

a p e rtur e i n the s id e o f th e m ou n t ai n thro ugh which the ,

wh o le tribe i ssued a nd a s ser tin g the ir in de penden ce pr o

, , ,

cla im e d Bou rte chi no the i r chie f This pri nc e upon th e

-
.
,

r e fus a l of the Kh a n hi s forme r s o vereign to gra n t him his

, ,

d a u ghter i n m a rri a ge de m a n d e d a nd obta i ne d a high e r

, ,

hon o ur in the h a n d o f a Chin es e imp e ri a l prin cess a n d h is

s ucce s s ors s ub se qu e n tly di s puti n g with the M a ntc ho u s the

do min io n of Ma n gi or the n orthe rn provinces of Chi na w e r e

, ,

d e fe a te d a nd e xpelle d by th eir riva l s to the froze n de s er ts

,

a n d s teppes of S iberi a F ro m Bo u rte chi no were des ce n de d

.
-

0 '
G lbbon s "
De c line and Fall of the Roman Empi re .
194 '
r n n AR C HER AND THE sm r r n .

a ll the prin ces of the Mon goli a n hordes a n d from Ta r ta r an d ,

M on gul the two s o ns of A la n c ov a , the widow o f D o nyuk~

,

B a ya n, his t en th des cen da n t a n d who s e birth w a s a fli r m ed ,

to ha ve b een o cc a sion e d by a mir a cle , th e tw o n a tio n s re c e ive d

th e ir n a me a n d from the p o s te rity of the e ldest so n of M o n
,

gul whos e n a m e in their l a n gu a ge s igni fies m e l a n cho ly th e

, ,

cel e bra t e d Chie fta in a n d co n qu e ro r Tem u dsc hi n o r Zin gi s ,

Kh a n Accordin g to Ras chid Ala n c o v a mu s t h a ve

.
,

flo uris he d a b o ut th e time of the dyn as ty of the Abas s i de

c a liphs i n Ba gda d .

A c e r e mo n y i n comme mora tio n of th e ir e s c a p e fro m the

,

va lle y o f Ir gu en e kou n w a s a n n u a lly cele bra te d by th e M o n

-

guls s o l a te a s the e n d of th e thirteen th c en tury when the

, ,

p rin ces a n d n oble s forge d a ba r o f iro n i n r e me mbra n c e o f '

th e ir fo rme r o ccup a tio n ; a n d thi s l ege n d i s c o mmon to a ll

the Tu ra n i a n n a ti o n s m a n y o f the othe r Tur kis h tribe s *
,

a l s o profes si n g to d e riv e the ir o r igi n fro m th e sa m e s ourc e .

U p o n the irrupti on o f the Mon gul ho s ts i n to E uro p e th e ir ,

bre thr en the T a rta rs the firs t tribe W hom they ha d s u bdue d
, , ,

l e d the v a n ; a n d this w a s the ca us e o f the n a m e Ta ta r or

Ta rta r b e i ng: be s towe d by th e n a tio n s o f E uro p e up o n th e .

wh o l e ra c e a des i gn a tion w hich i s gen e ra lly re t a i n e d a t the

,

prese n t time, a n d which w a s th en co n s idere d the more

a ppro pri a t e a s it w a s a c o mmon opin ion tha t th e y w e re
de mon s , a n d ha d i ss u e d from the de pth s o f T a rta ru s ~ .

In th e twelfth cen tury th e e mpire o f th e K er a i tes or , ,

K a ra bita i w a s s till the mo st powe rful s ta t e in C en tra l A s ia

-
, .

The ir s overeign to o k the titl e o f U ng Kha n , o r the Grea t

Mo n a rch a n d a pp ea rs a s before m en tion e d w ith ma n y o f
, , ,

his s ubj e ct s , to h a v e b ee n con ve rte d a bout thi s time to

Chri s tia n i ty by the a dven turou s mis s i o n a ri es o f the Nes tori a n
,

church w ho ha d a lrea dy a cquire d grea t i n fluen c e a mon g the

, .

Igo u r s a n d w ho p en e tra tin g through wide des e rts a n d

,

thick fo rests to sprea d the ir fa ith a mon g the t e n ts of this

d i s ta n t ki n gdom , ca rri e d home m a rve ll o u s a ccoun t s o f its .

powe r m a g nificen c e, a n d wea lth All the hi storia n s of the

,
.

Middle Ages un it e in a s cr ibi n g to the Mo ngu ls the sa me

phys iogn o my pe culia r to the H un s of Attila 1 a n d th e Ta rta r ‘

n a tion s of the presen t d a y 5 a n d th e ir wa n de ri n g h a bit s a n d

ode of livi n g, a s des cribe d by the Fra n cis ca n mo n k Rui ru

Pr it ch ard s " Na t ura l Hi s tory of Ma n
‘
.
f See Ch a pt er II th e H uns—Attlla
. .
19 6 TH E AR C HER AN D THE STEPPE .

powder Wa s ye t un kn own a nd in these d a ys of ign o ra n ce a nd

,
'
,

s up ers titio n w a s n a tura lly co n s ide re d by th e m a s th e w o rk

o f fi e n di sh a g en cy o r m a g ic The y o rigi n ally m a d e w a r

.

equ a lly o n th e M a h o m e t a n s a n d Chri s ti a n s a n d profes s e d ,

a b e li e f i n o n e G o d bu t th e ir d es cen d a n t s s ubs e qu e n tly

a dopt e d th e r e ligi o n o f th e diffe re nt n a ti o n s wh o s e go ve rn
m en t th ey h a d o ve rthr o w n a n d a mo n g w hom the y se t tl e d ,

a n d di s p e r s ed Th e s e h o r de s with th o s e o f th e o th er T a rt a r
.
,

tr ibe s in co nj u n ctio n wi th wh o m the y a cc o mplis he d th e

s ubj u ga ti o n o f As i a a r e s ti ll a s n um er o u s th o u g h s c a tt e re d
, ,

a n d divided in Wes t e r n Ta rta ry a n d up o n the e le v a t e d a n d

, , .

e xt e n s ive pl a in s of Thib e t o r L a n d o f G r a ss , a s it i s t e r me d
,

by the Chi n es e ; s o m e trib es a ck n o wl e dgin g the Ru s si a n

s wa y ,
oth ers tha t of th e C el es tia l e mpi r e ; a s i n th e da y s
w h en th e y u n ite d for c o n qu e s t u n d e r th e b a n n er s of Attil a
“

Zi n gis Kh a n a n d Ta m e rla n e but th o ugh s till c o n n e cte d by

,
-

th e ir fa i th in the Gra n d La ma o f Thibe t they a pp e a r littl e '

likely a ga in to p ro v e da n ge ro u s to the libe rties of E u r o p e ,

e ve n if th e re a ro s e a m on g th e m a l ea d er or chi e f o f s u fli c ic n t

s k ill a m bi ti o n a n d e n t e rpris e to u n it e th e ir s ca tt e r e d cl a n s
, , ,

a n d d ire c t th eir fo r c e s for a t pr es e n t the s tr on gly g u a rde d

fron tie rs o f Rus si a o ppos e a pow e rful ba rrie r to s o u n di s c i
plin e d a n d r o ughly a r m e d a fo e a n d he r i nflu en c e a n d p o licy , ,

while it s e ek s to o ver a we a n d co ncili a t e them i s gr a dua lly ,

i n duci n g th o se fa mili es o n her b o rde rs to s e ttl e d o w n i n

villa ges a s tr a d e r s or pea ce fu l a n d in dol e n t a gr iculturis ts ;
,

th o ugh the y r e me mbe r with m o urn ful r eg re t their form er

glo ry a n d e xpl o it s a n d loo k with lo ngi ng eyes up o n the ir
,

n o mi n a l mis tress th e a n ci e n t Chi n e s e em pire which th e y

, ,
’
on ec c on qu er e d a n d n o w a fli r m i s s till th e irs by r ight
,
Th ey .

fo llo w th e ro v i n g lives a n d mo s t o f th e cus to m s o f th eir a n ces

t o rs a n d though m a n y en ga ge a s m ercha nt s i n the e xte ns iv e
,

c o mm erc e ca rri e d o n by th e m with Ru ss ia a n d Chi n a pr o p er ,

th eir prin cipa l e mpl o ym en t is s till t en di n g their flocks a n d

he rds ; “ a n d th ese fo rm ida bl e she phe rds s a ys the Abbé ,

Hue “ a fte r h a vi n g i n va ded a n d ra va ge d the w o r ld ha ve

, ,

re sume d i n the mids t o f th e ir imme as ura bl e s t e pp es the

, ,

wa n de ri n g lives of th eir fore fa the rs ” .

“
Th e Mongul s ay s th e Abb e a (s pea ki n g fro m h is ex peri ence of th e Mongul s
"

o f th e p re s en t d ay) a s s es s u dd e n ! fro m e x tra v a g n t ga i e ty to a s t a te o f m el a nc h o ly ;

, ,

“
a
hi s di s p os iti on i s mu 0 pge n tl en es s a n good na ture Ti m id to e xce s in his o di na y ha bits
,
-
s r r
w h en fa n ti c i s m or th e de s i re o f ven g n ce a ro uses h im h e di s pl y s i n h is c oura ge a n
.
.
a ea a
i m p etuo s it w hi ch noth i ng c a n s t a y ; very hos pit a ble i ndo l ent hones t to e a c h o t her but
,

gi ven to piyer
, , ,
.
 CONQUESTS MONGULS TO
RISE

FR O M A J) 12 0 1 TO A D . . 1336 ; O R, AM . 6 7 09

A b o is ter o us r a c e, b y frosty Ca ur us p i er c ed ,

D ro v e m a rtia l h o r d e on h o r d e, w i t h d re a d ful s w ee p ,

Res is tl e s s b l e d s o u th
’
r us hi n g o e r th e f
en e e ,

An d g a ve th e v a n quis h
’
d e a rth a n o th e r fer m
2 00 THE AR C HER AND THE STEPPE .

of the T a rta rs ti ll at len g th Tem u ds chi n a n d hi s a dheren ts

, ,

b ein g defea ted in a des pe ra te e n ga gem en t we re force d to ,

t a k e refuge in the dom i nions o f th e e mp eror of the K era ites ,

who kin dly re ce ive d the fugi ti v e pri n ce a t his cour t be ,

s towe d upo n him a high offic e a n d s ub se quen tly ga ve him

,

th e h a n d of his d a ught e r i n m a r ria ge But a fe w yea rs .

l a t e r he i ncurred the s us picio ns a n d dis trust of the frien dly

m o na rch who i s s ued a d e cree for his immedi a te a rres t a n d
,

Te m u d s chin co ll e cti n g tho s e M o n g uls w h o ha d hith erto r e

'

m a in e d s tea dfa st i n th e ir a ll egia n c e a n d esca pin g by n ight

'
'

fro m K ar a h ta i, return e d to h is o w n do minions wh e re h e ,

utte rly rout e d his reb el s ubj ects i n a furious b a ttle a n d ,

c a us in g se ven ty ca ldron s of bo ili n g wa te r to be pla ce d ove r

a fi re ordered the mos t fo rwa rd of the i ns urge nts to b e
,

plun ge d i nto them a l ive He then turn e d his a rms a ga in s t

.

the T a rta rs, a n d va nq uis h e d a n d s ubj uga te d their tribe, a n d

th e fo llowi n g yea r 120 2 tota ll y d e fea te d the a rmy of the
, , .

K er a ites un der th e ir e mp ero r who ha d m a rch e d i n p ers o n

, ,

a ga in s t his s on in l a w, a n d w a s s l a i n i n the fi
,
- -
ght ; a n d a o ,

c o rdin g to the ba rba rous cus to m o f the S cythia n con qu e rors ,

th e victor c aus ed the sk ull of th e va n quis h e d mo na rch to
be e n ca se d in s ilver a n d con v e rte d i n to a obl at fo r wi n e .

A l a rmed a t the ove rthro w of th e po w er fu K e raites th e ,

othe r kingdo ms of c e n tra l As ia un it e d to offe r a resist an ce to

the further progress of the victorio u s pri n ce but re cruitin g ,

hi s forces with the w a rri ors of th e con quere d tribes he e ve r ,

r a n a n d s ubdued th e m i n s ucces s ion , a n d befo re the y ea r

A D 1 2 0 5 h a d re n de re d him s el f m a s ter of e very provin ce in

. .

*
the n orth t r
eas e n -
di s trict s of A s i a tic S cythi a .

I n 1 2 0 6, a gen era l a ss embly w a s held o n a wi de pl a in in

Mon golia , n ea r the s tup en do u s r a n ge of the Altai , which w as
a t te n de d by the Mon gul n o bl es a n d wa rriors a n d m a n y of ,

the chie fs a n d pri n c es o f th e de pe n d en t a n d tri buta ry hord es .

S ea t e d on a high thro n e forme d of buc klers a nd cove re d with ,

’ ’
fo xe s a n d wolves skin s urmo un te d by a simple piec e of felt
, ,

Te mu dsc hi n preside d ov e r the m eeti n g which ha d b een c o n ,

ve n e d for the electio n o f the p ro vi n ci a l gove rn ors , a n d the

promulga tion of a n e w c o de of la ws whe n s udde nly a n old
he rmi t, moun ted on a white hors e, a ppea red in the mids t of
“ Hi s to i re d a G ra nd Ghenghi tit
zca n , p ar M i
. Pe d e l a C ro x.
A re p rt a t thi s p eri od
o i c d c th t ti v i
ga ned re e n e i n E uro pe . a the firs n as on of th e ong ulsM
h a d been o ccas i oned b y p c hi g th e re a thn o f o ne o f eir ro phe ts , w ho fo re o t ld
th e ne a r
a p pro a ch or th e des truc ti thi on o f a ll t t d
ngs ; w hereu on ey i e t
to the s ou h, in h epc s
ot findi ng some l and to shelter in tha t was exem pt om thi s c urse
’

.
 zm o rs K H AN— THE c o m uns'rs o r r u n MON GULS . 20 1

the co ncla ve , a n d a ddressi n g th e s pec tators excl a imed My , ,

bre thren the G rea t God of Hea v en has a ppea red to ma in a

'

, .

vis io n s ea t e d o n a thron e of fire, s urro u nde d by ce le s tial

,

bei ngs a n d j udging a ll the n a tio ns of the ea rth I hea rd

, .

him give the e mpir e of the world to Te muds ch in, a nd pro

clai m hi m Kin g of kin gs ” Thi s extrao rdin ar y in tell igen ce
.
‘

w as receive d with a ccla m a tio n s by the p eo pl e who s ol e m nly ,

a n d u na n imou s ly be s towed up o n their s ove re i n th e ti tl e o f

g
Z ingi s Kh a n or Grea t Kh a n of the S trong a n d E mperor of
, ,

a ll the Mo n ul s a n d T a rt a rs cryin g o ut wi th o n e voice Ten

'

g , ,

thou s a n d ye a rs of li fe to Z in gi s and thus pro ph e cy

s tre n gthen e d Te m udsc hi n in h is dete rmina tion of a cquirin g

the e mpire of th e world a n d threw a divi ne a uthori ty roun d

,

his mo st b ar ba ro u s a cts i n the eyes of his s upe rs titiou s a n d

,

i mpres s ible s ubj ects Li ke Attil a, a n d suppo rt e d by the

.

a l l e ged vi si o n o f the hermit, h e en de a v ou red to cloth e him

s elf in the e ye s of his foll o we rs a n d fo e s with a more th a n

morta l cha ra cte r a n d ma k in g w ar a like On e very s ect a n d
,

fa ith fought u n de r the pre te xt of e s ta bl is hi ng a belief i n o n e

,

s upre me Go d ; a n d to the humbled a n d c o n que re d i n ha

bi ta n ts of a v a n qui s he d city he de cl a re d him se l f to be th e

,

i n s tru me n t o f the divi ne wr a th a nd re tribution u pon si nne rs ,

thus a ttemptin g to ju stify the a lmo s t un p a ra ll el e d d eva s ta tion ,

a n d a troci ties c o mmitte d by the forc e s of the Mo n uls o n

, g ,

whichever s ide th e y turn ed th eir a rms In a fte r da ys whe n .

,

hi s a rmie s ha d s t o rme d a nd e n te re d a city his ge n era ls were ,

a ccu s tome d to drive a ll the i n h a bita n ts i n to a s qua re i n the

mids t of the ir ra n ks a n d a fte r dra wi n g o ff the youn ger m en

to ser ve i n th eir forc e s , a n d a ce r ta i n number o f the wom e n
a n d chil d re n to m a ke u se of a s s l a ves a few who ge n eral l y , ,

c o n s is ted of the a ge d a n d those i n ca pabl e o f be arin g a rms

, ,

w e re a llowed to re mai n a mo n g the r ui n s o f their homes ,

w hile the re ma i n d e r with a ll who a ttempte d to r e s ist the

,

fo rmer de crees w ere m as sa cred o n the s po t by th eir en emies

, ,

who with poin te d s pea rs a n d ben ded bo ws, were ra n e d

,
g

a ro un d the ca ptive m u l ti tu de sl
'

But though s o ba rba rou s a n d u ns crupulou s a s i n va de rs ,

a n d terrible a n d u n merciful to their foes , ye t the M o ng u ls

m ain ta in ed ju s tice a nd ord er mos t rigidly a mon g thems elv es ,

a nd recei ved fro m their mo na rch a co d e of la ws s till us e d by

a
'
s
“
Ta Th ib et a nd China
.
"

e a nd Fa ll of the Roman Empire

.

1 Glbbon s
'
.
 2 02
1
THE AR C H ER AND THE STEPPE.

e ve ry T a rta r chi ef in As ia , w ho cl a im s hi s des c en t from

Tem u dsc hin a n d s till kn o wn th ere u n de r the n a me of I s a
,

Gen gis or
“
the l a ws o f Zin gis
”
Hi s immen s e .

ho s ts were divided in to comp a n ies pr eside d over by o ffic ers ,

who we re respons ibl e fo r the liv es a n d liberties of th e ir m e n

.

a n d the pun i s hm e n t o f d e a th w a s i nflicte d for p e rj ury mur

'

d er a n d the ro bb ery o f a h o rs e o r a n o x
,
At th e sa me .

time i n s u pp o rt of the idea o f his di v in e mi s s i o n h e b e stow e d

'
'

, ,
“
u p o n his fo llow e rs the a pp e ll a tion o f th e C e l e s ti a l p e o pl e ,

which w a s the origi n o f th e a pplica tio n of this te rm to the

Chin es e e mpir e who s e s ov e re i gn up on the s uccess or s o f , ,

Z in gis p o s s es s in g the ms elves o f the thron e o f Pe kin b e ca me ,

the s upr e m e h ea d a n d chi e f o ve r th e r es t of th e M o n gul

ra ce i n ves tin g e ve ry kh a n w i th hi s rega l o ffice a n d s e n din g
, ,

fo rth hi s de c r ees to be ob eye d o n the bor de rs o f Po la n d a n d

G ree c e Thus Chin a ha vin g a d o pte d s till ret a in s th e pr o ud
.
, ,

n a me of he r fo r m e r c o n q u er ors th o ugh s h e ha s l o n g driv e n ,

the m ba c k fro m her ga rde n s a n d cr o wd e d citie s to th e s oli~

t a r y wa s te s a n d h ea th s of th eir de sert st epp e s Bu t the .

n o rth e rn pr o v in c e s o f Chi n a wher e the M o n g ul s fir s t c o m ,

m en c e d th e ir c o n qu es ts ha d b e en s ubdue d s o m e ye a rs b e for e ,

by the M a n dsh u s a fierce ea s te rn T a r ta ri a n ra c e w ho , , , ,

riva lli n g a n d re pe llin g th e M o ngu ls h a d bro ke n thro ugh th e ,

s tro n g b a rri e r o f th e gr e a t wa ll a n d fo rci n g th e imp e ria l , ,

d yn a s ty o f the S on g to re tr ea t to the dis trict a ro u n d C a n t o n ,

h a d c a ll e d the h a lf o f th e empire which th e y h e ld Ma n gi ,

a n d es ta blis h e d th e ir chie f a n d hi s th r o n e i n Y e n kin g l n e a r

-
,

th e mod e rn s ite o f Pek i n i n s te a d of th e o ld c a pita l of Chi n a , ,

N a p ki n , which w a s s itua t ed much furthe r to th e s o uth Afte r .

s ubdu in g a ll the n a tion s of C e n tra l As i a Z in gis turn e d hi s eye s ,

t o wa rd s the t e rr itory of the a n cien t e n emie s of hi s r a ce w ho , ,

b ein g firmly esta bli s he d i n th e ir n ew con ques t ha d la id a s ide ,

th eir wea po n s, which ha d w o n for the m a n empire, a n d i n for

T e h y seem to h a ve b een a c olle cti on o f th e ol d usa es o f th e Mo gh ul (Mon ul) t ib es o r
c mpre hendi n g s o me r ules o f ta te an d ce emo ny a n so me i nj unc nions f the punis h
,
o s r or
m e n t o f p a r t c ul a r c r i m e s Th e p uni s h m e nt s w e e o n l y tw o d e th a n d the b a s ti na d o
,
i r a
th e num b er o f bl o w s e x t en di n g fro m sev e n to s even h und red Th ere is s o meth i n g v er y
.
, ,

C hi nese i n th e w h o l e o f th e M o g h ul s ys tem o f p un i s hm n t ev en ri nc e a d v a nced i n

, .

'
e s
yea rs a n d in co m ma nd of l ge a r mi es bei ng pun ish ed b ba s ti n o w ith a s ti ck b y
ar
'
a
th e lr fa th e o de s W h e th er th ey re ce i ve the i r u a g e i n t lS e pe ct fro m th e C hi nes
, , ,
'
r s r r s l r s e,
o r co mm un i c te d it to t he m is n ot v ery c er t a i n as th e w h o l e b o d y o f th e ir l a w s
.

a u or c s
t oms w a s fo m ed b efo e the i ntr d ucti n o f the M us ulm n re li g i n a nd w s p o b a bly
, ,
r r o o s a o a r
i n ma ny res p ec ts i nc o ns i s t en t w ith th e Ko n a s for i ns t a n ce i n a llo w i n g th e us e of th e
,

ra
bl d o t a nlma is a nd i n th e ex tent o f t o l ra tio n gra nt ed to o the eli g i o ns it gra du ll y
‘
, , ,
oo e r r a
- Ers ki n e s Tra ns la ti o n o f Memo i rs o f Z ehi r e ddi n B a b e E mp eror o f
, ,

i " to e
" ‘ “

i i nipo sta n
d c ay .
-
r,

nklng s tood a fe w mil es fro m th e s i te o f Peki n th e m o d ern c a pit al ; i ts rui ns are

.

t
s t i ll to be s een
,
.
204 T‘HE ARC HER m u m s s'rm n;
’

held o ut a fter" fa mm e ha d r ed uc e d th em to dev ou r th eir

fello w m en, a n d a fter th ey ha d been c o m pelle d, by the exh a u s
- - -

tiOn o f 3 their a m m un ition , to di s c h ar ge fr o m th e i r w a r

en gin es their m o n ey, s il v e r, a n d e v en go ld ; Bu t, if the
Chi nes e h a v e b een u n a ble to fight, th ey ha v e a lvVa ys kn o w n
'

h o w to die ; a n d th ey w o u ld n ot yi el d till a fter the M o n

'

guls ha d fir ed a m i ne i n the c e n tr e of th e p a la c e , w hic h

"

bl e w u p w ith a tr e m en do u s e xplo s ion , a n d, bu r n ing for thirty

da ys, le ft the p a la c e a h ea p o f bla cken e d s to n es A t th e .

sa m e ti m e Chin a; w a s di s tr a c te d by a d o m e s ti c r ev o lt, a n d

the in h a bita n ts ea ger ly e m br a c ed a n o ffer o f p e a c e, w hi c h

w as b o u ght fr om the v i c t ors , sa ti a te d wi th pl un de r a n d m u r
-

d er , fur a h ea v y tr ibu te o f gold a n d silk, three th ou sa n d

ho rs es , o n e tho u sa n d o f th eir c hildr en fo r sl a v es , a n d a n
.

i mper i a l pr in c ess , d esti n e d to b ec o m e th e brid e o f Zin gis ;

The M o n g u ls th en r e tr ea te d , l ea v i n g beh ind the m o n e co n
‘

tinn ed sc en e o f des o la ti on but a fe w ye a r s l at er th ey h a d

'

s pr ea d th e m s e l v es a ga i n o v er the l a n d, a n d, a ft er d ri v i n g the

Chin es e m on a r c h beyo n d the s h ore s o f the Hba-n g h o , u n ite d

'
- -

th e fiv e n o r th er n pr o v in c e s of Chin a to the i r o w n e m p ir e
-
.

O w i n g to the difi
-
i c ulty they e xpe rien c e d in pr o cu r i ng fo r a ge
'

fo r the i m m en se n u m ber o f ho r se s th a t ac c o m pa n ie d th e m ,
a n d thei r d ro v e s o f c a ttl e ; i n a d eli bera ti v e as s e m bly h eld by

the c hie fs o f the a r m y, the y a ct u a ll y de b a te d u p on th e e xpe

dien c y o f e xter mi n a tin g e v er y i n h a bita n t th ro u gh ou t i ts
w id e a n d p o pu lo u s e xten t, a n d c o nv e r tin g the l a n d in td a
pas tu re a n d h untin g gr ou nd bu t Yebu tchc u ca i, a Chin es e
ma n darin , a d roitly a v er t e d t his h o rr ibl e pre po sitio n by a p - e

peal in g to the a v a r i c e of th e kha n , a n d r e pres e n ti ng the

en or m o us a m o un t o f re v e nu e , fo od , a n d m a n u fa c t ur e s , w hi c h
'

hi s c o un tr y w a s c a pa bl e o f p ro duc i n g f or th ei r c o n qu er ors '

u n d e r a j u s t a n d w is e go ve rn m e n t ; a nd , his a r gu m en t a v a il

i n g, the idea w as a ba n d o n e d, a n d Man gi gi v e n u p to the

l egisl a ti on o f n a tiv e m a gi s tr ates, pr es ided "o v er by a Mo n gul -

c hi e f
“

In 12 1 8, the un pr ov oke d a r res t a n d m as sa c r e o f a ca r a v a n of

thr ee M on gu l a m ba ssa dOr s, a nd a hu n dr e d m e rc h a n ts a t O tr a r ,
‘ "
— -

by c om m a n d o f M a hom m ed, the s u lta n o f Ca rizm e , o r Tur kes

‘

ta n , a n d hi s r e fu s a l to gra nt a n y r e pa r a ti o n o r ac kno w l ed ge h i s
inj usti c e, firs t dr ew the forc es of Zin gis to the r egio n s o f the
w es t. The tre a ch er o u s de sc en da n t o f Togru l a n d A rs l a n ,
r ul ed the v as t ter rit or y ex te n di n g o ver Kho ras sa n a nd Pe rsia ,
 Z IN GIS K H AN -“
THE c onounsr s or r u n MONG ULS . 2 05

an d h is l a w s w er e o b eye d fr o m the m o u th of the Euphr a tes

a n d the b or ders o f G eo r gi a , o the fr o nti er s o f G hizni a n d
t
H i n d o s ta n , a n d the st u p en d o u s r oc ks o f th e Hin do o Kos h .

Af ter fa s ti n g a n d pr a yi n g fo r th r ee da ys a n d n ights o n a
m o u n t a i n , the M o n g ul e m per o r d e c l a r e d his i nt en ti o n o f
a pp ea lin g to the j u dgm e n t o f H ea v en a n d th e s w o r d ; a n d ,

a c c o m p a n i e d by his fo ur so n s a n d se v en hu n dr e d th o u sa n d
. .

m en , m a r c h e d u p o n the pl a i n s o f T ur kes ta n O u r Eu r o.

p ea n ba ttles , sa ys Gibbo n, qu o tin g Vo lta ir e, “ ar e p etty

s kir m ish e s if c o m p a r e d to the n u m b ers th a t ha v e fo ught a n d

fa ll en in the pl a in s o f Asia 5” a n d i n the first ba t tl e in w hi c h

the M on g uls e nc o u nte r e d th e C a r izm i a n s , a n d w hi c h w a s
o nl
y t er m in a te d by th e d a r kn es s o f ni ght, the l a tter , w ho
n u m b er e d fo ur h u n dr e d th o u s a n d s o l di e r s , l e ft a hun dr e d .

a n d s ixty th o u s an d a m o n g th e s la in The T ur ks r e t rea te d

.

to th ei r c itie s , a nd a rm e d ea c h fo r a n o bs ti n a t e d e fen c e th e
Mo n guls , a id e d by c a p ti v e Chi n e s e en gi neer s , s a ppe d a n d
m in e d th e w a lls , a n d br o u g ht u p th ei r wa r ma c hi n es a ga i ns t
e v e r y fo r tifi c a tio n w ith i r r e s is tible fo r c e ; s l o w ly, a n d a ft er

l o n g an d w ea r y s i eges, ea c h t ow n fe ll be fo r e th em , a n d th e ir
t r i u m phs w er e m a r ke d by the m os t a w ful a tr o ci ties a n d .

t err i fic m a ss a c r es *
P r o t ra c te d by th e e n er gy a n d c o ur a ge
.

o f J e lla l a di n, the so n o f M a ho mm e d, w h o s e v e ra l tim es

i nfii c te d u p o n the M o n guls a s ign a l d e fea t, the w a r c o n ti nu e d

fo r s om e yea rs u n d er th e c o n d u c t o f To u lo u i, o c c as i o n a lly
as sis t e d by Z in g i s , w h o p a s s e d b e tw e e n his c a pi ta l a n d the

c a m p ; a n d d ur i n g this ti m e the c iti es o f O t ra r , C oj e n de ,

Bo kha r a , S a m a rc a n d, Ca r izm e , He ra t, Ma r u , N e is a bo u r ,
B a lkh, a n d C a n da h a r , w er e s u c c ess iv ely r e du c e d ; w hil e a l l
Tr a n s oxi a na , Kh o r a s s a n , an d Pe rs i a , w er e tr a v ers e d a n d l ai d
w a s te so th a t , di n g to Gibbo n fiv e cen tur ies ha v e bee n
a c co r ,

u n a bl e to r e pa i r the r a v a ges ca us e d by the M o n g uls in fo ur

.

ye a rs o f ter r o r a n d co n qu es t As i n Chi n a s o th e n i n W es t
.
,
.

e r n A s i a a n d l a t e r i n R us s ia a n d the Ea s te r n c o u n tr i e s o f
,

E u r o pe w h e r e v er th ey m et wi th th e s light es t o ppos iti on to

,

the ir a r m s th ey m as s a cre d w ith o u t m er cy a n d w ith o u t

, ,

r e s t ra i n t m e n w o m e n a n d c hil dr en o f e v er y a ge a n d d e gre e
, , , ,

n o t s p a r i n g e v en the b ru te cr e a tio n a n d ra zin g e v er y t e m pl e

,

o r h a bit a ti o n to the grou n d ; s o t ha t l o n g af ter tr a v e ll e rs w hi l e

, ,

c ro ss in g the dis t r ic t s tr a v erse d by the s e sa v a ge c o n q u e r o r s w er e ,

ho rr o r s tr u ck by en co un ter i n g in re gi o ns n o w to ta lly des er ted

-
,

Glbbon s
'
’

D ecllno a nd Fall o f th e Ro ma n E mplre

, Uni v ers al His tory .
2 06 THE ARC HE R AND THE ST E PPE .

and i nnum era ble pyra m i ds o f h u ma n bon es the so le

was te, ,

r em a in s to be t ra c e d u p o n the s po ts w h er e fl o ur is hi n g a n d.

w e a lthy ci ti es on c e s too d In M ar u N eis a bo u r a n d H er a t

.
, , ,

the thr ee gr ea t c a pita l s o f th e pr ov i nc e o f Kh or ass a n th e ,

n u m b er of the s l a in a cc o r di n g to b o th the M ongul a n d Pe r

,

s i a n a u th o r iti e s, a m o un t e d to fo u r m illi on s, th r ee h u n dre d

'

a n d fo r ty s even th o u sa n d p er s o n s a n d a t N ei sa bou r , To u l o u i

ha v in g dis c ov er ed tha t a fe w ha d sa v e d them selv es fro m th e

gen er a l m a s sa cre by feigni n g dea th c o mm a n d e d the h ea ds to ,

be c u t o ff the b odi es o f the s la in a n d pil ed in he a p s a ro u n d ,

the r u in e d c ity * .

In the m ea n w hil e Mah om m e d h a d ta ken r efu ge o n a d es e r t

'

is la n d i n the C as pia n w her e h e die d deth ro n e d a n d a lo n e ;

,

a n d th e ga lla n t J e lla la din r e tr e a tin g a s h e fou ght, w a s d r iv e n

,

gra dual ly to the ba n ks o f the In du s by the Mo nguls un der ,

the pe rs on a l c on du c t of Zin gis a nd s u s t a in in g a la s t ,

defea t o n its ba n ks, a n d per ce iv in g th a t a ll w as l o s t h e ,

l ea pe d his h or se in t o the m ids t of its 1 a pid w a t er s a n d ,

s o u ght a s h e lt er o n the pl a i n s o f H i n do s t a n Gl a dly w o u ld .

th e G r a n d Kh a n h a v e fo ll o w e d the fugitiv e a n d c a r r i e d h is ,

a r m s a m o n g the gr o v e s a n d t em pl es o f Br a hm a fi bu t h i s

t r o o ps c l am o ure d for a s p eedy r e tur n to their n a tiv e l a n d ;

an d l o a de d w ith h a lf the w ea lth o f A s ia , he s l o wly c o m
,

m en c e d hi s m ar c h tow a r ds th e n o r th 1 W hile pas s i n g o v er .

the fo r l o r n sc e n es o f his s a n gu in a ry su c c ess h e a pp e a rs to ,

h a v e felt a s light r em o rs e for this u s ele ss des tr uc tio n a nd

p ro diga l wa s te o f life, a n d a nn o un ce d his in ten ti o n o f t e
b ui l din g the c iti es he ha d la id wa s te a n d b eyon d the O xu s
a n d Ja xa r tes the M o ngu ls b ein g j o i n e d by tw o gen e r a ls a n d
,

thir ty tho u sa n d h or se, w h o h a d m a de the w h ol e c irc ui t o f

the C a s pi a n , su bdu i n g a ll th e n a ti on s o n th ei r r o u te th e ,

u n it ed a r m i es r etu rn e d to th e ir h o m e s in C en tr a l A s i a a n d ,

a ga i n pr ep a r e d to i s su e fo r th o n a n ew c a r eer o f c o n qu es ts
,
.

Thes e tw o Mo ngul gen er a l s Chin Noj a n a n d S o u da ,

w Huc’s Ch ris tianity in Ch ina Ta rtary

,
-
, &c .

f As w h e n a v ulture on ma ns bred, I
W hos e sn ow y r id g e th e ro v i n g ar tar bo unds, T
D ielo dg i u fro m a re i o n sc a rce o f p rey.
fl g
To g o rse t e e s h o f m bs , or ye a rni ng klds z
fl k
O n h ills w here oc s a re fe d , fl 1e s to w ards the south
o rG a ng es . or H h I
l as pes nd ia n s tre ams ,
Bu y
t i n h is w ny i g hi s o n th e ba rr e n pl a ins
“
C
0 1 S er ic a na , w h e re th e hi ne s e d riv e
Wit h sails a nd w i nd, their c a rry w a ggons l igh t' “ .

M nxr on 5 ar a dis e Lo st P .

“
Decline a nd Fall of the R oman E mpire — She11 ef< ddln Ali s History
'

1 Gibbon s . . of
T i m ur elt B .
208 THE AR C H ER AN D THE ST E PP E
.

As ia ha d fille d th e ne ighbo u r i n g n a ti on s w ith terror a n d

dis m ay , a nd their a l m os t u n in t e rr u pt e d s ucc e s s ha d c o m .

pl etely dishea rtened the i nh a bi ta n ts , w ho c o n sidere d th a t i t

Wa s v ai n to o ppo se th em , a n d beli ev e d the m s el v es to be
a b a n doned b He a v en , w h en t he
y y s aw the 1 a pid pr o gre ss a n d
c on qu es ts o f th ose w h o m the y beli ev e d to be the arc h e n em i es -

of Go d . M o r e e s p ec ia lly they s hud der e d w h en they th o u ght

o f th e t err i bl e r etr ibu ti o n tha t ha d b een i nfl i c te d by th e

Monguls u p on e v ery c ity w h o se c o ur a ge o r s elf c o n fiden ce -

h a d u r ge d her to s t em th e t orr e nt w hi ch thr ea te n e d to

e n gulf ev e ry c i v iliz e d n a ti o n o n the e a r th , a n d a tt e m pt a

br a v e th o u gh fru itl ess r es is ta n c e But in N ov o gor o d th e

.

c itiz en s , w ho were l eft w ith o u t a le a der, th e ir pr in c e h a v in g

m a r che d a ga in s t th e e n em y i n th e s ou th , a n d un a ble to
a ss e m ble a ny c o m p et ent fo r c e to w ith s ta n d , if th ey h a d be en

s o i n c li n e d , the en or m ous n u m b e r of t h e i r sa v a ge a s s a il a n ts ,

re sted th e ir h op es o n the j u s ti c e o f th e i r c a u s e , a n d th e a id o f
H ea v e n i n s u pp or t o f Chr i s tia n ity 3 a n d, a d v a n c i n g fr o m th e
c ity, c a m e to m ee t the i nv a d er s , ea c h w a rr i o r b e a r i n g in hi s

h a n d a c r o ss fo n dly tr us ti n g th a t th ei r e n em i e s w o u ld r es p e c t
,

th eir li v es w h en pr o te c t ed by th e sa c r e d em blem o f the ir

fa ith . Va in i n deed w a s this ho pe fo r th ey w er e pr om ptly
, , ,

r ec eiv e d by the lo u d a n d pi er c in g w a r c r i es o f th e Mo n gul s

-

w ho i n th e fier c e b a ttl e th a t im m e di a t el y en s u e d kil lc d te n

, ,
-

tho u s a n d m en bu t the m a rc h o f th e ba r b a r i a n s w a s a r r est ed ,

a n d the n o r t h o f R us s i a fo r a ti m e s pa r e d by the dea th o f

Zin gis a t the c a m p o f the Go lden 11 0 1 13 ; a n d hi s gen er a l s

,
1 ,

w h o c om m a n d e d the M ong ni fimfi ha s ten e d b a c k to A si a

' ‘

w ith th ei r fo ll o w er s to a ss is t i n th e el ec ti o n a n d in a u gu r a ti o n
of a n e w Gra n d Kha n In the m e a n w hil e th e o th e r d i v i s io n
.

’
o f To u sh i s t r i be ha d dr i v en the P ol o tzi fr o m the C r i m e a ,

a n d c a pt ur i ng So uda k o r So lda ya w h er e th e Gen o e s e ha d

, ,

form ed a tra di ng settl e m e n t t ribu ta ry to thes e p eo pl e m a de ,

it the c a pit a l of th e p en in sul a, a n d r a ze d th e fl ou r i shi n g t o w n

o f The o d o s ia to the g r o un d Th ey ha d b een pr ec e de d in to
.

Ru s si a by th eir a m ba ss a do r s w h om th ey s en t to the pr i n c es
,

o f B a li c h a n d K i o f d ec l a r ing th e i r p ea c e fu l in ten ti on s a nd
,

fri en dl y i n c lina ti o n s t o w a r ds the Russi a n s ta t es ; but th es e

pr i n c es r e m e mb ering the dec eitful m a n ner i n w hi c h th ey h a d
a c te d wi th r e ga r d to the Po lo tzi a n d Ci rc a s s i a n s , a n d th a t it

w a s th e ir u su a l cu sto m to s e n d en v oys i n to th es e c o u n tr ies

u p on w hi c h the y m edi t a t ed a n in va s io n , to s ur v e y the l a n d ,
 ZIN G IS K H AN — THE co nqunsr s or r u n MON GULS . 20 9

a nd o b se rv e its s tr en g th c a pa bilities o f defe n c e i ts pec u lia r

, ,

a s pec t s fo r d s r iv e rs a n d l a n d t r a c t s s u p ers e de d the M o n u ls

, , .
, g ,

i n the a c t o f tr ea c h er y a nd i n h u m a n ly c a u se d the a m bas sa

,

do rs to he pu t to d ea th Th ey the n c a lle d up o n a l l the .

pr i n c es o f R u s s i a to l e n d th e i r a id to the ge n era l defe n c e ;

a n d all j us tl
y es ti m a tin g the d a n ge r r es p on d e d to the a pp ea l .

Fr o m the n o r th er n p ro v i n ce o f Vl a dim ir , the gra n d pr in ce

Vyze v o ld b r o u ght ev er y effic i en t w a r r i o r o f hi s fu r c l a d -

tro o ps a r m e d w ith h e m pen s hirts o f m a i l w o o den s hi elds

, , ,

a n d l o n g s p ears the s o ldi e r s o f T v e r a n d No v o o r o d m a r c h e d

, g
ea c h b e n ea th th e b a nn e r o f hi s r es p e c ti v e c hi e f ; th e bo w m e n

o f M o s c o w u n de r Mi c h a e l the B r a v e h as t e n e d w ith a ll s p ee d
, ,

to the s o u th a n d w ith ga ll a n t d e t a c h m e n ts fr o m Ri a za n a n d
,

Tc h er n ig o fi j oi n e d th e ra n ks o f the go r geo u s ly a ttir e d ho r se

‘
-
,

m en o f B a li c h a n d K io f The u ni te d a r m ies j o i n e d by the

.
,

fu giti v e Po lo tzi a dv an c e d a s fa r as M a r io po l o n the Sea o f

, ,

A z o f a n d en c o u n ter i n g the T a r ta r s o n th e b a nks o f the

,

K a lka w er e s o o n e n ga ge d in a fier c e a n d l o n g c o nt es te d
,
-

c om ba t .The Po lo tzi w h o w er e the fir s t a tta c ke d by the

,

e ne m y w e r e u n a bl e to w i th s ta n d the fu rio u s o ns l a u ght w it h

,

w hi c h t he M o n gu l s a l w a ys c o m m e n c ed a n e n ga ge m e n t a n d ,

fled th r o u gh the ba tta li o n s o f Ha li c h c o m ma n de d by i ts ,

yo un g pr i n c e D a n i el a n d his u n c l e the v e t er a n M ic is la f
, , , ,

ca u s i n g d i s o r der a n d co nfu s io n a m o ng the t ro o p s M ic i s l a f .

a t te m pt e d to ra lly h is fo r c es a n d r u s h e d to the fr o n t but , ,

w as o v er p o w e r e d by the n u m be r o f h is o pp o n e n ts a n d his ,

ba tt a li o n s a l m o s t e n ti r ely d i s pers e d ; a n d the v i c to r io u s

T a r ta rs c ut to pie c e s in s u c c es s i o n th e a rm i e s o f the o ther
R us s ia n c hiefs w h o ha d b ec o m e s c a tter e d a n d s e pa ra te d
,

d u r i n g the a tta c k w hil e the G r a n d P r i n ce Vyze v o ld o f

, ,

Vl ad im i r a n d th e pr in c es o f Mo s c o w a n d K io f w e re l eft
, ,

u p o n th e fi e ld a m o n g the d ea d The o th er c o m m a n d ers fle d .

a n d Mi c i s la f o f Ha li c h o n r e a c hi n g his o w n c o u n tr y un a bl e
, ,

to o v er c o m e th e h a u n tin g s e n s e o f his di s gr a c e a n d d e fe a t ,

r e ti r e d to hide hi s h ea d i n a m o n a s ter y a p r ey to m e l a n c h o ly ,

and r em o r se So e n de d the fa ta l ba ttl e o f the Ka l ka

.
,

fo u ght o n th e l et o f May 1 2 24 ; bu t tho ugh s e ldo m ha s ,

b een wi tn esse d a m o r e sa n gu in a r y a n d te r ri fic d e fe a t i ts ,

e v en t w a s n o t fo ll o w e d by a n y i m p o r ta nt r es ul t The M o n .

u l s i n dee d, tw o yea rs a fter h a v i n g s u bj u ga t e d a n d p o ss e s s e d

g , ,

the m se l v es o f th e C r im ea p u r sued the r e tr ea ti ng R us s i a n s ,

to the w a lls o f K i o f an d ha d pr ep a re d to c o m m e n c e the s i ege

,
2 10 THE ARC H ER AND THE STE PPE .

or a tta ck, bu t the sa m e e v en t — th e dea th o f th ei r so v er eig n .

— tha t ha d r e c a ll e d th e i r c o u n tr m e n i n th e n or th b a c k to
y
A s i a h a d a li ke e ffec t o n the fo r c es w h o su rr o un d e d th e
,

w a ll s o f K i o f a n d th e M o n ul s a b a n d o n i n g R u s si a fo r a
g ,

ti m e a n d s u mm o n in g the ir tr o o ps fr o m Ge o rgia w hi c h th ey
, ,

ha d a gai n i n v a de d w ith a fe w s qu a dr o n s o f h or s e a ll c o ll ec t e d ,

a t K a r a c o r um to m a ke c h o i c e o f a n e w c hi e f .

S i n c e the c l o se o f the c a m pa ign i n Tr a n s o xi a na a n d the ,

s u b s e q u e n t c o n q ue s t o f C a s hg a r w hi c h h e ld by a K e r a i te , ,

t r ib e c a ll e d the N a ym a n s a ft e r the c o n qu es t o f th e ir c ou n
,

th e M
*
t ym e
r n l o n g
,
s u c c f l l i
e s u y r es s e
s t d o n u
g sl Z in gi s ,

Kh an th o u gh m o re tha n si xty yea rs o f a ge h a d u n der t a ke n

, , ,

i n the yea r 1 2 2 5 a n o ther c a m p a ign a ga i n s t th e ki n gd o m o f

,

T a n gou t w h o se pr i n c e ha d a ffo r de d s h e lt er to tw o o f hi s
,

en e m i es a n d n o w o bs ti n a t e l
, y r e fu sed to d eli v er th em u p .

The em p er o r m a r c h e d a ga i n s t th e ra s h p o t en ta t e i n p er s o n ,

a n d e n c o un ter i n g hi s a r m
, y i n the m id s t o f a wi d e fr o zen
l a ke , a tr em e n dou s ba ttl e w a s fo u ght u p o n the ic e i n w hic h ,

th e Ta n g o utia n s w e r e t o t a lly d e fe a t ed w ith th e l o s s o f ,

m en But s o m a n y o f th e M o n gu ls h a d a l s o fa ll en
.

i n th e fight th a t th ey w er e fo rc e d to r e t u r n for a ti m e to
,

K a r a co r u m to r ec r u it th e i r exh a u s t e d fo r c e a n d it w a s n o t
till the mi ddl e o f the fo ll o w i ng yea r tha t Zin g is a ga in pr e
p a r ed to s et fo r th Bu t Dea th h a d s tr e tc he d o u t h er h a n d
.

to la y h o l d o n the m ighty m on ar c h a n d fr om h is a ppr o a c h ,

ther e w a s n o r etr e a t a n d W hil e e n c a m p e d for a few da ys o n

th ei r m a r c h n ea r th e b or de r s of Chin a the e m p ero r e xpir e d , ,
’
a fter a w ee k s il ln es s o n th e 1 8th o f A u gu s t
,
1 2 2 7 in th e , ,

sixty s e v e n th yea r o f h is a e
-

g W hile o n hi s d ea th be d he
.
-

ea rn es tly r ec o mm e n d ed hi s s o n s to fi n i s h th e c o n qu e s t o f th e

w or l d
“
.My chil dr en ? sa id h e, “ I h a v e r a is e d a n e m pi r e
s o v a s t th a t fro m th e c e n tr e to o n e o f i ts e xt r e m ities i s a
,
’ ”
yea r j s o u r n ey If y u w i s h to pr es erv e it r e m a i n u n ite d
o .
, .

His b o dy w a s sec r etly tr a n s p o r te d to M on go li a a n d a c c or d ,

A q
c urious rec ord o f th is c on ues t by Zi ngi s h as bee n found i n a n i ns c ri pti on a t
C
N erts c hi nk, n ea r the bo rd ers o f h ina , a nd bro ug h t fro m th e nc e to S t Pe te rs burg It i s
k
. .

e ng ra v e n u pon a g rey gr a ni te blo c , fiv e fee t h i g h , a nd mo re th a n o ne fo o t bro a d , i n

fo ur pe r pe n d ic ul a r r o w s o f Ing o ur c h ar a c ter s w h ic h , w h e n rea d fr o m l e ft to r i h t, h a s
been tra ns l a te d b S c h m id t i n to the fo l low ing beg in n i ng o f a form ula o f c a t I to th e
E llya s or w in ge d c m ons
“ j
Z i ng is K ha n, a l ter h is retur n fro m th e s ub e c tio n of S nr ta g ol, a fter the a nnihil a tion
o f a ll h a tred be tw ee n a ll tri bes o f Mo ng nls to a l l the 335 Eliya s
"
.

S a rta g o l is K ha ra ; K h ita i the e mpire o f th e K e ra ites ), th e c a pita l o f w h ic h , C a sh g a r,

h eld by th e N a y ma n c h ie f, us h lu k k
h a n. w as c o n uered in th e y ears 12 19 a nd 1 220
p
.

The s to ne is th ere fo re a tal is ma n a g a i ns t th e re tur n 0 th e h a tred o f th e E li y a s. to w h om

v o w s or o ffering s , it i s pro ba bl e, h a d been m a d e h e re — 1 ritch a rd s
’ ‘ “
N a tura l
. is tory o f H
Man .
"
 ,
:THE ARCHER . AND THE sr np rn .

Zingis , they r e m a in e d a t hi s c a m p in c en tra l Asi a a n d Chi na

'

.
.

to co m pl ete these i m p or ta n t c o n que s ts The who l e em pi r e .

w a s r ule d mor e like a n a r m y tha n a s ta te, an d the li m its o f

the a uth o r ity o f ea c h go v e r n o r w a s de fin e d r a th er by th e
l o ca lities of the fa milies o f his h o r de, th a n the n a tu ra l o r .

p oliti ca l div isi o n s o f the prov i n ces N o Mo n gul c o uld .

c h a n ge his pl a c e o f a b o d e , or t r a n s fer hi s al l egia n c e to

an o th e r c hief, w itho ut th e e xpr e s s p e r mis s i o n o f the I m p er i a l

c o u r t ; a n d the p o w e r o f th e G r a n d Kh a n e xt en de d o v e r

e v e ry o ther V i c e r o y a n d r ul e r fr o m the b o r der s of hi s o wn

p a tr im o n y to th e mos t r e m o te a n d di s ta n t Mo n gu l t e n t .

”
S i n c e th e c o m m e nc e m e n t o f the w o r ld, s a ys the Chi n ese
hi sto r ia n , T o un g kie n ka m m o n , n o n a tio n ha s been s o
- -

p o w e r fu l a s the Mo n gul s a r e n o w w hy do es H ea v e n p er m i t
tha t ? ”
The i r c o n que s ts i n W es ter n A s i a s pr ea d ter r or
thr o ugh a ll Eu r o pe , a nd c a u s e d the e atper o r J o hn D ucas o f -
,

Byza n ti um , to r ei nfo r c e a l l hi s ga rr is on a n d fo r tify his c ities , -

w hile th e s to r y fo u n d c r e d e n c e a m o n g h i s s u bj e c ts , th a t the
T a r tars ha d the h ea d s o f do gs a n d ea t th e fles h o f m e n yet
.

n o effo r t w a s m a de by th e n a ti o n s o f the W es t to s t e m the

c o mi n g t or r ent by s tr e n gthe n i n g the ki n gdo m o n the fr o n ti er s

o f Eur o pe R us si a, i n de e d, w a s a l m o s t to o i n a c c ess ibl e, shu t

.

o u t a s sh e th en w a s fr o m the Etrxin e , to r ec e iv e a n y effi cient

a s s i s ta n c e ; bu t the q u ee n , R ho u zo u d a n o f Ge or gi a , a pp e a l e d

a g a in a n d a g a i n fo r the a i d o f her fe ll o w r e ligi o n is ts, a n d w a s -

o n ly a n s w e r e d by c o ld r e fus a l s, o r p er fe c t i n diffe r en c e a n d
*
l t
n e g ec .

The P o l o tzi, a ft er th eir defea t a t Ka lka a n d e xp ul s i on .

,

fr o m K i pza k a n d the C r i m ea ha d w a n de r e d for s om e yea r s

,

in th e s o u th er n s tepp es o f Ru s s ia r a v a gi n g the b o r d ers o f ,

Ha li c h a n d K i o f ; a n d a t l e n gth r etr e a tin g i nt o Hu n ga r y

, ,

th e kin g Bel a IV a l lo w e d s ev e ra l o f th e i r fa m ili e s un de r

, .
, ,

th e ir c hie f to fo r m a c o l o ny in M o lda v i a th en a pa r t of his

, ,

t er r it o ry a n d fro m tha t ti m e they settl e d do w n to a p ea c efu l

,

a n d a g ri c u lt u ra l life .

It w a s n o t until the s pri n g o f th e ye a r 1 2 2 9 th a t a ll the ,

Ta r ta r n o bl es a n d ge ner a l s ha d re a c h e d the di s t a n t t en ts o f
K ar a c o r u m to d eli be ra t e o n the c h o i c e o f a n e w kha n
, .

To u loui ha d b e e n i nv es te d w i th th e o ffic e o f r e ge n t til l th e

e l ec ti on s h o u ld ha v e t a ke n pla c e ; a nd a ft er thr e e d a ys o f ,

fea sting the gr a n d c o un ci l w a s he l d i n w h i c h ma ny voic es

, ,

Huc '
s Chri stia ni ty in C hina Tarta ry
, . and Thili ct .
 ZINGIS KH AN— THE C ONQU EST S o r THE M ON G ULS . 2 13

de c l a r e d i n fa v o u r o f thi s pr in c e, w ho ha d l ed th em s o o ften
to ba ttl e a n d to vic t o r y . Bu t To u lo u i hi m s elf p ro c l a i m e d
th a t O c ta i ha d bee n a pp o in t e d hi s s u c ces so r by the la s t w o r ds
a n d di r e c ti o n s o f Zin i s , a n d th a t the w ill o f th ei r fa th e r
g
m u s t be o be ye d a n d, th o u gh h is br o th er r e fus e d a t fir s t to
a c c e pt th e c ro w n , w i s hi n g to pl a c e i t o n the h e a d o f To ul o u i,

the l a tte r d e c lin e d the gen er o us o ffer , a n d w a s the fir s t to

ta ke the o a th of a ll e gi a n c e Th e n a ll the pr in c e s b en t the
.

kn ee ni ne tim es b e fo r e O c ta i, a n d he w a s s a l u t e d w ith the

titl e o f Kh a ka n or Gr a n d Kh a n , a n d a c kn o w le dge d a s th eir
l a w fu l a n d i m p er i a l chi ef .

To u shi ha d l e ft th r ee s o n s , B a tu, B er eka , a n d Sh ebia ni ,

’
w h o divid e d be t w ee n th em th e c o m m a n d o f th e ir fa th e r s
h o r d e The tw o fo r m er re m a in e d fo r a tim e a t K a r a c or u m ,
.

till th ey m a r c h e d fo r th o n n e w c o n q u e s ts in th e w es t 5 w hil e
Sh ebi a n i, ta ki n g u p hi s a b o d e to th e n or th o f th e A r a l ,

in va d e d Siber ia w it h fifteen tho u sa n d fa m i li es a n d t e n ts , a n d

'

w ith th ese h e fo u n d e d a n em pir e , a n d er e c te d a w o o d en

c a pita l n e a r the pr es e n t s it e o f T o b ol s k . He r e hi s des c en
d a n ts r eigned fo r a bo ve th r ee h un dr e d yea rs , til l th e c on qu e s t
o f th ese w ilds b
y th e b a n d o f a C o ss a c k ou tl a w , w ho pu r
c h as e d, by m or e tha n a thi rd o f As i a , a p ar d o n fo r hi s p o li ti c a l

o fien ces fr o m th e C za r ; a n d the s u lt a n s a n d l e a d e rs o f the

'

Ta r ta r tribes , w ho s till r oa m i n c o m pa r a tive i n d e pen de n c e

’
o v er the w i d e Sibe r ia n ste ppes , w e a r a n e a gl e s fea th er in

t he ir ca p s, a s the pro u d m ar k o f the ir desc en t fro m Zin gi s .

Th e M o n go l s a pp ea r to h a v e pe netr a te d as fa r a s th e fro zen

'

s h o r es o f th e Ar c ti c O ce an fo r o n ly fift een yea r s a fter th e

d e a th o f th e ir grea t c hief, w e fin d tha t the y w er e a c qua in t e d
w ith th e n a m e s a n d m a n n er s o f th e S a m o ye d e s , w h o se fur
a n d ivo r y, th e ir o n ly r ic he s , w e re no t s ec ur e fro m the de p r e
d a tio n s o f the Ta r t a rs , e ven i n the ir s ubter r an ea n hu ts o n
'

*
b d
the o r ers o f t he P o l a r S ea .

In the yea r 1 2 40 , Tu rm e c hir in , the s o n o f Za ga ta i , c ro ss e d

th e I n du s , a n d su bdu e d the pr i nc ip a l t o w n s o f Hi n do s ta n,
a n d h i s d es ce n d a n ts r ul e d i n Tra n so xi a n a a n d S a m a r c a n d
til l the l a st kh a n o f th e ir r a c e w a s s la i n in a ba ttle w ith the
K a l m u c ks , w h en th e e m pir e , a fter a l On g c ivil wa r, b ec a m e
s u bj ec t to the s w a y o f T a m er la n e .

‘
Glbbon s Dec li ne an d Fall of the Roman Empi re.
 CHA P TER II .

fi fi m
s iz mnqunrs fi
luasia , ant
’

651
3: S rmx
rs of fl int — s h: a n —

rs ?) na h fi
rahagzs
fi s he nngax — (fl imha ssg smt hg flgz 0 13 to
$
‘

g
figs dani s h E th a n— G t httiun s f dB dug b i
m —
stu m m— d m
a g

of 35m: at filmed
3 .

p p l ii
Th e o u ous c t es bla clte n i n th e s un,
g l
A n d i n th e e n er a w r ec , rou k p d
al nc es
Li e und i s ti ng u is li d , s av e 1) th e un s m oke
‘

o r rec ent confl ag ra tion

"
. M OR E.

U PON the sudden a n d u n exp e c te d d e pa r tu r e o f the M on gul s

fr o m be fo re K i o f— tho ugh th e ir c o un tr y wa s u tt er ly l a id
w a s te th e i r p r i n c e M ic i s la f fa llen a t K a lka a n d a s ev e r e
, ,

fa m in e a n d pes til en c e w ere a lr ea dy m a ki n g th e ir p re s en c e

fel t thr o u gh ou t th e la n d th e Ru s s ia ns a t K io f ga ve th e m
fi

s e lve s u p to th e m o s t e xt ra v a ga n t j oy : th e s o u n d s o f wa r

w er e e xc h a n ge d fo r p er p e tu a l fea s tin g a n d a m u se m e n t a n d ,

the c l a s h o f s w o r ds a n d d us t o f b a ttl e for hu n ti ng a n d da n c in g ,

a n d o th er na ti on a l s p o r ts Bu t th ese a m u se m e n ts w er e su c
.

c ee d e d to o s oo n by o th er a n d g ra ve r c a r e s : th e s c a t ter e d

Po lo tzi tr ib e s w h o r o v e d o n the s o u th er n b o r d er s o f the

,

e m p ir e a fter th e i r e xp u l s io n fr o m K i pza k ke pt u p a per ,

pa tn a l d es u lto ry w a r w i th th e i n h a bita n ts a nd a fe w yea r s , ,

a fter the de a th o f M ic is la f t o o k pr i so n er hi s s u c c es s o r
, ,

V la dim ir IV a p r in c e o f the h o u se o f M o n o m a c hu s a n d
.
, ,

c a u s e d h im to be c r u e lly pu t to d ea th Na t ur e a n d m a n.

a pp ea r e d a lik e to h a v e l ea g ue d a ga in s t th e un h a ppy K i o f ;

a n d du r in g th e fe w ye a r s th a t e l a p se d be t w e e n th e fi
,
r st an d

s ec o n d in va s i o n o f the M o n g ul s m a n y h o u s e s w e re o ve r
,

thr o w n ,
a n d m a ny p e r s o n s kill e d o r inj ur e d by s e v er a l ,
.

s h o c ks o f ea r thqu a k e th a t w e r e fe lt th r o u gh o u t s o u th er n

Ru ss i a 5 w hile , d u r i n g the w h o l e o f o n e s u m m e r th e c o u n tr y ,

w a s e n v el o p e d in a thi c k fo g w hi c h de s tr oyin g th e c r o ps w as
, , ,

p r o d uc tive o f a d rea dful fa m in e o n ly s u c cee de d by a s till

,

m or e t err ibl e pl a gu e The de po pu l a tio n a n d n a ti o n a l d is

.

c o u r a gem e nt o f w hi c h th es e m is fo r tu n es w er e the c au se s till ,

216 THE a nc xm AND THE s r s rrr ’

K fo rwa r d o n this stu pen dous exp e ditio n , a n d,

a r a c or um , s et
' '

it
o ver r un ni ng the ki n gdo m o f Bu lga r ia , e ntere d R us si
‘

a .

Well skille d i n the a r t o f fo rg n g m e ta ls , w hich the ir o w n

i

co un try pl en ti fully a ffo r d e d, the Ta r ta r s , a r m e d w i th pik es

h oo k e d a t the en d, w e ighty bo w s, fro m w hic h th ey le t fly
iro n s h a fts , a n d t remen d o u s b a tt er i ng r a m s , tha t i n o n e d a y
‘ -

o v e r th re w the fo r tifi c a ti o ns o f Kie f, h a d li ttle d i fficu lty i n

co n t e n di n g a ga i n s t th e w o o d e n s w o r ds an d s li n gs o f the

Ru s s ia n s , a n d c o m m itte d the m o s t fr ightfu l ”r a va ge s e very

wh e r e o n th e i r r o u te The to r ture s a n d ba r b a ri ti es w hic h
.

th e y in fiic te d o n th e n a tiv es , o f a ll a ge s a n d d egr ees , a r e to o

'

hid e ou s a n d s h oc ki n g for des c r ipti o n , a n d c a n sc a r c e l y e ve n

fin d a p a r a ll e l in the h o rr ibl e e x ec ution s o f Chin a , o r a m on g
the w ild I n di a n t r ib es o f N o r th A m er i c a I n m a n y p a r ts o f .

the em pi re , th ey spa r ed sc ar ce ly o ne o ut o f fifty m en , a n d

“

the pr o vi nc e o f K i o f al o n e lo st be s i des w o m e n a n d
c hild r en Ria za n , wh o se p ri n c es, Ole g a n d F e do r , h a d
.

so li c it e d a n d o btai n e d the as s is tan c e o f Ge or ge , th e G ra n d

P ri n c e, w a s ta ken a nd ra zed to the gr o un d— a ll her c hi e fs ,
p r ie sts , a n d in h a bit a n ts , peri s h in g in the c a rn a ge th a t en s u e d,
a n d h er a r my w ith i ts a llie s e n ti r e ly des t r o y e d w hile P er i a zl a f
fi,
'
— th o ugh b ra vely d e fe n de d by i ts o u thf u l 1
r i n c e — R o s to
y p
Mo sc o w , Tver , a n d a ll the di s tri ct o f Suzda l, s h a re d th e
s am e fa te At len gth the Ta r tar a rm y m a r c h e d u p on
.
‘

Vl a dim ir a n d c l ose ly b es ie ge d it, w hil e the G ra n d Pr in c es s

a n d h e r s on s a tt em pt ed to d efen d th e t o w n i n the a bs en ce

o f Y o u r i i, i ts s o ve r eig n, w ho w as e n ga ge d in th e c e l e b ra tio n

o f a ma r r ia ge fea s t a t a s ho r t di s ta n c e fr o m hi s c a p ita l Bu t .

th eir c o u r age, i n spir e d by des pa ir , w a s un a va ilin g a ga in st

the fur io us o n s la u ght o f the Ta r t a r s ; w ho , des tr o yi n g the
Wa lls a n d b a s tio ns , m a s s a c r e d the tw o pr i nces w ith e very
i n h a bita n t w h o m th ey e n c o un t er e d in the s treets , a n d the
pr inc es s , h a vin g ta ken r efu ge wi th her d a u ght ers a n d th e
la di e s a n d o ffic ers o f her c our t in a c hu rc h, w hi ch she .

r e fu se d to o p e n to the i n va de r s, di sr e ga r din g a ll th eir

prom is es o f s ec ur ity an d offers o f q ua r ter , c a l m ly r e c eive d
-

the s a c r a m ent fr o m the ha n d s o f the a r chbis h op, a n d pe r i s he d

'

i an in itlv e sa s G ibbon ca rr ed th e a l arm to S w eden ; a nd in th e ear

A R uss
1 8 th e i nh a brta n s o f Gothy a S we d e n) a nd r i se w e re prev e nte d by th e i r fea r 0 th e
’
, ,

a rtur s fro m s en di n g a s us ual t i e ir s hip s to th e he rr ln fi s h ery o n the co a s t o f E n gl a nd

. ,

h ere w as no exporta tio n fo rty or fi ft y o f th ese sh w ere s o ld tor a s h illi n g

.

a nd as t it
i s Whi m si c a l e nough th a t th e or ders o f a M on gul K h an w h o re ig ned o n the b orders o f
, . .

Ch ina s h ould h a v e lo w ered th e p ric e of"l i errlngs i n t he Engli s h ma rk et!

, .

Decli ne and Fall of the Ro ma n Empi re

,
.
 r u n PRIN ES o r C m ar , a rc . 2 17

in th e fla m es o f the e di fic e w hic h the Monguls ha d fir e d in

,

o r d er to in d u c e h er to a b a n d on the pro tectio n of its wal l s “ .

The u n fo rtun a te Geo r ge t ore h i s ha i r a n d bec a m e a l m os t

’
des pe ra te w h e n he lea r ne d h is fa m ily s fa te ; a n d, c o lle c tin g
a s m a ll a r m y, h e m a r c h e d to o pp os e the s t ro ngly a r m e d hos ts

o f th e e n e m y, but w a s d e fea te d a n d kille d in a ba ttl e fo u ght

o n th e b a n k s o f the Siti o n the 4 th o f Ma r ch 12 3 8, a n d hi s

, ,

fo rc e s d es t ro ye d to a m a n the w oun ded an d p ris o n er s

—
,

a m o n g w h o m w a s his n e h e w Va ss ilko b eing a ll put to

p ,

d e a th w i th h or r ible tor tu r es by th eir ba r ba r ou s c o nq uer ors .

To a s c e r t a i n the nu m b er o f de a d l e ft u p on the field the .

M o ngul s w ere a c c us to m e d a fte r a n e n ga ge m e n t to c ut o ff a n

ea r fr o m ea ch o f the sl a i n ; a n d i n the yea r 1 2 3 9 th ey
ga th er e d o f th ese gh as tly t ro phies fro m the d es o l a te d

pla in s o f Ru ssia 1 a n d a fter the ba ttle o f Leign itz w her e

, ,

they d e fe a ted the u ni te d fo rc es o f the Po les Sil es i a n s a n d , ,

the o r d e r of the Teu ton i c k n ights the y fi l l e d n i ne s a c ks w i th

,

th e r ight ea rs c oll ec te d fr o m the fie l d i

H a vi n g c o m pl et e d the t o ta l d es tr u cti on of Vla d imir a n d
i ts de pen d en cies B a tu Kh an l ed h is for ces to w ithi n a s h or t
,

dis t a nc e o f N ov o gor o d bu t did n o t purs ue hi s c o n qu es ts

,

fu r th er n o r th a n d o n Ya r o sla f the b r o th er o f G eo r ge a n d
, ,

Pr i n c e o f N o v o goro d t e n der in g to h im his su bmis s io n w i th

, ,

o ffe rs o f a ll egi a n c e be gr a n te d th a t chi e f th e p ro vi n ce o f

,

Vla dim ir , w i th the titl e o f Gr a n d Prin c e to be h eld tr ibu ta ry ,

to th e kh a n a n d w ithd ra wi n g h is a r m y fro m th e n o r th o f
,

Ru s s ia m a r ch e d t ow a rd s the m o re frui tful a n d p o pul o us

,

p rin c ipa li ti es of the so u th w h er e s a c ki n g a ll the t o w ns a n d

, ,

v illa ge s a nd bu rni n g a n d l a y in g wa s te e ver y fo re s t a n d fie ld

,

th ro u gh w hich his fo r c es p a s s ed h e a dva n ce d u po n the o ld

,

a n d so fr e qu e n tly c a ptu r e d c ity o f K io f N0 b r idge i n th o s e .

d a ys s p an n ed the br ea dth o f the D n ieper , a n d the M o n guls

w er e u n pr o vid e d w ith b o a ts but the y s p ee dily su r m o un ted
this o b s ta cl e by cr os si ng the r i v e r , after the fas hi o n o f the
a n ci e n t S c ythi a ns u p o n bo u gh s o f t r ee s c o ver e d w ith hi d es
, ,

to w hic h the y fas te n e d th e ir ba gga ge a n d tyi n g it to th e ,

ta ils o f th eir h ors es a n d s ea ti n g th em selves u po n i t u s i n g

, ,

the ir bo ws for oa r s w er e thu s c o n veye d s a fe ly a cr o ss

,
.

Ar r ive d at the o th er s id e the y es ta bli sh e d th em s e lves b e fo re

,

the t ow n, w h er e i ts p ri n c e h a d a b a n d o n e d the de fen c e o f his

Mourav i e fl s “ Ch urc h o f Rus s"i a
‘ "

Huc ’s “ C h rls tia nity i n C hlns , a c .

G lbbon s
'
Decline a nd Fall of the Roman Empire .
 2 18 THE ARCH ER AN D THE S TE PPE .

ow n d o m in io n s to the s kill a n d co ura ge o f his e ld est so n

D em etri us w ith the e n er ge tic a s s is ta n c e o f hi s b oya r ds by
, ,

w h o m the e n em y w a s l o n g br a vely w i th s to od Bu t th e .

for m ida ble s t or m in g m a chin e s o f th e T a r t a r s a n d th e i n ,

fla mm a ble p o w der w h o se c o m p o s itio n w a s a s ec r et to th e

,

r es t o f th e w o r ld a n d w i th w hi c h th e y r a i s e d s m o k e a n d
,

fla m e s in the m ids t o f th eir en ga gem en ts c o n fo un di n g a n d ,

ba fflin g thei r e n em ies a n d i n s pir in g the m w ith the b e li e f th a t

,

th e y w er e o pp os e d by d e m o n s ra th e r th a n by m or ta l m en * ,

s o o n e ffe c t e d fo r th e m a n e n tr a n c e i n t o th e c ity a n d a c c o r d , ,

in g to the ir u su a l c us t o m th ey d es tro ye d th e i n h a bi ta n t s
, ,

a m o n g w h o m w a s J o s eph the G r e e k m e tr o p o li ta n o f Ru s s ia
, ,

w i th o u t di s tin c ti o n o r m e r c y a n d fir e d e very h o u s e
,
Bu t .

the c o m m a nde r s till re fu s e d to yi eld a n d a fter e v er y c h ur c h

,

a n d m o n a s t er y a ll o f w hi c h ha d b ee n fo r ti fi
,
e d by th e c i ti ze n s ,

ha d s u c c es s ively fa ll en b efo r e the e n e m y he i n tr en c h e d him self

,

w ith th e r e s t o f the p eo pl e i n the c a th e d r a l o f St S o phi a .

,

pr e pa r e d to r e s is t to the l a s t e x tr emi ty e ve ry e ffor t o f the

M o n gu ls to di s l o dge th e m fro m th is th ei r l a s t s tr o n gho ld a n d
,

r e tr e a t. Bu t the i r e ffo r ts w ere o f n o a va il ; fo r th e r o o f br ea k

i n g i n o w i n g to the w e ight o f the c ro w ds w h o h a d s o u ght
,

s a fe ty a n d sh e lter i n th e u pp er r o o m s a n d e v er y p a r t o f the
bu ildin g m a n y per is h e d a m on g the r u in s a n d th eir c hi ef
, ,

w a s ta k e n a liv e a n d d r a gge d a p r i s o n e r b e fo r e th e fie r c e a n d
s a vage B a tu Kh a n Wh e n b r ou gh t h o w e v e r i n to the pr e
.
, ,

sen c e of th e M o n gu l pr in c e the ca l m n e s s a n d fe a r l es s n es s o f
,

hi s d em e a n o u r i n s pir e d e ve n th e Ta r ta r w ith s o m e r e s p ec t
fo r his co u ra ge a n d m i s fo r t un es ; a n d s pa r i n g h is life B a tu
, ,

a ll ow e d hi m to pl ea d su c c e s s fu lly fo r th e p r o t ec ti o n o f hi s

fe w re m a i n in g fo llo w er s w h o w ith a l a r ge s u m o f m o n ey
, ,

th a t they ha d c on c e a l e d in the gr o un d fro m the a v a r i c i ous

eye s o f th e ir e n e m i e s r a n s o m e d the c a th e d ra l o f St S o phi a
, .

fr o m d es tr u c tion th o u gh a ll the r es t o f the c ity w a s r ed u c e d

,

to a s h es a t the s a m e ti m e the c o n qu er o r li s t e n e d to th e
,

a r gu m en t s o f hi s c a ptive w h en h e a t te m pt e d to diver t him

,

fr o m pu rs u in g hi s des o l a tin g co u r s e a n y fur th er i n Ru s sia .

D em e tri u s r e pr esen te d to Ba tu th a t hi s c o u n tr y ha d l o n g
b een w ea ken ed by the di ss e n s io n s o f h er pr i n c e s , a n d the
c o n ti n u a l i n va s i o n s o f h e r fo r e ig n e n em i es w h o ha d e n ,

c roa c he d u p o n a n d a pp ro pr ia t e d h er p r o vi n c e s p l un der e d ,

h er cities a n d r edu c e d h e r to so ba rr e n a n d e n fee bl e d a c o n

,

Huc s ‘
Christiani ty i n Chi na , (to
.
22 0 THE ARC HER AND THE S TEPPE .

t o wn to utter de s tru c tio n wi th a ll the r a va ges o f fir e a n d ,

s wo rd L a yi n g w as t e the w ho le c o u n t ry th ey dr o ve th e
.
,

wr e t c h ed ca ptiv e s wh o w ere c h a in e d t o ge th er a n d o f a ll
, ,

ra n k s a n d a ges i n cr o w ds be fo r e th eir h os t s
,
a n d d e s pa t c h e d

a n o u tl a w e d E n gli s h m a n a s th e ir a m b a s s a d or to th e n e igh ,

bo ur in g Hun ga r i a n ki ng d em a n di n g th e s u b m i s s i o n o f th a t ,

prin c e But upon hi s po s itive r e fu s a l to lis t en to th eir pr o

.

p o s a is the y d e v a s ta ted Hu n ga r y for th re e ye a r s a n d r e tr ea t e d

, ,

to the i r c a m p o n th e V o lga h a vin g l e ft i n tha t kin gdo m o n ly ,

thr ee c iti es s ta n din g, a n d d r i v en he r u n fo rtu n a te m o n a r c h

to s e ek r e fu ge i n the d rea r y r e trea t o f a s o lita ry i s l e o n th e
Ad r ia ti c Th ey ha d pr e vio usly r a va ge d bo th s h o r e s o f the
.

D a n ub e w hi c h th ey c r os s e d o n the i c e a n d in du c i ng the
, ,

fu gi tives w ho h a d fle d to th e w o o ds fr o m th eir b ur n in g
,

t o w n s to a b a n d on th e ir hidin g pl a c es u n d er so l emn en gag e

,
-

m e n ts o f pr o tec ti o n a n d p a r do n th e y m as s a c r e d th em a ll ,

w i th ou t m er c y a n d thr ee hu n d re d w o m e n w h o ha d e s ca p e d ,

fro m th e i ndis c r i m i na t e c a r n a ge a nd b e lo n ge d to the high es t ,

fa m ilies o f the n o bi li ty w er e c o olly ex ecu te d i n th e p r es en c e ,

Th e m on kVa ra di n a n e yew itness o f th e Tarta r im ms ion of Hun gary i n a

R og er of
b ook enti tl e d M i s era bil e C a r men th us rel a te s h is ow n a dv entures — Wh ils t the
, , ,
“ ’ “

Ta rta rs w ere s ac k i ng Va ra di n I esc a p e d by n igh t i nto a fo rti fi ed i s l a nd but no t th i n km

, ,

m ys el f s a fe th er e I to o k r efuge i n a n e i ghb o u r i n g fores t In the m a nn i n g the is l a n

. ,
“
'

w a s oc c upi e d by th e Ta r ta rs w h o k ill ed a ll th e p e o pl e in it ; m y v e ry h a i r s to o d u p o n
.
, ,

h ea r i ng o f th ese m a s s a c res a nd a co ld s wee t a s o f dea th burs t fro m m e w h en I th oug ht

,

o f th a t a r m y o f m urd er ers I c o nti nue d to w a nd er a bo ut th e w oo ds uh ut I w as s ta w m g

, . , ,

w i th h ung er a n d w a s o bliged to v e ntu re a t n igh t i n to th e i s l a nd in o rd er to s earc h

.

a mo n g th e b odi es for m ors e ls o f foo d o r fl o u r w h i c h 1 s ec retl y c a rr i e d a w a y I liv e d

, ,

th u s f or tw e n ty d a y s h idi n g mys elf i n c a v e r n s a nd d itc h es a nd i n the h o ll o w tr un k s o f

, .

Th e Ta rta r s then p rom i s e d th a t th e y w ould d o n o h a r m to the i n h a bi ta n ts w h o

,

tre es
w o uld co m e o ut o f th e i r c o nce a lm e n t I did not mys e l f d e p end m uc h on th i s p ro m is e
.

amd m y s us pi c i o ns w e re but too j us t ; bu t I th o u gh t i t b etter to g o s to n es to th e i r c a m p

.
,

th a n to a w a i t m y fa te i n a v ill a g e a nd I th erefore ga v e my s e l f up to a Hun ga r i a n w h o

,

h a d gone i nto th e s e rv i ce o f th e Ta rta r s a nd w h o d e ig ned a s a g rea t fa v o ur to pl a c e me

,

a m o n g th e n um b er o f h i s se rv a nts I w a s a l m o st na ked but my ibus ines s w a s to m i nd , , ,

th e w a gg o n s ; a n d I h a d th e fe a r o f d eath c o nti nu a l ! before m e for L knew th a t in o ne

. ,

n igh t th e T ar tars h a d m urd ere d the i n h a bi ta n ts o f a l th e s urro undi n g v i ll a g es

,
N ev e r
th eless a s th e p r i nce s h a d rec e iv e d o rd ers to re tu rn to T a rta ry w e b eg a n to m o v e a wa y
.

w i th th e h ee o f c a ttl e a nd h o rs e s a nd w a ggo ns l a d en w i th boo ty Th e ar m y r e ti re d

,

s l o wl y a n d w h en i t h a d q u i tte d Hung a ry to enter C o um a ni a i t w a s n o l on ger a ll ow ed

. , , .

th a t a ny c a ttl e s h ould be k ill ed for th e use o f th e c a p ti v e s The Ta rta rs g a v e us o nly th e

,

i ntes ti nes h ea d s an d h oo fs o f th e ani m a l s th ey h a d ea ten a nd w e h ea rd from the l n

.

,
ter pre te rs th a t i t w a s i ntend e d to kil l us v e ry soon . He g oes o n to r e l a te h o w h a v in g
, , .
”

w i th h is s erv a n t c o ntr i v e d to m a ke hi s e sc a pe the hide for s ev eral d a ys i n a fo re s t a nd

, ,

h av i n g re ac h e d th e o uts ide m ou nte d a tree to 10 0 a b out th e m O h w h a t a s orrow !

, . .

the c ou ntry w a s e nti rel y d eso l a t d a n d i t w a s a d ese rt th a t w e s h ould h av e to c ross

. .
,
o

w i th no thi ng but th e s te e ies o f th e c h urc h es to di re c t o ur s tep s ; a nd h a ppy did w e thi nk

, ,

o urs e l v es i f w e c ould fin now a n d th en som e p eas o n i o ns o r g ar li c i n th e r ui ns o f the

v ill a ges o th erwi se w e h a d to en p e rt o urs el v e s o n roots In a b out a w ee k a fte r l ea v i n g
, , , ,

the fo res t w e a r r i v e d a t Alba w i e re w e fo und no thi n g but h u ma n b o ne s a n d th e w a ll s

.
. ,

o f th e c h urc h es a n d p a l a c e s s till s ta i ne d w i th Ch r i s ti a n bl ood Ten m il es o f! th ere w a s

, , ,

n ear a w oo d a c o u ntry h o us e c o m m on l c a i ie d Fr a ta ; an d four m il es i to m thi s t

.
,
—
h reet a
h igh m oun ta i n w h e re m a ny i ndi v id uay
i

s o f b o th s exes h a d ta k en re fuge W h en w e
, ,

rea c h ed i t th e fugi tiv es c o ng ra tul a te d u s w i th tea rs in th e i r ey es

, .

(
a nd ues tio ned u s
c oncer n in g th e p e r il s w e h a d e nco untere d Th ey o ffere d us bl ac k brea ma d e of a
, ,

m i xture o f fl our w i th o a k ba rk a nd w e th ough t it ti re m o s t d e li c i ous thi ng we ha d ev er

.

(fl ue in hi s Ch ris ti ani ty in Chi na Jae )

,
” "
e a ten . , , .
 THE P ars ons or m or , ETC. 22 1

of the Ta r ta r c hie f * A Ba tu a dva n c ed w i th his fo ll o w er s

.
s

to the b o r d ers o f Au s tr ia a n d Bo h e m i a Vin c esl as the , ,

ki ng o f the l a tter c o un t ry i n a l a r m for its sa fe ty w r ot e

, ,

to a ll th e n e igh b o u r in g p r i nc es , u r gin g th em to u n it e i n a r m s
a ga i ns t the c o m m on e n em I n hi s l etter to the D u ke o f
y .

Br a b a n t he s a y s
, A b o dy o f fer o ci o us s a va ge s in c o un tl es s ,

n u m b e r s a r e o c c u p i n g o u r ifr o n ti e r s Th e m i s fo r t un es pre
, y .

di c te d fo r th e si n s o f m en in the H o ly S c r ipt ur es a r e o v er ,

w h e l m i n g us o n e ve r y s i de a n d in c o n c l u s i o n h e r e m a r k s
, , ,

th a t the p eo pl e o f b o th n o r th a n d s ou th a r e s o Oppr ess e d by ,

c a l a m i ty tha t n e v e r s i n c e th e b e gi n n i n
, g of th e w o r ld w e re
the y s o c r u e lly Bu t i n 12 4 6, b e fo re e n te ri n g
B o h em i a th e Mo n gu l ge n e ra l w a s s u dde n ly r ec a ll e d to Asia
,

by the d e a th o f O go tai or O c ta i Kh a n w h o s e s o n C o u yu k , ,

o r G a y a k s u c c e e d e d hi m a s c hie f o f the G o ld e n H o r d e
, a nd

this e v e n t p r o b a bly s a ve d E u r o p e, w h o se a r m ies ha d been

d e fe a t e d a n d h e r ki n gd o m s o v er th r o w n w h e re ve r th e y ha d
, ,

b een o ppos e d o n e ve ry s id e a s w hil e i t c a us ed the Tar t a r s

, ,

fo r a ti m e to r e tu r n to K a r a c o r u m th e i r a m bitio n a n d en ter ,

p r is e w e r e s u b se qu e n tly d iverte d to a no th er qua r te r o f the

8l o b e
.

At the sa m e ti m e th a t B a t u i nv a d e d Ru ssia a no th e r a r m y ,

o f T a r ta r s e nt e r e d G e o r gi a w hi c h th ey b u r n e d a n d pill a ge d
,

w ith Alb a n i a a n d G r ea t A r m e n i a w h e r e th e pr i n c e s fin di n g
, , ,

it i m p o s s ibl e to o pp o se th em effec tu a lly s u bm it te d to the ,

M o n g ul ge n e ra l Tc h a r m a ga n a n d c o n sente d to s er ve i n his
,

a r m i e s th o u gh the G e o r gi a n qu ee n a ga i n u r ge n tly w ro te fo r
,

a ss i s ta n c e fr o m th e p o w er s o f the W es t a n d i n a l e tt e r ,

a dd re s s e d to th e P o p e Gr ego r y IX s h e pr o fes ses e n tir e

,
.
,

s u b m i s s i o n to th e Ch u r c h o f R o m e , a n d p r o m i s es to un it e

G eo r gi a to the H o ly Se e Bu t s h e r ec e iv e d fo r he r o nly
.

a n s w er th a t th e p e p e m o u r n e d d e e ply the e vil s s uffe r e d by

,

G eo r gi a bu t w as u n a bl e to s e n d h er a n y h elp, s in c e th e
,

E m p e r or F r ede ri c k II ha d j us t r a i s e d a te m p es t w i thi n the

.

Ch u r c h s till he g r e a tly a pp ro v e d o f her d e s ign o f br i n gi n g

Ge o r gi a w ithi n th e p a l e o f the Ro m i sh fa ith a n d w o u ld s en d ,

he r s o m e m o n ks o f the o r d e r o f St D o m i n i c to a ss i s t he r in .

th e pio us w o r k Bu t the pr i e s ts if th ey e ver r ea c h e d h e r

. ,

c o u n try c o u ld n o t ai d h e r a ga i ns t the e n e m i es
,
w h o w e re ,

p o ur i ng a c ro s s h er fr on tier s ; a n d Rho u zo udo n, fin din g her

Gibb on s D ec li ne a nd Fa ll of the R om a n Em pi re
' u
.

7 Huc s Ch r is ti a ni ty i n C h ina T arta ry am

' "
, , ,
 2 22 THE ARCH ER AND TH E STEPPE .

lf d es erte d by a ll the Chr i sti a n pr in c es u lti m a t ely r e

se ,
’
me n a c e d Chr is ti an ity a lto ge th er a n d be c a m e a Ma h o m e ta n
,
.

All the s o ve r eign s o f Eu r o pe p a rti c ip a t ed w ith j u s t c a us e , ,

i n the a l ar m a n d fe lt th e i r th r on es i n s e c ur e, w h e n th ey
,

h ea r d o f the c o n q ues ts o f th e T a r ta rs The br a v e a n d v i r .

tu ou s L ou i s IX a t th a t ti m e w o r e th e c r o w n o f F r a n c e
.
, ,
.

a n d Ma tth ew Pa r i s r e l a t es th a t h i s m o th er qu e e n Bl a n c h e , , ,
’
o n r ec e ivin g i n t elligen c e o f Ba th s i n v a s i o n o f Eu r o p e b u r s t «

i n t o t ea r s a n d s en din g fo r th e ki n g e xc l a i m e d
,
M y d ea r ,

s o n w h a t fea r ful r u m o u rs a r e th es e ?
,
Su r ely th e ir r u pti on
o f th e se T a r ta rs th r ea te n s o u r t o t a l r u i n a n d th a t o f o u r
'

,
”
H o ly Chu r ch Let u s l oo k to H ea v en fo r s u pp o r t a n d
.

“ ”
c o n s o l a ti o n m y m o th er r e pli e d h e ;
,
a n d if th e y c o m e , , ,

th e s e T a r tar s w e w ill d r ive th e m ba c k in to Ta r t a r u s , w h en c e

,

th ey h a v e i s s ue d or it m a y be th a t th ey w i ll sen d u s to , ,

H e a v en to enj o y the bliss th a t ha s b ee n p ro m ise d to the

”
e l ec t 1 ‘
.

Th e Em p er or Fr e der i c k Ba r b a r o s s a w h o s e l o n g feu d w ith ,

th e p a pa l s e e c a u s e d hi s e n e m i e s to a c c u s e h i m o f h a vin g
fa vou r e d a n d en c o ur a ge d th e T a r ta r in va s i o n a n d wh o m the ,

p o pe r e pr o a c h e d w i th b eh a vin g m o r e like a n idle p o m p ou s ,

o r a to r m a kin g s p ee c h e s th a n a Ch r i s ti a n so ver eign a t th e ,

h ea d o f h is tr o o ps w a s i n vited i n th e n a m e o f the G ra n d , ,
-

Kha n ,to do h o m a ge fo r his s ta tes a n d o ffer e d in r e c o m pe n c e ,

to h o l d s o m e o ffic e o r dig nity like th e c o n qu er e d ki n gs o f ,

As i a a t his c o ur t He o bs er ve d i n j es t th a t b ein g w e ll
,
.
,

a c qu a i nt e d w ith bi r d s o f pr e
y h e h a d b e tt er t a ke the o ffice ,

o f fa lc o n er but a pp e a r s n e ve r th e l ess to h a v e b e e n w e ll a w a r e
"

o f the d a n ger w ith w hi c h hi s s t a t e s w e r e m e n a ce d a n d in

a l e tt e r a ddr ess e d to Edw a r d I o f En gla n d d ra w s th e fo l .

,

lo w i ng pic tu r e o f th ei r en em i es A p e opl e i ss u i n g fr o m th e
u tm os t c o n fi n es o f the w or ld w h er e th ey ha d l o n g b e en ,

hidd en u n d er a fr ightful c lim a t e h a s s u dd e nly a n d vi o l en t ly ,

s eize d o n th e c o u n t r i e s o f the n o r th a n d m u ltipli e d th e r e ,

l etters s ays Hue w hi c h G re gory IX a dd resse d to the p eopl e to a n i m a te

” “

th e m to th e Ho ly W a r p a i n t i n li v el y co l o urs hi s g r i e f a n d a l a r m M a n y a ffa i rs o f gra v e

, , .
,

i m p or ta n c e h e w ri tes a t thi s ti m e i nc ess a ntl y oc c u py i ng o ur th o ugh ts ; the

, .

" “
a re
m el a nc h o l y s ta te o f th e Ho ly L a nd th e tr ib ul a ti o ns of the Ch urc h th e d e pl o r a bl e c o n
, , , ,

di ti on o f th e R oma n E mpi re B ut w e c on fe ss we forg e t a ll th es e c a us es o f a ffli c ti on

. ,

a nd ev e n w h a t m os t p a r ti c ul arl y co ncer n s u s w h e n w e thi n k o f th e ev il s c a us e d by th e

.
. ,

Ta rtars for the ba re th ough t th a t the Chr i s ti a n n a me m igh t be d es troyed by th em i n

,

our da s is e no ugh to brea k o ur bo nes

"
«t o
yhis pla y upo n wo rd s s a y s Hue a ttr ibute d h ere to S t Loui s i s perh a ps th e rea l
.
, ,

f , ,
“

c a us e o f th e a l te ra ti on w hi c h th e We s ter ns h a v e m a de i n th e na me o f th e T a rta rs Th ey
.
,

a re fre quen tl y d es ig na te d Ta r ta res from th e fi rs t m o ment o f th e i r a pp ea ra nc e ; a nd

.

Ta r ta n i mo Ta r ta r ei a s the E m pero r Freder i c k c a ll s th e m w a s a n e xpr e s i on th a t t

,

b und s
m uc h fa v o ur from the idea th at th e M onguls were d emons sent to c h a sti se m a nk i nd
,
"
, .
22 4 THE ARCH ER AND THE srnr r n .

to w a rd o ff the thr ea te n e d
i nvas io n o f th e w es t ern c o un tri es
o f Eu r o p e a n d d e s p a tc h ed a n e m ba ss y to th e c o u r t o f the
,

Gra n d Kha n c o m p o s e d o f Fra n c i s c a n m o n k s w h o like the

, , ,

Rom a n a m bas sa do r s a t the c a m p of the S c ythia n kin g on ,

the s h or es o f th e I r ti sh w er e fo r c e d to w a lk b e tw e en tw o ,

fir es to pur ify them selves b efo r e th ey c o u ld en t er the p r e sen c e

, ,

o f the T a r ta r c hi e f O n lea vin g P o l a n d, th ey en t er e d the .

d o min io ns o f th e Ru s s ia n pr i n c e Va s silko o f Vl a dim ir o r , ,

Lo do m e ri a w h o en t erta in e d them s om e ti m e a t his c a pita l

,

a n d on th e ir d e pa r t u r e ga ve th e m o n e o f h i s o w n a tte n d a n t s ,

to c o n d u c t th em sa fely th r o u gh the c ou n tr y o f th e Lithu a

n i a n s , a n d a s fa r a s K io f w hi c h w as th en i n the h a n d s o f th e ,

M o n gul s Th ey w er e c h a rge d with l e tt er s fro m the Ro m a n

.

p on tiff a ddr es s e d to the kin g a n d n a tio n o f Ta r ta r s i n w hi c h

, ,

I nno c ent IV e xh o r te d th a t p eo pl e to em bra c e Ch ri s ti a nity

.
,

a n d h o n o u r hi m i n the p er s o n s o f his a m ba s s a d o rs w h o m he ,

d es i re d the kha n to r es pec t a nd pr o tec t a n d h a vi n g a ec o m

plis h e d th ei r p er il o u s m i ss i on a n d o bta i n e d a n a u di en c e o f ,
*
th e c h ief in 1 2 4 7 th e y r etu r n e d to E u r o p e b ea r i n g a r e ply
, ,

to th e m es s a ge o f th e p o p e fr o m th e s u c c e s s o r o f Ge ta i , the ,

E m pe ro r C o u yuk w ho then r eign e d a s Gra n d Kh a n Ca r ,

.

pin t o n e o f th e e nvo ys, ha s le ft us the fo ll o wi n g in ter es tin g

,
'

a c c o un t o f the in t er vi e w o f hi s fell o w t ra ve ll er s a n d hi m self -

The fir s t pl a ce s a id h e
"
w ith th e T a r t a r s W h er e I m e t
.
, ,

th e M o n gul s w a s a t a s h o rt d is ta n c e fr o m Ki e f n a m e d, th e
, ,
’ ’
kh a n s bo ur g Th e y i m m e dia t ely sur ro un de d u s , i n quir i n g
.

Le tter of Co uyuk Kh a n to th e Po p e .

C ouy uk by th e po w er o f G od K h a n a n d E m p eror of a ll men to th e G rea t Po pe

, , , , .

Yo u a nd a ll th e Ch r i s ti a ns w h o i nh a bi t th e W es t h av e s ent m e by a n um
ba ssa d or c e rta i n a uth enti c l ette rs w i th th e d es ig n o f i o r m ing w i th m e a tre a ty of pe a c
, , ,

e.
A c cordi n g to th e w o rd s o f y o ur env o ys a n d th e tenor o f y ou r l e tte rs y o u d es i re to h a v e
, ,

pe a ce w i th us If th e n y o u w i s h to h a v e p e a c e— y o u po p e a nd yo ur e m p e rors k i ngs
, ,

c h i e fs oi i o w n s a nd go v erno rs o f c oun tr i es d o n o t d e a y to co m e to m e a nd s ettl e thi s

.
‘
, , .

Yo u s h a ll h e ar ou r a n s w ers a nd o ur pl ea s ure Th e teno r o t tli ese l ette rs d ec l a res

, , ,
‘

p e ace
th a t w e o ugh t to be b a p ti ze d a nd to b e c o m e Ch r i s ti a n s ; to th a t w e b r i e fl y r e pl y th a t
. .

w e d o no t und ers ta n d w hy w e sh o uld d o a ny thi n g o f th e k i nd It w a s s a id in y our

,
,

l etter a l s o th a t y ou w er e a s to n i s h ed a t our s l a ugh ter o f men es p ec i a lly o i Ch ri sti a ns

.
“

a n d i n p a r ti c u l a r o f th e Hung a r i a n s Po l e s a nd M ora v i a n s We re ply th a t w e d o no t

, , ,

und ers ta n d thi s e i th er N e v e r th e l es s th a t i t m y no t a ppea r th a t w e pa s s o v er th i s p o i n t

, . .

a
i n s il ence w e h a v e th o ug h t p r o p e r to gi v e y o u th i s a ns w e r : It w a s b e ca use th ey d i d
.
,

n o t o bey th e c o mm a nd o f G o d a n d o f Tc h i n g ui z Kh a n a nd b ec au s e y i e ldi n g to ba d
, ,

Co uns e l s th e y put to d e a th ou r a m b a s s a d ors In c ons eque nc e o f th a t Go d h a s c o m

, ,

i a nded m e to a nn i hil a te th em a nd h a s d e li v e red th e m en ti re l y i nto my h an d s

. .
,

An d i f
'

pt w ere no t th e w ork o i Go d w h a t c ould o n e m a n d o a ga i nst anoth er m a n ? But yo u

, .

inh a bi ta nts of the w es t y o u a d o re G o d yo u s oy ; 0 “ b eli e v e th a t o n a re th e o nly Ch r i s

, ,

ti a ns and yo u d es pi s e o th ers But h ow d o y o u K n ow on w h o m Ie w ill d e ig n to c o nfe r

,

h i s g ra ce ? W e a d o re God a nd i t i s i n h is s tre ng th a nd p o w e r th a t w e s h a l l d e s troy a ll

. .

n a ti o ns If m a n h a d no t th e s tre ng th o f G o d w h a t c o uld m a n d o ? — I~ Ch ris

,
" “
i uc s
‘

ti a ni ty i n Chi na
.
.
"
he , ( .

f Joh n d e Pi a no C a rpln or C a rpin i w as a na ti v e o f Pero use a nd h a d b een th e c om

p an i on o f S t Fra nc i s d A ss i s i n m ny o f his j o urneys He fo unde d c o nv en ts a nd
, , ,
‘
.
, a

inn t e in Hu g y B o h emi a N o rway D ac i a Lorrai ne a nd;Spa in Huc—Ca rpi n s

.
,
us t rl s n ar — ‘

grav eis , , . , , , .
‘ ‘
.
 THE P RIN C ES or m os , ETC . 22 5

bur m o tiv es for tra v ell ing a n d w h e re w e w ere go i ng I

, .

r e plie d th a t w e w er e s e n t by the fa th er a n d s o v e re ign o f al l

,

the Ch r i s tia n s w h o , n e ve r ha vi n g o ffe n de d th e T a r ta rs h a d

, ,

l e a r n e d w i th the gr ea tes t a s to n is h m en t th a t H un ga r y a n d
, ,

Po l a n d in h a bit e d by hi s s u bj ec t s w er e r a va ged by th e a r m i es
, ,

o f the kh a n a n d th a t d es i r o u s o f p e a c e th e p o p e , b
, y his ,

l ett er exh o r te d hi m to e m br a c e the Chr i s tia n r e ligi on

, .

The M o n gul s w ho w er e c on te n te d w ith so m e p resen ts fur

, ,
s

n ish e d u s w ith g uid e s to c o n d u c t us to the h o r d e o f Ba ti

,

(B a tu) Kh a n the sec o n d i n c o m m a n d w h o ha d pl a c e d his

, ,

c a m p o n th e b a n k s o f the V o lg a w i th s ix h un d r e d th o usan d,

m en . W e w er e c o n d u c t e d to his te n t o n Fr ida y in the ,

H o ly Wee k w he n w e fou n d B a tu es ta blis h e d o n his th r o n e

, ,

w ith o n e o f h is w iv es h i s b r o th e rs his c hild r e n a n d s e ve r a l

, , ,

T a r ta r w a rr iors s ea te d o n b en c h es the r es t o f th e a s se m bly

, ,

b ein g o n the gro u n d the m en o n the r ight a n d the w o m en

, ,

o n the l e ft . Thi s ten t m a d e u p o f fin e li n e n ha d fo rm erly

, ,

b e l o n ge d to the ki n g o f H un ga r y a n d n o o n e da r e d to p en e ,

tr a te in to the in t er i o r exc e pt the fa m il y o f the kh a n w ith o u t

-
, ,

s pe ci a l p er m i s s io n Ba tu r ea d w ith m u c h a tt en ti o n the
.

’
p o pe s l ette rs w hi c h w e re tr a n sl a te d in the Ar a b Ta r ta r a n d
, , ,

Sl a vo ni c l a n g ua ge s a n d he r ece ive d u s w ith m u c h a fia bili ty

'

, ,

th o ugh be gen er a lly i n s pir es a w e a nd t err or He i s r en o w n e d .

fo r hi s c r ue lty in w a r a n d fo r hi s c u n n in g d e c ei tfu l n e s s , a n d
, ,

e xper i e n c e 3 a n d he o r d er e d u s to th e pr ese n c e o f th e Gra n d

Kh a n C o u yu k w h er e befo re w e c o u ld g a in a n a u die n c e w e
, , ,

w e r e ke pt a w h o l e m o n th i n fro n t o f a tum u ltu o u s c a m p .

Thi s c hie f w a s e n c a m pe d in a m a gnificen t t e n t * c a ll e d the ,

G o ld e n Ho r de o r n a m e n te d w i thi n a n d w ith o u t w ith the

,

r i c h e s t s tu ffs a n d th e c o l u m n s
,
w hi c h s u s ta i ne d i t w er e
d ec or a te d w ith fig ur es o f pu r e go ld W e w er e a t l en gth .

a d m i tt e d to a n a u die n c e w ith so m e o th e r a m b a s sa d or s
, of ,

w h o m the s e c r et a r y p r o n o u n c e d the n a m e s bu t v e ry fe w ,
’
p er s o n s w er e a d m itt e d i nto the kh a n s te n t The p re s en ts .

w hic h w e r e m a d e h i m co n s i s t e d o f s tu ffs o f go ld gi r dle s fu r s , ,. ,

s a d dl e s c a m el s a n d m u l es , r i c hly h a r nes s e d ; w ith a n i m

"

, ,

m e n se nu m b e r o f p r e s en t s o r n a m e nt ed w ith pr ec i o us s to n es
’

, ,

a n d a t so m e dis t a n c e fr o m th e t e nt s w er e fifty c h a r i o ts a ll
, ,

la de n w ith th ese p r ec i o u s o ffer i n gs to th e va ni ty a n d po w e r ,

o f C o u yu k the Gr e a t T a r ta r kh a n
,
W e w er e the o nly o n es.

w ho ha d no thin g to offe r a n d fo un d th a t C o u yuk w a s deter

,
r

A p resent from the E mperor of C hina to Zlng ls Kh an .

 22 6 THE ARCH ER AND THE s'r nr r a .

m in e d m a ki ng w a r He, th erefo r e, w o uld n ot enter i nt o

'

on .

a n y nego tia tio n, a n d w e r e m a i n e d a t his c a m p n ea rly a m on th ,

idle, a n d o ver w h el med w i th enn u i , w ith o u t pr o vis io n s s uffic i en t

to sus ta in u s, a n d s h o u ld h a ve per i s h e d o f w a n t, ha d w e n o t
h a ppily b een s u pplie d by a Ru s s ia n j e w eller, w ho, h a vi n g
m a d e a thr o n e o f ivo r y fo r th e kha n , w as in high fa v o ur w ith
hi s m a s ter , a n d the c o ur t W e w e re a t l ength c h a r ge d w ith
.

le tters fr o m the kh an , c o m po s e d by his se c r etar y i n Ar a bic,

Which I t ra n s l a t e d in to La ti n, pro p ose d to s en d a a nd he
Mo ngu l a m ba s a do r w ith u s to th e p o pe but thi s I d ec lin e d,
s
,

le s t th ey s h o u ld w itne s s th e d is sen s io n s w hi c h exi s t a m o n g

the Chr i s ti a n p ri nc es B efo re o ur de pa rtu r e w e t oo k lea ve
.
,

o f the e m p er or a n d h is m o th er w h o p resen te d u s w ith a,

p elisse o f fox ski n a n d r e d c lo th a n d a fter a we ar y j o ur ne y

-
,

w e ar r ive d a t the c a m p o f Ba th w ho fur n is h e d u s w ith the ,

p a ssp or ts by w hic h w e fin a lly h a ppil y r ea c h e d K io f The

,

two Russ i a n p rin ces D a n i e l a n d Va s s ili (o f Ha lic h) ga v e u s

, ,

a v er y gra c i o u s r e cep ti o n in th e ir d o m i n i o n s Th ey c on .

v oke d th e a bb o ts the bis h o p s a n d th e m o s t illu s tr i o us m en

, , ,

a n d d ec l ar ed p ubli cly th a t th e y w er e r es o lve d to a c k no w l e dg e

”
the h o ly fa th er a s the h ea d o f th e i r c h u r c h
, The T a rt ar .

kh a n t o o k the title o f P ri n c e o f th e Un iv ers e to w hi c h he

a dde d , G o d r eigns in h e a ven a n d I on ea r th Wh en the
, .

Em p er or M a n gou dism is s e d the a m b a ssa do rs o f Fra n c e fro m

h is c o ur t he sen t a l e tter to the ir s o v e re ign , c o n c l udi n g in
,

the foll o w in g de fyi n g ter m s I n th e n a m e o f th e a ll p ow er -

ful Go d I o r d e r you Ki n g Lo u is , to o b e y m e, a n d to d e c la r e
, ,

to m e so lem n ly yo u r c h o ic e fo r a t r u c e o r w ar , W ha t .

H ea ve n dec rees s ha ll be a cc o m plis h ed W h en the un iverse .

has r e c o g ni zed m e fo r h er s o v e re ig n a l l the ea r th s ha ll enj o y ,

a h a ppy tr a n q uillity a n d p e a ce Th e n the h a ppy peo ple w ill

.

s ee w h a t w e ca n do fo r th e m w h er ea s if yo u d a r e to d e s pise ,

the Divi n e o rde rs , a n d to s a y th a t yo u r c oun tr y is dis ta n t,

th at y ou r m ou n t a ins a r e i na c c ess ibl e tha t yo ur s eas ar e d e e p, ,

a n d th a t yo u fea r n o t m y p o w er the Mo s t High re n d er in g

—

eas y w h a t m ight a pp ea r i m p o s s ible w ill pr o ve to yo u w h a t ,

w e a re in a c o n diti o n to
Upo n the d ea th o f Ogo ta i w ho ha d b een po iso n ed by o n e
,

o f his con cu bi nes , hi s w id o w To u ra kin a w as i n ve s t e d w ith

the ofi i ce o f r egen t till the e l e c ti o n o f a ne w kh a n bu t s he

,

l eft no sto ne u nt urn ed to pr o c u r e thi s dignity for her son 5 a nd

C a rpln
'
s
“
Trav el s " .
228 THE ARC HER AND THE STEPPE .

pl a c ing him o n a go l den th r one a t the sa m e ti m e e xcl a im in g , ,

W e w ill w e p ra y a n d w e c o mm a n d th a t yo u h a ve po w e r
, , ,

a n d d o m i n io n o ver u s a ll
”
He r e plie d
. If you w i s h th a t ,

I s h o ul d be yo ur ki n g a r e yo u r e so lve d a n d di s p os e d e a c h
, , ,

o ne of
you to d o a ll th a t I c o m m a n d ? To c o m e w h e n I
,

s h a ll c a ll yo u to g o w h e r e I s h a ll s e n d you a n d to kill th o se
, ,

W h o m I c o m m a n d yo u 1 To thi s they a l l a n s w er e d Y es ,
“
p
u on w hi c h h e s a id F ro m h e n c e fo r w a r d m y s im pl e w o r d
,
”
s h a ll s er ve m e a s a s w o r d Then r isi n g fr o m hi s thr o n e ,
.

h e s ea te d him s elf o n a pi e c e o f fe lt th ey l a id o n the gr o u n d ,

th e sa m e w hi c h h a d c o ver e d th e i m p er i a l s ea t o f Zi n gis a n d ,

r e c e ive d thi s e xh o r ta ti o n fr o m the pr i n c ip a l n o bl e s a n d c hi e fs

L o o k u p a n d a c k no w l e dge Go d a n d c o ns ider w e ll the pie c e

, ,

o f felt u p o n w hi c h th o u a r t If th o u go v e r n es t thy s ta t e
.

w e ll if th o u a rt lib e r a l a n d ben e fic e n t if th o u c a u s es t j us ti ce
, ,

to r e i gn if tho u h on o u res t thy pr i n c es a n d o ffic er s ea c h

, ,

a cc or di n g to h is r a n k a n d d ig n ity th o u sh a lt r eign i n a ll—

s pl e n do u r a n d m a gn i fi ce n c e a n d a ll the ea r th s h a ll be s ub
,

j e c te d to thy s w a y bu t if tho u d o s t the c o n tra ry o f a l l thi s ,

th o u s ha lt bec o m e m is er a ble vil e a n d c o n te m ptibl e a n d

, , ,

so p o o r th a t thy p osses s io n s s h a l l no t e v e n a m o u n t to a s
”
m u c h a s thi s pi ec e o f fe lt After thi s Sp eec h the c hie fs
.
,

c a u s e d th e w ife o f C o u yu k to s e a t h ers elf b es id e hi m a n d ,

ra is i n g th e m b o th o n the fe lt i n the a ir pr o cl a i m e d th e m , ,

w ith l ou d c r i e s e m p er o r a n d e m p r e s s o f a ll th e Ta r ta r s
*
.
,

Thi s w a s foll o w e d by a n en o r m o u s ba n qu e t a tt en d e d by a ll ,

the pr i n ce s pr i n c ess es a n d dign ita ri e s o f the e m pi r e a n d

, , ,

w hi c h c o n s is te d o f n o thi n g but m e a t, w i th a pr o fu s i o n o f .

r i c e w in e a n d ku m ys th eir n a ti o n a l s pi r it a n i n to xi c a ti ng
, ,

liqu o r th a t the Ru s s ia n sla ves a n d c a pti v es s up er s titio u sly

,

be li ev e d if a Ch ri s ti a n o n c e ta s te d his s o u l w a s fo r e ver l o s t .

The g u est s dr a n k l o n g a n d d ee ply till p a s t mid night to the ,

s o un d o f m u s ic a l i n s tr u m e n t s a n d m a r ti a l s o n gs , a n d r e n e w e d

th eir feas t e ver y e ven in g fo r s eve n da ys in s u cc es s i o n a nd a t

the en d o f thi s p er i o d the e m p er o r m a r c h e d fo r th fr o m his
,

t e n t a n d r a i sin g a gr ea t ba nn er to w a r d s the w es t w a ve d it
, , ,

th r ea t en i n g a t the sa m e ti m e to c a r ry fire a n d s w o r d o ver

e v er y o n e o f th o s e c o u n t r i es th a t s h o uld n o t a l o n g w ith a ll ,

the r e s t o f the e a r th s u bm it to hi s a u th or ity a n d go v er n m e n t

, .

H e w a s a t th a t tim e a b ou t for ty yea r s o f a g e, a n d i s d e s c ribe d

by the m issiona r ies a s b e in g o f sm a ll figu r e, a n d ver y gra v e
Huc s‘ “
Ch rsi tian ity in Chi na , 650.
 r un r um or s o r n or , a r e . 22 9

d ep ort m en t n eve r li s t en i ng o r r e plyi n g to a ny thi n g, bu t

,

th r o ugh his pr im e m in is t er ; a n d h is first a c t w a s to c o m

m a n d the e xe c uti o n o f the Mo n g ul l a dy w ho ha d c a u s e d his
’
fa th e r s de a th Eve ry o n e a dd res s e d hi m k neel ing
. .

The m i s s i o n th a t w a s s en t by I nn o c e n t IV to the T a r ta r .

g e ner a l Ba idj o w i n Pe rs ia m e t w ith n o b ett e r su c c e s s th a n

, ,

t he e m ba ss y w hi c h s e t o u t th e sa m e y ea r to K a r a co r u m but ,

i ts m e m b er s w e r e t r ea t e d w ith fa r m o re a b use a n d c o n t em pt ,

a n o ffic er e v e n
p r 0 po s in g to fla y o n e o f th e fr ia r s a live , a n d
se n d his s ki n s t uffe d w i th s tr a w ba c k b h is c o m pa n i o n s to
, y ,

th e p o p e . W hen the m on ks c o n fid en tly r e qu es te d the M o n

g ul s to b e c o m e Chr is ti a ns a n d i n fo r m e d th em th a t the p o p e
, ,

the di c ta t or o f the w o r ld a n d vi c ege re n t o f h e a v e n w a s a b o v e

, ,

a l l o th e r m e n Ba idj o u i n q ui r ed
, W h o e v e r h ea r d tha t
,

the n a m e o f th e p o p e w a s s p r ea d e v e r y w h er e a n d r es p ec te d , ,

a n d fea r e d by th e w h o l e ea r th as th a t o f th e kh a n i s ? , a nd

s en t b a c k a l e tter by th e p r i es tly e n vo ys to th e i r m a s te r i n ,

w hi c h h e sa ys Kn o w 0 po pe th a t thy m ess en ge r s ha ve
, , .
,

c o m e a n d br o u ght u s l e tter s Th e y b o r e a m o ngs t o th er s

,
.
, ,

th ese w o r ds Y o u kill m a n y p eo pl e yo u m as s a cr e a n d yo u
, ,
’
la y w as te The im m u ta bl e c o m m a n d o f Go d a n d th e o r d er
.
,

o f h im w h o r u l e s th e w h o l e e a r th is this Wh o s o e ver wil l

, ,

o b e y u s le t him r em a i n in p osses s i o n o f hi s l a n d hi s w a t er
, , ,

his pa tri m o n y a n d l e t hi m give u p his fo rc e s to the m a st er o f

,

th e u n ive rs e Wh o s o e v e r s h a ll r e s is t th is o r d e r a n d c o m m a n d
.
,
’
l e t him be a n n i hil a te d a n d d es tr o yed i .
‘ ‘

Th e s u p er io r w ea lth a n d l u x u ry th a t the M o n g uls o b ser v e d

a m o n g the n a ti o n s w h o m th ey c o n q u e r e d a n d o v er r a n i n tr o ,

d u ce d gr ea t c h a n ges in th ei r s i m ple th o u gh b a r ba r o us m o de , ,

o f li fe a n d the i m m e di a te s u c c ess o r s o f Z in gi s Kh a n w ith

, ,

th ei r pr in c ipa l o ffic er s a n d lie u ten a n ts r e m o ve d fr o m a t e n t ,

to a h o us e o r p a l a c e w hi c h a ffo r di n g a ll the l u xur i es a n d

,

c o n ve n i e n c es th a t a r t c o uld fur ni s h w a s s u rr o un d e d by a n ,

a m pl e a n d w e ll e n c l o s e d p a r k i n s te a d o f th e p a thl e s s fo r e s t
,

a n d b o un d less pl a i n w h e r e w ild a n i ma l s o f a l l ki n d s w er e
,

p re s er ve d to pr o vi de th e Gra n d Kh a n a n d pr in c es w ith the

a m u s e m e n t o f h u n ti n g wi th o u t h a vi n g to see k fo r ga m e a t
,

c o n s id e r a bl e di s t a n c e s fr o m th e i r c a m p At the b egi nn i n g .

o f w i nte r a r a n d i m p e r i a l c h as e c o n du c t e d w ith the i m p o r

g, ,

t a n c e a n d r e gu l a r i ty o f a gr ea t m ilita r y exp e di ti o n w as ,

a n n u a lly h eld o n a c o n ve n i en t s p o t n e a r K a ra co r u m w h en ,

1 Huc s
'
'
C hr is ti ani ty In China ,
“
650.
2 30 THE AR C HER AND THE S TE PPE .

p a r ti es o f h un t ers de spa tch e d fr om al l the tr ib es w ithin a

,
’
m o n th s j o u rn ey o f the pla ce o f r en dez v o u s d ro ve e ver y w o lf ,

a n d e lk th ey e n c o un t e r e d i n t o a c i r c l e o f a b o u t tw o o r th r ee

l ea gu es r e m a i n in g in a c l o s e li n e o u ts id e th e e n c l o s u r e to
,

p r even t a ny fr om e s c a pin g the I m p e r ia l bo w The Gr a n d .

Kh a n h a v in g fir s t e n t er e d w i th hi s w ives a n d sh o t a s m a n y ,

a s h e d es ir e d r e tir e d to a n e l e v a t e d s p o t fr o m w h e n c e he
, ,

w itn es se d th e p e rfo r m a n c e s o f th e p r in ces a n d g en e r a l s 5

w ho in th e i r tu r n m a d e w a y fo r the o ffic er s o f a l o w er r a n k ,

w h o w er e fin a lly r e pl a ce d by a ll th e c o mm o n m e n Th e , .

h u n t l a s te d s e v er a l da ys a n d s o l a te a s th e ye a r 1 8 2 4 w h en
, ,

th e p r a c ti c e w a s a bo l is lie d o w i n g to th e i n d o l e n c e o f th e
,
-

th e n r ei gn in g s o ve r e ign w h o c o uld n o t b rin g him s e lf to

,

a b a n d o n hi s l u x u r i o u s p a l a c e a t P e ki n fo r the la b o u r a n d ,

fa tigu e o f the c h a s e th e e m p er o rs o f Chi na a n n u a lly r es o r t e d

,

to th e w ild s of Ta r ta r y to fo ll o w the s a m e p ur su it a n d
, ,

a c co r di n g to th e s a m e a rr a n ge m e n t a s the e xp e diti o n s c o n ,

du c t e d u nd er O c ta i a n d C o u yu k Kh a n The Fr e n c h .

m i s s i o n a r y R u br u qu is , s a w a t K a ra c or u m , a m o n g o th er
,
'

c a p tiv e fo re ign ers hi s c o u n t rym a n

,
Gu ill a um e Bo u c h e r a , ,
"

go lds m i th o f Pa ri s w ho ha d be en c a rr ie d o il w ith a No r m a n
,

bis h o p a n d a w o m a n o f Me tz i n L o rr a in e from B e lgr a d e

, , , ,

w h en th e T a r ta r s i n v a d e d Hun ga r y a Fl e m i s h c o r d eli e r a , ,

s i n ge r n a m e d R o be r t a n d n u m e r o u s Ru ss ia n a r ti fi
, c ers a n d

m e c h a n ic s . Th e s e d ec o ra te d th e pa l a c e o f the kh a n w ith
p a i n tin gs a n d sc ulptu r e a n d ex ec u t e d s ta t u e s a n d o r na m en ts
,

fo r his u s e i n go ld s ilver a n d pr ec i o us s t o n e s 5 w ith s a lv er s

, , , ,

go bl e ts a n d b a s i n s to en r i c h his ta bl e s a n d e qu ip a ge w hil e
, , ,

his fea s ts w er e s u pplie d w ith th e pr o d u c t s a n d l uxu r i es o f a ll

As ia th e w in es o f s o u th er n Eu r o pe a n d e ve n the fru its a n d
,
.

s pi c e s o f the di s ta n t I n di a n i s l es A sil v er fo u n ta i n i n the

.
,

fo r m o f a t r ee su pp or t e d by fo u r m a s s ive lio n s w h o ea c h
, ,

s p o u t e d fo r th a di ff er en t liqu o r fro m i ts m e ta l th r o a t gr a c e d ,

th e c en tre o f the fes t a l b o a r d o f th e kh a n w h e re fr equ e n tly ,

m o r e th a n a th o us a n d gu es ts w e r e en t er ta in e d in o n e n ig ht All .

for m s a n d se c ts o f r e li gi o n w er e a like t o l e ra t e d a t K a r a c o r um ; a
Ne st o r i a n c h u r c h tw o m os qu es a n d t w e lve t em p les de di c a t e d
, , ,

to v a r i o u s id o l s b ei n g s u pp o r t e d a n d a tten d e d by th e m a n y
,

for eign tr a d e rs w ho h a d b een in d u c e d by c o m m e r c ia l e n ter

,

p ri s e or c o m p elle d by the h a r d c h a n c es o f w a r to ta ke u p
, ,

th e ir r es id en c e i n th e c a m p o f th e G o ld e n H o r d e I n d ee d , .

til l the ti m e o f Kubl a i , the thir d in d esc en t fro m Zin gis, w h o

232 m s: ARCHER AND THE s r a r r n .

cl a p pin g of h and s a n d iro n ic a l c h eers * Fro m thi s ca mp,

.

B a tu ga ve l a ws to the R u ss ia n pr in ces a n d fre qu en tly ,

r e qu ir e d th eir pe r s o n al a t ten da n c e a t th e s t e ps o f hi s th r o ne,

a s h u m bl e p e titio ne r s fo r th e i r li v es o r s c e pt re s ; a n d h er e,
d urin g the two h un d re d yea r s o f th e Ta r t ar p o w er i n Russi a ,

two hun dr e d a n d fi fty o f he r p r in c es pr o s tra te d them se lve s

before th e Mo ngu l kh an, a n d tw e lve su ffer e d dea th by his
or d er a t differe n t tim e s b esides m a n y o f th e bo ya r ds a n d
,

i n fer i o r o fficers fro m the R us s ia n c o ur t .

The Ta r ta r ca pita l in Mo n go lia is d esc r ib e d by tra v eller s

o f the tim e i a s b e in g s u rr o u n de d w ith a n ea r th en r a m p a r t
‘

e n t er e d by fo ur s t ro n g iro n ga t es lyin g e xa ctly a c co r din g

,

to the p o in ts o f the c o m pa s s , a n d e n c l o s in g se vera l p u blic

o ffi ces a n d m arkets It w a s tr a ver s e d by tw o str ee ts, ca lle d
the ba za a r s of the Chin e se a n d o f the S a r a c ens , a n d fa ir s w er e
o cca s i o n a lly h eld th er e w hi c h a tt ra c te d n u m e ro us m er ch an t s
,

a n d t ra d e rs fro m a ll p a r t s o f As i a a n d Rus s ia ns a n d Bu l
,

g ar ia ns fr om Ea stern Eur o p e .

Huc 's Ch ri s ti a ni ty in China Ta rta ry M"t

"
.

1 Tra v el s ot R ubr uk in Haki uyt s Voya g es

, ,
‘
‘
'
.
 C HAP TER III .

fi m
rs hrf s f gob s gsr oh— a n
g gb
ou i w m
—
fiuhlai touqmrs (thins
p g
h a e : tm t
q uzxs
pa st a—
t a ar m
u gula of c h m -
m
of fi ipé ak .

S uch the g a y s pl endou l i

th e uxur ous state.
h ‘
O r c a i i h s o ld , w h o o n l o 'Py g ri s s o re,
I n mi g B dd p p l g
ag a , o u o us a nd rea t.
H eld t b igh
r T
t c o ur t - h o ms o n.

W H I L E the grea ter pa r t o f Russ i a w as r a va ged a nd

o v err un by th e M o n guls w ho e v e n c o n s um e d the gr a s s o n
,

th e s t e ppes a s th ey p as s e d a n d in v a d e d by the Lith u a n ia n s

, ,

Po l es S w e de s a n d Teu to ni c knights, w ho, a ll a t the c o m ~

, ,

m a n d o f th e p o p e, u n ite d a ga i n s t h e r a s a n a ll y o f the i nfid el

Ta r ta r kh a n w ith hi s h o r de o f tho s e w h om th ey be li e ve d
,

to be i n h u ma n a n d fie n dis h fo llo w ers N o v ogoro d a n d Psko f

, ,

o r Ples ko f w hich w a s j u s tly re n o w n e d for the p ea ce fu l d is

,

po si tio n o f h er i nh a bita nts a ppe ar to h a ve b een a l m os t the

,

o nl y t o w n s th a t e s c a pe d the ge n er al d es t ru c ti o n , w hic h h a d
plu nge d the w h o l e p e o pl e i n to m iser y a nd m ou rn in g a n d ,

c o v e r e d th e em pir e, fr o m n o r th to s o uth , w ith as h es, r u i n a n d ,

bl oo d The m o n k C a r pin i n hi s tra vels rel a tes th a t w hi le

.
,

pa s sin g th rou gh Ru ss ia he en c o unt er e d, i n m a ny pla c es hea ps ,

o f un b uri e d s k u lls a n d h u m a n b o n es ; a nd th o us a n d s o f the

i nh a bita n t s w ho ha d b een d ri v en by the T ar ta rs in to M o n

,
’
go lia w er e th ere m a d e d ro vers a n d h er ds men to th eir m a s t ers
,

fl o c ks o r pla c ed in co l o nies o n th e s h o res o f the rivers to

, ,

k ee p th e b ridges a nd fo r d s But the citizens o f th ese s ta te s

.
,

thro u gh the pru d en ce a nd c a u tio n o f Ya ro sla f th ei r pr i nc e , ,

e xp er i en c e d a m ild er fa te Upo n th e o ver th r ow of Vla dim ir

.
,

a n d the dea th o f her s o ve r e ign u p o n the fi e ld o f ba ttle fi nd ,

i ng his o wn terr i tor i es m en a ce d a t the sa me tim e by th e

Q
2 34 THE ARCH ER AND THE S TEPPE .

Chr i stia n s i n the w es t a n d the w ild a n d u n di sc iplin e d a r m i es

,

o f the Mo n gu l e m p eror i n the e a s t he o ffer e d p e a c ea bl e t er m s

,

to th e i n v a der a n d , vi s itin g i n p er so n the c a m p o f Ba th ,

t en dere d hi s a llegi a n ce to the vic ero y o f the kh a n , re ce ivin g

a s a r e c o m p en se th e d o m a in s o f hi s d ec ea se d br o th e r G eo r ge , ,

to be h e ld a s a fie f o f the Go lden H o r d e a n d w i th th e m th e ,

title a n d a u tho r ity o f Gr a n d Pr in c e Fr o m this p er i o d till

.

the r e ign o f Iva n the Gre a t w h e n th ey fin a lly e m a n c ip a t e d

,

th ei r c o un tr y fr om the T a r ta r ru l e th e Ru ss i a n pr in c es w er e
~
,

o blige d a s a m a r k o f th e ir degr a d a t io n a n d c o m pl e te ser vi

,

tu de to th e Gra n d Kha n , to o ffer hi s a m b a ssa do r s a n d

lieu te n a n ts w h en e ver th e y r ec e ive d o n e a t th ei r c ou r ts w ith
, ,

a gl as s o f m ilk w hi c h th ey p r esen te d ba r eh ea d e d a n d o n
,

fo o t w hile the M o n gu l r e m a i n e d s ea t e d a n d o n h o r seba c k ;

,

a n d if a d ro p fe ll w hile the d e lega t e o f the kh a n w a s r a is in g

it to hi s lip s the Ru s s ia n p rin c es w er e c om p ell e d to lic k i t
,

u p a n d a ls o to fee d the h o r s e o f the e n vo y o f th e i r ty r a n t

,

w i th c o rn fro m th e ir c a ps o f s ta t e At the sa m e tim e the

.

h ea vy t ribu te a n d fin e s th a t th ey w er e c o n tin u a lly c a ll e d

u p o n to
pa y to the M o n g ul s r uin e d th e ir o v er ta xe d p eo pl e
, ,

w itho u t sa ti s fyin g the e xt or tio n a t e de m a n d s o f th e T a rta r

pr i n c e, w h o fur th er e xh a us te d th e c ou n try by c a r r yin g o ff the
yo un g m en to r e c r uit his r es tles s a r m ies a n d the m o s t ,

s kilfu l a rti fi ce r s a n d m ec h a n ic s to c o n s tr u c t his n e w ly

fo u n de d c i ti es a n d d ec or a te hi s p a l a c es Y a r o sla f in the .

so u th ,
a n d D a n i e l o f K a lic h i n the w es t by th e ir w i s e ,

go ver n m en t a n d the e xer tio n s th ey m a de to c o llec t the

,

s c a tt er e d p eo pl e t o ge th e r a n d r e b u ild th e t o w n s a n d villa ges

,

th a t the M ongu ls ha d d es troye d gr ea tly c on tr ibu te d to ,

r es to r e so m e o r d er a n d tra n qui lli ty i n th e ir d o m i n io n s ,a n d

enc o ur a ge th e ir di s h e a r t en e d a n d di s pi r it e d c o u n t rym e n w ho ,

g ro a n e d u n der the w eight o f t a xa tio n a n d Ta r ta r o ppress io n

fo r the r e v en ue s o f Ru s s i a w er e t o ta lly exh a us ted a n d h er ,

pr in c e s w ere e ven un a ble to m a in ta i n the c o ur t a n d r e tin u e

u su a lly s u pp o r te d by th e i r r i c h er a n d m o r e fo r t un a te pr e de

c es sor s .

O n the O c ta i, in 1 2 4 6, Y a r o sla f w a s s um m o n e d
dea th of

to a tten d the e l ec ti on o f a n e w e m p e r or a t K a ra c o r u m ,
a n d r en ew his form e r o a th o f a llegi a n c e
.
He a cc o r di ngly .

d ep ar te d fo r Mon go li a w ith m a n y fo llo w ers a n d h ors em e n

but after Witnessi ng the c erem o n y o f th e in s ta ll a ti on o f C on
23 6 r u n ARC HER AND r un s mr rn ;

be fo re by the Ma nte hoo sfi a nation of T a rtars, w ho for

“
‘

a ges had o
pposed the a r m s a nd pr o gr ess o f the then w ea k
an d in s ign ifica n t Mo ngu ls a nd w ho n o w, en er v a te d by the
’

su e rio r l u x ur y a n d c iviliz a ti on, an d mild er c li ma t e o f the

‘

p
C el estia l em pi re w ere in th e ir tur n tr o dden u n der foo t by
,

the i r fo rm er foe s ; w hile the s ceptr e o f th e s outher n pr o

vi nc es w a s s till h eld by the a n c ien t a n d n ative dyn a s ty o f
the S ong who pr e s e n te d in the n e ighb o ur ho od o f Ca n to n
,

th e ir t hr on e a n d a u th o ri ty a nd til l the e xp e ditio n of Kubl a i , , ,

h a d r em a ine d u n dis turb e d a nd s ec u re fr o m th e a rm s o f the

T a r ta r s Upo n the r edu c tio n o f M n gi by the fo rc es of
.
a

Zin gi s the M a n tc h o u em p ero r h a d b een co m pe lle d to flee

,

fr o m Yenki n g a n d esc a ping w ith o n ly s e v en h ors e m en fro m

K a is on g w h er e he h a d a l s o a tte m pted to m ake a s ta nd he
,
s
,

t o o k r e f uge in a thi r d c ity, w hich w as s till h el d by hi s a d f s

h er en ts ‘r Bu t fin di n g his c a u se de s p er a te a n d h o pel es s o f
.
,

vic to r y o r su cc ou r he a s c end e d a fun er a l pile w h ic h h e

“ ,
.
,

o r d er e d his a tte n d a n ts to light a nd d ra w in g a d a gge r fr o m , ,

hi s v e s t pu t a s peedy e n d to hi s life Fo rty fiv e y ea rs la ter

,
.
-
,

Ku blai w h o a s a n ea s y ano d e o f Co nve yin g his ves se ls a n d

, ,

hi s tr o o p s pr oj ec te d a n d c o m pl e te d the gr a n d ca n a l w hi c h
, , ,

pa ss in g thr o ugh a d i str ic t of a th o u sa n d m il es tra ver s es ,

for ty o n e c ities o n i ts e o u rs e a nd e xt en ds from Pekin to

- n
,

N a n kin the a n c ie n t c ap ita l m ar c h e d a ga in s t th e s til l nus u b

, ,

cl u e d a n d fer tile terr i to r i es i n th e so u th w h e r e the c iti es a n d ,

s tr o n gh o lds w e r e o bs tin a t e ly tho u gh fr u itl es s ly d efe n de d by

-
, ,

.
th e C hin es e , w ith n o t on ly G ree k fir e bu t a ll th e a pp lia n c e s ,

o f the m o d er n a r till er y o f th e W e s t for b om b s a n d g un

"

p o w der }: a pp ea r s to h a ve b een l on g kn o wn to the s kilful

f
*- firs t und er th e Hop e, then under th e M and sh us , or M an tc h o us , a nd l a s tly w h en
It w a s z

i t b ec a m e a p erma nent c us to m , un de r the M on g uls , th a t th e Chines e w ere co m elled to

foll ow th e Tarta r fa s hi on a nd sh av e th e ir h ea d s l eav i ng o n] one l ong l oc k 0 h a i r o n
B efore th ese inv a s io ns th ey h a d b een cel e b ra te fo r th e ir lo n l o c k s a nd
, ,

th e c r ow n .

w ere often c a ll e d th e bl a c k — h a i red peo lo Un de r the Ma ntch o us Chi na rs t became

. .
'
,

c l o se d to c omm erc e a nd i ntercour se w it o the r na ti ons A cc usto med s a y s Hue

.
,
“
as
w e h a v e b een i n o ur o wn ti me to see th e Ch i ne s e s h utti n g th e m selv es u p j e a l ous l y
.
, .

w i th i n th e ir ow n em p i re w e h a v e bee n too re a dy to b eli ev e th a t i t W a s al wa ys a o—th a t

,

th ey h a v e a l w a a c h er i s h e d a n i nv ete ra te a ntip a th y to fore igners a n d d o ne th ei r utmo s t

,

to ke ep th em 0 Thi s i s h ow ev er qui te a m i sta k e ; th i s j ea l o us ly exc l u

.
th e i r fron tiers ,
s iy e s pi r i t c h a ra c ter i z es es p ec i a lly th e M s ntch o u T a r ta rs a nd th e e m p ire h a s only been
.
,

th us ll etm etlc a ll y c l os ed elnce th e i r ac c ess i o n to p ow er

.
,
.
"

Gl bbon s D ecli ne a nd F a ll o f th e R om a n E mp ir e
.

’ “ "

Pere G a ubil a fli rm e d th a t g un pow d er h a d bee n kno wn to th e Chi nese s ixteen ce n

.

turie s The Ta r ta rs c o n q uere d Ch i na b e fore th ey e ntered E uro p e a n d i t i s p ro ba ble th a t

t h ey m a y h a e le ar ne d th er e s ome o f th e u ses o f gu np ow d e r a n d th a t the infl a mma bl e
. .

m a ter i a l w i th w hi c h th ey s o muc h a l arm e d th e na ti o ns of the We s t w a s o nly a p ec uli ar

,

k i nd R oger B a c on Wh o fi r st i ntro d uced i t i n to E uro pe a nd i n 12 16 w ro te a trea ti s e

, ,

u p on i ts c om p os i ti on a n d e ffec ts h a v i n g b een a c q ua i nted w i th tw o tr a v e ll er s tro m Ta r ta ry

.
,

from w h o m pl a ns a nd d es c r p ti o ns h e m a d e a m a p o f th a t c o untry th e fi rs t s ee n i n
, .
i
E n g l a nd mi gh t i t a pp ea rs n o t unli kel y h a v e rec e i v e d from th e m s o me i nfo rma to i n ot
,

, ,

th e m anuf acture of g unpow de r a nd th e i ol mida bl e pur p oses to w hi c h i t m igh t be a ppli ed

,
‘

, .
 YAR OSLAF or no v o c o a on, ETC . 2 37

i nha bit a n ts o f Chin a w h o se p a ss ive c o ura ge c a us e d e ver y

,

s t e p o f th e i r e n e m ie s to be o n l
y ga i ne d by fir e a n d dea th .

At the s a m e ti m e the M o nguls ha d br o ught w ith th e i r a rm y

, ,

fr o m th eir c o n quer e d a n d tr ibu t ar y p r o vi nc es th e mo s t

”

s kilfu l e n gi n eer s a n d a r ti fi c ers o f We s t e r n As i a a n d E as t er n

E ur o p e fo r th ey w ell kn e w h o w to a va il t he m se lves o f the

,

a r t s a n d a bili ti es o f th ei r c a ptive e n e m i es to s u pply th e ir ,

o w n de fi c i e n c ie s i n the s c ie n c e a n d kn o w l e dge b e l o ngi n g to

m o r e c ivilize d life a n d w hil e i n Chin a Ru s s i a n s P e r s ia n s , , ,

A r a bs a n d Ge o r gia n s fille d th e r a n ks o f th e ir a r m ies ; in

,

E u r o pe th ey w er e a s sis t e d by the geni us o r v a l o u r o f the

i n h a bita n ts o f Chi n a Hin d o s t a n a n d T o n qui n , a nd the
, ,
'

m os t r e m o t e n a ti o n s o f the A s ia tic E as t B ut fin a lly d r iven .

,

fr o m the l a n d the Chin ese h a d r e c o u r s e to th eir s hip s a n d

,
-

o n th e i r fl e e t b e i n g s u r ro un d e d by the p o w e rfu l a r m a m e n t

o f the e n e m y a n o fli c er ,
ta ki n g the i n fa n t e m p er o r i n his
,

arms lea p e d i n to the se a e xc la im in g th a t it w a s m o r e

,
.
,

gl o r io u s to die a p r in c e th a n to live a s l a ve a n d hi s e xa mpl e -

b e i ng fo llo w e d by a h un d r e d th o u s a n d o f his c o u n tr ym e n ,

th e ir e m pi re beca m e th e u n dis pu te d po ss es s ion o f the M o n

guls *
In the m e a n w hil e Ho l a go u ha d s pre ad th e te rr o r o f
'

'
.
.
,

h is n a me n o t o n ly o v er a ll W es t e r n A s i a , bu t a l so in Eur o pe,
,

w h er e be th rea te n e d to m a r c h on C o n s ta n ti n o pl e a n d so

gr ea t w as the fear h e in s pir e d e ven to the b o r ders o f F ra n c e

'
-

a n d W e s t e r n It a ly th a t th e i n h a bit a n t s a dd e d this s e n t en c e
,

to th eir li ta n y “
Fr o m the fur y o f the Ta rt a r s go o d Lo r d
, , ,

d el ive r u s ” After c o m pl e tin g th e c o n qu e s t o f Kh o r as sa n

.

a n d Pers i a h e m a rc h e d o n th e e x pi ri n g h i er a r c hy o f B a gd a d
, ,

a n d o n th e 2 2 n d o f J a n u a r y 1 2 58 a pp ea re d w i th h is a r m y , ,

be fo r e i ts sa c r e d ga t e s M o s ta s s im the l a s t a n d d e ge nera te
.
,

s uc c e s s or to the th r o n e o f th e c a li ph s w ho s i n c e th e fa ll o f , ,

th e i r o ppr es s o r s the S elj u k T u r ks ha d r e c o ve re d th e ir fo r m er

, ,

i n h er i ta n c e a n d i n d e pen de n c e ha d l o ng r e n der e d hi ms el f ,

d es pic a bl e i n the e yes of his su bj e c ts a n d e n e m ie s by hi s ,

a b s ur d va n ity fr ivo l o u s a m u se m e nts a n d pu er il e o cc u pa

, ,

t io n s w hich c hiefly c o ns i s te d in vi s iting hi s a vi ar ies a nd

,

a pe s h o w s w a tc hi n g the p e rfo r m a n c e s o f his c o nj u rers a n d

-
,
.
,

lis t en in g to thei r a n e c d o tes a n d je s ts When he r od e to the .

m o s qu es he c a us e d the s tr ee ts th a t he m u s t tra v ers e to be

,

c o v ere d w ith m a g n ifi cen t cl o th o f go ld a nd; c on ti n u a lly w o r e ,

1 G l bb o n
’
s e c n e a n dD li
a o f t h e R F ll
o m a n E m ire
"
. Hi s to i re des d eux C onqué
m ns
T a r tars . qul out S ubj uque a r ta rs.
"
T
Par 10 it. P lemc .
'
J os ep h d orl e a ns
'

.
2 38 THE AR C H ER AND THE S T EPPE;
a veil v
o er hi s fa c e, th a t it m ight n o t be de file d, a s h e
afi i r m ed, by the l o o ks o f a vil e po pu la ce All w ho c a m e to.

his p a l a c e w e re r e qu i r e d to ki s s i ts thr es h o ld b e fo r e th e y
-

en t er e d a n d he d e m a n d e d the s a m e h o no u r a n d r es p ec t fo r

a pi e c e o f bl a c k v e lv e t h un g o ver hi s d o o r , a s th a t p a id to

the fa m o u s bl a c k s to n e, whi c h i s w o rs hipp e d by th e M o s l e m s,

i n the tem pl e o f M e c c a , a n d d e dic a te d to th e ir s a c r e d pr o ph e t .

After d e fea ti n g the S a r a cen a rm y i n s e vera l en ga gem e n ts

b efor e th e c ity, whic h h e ha d s tr a itly bl oc ka de d w ith his
tr o o p s, H o la go u sum m o n e d the c a liph to su rr en de r , in fo r m
i ng h i m th a t, if h e r a zed th e w a ll s o f hi s ca pita l, fille d u p th e
ditc h es, a n d pr e s en te d him s e lf in per s on to the c o n qu e r o r , he
s h o u ld r e t a i n h is dife but th a t , if hi s o b s ti n a c y c o m pe ll e d
the T a r ta rs to a t ta c k a n d s t or m B a gd a d, h e s h o u ld s u r ely
n o t es c a p e, e ve n w e r e h e to hid e i n the i nn e r m o s t r ec ess es o f
“ ’
th e e a r t h . You n g m a n w h o sedu c e d by te n da ys go o d
, ,
”
fo r t un e i m a gin e you rs elf m a st er of the wo r ld w a s th e ca
, ,
’
liph s r ep ly a n d d rea m th a t yo u r c o m m a n d s a r e i rr es i s tibl e
,

like tho s e o f fa te w h a t a u da c ity is thi s to a s k o f m e w h a t

o u w ill n e v er o bt a i n ? F o ll o w th e n the w a y o f p e a c e a n d
y , ,

p ru de nc e a nd re tu rn to Kh o ra s s a n
,
Th e T a r ta r en vo ys w ho
.

r e c eiv e d thi s a n sw er w e r e a s s a il e d w ith s t o n e s o n th e ir r e tu r n ,

to the i r m a s t er by th e Mu s su l m a n p o p ul a c e w h o tr e a te d
, ,

th e m w ith ever y in dign ity a s the y pa s se d th ro u gh the s tr eets ,

a n d w o u ld h a v e t o rn th em to pi ec e s h a d th ey n o t b een r e s c u e d
by th e vi zi er w i th a p o r ti o n o f the g ua r d w ho pr eser ve d ,

th e m fr o m o u t ra ge till th ey h a d d e pa r t e d in s a fety fr o m the

c ity ga te s O n th ei r i n fo r m i n g Ho la g o u o f thi s ill trea t m e n t
.
-
,
“
h e e xc l a i e d
m The b e h a vi o u r o f the c a liph i s m o r e c r o o ke d
,

th a n a bo w bu t w ith the a i d o f the Alm ighty I w ill m a ke

, , ,

it a s s tr a ight a s thi s a r ro w
”
A n d h e i n de e d t o o k a t er r ibl e
.

r e v en ge fo r o n the 1 s t o f F e b r u a r y, ha vi n g ta k e n Ba g
da d by s c a li n g the w a ll s wi th hi s s o ldier s he deli ver e d it u p ,

to pill a g e a n d s l a u ght er a n d ,
p ers o n s a r e s a id to
h a v e p er i sh e d 3 the c a liph a s s o m e w r i te r s st a te h a vi n g
, ,

b een kill e d by m o l te n go ld be i ng p o u r e d d o wn his th r o a t i n ,

m o c ke ry o f h is o s ten ta ti o n a nd a va r ic e a cc o r di n g to o th e rs ,
h a vi ng b een i m pr i so n e d i n a n ir o n c a ge w h e re by th e c o m , ,

m a n d of th e Mo n gu l gen er a l he r ece iv e d n o o th er fo o d tha n

,

the go ld a n d j ew e l s h e ha d s o fo n dly p ri ze d w h e n o n the

thr one a n d for the a cc u m u l a ti o n o f w hic h h e h a d h eavily
,
.

Huc ’s Ch ri sti an ity in Ch ina ,

"
&c.
2 40 THE ARCH ER AN D THE S TEPPE .

a c com plis h ed j o u r n e y to K a r a c or u m h e fo u n d th a t the

the
“

T a r ta rs ha d r a ise d his br o th er K u bla i to th e th r o n e i n hi s

pla c e, an d he s h o r tly a ft er w a r ds re tu r n e d to P er s i a D ur i n g .

the t r a n s p o r ta tio n o f the b o dy o f Ma n go u to th e b u r i a l

pl a ce o f the kha n s a m on g th e m o u n t a in s the s o ldi ers a c c or d , ,

i ng to the s a va g e c u s to m fo ll o w e d a t the fu n er a l o f Z in gis ,

ki ll e d per s o n s o n th e ir r o u t e * .

Five yea r s b e fo r e thi s th e F ra n ci sca n pr ies t R u br uqui s

,

a n d his c o m pa n io n s c h a r ge d w ith l e tt er s fr o m L o u i s IX ,
, .

h a d m a de the ir w a y th ro u gh th e C ri m ea K i pza k B u lga r ia , , ,

an d M o n go li a , to a sk for p er m i s s i o n a t th e c o u r t o f th e
kh a n to pro pa ga t e th e ir do c t r in es th r o ugh o u t his s t a te s .

Th ey h a v e a c c u ra te ly d es cr ib e d th e Vo lga , the Ur a l a n d the ,

bl e a k a n d d es o l a t e c o u n tr y b eyo n d w h er e th ey en c ou n t er e d
,
’
w ild o xen a n d h o r s e s a n d w h er e to u se R u br u qu i s s w o r ds
, ,

i n h is n a rr a tive th e fr o s t w a s s o terr ibl e tha t it s plit tr e es

,
”
a n d s t on e s . D r es s e d in c l o th es o f s h eeps kin w hic h th ey h a d ,

b een for c e d to a do pt l i ke the i n ha bita nts to pro t ec t th em

, ,

fr o m th e i n t en s e c o ld, th ey w e n de d the ir d r ea ry p a th a c ro s s
’
w ide pl a i ns o f sn o w till a t l e n gth a ft er s i x m o n th s j o u rn e y
, ,

fr o m the ti m e t ha t th ey d epa r te d fro m S era i they sa w b efo r e ,

th e m the tow ers a n d gilde d m in a r ets o f K a ra c or u m The .

fir s t buildi n g th ey e n t er e d w as a n Ar m en i a n c h u r c h s u r ,

m o u n t e d a c c or din g to c u s to m , by a c r o s s w h er e t h e y fo u n d
, ,

a m o n k s t a n di n g b e fo r e a s pl e n did a lt a r e n ga g e d in m e dit a

ti on a n d pr a yer a n d r ou n d th e w a lls p a in ti n gs w e re di s pl a y
,

ed ,
r e pres e n tin g fi gur es o f the S a vi o u r the Vir gin a n d St , .
,

Jo hn e m bro id e r e d i n go ld a n d j ew el s ; a n d a la r ge s ilve r
,

c r os s s tu dde d w i th r u bi e s a n d p e a r ls Th e m o n k i n fo r m e d
.

th e m i ss i o na r i e s th a t h e ha d l o n g liv e d a s a h er m it i n th e
H o ly La n d a n d g uid ed by divin e in spi ra tio n ha d un d er ta ken
, , ,

a j o ur n e y i n t o T a rt a r y to c o n v er t the Gr a n d Kh a n w h o m he ,

h a d a ssu r e d th a t if h e e m bra c e d Chr i s tia nity, th e w h o l e

,

w o rld s h o u ld o b ey him a n d e v e n th e p o p e a n d the ki n g o f

,

Fr a n c e a c kn o w le dge his s w a y i Bu ddhism w a s a t thi s ti m e

.
'

ga in i ng m a n y c o n ver ts i n M o ngo lia th ou gh pr in c ipa lly ,

a m o n g th e c o m m o n s o ldier s a n d p e o pl e ; fo r al l the Ta r ta r

n o bl e s ha d c o n fi d e d the e du c a ti o n o f th e i r c hildr en to the

N es tor ia n s w ho , i n o r der to o btai n fa v ou r a n d dis c ipl e s in
'

the l a n d, wo u ld o r da i n m er e i nf an ts pr i e s ts s o tha t th er e ,

Huc ’s “
Ch ri sti an ity in"Chi na Ta r-ta ry, dto .

B geron
,

of l tubm quis ,
“
i
v Trav els Edi tion of er .
 YAR OS LAF o r nov oe o no n, a r e . 2 41

w er e few M o n guls of c o ns
ider a tio n a n d w e a lth w ho did n o t
la y c l ai m to the c fi ice * Sh o rtly a fter th eir ar r iva l th e
.
,

F ra n c is ca n s o bta i n e d a n a u die n ce o f Ma ugo u 5 bu t be for e ,

e n t e r i n g hi s p al a c e th e i r c l o th es w er e s t r i c tly s e a r c h e d l es t
, ,

th e y s h o u ld h a ve br ou ght a ny po i so n o r w ea p o n c o n c ea l ed a n d ,
a k nife c a r r i e d b th e i r i n t er pret er w a s r et a i ne d o u t s ide be
y ,

fo r e th ey c o uld be a d m itt e d in to the pr esen ce o f th e Ta r ta r

pr i n c e He w as s e a t e d o n a diva n d r es s ed in a r i c h fur r e d
.
,

r o b e in the m ids t o f a r o o m hu n g r o u n d wi th c l o th o f go ld
,

a cha fi n
g di s h fill e d w ith b u r nin g w o r m w o o d s t oo d b es ide
-
, ,

hi m a n d h e w a s a ppa r a n tly a b o u t fo r ty fiv e ye a rs o f a ge
,
-
,

b ro a dly m a d e a n d o f the m iddl e s ta tu re Hi s w i fe w ho w a s

, .
,

yo u n g a n d h a n d s o m e w a s s ea t e d n ea r him w ith th ei r da u gh
, ,

te r C yr i n a a n d s e v er a l littl e c hi ld r e n pl a yi n g a r o u n d a n d he
,

o r d e r e d k u m s r i c e w i n e a n d m ea d to be s et b e fo r e hi s g ues ts
y , ,

w h o m h e s e e m e d to ta ke a pl e a s u r e i n r e ga li n g a n d a fter th e
y ,

h a d p a r ta k e n h e b e ga n a c o n v e rs a tio n w ith th ei r T a r ta r i n te r
,
”
p r et e r Bu t fo r m y p a r t s a ys the pl a i n s p o ken R u bru
.
,
-

qu is , I u n ders t o o d n o thin g fr o m w h a t o ur i n t er pr e ter s a id ,

e x c e pt th a t h e w a s v e r y d r u n k , a n d the e m p ero r
, in m y

o pi n i o n n o t m u c h b e tt er
, .

Th e G r a n d Kha n a n d his fa m ily a tte n d e d e qu a lly the

r e ligi o u s s e r v i c e s a n d c e r em o n i es a t the M u s s ul m a n Bu d dhi s t , ,

a n d Chr is ti a n c h u r c h es a n d o n o n e o c c a s i o n w h e n M a n go u ,

w a s se a t e d w ith th e e m p r ess o n a gild e d diva n o pp o s ite the

a lta r i n th e Nes t or i a n c h u r c h he s e n t for R ubr u ui s a n d
, , q
h is co m pa ni o n a n d d esi r ed th e m to s i n g hi m a L a tin hym n
, ,

i n the m e a n w hil e e xa m i n i n g th ei r bibl es a n d b r e vi a r i e s w ith

m uc h a ppa r en t i n t er es t Bu t s till h e s h o w e d n o d ec ide d
. .

pr efer en c e fo r a ny pa rt i c u l ar fa ith tr e a ti ng e qu a lly the pr o ,

”
fessors o f ea c h and s a ys Rubru ui s th e y a ll flu tter
, , q ,

r o un d hi m like b e es a b o u t fl o w er s 3 fo r as th e e m p e r o r giv e s ,

to a ll th ey e a c h w i s h hi m a ll s or ts o f pr o s p e ri ty
,
At the .

s a m e tim e he w a s e x cee din gly s u pe r s titi o u s c o n s u lti n g m a gi ,

c i a n s a n d s oo th s a y e r s ; a n d it is c u r i o u s th a t o n e o f th e i r

m o d es o f in v o ki n g s pi r its w a s by r a ppi n g o n a ta bl e w h en ,

th ey fe igned to r ec e ive a n s w ers to th eir i n q ui ries a n d pr o ,

c l a i m e d th e m a s o ra c le s, a n d c er t a i n tr u thx l On Ea s ter da y -

he i s s u e d a pr o c l a m a tio n c o m m a n di ng tha t the pr i es ts o f e ver y

,

s ec t a n d d e no m in a ti o n th r o u gh o u t his c a pita l s h o u ld as se m bl e ,

a t a s ta t e d tim e a t th e pal a ce a n d e a ch i n t ur n d eliver his

,

“ Huc s Ch ris ti ani ty in Tartary Th ib et and Ch ina 1 I bid

'
.
.
, , .
 2 42 THE AR C H ER AND THE S TEPPE .

ar gum ents in fa vo ur o f hi s pa rtic ula r fa i th tha t b e for eh a n d

th ey w er e to s en d hi m a s t a tem en t in w r itin g o f th e va r i ou s
a rtic les o f the i r c r ee d a n d th a t th r e e o f hi s s ec r e t a r i e s a
, ,

M uss u lm a n , a Buddhis t a nd a Chr is tia n sh o uld a c t a s u m

, ,

pir es i n the the ol o gi c a l c o n t es t B e fo re c o m m en c in g th e

.

’
disc us s io n a m in is ter o f the kh a n s r ea d a n o r der fr o m th e i r
,

m a s te r fo r biddin g a ny un der p a in o f d ea th to s a y a n y thin g

, , ,

a bu s ive o f hi s a dve rs a r ie s a n d th e a s s e m bly wa s o p e n e d by

a B on ze fr o m Chi n a w h o c h a lle n ge d the Fr a n c is c a n s to pr o v e

,

the e x is t en c e o f o n ly on e Su p r e m e B e i ng A s h a r p c o n tr o .

v ers
y th en en s u ed in w hi c h the j udges d ecl a r e d i n fa v o u r
,

o f R u br u uis a n d th e M a ho m et a n s r e fu s i n g to e n t er i n t o a
q , ,

dis p u te w ith th e Ne sto r ia n s a ll egi n g th at th ey c o n s ider e d

,

th e Ch r is ti a n la w a tr u e o n e a n d b e li e ve d the go s p el the
, ,

o r a t o rs di sp e rs e d
5 a n d th e fo llo w i n g d a y the e m p er o r des ir e d
a n i nter vi e w w ith Ru br u u is
q W e M o n g ul s s a id be w h en
.
,
”
,

the m i s s io n a r y e n tere d , “ beli e ve th a t th ere i s o n e G o d, by

w h o m w e live a n d die a n d t ow a r ds w h o m o u r h ea r ts a r e
,

w h o lly t ur ne d but, a s He ha s giv en the ha n d s e v er a l fin ger s ,

s o has H e give n m en va r io us p a th s to h e a ve n He h a s give n .

the g o s pel to the Chr i s ti a n s bu t the y do n o t o b ey it

, h e h as
given s o o th sa ye rs to th e M o nguls a n d the M o n guls do w h a t ,

th eir s o oth sa y e rs c o m m a n d a n d th er e fo r e th e y l ive i n p ea c e

,
.

He th en d e c l a r e d th a t th e m i ss io n ar i e s ha d r es id e d lo n g
en ou gh i n hi s e m pir e a n d th a t it w a s qu i te ti m e fo r th e m to
,

thin k o f r e tur n in g h o m e a n d this w a s the la st au di enc e th a t

the m is s i o n a r i es w e r e a bl e to o bt a i n o f the Mo n gu l pr i n c e .

“ ”
I to o k m y l ea v e s a ys B ubru qu is “ thi nkin g th a t if the
, ,

Al m ighty ha d b ee n pl ea se d to let m e p er fo rm s u c h m ir a c les

”
a s M o s es d i d p er h a p s I s h o uld h a ve c o n ve r te d h i m
, .

S o m e w r iters h a ve r e por te d th a t Ma n go u w a s s u bse qu en tly

ba pti ze d th ro u gh th e pu r s u a si on s o f Ha yt o n a ki n g o f Ar m e ,

n ia , w h o ,
in the yea r 1 2 5 6 m a de a p eac e ful vis it to the
,

M o ngu l c ou r t bu t it is u n c er t a i n if h e e ver s er i o u s l y p ro fessed

the Ch r i s tia n fa i th a n d th r ee yea r s a fte r thi s e ve n t a ec o m
, ,

pa n i e d by the s on s o f Ba t ii h e j o in e d hi s a r m y i n Chi na
, ,

w h ere hi s br o th er Ku bl a i h a d a l rea dy e n t er e d u p o n hi s l o n g
c a r ee r o f c o n qu e s t A fe w m on ths la t er the e m pe r o r
.

r e c eiv e d hi s d ea th w o u n d a t Ho c he w , a n d Ho la o u b e in g
g
-

the eld e r o f his b r o th e r s w a s elec te d by a l a r g e m aj o r ity

,

a mo n g the n o bl es to the d ign ity o f kh a n But the gr ea t .

dis ta n c e the Persia n gen er a l w a s th en fr o m the s ea t o f go vern

Tra v el s of Rubruqui s , d
E i tion of Bergeron .
244 THE ARCHER AND THE S TEPPE .

Holago u di ed i

p at the a ge o f for ty e ight in the

i n his ca m ,
-
,

year 1 2 65, a n d w a s b u r i e d i n a n i s la n d i n the m i dst o f the

la ke o f Or m ia his c hi ef w ife Dho zo ig K a tou n a K er ai te
, , .

*
p r i nc ess fo llo w in g hi m a fe w m on th s a fte r to the g v
, . r a e .

His r ul e i s c e l ebr a te d fo r the e n c o u r a gem en t he o ffer e d to

lite ra tu r e m ec h a n ic s a n d sc ie n c e a n d h e e s ta blis h e d a n
, ,

o b s er va t or y a n d gym n a s i u m a t Ta br i z a ft er th e m a n n er o f ,

the a n c i en t m us eu m a t Ale xa nd ri a In the m e a n w hil e th e

.
,

a r m s o f Ku bl a i w ere e xt en di n g th e c a r e e r o f th e M o n gul

c o n qu es ts i n th e fu r th e s t p ro v i nc e s o f the E a s t an d th e S o u th .

His fo rc es , a n d the t er ro r o f h is n a m e s pr e a d hi s s w a y o ver ,

C o r e a , T o n qu in C o c hin Chi n a P egu Thibe t a n d Beng a l,

, , , ,

a n d h is a m biti o n e ven a s pir e d to th e s u bj ec ti o n o f th e fa r :

fa m e d is la n d s o f J a pa n but th e fleet i w hic h h e fit te d ou t -

“

fo r the p ur po s e tw i c e s u ffere d s hi pw r ec k i n th e s to r m y s e a s
,

th a t w as h her s ho r es a n d on e hu n d re d th o u s a n d M o n guls
,

a n d Chin e se fell vic ti m s i n thi s u n fo r tu n a t e e xpe d i ti o n i

The v o ya ges w hi c h h is n a v y c o n s i s tin g o f a th o u s a n d s hip s

, ,

u n d er too k i n th e I n di a n O c ea n w e re a tt en d e d w i th m o r e,

s u c c es s th ey tra ve r s e d th e e qu i n o c tia l lin e a n d fill e d th eir ,

v ess e l s w ith plun der a n d fr ui ts fro m Bo rn eo a n d th e a dj a c e nt

fer tile a n d fr a gra nt i s le s 5 fl a n d th e c ou r t o f the kh a n a t
.

P e kin w hic h h e fo un de d w a s m a i n t a i ne d i n the gr ea te s t m a g

, ,

n ifi c e n c e a n d s pl e n d o ur w hil e h e a tt a c h e d th e p e o pl e to hi s
,
thr o n e a n d go ve rn m e n t by r e s to r in g th eir a n c i en t c o n s titu
,

ti on a n d la w s w hi c h ha d a l l b een su bv er t ed a n d d es tr oye d
,

by th e u s ur pi n g dyn a s ty o f the M a n tc h o u s a n d r es pe c tin g ,

a n d a d o p tin g th e i r c u s t o m s a n d pr ej u dic e s
§ H e i n t r o du c e d .

th e p ra c ti c e n o w u su a l w ith the Chin ese e m p er o r s o f r es o r ti n g ,

o n c e a y e a r to p r a y a t the t o m bs o f th e i r a n c es t o rs a nd ,

o ffer e d th e high e s t h o n o u r s a n d r e w a r d s fo r pr o fi c ie n c y i n

l e ar n i n g or s c i en c e The fir s t s e t o f C hin e se m a th em a tic a l

.

i n str u m en t s w e r e c o ll ec t ed by hi s o r d er s , a n d th eir h o lida ys

a n d a nn ive r sa r ie s w er e fi r s t a r r a n ge d o n fi xe d da ys in the
yea r ; a n d be c a u se d a n a lph a b et to be c o m po s e d fo r the
M o n g uls fi l w h o hith e r to h a d p r o m i s c u o u sl y u s e d th o s e o f c o n
Huc
'
s Ch r i s ti a n ity in Ch i na Ta rta ry a nd Thibet
fpBroav nekithnagt ihnishifles ehit swtoa rs idc ar ilv reesn ea rc h es o n th e c onq ues t o f Peru a nd Me xi c o e nd e av o ur s
, ,
.

o n th e sh ores o f Am er i c a ; a n d w e re th e i n v a d ers k no w n
, .

to
i n Per uv i a n hi s to ry a s th e fo und e rs o f th e re ligi o n a nd dy na s ty o f th e I nc a s ; a n d e
.

expe di

nera li ty
 m nosm r o r n o v oc o no n, me . 2 45

quered na ti ons His r eign w hich e xten de d o ve r a p erio d of

.
,

thirty th re e y ears is o n e o f th e m os t ce le bra te d in the a nn a l s

-
,

of Chi na a n d o n hi s dea th i n 12 9 2 lea vi ng t w enty s on s , ,

m os t o f w h o m he ha d i n sta ll e d a s go ver n or s o ver the va r ious

pro vin ces o f his e m pir e he wa s s u c c ee d e d by his gr a n ds o n
,

Ti m u r w h o se fa th er Z ingis the eldes t so n of Ku bla i , ha d

, ,

be en d estine d by the kh a n a s his s u c cessor but grea tly to ,

hi s gr i ef di e d be fore him
, Un d er Ti mur the Mo nguls of
.

Chin a beca m e a l m os t s e pa ra te d fro m the kh a n s o f th e w es t,

w ho , a fter v eeri n g b e t w ee n Chr is ti a nity Juda is m , a n d Ma , .

h o m eta n ism , fina lly p roc l a i m e d the l a tte r a s th ei r n a tio n al

fa ith 3 whil e the r uler s o f Chin a to the dis sa t is fa c ti on o f the ir ,

s u bj e ct s th e fo ll o w e rs o f th e phil o so ph y o f C o n fuc i us , a dh e re d
,
-

to the w o rshi p o f th e La m as o f Thibe t th o u gh th ey s ti ll ,

oc ca s i o na lly iss ue d la ws a n d d e c r ee s to the M o ngul kh a n s ,

e v e n a s fa r as Rus s ia a n d K i pza k Bu t this bra n c h o f the

*
.

T ar tar r a ce di d n o t l o n g m ai n ta i n th ei r r u le o v er the Chi n es e

a h un dr e d a n d for ty yea rs a fter the de a th of Zingi s the gra n d ,

kh a n , hi s fa m ily w hi c h i s kn o w n i n the Chin es e an na ls a s

,

the dynas ty o f Y u eu a n d a m ids t th e pl eas u re s a n d r i c h es o f

,

P eki n a n d the fertil e r e gi o n s o f Chi na ha d l o s t th eir w a r li k e

[

in clin a tions a nd lik e the M a n tc ho u s b ec o m e s oft i n d ol en t

, , , , ,

a n d efi em in a te w e r e e xp el le d fro m th e c el es ti al e m pir e by a
'

r e vo lt o f the na tiv es u n d er th e ir l ea d er Ho ngo u , or C hu ,

w ho fr o m a ser va n t in a m o n as tery o f B o nzes ra ise d himself

, ,

a n d his fa m ily to the thr o n e In 1 63 6 the Chi n ese w er e .

a ga i n s u bd u e d by th e Ma n tc ho u s the i r a n c i en t e n em i es w ho , ,

h a vin g rec o vere d n e w v igo u r i n th e h ar sh a ir o f the n or th ,

po ure d as b e fo re a c r oss th e gr ea t w a ll u pon Pe ki n a nd the

, ,
'

l a s t emp ero r of the n a tive dyn as ty W h aztso ng h a vin g , ,

h a n ge d him sel f o n a tr ee in the ga rd en o f his pa la ce to e s ca p e ,

fa llin g in to the h a n ds o f th e i n va d er s w a s s uc c ee de d o n the ,

thr o ne by Sc hun c hi th e c o m m a n d er in ch ie f o f the en em y

‘ ,
- -
,

w h o se fa mil y h a ve w o r n s i n c e th a t tim e the i m p er i a l c r o w n

o f Chin a .

Bu t the p ri n c es o f th e h o u s e o f Yu en or Zin gis a re the , ,

m o s t r eno wn e d o f a n y i n the hi s t o r y o f the Chin es e ra c e It .

i s s till ca lled the h o ly by th e Chi n es e a n d n o twi th s ta n di n g , ,

i ts fo r eign origi n s till re ga r d e d w ith fo n d r em em b r a n ce a n d

,

r e gre t .

Whil e his c oun t rym e n w er e e xte n din g th eir c onquest s a nd

con s o li da ting th ei r po w er in A s ia Ba th ba d fir m ly es t ablis h ed .

Hues “
Ch ri stia ni ty in Ch ina . Ta rta r
"
yg a c.
 2 46 THE ARCH ER AND THE sr nr r m

his e m pi re o ve r R u ss ia a nd the C ri m ea , w h er e he fo un d e d
m a ny t o wn s a n d vill a ge s , pa r ti c u l a r ly N e w K a za n a n d
Ba kc hi S er a i (the c i ty o f Ba t li ), n o w th e c a pit a l, a n d a l m os t
the o nly to wn e x c l u s ivel y p o ss es sed by th e C r i m ea n T a r ta r s ,
the de sc e n d e n ts o f his fo ll o w e rs , a nd w hi c h , w hile Ta u r i d a
.

for me d a n in depen de nt s ta t e, wa s the r es id e nc e o f the c o u r t

o f her kh a n s . In 1 2 5 5 h e e qui pp e d a p o w er ful fo r ce w hi c h
h e c o m m a n d e d in p er so n , a n d p re p a r e d to m a r c h u p o n the
d o m i ni o n s of the Gr ee k e m p er or , w i th the i n ten tio n o f
a tta c kin g th e c i ty o f C o n s t a n ti n o pl e it s e lf 5 bu t b e for e h e ha d

pr o cee d e d m a n y mil es o n hi s r o u te , h e w a s seized w ith a n ill

n ess , o f w hic h h e di e d , n e a r the ba n ks o f th e Vo lg a , o r , a s so m e
w r iter s o f th e ti m e a ffir m e d, fr o m th e e ffe c ts o f p o i so n , l ea v
i ng m a n y s on s, of w h o m two , S a r ta k the e l d es t a n d U lla ghzi
the yo u n ges t, s uc ces s ive ly a s c e nd e d the th r on e . A s bo t h
’
di e d a fter o n ly a fe w m o nths r e ign, the ir un c le Ba r tu, o r
Bere ka , de pos e d the s ec o n d a nd thir d s o n s o f h is br o th e r ,
a nd d r ivin g th ese pr i n c e s fr o m the l a n d, in 12 5 7 he su cc e e d e d

to the th ro n e o f K ipza k i

The n e w kh a n , w h o w a s the firs t o f his fa m il y to a d o pt

.

the fa i th o f Ma h o m e t, u po n his a c c es s i o n c o m m a n de d th a t
a ll th o s e a m o n g h is s u bj ec t s w h o s h o u l d r e fus e to c o n fo r m

w i th th e c ree d o f th e p ro ph et, s h o u ld s uffe r i m m e di a te d e a th,

a n d tra v e ll e d th ro ugh a ll R us s i a , e ve n a s fa r a s N o v o o ro d,
g
to e n fo rc e hi s i n to le r a n t e di c t bu t the firm n ess o f th e peo pl e
i n r es is ti n g thi s de c r e e, c a u s e d him a t l en g th to a m e lio r a te
the pu n is hm en t 5 a n d a fter d e pos i n g tw o o f he r p r i n c es,
Ro m a n us o f Ria za n a n d Mi c h a e l o f Tc her nigo fi, a n d c o m
'

m a n di n g the ir e xe c u ti o n w it h s e v era l o f th e i r n o bl es , a t hi s
c a m p, h e o r de r e d a gen er a l c ens u s to be m a d e o f th e l a n d s

a n d p o p u l a ti o n o f R u s s ia , fo r th e p ur p o s e o f i m pos in g a

c a pit a ti o n ta x a n d d ec ree d th a t the a m o un t s h o u ld be

d o u ble d to a ll th o s e o f the pea sa n try w h o perse ver e d in th e

fa ith o f t he ir a n c es to r s Thes e w er e e n r o lle d un de r the n a m e
.

o f Ch r i s ti a n s w hi c h , to th is d a
, y, i s the m os t c o m m o n t er m
by w hic h the Ru s si a n p ea sa n t i s d e signa te d bu t a ll the
.

p ries ts w er e e xe m pte d fr o m the i mpo st, fo r , i n o r der to u n i te

thi s p o w e r ful b o dy to th e i r i n t er es t s, the kh a n s w er e a c ou s
tom ed to c ou rt th e i r fa v o ur by g ra n tin g th em m a n y p r ivile ges ,
a n d a lw a ys s upp or t e d the i n fl u e nc e w hi c h th e y e x e r c ise d o ve r

the p eo pl e a n d s ta t e . The T a r ta r s a l so i n tr o d uce d the

p un is hm en t o f the kn o u t, the po s ta l r eg ula ti on s fo r tr a ve lli n g,
w hich ha v e a l wa ys b een c om m o di o usly a n d m eth o di ca lly
248 THE. ARC H ER AN D THE S TEPPE ’
.

an a ble ge n era l a n d a n ea r r ela tion o f B ere ka ha d be e n dos 5 ,

-

pa t che d by his so vere ig n -w ith a n a r m y a ga i ns t the Pers i an

pr in ce The hos til e fo rc e s e n c oun tere d e a c h o ther o n th e
.

ba n ks o f the Te r e k; n ea r the foo t o f the Ca u c a s u s o n th e “

19 th of Ja n u a r y 1 2 6 3 ; a n d a fter a fu ri ou s b attl e w hic h

, ,

t erm in a te d a t le n gth in the to ta l defe a t o f the Mo n gul a r m y

o f K i za k the fugitives w er e a l m o s t e nti r ely l o s t by th e
p , ,

b r ea ki n g o f the i c e on th e r iver , w hic h th e y ha d c r o s s e d in

th e ir flight ; a n d the i nte lligenc e o f this ca la m ity r e a c hin g
Ber eka w hile e nga ge d in pu rs uin g h is vi c t o r io u s c a r e er i n
the W e s t c a u s e d i h im to r e tu r n i n h a s te a n d m ar c h w ith his
,
-
,
’ ’
a r m y t o w a r d s Pe r s i a , to a ve n ge hi s s o ldi e r s a nd gen e r a l s

d efe a t ; a n d fo r this r e a s o n he a b a n do n e d fo r the ti m e his

“
des ign o f c on qu e r n g a nd d eso la tin g Eu r o pefi
i

Tm: GRE EK
R USS IAN Ga m e s
AND
G k Ch h g
.

Th e r ee a nd R om a n ur c e s fl n a l lys epara te d, a fte r a es of h abred an d co ntrov ersy, i n

d i g p h C i pl b l i
.

1055, ur n th e po nti fic a te o f Le o I X Th e a tri a rc o f o n s ta nt no e h a d een O n y n o m

.

b i
na l! s u s erv e n tto the i i h i i h
pe , s n ce t he t me o f P o t us i n the n n t century ; a nd th e s no d
of o n s tantl no ple, e h ld l
n th e y ea r 869, i s th e a s t re c o n s e by th e g i d urc Ch h
o f th e est
G k b d p i h i k l dg b h l lig
.

The oas te o f th e s u eri or t o f t e r no w e o t s ec u a r a n d r e io u s , a n d

y
ree s e -

d g
th a t th e ec re e s o f th e sev e n e ne ra co un c s h a d been romu il ‘

p te l d
by t em , a nd t ey h h
d d i i
refus e to a m t th e nno v a ti ons c o nti nu a l y i n tro uce l d d
by the ga
a ti n s , co n e m n n d th e i g
l i i
a te ra t o n o f th e N c en e c re e d d
by th e s yno s of r a n ce a nd F a n as S i h
e re sy , a n d pro
b i
s tr a tlo n e fo re th e m a es o f th e s ai nts a s id l
o a try . Am o n g p
o t er i nnumer a bl p i
e o nts o f
ip g
d s ute, w a s th e us e of ea v e ne d o r un e a v e n e l rea d b d S
i n th e a c ra m ent, th e a m n s tra d i i
i b h l i hi h
t o n of ot kind s to th e a ty, w c w a s erm tte a m o n th e
'
p i d g G k
re e s , th e m a rr a g e o f i
p b
ri es ts . a nd th e to o l a x o s e rv a nc e of L
ent. by th e L i
a t ns . w h o a ll o w e d
th e us e of c h ees e
and m il k, an d e xem p d h
te t o s e e n fee e bl d
by a g e or se a s edi The Gree s, a s o, k l li ke the
J b i d hi g gl d bl d p i ll d
.

e w s , a s ta n e fro m t n s s tra n e a nd fr o m oo , a ra c t c e n o t f o o w e i n th e
R o m lsh Ch h urc gh l g
A t l en t th e e a te s s e n t b L e o IX , to re mo ns tra te w th th e ree i G k
p i h ih p d y
. .

a tr a rc , M c a el Geru l a rl u s , r on o u nc e a g a us t hi m the se nte nc e o f e xc omm un ic a tlo n .

l i g h i h l pi d i g h l p pl
.

a n d a y n t e r a na t e ma on the a tar o f S t S o n a, c o n e m n n th e w o e eo e a n d
h i pi
t e r r e s ts to e te rna lp ih
un s -ment, t e y s o o h h k d i
th e ust of t he c ty fro m t e r fe e t, a nd h i
d p d
e a r te fo r R o m e p i h l d i i h
Th e a tr a rc s o f A exa n r a , A nt oc , a nd e rus a em, t o u J l h gh h
t ey
d d d L i i p d p
.

c o n e mn e th e c re e o f the a tn s , a t th e sa m e t m e a tte m te to s e a r a te fro m the

G k l
ree s ; but the a tte r o ta ne b i d the cor a s u di l pp
o r t o f th e R us s a ns a n d i B lg i
u a r an s , t ei r h
h i
ros elytes, a nd the B o e m a n s a ls o , fo r s o m e y ears , a ere dh d
to th e E as te r n fai t Th e h
i Ch h h l l l i g d i C pl di id h i
.

a ss a n u rc , t erefore , c os e y fo l o w n th e o ctr n e s o f o ns ta n ti no e, v e t er
g i
c l er y n to tw o or ers , th e d ac Bl k or M o na s t c, a nd the i S l
e c u a r or W te hi
Th e a tte r a re l
ll d h gh i gi i di i Th
.

a owe to m a rry o n c e, t o u i t mu s t be to a v r n, a nd re v o us to o r nat o n ey

p hp p i hil bi h p di i i l
.

c omp o s e th e a r i s a a s or p r es ts , w e t he s o s a nd i l gh er gn ta r es o f th e ecc e
i ll h
s i a s ti c s a re un v e rs a y c o s e n fro m a m on th e mo n s g k pi
Th e o fli ce of r es t w a s ere ta ry h di
ill i hi l bli h d g g ll ll h l
.

t w t n the a s t few yea rs : bute s ta s e us a e n o w ene ra y fo o w s w a t for mer y a

d h h d i d d
l a w e nfo rc e , a nd erm i ts , w o s e e v ot o n i s n o w c o n em ne by th e La tin C hurc h. a re s t ill
ih
o fte n to be m et w t i n the re mo te di i
s tr c ts o f R us s a i Th
ere a r e m a ny di
s s en ter s fro m
hi h p l g l p p
.

th e G ree k C h u r c h , s o m e o f w c d ow o y a m y , a n d fo l o w m a n o f th e re ce ts o f
al
h
M o se s a n d M a o met The ree C urc G k h hd d i
o es n o t a m t p ur g a tor b li
ut e ev e s t a t th e h
l i l h b d h h l
.

s o u m a y o c c a s o na l y a un t i ts forme r a o e s o n ea r t . a n d t e re or e a l o w s th e e fli c a cy
p
o f ra yers for th e e a d d dh p i i l
He r a e re n ts ra c t s e a ur c u a r c onfe s s on, a o t the At e na i d p h
l d bli h d li g h gh h d
.

s a n c ree , a nd co nfor m to th e es ta
’
s e tu r y of S t B az ll ; bu t, t ou t ey c o n em n
i g d pi i l d h i hip Th i h h h
.

m a e s, s a c re ctures a r e e xten s v e y use i n t e r w o rs e r c h u rc es , w i c ar e

g g l d d ih d d
.

o r eo us y ec o ra te , a r e bu ilt w t th e s a nc tua ry tur n e towa r s th e ea s t, a n d i n th e

id
m s t s ta n s th ed high l p d g g
a ta r, s e ar a te fro m th e c o n re a ti on by a s c ree n, a nd ca e th ell d
“
Hl o y o f Ho i ies Th
ey h a v e n e t e r s i h id h p l
e- c a e s n or s id i l
e-a s e s , a nd t os e Wh o a re h
d i d pi h i h i bi h Th b
.

e st ne for r e s ts n e v e r c ut t e r a r o r h ea rd from rt ey o s er v e four g r ea t

b i d d F id d i g hi h h b i
.

fa s ts i n th e y ea r es d es ev ery W e n e s a y a nd r a y, ur n w c t ey a s ta n fro m
p i i l d g p h bi d
ev ery s ec es o f a n ma foo — ev e n s u a r w a s ro i te , o n a cc oun t of i ts r e ne m e nt by fi
b ll k bl d i l
'
u oc s
’
i d i
oo , t l th e n tr o uc t on o f t a t extra c te flzh d
o m the ee t-roo t b Th h
ey a v e a l s o
l hi h i l h h
.

n umer ous fe s ti v a s, o f w c th e C a rn v a a nd E as ter are th e c h ie f ; an d w it t e m

e de s ti na ti o n is a s un v ers ai ll
r eco n z e g i d d g
o m a a s a m on th e g di ipl
es o f M a o me t h
yi d
a sc
pi bli h i l gi g b h
.

ona s tic es ta s men ts o f a i k n s a re v e ry num ero us in R us s a , be o n n to o t th e

es ta bli h d h h
s e c u rc a nd the sc hi i l
s ma t c a s ec ts ; a nd m a ny of the a tter l
r a c ti se th e m os t
lh h i d i
.

r ig p
oro us ena nce s fre ue n t y - q l
e v e n s ui c id i
e by s tar v a t o n or f re, s uppo rt i g t e r oc tr n es
G p l h l d h li h l h l
.
“
b th e v erse i n the os
e— fil"e t a t i n et his fe s a l lose i t; a nd h e t a t oseth
hyli k h
5 fe for my s a e, s all h nd i t.
 C HA P T E R IV .

fig
tti n s f g tlc xa nhzr 313115 1
111} i n E mm a—
firat
lt e: a rzbzllidt—
fi
l lge
fi g
l o x
t u ls s f fi zrsia —
g g fig
ha a—
r m —
fingsgz of the filgimsr
ag rimo zs s in
fi n ale 313 33 11
-
.

Th ey fi ght for freedom w ho were n ev er tree — B YRON

.

O N th e d ea th o f Y a r o s l a f o f Rus s i a , a ll hi s so n s w ere c o m
m a n de d by C o uj u k, the Gr a n d Kh a n to a pp ear w ithi n a ye a r
,

a t hi s c o u r t i n the G o ld en Ho r d e, th a t the T a r ta r m o na r c h m ight

’
s e l ec t fr o m a m o n g th e m a s uc c es s or to th eir fa th er s th r o n e .

The yo u n g p r in c es i m m e dia t e ly r e pa ir e d to K a r a c o r um , w ith

th e m o s t s pl en did r etin u e s th a t the e xha us t e d t re a su ry o f
'

R us s ia c o uld c o m m a n d, a n d ea c h loa de d w ith p r es en ts to

p r o pitia te the kh an i n hi s fa v o ur , e x cept Al ex an der , th e
e lde s t s o n o f Y a ro s la f, w h o ha d r eig ne d fo r s o m e yea rs i n

N o v ogo ro d, a n d w a s h a r dly e v e n a n o mi n a l v a s s a l o f the

Ta r ta rs After a n in ter r e gn u m o f n ear ly tw o yea rs, c a u s e d
.

pa rtly by the l en gth of tim e they o c c upie d w ith the i r j o ur ney .

to M o n go li a , a n d p a r tl y by the d e la y o f the e m p er o r i n
m a ki n g hi s c h o i c e, Izia s la f, th e thi r d son o f Ya r o s l a f, w as
a pp o in t e d to th e th ron e o f Vl a di m i r , wi th the titl e o f G r a n d

P r in c e o f R uss i a , h e b ein g a t th a t ti m e n i n eteen ye a rs o f

a e
g bu t hi s r eign w a s s p ee dily te r m i na te d at the e n d o f a
fe w s hor t m o nths, by hi s d e a th o n the field o f b a ttl e , w hil e
e n ga ge d w ith th e Lith u a n i a n s , w ho h a d i n va de d a n d pl u n

d e r e d hi s do mi n i o ns Pr e vio u s to thi s e ven t, B a tu Kha n ,

.

j ea l o us o f the in depe n de n t p os itio n o f N ov ogor o d, ha d c a us ed

this m es sa ge to be c on v e ye d to Ale xa n de r Pr i n c e o f
N o v ogo r o d, i s it n o t kn o w n to the e th a t G o d ha s s u bj e c te d
to m e a m ultit u d e o f n a tio n s S h a lt tho u a l on e be i nde pen
’
d e n t G If tho u wi shest to r e m a in i n p ea c e, r e pa ir in s ta n tly to
m y t en t, a nd th er e th o u s h a l t se e the p o w er a n d glo r y o f
the M o nguls 3 a n d Al ex a n d e r , c om plyin g w ith the i mp er i o us
R
2 50 THE AR C H ER AND THE S T E PP E .

de m a n d set o ff w ith his bro the r An dr ea to S era i Th er e

,
.
,

r e ce i v i n g in tellige n ce o f the d e fea t a n d d e a th o f I zi a s la f th e y ,

b o th proc ee de d to K a ra c o r um w her e the kha n gr ee te d th e m

,

m os t ho n ou r a bly a n d c o u r t eo u s l y a n d d ec l a r e d to the P r i n c e
,

o f Nov o go r o d th a t th o ugh ,
h e h a d h ea r d a gr ea t d e a l i n his
”
pr a i se r u m o ur ha d fa ll e n fa r s h o r t o f th e tr u th a t the sa m e
, ,

tim e b esto w in g u po n hi m the a dditi o n a l a n d i m p or ta n t pr o

v i n c e o f K i o f a n d c o nferr i n g o n An d r ea th e pr in c e d o m
,
of

S u zd a l a n d dign ity o f Gr a n d Pr in ce Th ey bo th r etu rn e d to .

their r es pec tiv e d o m in io n s bu t i n 1 2 1 5 An dr e a im pa ti en t ,

o f hi s o w n ser v itu de, a n d th a t o f hi s c o u n t r y a n d p e o pl e r ose ,

u
p i n a r m s a ga i n s t th e i r Ta r ta r m a s t er s a n d a tt em pte d to ,

e xp e l th e m fr o m the e m pi r e A fier c e a n d s a n gui n a ry b a ttl e

.

e n su e d w hi c h w a s l o s t by th e Ru ss ia n s
,
a n d their pr i n c e ,

b e in g r e fu se d by hi s br o th er a n a sylu m a t N ov o go r o d fle d ,

to S w e d en w h e r e he die d in the yea r 1 2 7 6 a t the a ge o f

, ,

fifty fou r a n d Al e xa n d e r h a v in g m a d e a s ec on d j o ur n ey to
-
,

K a r a c o r u m i n 12 5 2 , r e c e iv e d fr o m th e kha n a fo r m a l a pp o in t . "

m en t in w ri tin g to the thr o n e o f Ru ss i a .

This p ri n c e w a s b or n in N o v o go r o d Ma y 3 0 12 2 1 a n d , , , ,

o n th e d e a th o f hi s e lde r b r o th er F e do r i n 1 2 3 2 , be c a m e ,

h eir a pp a r en t to the th r o ne
-
Upo n the in v a s i o n o f Ru s s i a
.

by Ba tu Kh a n a n d a fter the plu n d er a n d d es tr u c ti o n o f

,

Vla dim ir , hi s fa th er Y a r o sla f r e sign in g the go v ern m e n t o f

,

the p r i n c ipa lity i n to the h a n d s o f hi s son a pp ear e d at th e ,

c a m p o f Ba th, fur n i sh e d w ith l a r ge br ibes a n d m a g n i fi c en t

pr esen t s a s a r a n s o m fo r hi s life a n d thr o n e a n d pr es en tin g

, ,

th em to the Ta r ta r c hie f w ith pr o m is es o f s ubm i ssion a n d

,

fea lty, r ece iv e d i n e x c h a n ge fo r hi s fr ee dom , a s b efor e s ta te d,

the pr o v in c e o f Vl a dim i r a s a Ta r ta r fie f But a ll E u ro pe .

h a d b een c a ll e d to a r m s by th e de c l a ra ti o ns a n d a dm o n iti on s
o f th e P o p e Gr e go ry I X a n d W hil e the M o n ul s in the
.
g
so u th w er e r a v a gi n g K i o f a n d P o l a n d w ith fi r e a nd s w o r d ,

the T eu t o n i c knight s w ho we r e es ta blis h e d i n Es th o n i a a n d

,

Liv o n ia un der the i r Gra n d M as ter H er m a nn v o n Ba l k

, ,

m ar c h e d u p o n Psko f a l m o s t th e o n ly c ity i n the e m pi re th a t

,

h a d b e en s p a r e d by the T a r ta r s a n d a ft er a bri e f s i ege t o o k

, , ,

the pl a c e by s t or m A t th e s a m e tim e Er i c XI I ki n g o f
. .
,

S w eden ha d d es pa tc h e d a l a rge fl eet m a nn e d by S w e d es

, ,

N o rw egia n s a n d Fin la n d er s to the m o u th o f th e N ev a

, , ,

w h e re on th e 15 th o f J u ly 1 2 4 0 a m o n g th e m a rs h es u p o n
, , ,

w hi c h S t Peter sbu rgh n o w stan ds, but w h er e th en r o a m e d

.
,
2 52 TH E AR C HER AN D THE ST E PPE.

d e ter m in a tion , a n d c o m e to th ei r a s si s t a n c e . The r em o n

s tr a n c es o f the a r c hbi s h o p , a n d his a c co u n t o f the da n ge r o u s
.

s t a t e o f th e prov i n c e, ha d th e i r e ffec t 3 a n d r e tu r n i n g, A l e xa n

d er place d hi m s elf a t th e h ea d o f th e a r m y o f N ov o gor o d ,

w ith w hic h h e e n te r e d Li v o n ia , a n d de fea te d th e c o m bi n e d
a r m ies o f th e kn i ghts , D a n es , a n d Lithu a n i a n s, c om p e l lin g

th e m to s u e for p e a ce In 1 24 7 , by th e o r der o f the kha n ,

.

h e vi s ite d th e G o l d en Ho r d e a t K a r a c or u m bu t o n h i s
b r o th e r b e i n g a ppoi nt e d to the dign ity o f Gr a n d P ri n c e , h e
r e tu r n e d to N o v o go r o d , w h ere h e r e c e i v e d a t his c o u r t the

e m b as s y o f c a r di na l s , w ho i n th e R u s s i a n c h r o n i c l es a r e
c a ll e d Ga l d a n d G e m o n t, a n d w er e s e n t by I nn o ce n t I V .

w ith a l e tt er da te d J a n u a ry 2 3, 1 2 4 8, e xh or tin g A l e xa n der

to u n i te the Chu r c h o f R u s s ia to the Ro m a n C a th o li c i s m o f
the W es t . If h e c o n s en t e d to thi s p r o p osa l, the m essa ge w en t
.

o n to s t a t e, a n d w o u ld a c kn o w l e dg e the s u pr e m a c
y o f the
:

S ee o f Ro m e, h e w o u ld be p er m itte d to u n it e his fo rc e s w ith

tho s e o f th e o t her n a tion s o f Eu r o pe, i n the gen era l a n d h o ly
c r u sa d e a ga i n s t the T a r t a r s. A t thi s ti m e the p a tr i a r c hs o f
C o ns ta n ti no ple w ere in e xil e a t N i c e, a n d the o ffic e o f m e tr o
p o lita n o f Ru ss i a ha d n o t b ee n fill e d s i n c e the d est ru c ti o n
o f K io f bu t, n e v er th e less , A l ex a n d e r r e fuse d to c o m pl y
w ith the d em a n ds o f the p o p e, a n d the e n v o ys w h o ha d pr e
v i o u s ly v i s ite d th e p r in c es o f Ha li c h a n d Lo do m er i a , o n th e

s a m e e rra n d , de p a r te d fr o m N o v o o r o d for Lith u a n i a , w h e r e

g
the G ra n d D u ke o f M in d o v e w a s i n du c e d, by th e i r r e pr es en
ta tio ns , to di sc a r d his id o ls a n d e m bra c e the Ch r is ti a n Fa i th .

He c o n s e n t e d to this i n the ho pe o f o bta i nin g th e Chr i s tia n s ’

a s si s t a n c e but fin di ng u lti m a tel y tha t a u ni ty o f c r e e d w a s

n o t su fi i c ien t to p ro te c t h i m a ga i n s t th e h o s tility a n d in c u r
s i o n s o f th e T eu to n i c kn ight s , he fi na ll
y a b a n d o n e d hi s n e w
r e ligi o n , a n d b e c a m e a m o s t bitt e r e n e m
y to Ch r i s tia n ity .

Sh o r tly a fter th e se a m b a ss a do r s h a d l e ft h i s c o u r t, Al ex
a n d er i n v a d e d F i nl a n d , a n d , h a v i n g d e fe a t e d the S w e d e s i n

s e v era l e n ga ge m en ts , l a id the c o u n tr
y u n d e r t r ibu t e. The
w a r c ry i n this a n d e v er y o th er b a ttl e fo u ght by th e w a r r i or s
-

o f N o v o go ro d, K i o f, o r Po l o tzk, w a s
“
S t S o ph ia , th e c a th e
.

d ra ls in th o se c ities b ein g a ll d e di c a t e d to tha t sa i n t w h il e

the tr oo p s o f Vl a dim i r, R o s toff, Sm o l en s ko , a n d Mo s c o w ,
fo ught m the n a m e o f the Vi 1 gin, o r “ fo r the H o u s e o f the
”
M o s t Ho ly T r in ity . The a n c ient p r i n c es o f Ru ssi a , a fte r
their co n vers i on to the Gr e ek religi o n, t o o k for th eir ar m s
 a m e n o r ALE X AND ER N E VS K O I IN R U SSI A, ETC . 2 53

three c ir c les i n a t r ia n gl e i n o n e o f w hi c h w a s a n i n s c ripti o n

,

u p o n the T r i n it
y i n the s e c o n d the n a m e o f the r e ign i n g
,

p r in c e a n d i n the thir d thei r titl es a n d a ppell a ti on s *

, .

Th e a c kn o w l e dgm e nt by D a n ie l o f Ha lic h o f the p o pe s ’

s u p r em a c
y w a s o n ly a t e m p o r a r y exp e di e n t ; fo r fin din g
, ,

tha t Inn o c e n t w a s t o ta ll y u n a bl e to a s s i s t him a ga in s t th e

M o ngu ls w hile u n d e r pr e t e n c e o f e xp e llin g th ese i n v a d e r s
, , ,

hi s d o m in i o n s w er e c o n ti nua lly w a s te d a n d o v err u n by the

Po l es Hu n ga r i a n s a n d Bo h e m i a n s w h o s e de pred a ti o n s w e r e
, , ,

littl e be t te r th a n tho s e o f the T a r ta r s h e deter m in e d to be ,

c o m e r e c o n c il e d to the Chu r c h o f C o n s t a n ti n o pl e a n d the

o th e r pr i n c e s o f Ru s s ia ; a n d s e ndi n g C r il a n a ti v e p r i es t
y , ,

to the e xil e d pa t ri a r c h a t N i c e r e qu es t e d hi m to n o m in a te ,

h is en v o y th e m e tr o p o lita n o f the e m pi r e a t K io f Th e .

p a tr i a r c h gl a d ly r e c e i v e d his r en e w e d a ll e gia n c e a n d a c c e d ,

i n g to h is w i s h Cyr il re tu r n e d to Ru s s ia a n d tr a v e ll e d a ll
, ,

o v e r th e e m pir e r ebu ildi n g the r u in e d c hur c he s a n d a pp o i n t

, ,

i n g bi s h o p s to the m a n y s ees w hic h h a d fo r s o l o n g be e n

'

v a c ant t O n e o f h is n o mi n e e s Theo gn o s tes w h o m he cr ea t e d , ,

bis ho p o f S e r a i w a s a fter wa r ds sen t u p o n a s ec r e t e m ba s sy to

,

Ro m e by Ma n go u Ti m ur th e s u c c es s or o f B er e ka
, , .

In 1 2 5 2 o n the r et ur n o f A l e xa n d er fro m h is s e c o n d v i s it
,

to K a r a c o r u m h e w a s m e t a t a s h o r t di s ta n c e fr o m hi s n e w
, ,

te rr ito r y o f Vl a di m i r by a pr o c es s i o n o f p r i es ts a n d c i tiz en s
, ,

w i th C yr il a t th e ir he a d to c o n gra t u l a t e the pr i n c e u p on h i s
,

r e c en t e l e v a ti o n a n d r e m o v in g hi s thr o n e to th a t c a pit a l h e
, ,

a pp o i nt e d hi s so n V a s s ili the go v er n o r o f N o v o or o d Bu t
, g .

u po n a ll Ru s s i a be in g t a xe d by B e re ka th e M o n u ls o f Chin a
g , ,

th a t s a m e yea r h a v i n g l a id a s i m ila r i m po s t u po n the C e les

,

ti al e m pir e the p eo pl e o f N o v o go r o d r os e u p i n a r m s a ga i n s t
,

the i r m er c il es s o ppr esso r s a n d h a v in g d ri v e n o u t a ll the ta x

,

ga therers a n d ga r ris o n so ld iers o f the kha n Al e xa n der ,

m a r c h e d a ga i n s t th e m in p ers o n w ith a n a r m y fr o m Vl a di m i r ,

a nd
pu t do w n the r e v o l t Hi s s on fle d to S w e den a n d the
.
,

Gr a n d Pr in c e fe a r in g l es t he s ho u ld c om p r o m i se his o w n
,

y y by m er c y to the in s ur gen ts c a u se d a ll
c h a ra c t e r fo r l o a l t , ,

the r e b elli o u s c itiz e n s to be p un i s he d w ith the g rea te s t

s e v er ity the p r i nc ip a l a m o n g th e m h a v i n g th e i r e yes pu t o u t
,

a n d the i r n o s es c u t o ff a n d by hi s c ru e lty a n d s u b s e rv i e n c e

r e i n s ta t e d hi s fa m il
y i n the fa v o u r o f the kh a n w ho i f , ,

8'
II D S ey mo ur
‘
s R us s ia o n the B l a c k S en he
t

C
,
. . .

I M o uruv ie l l s h urc h 0 1 R us sia

'
.
2 54 THE AR C HER AND TH E S TE PP E .

A l e xa n der ha d ppea r e d for a m o m e n t to w a v er i n h is

a

a ll e gia n ce w a s pr e pa re d to i n v a de Ru s si a w ith hi s h o r d e s
, ,

a n d a ga in ren d er it a fo r l o r n a n d b a r r en w a s te At the s a m e .

ti m e Ma n go u i ssu e d a de cre e tha t e v ery R uss ia n w ho c o u ld

,

n ot
pa y th e h ea v y ta x es h e h a d en fo rc e d s h o uld be so ld ,

fo r a s la v e A s thi s r egu l a ti o n w a s r igo r o u s ly c a rr i e d o u t it

.
,

c a u s e d the gr e a t es t m i s e ry th r o u gho u t the e m pi r e ; a n d i n ,

12 60 a n o th e r r e be llio n a ga i n s t th e Ta r ta r a u th o r ity br oke

o u t i n w hi c h th e Ru s s i a n s m as sa cr e d a l m os t e v er y Mo n g ul
,

c o ll ec t or o f t r ib u t e The i n s u r rec tio n w a s a ga in qu e ll e d by

.

the G ra n d Pr in c e 3 bu t it h a d s o m u c h ir r ita te d the Mo n gu l

e m p er o r th a t i n o r der to c l e a r hi m s elf fr o m a n y su s pi c i o n o f
, ,

h a v i n g c on n i v e d a t 0 1 en co u r a ged th es e r e p ea te d 1 e v o l ts o f
h is dis a ffec t e d s u bj ec ts A l exa n d er a ga i n v is i te d the Go l de n
,

Ho r d e a n d to o k a fr es h o a th o f a ll e gi a n c e to Ku bl a i w ho
,
.
,

h a d l a te ly s u c c ee d e d his br o ther th e e m p e ro r M a n go u u p o n
, ,

the th r o n e Bu t a s he w a s r e tu r n i ng h e w a s s ei z ed w ith a n
'

.
, ,

ill n ess like hi s fa ther s u ppo se d to be the r es u lt o f p o i s o n

, , ,

a n d a c c o r di n g to a fr e qu e n t pr a c ti c e o f the tim e i n Ru ss ia
, ,

w hil e o n hi s dea thb e d c a u s e d his h ea d to be s h a v e d a n d ,

r e c e iv e d the h a bit a n d t o o k th e v o w s o f a m o n k H e ha d .

m a r ri e d a d a ughter o f W ra tis l a u the p r in c e o f P o l o tzk by , ,

w h o m h e h a d fo ur s o ns — Va s s ili o r B a zil w ho di e d b e fo r e ,

h im D e m e tr iu s An dr e a a n d D a n il o a n d h is de a th t o o k
, , ,

pla c e o n the l oth o f N o v em ber 1 2 63 his r e m a i n s b e in g i n , ,

t er r e d i n th e m o n a s t e ry o f the N a tiv ity o f the Vir gi n a t

Vl a dim ir w h er e a fter his c a n o n iz a tio n s e v er a l yea r s la ter

, , , ,

m a n y pilgri m s a n n u a lly r e s o r te d to w o rs hip a t hi s t o m b .

N ea r l y fo u r h un d r e d a n d fifty yea r s a fter h is d ec ea s e Pe ter ,

the Grea t , i n o r de r to r ec o n c il e the R u ss ia n s to his n e w ly

fo un d e d c a pita l o f S t Peter s bu r gh c a use d the bo n es o f
.
,

A l exa n de r to be t ra n s ferr e d fr o m the s h o r e s o f the K li a zm a

to th o se o f the N e v a a n d en c l o s e d i n a m a g n i fic e n t s e pu lc hr e
, ,

i n the m o n a s t e ry o f S t A l exa n der N e v s ko i w h er e th e y s till

.
,

r e m a in a n d a l so c rea t e d a n o rd e r o f knighth o o d i n h is ho n
,

our . A l e xa n d e r w a s s u c c ee de d by hi s br o th er Y a r os l a f II I , .
,

th e Pr i n c e o f Tv er .

O w in g to the m is c hie f w hi c h w a s ca us e d to the t ra d e a n d

p ros perity o f N o v o gor o d by the la w c o n dem ni n g a ll her
,

c itiz en s w ho c ou ld n o t pa y th e i r t a xes in t o s l a v e r y o r d ea th ,

a d e p ut a tion w a s s en t to Ma n go u Ti m u r w ho m 12 6 6 s u c , , ,

c eeded B er e ka in K ipza k by the Ger m a n m er c ha n ts o f

,
25 6 THE AR CHER AND THE s'r nr r n

in Whi ch the emp ero r hims elf w a s l oc a ted w ith but fe w ,

gua rd s a n d a tt enda n t s, he o bta in e d a s the p r i c e o f a p ea ce

the de liv er a n c e fr o m c a pti v ity of hi s a lly the Tu r ki s h p ri n ce , ,

Azza din th en a pris o n er in the t erri t or i es o f C o n s t a n tin o pl e,

,
.

a l a r ge a m o un t o f t re a s ur e , a n d a n im p er i al p r i n c ess fo r a
wi fe ; a n d fr o m h en ce for th h e be ca m e a va l ua ble fr i e n d a n d
d efen de r o f th e Byz a n tin e S ta t es * The s im ul t a n eo u s a tta c k .

by th e S ulta n o f Egypt u p on th e Ki n g o f Arm e ni a 3 v a s s a l ,

.

of the M o n gu l s o f Pers ia a n d u p o n A n ti oc h the m o s t p o w er

, ,

fu l pr i n c ip a lity o f the c r us a d er s i n th e Ea st un ite d i n a c o m ~ ,

m o n w a r w ith th e M a h o m e t a n s Ab a ga , the T a rta r kh a n o f ,

Pe rs i a a n d the Chr is tia n s o f Eur o pe w hil e the s o v er e i gn s of

,

K i pza k a llie d th em s elv es wi th the M a m elukes, a ga i n s t th ei r

o w n bre thr e n a n d c o u n tr ym en a nd s e n t a b o dy o f th r e e , .

hun dr e d tho us a n d h or se thr o u gh th e ga t es of D er be n d to the ir

as s i s t a n c e C o n c lu din g a tr ea ty w ith the Egypti an prin c e
.
,

th ey b o un d the msel v e s to i n v a de the do m ini o ns o f A ba ga

e v ery ti m e th a t he s h o u ld t r e s p a s s u p on the t erri t o ri e s o f
Egypt; Bu t th e un fo rtun a t e e xp e di ti o n of L ou i s o f Fra n c e ,

i n 1 2 7 0 a n d hi s d ea th w ith the flo w er o f hi s a r my fr o m the

, , ,

pl a gu e w hic h b roke o ut i n hi s c a m p up on the sa n dy s h or e s ,

o f T un is , ha d d e pr ive d the c r usa de r s w h os e e n th us ia s m h a d ,

lon g been di s so l v in g of th eir m o s t a r d ent a n d po w e r ful

,

l ea der a n d the return of E d w a r d, the eldes t s on o f th e Ki n g

o f En gl a n d to hi s n a ti v e l a n d, w h ose thr on e h e s h o r tly a fter
,

a s c e n d e d , br o ke u p th e co a liti o n o f the M o n guls a n d pri n c es

o f Eu r o p e w hi c h h a d n e v er e xi s te d but i n th e o r y ; th o u gh
,

A ba ga m a de on e m or e a tt e m pt to i n du ce the l a tter to en t er
i nt o a c o n fed er a ti o n, to r o o t o ut the follo w er s o f M a ho m et
.

fr o m the fa c e o f the ear th W ith thi s d esign he i n c o n c er t .

, ,

w ith his fa ther i n l a w , the Gr e e k e m p ero r Mi c h a e l Pa l eo lo

- -

gus s en t Ta r t ar a m b as s a d ors to Cl e m en t X Va l e n ti a I a go
, .
, ,

Kin g o f Ar ra go n Thiba u t Ki n g o f N a v a rr e, the Kin g o f

, ,
“

C a s tile Phili p III , Kin g o f Fr a n c e a n d Ed wa r d I o f En g

,
.
, . .

l a n d ; bu t tho ugh a ll a dvis e d hi m by ev ery m ea n s to d es tr o y the

p o w er r eligio n a n d ev en the n a m e of the Sa ra c ens a ss u ri ng
, , ,

h im th a t it w ou ld be a w ork w ell pl ea s in g to Hea v en a n d ,

o bt a i n fo r h i m e t ern a l s a lv a tio n fi et e a c h r efu s e d to j o i n in

y
the e xp edi ti on o r r i sk a n y m o r e s hips o r m en i n th e c a u s e
,

o f the Ho ly La n d So t er m i na te d the l a s t of the c r usa des,

.

“
G lbbo n's D ecl lno an d Fall of th e Ro man Emplro
Tarta ry
.
' “ ”
th a c a .
 I
RE G N o r ALE X AND ER N EVSK O I IN R U SS I A, ETC . 2 57

a na tio n al fev er th a t h a d pr e v a ibd in E uro pe fo r m o r e tha n

tw o bu n d i e d yea r s
In 1 282 as A ba ga w a s pr ep a r i n g to c om m en c e a n o th e r
,

w a r w ith the S a ra c en s he p er i s h e d b p o i s o n a dm i n i s ter e d

, y ,

to hi m a t a b a n qu e t by a Ma h o m e t a n a n d w as s u c c ee de d by ,

his br o th e r Ta go u da r , w h o ha d bec o m e a Chr is tia n a fe w

yea r s b e fo r e a n d r e ce iv e d the n a m e o f N i c h o l a s
, O n h is .

fir s t a c c es s ion h e b uilt m a n y c h u r c h e s thr o u gho u t A s syr i a

a n d Me s o p o t a m i a a n d e x em pt e d a ll bi s h o ps
,
pr ies t s a n d , ,

m o n a s t er i e s fr o m ta x a tio n o r t r i bu t e bu t su bs e qu en tly a d o pt ~
i n g the fai th o f I s l a m he t o o k the n a m e o f Ahm ed a n d c o m
, ,

m e n c e d a v i o l e n t p ers ec u ti o n o f th e Chr i s ti a n s p un i s hi n g a l l ,

w h o r e fus e d to r e n o u n c e th eir b elie f w ith e xil e t o r tu r e s o r , ,

d ea th a n d d es tr o yi n g a ll the i r s a c r e d e di fic e s thr ea te n e d to
, , ,

e xti r pa t e th e ir v er y n a m e A ba n d o n i n g th e a llia n ce w ith

.

C o n s t a n ti n o ple he e n de a v our e d to fo r m o n e w ith the Su lt a n

,

o f Egypt bu t the l a tt er m i s tr u s ti n g his s i n c er ity, r e p e ll e d his

,

a d v a n c es 5 th e Ki n gs o f G e o r i a a n d A r m e n i a th r e w o ff th e i r
g
a ll egi a n c e to P e r s i a the Gr a n d Kha n m en a ce d him w ith his
di s ple a s u r e fo r a c c e din g to the r e ligio n o f th ei r m o s t bitter
e n e m i es a n d A r g o un hi s n ep h e w th e so n o f A b a ga r eb el
, , ,

li n g a ga in s t hi s a u th o r i ty defe a t e d him i n a fierc e ba ttle i n

, ,

w hi c h A h m e d w as t a ke n pr is o n e r a n d c a u s i n g hi m t o be , ,

b e h e a de d i n fr o n t o f his a r m y in 12 84 a s cen d e d the v a c a n t

,

th ro n e Th e fo rc es o f A r go u n ha d b een pr in c ipa lly c om p os e d

.

o f Ch r is tia n s w ho w er e th en v e r y num e r o u s i n the a r m i e s o f

,

th e Mo ngu ls a n d it i s r el a t e d th a t h e d ec or a t e d his s ta n d a r ds
a n d a r m s w ith the s ign o f th e c r o ss , a n d c a u s e d a co i n to be

s t r u c k i n r e m e m b r a n c e o f his v i c t or y u p o n o n e s id e o f w hi c h ,

w a s r epr es e n t e d the H o l y S e pu l c h r e a n d u p o n the o th e r th is ,

i n s c r ipt io n “ i n the n a m e o f the H o ly T ri n ity

,
O n h is a c .

c ess i o n h e i ssu e d a m a n ife s t o s t a ti ng th a t th e p ri n c es o f the

,

b lo o d ha d e xp e lle d A h m e d fo r a ba n don i n g the a n c i en t l a w s

o f the M o n u ls a n d a do pti ng the fa ith o f th e Ara b s a fa ith
g , ,

u n kn o w n to th e i r fo r e fa th e r s a n d h a v i n g d e m a n d e d j u s ti ce
,

fro m the Gr a n d Kh a n upo n the gu ilty m o n a rc h K u bl a i ha d ,

p er m itte d hi s d ep o s iti o n a n d a ll ow e d the pr in c es to pl a c e

,

hi m (A r go un ) o n th e th r o n e to go v ern the c ou n tri es b etw een

,

D ij i h o u n a n d the l a n d o f the F1 a n ks S h o r tly a fter thi s ev en t .

,

h a v in g e xte n d e d th e po w er o f the Per sia n M o n gu ls o v er

A r m en i a a n d o v er K in g D a v id o f Geo 1 gia w ho m a n ie d a
, ,
’
s i s t er o f Ar go u n s a n d b o th o f w h o m ha d r e n d e re d th e m s el v e s
,
2 58 THE AR C H ER AND THE STE PPE .

i nde pen dent of his p re dec essor the yo u n g pr in c e a tte m pt e d ,

to r en ew diplo m a ti c n ego ti a ti o ns w ith the p o p e a n d o th e r

s o v er e ign s o f E uro p e * N o t di sc o ur a ge d by the v a gu e a n d
.

u n c er t a i n r e plie s he r ece i v e d to h is p r o p o s a l s o f a lli a n c e w ith

the Chri s ti a n s i n 12 88 he s en t a fr es h e n v o y i n the p er s o n

,

o f Ba rsu m a a n I go u r Ta rt a r m o n k to N i c h o l a s I V
,
w ho ,
.
,

in for m e d the Ro m a n p o n ti ff tha t To u h ta n th e w ife o f A r ,

g o u n w a s a Chr is tia n a n d tha t the l a tt er o n ly w a ite d to

, ,

b ec o m e o n e till i n c o nj u n c tio n w ith th e a rm ies o f th e Fr a n ks

, , ,

h e s h o u ld en t er the c ity o f J er u s a le m in tr i u m ph The l e tter .

o f A r go u n w a s w r itt en i n the M o n g u l l a n g ua ge a n d I g o

c h a r a c ter s a n d s ea l e d w ith a s i m il ar i n s cr iptio n to tha t o n the

,

i m per i a l s ea l o f Chi na It w a s sen t by th e p o p e to the F r en c h

.

ki n g Philip the F a i r a n d h a s s i n c e be en fo u n d w he re i t
, , ,

s till r e m a i n s i n the his to r ic a l a r c hi v e s o f Fr a n c e l B ut the ’‘

.
,

kh a n w a s u na bl e to i n d u c e a n y o f the Eu ro p ea n pr in c es w h o ,

w e r e a t th a t ti m e e n ga ge d in w a r w ith e a c h o th er to j o i n i n ,

a n o ther c r u s a d e a n d b ei n g o f a n un de c is iv e a n d i r r e s o l ut e

d is p os iti o n a n d s ta n di n g m uc h i n a w e o f th e n u m er o u s
,

Mus su l m a n s w ho thr o n ge d hi s c o ur t a n d do m i n i o n s he n e v e r ,

m a de a n o pen pr o fes s i o n o f Chr i s ti a n ity th o u gh like hi s , ,

fa ther h e pr a c tise d a n d j o in e d i n m a n y of i ts for m s a n d c er e

,

m o n i es ; a n d hi s tw o pr i n c ipa l w iv e s To u h ta n a n d E ru h ,

kh a t o un e w ith o n e of hi s s o n s K h a r ben d éo r N i c h o la s a n d
, , ,

m a n y o f th e T a r ta r p r i n c e s s es a n d n o bl e s a t his c a pita l ,

Ta u ris w ere ba ptize d by the K er a ite T a r ta r a n d Fr a n c is c a n

,

m o n ka i
Up on the d ea th o f To uh ta n a n d E r uhkh a tou n e , Ar go u n
s en t a n e m b a s s y to P ekin , to d em a n d i n m a r r i a e o n e o f the
g

Huc s
' “
C
h ris ti a nity i n hi na . a rta ry, dtc . C T "

f Thi s c ur io us l etter h a s been tr a n s la te d by M Sc h m idt, a lea rn ed O r ienta l sc h ol ar, o f

P
.

S t. eters bur gh , w h o h a s a l so preserv ed th e orig in a l M o n g u l m a nn er i n w h i c h i t w as

k
i nsc r ibe d , th e w ord s of G o d a n d K h a a n, w h e ne v er th ey occ ur. be in g pla c e d i n a l in e
a bov e —
“
Letter o f A rg o un to the Pop e. "rh ou h a s s e n t to m e. h en th e troo ps o f W
k
th e K h a a n s h a ll m arc h a g a i ns t E y pt, w e w i ll se t out fro m h ere to o in h i m a v i ng j H
g
.

r e c e iv e d this m es s a g e o n th y p a rt, tell th ee th a t w e pu rpos e, tr us ti ng i n GOD , to s et o f!

i n th e l a s t m o nth o f th e w i nte r o f th e y ea r o f th e Pa nth e r a n d to e n c a m p before
D a ma sc us to wa rd s the 1sth o f the rs t m o nth o f s pring fi f y o u e e p y o ur w or d , a nd . k
s e nd yo ur troo ps a t th e a po inte d m o m en t, a nd it G o n s ho uld pro s p er us , w h e n w e h a v e
k
ta en J
e rus a l em fro m t a t na tio n w e w i ll g i v e it to yo u B ut to fa il us a t th e .

rend ez v o us , w oul d be c a us m g the tr o ops to m a rc h i n v a i n O ug h t i t to be s o ? a nd if

I
.

s h a ll s end M ous kerla, w h o w i ll

a fterw ard s w e k
no w no t w h a t to d o , o f w h a t u s e i s i t ?
tell yo u, th a t i f y ou s en d us a m ba s sa dors w ho c a n Spe a
.

sev era l l a ng ua g e s . a n d who k

brin g us prese nts . r a r ities , c ol o ure d p ic ture s o f th e c o untr o t th e r a n s , w e s h a ll F k
k
th a n y ou, by th e pow e r o f G OD , a n d th e for tun e o f th e K ha 1 111 O ur l etter i s w ri tten
fi
.
’
a t C ou ndo uien, o n th e s i xth d a y of th e rs t m on th o f s u mmer, i n th e y e a r o f th e Ox .

The Mong uls d iv i d e d th ei r time i n to c yc le s o f tw elv e y e a rs , to e a c h o f w h ic h th e y g av e th e

f ollo w i n g na m e s —The Mous e the 0 x the Leo a r d , the -Ha r e, the Cr ocodile, the S erp ent.
. .

th e Hor s e, the Sheep, the M onkey, the Hen , the c g, a nd the Hog
C C T
.

"
h i i i t i h i y, th e
‘

I li n e s r s t a n y n n a , a r ta r
2 60 THE AR C H ER AND TH E S T E PP E .

th e ili n g fr o m Su m a tr a it pr o c e e de d to th e An da m a n s
fle et sa ,

fro m w hen c e the tr a v ell er s st ee r e d to the r i c h a n d fra gr a n t

i s le o f C eyl o n a nd a l so v is ite d the n e ighb o u r in g sh o r es o f
,

In di a w h ere th ey h ea r d o f th e di a m o n d m i n es o f G o l c on d a ;
,

for th e ti m id Chi n es e a n d Mo n gu l sa il o r s a ppea r to h a v e

s e ld o m v e n tu r e d o u t o f s ight o f l a n d a n d to h a v e e n te r e d ,

e v e ry p o r t th a t th e y p a ss e d a n d th eir co m m a n d er h a s l eft u s
,
*
a m i nu te a n d a cc u r a t e a c c o un t o f the n a ti v e s a n d pr o d u c

ti o n s o f th e s e i s l a n ds a n d c ou n t r i es w h er e th ey l a n d e d o r a t ,

w hi c h th ey to u c h e d o n th e i r r o u t e F r o m the c o a s t o f C o ro .

m a n de l th ey di v er ge d to w a r ds th e so u th a n d v i s iti n g M a d a ,

ga s ea r a n d the A fr i c a n s h o r es o f Za nziba r a n d A del fin a lly ,

re a c h e d O rm u z in th e Pe rs i a n G u lf th e pl a c e o f th ei r d e s ti n a ,
r

ti o n a fter n a v iga ti n g the In di a n s eas fo r e ight een m on th s

, .

Fr o m th e d a y t ha t th ey ha d d epa r te d fr o m the Chi n e s e

c a pit a l the
y ha d l o s t by d ea th si x h u n dr e d o f the c r e w s a n d
,

p a ss e n gers tw o o f th e Per s i a n a m ba s sa d o rs a n d o n e l a dy o f
, ,

th e s u i te o f th e p r in c ess Bu t o n l a n di n g th e fir s t i ntelli
.
,

g e n ce tha t th ey hea r d w a s th a t A r go u n him s e lf ha d l o n g ,

si n c e b ee n d e a d h a v i n g expir e d b e fore th e fl e e t s e t s a il fr o m
,

P e ki n a n d th a t the r ein s o f gov er nm en t w e r e h eld by hi s

,

bro the r K ia ha to w h o ,like Ah m e d the pr e de c e ss o r o f Ar go u n

, , ,

w a s a pr o fes s e d Mus s ul m a n w hil e K a z a n th e s o n o f th e l a te ,

m o na r c h w a s e n ga ge d w ith a n a r m y o f
, m e n a t th e
p a s s o f D er b en d o r the C a s pia n G a tes in r e p ellin g a n i n r o a d ,

o f the for c es o f his r e la tiv e To kta i the kh a n o f K i za k +

p, , .

To thi s p r i n c e W h om s he e s p o u s e d o n her a r r i v a l a t hi s c a m p ,

th e Chi n e se p r i n c e s s w as c o n v e y e d by th e s u r v i v in g a m b a s
s a d o r a n d h er c o n d u c t or s fi th e thr ee V e n e ti a n s w h o ha d -
,

i n t en d e d to pr oc ee d to Chi n a by this r o u t e bu t a s they h ea r d

the r e o f the d ea th o f th e ir p a tr o n K u bla i they r es o l v e d in , ,

‘
He d e sc ribesth e p ers on s o f th e i nh a bita n ts of An d a m a n a n d th ei r c us to ms , a s th e
s a me w hi c h th e a c c o u n ts o f m o de r n tr a v ell er s v erify ; th e fi s h er ies o f ey lo n , th e m i ne s C
o l G o lc o n d a , th e c a m elop ard, a n d o th er a n i ma ls o n the c oa s t o f A fric a : tho u g h a t
‘

M a d a g a sc a r h e d ra w s a little o n h is ow n i m a g ina tio n' ‘ a nd th e fa bulo us s to ries o f th e

E a s t in tro d uc i n th e p o nde rous r o e, c ele bra te d i n th e “ l ule s i n th e A ra bia n N i g hts ‘
. .

Trn w ls o f a rco Polo "

k C
.

M a rc o Po lo c a r rie d ba c w ith h h n grea t w e a l th from hina a nd in th e c h a ter o f

k P
.

“
w o r , d eno m ina te d D e ll a Prov i nc ia dl R us s la , " h e s a y s , La ro v in c ia d R us s i a e
g ra nd i s sim a , e t di v is a l n m o lte p a r i i e t g ua r da v erse i s. par te d i Tra m on ta n a , d o v e' s i
q
d ice c s sere l a r eg io ne d e lle tene bre Ll po pol i d l ue i la so no hr is tia ni e t o s ser v a no l n C
S on o belis s im i h uo mlnl, bi nnc hl e t g ra n d i, et s im
.

'
s a nza d e G rec i ne l l o fli c lo d ell a c h ies a
'
.

ilmente lo l o r o re m ine bla nc h e et g ra nd] . c o n li c a pe lli bio nd i e t Iung hi e t re nd o no tribute

a l Re di Ta rtar l d e ttl d i P
o ne nte , co n il q
ua l c onfl n a n o ne lla p m te dl l o ro re g io ne c h e
‘

g ua rd s i l Lev a nte q
In ues ta prov inc la s l trov a no a bond a nza g ra nd e d i p el l l d i A rmelin l
V
.

A s c oli nl, Tehe li ini , Vfl l l, o l pi, e t c er a m ol ta ; v i s o n o nn c h o ra m ol te m i nere d ov e s

‘

c a v a a rgen to i n g ra n qu an tita L a R us s ia e re g ion m ol to fre dd a c t ml in a fl er ma to c h o

‘

q
.

l a 5 1 estend e d no sup ra il M a re O cea no, n el ua l (c om e a bhia mo d etto di sop ra ) s i pren

d o no (l l G irifa lc hi I' a lc onl pelies rln i i n g ra n c o pi a c h e v e ng o no portati d a d i v erse reg ioni
c t p rov inc ie — M a rco
"
. ol o s
'
P "
V
oya g e s, c ollec ted by R a mus is .
 RE GN o r A EXAN D ER N EVSK OI
I L m R USSI A, a r c . 2 61

s ea d
t to i s it th eir n a ti v e c ity w hi ch th ey r e a c he d in the
r ev ,

ye a r 1 2 9 5 , a fter a n a bs e n ce o f m o r e tha n twe nty y ea rs Th e .

sa m e ye a r K i a ha to , the r e ign in g kha n o f Per s ia a fter a d i s

,

gr a ce ful r e ign o f fiv e yea rs s ta in e d by ev ery vice a n d i nfa m y

, ,

w a s a ss a s sin a t e d by s o me o f the n o bl e s o f his p al a c e a n d s u c ,

c ee d e d by his b r o th er B ai do u , a hu m a n e a n d w e ll in t en ti o n e d -
,

th o ugh i m po litic a n d i m pr uden t p rin c e By fo rbi ddin g the , .

p re a c hin g o f the Ma ho m e t a n r eligio n to the Ta r ta r s a n d r e ,

b ui ldin g the c hu rc hes a nd m o n a s t er i es he ra i se d a g a in s t hi m

'

s e lf the e n m ity o f th e Mu s s u l m a ns w ho exp e ll e d hi m a fter a ,

r eign o f a fe w m on th s a n d e l ev a t e d h is n ephe w K a za n to the

,

thr o n e w ith the c o n diti on tha t h e w o uld a dhere to the i r fa i th

,

a c o n diti o n w ith w hic h he r ea dily c o m pli e d a n d r e no u n c i n g , ,

the Chr i s tia n ity th a t he ha d fo r m e r ly pr o fes sed a fier ce pe r ,

sec u ti o n o f the Chr i s tia n s i m m e dia te ly e n su e d Th e ir ho u s es .

a n d c h ur c h e s w er e gi v en u p to des tr uc tio n a n d pilla ge a n d ,

thei r en e mi es the M a h o m eta n s wi th w h om s i n c e the Ta r ta rs

, , ,

firs t o bt ai n e d p oss ess ion o f Pers i a o wi n g to the i n di ffer en c e ,

a n d r e ligio u s v a c illa ti o n o f the kh a ns th ey h a d v ie d i n ,

m o n o po lizi n g the c o nv e rs io n o f the Mo n guls a n d c hi e f o ffic e s

o f s ta t e n o w r ule d s u p r e me a n d th e Ch r i sti a n s w e r e i n su l te d
, ,

o r m a ssa c r ed , by o r d er o f th e i r r iv a l s w h er ev er th ey d a r e d ,

to a ppea r i n the pu blic pl a c e s The bo di es o f th ei r p r i es ts

.

a n d pa t ri a r c h s w e re t a ken o ut o f the cem e te ries a n d bu ry in g

gro un ds in w hi c h they ha d bee n in terre d, a nd thr o w n in to

t he s tr ee ts a n d, fr o m 12 9 6 to 1 2 98 dr eadful a t ro c itie s w e r e
,

c o m m itte d a ga in s t th e m th r o ugho u t a ll Pers i a es p ec ia lly i n ,

the c itie s o f A r b el a T a u r i s M o so ul, a nd B a gda d w h en th e

, , ,

p ersec u ti o n w a s su ddenly s t o pp e d by the sec o n d a p o s t a sy a n d

c o n v e r s i o n of the kha n This h a s ge ne ra lly b een a ttr i bu te d
.

to the in fl ue n c e o f o n e o f hi s w iv e s, the d a u ght e r o f th e ki ng

o f Arm en ia th e o n ly p ro v in c e i n th e Per s i a n d o m in i o n s w h e r e
,

the C hr is ti a ns w ere a ll ow e d to r em a i n i n p ea c e ; a n d w ho ,

b ein g dis tin guis h e d by grea t piety a n d e xtra o r din a ry bea u ty ,

is s a id to ha v e i n d u ce d h er h u s ba n d to a ga in pr o fess h er o w n
*
re ligi o ,n th ou gh t h e e cc l es i as ti ca l c h r o n i c l es o f th e ti m e

a ll e ge th a t her r epr e s en ta ti o n s w er e a s sis te d by a n e x tr a

o r di n a r y m i ra c l e , the t r a n s fo rm a tio n by b a ptis m o f o n e o f h is

s o n s fro m a hideo us i n fa n t to a m o s t b ea uti fu l c hil d t An

a lli a n c e w a s no w fo rm e d by K a z an w i th hi s fa th er i a la w the
— -

tTh e C h ronic les o f S a int D en is .

t i me C hr i s ti a ni ty i n C h ina Ta x
-
tary he
‘

s , , .
2 62 THE AR C HER AN D TH E ST E PPE .

ki n g o f A rm e ni a , a ga in st Ma lek—N a s s ir , the s u lt a n o f Egyp t,

a n d h a v i ng ch e ck ed, a n d fo r the pr esent s u bdu e d, th e fa s t

r i s in g po w e r o f the O tto m a n T u r ks, he m a rc h e d a ga in s t

D a m as c u s, w hic h hi s fo rces to ok a fter a sh or t s i ege by s t o r m

a n d sa c k, a n d, r a v a gin g a ll Syri a , a t ta cke d the u nite d a r m i e s

o f th e Ma m el ukes a n d Sa r a c en s i n the sa ndy pl a i ns o f J u d ea

w h er e , a c c o r di n g to a con tem por a r y hi s tori a n , S a ra

c e n s w er e l e ft dea d u p on th e fi e ld
. This vi c tory o f th e
Per s i a n kh a n pla ce d J eru sa l em itself at the m er c y o f th e
Ta r ta r s , w h o e nter ed it i n c onj u n c tion w ith the Chr is ti a n
kin g o f A r m en ia , a n d fo r the fir st ti m e for m a ny yea r s the
fe a s t o f E a s ter w as o p en ly c e le br a te d by the Chr i sti a n s i n the
H o l y City . The w a r c o n tin u ed for s om e y ea rs l o n ger be
t w een th e M on guls a n d Ma ho m e ta n s, a n d his s uc cess ca u se d
Ka z a n to re new the pr o pos al o f a u n iv ersal c rus a de w ith the
n o bl es a n d p rin c es o f Eu r o p e ; bu t b e fore the am ba ss a d o rs ,

w h o m h e h a d d es pa t c h e d to E dwa r d of E ngl a n d a n d Phili p

o f F ra n c e , h a d re tur n ed to his c o u r t w ith a n y r e ply, h is

a r m i es h a d b een o v er t a ken by d e fe a t a n d l oss 5 a n d a v i c t or y

ga i ne d by the Muss ul ma n s, w hi c h for c ed his tr oo ps to r etrea t

b eyo n d th e Euph ra t es, s o p reye d up on his min d a s to br in g
o n th e illn es s w hi c h c a u se d h i s d ea th i n 1 302 . Hi s s u c c es s o r
a ttem pt e d w ith s o m e s u c c es s to r e s t ra in the e nc r oa c hm en t s

o f the T ur ks in Bithy ni a , bu t the d es cen da n ts o f Z i ng is

K h a n be ca m e extin ct i n Pe r si a in 13 35 a n d the e m pi re w a s
di v ide d a m ong num erou s Ma ho m eta n c hie fs, w ho m a in ta in e d
the ir s w a y for on ly a few yea r s , a l l bein g u ltim a t ely c on
qu er e d a n d d ethr on e d by the v i c to r io us a r m ies of Ta m erla n e .

Th e M o n gu l e mp er or s a n d kh a n s s en t tw en ty a m ba ss a
d or s a lto ge th er , a t differ en t tim es , to Fr a n c e, En gl a n d, Ger
m a n y, I t a ly, a n d S p a i n , to a tt e m pt to rou s e the fl a ggin g z ea l
o f the ir p r i nc es i n the c a u s e o f the expi r i n g c r us a d e s, a n d

u r ge th e m to j o in th e i r fo r c es w ith th e a r m i e s o f the T ar ta r s,

i n e xp elli n g th e Mu ss ul m a n s fro m Pa l e s ti ne Bu t all w ere

.

w ith o u t e ffe c t, th o ugh th e c o m m u n i c a ti o n thus c ar r ied o n

b e tw een them w as n o t a lto gethe r bare o f fr uit for it o cca
si o n e d a m or e in ti m a t e a c qu a in t an ce o f the e as t w ith th e
w es t, a n d c a u s ed s ev e ra l a r ts a n d i n v en ti on s , th e n o n ly
,

kn ow n to the n a ti on s o f A s i a , to be i ntr o du ced by th e Mo n gu l

e n v o ys i nt o Eu r o pe . Am o n g th es e m a y be m en ti o n e d w o o d
e n ra v i ng a n d pl a yi ng c a r d s , w h i c h h a d or igin a lly b een in
g
 C HA P T E R V .

(toutiua atis n s f tlgz ne w (i f ilussia —

é
‘
‘
i ig s z n sf
aarosls f gle ,

ma rin a, s ub 3 a bn g j§lfi ~
iflgus nia— @ hz n ns zsz d s louizs
Eighth i lgan— G txzw fix
ms s f it hazl (Exam w
ining, s ub g lar ,

nutzt— { ttan 3 .

W h a t mi g hty
sh o c s k
k
Ha v e buffeted m a n i nd , w h o le na tio ns ra z e d
C i ties m a d e d es ol a te , th e po lis h d s un k
To ha ! ba r is m, a nd On c e ba r ba ric s ta tes
S wuy i ug th e w a nd of sc ie nc e a nd 0 f a r t — K 1RK E . WR ITE .

A FEW yea rsfter th e de a th o f Al ex a n der fres h diss en s i o ns

a ,

a r o s e b et w e en the p eo ple o f N o v o o r o d a n d th e i r p r i n c e 5
g
a n d r e fus i n g to a c kn o w l e dg e the s u p r e m a c
, y o f hi s b ro th er ,

Y a r o sl a f a m a n o f a h a r s h dis po s iti o n a n d v ery u n p o p u l a r

, ,

w ith his s u bj e c t s th e c iti ze n s o blige d hi m to fly fr o m th e i r

,

c i ty a n d h e l o n g r em a i n e d in e xil e
,
At l e ngth a r ec o nc ilia
.

ti o n w a s o bta in ed th r o u gh the p er sev er in g e ffo r ts o f the

m e t ro p o lita n Cyril w h o th r ea t en e d N ov og or o d w ith a n
,

i n ter di c t a n d h er p eo pl e w ith e x c o m m u n ic a tio n fr o m the

,

c hu r c h u n l e s s th e
, y r ec e iv e d ba c k th e ir s o v e re ign Cyr il w a s .

the l a s t pr i m a te o f Ru ss ia wh o w a s i n terr e d a m i d th e c l o is t er s
o f the o ld c a pit a l K i o f w hi c h h a d n o w fo r so m e tim e b een
,

a nn ex e d to th e ki n gd o m o f H a li c h .

Y a r o sl a f di e d s h o r tl y a fter his r es to ra tio n i n 1 2 7 l l ea v i n g ,

tw o s o n s Mi c h a e l pr in c e o f T v e r a n d Vl a di m i r w h o s u b
, , , ,

s e q uen tl
y c o m p et e d wi th th e gra n ds o n s o f D a n i e l for the
c r o w n o f Ha li c h a n d hi s
yo u n ges t br o ther V a s s ili o r Ba sil , ,

w a s a pp o i n te d to s u c c e e d him by the Kh a n The r eign o f .

thi s pr in c e la s te d but a fe w yea r s a n d w a s u nm a r ke d by a n y

,

i m po r ta n t ev en t but a t his dea th those sc en es en s u e d s o

, ,

o fte n r e p e a t e d h er e o f w hi c h the d et a ils o nl

, y w e a ry a n d dis
g us t w he n p ri n c es c a r in g fo r n o thin g els e th a n th ei r o w n
, ,

se lfi s h dign i ty a n d el ev a ti o n r e c kl es s ly br in g u p on th e i r
,

c o un t ry a n d p eopl e the s c ou rg e o f a c iv il w a r V a ssili w a s .

 C ON T IN UAT ION o r THE H I ST ORY o r R USSI A, ETC . 2 65

s u c c eeded i n 1 2 7 6 by his n eph ew D m it r i o r D em etr iu s the , ,

s o n o f A l e xa n d e r w ho w as thir te en yea r s o l d a t th e ti m e
,
’
o f hi s fa th e r s de a th ; a n d a sa v a ge fe u d i m m e dia te l
y c om
m e n c e d b e t w ee n the n e w s o v e r eign a n d hi s br o th er An dr ea ,

by w h o m h e w a s twi c e e xp ell e d fro m h is d o m in i o n s a n d w h o ,

c a ll e d to hi s a ss i s t a n c e a l ar g e a r m
y o f M o ng ul s U p o n thi s .
,

th e P o l es H u n ga r i a n s a n d th e for c e s o f the p r in c es o f Ha li c h
, , ,

a ll e n te re d R u s s i a to o pp os e th e ir i n r oa d a n d e n s u r e th e ,

s a fe ty a n d t ra n qu i ll it
y o f th ei r o w n s ta t e s w hi c h w o u ld ,

gr ea tly ha v e b ee n e n da n ger e d by a n o ther T a r t a r i n roa d u p o n

Mu s cov y a n d r e in s ta te d D e m e tr i u s in his pr in c ipa lity But
, .

i n 12 9 4 the u n fo r t un a t e c hie f w a s a ga i n d ep o s e d by h i s
b r oth er a n d di e d th e s a m e yea r i n Vo lo ka m psk a t the a g e
, ,

o f fo r t
y fo u r a n d An d re a r et a in e d u n dis pu t e d p o sses s i o n o f
-
,

th e th ro n e till 1 3 0 4 w h e n feel in g th e a pp r o a c h o f d e a th
, ,

h e a s s um e d th e ha b it a n d t o o k the v o w s o f a m o n k a n d ,

died a few da ys a fter i n the m o n a s ter y to w hi c h h e ha d

c a u se d hi m s e lf to be b o r n e a n d w h er e h e ha d p r ev i o u s ly e n
,

r o ll e d hi m s e lf as a p ri es t He w as s u cc e e d e d by hi s bro th er
.

D an i l o the pr i n c e o f Mos co w
,
A t thi s per i o d, ow in g to the
.

pr iv il eges gra n t e d to the m o nks by the T a rta r s a n d the pro ,

tec ti on w hi c h th e m o n as ter i es a ffo r de d fr o m the o ppres s i o n

a n d dis c o r d th a t r e ign e d th r o u gh o u t the e m pir e n u m b er s o f ,

th e w e a k tim i d , o r h e lpl e s s a m o n g the bo ya r d s c itiz e n s a n d

, , ,

w o m e n o f a ll a ges a n d de gr e es an n u a lly e n ter e d the c l o i s te r

, , ,

a n d a ss um e d th e v e il ; fo r the p r i es t s , a n d r el igi o u s c o m

m u n iti e s u s ua lly r ece i v e d p e c u lia r fa v o u r fr o m the Mo n guls

,

a n d i n 1 3 1 3 th e kh a n w h en o n a to u r thr o u gh R uss ia n o t
, ,

o nl
y t r ea t e d the m e tro p o lit an w ith the gr ea t es t r e s pe c t bu t ,

e v e n so li c it ed hi s p ra ye r s .

Mi n do v e the G ran d D uke o f Lithu a n i a w ho in th e

, , ,

e xp ec t a ti o n o f a s s is t a n ce fr o m the po p e a gai ns t the T a rt a r s ,

a n d i m m un it
y fr o m the i n curs i o n s o f the Li v o n i a n kni ghts ,

h a d em br a c e d Ch r i s ti a n ity a n d m a r rie d a da u ght er o f D a n ilo

, ,

the pr in c e o f H a li c h a n d fin di n g h is ho p es d i s a ppo int ed , ha d

,

r e s u m e d h is for m er ido la tr y w a s s u cc e e de d by his s o n

,

Vo es heleg w ho a fter a s h or t r eign r e ti r e d i n to a m o nas tery

, ,

a n d b equ ea th e d hi s d o m i ni o ns to hi s c o u s i n Y o ur n o r Geo r ge , ,

the p ri n c e o f Ha li c h Bu t Gh e d em i n a Lithu a ni a n c hi ef
.
,

t a in es ta blis h e d hi m s elf i n Vil na i n the ea rly pa r t o f the

,

thir te en th c en tur y a nd w r estin g K io f a n d the su r ro un di n g

, ,

p ro vin c es fro m the ha n ds o f An dr ew an d Lv o , the s o n s of .

S
2 66 THE AR C HER AND THE ST E PPE .

Y o ur u , t blish e d his s w a y a s fa r a s th e w es t ernd is tr ic t o f

es a .

th e Cr i m e a , w he r e he r a ze d Che rs o n to th e gr o u n d a n d d e ,

s tr o ye d i n tha t p e n in s u la the l a s t p o s se s s i o n s o f the Gr ee ks

w hil e in 1 3 4 0 the ki n g o f Pol a n d a l s o s ei ze d u p o n the w es ter n

,

p r o v in ces o f K a li c h a n d a nn e xin g it to his o w n s ta te s th e

, , ,

Gr eek Chu r c h w a s gra du a lly r epla c e d a m o n g the in h a bita n ts

by the Ro m a n C a th o li c th e n a ti o n a l fa i th o f Po l a n d
, Th e .

Lithu a n ia n s r em a in ed hea th en s fo r s om e yea r s l o n ger ; th e y

w or s h ipp e d fir e th e s u n , m o o n s t a r s a n d s er p en ts a n d th e1r
, , ,

l a s t sa c r e d gr o v e w a s n ot c u t d o w n i n Sa m o gitia till th e
yea r
.

W hi l e the kh a n of K ipza k fr o m hi s c a pit a l S er a i r u l e d

, ,

a l l Ru s s i a by h i s e m i ss a r i e s a n d c a u s e d h e r to be go v e r n e d
.
,

by hi s l a w s i n the n o r th er n pa r t o f th e em pir e o w i n g to th e
, ,

s ev e rity o f th e c li m a t e a n d thi c ke r p o pu l a ti o n the M o n gu l s ,

h a d se ttl e d d o w n in n o gr ea t n u m b er s o r s tr e n gth 5 bu t in
the s o u th w h er e th e s te pp es a n d g ra ssy pla in s r e s em bl e d
,

th eir n a tiv e deser ts i n C e n tra l Asia th ey o v er s pr ea d the ,

w h o l e fa c e o f th e c o un try a n d o v err un n in g th e C r i m ea d is
, , ,

pu ted o n the s h or es o f the Eu xin e w ith the a d v en tu ro u s

, ,

m er c ha n ts o f G en oa fo r the p o s s e ss i o n o f th e se a p o r t t ow n s
,
.

Th e s e t ra der s d u r in g the m iddl e a ges a n d till th e ir w a r s

, , ,

w ith th e p o w er fu l qu ee n o f the A dr i a tic h a v i n g m a te r ia lly

w ea ken ed the s tr en gth o f b o th r e p u blic s th ey w er e ec lips e d ,

by th e s u p er io r s c i en c e a n d en t er pr i s e o f th e sa il o r s o f Po r
tu ga l a n d Sp a in ha d l on g c on ten ded w ith Ven i c e for the
,

e m pi r e o f the s ea a n d the m o n o p o l y o f the co m m er c e o f th e

,

w o r ld a n d b e fo re th e i nv a s i o n o f E ur o p e by the M o n gu l s
, ,

p o ss es s e d the h a r b ou r o f So l da ya for w hi c h th ey pa id tribu te ,

to th e P o lo tzi Th e s u bu r b Ga l a te a o f C o n s ta n tin o pl e h a d
.

b een giv en u p to th em by th e Gr e eks a s a n em po r iu m fo r

their c omm er c e a n d fo rm e d a c o m m un i ca ti o n b e tw een th e
,

m other c o un tr y a n d thi s r em o t e p o r t wi th sev er a l o n th e ,

c o a s t o f Ci r cas s i a fro m w h en ce th e y t r a d e d w ith R us si a a n d

,

P er si a a n d ev e n to the di s ta n t In di es a n d r em o ter c o u n tr i es
,

o f the Ea s t Upo n th e i n v a si on o f th e T a r ta r s in 1 22 6
.
,

w hen th e y for ce d the P o l o tzi to r e t rea t i n t o M old a vi a the ,

G e no e s e w er e e xp ell e d fr o m the C r i m e a bu t i n 12 80 th e y , ,

a tt a c ke d a n d c a ptu r e d K a fia o r Th e o do si a w h er e th ey
'

pla n ted a c o lo n y a n d u lti m a t ely r ec o v er e d So l da ya th e

, ,

p en in su l a o f K er tc h b e in g h e ld a t the s a m e tim e by the

.

C ir ca ssia ns The pr o du c e of th e sa m e c orn fields o f Ta u r ida

.
-
,
2 68 THE AR C H ER AND THE ST E PPE .

d om , or gran d pr i n c ip a lity o f Mo s c o w o r Mu sco v y He.

b uil t the Kr emlin, a n d s u r r o u n de d the w ho l e c ity w ith

w oo den for ti fica ti o n s , a n d a l so e r e c te d the m on as tery o f S t .

D a nie l, ” w hi c h, i n 130 7 , h e en ter e d hi m self a s a m onk, a nd

d ie d sh ortly a fter , b e in g s u cce e de d by hi s son Ge o r ge, o r
Yo ur ii , w ho w as a t tha t ti m e tw en ty s i x yea rs o f a ge
-
.

Ma h mo u d U zbe k, w h o h a d s u c cee de d his fa th er To kta i

u po n th e vic ere gal thr o n e o f K i pzak, s h o r tly a fte r hi s a cce s
s io n a b an do ne d the Gh e b er fai th o f th e la te kh a n , a n d,

a d o ptin g th e M a h o m e ta n r eli gi o n , it b e ca m e fr o m h en c efo r th

the esta blish e d fa ith o f a ll th e T a r ta r a n d Mo n gu l tr ib es in

W es tern a n d S o u the r n As ia , as i t h a d a lr ea dy previo usl y,
u n d er Bereka a n d Me n gu Ti m ur , been th a t o f K ipzak H is
.

r ei n for m s a br il li a n t e p o c h i n the a nn al s o f h i s h o r de the

g
su ccess h e o bta in e d i n a w a r w it h the Gr eek e m pi re , o bliged
the em p eror to c o n c l u d e a h u m ilia tin g p e a ce, a n d ced e to
him hi s da ught er for a br id e ; a n d, o n th e ev en t o f th ese
victories, he assum ed the a dditi o n a l titl e o f C on quer o r o f
the e ne mi es o f Go d, the i n h a bita n t s o f C o n s ta n tin opl e the
G rea Per sev eri n g a n d in d e fa tiga bl e i n c o n d uc ti ng the
b usiness o f his em pir e, h e w a s a t the sa m e ti m e remarka bl e
fo r his s plen dou r a n d the m a gn ificen c e o f hi s cour t, a n d i s
'

ca ll e d by th e M a h o m eta n w r i te r s o f the ti me, on e o f th e

s eve n grea t s o ver ei gn s o f the e a r th . The M o ori s h tr a v eller ,
I bu Ba tutah, w h o vi s ite d h i s c a pita l Astr akh an , h as de
s c ri bed th a t c ity as b ei n g of gr e a t w eal th a n d e xt en t it wa s
cal l e d by the T a r t ars Haj Tar kh a m , fro m a d ev o ut pilgrim ,
o r Haj , by w h o m it w a s foun d e d, a n d the Kha n m a de it his

residen c e dur ing the s um m er , a n d till the Vo lga be ca m e

c o v ere d w ith ice , w h e n be r e pai r e d to S er a i i n sl edge s w ith

his fa mily a nd co ur t . Hi s fo ur w iv es, w ho , w ith hi s daugh

ter s, w ere per mi tte d to r e m a in un v eil e d, tra v elle d fro m
place to pla ce in s ta te w a ggo n s, sur m o un te d w ith dom e s o f
si lver, a nd dr a wn by h o rs e s a tti re d w ith go ld a nd sil k e qu ip
m ents ; a n d in b o th Ser a i a n d A s tra khan , ea c h kh a t oun
w a s a ccom mo da te d w ith a s e pa r a te pal a c e , an d sever al hun
dr eds of Greek, T ur ki s h, a n d N u bi a n sl a v es , a ba n d o f mu si
c ia ns a nd da n c er s , j uggle r s a n d m a gi c ia ns , be s ide s n um er ous

o ther a tten da nts l Fo r the sa ke o f p r oc uri n g c om p a ni ons

' '

o n his r e tur n , Ibu Ba tu ta h a c c o m pa n ie d the es c ort o f the

C hI istia n kh a t oun , o r Gr eek w ife o f the K h an, o n a v i si t

Mourav iefl s
‘
Church of R ussin .
f Trav els of “Ibu Batutah.
 c o xr m ua r rou or THE H I ST ORY or RU SSIA , ETC 2 09
'

w hic h sh e pa id to her fa th er , A n d ro n ic us th e Thi rd, at Con

s ta n ti n o
ple . Her r e tinu e w a s gua r de d to the Grec ia n
fr o n ti ers by a co rp s o f fiv e th o u s a n d Mon gul so ldi ers , w h e n
s he w as m e t by her b r o th er w ith a ba tt a li o n o f Gr eeks ,
w h o c o n du c t e d her fr om th e s h o r es of the D a n ube to the
i m pe r i a l p a l a c e a t Byz a n ti um . Bu t o n fin d in g h e rself o n c e
m o r e w ith he r fa m ily a n d h o me i n a C hris tia n la n d, a n d
a m o n g c iv iliz e d p e o pl e, s he r e fu s e d to r etu rn to her T a r ta r

h us ba n d, bu t, s en di ng b a c k h er Mo n gul a tt en da n ts to As tr a
’
kh a n , p as s e d the r em ai n d er o f h er d a ys a t her fa th er s c ou r t .

Th e s a m e A ra b t ra v ell er a ls o d es c ri bes K a fia , w hi c h w a s
'

th e n po s s es se d by the Ge no es e, a n d w her e, n ev er befor e ha v in g

s e e n a Chr is ti a n t o wn , h e h ea r d w ith s ur pr is e th e b ell s o f

t h eir c hu r c h es, but s a w w ith sa tis fa c ti o n th a t the Ma ho

m e ta n s w e r e a ll o w e d to s u ppo r t a m os q ue He tr a v ers e d
.

th e fla t a n d d es o l a te pl a ins o f K i pza k, i n the sa m e w i c ke r

w a ggo n s , d ra w n by ca m els a n d o x en , for m er l y u se d by the
S c ythi a n s, a nd to this da y by the m o der n T a r tar s o f th e
s te pp e s . At ev ery s ta ge, a n d w h en h a ltin g by th eir w a t c h
fir e s fo r the n ight, he w a s l ull e d to s lee p by the m a r tia l s o n gs
o f the M o ng uls w h o , h e o bs er v es , e a t n o br ea d, n o r a n y o th e r

s o lid fo o d, bu t li v e d o n a kin d o f p orr idge m a d e o f m ille t,

i n w hi c h they bo il e d pi e c es o f m ea t 5 a m o de o f pr ep ar a ti o n
w hi c h w as c u s to m a ry w ith the ir pr edecessor s i n th os e p a r ts,
th e S c y thia n s, S ar m a tia ns , a n d Sl a v on i a ns He w a s des ir o us
.

o f v is i tin g th e L a n d o f D ar kn es s (S iber i a ), w h er e his g ui de s

i nfor m e d him tha t the n a tiv e s w ere d ra w n by do gs , w ho m
their m a s te r s p riz ed s o highly th a t they fe d the m b e fo re
them se l v es , a n d wh er e the t ra de o f the c o u ntr y c o n sis t e d o f
fu r , c hi e fly er m i n e , w hi c h w a s exp o r te d to a ll p ar ts o f A si a ,
e v e n In di a a n d P er si a bu t h e w a s di sc ou ra ge d from a ttem pt
i n g the j o ur n e y, by the r e p o r te d di s t a nc e a n d di ffic u l ti e s o f
the r o ute . He a l s o o bs er v es tha t the l a w s of the T a r t a r s
w er e v e ry se v er e a g a i ns t th e ft 5 the c ri m in a l w as fo r c e d to
r es t o r e g oo ds o r m o n ey to the v a l ue o f n i n e tim es th e w o r th

o f w ha t he h a d s to len , a n d , if u n a bl e to pa y this fi n e , h is

c hi ldr en w ere se ize d a n d c o n d e m n e d to sla v e ry, w h il e , i n c as e

*
he h a d n o c h i ld r e n,
h e s u ffe re d d e a th .

On e o f the d a u ghter s o f U zbek m arri e d the S ult a n K u su m

o f E gypt, w ho had hi m se lf b een a Ma m elu ke , a n d o ri gi n a lly a .

T a r t a r sla ve fro m K ipza k .

Tr av els of Ibu Ba tuta h."

270 TH E AR C HER AN D THE STE PP E .

The re v o lt of Ta r ta r c hie f N o gh a i a n d the w a rs w hi c h

the , ,

hi s s u cces so r s h en cefor th Ca r ri e d o n w ith th e kh a n s i n c rea se d ,

th e m iser i es by w hi c h u n h a ppy R u ss ia w a s n o w a l m o s t o v e r
w he l m e d .Ea c h e m pir e c l a i m e d her fea lty a n d a ll eg i a n c e ,

ea c h r ega r de d h e r p ri n c es a n d p e o pl e a s the i r l a w ful pr ey ,

a n d he r t e rr ito r i e s b ec a m e th e b a ttl e fi e l d for th ei r a r m i e s

-
,

h er s o v er eign s u su a lly a llyi n g th em s e l v es w ith the s tr o n ges t ,

o r he r w h o s e fo rc es w e r e n ea r e s t or w h o w a s m o s t pr o m pt to
,

r ev e n ge t he i r de fa l c a ti o n u p o n th ei r u n h a ppy s ubj ec ts w ith

s la v ery a n d d ea th Geo r ge the pr in c e o f Mo s c o w th e a m bi~

.
,

tio u s s on o f D a n ilo a ll i e d him sel f w ith the kh a n o f K i pza k

, ,

a n d o bt a i n e d hi s p r o t ec tio n by e s p o u s i n g th e d a u ght er o f

U zbek I n a r ev o lt a ga i n s t his c o u si n Mi c h a el w ho i n
.
, ,

v ir tu e o f his s e n i o r ity h a d b e e n r a i se d to the th ro n e o f

,

Ru s s ia in 13 0 5 by the n o m in a ti o n o f th e kha n h e pr o c ur e d ,

the a ss i s ta n c e o f a Mo n gu l a r m y fr o m his fa th er i n l a w - -
,

u n der the c o m m a n d o f a T a r ta r gen e ra l K a v a dg i bu t w a s ,

r e pu l se d fr o m the w a ll s o f Tv er w ith gre a t s la u ght er a n d hi s ,

w ife ta ke n p r i so n er Th e T a r ta r p r i n ces s so on p i n e d a n d
.

die d i n c a ptiv ity a n d w ith o u t a n y e v i denc e t o j u s tify th e

,

s u s pi c io n w hi c h th e pr ev i o u s ly v i r tu ou s li fe o f Mi c h a e l w o u ld

a pp ea r to r e fu t e h e w a s a cc u s e d by G eo r ge o f h a v i n g ba se ly
,

c a u s e d the d ea th o f his br ide by p o is o n a n d w as s um m o n e d by ,

Uzb ek to a pp ea r a t th e Go l d en Ho r d e Hi s s o n s ea r n es tl y
.

e n trea t e d th e Gra n d Pri n c e to a ll o w th e m to u n d er ta ke the

j o ur n ey in hi s pl a c e a n d a n s w er the fo ul a c c u s a tio n bu t
,

a w a r e o f the p er il a n d fea r fu l for the ir sa fe ty a n d kn o w in g

, ,

the m i ser ies tha t di so be di en c e to the c o m m a n d o f th e kh a n

w o u ld en ta il o n his c o un tr y h e re fus e d to c o m ply w ith th eir
'

r e qu es t a n d re s o l v e d to o b e y the s u m m o n s
,
A fte r m a ki n g .

h is w ill a n d d e li v er in g hi s l as t c h a r ge s to hi s c hildr en h e set

, ,

o ff to S er a i a n d th er e c on fr o n tin g h is a cc u se rs the pr in c es o f
, , ,

Mosc o w a n d K a v a dgi in pr ese n c e o f the kha n ea r n e stly

, ,

p r o t est e d hi s in n oc en c e A j udic ia l tr ibun a l w a s a ss em ble d

.
,

b efor e w hi c h Mi ch a e l w a s fo rm a lly h ea r d a n d c o n de m n e d ,

a n d a ft er tw e n t y fi
’
v e d a ys c l o s e i m pr i s o n m en t du ri n g w hi c h
-
,

he w a s s o l o a d e d w ith c h a in s tha t h e w a s un a bl e to m o v e
e ith e r his h ea d o r a r m s h is h ea d w as s tr u c k o ff by a T a r ta r
,

ex ec u ti o n er in th e yea r 1 3 1 9 in the fo r ty e ighth yea r o f h is,

-

a e
g . He ha d b een perm itte d to see hi s s on s be fo r e hi s d e a th ,

a n d his co n fess or th e m e tr o p o lit a n P et er w ho ha d a e c o m

, ,

pa ni ed hi m to the hor de a n d it w a s a fter a n i n tervi e w o f thi s

 27 2 THE A R C H ER AND THE ST E PPE .

l ti v e o f the kha n a t the ir h ea d , to a s sa ssi na t e the

a n ea r r e a ,

Gr a n d Pr i n c e a n d c o m pe l the Rus si a n s by persu a sion o r

, ,

for ce to e m br a c e the M us sul m a n fa ith bu t th e ir d e sign

, ,

w a s fru s tr a te d by a ge n era l r e v o lt o f th e R u ss i a n i n ha bi
ta n ts le d o n by Al e x a n der w h o s ur pr i se d a n d c u t to piec e s
, ,

e v e ry Ta r ta r s ol di e r i n th e C ity a n d a s s er t e d th e ir in d e en
p ,

den ce But n o s oo n er h a d the i n t elligen c e o f this s h o r t

.

t rium ph r ea che d th e ho r de tha n Ru s s ia w a s in v a d e d by a,

M o n gu l a r m y c om m a n de d by U zbek in p er s on , w ho c a u se d
,

the i n h a bit a n t s to be m a s s a c re d w ith o ut m er c y Or di stin c

ti o n a n d d efea ti n g A le xa n der in b a ttl e o blige d hi m to ta ke
, , ,

r e fu ge w ith his fa m ily i n the for es t s a n d r e m o te p r o v in c e s o f

th e e m pire Ther e the u nh a ppy pr i n c e w a nder e d a b o ut fo r

.

yea r s in di s guise a n d i n the g r e a tes t m i sery a n d d es titu ti o n

, ,

w hil e th e kha n c a u s e d Iv a n o f Ri a za n the c o u s in a n d a lly o f ,

the Gra n d Pr i n c e a n d w h o h a d b e e n ta ke n p r i s o n er to be
'

, ,

behea de d a n d pla c e d Iv a n I the pr in c e o f Mo s c o w u p o n the

,
.
, ,

thr on e Ma rc h 2 6 13 2 7 , a t the s a m e tim e dir ec ti n g hi m to

, ,

p u r su e a n d c a ptu re A lex a n der a n d deliv er him u p to the ,

Ta r tar s fo r pu nis hm en t For n in e ye a r s th e o u tl a w e d c hi e f

.

e lu d e d the v igil a n c e o f hi s e n e m i e s till i n 1 33 6 he w a s i n ,

du c ed by the o ffe r o f pa r d o n to a ba n d o n his hidi n g pl a c e -

,

a n d w a s r e i n st a t e d in h i s kin gd o m by the c a pr i c e o r m er c
y
o f the kh a n but tw o yea r s l a t er thr o u gh the in tr igues o f ,

Iv a n o f M o s c o w hi s i n v e t er a te e n e my he w a s s u m m o n e d to
, ,

a pp ea r a t th e h or d e a n d th e O ld a cc u sa tio n o f h a v i n g i n s ti

ga t ed the m ur de r o f She fkha l b ein g r ev i v e d a ga in s t hi m ,

h e w a s e xec u te d th er e w ith his tw o yo u thfu l s o n s F ed or a n d

, ,

Mic ha el in 1 33 8 ,
.

Th e title o f Gr a n d Pr i nc e o f Ru ss i a w ith a u th o r ity o v er ,

a ll th e oth er p r i n c es o f Ru ss i a w a s a t l e n gth d e fi n it ely s e ttl e d

,

by the kha n u p o n th e fa m il y o f Iv a n o f Mo sc o w a n d h is
h eirs fo r ev er u p on th e pa ym en t by this pr in c e o f a la rge
,

s u m o f m o n ey to th e so v e re ig n o f K i zak I v a n I the so n
p . .

o f D a n il o a n d br o th e r o f Ge or ge w a s b o r n i n 1 3 0 0 a n d r e
, , ,

c eiv e d the s u r n a m e o f K a lit a o r pu r s e , fr o m th e w ea lth h e

h a d a m a s s ed a n d fro m his c a us i n g him self to be c o n s ta n tl y

,

a c co m pa n i e d by a n a tt en da n t b ea r i n g hi s pur se o u t o f w hi c h ,

h e c on tin u a lly dis tr i bute d a l m s to the p oo r By hi s pro tec .

o

tion a n d en co ur a gem en t o f tra d e he gr ea tly i n c rea s e d the ,

r ev e nu es a n d p ro s p e r ity o f Ru s s i a the a n c ie n t fa i rs a n d
m ar kets th a t w er e a n n u a lly c el ebr a te d befo re the Ta r ta r
,
 C ONTINU AT ION o n THE H I ST O R Y or R U SS I A, ETC . 27 3

i nv as io n w er e n ow r e v i v e d a n d the o ld chr oni c ler K a me ne

, ,

v itc h i nfo r m s u s tha t a t M a ka ri e f o n the Vo lga th e tra der s

, ,

o f Euro p e a nd A si a m e t e v e r
y ye a r i n the s e v e nty inn s o f th e
s u bu r b tha t the R uss i a n s in ha bite d a n d the d u ti es the p r in c e ,

r ec e ive d fro m th e ir w a re s a m o un t e d to s ev en th o usa n d tw o

’
hun dre d p oun ds w e ight o f sil v er as Iv a n ha d i m p ose d a hea v y
,

ta x u po n a ll a r ti c l es o f s a l e The diss en s i o n s o f the pr in c es

.

o f the Go ld e n Ho r d e a ls o ga v e th e e m pir e s om e r elie f fro m

the th ra ldo m u n d e r w hi c h s he h a d hither to gr oa n e d , a n d

a ll o w e d her tim e to a r o us e her p ro stra t e e n er gi e s a n d dev e lo p ,

her r eso ur c es a n d s tre n gth U zb ek ha d di e d in 13 40 , a n d

.

his d es c en da n ts, b e in g d r i v e n fro m th e ir ki n gdom to the eas t

o f th e C a s pia n b ec a m e c hi e fs o f the w a n d er in g t ribes in
,

Tur co m a ni a o f Uzb ek T a r ta rs w ho u ltim a t ely e xp ell e d

, ,

the d e sc en da n ts o f Ti m u r fro m the th r o n e o f Sa m ar ca n d .

His s ucc e ss o r K ha ni beg w a s de p o s e d a n d m u r der e d i n his

, ,

o ld a e by h is fe r o c i o u s a n d u n n a t ur a l s o n Ber dibe g wh o ,
g, ,

c l earin g for hi m s e lf a p a th to the th r o n e by s t r a nglin g his

t w elve bro ther s a ssum e d th e title o n his a c c es si o n i n 1 35 9
, , ,
“
of ki ng o f the j us t the s u bli m e s u pp o r t o f the w or ld a n d
,

of r eligi on .But en dea v o u r i n g to c o n c ili a te the Russi a n

,

pr in ces he in ter fe re d li ttle wi th th e i r go v ernm e n t , an d con

,

fir m e d th e m i n m a n y pr iv il e ges w hi c h th ey ha d for m erl y

rece iv e d fr o m K h a n ibe g o n th e r e c ov e r y o f hi s w ife Ta ido ul a
, ,

Kh a t ou n, fro m a da n g er o us ill n e ss th r ough the m e dic a l a ss is ,

t a n ce o f the Ru ss ia n a m ba s s ad o r a t S era i, w ho ha d m a de u se
o f the gra titu d e a n d fa v o u r h e h a d th u s o bta in e d f o m the
r

m o na rc h, i n a m e lio ra ti n g the c o n diti o n o f his c o un try, a n d

furtherin g her in t er es ts N o v o o r o d al s o dur i ng the r eign
.
or
,

o f I v a n, w a s a g a i n bi o ugh t u n de r th e r u l e o f the G r a n d

Pr in ce , w ho r e c e iv e d a n em bas sy fro m Ma gnu s the ki n g o f

S wed e n, r e que s ti n g the a r c hbi s h o p o f N o v ogor o d to h o ld a
c onferen ce wi th his e n v o ys be in g des i ro u s to c o n ver t the
,

p eo pl e o f tha t c ity to the L a tin fa ith ; a n d o n the c o n qu es t

o f the l a s t
pi o v i n c es o f Ha li c h by Glie demi u, the p r in c e o f
,

Lith ua ni a a n d th e flight o f th e m eti o po li ta n fro m K io f

, ,

n o t w ith s ta n di n g the lib er a l o ffe rs o f thi s c hi e f i n W h ose ter ,

r itory the o ld c a pit a l w a s n o w i n c l u d e d a n d w h o w i s h e d to ,

r et a i n in his o w n ha n ds o n e w h o s e i n fl u e n c e w a s so grea t i n

the e m pir e Iv a n i n d uc e d the fu giti v e pr e l a te to es t a blis h his

,

s ee a t Mosc o w , w hi c h fro m h e n c e fo r w a r d b e c a m e th e pr i n c i

a l c ity fo r the e c c l e s ia s ti ca l as w e ll a s the s ec ul a r a ffa ir s o f

p
2 74 THE AR C H ER AN D THE STE PPE .

Ru ss ia He a lso im pres sed u p on his s o n s the n eces sity fo r

.

liv i ng a t p ea c e if the y w is h e d to s ec ur e the pr os p er ity o f

,

th eir c o un try ; a nd o n h is d e a th w hic h t o ok pla c e o n the ,

3 1s t o f Ma r c h 1 3 40 a fter ha v i n g a ss u m e d th e ha bit o f a
, ,

m o nk they b oth t o o k a n o a th u p o n th e se pu l c h re o f th e ir
,

a n ces tor s to l iv e i n ha r m o n y a n d m a ke a n e qua l p ar titio n ,

o f th e i r in h er it a n c e S i m eo n the e ld es t s u r n a m e d th e Pr o u d,
.
,

t o ok th e title o f Gr a n d Pr in c e w ith o n e h a lf o f the r ev e nu es

o f th eir d o m i ni o n s a n d r e ign e d i n Mo s c o w ; w hil e hi s br o th er
,

I v a n w ith the o ther h a lf r u l e d o v er s o m e o f th e i n fe r i or pr o

, ,

v in c es o f th e e m pir e a n d Ru s s i a e nj o ye d a p e rio d o f g re a t er

t ra n qu i lli ty tha n she ha d e xp er ien c e d fo r se v er a l hu ndre ds o f

yea r s .

In th e yea r 1 2 9 3, du r in g th e c iv il w a r b etw een the p r in c es

o f N o v o g o r o d, D e m e tr i u s a n d A n d rew , th e so n s o f Al e x a n

d er , th e Sw e de s w r es te d the F in n i s h pr o vi n c es o f Oa r elia a n d
K e xh o l m fr o m the Ru s si a ns a n d, tho u gh a p a r t w a s r es to r e d
to i ts a n c ie n t m a s ter s in 1 3 3 8, yet th e g rea ter p o r ti o n
r em a in e d i n th e p ossess i o n o f S w e de n till the r e ign o f
P e t er th e Grea t * .

The tr a v e ll e r . E rm a n, in hi s Trav els th rough

R us s i a a nd S iberia in 1 848. r em a r s k
o f th e F re nc h i nv a s i on i n 1 8 12 , th a t i t
“
h a s l e ft b ut a fa i n t i m press ion up on th e op ula r
m ind i n R us s ia , e v e n i n M osc o w i ts e l f, w hi c h a nd e rea s o muc h a t th e ir h a nd s
‘

fi [
N a po leo n d e c la re d , a nd e rh a s truly , th a t th e e mpire c o uld no t r e c ov er i t fo r fty y e a rs )
th o ug h

p
.

C e n fla g ra ti o ns , s a ys l e. a v e been c o m m o n oc c ur re nc e s i n th a t c ity, an d th e i n h a
bi ta nts a re a c c us to me d to be bur n e d o ut W e r e a d of s ev e n s uc h e v ents i ro m th e th ir
.

te e n th to th e be g i nnin g o f th e ni n eteen th c e ntu ry, i n a ll o f w hic h th e d es tr uc tio n w a s

c o mpl ete , o r v ery ne a rly s o Th e fire o f 18 12 S pa red m a ny o f th e s tone c h u rc h es , " (w h ic h
.

“
fro m r elig io us s cruples w e re n o t li g h ted by th e R us s ia ns ) a n d o n w h ose tow ers th e
Ma h o m eta n c re s c e nt r is e s a bov e th e c ro ss , a m o nu me n t o f ea rl ier rev o luti ou s Th e y o e k
T k
.

o f th e a rta rs w a s s o l a s ti ng a nd opp res s iv e , th a t l a ter ev ents o f a s im ila r i nd s eem

c o m pa ra tiv e ly u n i m c r i a n t; a n d e v e n th e F
fiP
re n c h i nv a s ion i s h e r e th o u li tl ittl e o r. be in g
u s u a lly c o mp ar e d w th th e irrupti o n o f th e Pec h e ne g ue s a n d th a t o f t e o les i n l a ter
T
times , but n ev er set o n a l ev el wi th th e a r ta r d o mi na ti on
"
.
27 6 TH E AR C H ER AN D THE STE PPE .

th e in so l en ce o f fo r eign tyr a n ts Fo r c e t o ok the pl a c e o f la w ;

.

pilla ge a u th o r iz e d by im pun ity w a s e xer c ised by the Russi a n s

, ,

a s w e ll as b
y the T a r ta r s Ther e w a s n o s a fety o n the r o a ds
.

n o r w ithin the h o u s e s till a fte r the tim e o f s tu po r w h en th e ,

la w a w o ke fro m i ts dr ea m it w a s n e c es s a r y to h a v e r ec o u r s e
,

to a s e v eri ty un kn o w n to a n c i en t R u s s i a A n d th e s oc i a l .

c o n diti o n o f Ru s s i a r e m a i n e d i n thi s wr e t c h e d s t a t e till the

m em o r a bl e a c c ess i o n o f I v a n th e Thi r d But dur in g the tem .

po r a r y c a l m m a i n t a in e d by S im eon w ith a s tr on g h a n d
,

th ro u gho u t his ter r it or i es th a t t err ibl e s c ou r ge kn o w n i n th e

, ,

m id d l e a ge s a s the Bl a c k D ea th a ppea r e d in Ru s s i a a n d , ,

c ar r i e d o ff m o r e th a n a fou rth pa r t o f the w h o l e p o p u l a ti o n

o f th e e m pi re The n o bles w ea lthy c itizen s a n d m er c ha n ts ,

.
, ,

e n dea v o u r e d to pr o pitia te th e w r a th o f H ea v e n a n d a t o n e for ,

th e ir si n s o n a c c o u n t o f w hi c h th ey s u pp o s e d this c a l a m i ty
,

h a d b efa llen th e m by e r ec tin g c h u r c h e s a n d gi v i n g th e ir

, ,

v ill a ges e s t a te s a n d t r e as ur e s fo r th e b e n efi
, ,
t o f the c ler gy
,

a n d m o n a s t e ri es a n d the p r i e s t s c a r r i e d r eli c s i n pr o ce s s io n ,

a n d m a de pil g r i m a ge s to the s h r in e s o f c e l e b r a t e d sa i n t s to ,

a s k th e i r i n t er c es s i o n i n a ll a yin g th e fu ry o f the pl a g ue The .

s i c k w er e d e s er te d i n th e h o u r o f d e a th by th e i r fr i en ds a n d

n ea r e s t r e l a tiv es o r a b a n d o n e d to th e c a r e o f a ny a tt en da n t
,

w h o m m o n ey o r c o m pu l si o n c o u ld p r oc ur e th e s tr e ets o f th e
c a pit a l w er e bl oc ke d u p by th e d ea d a n d dyi n g ; a n d the

pl a i n s o f K ipza k w he r e it espe c ia lly r a ge d w er e s tr e w n w ith

, ,

the b o di e s o f th o s e Ta rta rs w h o h a d fa ll e n v i c ti m s to i ts
r a v a ges ,the w r et c h e d s u r v iv o rs b e i n g s c a r c e l y e n o u gh to
bu r y them Y et m a n y n o bl e i n s ta n c e s o f s elf dev o tion a r e
.
-

o n r ec or d a n d few a s i n o th er c o u n tr i e s a ba n d o n e d th ei r
'

, , ,

n a tiv e t o w n s i n the fo r l o rn h o p e o f esc a pi n g w h en di s ta n t

, ,

fro m the a bo d e o f m a n th e s co ur ge th a t w a s s pr ea din g des o

,

l a tion a r o u n d E v er y r a n k a n d a ge fell v ic tim s a like to the

.

u niv e r sa l c o n t a gi o n th a t p erv a de d the t a in t e d a i r i n Apr il,

1 3 5 2 it p ro v e d fa ta l to the Gr a n d Pr i n c e his w ife a n d e v ery
, , ,

m e m ber o f his fa m ily a n d s h or tly a fter to the m etr o po li ta n

,

The ogn os tes the A r c hbi s h o p B a zil o f Nov ogo r o d a n d m u lti

, ,

t udes o f the pries ts a n d m o nks w ho, in o be di en c e to th e ir ,

v o w s , h a d b e en thr o u gh o u t th e w h o l e c ou r se o f the p es til en c e

.

the a ss idu o u s a tten d a n ts o f the d yi n g fr o m w h o m a ll the

-
,

r e s t o f h um a n ity ha d fled a n d by them the dea d w er e b or n e

,

i n h a s te a n d s il e n c e to th e gr a v e , u n a cc o m pa n i e d by m o ur n er s
o r th e c u sto ma r y fun er a l c e r em o n i es a nd fea s ts .
 C H AR ACT ER o r THE nuss m ns — r n s B L AC K D EAT H . 277

S i m e on the P r o u d fr o m the , c o mm e nc e m e n t ha d use d hi s

u t m os t e xer ti o ns to p re v e n t the s pr ea d o f the in fec ti o n to ,

r ea n im a t e th e c o ura ge o f his p e o pl e a n d p ro v id e a l l w ho ,

w e r e a tta c ke d o r l e ft de s o l a te w it h pr o p e r m ea n s o f r el ie f .

Ch ar m s a n d in ca n ta ti o n s w er e in d ee d the c hie f m ea n s r eso r te d

to by the s u p e r s ti ti o u s p o p u l a c e a n d Cel e bra t e d m a g ic i a n s
,

w er e b r o u ght fr o m a ll p a r ts o f th e e m pir e to i n v o ke a n d e x
o r c i s e th e e v il s pir i ts w h o m th e y su pp ose d h a d p oss ess e d
,

those w h o w er e s eiz e d a n d ha d o r igi n a lly o c c a si o n e d th e Bla c k

,

D ea th . W hen dyin g the Gr a n d Pr in c e a t firs t s tea dfas tly

,

r e fus e d to a do pt the s ha v e n c r o w n a n d m o n a s tic go w n o f th e

c l o is te r ; bu t hi s c o nf e ssor a n d the p r i es ts w ho s ur r o u n de d
,

h im by thei r ea r n es t e n tr e a tie s s u c c ee de d in i n du c in g him

,

to c o n fo r m to thi s p r a c tic e o f hi s fa th e rs by w hi c h the y ha d ,

b e e n a c cu s t o m e d w h e n dyi ng, to m a n ifes t th e ir r e p en ta n c e

,

a n d h u m ili ty a n d a fe w m o m e n ts a ft er h e e xpir e d a n d w a s
, ,

bu rie d the s a m e da y w ith h is c hil dr en in th e c a th edr a l o f

th e K r em li n a t M o s co w
,
Bu t Ru ss i a w a s n o t a l o n e i n h er
.

s u ffe r i ngs fro m this a w fu l vi s i ta tio n fo r it a tt a c ke d e v e r y

,

o th e r n a tio n o n th e glo b e o f wh om o u r r ec o r ds as c e n d to
tho se times a n d c o m m en c in g i n China i n 1 3 47 it w a s pr e , ,

c e de d a c co r di n g to the w rit ers o f tha t p er i o d by the m o s t

, ,

s i n gul a r a ppe ar a n c e s i n th e h ea v e n s a n d th e m o s t t err ibl e

,
*
c o nv u l s i o n s o f th e e a rt h Fl o o ds a n d d r a u ghts fa m in e a n d
.
,

hea vy m is ts v o l c a n ic er uption s a n d w in ds o f po iso n ou s o do u r

, , ,

w er e a lt er n a te ly e xp e r i en ce d th ro u gh o u t A fr ic a A s i a a n d , ,

Eur o p e a n d the p es tilen c e a pp ea rs to h a v e qu i tt e d ea c h

,

c o un t r y th r o u gh w hi c h it ha d s p r ea d b e fo re it p r o c ee de d o n
,

to the n e xt . Fr o m C e n t r a l A s i a it w a s br o u ght by c a ra v a n s
to the c a m ps o f the T u r ks in A s ia Min or a n d the Ge n o es e ,

c o lo n i e s i n the Ea s t ; a n d de p o pul a t in g th e T a rt a r t r ib es o n
,

the n o r th er n s h o r e s o f the Eu xi n e it a d v a n ce d to th e c ity o f

,

C o n sta nti no ple w he r e a m o n gs t tho u s a n ds o f the in h a bita n ts

, , ,

a s o n o f th e Em p eror p er is h e d ; w hil e , i n C a r a m a n ia a n d
C es a rea n o n e w ho r em a i ne d i n their h o m es w ere l e ft a liv e
, ,

a n d e n ter i n g Egyp t ha v in g a lr ea dy b een in tr o du c ed in to

,

P e r s ia a n d In di a by c a ra v a n s a n d tra d ers fr o m Thibe t it de

'

s tr oye d da ily i n C a i r o , du r in g the h eight o f i ts ra ge fro m te n ,

to fifteen th o usa n d p ers on s In thes e c o u n t ries , a n d th r o u gh

.

o u t the c on ti n en t a n d is l a n d s o f Eur o pe , frightful e a r thqu a ke s

h a d p r e ced e d i ts a pp ea r a nc e r en de rin g the fr u itful Cyp ru s

,

Hecker s Epidemics of the Middle Ag s

‘
e .
2 78 THE AR C H ER AND THE ST E PPE .

a d ese r t a n d r ui n in g thir ty v ill a ges i n Ca r i n thi a a lo n e fr o m

, ,

w h o s e r e m a in s w e re e x ca v a t e d m o r e th a n a tho u sa n d c or p s e s .

Th e ship s o f Ge n o a c om m u n i c a t e d the Bla c k D ea th to the

s h o r e s o f I ta ly a n d Fr a n c e 3 ev e n a n i ma l s w er e n o t free fro m

i ts e ffec t s . V e ssel s w a n d e r e d un guid e d a l on g the M edi ter

r a n ea n a ll o n b o a r d h a v in g p e r i s h e d ; a n d i n S pa i n w h e r e
, ,

it p re v a ile d till 13 5 0 i t c a r r i e d o ff the Kin g Alfo n s o XI

,
.
,

a n d i n Fr a n c e the Qu een C o n so r t a n d th e Q uee n o f N a v a rr e ,

w hil e th e c hu r c hya r ds n o l o n ge r b e in g a bl e to c o n t a in the

,

he a ps o f d e a d th e P o pe , a t A v ign o n fou n d it n eces sa ry to

, ,

c o n s e c ra t e th e w a t er s o f the Rh o n e th a t th e b o di e s m ight be
,

thr o wn i n to the r iv er w itho u t de l a y A s olita r y ba r k flo a t e d .

in t o the p o r t o f B er gen w ith n o s ign o r a ppea r a n c e o f life 5 it

w a s b oa rd e d by s o m e h a r dy N o r w e gia n s w ho di s c o v e r e d tha t ,

i ts c r ew c o n s i s te d o n ly o f c o r ps es a n d th e se c o m m uni ca ted
th e pl a g ue to the w h o l e o f S c a n di na v ia w h e r e i n N o rw a y 3 , , , .

thi r d o f the p eo pl e p e r is h e d so tha t m a ny a n c i e nt t o w n s

,

b ei n g l e ft deso la t e w er e a llo w e d to fa ll i n to dec a y, till the ir

,

n a m es h a v e dis a pp ea r e d fr o m the r ec or d s o f hi s to ry a n d the ir

'

v er
y s i tes a re n o w ha r dl y kn o w n I n S w ede n , the Pr in c es
.

H a ko a n d K n u t e tw o br o th e r s o f th e ki n g di e d a n d in th e
, , ,

p r ov in c e o f W estgo thla n d a l o n e 4 6 6 pr ie s ts The s n o w s o f

, .

I c e l a n d a n d Gr een l a n d , a n d th e i r dis ta n c e fr o m the c o n tin en t ,

w er e n o p r o tec ti o n a ga i n s t th e fur y o f the Bl a c k D e a th 3 a n d

in th e l a tter c ou n t ry it s o de c im a te d th e N o r w egi a n c o l o
n i ets o n the w e s t e r n c oas t, th a t i n m a n y o f th e se ttl em e n t s

n o n e s ur v iv e d a n d a s th e sh ip s o f N or w a
y w e r e n o l o n ger a bl e ,

fo r w a n t o f m e n to s u pply the r es t d u r in g m a n y yea r s w ith

,

the u su a l pr o v i s i o n s a n d a s s i s ta n ce th ey w ere u na bl e to d e
,

fe n d th em sel v es fr o m the a tta c ks o f th e A m e r ic a n Es qu i m a u x ,

by w h o m i t i s s u pp o s e d the few w h o h a d l i v e d w er e e ith e r

, ,

c a ptu r e d o r pre m a t ur ely c u t The hu ge bl oc ks o f i c e

tha t s hor tly a ft er a c c u m u l a t e d r o u n d tha t pa r t o f the c oa st ,

l o n g pr ev en t e d a n y v es sel o f Eur o pe fr o m a s c er ta i n i ng their

to o p r o b a bl e fa te . I n 1 3 4 9 Po l a n d w a s firs t v i s ite d by the
,

u n iv e r sa l p esti len c e w hile i n Ru ss ia c o n t ra r y to the u s ua l,

c ou r s e o f th e s e v i s it a ti o n s it did n o t a pp e a r t ill the e n d o f

,

1 3 5 1 a ft er it ha d di e d o u t i n a l l the r es t o f Eu r o p e
, A t er .
_

r ibl e c ry a ga i n s t th e J e w s a s the a uth o r s of th es e m is for tu n es

, ,

i n 1 348 ra n g thr o u gh o u t a ll the w ester n na ti on s o f the c o n

He ckc r s
‘
t
E p id emics of h e M i ddle A ges .
2 80 THE ARC H ER AND THE ST E PPE .

a r o s e, pr o fess in g to t a ke u po n th e m se l v es the s in s o f the p eo pl e ,

w hi c h th ey en dea v o ure d to e xpi a te a n d to a ppea s e th e w r a th ,

o f the A l m ight
y by pro c e s s i o n s, self sco u r gi n g a n d a ba se
-
,

m en t the un ha ppy Isr a elit es w er e a c c us e d o f p o i so n i n g the

s p r i n gs a n d t a i n tin g b the ir s p ell s a n d so r ce r
, y y th e h ea v y a n d
fo ggy a ir a n d i n G er m an y S pa i n S w itzer l a n d I ta ly a n d
, , , ,

Fr a n c e th ey w ere dr a gge d w ith a n y Chr i s tia n w h o m igh t

, ,

h a v e ha r b o u r e d th e m b e fo r e ign ora n t a n d bigo te d tr ibun a l s

, ,

a n d c o n de m n e d W itho u t m er c y o r di scr im in a tio n to i m p r i s o n

, ,

m e n t e xil e to r tu r e s a n d th e s ta ke
, , ,
The o n ly c o un t r i e s i n .

w hi c h they c o u ld sa fe ly s eek a r e fu ge w er e Pol a n d w h o se ,

e n light en e d m o n a rc h B o le sl a f V ha d i n 1 2 7 8, gr a n t e d th em
,
.
,

liber ty o f c o n sc i en c e a n d w h er e n o w the kin g C a s im ir th e

, ,

Gre a t a ll o w e d them to s h elter their hea ds ; Ru s s ia ; the du c hy

,

o f Lith ua n i a u n d e r its h e a th en p ri n c e
, Olgh er d w her e th ey , ,

a re s till m o r e n u m e ro u s tha n in a n y o th er p a r t o f Eur o p e

a n d in the t o tt er in g e m pir e o f the Eas t .

Th e pl a gu e h a d r a ge d l e s s fier c ely i n G er m a ny th a n in a n y
o th e r c o un try o n the c o n ti n en t bu t i n It a ly it m a de fr ight
ful r a v a ges a n d it i s su pp ose d to h a v e c a r r i e d o ff
,

o f the in ha bit a n ts of Eur o p e a fo ur th p a r t o f th e w h o le

, p eo
ple . I n the so u th a n d w e s t o f A s ia a cc or di n g to the r e p o r t ,

m a de to P o p e Cle m e n t a t Av i gn o n it d e s tro ye d
, ,

i nha bita n ts in Chi n a , 5 b es id es m u lti tu des , w h o se

e xa c t n u m b ers a r e u n kn o w n th r o u gh o u t Mo n go lia a n d th e
, .

n orth o f th e c o n tin en t, a n d the m o re r e m o t e a n d l ess v i si t e d

pr o v in c es i n I n di a a n d the extr emi ties o f th e E as t i

,
‘

* D uri ng this terribl e v is itatio n . “ th e h ea r ts of a ll th e inh abita nts, s ay s occ a cc io,

"
B
F
s pea kin o f loren ce w ere c los e d to feeling s o f h um a ni ty T
h e y fl ed fro m th e sic a n d
. k
a ll th a t elo n e d to them , h o pi n g by th es e m ea ns to s a v e th em sel v es
fi
Oth ers s h ut th em .

s elv es up i n t e i r h o us es , w ith th e i r w iv es th ei r c h ild re n, a n d h o us eh o lds , liv in g on the

m o s t c os tly foo d , but c ar eful ly a v oidi n g a ll e xcess N o ne w ere a ll ow e d a c ce ss to the m ;
k
.

n o i ntel li ge nc e o f d ea th o r s ic ness w a s per m itted to re ac h th ei r e a rs ; a nd th ey s pe nt

the ir ti me in s i ng i ng a n d m us i c, a nd o th er pa s ti m es
'

O th ers ca rr ied the ir prec a utio n s till

fl
.

furth er, a nd th o ugh t th e s ures t w a y to es ca pe d ea th w a s by ig h t O ne c itizen fl ed fro m .

a noth er a n ei bbour fro m h i s n ei g hbour s , a rel a ti o n from his re la ti on s ; a nd i n the e nd.

k k
.

s o c om pletely a d terr o r extinguis h e d ev ery i ndlier feeli ng th a t th e bro th e r forso o th e

broth er, th e s is ter th e s i ster, th e w i fe h er h us band , a nd a t a s t ev en th e a r ent h i s ow n l
o fl s r ing . a nd a ba ndo ne d them u nv is ite d a nd unsoo th ed to th e ir fa te
‘

a ny brea th ed .

th e r l a s t w ith o ut a friend to s ooth e th eir (1 ng pillo w ; in s tea d o f sorrow a n d m o urning

a ppea re d i ndifferenc e , friv oli ty, a nd m ir t th i s bein con s id ere d , e sp ec ia lly by the
fe ma les. a s c ond uci v e to h e a lth
"
The o peP C
lem ent I , th o ug h h e ca use d g rea t relief
k
. .

to be a f ord e d to the s ic , s hut hi msel f u p w hile th e pl a g ue la s te d a t Av i g non, a n d fo r

ba de a ll w h o h a d bee n in rea c h o f the c onta g ion to a ppro a c h him I n G erm a ny. th e m er .

c h a nts a n d o th er r ic h i nh a bi ta n ts o f h er c itie s g a v e th e ir tre a s ures to c h urc h es and

m ona s terie s, th ou h it w a s h e uently r efused by th e m onks , w h o fea re d les t th ey s h o uld .

r ecei v e th e d re a de i nfec tio n w th the g o ld ; but, o n th ei r c l os ing th e i r g a tes a ga i ns t th es e

p e ni te n t s , i t w as o
"
ften ca s t to th e m o v er th e co n v e nt w a ll a —S ee H a c ker
’
s
“
E pidemi cs of
th e Midd le Ages .

{ H a c k e r
'
s
“
E p ide mi cs o r th e M idd l e Ag es .
"
 C H A P T ER VI I .

E
h ign of
t fi g pé é g fi
‘
’
trm s c a stoi —
i i a h titl ua nia ——
iattlz of
tip {j ol t—m a l
l a mm
a a—
m onastzrics~ £ it rrat nrc— fi
g nlanh
—
@ Igr Ma tt ias Zi niglgts .

Ta rta r from h is R u s i a n f
A s w h e n th e s o e.
By A st n o
ra c a th e s no w y pl a n
v er
R ti re — Mn r o x s P ra di s e Lo
.
'
e s . . a

O N th e d e a th o f Sime on the P ro u d hi s b ro th e r Iva n s ur , ,

n a m e d th e H a n d s o m e s u c c e e d e d hi m i n M o sc o w w hil e th e
, ,

p r in c es o f T v er S u zd a l o r Vl a di m i r a n d Ria za n ea c h
, , ,

a ss u m e d th e s tyl e a n d titl e o f Gr a n d Pr i n c e ; th o u gh Iva n

a l o n e h a d r e c e ive d it fr o m th e i r c o mm o n c hi ef the M o ngu l ,

kha n D u rin g his sh o r t a n d feebl e r eig n i n w hi c h the

.
,

a ffa ir s o f the s t a t e w e r e e n tir e ly co n du c te d b the m e t r o p o lit a n

y
Al e xis the e m pir e a ga i n be c a m e the pre y o f i nt er n a l di ss en
,

s i o n s a n d c ivil w a r ; a n d o n h is d ea th i n 1 3 5 8 D e m e tr i u s , ,

C o n s ta n tin o v i tz o f Vl a di m ir r e c eive d fro m U r n s th e Kh an ,

p
o f K i za k th e s u pr em e a uth o r ity a nd Ale xis b ec a m e r e gen t
, ,

o f M os c o w a n d gu a r di a n o f i ts yo un g pr i n c e D e m e tr i u s
, ,

I v a n ov i tz Hi s thr o n e w as as sa ile d by the Lith ua ni a ns i n

.

the w est a n d the pr i n c es o f Tv e r i n the n o r th be tw een

, ,

w ho m a n d th e i r u n c l e a fie rc e w a r w a s l o n g w a g e d un ti l ,

the l a t ter by the m a rr i a g e o f hi s da u ghter w i th O lgh e r d o f

,

Lith u a nia o bt a i ne d the s u ppo r t o f this po w erful a ll y a n d

, ,

by h i s as s i s t a n ce n o t o n ly p o ss es s e d hi m s elf o f the c r o w n o f
,

Tv er , bu t th r ee ti m es i n 1 3 68 i n 13 7 0 a n d i n 13 7 3
, , , ,

a pp ea red i n a r m s w it h his s o n i n la w a n d th e i r uni te d forc e s

- -
, ,

be fo r e the ga tes o f Mo sco w The w a lls o f thi s c i ty w er e n ow

.

s e pa ra te d by o n ly a ve r y few mi l es fr om the t e r r i to ri es o f

the Lith ua n i a n c hi e f w ho h a d l a tely ext en de d h is fr o nti e rs

,

a s fa r as the b o r d e r to w n o f M oj a i s k But the s m a ll a n d .

e nd a n g er e d p r o vin c e s o f M u s co v y w e r e a bly d e fe n d e d du rin g

the t r o ubl e d m i n or i ty o f D e m e t ri us by Al e xi s w h o res is te d , ,

a ll the s ol i c ita ti on s o f the Gr a n d P r i n c e to r em o v e his e pi s

T
2 82 THE ARC HER u p TH E S TEPPE .

co pa l s ee a ga i n to Vla dim ir a n d w hile he a ssid uo us ly ,

l a b o u r ed by h is p o li cy a n d a r m s to r e du ce th e o th e r pr in c es
o f Rus s ia u n de r the s w a
y o f Mo s c o w , w as fr e qu en tly c a ll e d
u po n to a c t as m e di a t o r b e t w e en th ese s a m e pr in c es a n d
th e ir dom es tic a d v ers ar i es pa r tic ul a r ly i n the cas e o f Co n
s ta ntin e th e br o th er o f D em etr iu s o f Vl a di m i r w h o
, , ,

r eb elli n g a ga in s t h is s o ver e ig n ha d s ei ze d u p o n Nij ni N o v o

,

g o r o d Thi s c ity w a s l a id u n d er a n i n ter dic t by Al e xi s bu t

.

s h o r tly a fte r D em etr i u s h a vi n g r e b ell e d a g a i n s t th e kh a n

, , ,

a n d r el e a se d fr o m a l o n g c a ptivi ty a m o n g the T a r t a r s a ,

pr in c e o f the h o u s e o f Tver w h o m the r e gen t o f M o s c o w

,

s u bse qu e n tly s e iz e d a n d r e t a in e d a s a h os t a ge to e ns u r e th e
, ,
’
p ea c e o f hi s fa th er s pr in c ipa lity the Gr a n d Pr in ce w a s ,

d e fe a ted a n d dep ose d by the Ta r ta r m on a r c h a n d i n 13 62,

,

the y o u n g p r i n c e D m itr i, or D e m e tr i u s h a vi n g s ec ur e d by ,

h i s c on qu es ts a n d tr ea ti es th e fe a lty o f a ll the o th er Ru s s i a n
d u kes to o k u p o n hi m s elf th e title o f G ra n d Pr in c e w itho u t
,

a n y a pp o i n tm e n t fro m the Ta r ta r so ver ei gn This w a s the .

firs t ti m e th a t a Ru ssia n c hi e f ha d ascen d e d the th r o n e ,

i n de p en d en tly o f th e i n t er fer e n c e o f the M o n g uls s i n c e ,

the c o n qu es t o f the e m pi r e by th e a r m i es o f Ba th Kha n .

But the p o w er o f K ipza k w as n o w d ec lini n g a n d h er ,

p ri n c es w er e too m u c h o c c u pi ed in prese rvi n g th e ir o w n

c ro w n s to i nt er e s t th e m selve s as th ey ha d hith er to d o n e i n
'

, , ,

the s u c c ess i o n a n d c ivil w a r s o f th e Ru s s ia n c hi e fs Riva l .

c l a i m a n t s o f th e s c e ptr e di v ide d th e la n d a n d th e p e o pl e a n d , ,

the kin gd o m h a d l o n g b ee n a pre y to th e ir fier c e c o n ten ti o n s

a n d e n dl e ss fe u ds I n 1 3 6 1 th e K h a n Ber dibeg w a s
.
,

a s s a s s i na t e d i n S er a i, by a c o n s pi ra cy o f his n o bl e s a n d

c o u r tier s a n d , Na u r u s o r Ur n s a s c io n o f th e h o u s e o f
, ,

Zing is a s c e n d e d the th ro n e ; a n d fro m thi s tim e till the

,

e xti n c ti o n o f th e d es c en da n ts o f the gr ea t M o n gu l c o n uer o r

q
i n K ipza k by th e a r m s o f th e s till m o r e for m id a ble a n d
,

v i c to r i o u s T a m er la n e th e ir e m pir e w a s r en t a su n d er by
,

d om es tic fe ud s a n d di s tr a cte d by c ivi l w a r Th e r e ign s o f

,
'
.

the s u cc ee din g p r i n ce s w ere s h or t a n d bl o o dy, a n d u n m a r ke d

by a n y po liti ca l o c c u r r en c e o r eve n t o f a ny i nt er est b eyon d
the b or der s o f th e ir o w n s a n dy pl a i n s a n d fo r a few years ,

th eir ter r ito r ies w ere divi de d in t o se ver a l kh a n a te s the

m os t p o w er fu l of w hic h w er e K a za n A s tr a kh a n the C r i m ea , , ,

a n d Ya ik or th e di s tr i c t o n the U ra l
,
u n til th e y w er e a ll
,

a ga in u nite d by M a m a i a p o wer ful T ar ta r c hi e f

, S om e year s .
 THE ARCH ER AN D THE S TEPPE .

a n d, h a vin g c iv ed a bl ess ing a n d a bs o l u tion fro m th e

re e

pr ies ts a n d m etr o po lita ns w ho ha d a c c o m pa n i e d the m, a n d

w h o pr o m i se d the c r o w n o f m a r tyr do m to a ll w h o s h o u ld fa ll
i n the w a r a w a r w hi c h th ey a ffir m e d w a s sa c r ed a s it h a d
—
,

b e en un der ta ken i n the c a u s e o f thei r c o un t ry a n d fa i th th e —

w ho l e a r m y p a s s e d o v e r a b r idge o f b o a t s to the o pp o s ite

‘

s h o res of K i za k a nd i mm e di a t ely a ft er th e ir pr i n c e c a u s e d
p , ,

the br idge to be d es tr o y e d to c u t o ff a l l h o p e o f e s c a pe i n
,

c a s e o f d e fea t On the 8 th o f Se ptem b er 1 3 80 th e Ru ss i a n s

.
,

m et Ma m a i w ith a n a r m y o f s e v en h i m d r ed th o u s a n d Ta r
,

t a rs upon the pl a i ns o f K o u likoff a n d bo th sid e s im m e dia te ly

, ,

e n ga ge d w ith the u t m os t fu r y the fight c o m m e n c in g e a r ly

i n the mo r n i ng a n d co n ti nu in g fa r in to the n ight Fr e s h
'

.
,

b a tta lio ns c a m e o n a n d r eli e v e d th o s e e xha u s te d i n the fro n t

,

n o w th e a dva n t a ge a pp e a r e d to be w ith the R us s i a n s n o w ,

wi th th e Ta r ta rs
‘

Wh er e ver th e a r ro w s fle w thi c kes t o r th e

.
,

c o n te st a pp e a r e d to be u r ge d m os t deSpe 1a te ly th em w a s ,

D e m etriu s lea din g o n his m en a n d i n s pir i ng th em wi th c o n,

fiden ce by his o v v n c o u ra ge s elf p o ss ess i o n a n d c o m m a n d s

'

-
.
, ,

At l en gth w h en the o v ei w hel m i ng n u m be r o f the Ta r ta i s

,

a ppea r e d to h a ve a lm os t b ro k e n th e R uss ia n fo r c e o f w h o m
'

few a n d tho se sc a ttere d a n d a t di s ta n c es w er e l e ft a live u p o n

, ,

the fie ld D em etr iu s w h o w as s e ver e ly w o u n d e d h ea di n g a

, , ,

d e ta c h men t c on s isti n g pr in c ipa lly o f a ge d a n d e n fee bl e d

,

m e n , w h om he ha d l e ft h ith er t o in c h a r ge o f the ba gga ge a n d ,

to gua r d h i s a rm y fr o m a n a tta ck in the r ea r fe ll u p on th e ,

T a r ta r s a t a n u n expec te d m o m en t w h en th ey c on s id er e d ,

thei r tr ium ph a lm os t c o m ple te 5 a n d c a u sin g th em to w a ve r , ,

the o ther b a tta lio n s r a lli e d a nd u n it e d i n m a kin g o n e gr a n d

,

c h a r ge , w hi c h d ro v e th e en e m y i n h a ste fr o m th e fi e ld a n d
'

ga ve th e R uss ia n s a d ec ide d v i ct or y Mo re tha n tw o hun

. .

dr e d th o u sa n d T a rta r s w e re left dea d u p on the pla in a n d the ,

r es t o f th e ir a r my d is p er s in g o v e r the c ou nt r y Ma m a i es c a p e d ,

a lm o s t a l o n e a n d u n d e r c o ve r o f the d a r kn e s s o f ni ght
, He .

s u bse q ue n tly a ga i n r a lli e d his fo r c es bu t w a s a tt a c k e d a n d

-
,

s us ta i n e d a d r ea dfu l de fea t n ea r M a r io po l fro m a n a r m y o f ,

T a r tars c o m m a n d e d by a n exi le d To u shi pr in c e Flyin g .

to K a ffa, he p er i s h e d a few m onth s l a t er by a n a ss a s s i n 3

’

h a n d a n d w a s s uc cee de d o n the thr on e o f K ipza k by th e

,

y oun g Tokta m ish the r ightful he i r to th e kin tgdo m w ho

, D ,

w a s a son o f the de po se d a n d a s s as s i na te d Kh a n U r u s a n d ,
’
o nly r ei n e d to c o m pl et e hi s c o u ntry s fa ll So en or m ou s
g .
 REIG N o r nn u nr m us DON SK OI, ETC . 285

w a s the lo ss of the
Ru s s ia n s in the ba ttl e o f the D on th a t it ,

to o k the s u r v i v o rs e ight d a s to b ur y the de a d but the

y
Ta r ta rs w ho fe ll n e v e r r ec e ive d the r it e s o f s epu ltu r e th e i r ,

b o dies b e i n g le ft to d e c a y u po n the field a s a pre y to th e ,

v u lt u r e a n d the w o lf A s s o on a s th e n e w s o f thi s v i c to ry
.

h a d s pr ea d th r o u gh o u t th e e m pi r e the w ho l e p e o ple i n d ulge d

,

i n the m os t e xtr a va g a n t j o y Th e r etr ibu tio n o f Ka lk a i t

.

w a s th e fi rs t ti m e th a t the
y ha d e ver s ign a lly d efe a te d th e ir
tyra n t s i n a n e nga gem en t o f a n y n o te ; a n d th e y c e l e br a t ed
it a s the c o m m e n c em e n t o f th eir i nd e p en de n c e a n d the fa ll ,

o f the M o ng ul p o w e r givi n g th e Pr i n c e o f M o sc ow th e t i tl e
,

o f D o n sko i o r o f th e D o n i n c o m m e m o r a ti o n o f hi s vi c to r
, , y ,

1 na me b
y w hic h h e i s a l wa ys d is ti n g u is he d i n hi s to ry .

B u t in 1 3 82 the kh a n a tes o f the V olg a a n d D o n h a vi n g

,

a ga in un ite d u n d er To kta m i s h th e y o nc e m o re p repa r e d to

,

i n va d e the t e rr it o r i es o f Ru ss ia ; a n d w hi ls t D e m e tr i u s w a s
a b s en t fro m hi s c a pit a l w hi c h h e ha d l e ft u n d er th e c o m m a n d
,

o f hi s n e ph e w a n d w a s e n de a vo u r i n g to as s em bl e a s uffi
, c ie n t
fo r ce to o ppo s e th e m i n the fie ld a s h is a r m y ha d b ee n ,

a l m o s t co m pl e t e ly d e s t r o ye d a t K o u l iko fi th e T a r ta rs m a d e
'

a s ud d e n a n d u n e xp ec te d d e s c e n t u p o n the fr o n ti e r pr o v in c e s

o f the e m pi r e a n d pr o c ee d e d a s fa r a s M osc o w w hi c h ha d
, ,

b e e n s tr o n gly fo r tifie d w ith ra m pa rts a n d i r o n ga te s But .

th e a b s e n c e o f th e i r p r i n c e a n d the t er r i fi
, c a c co un t s w hi c h

th ey r e ce ive d o f the m a s sa c r es a n d d e va s t a t io n per p etr a t e d by

the foe o n th e ir r o u te so di s c o ur a ge d a n d a l a r m e d the i n h a
,

bita n ts th a t m a ny o f the m w i th th e m etr o p o lita n Cyp r ia n

, , ,

a b a n d o n e d th e i r n a tive c i ty ; a n d th e s m a ll ga rr i s o n th a t

r e m a i n e d h a vi n g be e n in du c e d by th e ir fa i thle s s e n e m i e s to

ca pi tu l a t e u n d er s o le m n a s s ur a n ces o f pa r d o n ha d n o s o o n e r
,

o p e n e d th e i r g a t e s a n d a d m itt e d the T a r t a rs tha n e ve ry ,

h o us e w a s d e liver e d u p by To kta m i s h to the fla m e s a n d ,

e ver y livi n g p er s o n w h o m th e y e n c o u n ter e d w a s m u r d e r e d by

his fo llo w er s in the s tree ts fe w h a vi n g b ee n a ble to e ffe c t a

,

h as ty es ca pe After thi s dest ru c tio n o f M o s c o w the kh a n

.
,

o btai n e d fr o m the G ra n d P r i n c e the r e pa ym e n t o f the t r ib u t e ,

fr o m w hi c h D em e tr i us ha d e x o n er a te d his c o un tr y a t the e x
p en s e o f s o m u c h bl o o d a n d he a ls o e xa c te d a r a n so m fo r the
bo dies o f th o s e R us s i a n s w ho had fa llen th a t the ir fr i en ds m ight
,

b es to w u p o n th em Chr is ti a n b ur ia l To kta m is h r e tu rn e d .

to K ipza k a n d th e i m p o v er i s he d b oya r ds a n d c iti ze n s

,

c o m m e n c e d r e b u ildi n g M os co w 3 bu t th e y r ec e ive d m a ny
 286 THE AR C H ER AN D THE S T EPPE .

i m p o r ta n t privil eges fr o m D em e tr i u s a s a rec o m pen c e for the

,

l o ss th ey ha d s u s ta ine d fr o m the en em y a nd a s s o m e a c kn ow ,

l e dgm en t fo r th e ir pa tr i o ti c e n dea vo urs to a ver t a n d s u s ta in

the w a r . It w a s a pa r t o f th e p o lic y o f thi s p rin c e to c r ea t e
a p o w e r fu l n o bility to c o u nt era c t the i nfl u e n c e o f th e m er
,

c h a n ts a n d c o m m o n er s i n the s ta t e s o th a t o n hi s d ea thb e d ,

w h en a d dr e s s i n g th e m a n d r e qu es tin g the i r s e r vi c e s a n d
,

s u pp or t fo r hi s y o u n g a n d i n e xp er ie n ce d s o n h e o b s er ve d ,

Un de r m y r e ign yo u w er e n o t su bj ec ts a n d b o ya r ds bu t ,

r ea lly Ru ss i a n pr in c es
”
He a l s o a b o li s he d th e offic e o f
.

m a yo r o r tys ia ts ky o f M os c o w — a dign it a r y e l ec te d by the

c o m m o n p e o pl e u p o n s o m e di s p u te th a t a ro s e b e t w een him
—

a n d the b o ya r ds a n d p la c e d the m u n i c ipa l go v er n m en t o f

,

the c ity e n tire ly in th e h a n d s o f th e n o bl es a n d pr i e s ts Th e .

m e tr o p o lita n Al exi s b e i n g d ea d a n d his s u c c es so r Cypr i a n

,

h a vi ng a b a nd o ne d M o s c o w o n th e a ppr o a c h o f th e Ta r ta r s ,

fo r the c o u r t o f the a lli es o f th e i n va d ers a n d the dea dly ,

en e m i es o f D e m et ri us the t r ea c h er o u s pr i n c e s o f Tve r
, th e ,

Gra n d P ri nc e a ppo in te d a n o th er pr ies t to fill his pla c e a n d ,

i n c o ns e qu e nc e v a r i o us di s pu te s a r o s e a m o n gs t th e hi gh e s t
dignita r ie s o f the R uss ia n Chu rc h Th r e e pr i est s a t o n e .

tim e a ss um e d the titl e o f pr i m a t e a n d th o ugh they a ll , ,

plea d e d the ir r ights a t C o n s ta n ti n o pl e b efo re the Byza n tin e

p a tr i a r c h the m a tt er w a s n o t p e a cea bly a r ra n ge d til l o n e
,

o f the c l a 1m a n ts h a vin g di e d a n d a n o th er b e i n g d e t a i n e d a
,

pr iso ner by Vla dimi r the son o f Olgh er d a n d Pri nc e o f K io f ,

the thi r d w ho w a s Cyp r i a n r e m a i n e d u n dis pu te d p o ss es s or

, ,

o f th e o fli c e and m,
1 390 w a s h o n o ura bly r ec eiv e d u p on
his en tr a n c e i n t o M os c o w by i ts G r a n d Pr i n c e Bu t D em e .

tr iu s him s e lf ha d b een u n a bl e to o ver c o m e the di sa s t er s a n d

h u m ilia ti o n w ith whi c h he h a d s een his c o un tr y a n d thr o n e
o verw h el m e d dur in g th e l a s t fe w y ea r s o f his r e ign and a ,

pr e y to m ela n c h o ly a n d des pa ir h e e xpir ed o n the 1 9 th o f

,

M a y 1 38 8 a t th e a ge o f thi r ty eight a n d w a s bu ri e d i n th e
, ,
-
,

Chur c h o f the Ar ch a n ge l in M os c o w He w a s s u c c ee d e d by .

h is s o n Va s s ili o r B a zil w h o w a s s ub se qu en tly c o n fir m e d o n

,

hi s thr o n e by a d ec r e e o f th e kh a n To kta m is h, a n d a ss u m e d
o n h is c or o n a ti on the titl e o f C za r a n d to w h o m o n hi s ,

d ea thb ed D em etr i us ga v e m a ny inj u nc tio n s to g o ver n w ith

,

j usti ce a n d m ildn es s, a n d a llo w a m o der a te fr ee do m to h is

p eo pl e .
 2 88 THE ARCHE R AND THE STE PP E
'

In 1 392 R o r i s, the so n o f D em e tr iu s III , a n d th e l a s t

m
.

p r in c e o f Vl a di ir o r Suzda l, ga ve u p his ki ngdo m to Ba zil, u po n

the ur gen t rep r e s en ta ti o n s o f hi s n o bl es, w ho w i s he d to u n it e
a ll the Ru ss i a n s ta t es i n o n e fi r m a n d p o w e r fu l em pir e , a n d

e nt ere d a m o n a s t e r
y w h e re h e e n de d hi s d a ys in p ea c e .

Ab ou t the s a m e tim e h is e xa m pl e w a s fo ll o w e d by Ol e g,
P ri n ce o f Ria za n , w h o , a ft er th e in vas i o n o f To kta m ish, ha d
bec o me r ec o n c ile d to D em etr iu s, a nd h a d for s om e ye ar s live d
in l
c o se a llia n c e w ith M o s c o w M i c ha el Pr in c e o f Tver s o
.
, ,

l o n g th e r iva l a n d de a dly fo e o f D em e tr i u s a ls o di e d a fe w ,

m o n th s a fte r in a m o n a s t er y a n d w ith hi m c l o se d th e p o w er
o f hi s pr o vi n c e th o u gh it r et a i n e d fo r so m e
, ye a r s l o n g er a
n o m i n a l i n de p en de n c e .

D u r i n g the r eign s o f Dem etr i u s a n d B a zil m a n y c el e b ra te d .

m o n a s t eri e s w er e e r ec te d th ro u gh o u t the n o r th o f the e m pi r e ,

a n d u n d er th e di r ec ti on o f th e pr i m a t e a n d s e ver a l mi ss i o n s

w er e u n der ta ken by the zea l o u s pr ie s ts a n d m o n ks fo r c o n ,.

ver tin g the L a pl a n d er s a n d m o r e r e m o t e tr ib es o f Ru s s i a .

The c l o is ter s o f Sol o v etsko i w er e er ec t e d by St Zosim u s o n .

a n i s l a n d n ea r th e m o u th o f the D w i n a
,
in the White S ea ,

th o s e o f the Assu m pti on by a m o n k La zar u s o n th e s h o r es , ,

o f th e O n e ga La k e w hil e i n M o s c o w E u do c i a the w id o w o f , ,

D em e tr i us fo un de d the c on ven t o f th e A s c en s i o n i n th e
,

Kre m lin a n d b e c a m e its firs t a bb ess In

,
.Gr e e k
e m p er o r Ma n u e l s e n t to r e qu e s t s o m e a ss is t a n c e fro m th e
, ,

Ru ss ia n pr in c es ei th er in fo r c e s o r tr ea su r e a ga in s t the
, ,

i n va s ion o f the T ur ks w ho h a d l on g thre a t e ne d the e m pi r e

, ,

a n d e ve n the v er y c ity o f C o n s ta n tin o pl e T w en ty thou s a n d .

ro u bl es , w e re c o ll e c te d by th e pr i es t s fr o m th e
m o n a s t er i e s a n d ec c l es i a s ti c a l r e v e nu e s a n d fo r w a r d e d to ,

Byza n ti um to w h o m th ey o w e d a ll th e su pp or t th e y c o u ld
,

furn is h a s fr o m h er Ru s sia fir s t r eceive d the C hr i s tia n

,

fa ith It w a s a c c e pte d w ith gra titu d e a n d a c kn o w l e dge d by

.
,

a p r e se n t i n r e t ur n fro m the em p e r or o f m a n y m ir a c u l o u s
, ,

i m a ge s ec c l esi a stic a l b o o ks a n d s a cr e d b o n e s a n d o th er r eli c s

, ,

o f sa i n t s D u r in g the Mo n gu l d om i n a ti on liter a tu r e a ppe a r s

.
,

to h a v e b ee n bu t littl e p u r s ue d a n d to h a v e m a de s m a ll pr o
,

gr es s in Ru s si a th o u g h m a n y h er o i c s o n gs a n d po em s o f
,

th a t per io d n o w e xis t fo r the p eo pl e s o l a c e d th em selves u n d e r

th e i n sl a ve r y a n d o pp re ss io n w i th r e c o u n tin g th e a n c i en t
,

d eeds o f th eir h er o e s i n m o r e fa vo u r a bl e ti m e s a n d the ex ,

Mo ura v lefl Ch urc h o f Russ i a f me l on

‘
s . .
 I
RE GN o r nnnn'r a ms n o ns xo r, ETC . 2 89

pl o its o f Vl a di m i r a n d o th er n a ti o n a l w a r 1 io rs a l w a ys for m
e d a fe r til e t o pi c fo r th e i r p o ets The d ea c on Ign a tiu s , w h o i n
*
.

1 38 9 h a d a c c o m p a n i e d P i m e n , o ne o f th e c l a i m a n ts fo r the
dign ity o f pr im a t e, o n his j o ur n eyto Co n s ta n tin o pl e to pl ea d
hi s c a u s e b e fo re the p a tr i a r c h , h a s l e ft a d e ta iled des c r ipti o n
o f his vis it a n d S o h ro n i us , a p r i e s t o f Ri az a n , t o w a r d s th e
p
e n d o f the fo u r t een th c e n t ur y w r o t e a p o e ti ca l hi s t o r
y o f the
i v i o a n d d e feat o f the l a r ta i s a t the b a ttle o f th e D o n
n a s n
' '

bu t th es e a pp e ar to be th e o nly w o r ks o f a n y n o t e th a t w e r e
wr i tt e n d u r i n g the c o u rs e o f the fo ur tee n th c en tu r y In th e .

m ea n w hil e P o l a n d , un d e r i ts a ble a n d s u c c ess fu l m o n a rc h ,

,

C a si m ir the G rea t, ha d b een r a pidly i n c rea s in g i n po w er a n d

p o li tic a l i m p or ta n c e A c co r di n g to the expr es s io n o f a n o ld
.

P o li s h c hr o n i c l e, h e fo un d his ki n gd o m , a t h is a c c es s io n , bu il t
H e a t tr a c te d
’

o f w o o d , a n d l e ft it c o n v er te d in to s t o n e .

s e ttl e r s fr o m a br oa d , p a r tic u l a r ly the o p r es s e d a n d p ers e

p
c u te d J e w s , a n d gre a tly in c r e a s e d by this m ea n s th e p c pu

l a tio n o f Po la n d a n d, by pr o m o tin g i n d u s try a n d c o m m er c e ,

le ft his fin a nc es in so flo u r is hi n g a st a te , tha t h e a n d his
s u cc e s s o r w e re j us tly c o ns id er e d the m o s t w ea lthy a n d
o p ul en t m o n a r c h s o f th e ir ti m e At th e m a r ria ge o f hi s .

gr a n dd a u ghter , Eliza b eth o f P o m er a n i a , w ith t he em per o r

Ch a r l es I V a t C rac o w , be en t er ta i n e d the thre e fo r eign
.

p o ten t a t es o f H u n ga ry , D en ma r k, a n d C ypr us , w ith the

g r ea tes t w e a lth a n d m a gn ific e n c e -a n d i n 134 7 pr o c la im e d a
c o d e o f l a w s , o f w hi c h the c hi e f o bj ec t w a s th e p r o t e c ti o n o f

the p e a sa n tr y a gai n s t the gr o w in g o ppr ess i o n o f the n o bl es ,

w h o b es to w e d u p o n hi m , a m o n g the m s elv es , fo r th a t re a s o n ,
the c o n te m ptu o u s a ppe ll a ti o n o f the p eas a n ts ki n g ? L e a vi n g
’

n o s o n s , h e ha d s e c u r e d the s u c c e s s i o n o f th e th ro n e , b e fo r e

h is d e a th i n 1 3 7 0 , to his n e ph ew , Lo u i s o f Hu n ga ry ; bu t
thi s c h o ic e pro v e d dis a s tr o us to P ol a n d , a s the n e w kin g w a s
e n ti r e ly o cc u pi e d w i th the a ffa i r s o f H u n ga r y a n d N a pl e s ,

p re sent d ay says a m od ern w r i ter R us s i a n s on g s a re lnnu m em ble

A t th e “

I t i s s a id th a t i n o ne uov e m m ent al o ne a s m a ny a s e igh t th o us a nd h a v e b ee n

. , .
"

c o ll ec te d Th e d e a c o ns o f th e R us s i a n c h urc h a re s a id to be the c h le t p p ul a r e di to rs
,
‘

R us s i a n s ong s a re e i th er r hy me d o r unrh y med o r In w h a t se e ms to me th e m os t c o m

. .

m o n fo rm w i th rh y m es i ntrod uce d h e re a nd th ere G e ne ral ly the m e tres a re troc h a i c ;

. ,

a nd th o u gh th e s u bj ec ts a re v a r i o us l ov e a nd mel a nc h o l see m to be the p rev a ili n g

.
,

A s o ng o n o ne o f K ntuso ft s b a ttl e s be g ins z— l tis y y no h a il s to rm o r s h o w e r

, .
‘ ‘
fea tures
th a t th e h a rv es t h a th b een l a id lo w o n th e b ro a d pl ni n th ere h a th b een a c utti n g d o w n
. . ,

th e re h a th bee n a gra pple w i th s h a rp Sw o rd s w i th th e p o ints o f d a gge rs Th e re a re

.
’

c o m s ong s s ung a bo ut th e fi re o r s o ngs o f s c ntr les o n w a tc h or th o s e w h i c h c e l e b r a te

, .

s,
b utt e th e s to rm o f to w ns a n d dea th o n the fi eld 0 ! h o nour G o m h ors e m y trus ty
,
s,

s te ed i s th e fi rs t l i ne o f o ne of th e m ; a n d so me are s to r i e s from th e o (1 ti m es f R us s i a
, , ,
‘
o .

G enera lly I h a v e b ee n s truck i n the ly r ic s of so d ev out a p eo ple by the a bsence of all us io ns

,

to re ligi o n _ Rus s l n by 1 re c en t Tra v e ll er

, ,
.
.

1 K ras lns ki s Hi s tory o f Po la nd

.

»
' "
.
200 TH E AR C H ER AN D THE S TEPPE .

w h e r e h is yo unger bro ther , And r e w h a d b een m arr i ed to i ts,

c el e br a t e d q uee n Jo a n n a
, a n d w a s a fter w a r d s m u r d e r e d a t
,

he r i n stiga tio n ; a n d h e o n ly vi s i te d P o l a n d t w i c e d u r in g a
r e ign o f twe lve ye a r s But o n his dea th i n 1 3 82 h e l e ft
.
, ,

the c ro wn o f the la tt e r ki n gdo m to hi s yo un ge s t da u ght er

He d w ige o r I a d wiga w h o i n 13 8 6 m a r r ie d J a gi e llo p ri n c e
, ,

o f Lith u a n i a a n d th u s u n ite d thi s p o w e rfu l du c h

, y to Po l a n d .

C a s im ir w a s th e la s t o f the dyna s ty o f th e P i a s t a n d a bs o l u te
ki ngs o f Po la n d w hi c h h a d s a t o n th e th r o n e s in c e 88 2
, ,

w he n the P o l es ha d e lec t e d a Pi a s t, o r c o mm o n p e as a n t
'

fo r thei r pr i n c e bu t u n d er He d wige the go v e r n m e n t ,

a ss um e d a m o r e c o n s titu tio n a l fo r m a n d the c ro w n w a s,

r e n d e r e d e n tir e ly d e pe n d e n t fo r i ts su ppli es u p o n a n a s em bly

s

o f n o bl es c o n vo ke d fo r this p u r p o se w ho n e w fi r s t b e ga n to
,

a c qu i r e th a t u n b a l a n c e d p o w er w hi c h i n l a t er tim es b e c a m e

the pr in c ipa l c a u se o f the fin a l d e s t ru c tio n o f th e s t a te At .

th e tim e o f his m a rr ia ge Ja g ie llo a d o pte d the Ro m a n C a th o

,

lic fa ith w hi c h fro m he n c efor th gr a d ua lly r e pla c e d th e G r e e k

,

c hu rc h a n d m o de o f w o r s hip th r o u gh o u t Lithu a n i a a n d th e

u n it e d ki n gd o m s w er e s till fu r th er s t r e n gth e n e d by the

d es t ru c ti o n o f th e p o w e r a n d in fl u e n c e o f the ir w a r like a n d
i n veter a t e e nem i es the T e u t o ni c kn ights , who n e v er r e c o ve r
,

e d fr o m the s e r i o u s d e fea t s th e y s us t a in e d a t the h a n d s o f thi s

p r in c e Th ey ha d l o n g b een m o r e da n ge ro u s a n d h o stile to
.

th e i r Chr is tia n n eighbo u rs th a n to the id ol a ter s a m o n g

w ho m th ey ha d s ettl e d w ith the i n t e n ti o n to c o n ver t the m
,

to th eir o w n r eligio n o r to e xt e r m i n a t e a ll w h o r esi s te d fr o m

,

the fa c e o f the e a r th but in 1 3 3 1 they ha d su ffer e d a ter

r ibl e l o ss i n the ba ttl e o f P o l o w c e ga in e d o ver th e m by
,

Vla dis la f Lo kietek or the Sh o r t kin g o f Po la n d a n d s in ce

, , ,

tha t tim e ha d b e en o n ly s uppo rt e d by the c o n tin u a l r e

i nfo r cem en ts o f a dven tu r o u s w a r ri or s fitt e d o u t a n d c o m ~ ,

m a n d e d by the c hiva l ro u s n o bl es o f We s t e rn Eu r o p e Thes e i n .

,

1 3 4 8 p en e tra te d i n to Whit e R u s s i a a n d s tor m e d a n d c a p

, ,

tu re d the s tr o n g t o w n o f Is bor osk 5 a n d in 13 7 7 the kn ights ,

a c c o m pa n ie d by D u ke Alber t o f A u s tr i a l a id w a s t e the ,

pr o vin c es o f A ra ge lle n a n d Gr o dn o a nd r etu rn e d a fter a ,

s u c c e s s fu l fo r a y to th e ir c a pit a l , K on igs b er g A ga in i n the .

,

yea r 1 3 9 0 the Ea r l o f D er by a fter w a r d s Henry IV w ith a

, ,
.
,

ba n d o f E nglis h n o ble s a tta c ke d Vil n a bu t w as r e pu ls e d

, ,

w i th grea t s l a u ghter fr o m b e fore the t o w n a n d in 1 4 1 0 the

T eu ton i c o rder r ec eive d a d ea th bl o w to its p o wer a n d i nflu

-
 HISTORY OF TIMUR AND HIS

i a ox A
-
. D
. 13 36 TO A D 1530
. . .
—
AH
. .
'
ro AM . 7 038 — A i l
. . . ) TO A i i
7 55 . .

C hi efs o f th e Uzbe k ra c e ,

“ a v ing
'

th e ir h e r on c re s ts '
w ith m a r tia l g ra c e ,

Turko ma ns c o u nt l es s a s th eir fl o c ks l e d fo r th ,

W ho d w ell beyo n d th e ev er la s ting s no w s

O f Hi n d o o K o s h, in s to r my f r
ee do m bre d ,

Th eir for t the cam

'
r o ck 7 th e ir p the to rre n t s
Mo o n s
296 THE ARC HE R AN D THE S TEPPE .

chiefly p revente d fr o m o ver w h el m i n g the w h o l e c onti

‘

w er e
n e nt of E ur o pe by th e r igo ur o f the M u s c o vi te cli m a t e a n d ,

the e xten t o f her s n o w y a n d b a r r en w as t es w hich th ey m u s t

h a ve c ross e d a s w ell as by th e d e fen s ive s tr en gth o f Pol a n d,
,

a nd the co ns ta n t r es is ta n c e o f th a t w a r li k e a n d r es tless s ta t e ,

the pl a in s b eyo n d th e Vis tul a w e r e tra c ts u tterly un kn o w n

to the ge o g a phe rs a n d s ta te sm en o f th e w e s t
r
Sh ut o u t .

by the T a r tar s o f the U kr a i n e a n d the Cr im ea , as K iof a n d

N ov o go ro d w er e th en fro m the ir fo r m er tr a d e a nd c omm u
,

n ic a tio n w ith Gre ec e th a t e m pir e a pp ear s to h a ve r e m a in e d

,
’
to t a lly i ndifferen t to th e u n h a ppy Russ i a s fo rtun es a n d fa te ;
b es ides, C o nstan tin o pl e w as h ers el f n o w dis tr a ct e d by ba r
b a r o u s in va d ers fro m As ia a n d c i vil w a r a n d the l as t ,

s u c c es so rs o f C aesa r w er e to o m u c h o c c u pie d i n pre s ervi n g

“

th e ir o wn th ro ne fr o m th e T u rks , to h e e d the p o licy or r ev o

l ution s o f a n a ti on w hic h th ey c on s id er e d to o in signi fican t
a nd r em o te to p o ss e ss a t a n y ti m e e ith er in fl u e n c e o r i n t er e s t

i n the e v e nts o f S o uthe rn Eu r o p e .

But to wa r ds the m iddl e o f the fo u rt ee nth c en t ury a

, ,

t er r ibl e sho ck a n d r evo l utio n w a s pre pa r in g in th e E a st— on e

o f th ose m ighty c o n qu er o r s th a t a t v a ri o us ti m es ha v e

a ppear e d i n As i a , a n d be for e w h o s e tr e m e n d ou s expl o it s the

victor ies o f C aesa r of Ch a r l em a gn e, a n d o f Na p o leo n , sin k

,

i n t o com p ara tive i n s ign ific a n ce a n d o b s c ur ity w a s a b ou t to ,

e n t er u p o n the s c e n e a n d pl a y a n i m p o r t a n t p ar t i n the
’
w o r ld s hi s tor y A n o b sc ur e sc ion o f th e i m p er i a l h o u se of
.

Zingis Kha n tr i u m phi n g o ver th e m a c hi na ti on s o f his

,

e n em i es, the fa ithle s sn ess o f hi s fr i e nd s a n d the j ea lo us y a nd ,

tr eac h ery o f hi s c o m pe tit ors a n d a ll ie s a n d pr o fitin g by the ,

a na rc hy w hic h th e n pr e va il e d a m o n g th e thr o n es o f Wes tern

Asia , fro m the s o n o f a pe tty c hie fta in be ca m e the ar biter

o f th a t gr ea t co n tin e n t ; a n d ca rr ie d his a rm s o v er re gio ns

m or e extens ive t ha n a n y o ther gen er a l o r p r in c e w ho has

*—
yet a pp ea r e d u p o n the ea r th the a rea o f his e m pire
e x c eedi n g even th a t o f his c e l ebra t e d pre d ec ess or Zingi s .

This wa s Tim u r Bek i o r Ta m er la ne a s he is u s u a lly d esig

,
' ‘

n a ted : the i n gr a tit u d e o f To kta m is h the kh a n of K ipza k , ,

w ho , by the i n flu en c e a n d fo r c e s o f Tim u r ha d b een res ea te d

’
u po n his fa th er s th r o n e br o ught him fi r s t in t o Eur o p e
, an d ,

by hi s victor ies o v er Baj a zet a n d the Otto m a n Tur ks i n As i a

.

y s O tt m an T k
’ “
C
reas o ur s
1 D g r Bek i th e T t f r princ e a nd Ti mur mea ns Iron
.

'
e , o . s a r ar o , .
 r m ua BEK on TAMERL AN E , ETC . 2 97

Mi n o r , he
p ro b a bly s a ys Gibbo n r etar d ed th e i m pen din g
, ,

fa ll o f C o n s ta n tin o pl e fo r a t l e a s t fifty y ea rs * .

The thr o n e w hi c h Z a ga ta i the s o n o f Z ingis h a d fo un d e d , ,

i n Tr a ns o xia n a w h e re he r u l e d o ver p a r t o f S o u th er n
,

Sib er ia i nc l u di ng the c o u n tr y o f the Igo ur s to C a shga r a n d

, ,

B a lkh o n th e b or d e rs o f Pe r s ia a n d Thib e t ha d b ec o m e
, ,

v a ca n t i n 1 3 1 6 th r o ugh the d ea th o f the la s t o f his d e

,

s c e n da n ts , the kh a n K a za n d o n th e fi e ld o f b a ttle , w hil e

‘

w a r r i n g a ga in s t M ir C a za a n the s ult a n o f a Tu r c o m a n ia n
g ,

h o r d e ; a n d th e l a tter a fter c r o w n in g a n d d epo s in g in s u c

c ess i o n s e v er al n a tiv e c hi e fs w a s hi m s elf a s s a s s in a t e d i n 1 35 7
,
.

The tro u bl es th a t a r o s e i n the ki n gd o m th r o u gh th e m i s ,

g o ve r n m en t o f hi s s o n Abda lla h a n d th e c o n te n tio n s th a t ,

pre va il e d a m o n g th e n u m e ro us pr in c es a n d to m a n s j w ho ,

b o as te d a r e l a t i o n s hip o r c on n e c tio n h o w e ver dist a n t w ith , ,

the i m p er i a l d yn a s ty o f the M o n gu ls a ffo r d e d o c c as i o n a n d ,

s p a c e fo r w a n t o f w hi c h i n a n o th e r c o u n t ry o r a t a n o th er
, ,

ti m e his n a m e m ight for e ve r h a ve r e m a in e d i n o b sc ur i ty

, ,

to the e l e va ti o n o f Ti m ur w h o a t th e a ge o f t we n ty fo u r,
-
,

c a m e fo r w a r d as the d e live r er o f h is c o u n t r y w h e n th r ea t ,

e n e d wi th d es t ru c ti o n by th e i n va s i o n o f th e kh a n o f a

p o w e r fu l tr ibe o f Ka lm uc ks a n d e n d e a vo ur e d to r es t o re ,

p ea c e a n d uni ty a m o n g his dis t ra c t e d c o un tr ym e n “ .

The fo ur th a n c es t o r o f Z in gi s a n d n in th o f T a m er l a n e , ,

w er e b r o th er s a n d a c c o r din g to a t r a diti o n o f th e T a r ta rs
, ,

it ha d b een a gr ee d be tw een th e m th a t w hile the d e sc e n da n t s ,

o f th e e lde r s h o u ld a l w a y s fi ll th e c fi i c e o f kh a n th o se o f the ,

yo un ge r s h o u ld be th ei1 m in i s ter s a n d gen era l s a n d o ne o f ,

th e se C a r as ha r N e v 1a n ha d b e en th e fir s t v i zie r o f Z a ga ta i
, ,

w h o se p o s te r ity b ein g n o w e x ti n c t the c o un tr y w a s r e d u c e d

!3 ,

to s ubj e c ti o n by th e k ha n s o f Tu r c o m a n i a a fo r m er d ep en ,

d en ey o f Za ga t a i a n d th e se o ppo s e d i n thei r tu r n by th e ir
r iva l s the Ge tee o r K a l m u c ks in the n o r th a m
,
di s tr i c ts b o th ,

n a ti o ns c r u e lly t a x e d a n d o ppr e s s e d th e i r n e w s u bj e c ts §
Ti m u r w a s b o rn o n the 9 th o f Ap r il 1 3 3 6 i n the vi ll a ge , ,

o f Sebzua r a bo u t fo r ty m il e s so u th o f S a m a r c a nd a n d w h er e
, ,

h is fa th er the E m i r T r a ga i w as the h ere dita r y c hi e f a n d

, , ,

G lbbo n s
‘
“ D li
u o f th e R oman E m re
ec n e a nd F ll pi
Thi K d d ih g l kh K P i
.

s a z a n m us t no t be c o n fo un e w t the M o n u an a z an o f ers a .
T
o m a ns w ere c h i efs o f s ma ll di i
s tr c ts . w chi h h
t ey w ere o un b d g
to ov e r n a c c o r di n g
to the la w s o f Z ing is , a nd furns ih h i ig h q i d ih
t e r s o v ere n. w e n re u re , w t a tro o o i p “

h o rs
e
D e La C ro i x s T ra n s l a ti n o f S h e re ie dd ln A li s His t of Ti mur B c k
.
' ‘ ’

5
o .

D ecli ne a nd Fa ll o f th e R oma n Empire

.

‘ "
5 G lbbon s .
2 98 THE A RCH ER AND THE S TE PP E .

c o mm a n de d h o r s e) “ At tw e lve yea r s o ld he
a re gi m en t of

s er e d a s a s o ldi er i n m an y de s pe ra t e e n ga g em e n ts a n d s u b
v
,

se qu en tly pa s s e d n i n e ye a r s a s a t r a v e ll er i n fo r e ign l a n d s ,

w h e r e he m in u tely o bs er v e d th e c h a r a c te r a n d l a w s a n d ,

va r ious m o d es o f go ver nm en t o bt a i n in g a ll the in fo r m a ti on ,

a n d i n s tr u c ti o n w ithi n h is r e a c h 5 a n d a t e v e r y p e r i o d o f h i s

life h e w a s a diligen t r ea d er o f hi s to ry po e tr philo s o phy , ,

a n d w o r ks o n s c i e n c e a n d a r t Edu c a t e d a s a Ma h o m e t a n .
,

h e b e c a m e u lti m a te ly a n i n t o l era n t a n d fa n a ti c a l su pp or t er
o f the d o c tr i n e s o f th e pr o ph e t bu t hi s di s p o s iti o n a ppea r s ,

to ha v e b e en o r igin a ll y n e i th e r u n fe e li n g n o r c r u e l till i t w a s ,

h a rd e ne d by a m ilita r y life l o n g en ga gem en t i n a b a r b a r o u s ,

w a r fa r e a n d the m o s t u n r e s tr a i n e d a n d u n sc r u p u lo u s a m bi
,

ti o n .A cc o r din g to the his t o r ia n Ara bsha h i a t the m iddl e ,

’‘

ti m e o f life i n a ppea r a n c e h e w a s ta ll a n d r a th er c or p u l en t
, ,

w ith l o n g l egs a l a r ge h ea d high fo r e h e a d a n d g r e a t s t re n gth

, , ,

hi s eyes full o f fir e his c o m pl e xio n fa i r w i th a n a g reea bl e

, ,

c o un te n a n ce a n d hi s vo i ce l o u d a n d pi er c i n g
, He h a d l o s t .

th e u s e o f hi s r igh t h a n d fr o m a s e v er e w o un d h e h a d
r ec e iv e d a s e a r ly a s 13 60 i n a s ki r m is h w i th th e T ur c o ,

m a n i a n tr o o p s ; o r a c cor di n g to s o m e a u th o r s by a fa l l
, ,

fr o m a b a tter y u po n w hi c h h e h a d h e a d e d a n a s s a u lt a n d ,

this c a u s in g a n a tta c k o f p a r a lys is r en d er e d him la m e a ll his ,

life in hi s r ight leg a n d a s o n e o f his his to r i a n s h a s i n fo r m e d

,

us ,
bli n d o n the s a m e sid e w hi c h pr o c u r e d him fr o m hi s ,

e n em i e s th e n i c kn a m e o f Ti m u r L en o o r the L a m e Ti m u r , ,

s i n c e c o r r u pt e d by the E ur o pe a n s i n t o Ta m e r la n e
l He w a s
p a s sio na tely fo n d o f c h es s w hic h h e pl a ye d w ith u n u s ua l ,

s kill
Il o f a gr a v e a n d r igid d e po r tm en t h e per m i tted n e ith er
—
,

j es ter s n o r fo ol s to a pp ea r b e fo re hi m a n d n o c r i me e n ra ge d ,

hi m s o m u c h a s d e ce p ti o n i n s i n cer ity o r the l e a s t a pp ear a n c e

, ,

o f a n u n tr u th Aft er h e ha d o bt a i n e d th e i m p er i a l c r o w n
.
,

his Sig n et r in g b o r e m ere ly thi s in s c ripti o n

-
S a fe ty c on s i s t s
”
i n fa i r de a li n g a n d his p a la c e w a s kn o w n by the l o fty
,

a pp e lla ti o n o f the a b o d e o f s c i e n ce a n d vi rtu e .

I n 1 3 5 9 his un c l e H a dg i Ber l a s w h o h a d s u c c e ed e d to th e
, ,

em ir s hip o f Sebzu a r o r K e c h the p a t er na l in h er it a n c e o f ,

Sh ere feddi’n Al l s Hi s t of Ti mur B elt

i
. .

A ra bs h a h s H s t
Koz a r i c h
.
'

1| He inv en ted a new s y s te m mul tipl y in g th e pi eces from thi rty one to fifty s ix a n d - -
th s q ua res {m m a h u nd re d a n d te n to a h und re d a nd thi rty ; but exc e p t in h i s o w n
. ,
e
c o ur t the old g a me h as been c o ns id e re d s u ffi c i e ntly el a b ora te — Gl bbon s " D ec li ne a nd
.
" ’

Fa ll of th e Rom an E mpi re
. .
"
.
300 THE ARCH ER AND THE S TE PP E .

p o ten ta t e to br ea k o ff a ll c o n n e c ti o n wi th h is tr o o p s j o i ne d
, ,

a c o n fe d er a cy o f n a tive p r in c e s W h o m he h a d u r ge d to u n it e
,

i n a gen er a l w ar fo r i n de p en den ce a n d pl a c e d him self a t th ei r

,

h ea d F re quen tly r e du c e d to th e gr e a t es t s t a te o f distr e ss

.
,

he w a s a t o n e tim e a tt a c ke d i n the des er t by the e n e m y

w h e n a c c o m pa n i e d by o n l y th r ee h o r s e men th e r e s t w ho
'

, ,

w e re C a r izm ia n s h a vi n g d eserte d th ei r l ea d e r 5 a n d c o n c ea l
, ,

i n g his w ife i n a c a ve r u s he d a l on e a n d u n s u pp o r te d u p o n
,

th e fo e . O n a n o th er o c c a s i on h e w a s ta ke n pr i s on er w i th
h is c o n s t a n t c o m p a ni o n a n d br o th er in l a w the Emi r Hu ss ei n - -
, ,

by Ali Bey a t re a c h er o u s a n d j ea l o u s a lly a n d c on fin e d for

, ,

s i xty o n e d a y s i n a l oa th s o m e d un g eo n ; a n d a ga i n h e w a s
-

fo rc e d to s w im for his l ife a c r o ss the Giho n a n d w a n der fo r ,

m on th s a s a fugi tiv e i n th e w ilds o f th e d ese r t Bu t p er s e ver i n g .

,

i n the p u rs u it o f his des ign he a ll o w e d n o da n ger o r w ou n ds

,

to det er him a n d r e a ss e mbli n g his s c a t ter e d fo ll ow er s r e

, , ,

a ni m a t e d th e m by hi s o w n e x a m pl e a n d c o u r a ge a n d fi n a lly ,

s u c c ee d e d i n e xp e lli n g th e K a l m u c ks fr o m the p r ovi n c es

a r o un d S a m a r ca n d a n d d r ivi n g th e m
,
ba c k to th eir o w n
ba r ren distr ic ts Bu t fin di n g th a t the p o o r e s t c hi ef w h o ha d
.

a ss i s te d hi m n o w th a t th e ir c o u n t r y w a s fr ee d fro m e n e m i e s
, ,

e xpec t e d to beco m e a n i n d ep en d e n t s o v er eig n a n d r e ign a l o n e ,

a n d s u pr e m e in his o w n vil l a ge a n d s t a t e ; a n d w e ll a w a r e

th a t suc h a sys t em w o u ld o n ly pr o vo k e a r e n ew a l of the c ivil

w a r a nd a n o ther t orr e n t o f i n va d er s th e vi c t o r i o u s yo u n g
, ,

gen e ra l c a lle d a co n gr es s o f pr i n c es a n d n o bl es a n d p r o pos ed ,

to e l ec t K a bu lsha h Agl e n a d er vi s h o f the fa m ily o f Zi ngi s

, ,

to the d ign ity o f kh a n At the c o r o n a tio n o f the n e w

.

e m p er o r Ti m u r r e c e ive d the title of S a h e b C a r a n the

“ .

, ,

H er o of the A ge a n d r elea s e d fro m c on fin e m en t a ll the

,

pr in ces a n d o ffic ers o f th e en e m y w ho h a d b een ta k en

p ri s o n er s i n the w a r .

Bu t Tra n s o xi a n a w a s n ot d e s ti n e d to r e m a in l o n g in p ea c e
the Ka l m u c ks a g a i n i n v a de d the l a n d , a g a in Ti m u r c a m e
'

fo r wa r d w i th his fa ithful b a n ds a n d d e fea t e d th e m ye t w a s ,

a fte r w a r d s c o m p e ll e d w ith hi s li eu t en a n t Hu s s e in fito r e tr ea t ;,

th e e n em y b es ie ge d S a m a r c a n d, bu t he d r o v e th e m w i th
fr ightfu l sl a u ghter fro m be fo r e i ts w a lls , a n d u ltim a te ly ex
pel led th eir w ho l e a rm y fro m the pr o vi n c e Bu t w h en th es e
.
.

fo es h a d b een r e d uc e d to t a ke r efuge in flight, a s till m o r e

fo r m id a bl e o ppo n en t a pp ea r e d i n the field, in the p erson o f
Hu ssein, the hith er to c o n st a n t co mpa n io n of his da n ger s a nd
 r m un BEK o n TAM ERLANE, 30 1
'
ETC .

tr i um ph s w ho j ea lo us o f the i n c r ea s i n g p o w er a n d fa m e o f
, ,

his b r o th e r i n la w t o o k u p a r m s a ga ins t Tim u r a n d i n du c e d

- -
, ,

m a n y to j o i n i n the r e vo lt A c o o l ne ss ha d be en lo n g gr o w
.

i n g b e t w ee n th e tw o chiefs bu t th e y ha d r em a in e d a t p ea c e ,
’
w ith e a c h o th er till the d e a th o f Ola a i Tur ca n A a , Ti m ur s
j g

w i fe w h o c o m bi ni n g th e m o s t fea r l ess di s pos i ti o n w ith

, ,

ge ntle n es s a n d a m ia bility h a d a c c o m p a n i ed her h us ba n d a n d

,

br o th er i n m os t o f th eir expe ditio n s a nd w a s the o n ly b o n d ,

o f u n i o n th a t fo r s o m e ti m e h a d c o n ne ct ed th e m a s by the ,

fo r m e r s h e ha d be en ten d er ly lo ve d Hu ssei n po s ses s i ng .

hi m s e lf o f the pr o vi n c e o f Ba l kh w ith s evera l s tr o n gl y fo r ti ,

fie d c ities a n d fo r tr ess es a pp o i nt e d a n i n s ur ge nt c hi e f to th e
,

dig ni ty o f kh a n a n d m ar c h e d to war ds S a m a r c a n d w ith a

,

fo r m ida ble a n d w ell dis c ipli n e d fo r c e He w a s e nc o u n te r e d

-
.

h a lf w a y by Ti m ur , w ho be fo re e nga in g w ith the e n e my

-
,
g
,

as s em bl e d hi s a rm y a n d d e live r e d to th e m the fo ll o w in g

s h o rt a n d s in gul ar s p e ec h This da y br a ve s oldie r s is a , ,

d a y o f d a n c i n g for w a r ri o r s the da n c in g r o o m of he ro es i s ,
-

the field o f b a ttl e the cr ies o f w ar a re th e s o n gs s un g a n d

,

d a n c e d a n d the w i n e th a t i s d r un k is the bl o o d o f th e
e ne m y .Th e y th en a tta c ke d a n d co m pl etely r o u te d the fo l
l o w e rs o f H uss ein c o m p elli ng th em to fl ee to the d es e r ts ;
,

bu t n e ver th e les s a fe w m o n th s a fter the i ns u r ge n t c hi ef ha d

, ,

s o e ffi c ie n tly re in fo r c e d his s ca t te r e d t ro o ps a s to r e n e w the

c o n te s t a n d th e w a r w a s co n ti nu e d o n ea c h s ide w ith r e
,

d o u bl e d ra ge a n d vi ol e nc e At le ngth h a vi ng bee n de fea te d .

,

i n m a n y b a ttles his for tr ess es b es i e ge d, a n d his fo r c es to ta ll y

,

dis per s e d H uss ein w a s t a ke n pr is o n er a n d le d tr e m bli ng

, ,

b e fo r e hi s i nj u r ed c o n qu er o r ; bu t Ti m u r rec eive d hi s c a p
tive m o s t c o u r teo u sly gr a n tin g him hi s re l eas e o n c o n diti o n
,

th a t h e s h o uld p r o c ee d o n a pilg rim a ge to Mec c a a n d r e ply ,

i n g to a n e ighb o u r in g s h e ik w h o se br o th e r Hu ss ein ha d s lai n , ,

a n d w h o s e n t to re que s t Ti m u r to a ven ge the m u r d er by ta k

i n g hi s ca ptive s life Lea ve him w ho h a th o ffe n de d yo u

'

”
i n the h a n d s o f ti m e fo r tim e a n d fo r tun e w ill a v en ge yo u
,
.

A c co r din g to h is Pe rs i a n hi s to ria n Ti m u r s h e d tea r s a fter ,

the i n ter vie w i n w hi c h h e h a d pa rt e d fro m h is for m er ly

,

d e a r es t fri e n d 3 a n d the s h e ik fe a ri n g tha t the r e m e m bra n c e ,

o f th e ir a n ci e nt a f fe ctio n ha d o ver c o me hi s p r ud e n c e a n d
a nge r a n d th a t he ha d s u ffe r e d th e w re t c h e d m a n to e s c a pe
,

o n ly to r a is e a n oth e r re v o lt , c a us ed Hus s e i n to be w a yl a id

A q u ta ti o f o m a Pers i an p t o n r oe .
302 THE ARC HE R AND THE S TEPP E .

a nd i
a ssass n a e t di n a l o n ely s p o t, b e fo r e he ha d p r o c e ed e d
m an y m il es o n h is r o u te B ut tho u gh the c on que ror ha d
.

d ea lt s o len ien tly w ith the e m ir , ye t h e pu ni s h ed the o the r

’
i nsurge nts w ith the grea tes t se ve ri ty tw o o f H us se i n s s on s
w ho ha d fa ll e n in to his h a n ds w er e bu r n e d, a n d th e i r a s h e s
ca s t i nt o th e a ir tw o m or e fle d to In di a , w h er e th e y p er is he d ;
~
the r e b e l kh a n w as pu t to d ea th ; his p a la c e , w ith th a t o f
the e m i r, r a ze d to th e gr o u n d, a n d e v er y r ec o lle ctio n o f the
r e b ellio n a n d its c hi e f o blit er a t e d a n d c r u s h e d .

In 1 3 69 , i m m e dia tely a fter th e s u pp r es si o n o f the re vol t ,

Ti mur w as una ni m o u s ly e le c te d to the im p er ia l th r o n e o f

S a m ar ca n d by his offic er s a n d c hiefs ; he be in g a t th a t tim e
thi rty thr ee years o f a ge
-
.

Fr o m this p er i o d his li fe , a s it h a d in dee d b e en b efo r e, w a s

o ne c on tin ue d s c en e o f w a r an d bl o o d sh e d . It w ould re qu ir e
to o m uc h s pa c e to e nu m e ra t e a ll the e v e n ts o f the thi r ty fiv e -

c a m p a ig ns i n w hi c h he s w e pt th ro u gh A s ia in hi s d e so l a ti n g
co u r s e o f th es e, w r itten it is belie v e d fr o m his dicta tion by
th e h a n d o f his s ec r e ta r y, h e ha s l e ft u s a fu ll a cco u n t in th e
“
co mm en t ar i es o f his life a n d the “ i n stit uti o n s o f hi s
”
g o ver nm en t . He re, th o u gh he m a n ife s ts s o m e c orr ec t id ea s
o f the du ties o f a s o ve re ig n , w hi c h h e t ries to pr o ve th a t he
h a d s i gna lly fu l fille d, h e n u m b er s a m o n g them the en for c e
m en t an d pr o pa ga tio n by a rm s o f th e Mu ssu l m a n fa ith , a nd
e xt ens ive c on q ues ts ; a n d a ppr o ve s the a xi o m, t ha t w h en a
p rin ce has issu e d a c o m m a n d, th o u gh h e b e co mes sensibl e it i s
w r o n g, h e o ught n e ve r thel e ss to r e q ui r e i ts e xe cu tio n, l es t
hi s a u th o rity s ho u ld be c o m p r o m i s e d o r di sr e gar d e d . He
s tu di e d i n his e m pir e to pr o m o t e j u s tic e a n d the pro s p er ity

o f his s u bj ec ts, a n d n o m i n a lly e m plo ye d a c o un c il i n his

govern m en t, whic h h e c o n d u c ted, a c c o r din g to the co de of

l a ws be qu ea th e d by Zin gi s Kha n , i n tr a di ti o n , n ot w ritin g, to
h is d es c e n da n ts ; a n d h e e s ta blis h e d o fli c ers in d ep en d en t o f
ea ch o ther, a n d su bj e ct to his w ill a l on e , o ve r th e v a r iou s

p ro vinces o f his e m pir e in th e s a m e m a nn er th a t ha s u s u a lly

,

b een pursu e d by po w e r ful s o ver eigns i n the Ea s t, a n d a fter

the sa me sys t em th a t Na po l e o n a tte m pte d, in l a ter tim es, to
i ntro du ce i nto E ur o pe . Th o ugh h e gener a lly p er m itt e d
c rim i na l s to s ta n d a fa i r t ria l, his a n ge r oc c a s i o n a lly o ver ca m e
his sense o f j us ti c e, a n d he w o ul d c a u s e th os e w ho ha d offe n d e d
hi m, a bu sed th eir t r us t, o r r ul e d tyr a n n i ca lly, to be b eh ea d e d
’
w i th ou t a m o m e nt s d e la y les s guil ty p o liti c a l ofien der s
'
304 THE AR C H ER AN D THE s 'r nr r n .

a rm y w a s go ve r n e d by the s a m e r egu l a ti o n s tha t ha d k e pt

'
"
'

i n un ity a n d di s c ipli n e th e en o r m o u s fo rc e s o f the fir s t M o n

g u l c on qu er o r w h o se l a w s a n d m ilitar y dir ec ti o n s h a d b e e n
,

r igidl y o b e ye d by his s u c c ess o r s a nd fro m w h o m th er e i s

,

n o t a T a r t a r c hi e f, b e tw e en Ru ss1a a nd the w a ll s o f P e ki n ,
w ho do es n o t c l a i m hi s a u tho r ity an d d escen t Ever y o ffic er .
»

a n d so ldi e r w a s m a d e r e s p o n s ibl e u n d er p a in o f d ea th , fo r the

,
»

life a n d h o n o ur o f hi s c om p a ni on s ; c ou r tes y h o n e s ty a n d , ,

j u s ti c e w a s r e quir e d i n th e ir in t er c o u r se w ith e a c h o th er a n d; ,

c a pita l pu ni s h m e n t w a s in fli c te d for m ur d e r pe rj u r y a n d , ,

th e r o bb e r y o f a n o x o r a h or se; I t h a d a l s o b een enj o in ed

by Zin gis Kha n to hi s s uc c e s s o rs a n d d esc en da n ts tha t, ,

w h e n o n c e h a v i n g u n d e r t a ke n a w a r th e M on gu ls s h o u l d
}
,

n e ith er give qu a r t er n o r p ea c e un l e ss a t the h u m bl e a n d

e a r n es t pr a yer o f a c o n qu e re d a n d s u ppli a n t e n e m y but :

Ti m u r o n his firs t a c c es s i o n to th e i m p er ia l thr on e s h ow e d?

, ,

n e ith e r s el fi s h n o r i m m o de rate a m bi ti o n a n d o n ly u n d e r t o o k ,

h is fir s t for eign w a r w h e n u r g ed by the n ece s si ty o f s e lf

de fen c e .

Ab o u t th e ye a r 13 7 0 the tr ou bl es th a t a r o s e i n Kip
,

za k, w hi c h ha d r en t th a t ki n gdo m i n t o s e v e ra l i n d e pe nd e n t

s o v er e ign tie s w hi c h ea c h o w ne d a s e pa r a t e kh a n c o m p e ll e d
, ,

To kta m ish a p r i n ce o f the r o ya l h o u s e a n d the s on o f th e

, ,
’
as s a ss in a t e d Ur u s to yi e ld his fa the r s th r o n e to a n o th er
,

U r u s a n d fly fr o m h is c o u n tr y a n d , en tr ea tin g the pr o te o
,

ti o n o f Ti m u r h e w a s r ec e iv e d by th e e m p er or w ith the
,

gr ea t es t kin d n es s a n d o bta i n e d the c o mm a n d of a pr o vi nc e *

,
.

N o s o o n er w a s he e s ta bli s h e d i n O tr a r a n d Sa br a n d hi s
n ew g o vern m e n t w hi c h b o r d er i n g o n the s h o r e s o f th e Ar a l i
, ,

a ppr oa ch e d th e c o nfi ne s o f K i pza k th a n C o tluc B o u ga a s o n , ,

o f the kh a n o f Y a ik o r As tra kha n fro m w hi c h pl a c e th e e xil e d

, ,

p r i nc e h a d fled br o u ght a la r ge a r m y a g a in s t hi m bu t
,

tho u gh h e d e fe a t e d To kta m ish who w a s l e ft s tr ipp e d a n d ,

W o un de d u p o n the fie ld h e w a s hi m s elf kill e d in th e fight His

,
.

bro th er T o u k a Ka ya m a de a v o w to r even ge his d ea th a n d

, ,

h is fa ther s en t a m ba s sa d or s to Ti m ur w ith a l e tter of w hi c h ,

the foll o w in g w a s the pu r p or t To kta m i sh ha s kill e d m y

s o n a n d ha s fle d fo r r e fu ge to yo u 5 you o u ght to d eliv er up
,

’
Sh erefedd in A l i s
'

Hi story o f Ti mur B ek “

1 O tra r and S b ra n a re tw o c i ti es o n th e Gih on

.

1 It i s ge ne ra l y s upp osed th a t th e A ra l S ea forme d a ba y o f th e C a s pi a n : for i t is not

.

m e n ti o ne d b a ny geo g ra ph e r o r hi s tori a n e i th e r o f a n c i en t o r m o d ern ti m e s ti ll a e ry v

a nd the i s th mus b etween th e m i s no w a m ere s a ndy m ar s h i ntersec te d
. ,

eri o
ppfap
re e ,
w t' es .
 r m un BEK o n T AMERLANE, ETC . 30 5

this p r i nc e w ho is m y en em y ; if yo u re fus e I d ec l a re w a r
, ,

a ga i ns t
yo u a n d ther e r e m ai n s n o thing m o r e fo r us to d o
,

tha n to m e e t i n the fi
”
eld o f b a ttl e To thi s dem a n d the .

e m p er or r e pli e d Tokta m i s h ha s pu t hi m self u n d er m y

pr o tec tio n a n d I w ill d e fen d hi m Re tur n to U r ns K ha n
, .

a n d in fo r m him th a t I n o t o n ly a ccept hi s c h a lle nge bu t

, ,

th a t m y pr e par a tions are a lre a dy beg un a n d m y v a li a n t ,

so ldi ers h a ve n o o th er d u t
y tha n th e t ra d e o f w a r The y .

are l io n s w ho i n s te a d o f livin g i n fo res t s, h a ve th e ir r es id e nc e

, ,

i n c a m ps a n d a r mi es .

The a m bas s a d or s of As t ra kh a n h a vin g r et u r n e d to th ei r

m as t er Ti m u r m a r ch e d to e n c o u n t er the tr o o p s o f K ipza k
,

but the tw o a r m i e s w er e o v er ta k en by th e w i n ter i n the

b arr e n s te pp es betw een th e C a s pia n an d S a m a r ca n d a n d ,

m a in e d fo r se ver al m on th s w ithin a few l e a g ues o f ea c h

’
o th er s qu a r te rs , b o th i n c a p a c it a t e d for a ctio n b
y the dee p
s no w a n d e xc e s s ive co ld But o n the a pp ro a c h o f s pr in g th e
.

e m p e r o r a dva n c e d ; a n d h a v i n g i n flict ed a s ig n a l d efea t o n

,
’
the e ne m y s tr oo p s, for c e d h i m to reti r e a cr o s s hi s b or der s
a fter w hi c h Ti m u r , pl a ci n g his va n g ua r d un d e r th e c o mm a n d
-
,

o f To kta m i s h w h o a ct e d a s a guid e led his fo r c e s in to K i pza k

, , .

He ca p tur e d a n d pill a ge d s ev er a l t o w ns on the fr o n tiers a n d ,

s l ew a ll th e i n ha bita n ts ; w h e n the d ea th o f U r u s ta ki n g
,

pla c e a n d h is e ldes t s o n, To u ka Ka ya a fe w m o n ths a fte r

, ,

fo llo wi n g hi m to the gra ve Tokta mi sh w as pl a c e d o n the

,

th ro n e wi th lit tl e o pp o sitio n a n d the e m p er o r r e tu r ne d to

,

S a ma rca n d Aga i n the r es to r e d p r in c e w a s fo r c e d to fly

.

b efor e the a r ms of Ti m u r M elik a n oth e r s o n o f U r us bu t , ,

o w in g to th e d e p ra vi ty a n d m i sc o n d uc t o f thi s c hi e f wh en ,

he ha d r ec o vere d his cro wn w a s a ga i n r e i n s ta te d by the

,

Zagata ia n s a n d the follo w in g ye a r Ma m a i , the kh a n o f Sera i

, ,

ha vi n g su s ta i n e d the t er r i bl e d e fea t a t K o u liko ff fro m ,

D em et ri us o f Mos co w on th e s h o r es of the Do n w h er e a fter

, , ,

the b a ttl e thi r teen m il es w er e s t re wn wi th the bo di e s o f the

,

s l a i n, To kta m i s h m a r ch e d a n a r m y a l on g i ts b a n k s a n d po s

se sse d hi m s e lf o f the c a pit a l , a n d s o a ga i n u n it e d i n on e

e m pir e the di vide d trib e o f To u s h i i n K ipza k It w a s a yea r .

a fter thi s e ve n t th a t h e i n va d e d Ru s s i a , a n d b u r n e d a nd
s a cke d M os c ow w hich w a s d e fe n d e d by a pr in c e o f the r o ya l
,

fa mily ; a n d h a vi n g d e ma n de d fro m the M usco v ites a ro u bl e

,

fo r e ver y e ighty o f th eir sl a u ghte r e d c o untrym en u po n w h o m ,

th ey w is h ed to b estow the l a s t sol emn fun era l r ites the ,

30 6 TH E AR C H ER A ND THE S TE PP E .

b oya r d s ra ns om e d w ith a s um o f th r ee th o u s a n d s ilver r o u bles

tw o hu n d r e d a n d fo r ty th o u sa n d o f the ir de a d " 6
.

Pers i a w hic h , s in c e the de a th o f Abo u S a id th e l as t s u cce s ,

s o r o f Ho l a o u h a d b ee n a p rey to di ssens i o n a n d m i sr ul e
g , ,

a n d divid e d a m o n g va r i o u s m in o r c hiefs by th e u n p r o v o ke d ,

i n ro a d o f o ne o f h er p r in ces u pon Bo kha ra a n d a sh or t a n d ,

fr uitl es s s i ege o f S a m a r c a n d , d r e w u po n h er self a fear ful

r e tr i bu ti o n fro m the M o n guls a n d Ti m u r des c e n d e d u po n
,

her pl a i n s w ith a n o v er wh e l m in g fo rc e I ns tea d o f u niting .

fo r the pu r p ose o f m u tu a l de fe n ce ea c h p r o vi n c e ra s hly a t ,

t em pte d to o ppo se h im se pa ra t ely a n d a lo n e a n d the a r m y of ,

ea c h w a s s w ept like d us t fro m b e fo r e h is t r o o ps o n their

a dva n ce Sh a h M a n s o u r p r i n c e o f Fa rs w h o s e c h a r a c ter is
.
, ,

s t a in e d w i th the g ro s s e s t c r ue lty a n d w h o h a d c a u s e d 1 the ey e s

‘

o f s e v e r a l P e r s i a n p r i n c e s to be pu t o u t w h e n fly in g fro m ,

be fo r e the in va der s th e y ha d t a ke n r efuge i n hi s s t a te th o u gh

,

o n e o f the l ea s t po w er fu l w a s a l m os t th e s o le I ra n ia n c hi e f
,

w ho o pp ose d the M o n guls w i th a bility an d e n er gy a n d fir m l y ,

r e s i s t e d th e i r p r o g re s s B e fo r e Shir a z w ith o nly th re e o r

.
,

fo u r th o us a n d so ldie rs h e p en e tr a te d a ba tta lio n o f thi r ty

,

th o u s a n d M o n gul h o rs e a n d bea r i n g d o w n a ll b efo r e him

, ,
'
,

a dva n ce d to w i thi n a ya r d o f th e e m per o r w ho fo u ght i n th e ,

’
m id s t . F o ur t een gua r d s a l o ne r e m a in e d a ro u n d Ti mu r s
s ta n d a r d bu t he fo ught w ith the c o u r a g e o f a c o m m o n
,

s o ldi er a n d ke pt hi s gr o u n d w ith a d e s pe r a ti o n w o r th y o f a
,

s tr u ggl e fo r li fe Tw o bl o w s o f a s cym i ta r fr o m th e h a n d o f
.

M a n s o u r fell u p o n his h e lm et bu t h e r em a i ne d firm a s a ,

r ock his fo llo w er s r e a n i m a te d c l o s e d a r o un d h im a n d i n a

, , ,

fe w s ec o n ds the h ea d o f th e Sh a h fe l l b efo r e th e s tr o ke o f
Ch a r c c a yo u th o f s e v e n t ee n the yo u n ges t s o n o f Ti m u r w ho
-
, , ,
’
pr es en te d it o n hi s kn e e s a t hi s fa the r s fe e t E v ery p r i nc e .

a m o n g th e M u za fi
’

er s th e fa m ily o f M a n s o ur w a s s e nt en c e d
, ,

by the e m p e r or to s u ffer d ea th th o u gh a ll th e i m p r is o n e d ,

c hie fs w h o m h e fou n d in th e d un geo n s o f Fa r s he t r ea t e d

w i th gr ea t ki n d n ess ; a n d a fter r e i ns t a tin g th os e i n th ei r

d ig nity w ho h a d b een blin de d o r o ther wi se m a ltr ea te d by the
S h a h h e g a r n i s h e d the c ity o f I s p a h a n w i th to w ers o f s e ve n ty
,

tho u sa n d hu m a n he a ds i Th en ma r chi n g to the sh or e s o f the ,

P er s ia n G ulf h e th re a te ne d the r ic h i sl an d o f O r m uz w ith

,

Herbersteln R erum Mus c ov ltor um "

f Hi Ti
.

S he refe ddln A li s m ur Bek

'
s to ry o f
h l l gh
.

1 S h e re te dd in Ali s ay s t a t m a ny o f th e Mo ng u sol d lers-, obj ec tlnlz to s a u ter M us s ul

'

m u ns m c o ld bl d b
oo , h h d h i
ro u g t ea s fro m o t e r e xe c ut o ne rs , a nd c a rr e d t em a o ut a s i t i h b
h h l i d
t e y t e ms e v es h a d a ss s te i n th e s a v a e u tc e ry
-
g b h .
308 THE ARCHE R AND THE S T ERP E
“

'

tia n s an d Mus s ulm a ns the fo rme r o f w h o m bi tter ly regr etted

,

i ts l o ss The pr in c e o f Shir va n to pr o pi ti a te Ti mu r br o u gh t
‘ “

-
-
,
. .
,

h i m pr esen t s to th e a m o un t o f n ine ti m e s n in e a s a cr e d ,

n um b er a m o n g the T ar ta r s a n d h a vi n g en tir e ly su bdu e d th e

,

w h o l e c ou n t r
y the em p er or he ld a gr a n d h un t w ith hi s
,

pr i nc es a n d n o ble s a m ong th e hills n o t far fro m Tiflis But .

m a n y o f th e in h a bita n ts w h o h a d fle d fo r r e fu ge to the wil ds

o f th e C a u c a s u s w ere p u r s ue d e ve n th e r e by the r el e n tle ss
,

fe e a n d h a vi n g co n c ea le d the m s elve s in c a v es in the m o s t

, ,

s ec r e t r e ces s e s i n the r o c k s w e re dis c o ver e d, a n d e xp ell e d fr om

,

th e i r hidin g pl a ce s by s o ldi ers le t d o w n w ith r o p es fro m the

-

s u mm it s o f the cr a gs w ho e ith er , pu t th e m to i ns ta n t dea th,

o r d r o ve th e m c h a i n e d t o ge th er fr o m the m o u n t a in s, a nd .

a fte rw a r d s s o ld th e m fo r s l a v es The pr o vi n ce o f D a gh es tan

.

w a s i n va de d by a n e mi r o f S a m a rc a n d a ll the na tives w h o
.
,

w er e Chr i s ti a ns s la in a n d th e w o r s hip o f the pr o ph e t r igo r

, ;
,

o u s ly en fo r c e d th r o u gh o u t th a t d i stri c t w h er e i t s ti ll p r e v a il s , ,

the c hu r c h e s a n d c a s tl e s o f the n o bil ity, a n d the for tr es s es a n d

v ill a g es o f th e C a u c a s u s b ei n g a ll pi l l a ge d a n d s a c ke d
, The n a .

ti on s o f th e C a u ca su s h a d l o n g b een c o ns id er e d by the To u shi

kh a n s a s a p a r t o f the kin gd om o f K ipza k th o u gh th e y ha d ,

l a tte r ly pa id her n o tr ib ute a n d w er e vir tua lly fr ee a n d i nd e

,

pen d en t ; a n d the i n va s i on o f th a t c o un t ry ga v e th e pr et e xt to
To kta m is h w hi c h he ha d l on g ea r n es tly d es i r ed to th r o w o ff ,

h is o blig a tio n s to Ti m u r a n d gr ea tly a gai ns t th e a dvi c e a n d

, ,

e n tr e a ti es o f h i s w i se s t c o un s e ll o r s to dec l a r e w a r w ith the ,

M on gu l pr i n c e A n e m ir w a s s e n t w ith a l a r ge fo r ce a ga ins t
.

hi m but s u s ta in e d a t o t a l de fea t n e a r D er b e n d a nd the

,

tr o o p s o f the e m per or b ei ng r e qu i r e d in P er s ia , w h er e a n
i n s ur r ec tio n h a d b r o ken o u t Ti m u r sh o r tly a fter w a r d s qu itted
,

Geo r gia a n d des i st e d fo r a tim e fr o m re ven g i n g this r epuls e

,
.

u p o n K i za k Bu t T o kta m is h s eem e d b e n t u p o n ha s te ni ng
p .

his o wn r u i n a n d a c c us in g his b en efa c to r o f b ei n g a b a s e

,

u s u r p er u n l a wfull y w e a r in g a c r o w n th a t on ly b elo n ge d a s a
,

s a c r e d a n d in d efe as ibl e r ight to th e di r ec t d e sc en d a n t s o f the

e m pe r o r Zi n g i s he p en e tra t e d the p as s o f the C a s pia n w ith

,

a fo r ce o f n i n ety th o us a n d h o rse tr a ver s e d the d e s ol a t ed ,

G eo r gia a n d a dv a n c e d o n th e pl a i ns o f P er s i a
, While .

Ti m ur w a s o cc u pie d i n q uellin g a r e vo lt in tha t ki ngd o m ,

a n d n o t a p rin c e o f th e i m pe r i a l h o us e r e m a i n e d i n Tra n so x

i a n a Tokta m is h p a ssed the Gih o n a n d m a r ch e d t ow a r d s

, ,

S a m a r c a n d wi th a n a r m y of Russi a n s, Bla c k Bu lga r ia ns, a n d

 r m us BEK TAMERLAN E, 3 09
'
on
‘

E TC .

T a r ta r a n d C o ss a c k tr o o ps ; a lt o ge th er so nu mer o u s s ays the ,

*
P ie rs a n hi t i
s o r a n th a t p oe ts h a v e c o m p a re d it to the
,

l ea v es o n the thi c ke s t t r ees o r the dro ps o f ra in i n th e m o s t

,

vio l e n t s t orm s He b u r n e d the s plen did pa l a c e a t Zen dgi

.

S erai bu ilt by the kh a n Kaz a n o f Za ga ta i a n d pill a ge d m a n y

, ,

to wn s o n his r o ut e ; a n d a t thi s m o m e n t the d ea th o f a

fa vo ur ite d a u ghte r o f Ti m u r pl u n ge d the e m p e ro r in t o s o,

d e e p a gr ief th a t he a ppea r e d to t a lly in c a p a ble o f a cti o n a n d ,

in di ffe r en t to his th r o n e a n d em pir e s fa te Bu t the e ntr ea ’

.

tie s a n d r e pr esen ta ti o n s o f hi s fa m ily a n d o ffic er s a t l e n g th

r o us e d hi m to e x e r ti o n a n d i n d u c e d hi m to m a ke h e a d
,

a ga i n s t the e n em y ; a n d e n c o u n t e ri n g To kta m ish i n the

,

m id s t o f the w ide w as t es b eyo n d B o kh a r a w he r e th e s n o w ,

’
w as s o d ee p th a t i t r e a c h e d th e h o r s es gi r th s h e i n flic te d ,

u p o n the arm
y o f th e r e b e l a fe ar fu l a n d d ec is ive d e fea t .

Pa ss in g o n the kha n o f K ipza k a ga i n r a lli e d hi s fo r ce a n d

,

b e si ege d S a b ra n bu t o n the a ppr o a c h o f the em per or with

,

the Z a ga tai a ns fle d a n d r e t ur ne d to hi s o wn d o m in i o n s
, ,

a c ro s s the U r a l o r Y a i k .

Aga i n Tim u r for a s h o r t p er i o d d es i s te d in his p urs u it o f

the fu gitiv e p r i n c e a n d d es p a t c h e d a n a r m y in to Mo n go li a
,

a ga i ns t the Ka lm u c ks ,W h o m hi s ge n era l s fo llo w e d to th e i r

m o s t n o r th e rn a n d fr o zen de s er t s Th e c a m p a ig n w as c o n
.

d uc t e d fo r fiv e m o nth s in the so u ther n r e gi o ns o f Siber i a :

th e M o n gul s p a ss e d o v er ba r r e n pla in s a n d fo u n d the r a fts ,

a n d th e b r idge s th a t th e e n e m y h a d u s e d in c ro ss i n g o n the

dr ea ry s h or es o f the I r tis h a n d e n gr a ve d th ei r n a m e a n d th e
,

o bj e c t o f th e i r e n te r pr i s e u p o n the t r e es th a t s h e lt er e d its

b a nks bu t n o tra c e o f a h u m a n be i n g a pp e ar e d a ni ma l a n d
,

v e ge ta bl e li fe a like fa d ed fr o m b efo r e th e m a n d the a r m y ,

s u bs i s t e d o n r o o t s o r the s ca n ty pr o d u c ti o n s o f a d ai ly c h as e
, .

At len g th h a vi n g j u s ti fie d the r eli n q uish m e n t o f th e p ur s u i t

,

by ha v in g r ea c h ed a s they a verr ed the d w e llin g o f the s a bl e

, ,

a n d the e r m i n e th e l a n d o f p er pe tu al d a ylight w h e re n o
, ,

tr ue Ma h o m e ta n c o uld d w ell a s h e w o uld be fo rc e d to d is ,

p en se w ith the s u n se t a n d m id n ight pra yer e nj o in e d by the

l a w s o f the pr o ph et the y r e tra c e d the ir s teps a n d r e t ur n e d
,

to S a m a r ca n d a n d Ti m ur se t ou t the sa m e yea r i n p ers o n to

, ,

i
I im ur s hi s tori a n. S h eretedd ln Al l, a na t v e o r ez , w as a c ontem ora ry
' ‘ ' ‘
Y d e fo re p B
k l d i F h i ll
.

h is w or w a s tra ns a te nto re nc , by M Pe nt d e Gro n th e E a s tern tra v e e r, v e ry

"

Id
e rr o neo us g g igi
e as re a rdi n dth e o r n a nd e s ce n t o f T
imur w ere rev a e nt i n E uro e p l p
g l p d b d bi h
.

He w a s eneral y re res ente a s a n o s c ure a v enturer o f m ea n rt , a nd o ne s tory re

l d h
a te h bb b di
t a t his hi t e r w as a s o r t o f ro er or a n t, an d th a t his l a menes s w ns c a us e d
h
by a n a rr ow s o t a f h ph d h
t er h i m by a s e er , on e o f w ose oc fl k
h e w as a ttem ti n to c a r ry p p

g
? k l dg
B ut Ara bs imli , his bi tter enemy. a c no w e es th a t li e wa s re a te to th e 13 111 i of l d
2 mg I3 .
3 10 THE ARCHER AND THE STEPP E .

“
r e v en ge the in gr a ti tu d e o f To kta mi s h H is en o u n o u s fo r c e .

s tr e t c he d o ve r a n a r e a o f thi r tee n m il e s i n b rea dth a n d h e .

,

w a s a cc o m p a n i e d by s e v e r a l e xil e d pr in c es o f the t ribe o f

To us h i fro m K ipza k ,
At a s h o rt dis ta n c e fro m his ca pit a l ,
,

th e e m p er or r ece i v ed a m ba ss a do r s fro m To kta m is h w h o ,

bro u gh t a s ub m is s ive a nd r ep e n ta n t l ett er * fro m th e ir m a s te r ,

e n tr ea ti n g hi s p a r d o n a n d fo r given es s bu t h e r e fuse d a ll
the o ffer s o f the kh a n a n d m a r c h e d o n , .

Fo r s i x m o n th s the Z a ga ta ia n s tr o d th e fo r mid a bl e s tepp es

th a t e xte n d to w a r ds th e n o r th to K ipza k till the y r ea c h e d , ,

s a ys th e P e r s i a n hi s t o r i a n a c ou n tr y s o n ea r th e p o l e th a t , ,

i n th e e ve n i n g b e fo r e th e s u n h a d fin a lly d i sa pp ea r e d in th e
,

w es t th e fir s t b r illi a n t r a ys o f the m o r n i n g w er e b eginn in g

,
”
to s hi n e i n th e e a s t The y h a lt e d a t the fo o t o f the U r a .

li a u m o u n ta i n s, d en o m in a te d by the Musco vit es th e Gir dle o f

th e E a r th n e a r w h er e the tr o o ps o f To kta m i sh w e r e e n c a m p
,

e d 5 d a ily s ki r m i s h es t o o k pla ce b e tw ee n the s c o u t s a n d

fo r a ger s o f e ither a r m y a n d e a c h s id e a n xi o us ly a w a ite d th e ,

c o m ba t All th e so n s o f the e m per or c o mm a n de d d eta c h

.

m e n t s o f hi s fo r c e s w hi c h , w h e n r a n ge d in o r d er o f b a ttl e , ,

LETTER TO m um TOK TAM Ls n s

’

You r Maj es ty h a s a lw a ys p e fo m d the p rt o f f th er to me ; you h av e al w ays r r e a a a

tre t d ma e s y o ur s on n d th e fa o urs I h a v e rece i v e d fro m y o u a e i nn u m e a bl e

e a a Ii v r r
m y w i ck e d p c eedi ngs a n d th e w a r I h a e c a rr i e d o n by th e i ns ti g ti n f m a li c i o u p
. .

ro v a o o s er
w ho a re th e uth ors o f m y e il o f w hi c h I re e a t a nd a m s h a m e d c n o nc e m r
,

son s, a v a a o e
fin d p rd n fro m th e c l e m enc y f m y l ord thi s w ll be a n a d dlti on to th e o blig a ti ons I
, ,

a o o
w to h im ; thi s good nes w ill m a k e m e thi nk of w h a t I a m a nd h er ea fter f r f o m
1 l

o e s a r
a ti ng a ga i ns t y o ur m j es ty I w i ll o nly c on s ul t y ou r pl a ure in tok en o f my re s p ec t a nd
, ,

c a , e s
th a n kmlue ss .

L '
TIMUR S R EP Y TO THE AMBASS AD OR
'

W h n y our m a ster To kt m is h w a w ounde d a nd ill use d by his ene m ie s a nd c me

e a s - a
fo r r fuge to us e v y o n e k no w s th a t I ra n k e d h i m a m o n g m y c hild re n a n d tre ti ng
,

e er a
h im w i th k i n d n l o k in g up n hi s i nteres t a s m o w n 1 m a d e w a o n U us Kh a n a nd
.
,

ess , o o r r
m a rc h ed m y t o o p s a g i ns t h m ; i n w hi c h m a c h l os t g re t p a t o f my c a l ry w i th a n
, ,

r a i r a r v a
i nfi n i te n um ber o f ic h s a nd e qu ip ments th o ugh the co ld w hi c h th t w i nter w as ex
,
r e r a
t m ly i l ent N o tw i th sta n d in g thi s mi fortun e I en d ea v ur ed to m i n ta i n a n d d fe nd
,

re e v o s o a e
h im a g i ns t e v e y o ne I s e pa ra ted h is c o untry a n d subj e ts f m th o e o f Urus Kh a n
.
,
a r c ro s
nd pu t th em i nt h i h nd s ; a t l e ng th I rend ere d him s o p o w erfu l th a t h e w a s c r w ned
.

a o s a o
em p f K ip k a nd a sc nd e d th e th ro n e of l e us hi I o nfes s i n deed th a t thi s good ' ‘
o er r o za e c
fortu e c a m f o m G o d ; but a t th e s me ti me I k no w th a t I h a v e bee n th i n s tr um n t f
.
, , ,
n e r a e e o
i t a nd th e fr i end s h ip I fe l t f hi m i nd uce d m e to c a l l hi m s o n w hil e h e c lle d m e fa th er
, ,
or a
W h e n h e w h i m s e lf p o w e ful nd fo tune ha d b ec m e f o ur bl e to h i m h e forg t th e
, , .

sa r a r o av a o
o bliga ti o ns h e w d to m nd w i th o ut thi nk in g i n w h a t m a nner a s on o u gh t to b e h
, ,

o e e, a e av
to w r d s a f th er t o k th e o pp tu n i ty w h il e I h d m arc h e d i nto P rs i a
,
a a o nd w a s
or ubdu a e a s
i ng th e l n d o f th M d es a n d Pers i a ns to betr y m e, a nd o m m l ta c ts of h o tili ty a g i ns t
, , ,

a e o a c s a
m e H h a d s ent h is tr oo ps to r ui n the bo rders o f m k i ngd o m ; I did n o t no ti e it th a t
,

e c
h e m igh t ons ider w i th hi m se l f be a s h a me d nd fo t e future a b s ta i n fro m s uc h xt a
.

c a r e r v a
g nce B ut t d un k w i th m bi ti n to di s ti ngu is h go o d f o m e il h e h as se nt a no th er
, ,

a oo r a o r v
a r my to i n v a d e m y d om i n i o s I t i s tr ue th t a s s oo n a s w e b eg a n to m a rc h a g a i ns t th e
.
, ,

n a
n g ua rd th e y fled b ef r e th y c o u ld p erc e i e the d ust c ur h o se s m a d e ;
. .

v a o nd no w T k
e v r a o
t m ish a s k s f r p ard n b eca u e no o th e W y a pp ea rs bl e to s a v e h im fro m h is w e ll
.

a o o s r a a
m e r i ted p u ni sh men t B ut s in cc h e h a s so fre q ue ntl y v i o l a t d his o a th s a nd trea ti es i tw o uld
,
e
be i m pru d ent to re ly o n h is pro m i se We w ill e xec ute w i th th e a ss i s t nce o f G o d th e
.
, ,

s a
r so l uti o n w e h a v e ta k en th a t l l th e w o rld m y s ee th a t God puni s h e i ngr ti tud e
. , ,
e a Ye t a s a
w h a tev er rea n w e h a e for m a k i n g w a r a nd e xterm in a ti n g h i m if he w ill but te ll the
, .

so v
tru th a n d s in cere l d es i re pe ac e h e m us t send Ali B ey his fi r t m i n i s ter) to meet us
,

s
a nd to n go tia te w th o u r e m i rs a nd w e w ill d o w h te e r a c o ns i s te nt w i th o ur di g n i ty
, , ,

e a v
a nd the p resent conj unc turc — S h erefed din Al i s Hi story of Ti mur Bc k
.
' "
. .
3 12 THE A R C H ER AN D THE ST E PPE .

th a n fiv e yea r s a fter the ba ttle Tokta m is h ha d n o t o nly r e ,

e s t a b lis he d hi m self o u his th r o n e a n d d r i v e n ou t the n ew kh a n ,

fr o m Sera i but ha d in v a de d the terr itor ies o f Tim u r to r e tr i e v e

,
:
’
-

the l o sse s o f hi s c hie fs w ho pers ua de d h im to u n d er ta ke thi s

,

c a m p a ign a n d r e pa i r h is o w n dis r a ce The em p er o r r e c e iv e d

g
-

.
,

this i n telligen c e w hil e e n ga ge d in quie tin g a d i s t urba n ce i n

Geo r gia a n d i m m e di a t ely m a r chin g t o w a r ds K i pza k en c o u n
, ,

te r e d the a r my o f To kta m i s h o n the 1 8th o f Jun e 13 9 5 o n , ,

t he b a nks o f th e T er e k i n the C a u c a s u s a n d a fte r a l o ng a n d ,

’
fo r s o m e ti m e d o u btfu l c o m ba t pu t the e n e m y s fo r c e s to
“

flight The c o us in o f Ja ghe llo n the Gra nd D uke Vito ld

.
,
'
,

then r u l e d Lithu a n ia a n d he ga v e the fugitiv e Tokta m ish

,

s helt e r a t hi s c o u r t 3 w hil e hi s fo ll o w er s be i n g s ca tt e r e d o v er ,

the s te pp e s Ti m u r pu r s ue d hi s v i c to ri o u s c a r ee r w ith fo u r
,

h un dr e d th o u s a n d m en in t o Eu r o pe He bu r n e d a n d p il la ge d .

e v er y Ru ssi a n v ill a ge a n d t o w n o n hi s r o u t e a n d a d v a n ce d ,

a s fa r a s K o l o m n a o n th e O ka w ithi n a s h or t di s ta n ce o f
, ,

M o s c o w “ w he r e t he i n h a bita n ts o n h e a rin g o f his a ppr o a c h

, , ,

h a d s e n t to Vla dim ir fo r th eir fa m o u s i m a ge o f the vi r gin o f

E ph es u s a n d a d v a n c in g fr o m the c a pita l ca r rie d it b e fo r e
, , ,

t he i r ra n ks The r e tr ea t w hic h Ti m ur m a de t o w a r ds S e ra i
.

th ey a tt ribu te d to he r i n flu en c e w hic h they s a y ca use d him , , ,

to be v i s ite d w i t h a tr o u bl e d dr e a m 5 a n d pl a c i n g th e im a ge ,

o v e r a ga t e a t M o s c o w w her e it s till r e m a in s the Ru ss i a n s

*
, ,

h a v e e v er c o n s ider e d it a s the pa lla dium o f tha t c i ty a n d i ts ,

”
m o s t p o w er fu l g ua r dia n a n d de fen c e bu t the Mu s c o vites ,
“
s a s the P er s i a n his t o ri a n n ev er s a w th e i r e m pir e i n s o
y ,

t er r ibl e a s ta t e a s this fo r w hile the ir fie lds w er e c o v ered

w ith th e s l a i n th e a r m y l o a de d th e ms e lv es w ith th e m o s t
,

pr ec i o us s po i l o f th e i r c iti es a n d e v e r y s o ldi er o bta i n ed s o

,

l a r ge a sha r e o f go ld in go ts sil v e r bla de s A n ti o c h fla x , , .

a r m e d s ki n s o f C o n d o z c l o th w o v e n in R u s s ia w ith g rea t
,

s kill , bla c k s a bl es a n d e r m i n es fu r s un kn o w n to t he Za ga
, ,

ta ia n s a n d h o r s e s a n d yo u n g u n sh o d c o lts th a t it w a s s u ffi
, , ,

c i e nt to f ur n is h b o th hi m s elf a n d hi s c hild re n to th e en d o f ‘

th eir liv es Fr o m Littl e Ru s s ia o r th e U kr a in e they a ls o

.

to ok en o r m o us d ro v e s o f c a ttl e a n d m u ltitu d e s o f w o m e n a n d
t
,
,
”
girls o f a ll a ges o f w o n der fu l s h a pe a n d b ea u ty
, .

At Ri a z a n Ti m ur t o o k the p ri nc e c a pti v e a m ids t the a shes

,

o f his c a pita l a n d , di v e r gin g t o w a r ds the s o ut h s w e pt the

, ,

b a nks o f the D on a n d en c a m pin g o n i ts sh o res r ec e iv ed a

, , ,

It w as lc fl unto uched by the French wh n they s ked M cow , e ac os .

 r nu u a BEK
'
on T AMERLANE, ETC . 3 13

terri fi e d dep uta tio n fro m the c o n s u l s an d m er c ha nts o f Egypt ,

Ven ice G en o a C a ta loni a , a n d Bi sc ay, w ho w e re es ta bl is he d

, ,

a t the r i c h a n d e xt en s i v e t ra din g c it
y of A z o f a n d bro u gh t
h im pr es en ts to pro pitia te hi s av a rice e n tr e a ti ng h im to
.
,

s pa re a n d p ro tec t th eir w ar e ho u s es a n d s hips

*
H e r ec ei v e d .

the m gr a c i o u sly a n d d es pa tc he d a n emi r to i ns pec t the i r

,

h ar bour a n d m a gazin es ; bu t the un defen de d w ea lth they dis

pl a ye d w a s to o gr ea t to be r es i s te d by his so ldiers o r thei r
,

c hi e f, a n d the in h a bita n ts m o u rn e d a m on g th e r ui ns o f th e i r

c ita de l th e c r e dul ity th a t ha d m a de th e m tr u s t fo r a m o m e n t

, .

to the m erc y o r fo r bea ra n ce o f a Mo n gu l c o n q u e ror The .

M a h om et a n s o f Az o f w er e m er ely pill a ge d a n d th en dis m isse d

but e ver y Ch r i s tia n w ho ha d n o t fle d to the v es s els ou ts id e
the p or t w a s c o n de mn e d e ithe r to d e a th o r s l a v ery a n d
,

e v e n the No gha i T a r ta rs o f th e des e r t w e re c o m p e lle d by the

v i ct or s to fly to the e xtr e m ity o f th e i r i n ho s pi ta bl e s t e pp es .

Ra v a ging the c ou n try o f the C oss ac ks to the n o r th o f the

C a uc as us th e Z a ga ta ia ns pu t a ll w h o m they ha d ca ptu re d to
,

the s w or d a n d c ro ss i n g th e i c e w hi c h w a s th re e fee t i n,

thic kn es s r o bbe d ev e n the h ut s o f the h u m bl e fis her m en w ho

,

li v ed o n the is l a n ds i n the D o n c a rryi ng all the in ha bitan ts

,

a w a y fo r s l a v es to the i m p e ri a l c a m p S er a i the c a pital o f .

,

K ipzak, w a s ra z e d to the gro u n d a n d s us p e c tin g Ma hm o ndi , ,

th e gov ern o r o f A s tra kh a n o f t rea s o n Ti m ur s en t a n e m ir to

, ,

th a t c ity to re du c e it I t w a s i n the m iddl e o f the w in ter

.
,

w hic h w as th a t year unu s u a lly s e v e r e , a n d a t thi s s ea son the

i n h a bita n ts w e r e a c cu stom e d to b uild a w a ll o f i ce r ou n d
thei r t o w n to de fe n d it thr o ugh w hi c h th ey pl a ce d a n a r c h
,

w a y a n d a ga t e 1 . The M o ngu l gen er a l bes ie ge d it bu t

.
‘

w ith o u t s u c cee din g i n o bta in in g a n e n t ra n c e till the a r r iv a l

o f the e m p e ro r i n p ers o n w he n the i n h a bita n ts te n der e d
,

th eir s ub m is s io n a n d w er e per m itted to r e m o v e th ei r ca ttl e

,

a n d go o d s f r o m A s t r a kha n Im m e dia tely a fterw a r d s , Ti m ur

.

c a us e d the c ity to be r a z e d to the gr ou nd a n d th e go ver no r ,

Ma hm ou di to be dr o wn ed in the Vo lga ; a n d he w as a cco r din gly

th rus t un de r the ice Al l the pl un der tha t h a d b een s eize d
.

thr o ugho u t K i pzak w a s the n d i v ide d a m o n g the M o n gul

s o ldi ers a n d c hi e fs to r e wa r d th e m fo r the s u ffe r i ngs they ha d
,

u n d e rgon e fr o m the ex c es s i v e c old m ultitu d es of b oth

D ec l i ne a nd Fall o f the R om a n E mpire

‘
G lbbon s .

a nd a s th e r iv er is l ro z en In the w inte r, th ey us ua ll y buil d a

“
A
’
f S h e re te d d ln l l s a y s
k
,

w a l l of i ce as s tro ng as o ne o f bric , u po n w h ic h they flln w a te r i n th e n ig h t th a t th e

w h ole may cong ea l a nd become one piece, to wh ic h wall t ey ma ke a g a te
3 14 THE AR C H ER AND THE ST E PPE .

h or s es a n d m en ha d per ish e d a n d fa m in e w a s a t on e tim e s o

‘

gr ea t i n their ca m p, th a t a p o un d of m illet s o ld for sev en ty

’
d i n ars a s hee p s h ea d fo r a h un dr ed, a n d th a t o f a n o x fo r
,

thr ee hun dre d a n d fifty They then s low ly a b a n don e d the

.

c o un try , a fte r r a v a gi n g the s o u the r n prov in ces o f Rus s ia to

the b or ders o f Lithu a n ia a n d Hu n ga ry, a n d r e t ur n e d w ith

th eir e m per or to G eor gia, w her e h e c arr i e d his arm s to the
t
m o s r em o e t v a ll e
ys a n d r e c es s e s o f the C a u ca s u s
*
.

W hile Ti m u r w a s ov err un n in g Ru ss ia in the ea st Vit old ,

o f Lithu a n i a ha d a tt a cke d h er i n th e w es t 5 a n d c o ur te o u s ly

r e c eiv i n g th e u n for t un a t e To kta m is h a t h i s c our t, h e a gr ee d

to a s s is t th a t pr in ce i n th e r ec o v er y o f his d om in i o n s o n ,

c o n d iti o n th a t he w ou ld r elin qu i s h to Lith ua ni a a ll c l a i m a n d

s uz era in e ty o ve r the Ru ss ia n s ta t es This pro pos a l be in g

.

a c ce pt e d th e da u n tl e s s T ar tar o n c e m ore foun d him s e lf th e

,

c o m m a n der o f a nu m e r o u s m ili ta r y fo r c e a n d w ith Vito ld h e ,

a s s em bl e d a t K i o f a p o w er ful a r m y co m p o s e d o f Li th u a n i a n s i
‘ ‘

, ,

Rus si a n s Po l es , a n d W a ll a c hians a sm a ll b o dy o f hi s o w n
, ,

fo ll o w er s , a n d fiv e h un dre d w e ll e qu ipp e d a n d ar m e d h o r se
-

m en sen t to his a s si s ta n c e by the gr a n d m as ter o f the o r d er

,

o f T e u t o n i c kn ight s . They m a r c h e d to the r iv e r V o r s kl a ,

o n w h o se s h or e s in l a t e r ti m e s Ch a r l es o f Sw ed en m e t hi s
, ,

firs t a nd m os t fa ta l d e fe a t a t Pu lto wa a n d th eir a r m a m en t

a ppe a re d s o form ida ble to Tim u r C otl uc the n e w kha n o f ,

K i pzak th a t h e pro po sed ter m s o f p ea ce, a n d e v en o ffere d to

,

a y a n a n n u al tr ibu te B u t thi s c o m pr om i se w as re fus e d b

'

p .
y
th e a l lie d pr in ces, w h om n o thi n g l e ss w o ul d sa ti s fy tha n his
kingdo m an d cr o wn ; a n d he w as fear fully a w a iti n g the i r
a tt a ck, w h en t h e a rr i v a l o f Edi é
g , e a ge era l o f fi m u r s,
n
’ '

w ith a l a r ge rein for cem en t a t h i s ca m p r ev iv ed the c o u ra ge

, ,

a n d h o p es o f his s o l dier s, a n d d e c id e d the fa t e o f the w a r .

O n th e 1 2th o f Au gu s t 1 3 9 9 the r i v a l for c es m e t a n d a

, , ,

fier c ely c on t es te d ba ttl e to ok pl a c e ; the v ic tory w a s l o n g

fou ght for a n d u n deci de d bu t fin ally Vit old a n d Tokta m
,

i sh w er e dr iv en fr om the field lea v in g m or e th a n tw o ,

thi r ds o f th eir arm y a m o n g the d ea d w ith se v e n ty—fiv e ,

Lithu a n ia n a n d Russi a n p ri n ce s an d m a n y n o bl es a n d kn ights

, .

Th e Gr an d Pr in c e Vito l d r eturn e d to Lithuan i a w h er e the ,

Tar ta rs pur su e d h im a s fa r a s Vo lhyn ia w hil e To kta m is h

t o ok r efuge in Gr ea t Bulga r ia , o n the V o lga , a nd a fe w years
‘

Sh ereieddln Al l 3 H
is tor y of imur Bek T .

1 K rueins ki s
‘

i s tH
ory o f P o l and "
.
3 16 THE AR C H ER AND THE S T E PPE .

ca pita l of the
l a st r e m a inin g p r ov inc e o f the eno r m ou s em pi re
o f th e o nc e p o w er fu l a nd v c t or i o us Hi rn s
i '

In the year ,
. th e Gr a n d Pr in c e o f Lithu a nia m a de
p ea c e w ith B a s il or Va ss ili of Musc o vy a n d a tre aty cf
, ,

a llian c e b ei n g fo r m e d b et w een the m it Wa s furt h er c em en te d ,

by the m a r r i a ge of Ba s il with A n as t a s ia , the d a u ghter of

'

Vi to ld w ho to o k the n a m e o f S o phia w he n , a cc o r din g to

, ,

c u s t o m s he e m br a c e d the Gr e ek fa ith
,
The r eign o f B as il .

o n e o f th e m o s t dis a s t r o u s th a t o c c u r s in th e a n n a l s o f R uss i a
‘

a n d for a t hir d ti m e w ithin tw e n ty yea r s Mo s c o w w a s fat e d

'

'
,

to tr e m bl e b e for e the a rm ie s of a n i nv a d er Bo ulet Su lta n .

,

w i s hing to e s ta bli s h h i m self m or e fi r ml

y tha n his pr ede c es so rs
o n th e thr o ne a n d gai n the es t ee m a n d a ffe c ti on of his s u b ec t s
,
-
j ,

by l ea di ng th em to v i c t ory a n d pl un d er, u n der the pr e t ext o f

e s p ou s ing the c a us e o f se v er a l m ale con tents a m o ng the n a tiv e

Rus s ia n p rin c es a nd c hi efs ma r c he d a ga in s t th eir c ap i ta l , ,

fr o m w hi c h Va ss ili fle d a n d bu r n ing a n d s a c king the c ity

'

, ,

i n flic t e d the m o s t h orr ibl e c ru elties u pon the u nh a ppy p eopl e “

r e t u r ni n g la d en with the spo il o f the w h o l e p r o v i n c e to his

c a m p o n the s ho r es o f th e D o n As thi s for a y t oo k pl a c e in .

the w in te r a n d th o u s a n d s i n th e s u r r o u n di n g di str i c ts an d
,

v illa g es ha d b e e n r en dere d h o u s el ess a n d des titu t e b

y th e
i nv a ders m ul titu des p er i s he d fr om w an t a n d c o l d the fol
,
-

l o w in g ye a r m a ny m ore w er e s w e pt aw a y by fa mi n e ; a n
e a r thqu a ke d es tr oye d tw o thi rd s o f the h o u ses i n N ov o or o d 3
-
g
a n d the pl a gue whi c h ha d been i ntr o duc e d by th e T a r ta rs
, ,

r a ge d v i o l en tly f or m a n y m o n th s thr o u gh o u t th e l a n d The .

a s se m bly o f the c itiz e n s i n Mo s co w h a d b ee n ab o li s he d i n

'

the p re cedin g r eign a n d the i n do l en c e of the Gra n d P r in ce

,

thr e w a ll the go v ern m en t o f the em pi r e i nto the h a n ds o f h is

b oya r ds w ho r en der e d his n a m e o dio u s to hi s s u bj e ct s by
,

the i r e xa c ti ons a n d o ppr ess io n ; th ey o nly h a d a cc ess to his

p er so n a n d thr o ugh th eir inter v en tion wa s o bta in e d e v ery
,

a udi en c e , pr i v il e ge o r par do n fro m the Cz ar The for m s

, .

a n d c e rem on i es in vo gue a t thi s p er i o d a t the M n sc ov ite

'
- '

c o ur t, pr esen te d a n a lm os t ex a ger a t e d r efle cti o n of the s er

.
g
v il e
p r os tr a ti o n s befo r e the Em p er or Ti m ur at S a m a rc a n d
'

a nd i h the p a la c e s o f the o th er s o v er eig n s o f the E as t

-
The .

pr ince r e clin ed n e a r ly a ll the da y o n a di v a n , w ith his c o ur

tier s a n d fav our ite s ra nge d o n c us hion s a ro und w hil e a ,

B
‘

f
R upr uqui s, _w h o pa ssed thr ouuh ulg a ri a on hi s way to K aracorum , me nti ons th at i t
H
w as sti ll called ung a ry by the inhabi ta nts
‘

.
 r m un BEK o n TAMERLANE, ETC . 3 17

j uggle r t t i d them w i th hi s fea ts ; Po lis h Greek or

en er a n e , ,

Wall a chia n s l a ves da n c e d b efo r e them or the m usic i a n s s an g ,

thei r son gs in p ra i se of Vl a di m ir a n d the a nc i en t hero es o f

Russia, o r pla ye d o n their ba gpipe s a n d lu tes The pla c e o f .

h on our w a s o n the l eft ha n d s ide of the m ona r ch * as bein g ,

n ea r es t th e h ear t a n d w a s u s u all , y o cc u pi e d by the foo l o r

j es ter r e ta in e d a t ev ery pa la c e o f the pri nces o r o f the
,

n o bilit
y to b a n is h m e la n c ho ly o r d es po n den cy w ith h is j es ts
, ,

a nec d o t es, a n d w i t A hu n t o cc as io nally r eliev e d the

.

m o n o tony o f e xi s te nc e a t the c o u r t ; fo r th e s ports of fa l co n ry ,

h a w ki n g a n d c h as e w er e fo llo w e d w ith the greates t a r do u r

, ,

by bo th Ru ss i a n s a n d Ta rt a r s o f ev e r y ra nk B ut the w h ol e .

e m pir e gr o a n e d un d er th e hea v y t a x a tio n w hi c h w a s e xac te d

by the p rin c e to e n a bl e h im to p a y th e a n nu a l tr ibute to the

,

M o n g ul s a nd s u ppo r t hi s o w n r e tin u e a n d nu m er o us dep en

,

da nt s a n d th o u gh the Ta r ta r ga rr is on s ha d l o n g been r em o v e d
fr o m m a ny o f th e t o w n s a s they h a d be en r ec a lle d by th e
,

t ro ubles in K ipzak yet le v ies o f r ec rui ts for their a rm ies

w er e c o ns ta n tl y d r a w n by the kh a n s a n d the s il v er c o in i n ,

Ru ss ia w hic h was firs t c a s t in M os c o w a nd T v er a t the en d

,

o f th e fo u r te e nth c en t u ry, b o r e a n i n s c r iptio n in the l a n gua g e

o f the M on gul s A b o u t this ti m e i n the yea r 1 4 0 4 the firs t

.
, ,

s tr ikin g c l o ck s een i n Ru s s i a w a s er e c te d i n the c a pit a l by a

S er vi a n of the n a m e o f L a z a r us a n d m a n y o ther i m p rov e ,

m en t s i n m a n u fa c tur es a n d a r ts a ppe a r to h a v e ta ke n pl a ce .

The a n c i en t a r m s o f Mo s c o w w h en it w a s a n i n de pen den t

,

prin c ipality, ha d b ee n th e figur e o f St Geo r ge m o unte d o n a .

w hite h or se o n a re d fie ld
,
a n d w h e n this c ity b ec a m e the

c a pita l o f th e e m pir e i ts ba n n er w a s a d o pt ed by the G ra n d

,

Pri nces i ns te a d o f the thr ee tr ia n gl es w hi c h ha d form er ly

, ,

b ee n b or ne by the sov er e igns o f K i of In 1 380, a fte r th e .

vi c t ory o v er th e T a rtars a t K o u liko fl, a slight c ha n ge w a s

e ffe c te d by D e m e t r i u s D o ns ko i w ho a dd e d the va n qu is h e d ,

d ra gon to S t Geo r ge a dr a o n be in g sym bo li ca l o f the Ta r ta

.
,
g r

n a tio ns a s w e ll as thos e o f th e S la v o n ic r a ce Up on the fla .

g

o f Nov ogo r o d w a s re p r e s e n te d tw o b e a rs s u pp or ti n g a n a lt a r ,

o n th e i c e ; w ith o v er it tw o c r u c i fi
,
xes c r o s se d b e fo re a pi ct ur e
,

o f th e Vi r gi n a n d a c a n d e l a b ru m w ith a tr ipl e l us tr e, em
,

bl em a tic al o f the T r i n ity 1

‘
.

Th is is still th e c a s e a m on g th e Ch inese a nd Ta r tar na tions .

f C la rk e s Tra v e ls i n R uss ia
‘ “ .
3 18 THE AR C HER AND T PPE
THE S E .

In 138 8, pon th e dea th o f He dwi ge th e quee n o f Po la n d

'

u ,

w ith ou t c hild ren her h us b a n d Ja gi ello, s till r e ta in e d po s

, ,

s e s s i o n o f the P o lis h c r o w n ; an d s h o r tly a fter es po s i n g

u
the d a ughter o f his s u bj ec t, th e Pr in ce An dr ea
I v a n o v i tz o f K i o f he ha d by h er tw o s on s bo th o f w h o m
, ,

u lti m a tely s uc c e ed e d hi m a s k in gs o f P o l'

a n d *

Sir Jerome Horsey s T av els in Russia

'
r .
32 0 THE ARCHER AND THE swar m .

o f Zingis i n Tr a n s oxia n a , c a ll e d by the H i n do o s Mav a r ui -

N a ha r, w ho h a d p o ur e d w ith a m ighty fo r c e u p on th ei r
pl ai ns ; i n the firs t ins ta nc e, de fea tin g the M on g uls fro m
b e for e the s tro n gly for tifie d c ity o f La hor e, a n d the se co nd
ti m e dr ivin g b a c k th eir a r m y w hen they h a d a dv a nc e d a s fa r
a s De lhi w ith tw o hun dr e d tho us a n d m en Bu t the co u ntry
.

h a d b een de ba se d a n d d egr a d e d by the tyr a n n y a n d a tr oc iti es

o f h er pr in c e s a n d n o w in the da ys o f Ti m u r , a n d s in ce the

d ea th o f i ts s ul ta n Fir o uz i n 1 389 , w hil e fa r b e for e the n or

th erh n a tion s in the ar ts, sc ie nc es, a nd lea rnin g o f r efin e d
a n d c ivilize d li fe , it h a d b ee n a pr ey to c i v il w a r , mi s r ul e,

a nd a b a rba r o u s a nd des tr u c tiv e a na c hy Mah m o ud, the

r
. .

n o m in a l s ulta n o f D elhi , w a s a m e re boy a n d o f inferi or

.

c a p a c ity, a n d the a d mi ni s t ra ti o n o f pu bli c a ffa ir s w as i n the

ha n ds o f his un c le s , o ne o f w ho m ru l e d a t M o u lt e n , the o th er
a t th e ca pita l ; w hil e th e c ro w n b e i n g dis p u te d by N use r i t,

th e gran ds on o f Ei ro uz, the s o u ba hs o f the pr o v i n c es ha d

r a i s e d th e s t a n d ar d o f rev o lt, a n d a ll th e c itie s o f no r th ern

I n di a we re a s se r ti n g a n d fightin g for th e i r i n d e p en den c e .

Pir M a h o m e t, the gr a n ds o n o f Ti m u r , ha d b een i nv est e d by

th e em pe r or w ith the g ov e rn m en t o f Oa bu l a n d C a n da h a r ,
a n d, a va ilin g hi m s elf o f the di s tu r be d s t a t e o f Hi n doo sta n , the

Mon gul kh a n se n t direc ti on s to this pr in c e to pr oc ee d a c r os s

th e In d u s i n to th e Punj a b, a n d b es ie ge the c ity o f Mou l ta n
w hil e h e hi m s elf, a ft er a pp o i n ti n g hi s gra n d s o n Om a r S h eik
a s r ege n t , m a r c h e d w ith n in e ty tw o s qu a dr o n s , ea c h con
-

s i sting o f a th o u s a n d h or s e, fr o m S a m a r c a n d Cr os s in g the
.

O xus by a br i dge o f bo a t s, w hi c h hi s a r m y c o n s tr u c t e d of r eed s

i n tw o d a ys, Ti m ur a dv a n c e d to the fo o t o f th a t e xt ensi v e
b ran ch o f th e Hi m a l a ya s kn o w n a s the H in d oo Ko s h, a nd
e xt erm in a tin g s e v er a l tr ib es o f m o un t a i n r o bb ers , w h o dw e l t

i n its v a ll eys a n d defiles, a n d a m on g w h o m w er e the Sia

p ouc hes, w ho in c r ea sed the t er r or w hi c h the ir dep re d a tio ns
i nspir ed a m o n g the surr oun din g p eo ple, by a l w a ys c l o thin g
i n bla c k ; h e c a us e d his a r m y, w hi c h c o n si s t e d e n tir ely o f
.

c a val ry, to be tra n s p or te d w ith r o pes a n d pu ll eys o v er th e

m ore stu pen do u s r o cks, h e hi m s el f b ein g c a rri e d do w n fiv e

pr ec ipic es on a pla tfor m, ea c h o f w hi c h r equi re d c o rd s o f on e
h und red a n d fifty c ubit s in l en gth But his i n genu ity w a s
.

u n a bl e to tr i um ph o v er the r ig o r o u s a tm o s ph e r e o f so l o ft
y
a n el e v a ti on , a n d m ultit u de s o f m en a nd h o r s es p eri s h e d

fr o m the co ld, o r w ere sm o th ere d a n d l os t in the s no w .

 r m un INV ADES INDIA— THE GI SIES. P 32 1

He th en e n am
p ed o n the pla i ns of C a bu l , w h er e he s pen t
c
s o m e ti m e i n re g ul a tin
g the a ffa irs o f this l a tely c o n que re d
pr o vin c e a n d c a us ed a n a que du c t o f fiv e miles lo ng to be c o n
,

s t ru cte d i n a dis tr ict w her e w a te r h a d fo rm er ly b een ve r

y
sc a rc e He a ls o received a m bas s a d o rs here from var io u s par ts
.

o f As ia a n d hi s li e ute na n t the E mir No ure ddi n fr o m P e rs ia

, , ,

w h o b ro u ght so i m men se a t re a s ure o f j e w e l s bi r ds ra r e a n i , ,

m a l s s ilk a n d v e lve t fr om Is pa h a n tha t th e secr e ta r i es a n d

’

, , ,

c o m pt r o ll e r s o f the diva n w ere e m pl o ye d th re e d a y s in m er el

y
n u m b e r i n g th e a m o un t Th e e m pe ror dis tribute d the m
.

a m o n g h is gen er a l s a n d p ri n c ip a l o ffic ers a nd s e nt b a c k th e

,

fo r e ign en vo ys w ith m a gni fice nt p r es en ts to the so ver eig ns

“
o f th e ir r e s p e ctive c o ur ts

After pu ttin g do w n s e v er a l i nsurre ctions th a t ha d br o ken

o u t in va r io u s pa r ts o f C a bu l a nd h a vi n g r e pa ire d the s tr o n g
,

fo r tr ess o f Jella ba d, w h er e an a t te m p t w a s tre a ch ero u sly

m a d e u po n hi s li fe Ti m u r m a r c h e d to w a r ds the fro n ti ers o f
,

Hi n do o s ta n a fter givin g a udi e n c e to a fres h em b as sy fr o m

M ec ca a n d Medi na w ho in the n a m e o f a l l the pr i nc es a n d
, ,

s h e r iffs o f A ra bia , p r a ye d the c o n qu er or to fa v o u r th e m so m e

d a y w ith a vi sit, a n d ta ke th e m un der his m ighty p ro tec ti o n ,

a t th e s a m e ti m e offer in g h i m the title o f c a liph , th o u gh it

w a s th en h eld by the Otto ma n sul ta n Bajaz et Ti m u r .

tha n ke d the en vo ys, and dis m iss e d th em w ith pr ese n ts a n d ,

c r o ss in g the I n d us a t A tto k n e a r the po i n t to w hi c h Z in gis

,

Kh a n w ith hi s w ild h or d es h a d a dva n c ed ente r ed u po n the ,

d es e r t o f Jcr ow o r Tc ha l Je la li so ca lle d fro m the br a ve ,

Jell a la d d i n o f C a rizme w ho ha d fo r de d the r iver a n d p en e

,

tr a te d th es e w ild s a t thi s s po t w h e n es c a pi n g fro m the fur y

,

a n d s w o r d o f th e fi rs t ru thl e s s a n d m erc iles s M o n gu l kh a n .

F o ll o w i n g the fo o t step s o f the h er o o f Ma ce do n, w ho m o r e ,

th a n s e v en te en hun d re d y ea r s b e fo re , ha d p urs u ed tha t s a m e

r o u te T im u r, afte r s u bd ui n g th e p ri n ces of L a h o re a n d th e
,

c hi e f o f the is l e o f Che n a u b, u n ite d h i s fo r ce s w i th th ose o f h is

gra n dso n o n the pl ain s o f th e Punj a b o r S even Rive rs a n d , ,

p ro ce e d e d to the for tres s o f Batn ir w here a ll the fugitives ,

fro m the a r m ies he ha d a l rea dy d efea te d had fle d It w as .

r e p or te d to be i m pre gna bl e ye t he le d o n ly ten th o u s a n d o f hi s

,

w a rr i o rs a ga i ns t its w a ll s a n d the ga rr i son wh o w e r e p r in c i ,

p a lly Gh e bers en c o ur a ge d by so a ppa rently in signi fic a n t a

,

fo e a do p te d the fa ta l de t er m i n a ti on o f d es cen din g fr o m the

,

Shere fe ddln Al i s Hi story o f l

' '‘
lmur Bek .
32 2 TH E AR C H ER AND THE S TE PPE .

pro tec tion o f th eir ra m p a r ts, a n d o fferi n g him ba ttle in the

field, At the fir s t tr e m en dou s s h oc k o f the Mo ngu ls th e
Hin do o tr o o ps wer e en ti rely di sp er s e d a n d the Z a ga ta ia n s ,

s o o n r en d er e d th e m s e lve s m as t er s o f the w h o l e pl a ce e xc e p t

the c ita de l w hic h w a s s till h e ld fo r m a n y h o ur s by the i n h a

,

bita n ts w ith the c o u ra g e a n d fr en zy o f d es pa ir fl” Bu t the

ba r b a r o u s m a s sa c re o f a ll the ir c o u n t rym e n w ho ha d b een
’
c a ptu r e d i n th e e n ga gem en t by Ti m u r s a r m y a n d w hi c h ,

th ey w it n esse d fro m the ir r e tr ea t e xtin g u ishi n g th eir las t ,

h o pe o f s u c c o u r the y kill ed th eir w ives a n d c hildr en s et fir e

, ,

to th e fo r t a n d ru s hin g fr o m th e fl a me s w a vi n g th e ir s a bres
, , ,

fe ll fightin g to a m a n a m on g the fo e Th o u s a n ds o f the .

M o n g uls p er i sh e d a nd thi s l o s s j o in e d to th a t w hi c h th ey
, ,

h a d s u s ta in e d in the m o u n ta in s , a n d fr o m the a t ta c k s o f the

Ka l m u c ks a n d o ther hos til e tr ibes o n his r o u te gr ea tly r e ,

d u c e d th e s t re n gth o f his s qua dro n s b e for e Ti m u r h a d r ea c h e d

D e lhi a dis t a n c e o f s i x h un d r e d m il es fro m Attok This
, .

c ity w as th e n divide d in t o thr ee dis ti n c tly fo r ti fi e d t o wn s ,

e n tere d a lto ge th er by thir ty ga t es a n d here th e s u l ta n w i th

,

his un c l e s ha d in tr en c h e d th e m s e lves w ith fo r ty th o us a n d

fo o t a n d ten tho u s a n d ho rse a n d m ight pr o ba bly a s th ey
, ,

w e r e w ell fur n is h e d w ith pr o vis i o n s h a ve pr o tr a c te d the ,

s i ege fo r m a n y m o n th s ; w hil e Ti m u r e n c a m p e d a t Geba

n um a i a s pl en did pa lac e fo r m e r ly e r e c t e d b
, , y Fir o u z Sh a h ,

a n d d e n o m in a te d fr o m i ts b ea u ty The Mirr o r o f the Un i

” ’
v e rs e
. Bu t d e c e ive d w ith a fa l s e ide a o f the e n e m y s
,

s tr e ngth , M a h m o u d a fter a s t or my c o un c il w ith hi s mi ni s ter s

, ,

r e s o l v e d to m ee t the M o n u l s i n the fi e ld w ith o ut a w a iti ng

g
th e i r a tta c k, a n d a dva n c e d fro m the w a lls wi th his vizier
a n d w h o l e a r my s u pp o r te d
, by a h un d r e d a n d t w en ty
e l e ph a n t s w h o s e s ides a n d tr unk s b r is tle d w ith a fo r m id a bl e
,

a r r a y o f a rr o w s p o is o n ed da gge r s , a n d d a r ts B efo r e m eet

, .

i ng th em the a s tr o l oge r s a n d so o ths a yer s in the T a r ta r

,

a r m y c o n s u lt e d th e di s po s itio n o f th e h e a v e n s a n d i m a gi n~ ,

in g th a t th eir a s pec t w a s u n fa v o u r a bl e to the s u c ce ss of

the M o n g u ls e n de a vo u r e d to dis su a d e th e ir m a s t er from
,

h a za r din g a n en ga ge m en t a s th e y w er e p er s u a d e d th a t du r
,

i ng this m o n th it w o u ld be a ss ur e dly l o s t Bu t th e e m per or .

t o ld th e m th a t n eith er j oy n o r so r r o w a dver sity n o r p r o s

, ,

p er ity d e pen d e d u po n the pl a n ets bu t u po n the w ill o f the

, ,

A l mighty Cre a t o r the m a ker o f the s ta r s th e m s elv es o f the

, ,

M r y s His to y f B i ti sh Indi a
ur a
‘ “
r o r .
3 24 T HE AR C H ER AN D THE S TEPP E .

p a s s a ges fr o m the K or a n an d i n pra yer Thi s ba ttle sa ys . .

S her efeddi n Ali w a s the ho tt es t i n w hi c h th e M o ngul s ha d

’

,
.
.

e ver yet en c ou nter e d the fo e a nd u p on th e t o t a l d efea t o f ,

the Hind o o s the s u lta n a n d his vizi er fle d to D el hi a n d a s

“

s o o n as th e y the m
, , ,

sel ves ha d p a s s e d in to the c ity, o rder ed a ll

the ga tes to be s h u t A s the ir u nfo r tu n a te fo ll o w ers w ere n o w
d e r ive d o f th eir on ly h o p e o f es c a pe th ey w e re ea s ily m a d e
p ,

pri son er s by the e n e my a n d e very ele ph a n t fell in t o th e h a n ds

,

o f Tim u r w ho s e n t th e m a s pr e se n ts to h i s m i r za s in Pe r si a
, ,

a n d S a m a rc a n d o n e b e in g le d i nt o the c a m p by hi s gra n dso n

C a li] a boy o f fifte en w ho a fter sl a yin g i ts bear er in s in gle

, , ,

c o m ba t b r ou ght it fa s ten e d by a br idle l ike a h or s e to the

, , ,

te n ts. Th a t n ight the I n di a n s ult a n w i th his un c l e the ,

P r in c e o f M ou lta n a n d a fe w o th er o ffic ers a n d a tt en d a nts

, ,

s e c re tly a ba n d o n e d D elhi a n d fle d to Guzer a t a nd th e in te lli , ,

gence rea c hin g the em p er o r i n the m o r n in g he s en t a flyi n g

,
,

tr oo p i n their p ur s uit w ho s u c c e e ded i n c a ptu ri ng a ll th ei r

,

b a gga ge s ev era l o ffic er s a n d a so n o f the pr in c e ; a n d the

, ,

s a m e da y the 4th of J a n ua r y th e fla g o f Za ga t a i w a ve d o ve r
, ,

the t o w er s o f the c a pita l a n d Ti mu r e n ter e d the c ity in,

t r iu m ph Ad mir in g th e m a gnifice n t b u ildi n gs a n d pr o fu s ely

.
,

d ec o ra t ed t e m pl es a n d p a la c es the em per or c o mm a n de d th a t ,

th ey s ho u ld a ll be s pa r e d by his s o ldier s a n d th e m a s o n s a n d ,

a r c hit e c ts tr a n s p or te d to S a ma r ca n d to ado r n hi s o wn c a pi ta l ,

i n the s a m e m a nn er a n d r e nd er it e qu a l 1 n b ea u ty to th e e x~
,

t e n s ive a n d fa r fa m e d D elhi u p o n w hi c h h a d been la vi s h ed

,

e ver y er ec tio n a n d o r n a m e n t th a t c o u ld be a c hi e ve d by

Hin d o o a rt Th e n en ter ing the p a l a c e o f the Hi n d o o s ulta n s

.
, ,

h e s ea t e d hi ms elf u p o n th eir g ilde d thr on e a n d ga ve a n ,

a u di en c e to the e a dis a n d pr in c ipa l in h a bi ta n ts to wh o m he ,

pr o m i s ed hi s pr o tec ti o n up o n the p a ym ent o f a r a n s o m w hich ,

h e d e si re d the c o u n c il o f hi s diva n to a pp o i n t Th e b a nn er o f .

the M o n guls a h o r s e s ta il a n d tw o ke ttl e dr um s w er e fa s te n e d

’
-
, ,

o ve r th e pr in c ip a l ga te a n d the m u s i ca l b a n d o f th e ir a r m y
,

p er fo rm e d the tu n e B iha vi a n a ir of t r ium ph o nly pla yed ,

a fter th e g re a t e s t a c hi e vem en ts .

Bu t th ou gh th e em p ero r ha d c o m m a n de d th a t o n ly a s el e c t
,

b o dy o f hi s tr 0 0 p s s h o uld be per mitte d to r em a in in th e c ity '

,

a l a r ge c r o w d fo ll o w e d i n th e tr a i n o f th e s u lta n a s the w iv es ,

o f hi s gr a n d so n s Pir M a h o m et a n d Hu s s e in , w h o h a d a ec o m

a n i e d th e ir h u s b a n d s d ur in g the ca m pa ig n a n d n e v e r r es t e d
p ,

till th ey h a d b een a ll o w e d to vis it the i n ter io r o f this fa m o us

 r m u n IN VAD ES IN DI A— THE G P I SI E S . 32 5

ca pita l wi th th eir n um ero u s c o u r t a n d pa r tic u lar ly the

c e l e bra te d p a l a c e o f a th o u s a n d c o l u m n s b uilt by a n a n c i ent
,

ki n g o f Hin d o o sta n Ac c or di n gly the fo ll o w i ng night a

.
,

tum u lt a r o s e b et w een th es e i ntr u der s a n d the G h eber in ha bi

ta n ts a n d se ver a l Mo n gu l soldiers b e in g killed th ei r c o mr a des
, ,

r e ve n ge d th e m o n the citi zen s a seri o us a ffr a

y c o mm en c e d , ,

a n d D elhi w a s s a c ke d a n d pill a ge d by the T a r ta r a r m

y a lm o s t ,

u n r es t r a in e d b
y the i r c hi e f w ho l e ft i t w ith a p o r tio n o f hi s
,

fo rc es o n the 1 8 th of Ja nu a r y a n d pr o c ee d e d to ext er min a te ,

the s e ttl em e nts o f the G h e b er s * o r fire w or shipp ers o n th e -

,

Ga n ges A fter figh ti n g m a n y b a ttl es b oth by l a n d a n d

.
,

w a te r h e c o m pl e t ely d es tro ye d a l l th e I n d ia n v o t a r i es o f th a t
‘

fa ith c a us in g th ei r c hie f to be th r o w n w h en d e a d in to th e
,
‘

, ,

fir e he a d o r e d a n d his fo ll o w er s ba r ba r o u s ly fla ye d a li v e a n d
,

pe n e tr a ti n g i n to the va ll eys of the Him a l a ya s w h e re h e ,

e xti r p a t e d m a n y a n c ie n t tr ib es a n d d ro v e o th er s to s e e k ,

s h e l ter i n di s t a n t l a n d s he p r o cee d e d to the ba n k s o f the

,

In du s w hic h o n th e 2 8th of Ma r ch h e c r o s s e d h is c o n qu e sts

,

i n Hi n do os ta n fr o m the ti m e tha t h e qu i tt e d S a m a r c a n d
, ,

h a vi n g o n ly o c c u pi e d the s h o r t p e r i o d o f n i n e m o n ths i
O n his r e tu r n th e em p er o r c a u s e d a l a r ge h o s pita l to be
,

bu il t for his fa tigu e d a n d w o un d e d m en in the c hie f t o w n o f

Oa hu ] a n d j o in e d h ere the e m pr e s s a n d the p r i n c es his s o n s
, , ,

w ho ha d d e p a r t e d fr o m Tr an s o xi a n a to m ee t hi m a n d c o n gr a ,

t ul a te him u po n his gl o r io u s ca m pa ign Bu t as he w a s t a ken .

,

s e r i o us ly ill o n hi s m a r c h h o m ew a r d the r es u l t o f o ver a n xi ety ,

-

a n d fa tigu e he w a s fo rc e d to de sc en d fr o m h or s e ba c k a n d
,
’
pr o c ee d i n a li tter in w hi c h aft er a littl e m o r e th a n a ye a r s
, ,

a b s en c e h e fi n a ll y a rr i v e d i n Sa m a r c a n d
,
-
i
A fte r th e e m pe r or s d epar tu r e fro m Hin do o s ta n hi s o fficer s
’
s

a n d s u c c ess o rs e x er c i s e d v er y littl e a u th o r ity o v e r th e re gi o n s

to the e a s t o f th e In d us ; m o ne y i n d ee d w a s c o i n e d in his -

n a m e a n d i ts pr i nc eS o w n e i l his r u l e a n d a u th o rity bu t ea c h
'

, ,

p ro vi n ce a s s u m e d a te m po ra ry i n depen de n c e till , i n the yea r ,

1 4 1 3 the v i c er o y of M ou lta;n s ei zed the thr o n e o f D elhi a s

,
-

the r e pr e s e n t a tive o f the M o n gu l kh a n a n d d ur i n g hi s r eign , ,

w hi c h w a s c o n du c te d w ith a bili ty a n d vigou r th e e m pi r e

'

bega n to r ec o v e r i ts fo r m e r u n io n a nd s tren gth Upo n his .

The G h eb ers ha d fled to th i s s po t from Pers i a a nd Geor gi a w h en th ey w ere ov errun

by th e c on q ue ri ng S a ra c e ns a nd after th e des truc ti on of th eir s ettl em ent on the G a ng e s ,
.

m a ny retur ne d to B a ku
,

S h erefe dd in A li s Hi s tory o f Ti m ur B ok
.

'
.

M urra y s His tory of Br i tis h I nd ia

'
.
326 THE AR C HER AND TH E S T EPPE .

d ea th the thr e e s ulta n s w ho s ucc es s iv ely g o ver ne d Hin d o o

,
G

s ta n g ra d ua lly 1 el e a s e d th ems e lves fr o m t he i r n o m in a l a lle gi

a n c e to Sa m a r c a n d the l a s t o f thes e Bhe lo l i r ulin g w ith , ,

fir mn ess a n d e n ergy fo r a p er io d o f thi r ty e ight yea r s a n d -

,

l ea vi n g hi s c ro w n to his so n Secu n der I B ut in th e ye a r , .

1 5 2 6 a n d d u r in g the r e ign o f Ib r a hi m the s o n o f S e c un der

, , ,

th e thr o n e w a s a g a i n sei ze d by a Ta r ta r pri n c e a n d th e kh a n

B a b er o f K o ka n a g re a t gra n d so n o f Tim ur w i th a n a r m y
,
-
,
.

of 0 0 h o rs em en es t a bl i s hi n g the dyn a s ty o f th e M o n gul s

,

o r Mo g ul s his p os t er ity r u l e d I n di a til l the y fe ll b e for e the

,

Br itis h po w er _ ; a n d the o n ly c hild ren o f th e g rea t E m p er or

o f Z a g a ta i w h o s till re ta in e d a kin gly c r o w n a n d s ta t e
, ,

b e c a m e fr o m h en c e fo rw a r d her i m pe ria l p en s i o ner s a n d ,

h u m ilia te d th o u gh s till ha u ghty de pen d a n ts .

A r e m a rka ble a n d ye t li n ge r i n g r es ult o f the c on qu es t o f

I n dia by Ti m u r w a s the e m igr a tio n o f the gipsi es i n t o
,

E uro pe w h er e th ey fir st a pp ea r e d o n the b or d er s o f B o hem i a

, ,

i n the yea r 1 4 1 4 Thi s s in g ula r p eo ple w ho, lik e th e J e w s

.
,

o f o l d h a ve fo r m o r e th a n fo u r c e n t ur i e s s o te n a c io u s ly r e
,

ta i n e d th e i r id e n tity a m o n g fo r eign n a ti o ns a n d the c u s tom s , ,

l a n gu a ge , a n d l a w s th a t th ey brou ght fr om th e ir h o m es i n
,

th e Eas t w er e l o n g gen er a lly s upp os e d to h a v e b e e n Egyptia n s

,

(he nc e th e w or d gip sy i n En gla n d a n d gi ta/n o in Spa in ), ,

fro m the c i r c um st a n ce th a t m a n y fa m ilies tra vell e d fir s t to

the ba n ks o f the Nil e b e for e e n t er in g Eu r o p e Bu t it i s a .

s tr o n g p r o o f o f th e fa lla c y o f thi s b e li e f th a t th o s e w ho a r e ,

n o w fo un d th e re w h e re a s in o th e r la n d s th ey l e a d a w a n d er
, , ,

i ng l ife a re l o o ke d u p o n a s a li e ns by the i nh a bita n ts a n d

, ,

th eir m a nn ers a n d di a l ec t a r e p er fe c tly differ e n t to tho se o f

ei th er the S a r a c ens o r C o pts Oth er s h a v e a ffirm e d them to .

be o f M o n gu l o r ig in a nd d es c en da n ts o f the c o n qu e re d fo l
,

l ow ers o f To kta m ish, a nd th ey a re s till c a ll e d Ta r ta rs by the

S w e d e s N or w egia n s a n d D a n es w hil e to th e Ger m a n s th e y
, ,

a re o n ly k n ow n a s Zigeun e r o r w a n d er ers a n d to the Ru ss ia n s ,

a nd T u r k s a s Ziga n i a nd Zi nga r r i w o r d s s u pp ose d to be ,

d er ive d fr o m Zin c a li the na m e by w hic h th ey a re so m eti m es

,

s e lf d es ig na t e d a n d w hic h s ig ni fi
, es th e Bla c k M en o f Z en d
”
o r In d 1: B ut fr o m the l a t e s t r ese ar c h es th e1 e a pp e a r s to be
.

lit tl e do u bt tha t th e y o r igin a lly b el on ge d to on e o f the

He w a s a d
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A n d or o us E y t w t the n a n s ores , h
S h ll l b k S ythes
.

a f a l ene ath thy y o e —Vo nm ms s

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Les c .

T H OU G H Tim u r w a s h o w m or e th a n s ixty yea rs o f a ge a n d ,

h is h a ir w e a r e in fo r m e d by hi s c o nt em p o ra r i e s w a s a s w h i te
, ,

a s s n o w his a m bi ti o n ha d r em a i n e d u nc o o l e d, an d his v igi

,

l a n ce a n d en er gy u n aba te d a n d e v ery fres h co n qu es t h e ha d

,

a c hi e ve d a pp e a r e d o n ly to i n c r e a s e hi s in s a ti a bl e l o v e o f w a r .

It w a s his fa vo ur ite s a yin g tha t a s th er e w a s o n ly o n e Go d

,

i n h e a ve n so s ho u ld th er e be o n ly o n e m o n a r c h u p on e ar th
,

a n d a s s o o n a s he ha d r e tu rn e d to s am a rc a n d , he b ega n to
,
’
pre p a r e tr o o ps a n d r es o u r c e s fo r a n oth er a n d a s e ven ye a r s
ca m p a ign . His pr es en c e i n deed w a s i m m e dia t ely r e qui re d
by th e tr o u ble s i n _G eo r gi a an d P e rs i a w he r e the Mir za
'

Mira n Sha h ha d b ec o m e in sa n e o w ing to a bl o w h e ha d r e

,

c e i v e d i n a fa ll fr o m hi s h o r se Th e Mirza Pir Mehem ed w h o

.
,

w a s s kill e d i n c h e m is t ry a n d m e di c in es ha d b ee n a c c u s e d o f
,

a tt e m ptin g to p o i s o n hi s b r o th e r a n d a ffa i r s w e r e i n the

,

u t m os t c o n fu s i o n th e go v ern m e n t h a vi n g b ee n l e ft e n ti rely
,

i n the h a n d s o f o ffic er s a n d c our t d e p e n d a n ts w ho w a s te d a n d ,

e xh a u s t e d the r e ven u e s o f th e s ta t e i n ba n qu e t s a n d fe tes ,

w hil e the pr in c e s i n c r e a s e d th e e xp e n ditu r e by en o r m o u s pre

s e n ts to th eir u n w or thy fa vo ur ites ye t Tim u r a l r e a dy c on
te m pla te d a m or e di s t a n t e n t er pri se w he n he s h o u ld h a ve
q uell e d the dis tu r ba n c es i n the pr o vi n c es H e ha d l o n g s een .

w ith i m pa ti e n c e th e r a pid g ro w th o f th e O tto m a n e m pir e ,

w hi c h n o w a ppr o a c h e d hi s o w n b o r de rs a n d the pr o gr ess sh e,

h a d m a de un der her s u lta n Baj a zet I b ega n to m a ke hi m

, .
,

fea r tha t n o w he w a s gr o w i ng o ld a r iva l w o u ld s uppla n t h is

, ,

fa m ily in the do m inio n o f th e w orld a nd the vic inity of this ,

p o w erful n a tion fille d his m in d w ith m i sgivin gs a n d m i s trus t .

 r m un MARCH E S AGAINST GE O RG IA 32 9
'
, ETC .

H a vin g em pl o ye d the a r c hit ec ts w ho m he ha d tr a ns p o r te d

fr o m D e lhi in buildi n g a pa la c e a t Sama r can d a n d depu te d ,

to the m o s t fam ou s o f his em i r s the c o n d u c t o f a m i lita r y e x

pediti o n i n th e n o r th er n dis t ric ts o f As ia 5 the e m p ero r l eft
his c a pita l o n th e 1 l th o f O c to ber 13 9 9 a n d pro c eede d fir s t , ,

to P e rs i a w h ere be co n de m n e d h is gra n d s on Mi rza M eh em e d

,

to th e b as tin a d o c a u se d his s o n to be pla c e d i n c o nfine m e n t

, ,

a n d pu n i sh ed his a tt e n da n t s a n d the o ffi c e r s o f h i s h o u se h o ld ,

w ho a va ili n g th em s elves o f the in sa n ity o f the s h a h ha d e n

, ,

co ur a ed hi s e xt r a va ga n ce a n d tu r n e d it to th ei r o w n a d v a n
g ,

t a ge a n d pr o fit Fr o m Pers ia he e n ter e d Geo rgia , w h ere a

.

m o r e s e r i o us difficu lty a w a ite d him Her pr in c e I soc ra t es .

,

Ba gra ti o n w h o m h e ha d for m er ly ta ken priso n er , a n d in du c e d

, ,

by the fea r o f a c r ue l dea th to b ec o m e a M a ho m e ta n a fte r

, ,

r e s idin g for s o m e
yea rs in Tra n s o xia n a h a d r e qu e s t e d to be ,

a ll o w e d to r et ur n to hi s n a tiv e l a n d to c o n vert to I s la m is m ,
.
,

a s h e a ffirm ed his Ch r i s ti a n s u bj ec ts
,
Tim u r fell i n to the .

s n a r e a n d a dvi s i ng the d e p o s e d ki n g to e m plo y c o m pu l s i o n

, , ,

g ra n te d him the a ss i s ta n ce o f a b o dy o f Mo ngu l c a va lr y fo r

th a t p u r p os e ; bu t n o so on er ha d B a g ra ti o n a r rive d i n his
o wn d o m in i o n s , a n d th e e m p e ro r e n ga ge d i n a dis t an t w a r

i n H in d o os ta n th a n the p ri n c e th r ew o ff h i s a s s u m e d c r ee d
, ,

a n d e xh o r t e d hi s s u bj ec ts to a ss is t hi m i n r e c o v e rin g th e ir

i n de p en d en c e Bu t hi s tr ea ch er y w hi c h c o s t hi m his life
.
, ,

w a s t err i bly r ev e nge d u p o n hi s de vo t e d p e o pl e w he r e ver the

M o n gul s h a d pa sse d the m os t t o t a l des o la ti o n a n d m is er y r e
m a in e d the vil la ge s a n d c or n field s w e re sa c ke d a n d bur ne d
,
-

by the e n em y the fru it t rees a n d vi nes w e re u pr oo ted a n d

,
-
.

e v e ry livi n g c r e a tur e fle d fr om b efo r e the fa n a tic a l Ma ho m e ta n

tr 0 0 ps w h o fir e d w it h a n in to l er a n t r e ligi o n a nd as they
, , ,

d ee m e d pa tr io tic r e ven ge m as sa cr e d o r e n s la ved e ver y Ch ri s

,

ti a n w h o m the y en c o u n t er e d o n their r o u te I n the fir s t

. .

b a ttle i n w hich th e G e or gia n s ven tur e d to o pp ose the Mon

g ul s in the o pen field a n d i n w hic h the fo r m er s us ta in ed a
,

d readfu l de fea t I socra t es w a s le ft d ea d u po n th e pla i n hi s

,
‘

s o n G e o r ge fle d to th e m o u n t a i ns w h er e he w a s p urs u e d by ,
z

the a r m y o f th e e m p er or , a n d th e w a r w a s c a rr i e d o n for
m a n y m o n th s a m on gs t the hills a n d r o c ks The bar ren a n d .

fr ozen dis tr ict o f Su a ni a w as pil la ge d for the pr o te ctio n it ha d

' ’

a ffor d e d to the fugitiv e p r i n c e A bch a si a a n d Im er itia w ere ,

tr o dden d o w n by the s q ua dron s o f the fo e til l a t l en gth , i n ,

140 4 h a vi ng r en d ere d G e or gia a deser t, a n d m i n ed a n d d eci

'

Y
3 30 THE ARCH ER AN D THE STEPPE .

ma t ed th e inh a bit a n ts Ti m u r fin ally a b a n do n e d the c o u n try

, ,

w h er e h e ha d d es tr o ye d s e ven h un dr e d vil l a g e s a n d a ll the ,

m o n a s t er i es ga r d e ns a n d c ul tiva te d l a n d a nd i ts pri n c e ,
"

, ,

G eo r ge d esc en din g fro m hi s hidin g pl a c e i n th e C a u cas u s

,
-
,

h a vin g pr e vio usly ten d ere d his s ubm is s io n to Ti m u r r eign e d ,

for s e v e ra l yea r s o v er his pr o s tr a te a n d exh a u s te d d o m i n i o ns

i n c o m pa r a tive r es t a n d p ea ce .

While the a r m y o f th e em p er or w a s s till en c a m pe d u po n

the G e or gia n pl a i ns , a m b a s sa do r s w er e r ecei v e d fro m th e
c o u r t o f M a n u e l P a l eo l o g us o f C o n s t a n tin o pl e w ho h u m bl y ,

r e qu es te d th e a s s is t a n c e o f Tim u r fo r th e i r m a s t er to a i d ,

him i n o pp os in g th e i n c r ea s in g p o w er a n d c o n qu es t s o f th e
Ott o m a n T u r k s A s ea r ly a s 1 32 1 a b o dy o f thes e w a rr i o rs
.
,

h a d c r o sse d th e E uxin e a n d h a r a s s e d the d e fen c el es s s h o r es

,

o f Ma c e d on i a a n d Th r a c e a n d Ur kh a n the fi r s t o f th eir ,

su lt a n s w ho set fo o t o n th e o ppo s it e s h o r es o f the H ell e s p o n t ,

o bt a in e d p er m a n en t p os s e s s i on o f Ga ll ipo li a n d es t a bli s h e d ,

th e ce l e b ra t e d c o r p s o f Ja n is sa r i es r ec r u it e d fr o m a m o n g h is
,
*
Chr istia n sla ves h os e bl d e d fla g in la t er yea r s w a s s o
w o o
,
r -

dr ea de d a n d w ell kn o w n by th e ir en emi es fr o m the sh or es o f ,

th e D a nub e to th e s a n d s o f Egypt a n d fro m the b a n k s o f the

' ,

Tigris a n d Euph ra t es to th e h ea r t o f th e Nu m i di a n d e se rt s .

Sin c e th en pr o vin ce a fter pr o vi n ce ha d b ee n gr a du a lly

,

w r e s te d fr om th e fee bl e a n d di s m em b er e d s uc c e ss o r o f th e
Ro m a n e m pir e : Wa lla chia a n d Serv i a n o w o w n e d the
M a ho m eta n s w a y— Am ur a th th e c o n qu e r or ha d e s t a blish e d
h is c a pit a l a t Ad ri a n o pl e a n d Baj a zet his so n s u r n a m e d
, ,
’
Il dur u m o r th e Thu n der er ha d l a id a s e v e n yea r s s i ege to
,

Byza n tiu m d efea t e d th e un ite d a r mi e s o f Fr a n c e Hu nga r y

, , ,

Ba va r ia a n d C o ns t an tin o pl e in a tr em en d o u s e n ga gem en t
, ,

a t N i ko pol i i a n d c o n qu e re d l a id w a s t e a n d o v err un the

' ‘

, , ,

w h o l e p eni n su la o f G r e ec e He n o w thr e a te n e d the po s

.

ses s i o ns o f th e Ch r i s ti a n s a n d Gr eeks in Pa les tin e a n d

d em
,

a n d e d t r ib u t e fr o m Ta ba r te h th e pr in c e o f E a s t er n ,

An a to lia , a pr o vin ce w hi c h ha d l o n g be e n u n der the pr o teo

tion o f the Mo n gul e m peror w h o m he s tigm a tized a nd ,

Th ey c arrie d a bl oo d red fl a g be fore th em in a ll th ei r milita ry exp edi ti ons

-

1 In thi s b a ttle a Ge r ma n k nigh t b o rn a t M un ic h n a m e d S c h i ld berger w a s ta k en

.

pr i soner w hil e fi ghti ng o n th e s ide of S igi sm un d of Hunga ry and by or de r of B aj a ze t

, ,

s e n t to As i a Th ere on th e l as t a nd tota l d efea t of the O ttom an a r my by Ti m ur h e fell

,

In to th e h a nd s of th e M op g ul e mp ero r w h o m h e ac com p a n i e d in a ll h is exp edi ti o n s till

. , ,

h is dea th in 1405 He ul ti m ate ly re tur ned to Mun i c h i n 142 7 by w a y of Co ns ta n tino pl e

, ,

L em b erg a nd Craco w a fter a n a b sence o f thi rty sev en yea r s a nd di c ta te d a n a cc ount o t

.
, .
-
,

h is tra v el s from memory to a trans crib er from w hom th ey h av e d es c end ed to the present
, ,

ti me.
33 2 THE AR C HER AND THE sr s r r n .

f
r e us e ga i n s t u s w e shall seek yo u a n d pursue
to m a r c h a ,

yo u a s far a s Ta u r i s a n d S u ltan a Then sha ll w e s ee i n .

w h o s e fa vour Hea v e n w ill d ec l a re a nd w ho shall be exa lte d

“

by v ict or y a n d w ho a b a se d by a s h a m eful defea t

, .

W a r w a s finm edia tely dec lar e d b etw e en the tw o em pires ,

bu t dur in g the fir s t yea r of co m bat, the O tto m a n s ulta n

,

n ev e1 app ea re d i n th e fi e ld a nd Ti m ur h av in g c aptu r e d th e
,

s tr o ngly for tifi e d c ity o f S e b as t e, w her e h e s pa r e d on ly the

l o w est o f the i nha bit a n t s c aus in g fo ur thou sa n d o f th e

,

gar r i son w ho w er e A r men i a n Chr istian s, to be bur ie d a liv e

,
.

i n a m a n n er so a s to a ggra v a te thei r s uffer in gs by a pr o l o n ged

dea th fr o m s ta r v a ti on c om m a n de d the Ma h o m e ta n s o f hi gh
,

r a nk ,
a m o n g w h om w a s O rto g rul the fa v o ur ite so n o f ,

Baj azet to be pu t to d ea th
,
He th en tur n e d a s ide fr o m th e
.

pr o secu tio n o f the Tur co m a ni a n c a m pa ign to r ev en ge hi m ,

s el f o n the dyn a s ty of the Egypti a n M a m e l ukes w ho se ,

s u lt a n , Ba r ko k, w hile Ti m ur w a s e n ga ge d in K ipza k h a d ,

o cc as i o n e d tw o M o n gu l a mba s s a dor s sen t to him fr o m the ,

e mp e r o r, to be a s s ass in a te d u p o n thei r a rr i v a l a t his c o ur t

A Circ a s sia n by bir th thi s pr ince c om m enc i ng w ith the

, ,

m u r der o f a n in dulgen t m a s ter ha d r a i se d him s elf fr o m a,

s l av e a n d a pr is on er to th e p er il o u s thr o n e o f C a ir o He .

h a d di e d , bu t his s on Fa rr a dge, w ho succee de d him ha d s till ,

fur th er e xasper a t ed Tim u r by c a u si n g o n e o f hi s o ffic er s to

,

be se iz ed , w hen i n co m man d o f a fo r tr ess o n the fr onti er s o f

Syri a a n d c lo sely c o nfin e d w h er e he s till r em a in e d in c h a i n s
'

, , ,
’
i n a d u n geo n i n Egypt , The t err ibl e d e fea t o f th e s u lta n s
e m i rs w ith a n en o rm o u s a r m y o f S yr i a n s b e for e A l eppo w a s
_ ,
’
the r et r ibu ti o n fo r this tr ea c hery i nfli c ted by the em per or s
tr oo ps , a n d a few M o n guls for c in g the ir w a y w ith the
,

flyin g s old er s i n a m ingl e d m a ss in to th e c ity, r a ise d a p a ni c

i

a n d c a u se d the fortr e ss to be s ur ren der ed an d a r a n s o m w a s ,

ex a c t e d by th e b ar bar o u s o r d er of M
, ur , o f sev e ra l h un d red s
-

o f pyr a m i ds o f h u m a n h ea d s H e r ele a se d the c a di s an d

.

l earn e d m e n, o f w ho m the1 e w er e m a ny in Al eppo a n d ev en ,

e n ter e d i n t o a dis ut e w ith th e m u p on m a n y c on tr ov er s i a l

p
p o in ts a n d , in qu i ri n g the a ge of o n e the Syr ia n r e plied , ,
” “ ”
Fifty yea r s . Fifty yea rs s aid the e mpei or “ w o uld
.
, ,

h a ve b een the a ge of m y e ldes t son : you see m e h er e a po or,

'

l am e decrepit m or tal yet by m y arm ha s the Al mi gh ty been

, ,
“

pl eas e d to subdu e the kin gdo m s o f Ira n , T ura n , a n d the

Indi es I am no t a ma n of bl oo d 5 a n d Go d is my w itn ess
. ,
,
 r m nn M AR C H ES AG AIN ST GEORG IA, ETC 3 33
'
.

th a t in a ll m y w a rs
I h a v e n e v er b een the a ggress or a nd tha t ,

m y en e m i es h a v e a l w a ys be e n the a u th ors of th e i r o wn
O n this occ a s i o n h e c a us e d s ev er a l o f his o w n
s oldier s to be
put to dea th for ha v i n g a ft er the pu bli c a ti on
, ,

o f q ua r t e r c o n tin ue d to plun der the in h a bit a n ts

, .

’
It w as Ti m ur s o r din a ry c u s to m o n the firs t da y o f a ,

s i ege to ho is t a w hit e fla
, g o v er hi s pa vili o n to signify th a t , ,

if the pl a ce s ur r en der e d im m e dia tely the liv es o f a ll the ,

ga r ri so n s h o u ld be s pa re d : o n the s ec on d da y it w a s
r e la ce d b
p y o n e o f r e d to s h o w th a t the go vern or a n d
,

l ea din g in h a bita n ts wo u ld be exe c ut ed bu t the r es t r ece iv e ,

qu a r ter a n d on the thi r d da y if th e c ity ha d n o t yie lded a , ,

bla ck en sign s ur m o un t ed the i m p er ia l t en t w hi c h a l l his ,

e n e m i e s w e r e a w a r e w a s a pr o o f th a t ev er
y s o ldier a n d c itiz e n
h a d n o thi n g to e xp ec t bu t dea thsf
Fro m A l e pp o the e m per o r m a r c h e d to D a m as cu s w h er e ,

he m e t w ith a c o n s id e r a bl e r ep u lse fr o m th e Egyptia n tr o o ps .

The Mi r z a Sul ta n H usse in hi s gra n ds o n d eser t ed a fter a , ,

b a n que t in his pa v ili o n a n d w en t o v er to the en em y 5 but

,

Tim u r s u bse qu en tly o bta in i ng en tra nce in to the c ity u n d er

,

c ov e r o f a tr u c e b as ely v i o l a t ed the tr ea ty a n d e xa c t e d a
, ,

h eav y tribu te fr o m the in h a bitan ts w ho w er e a fter w a r ds ,

c o m p ell e d to s ee the ir h o u ses r e du c e d to a s h e s by his a r m y

a t the i n s tiga ti o n o f th ei r l ea de r w ho i n a n a n i m a t e d d is ,

c o urse e x c ite d them to r e ven g e a s he a ll ege d the c r i m e o f , ,

the a n c es to r s o f the D a m a s cen es for p er m itti n g in the , ,

prec in c ts o f the i r ca pita l the m u rd er o f a gra n ds o n o f th e

,

pr o phe t T o w a r ds the b or der s o f Egypt, a nd b eyo n d the

.

w a ll s o f J e r u s a l e m Tim u r e xte n de d hi s tr iu m ph a n t m a r c h
,

a n d in th a t c i ty w he r e the H o ly S e pu l c hr e wa s hi r e d to the
,

Chr is tia n s by the Ma m elukes a n d the en tir e pl a c e r edu c e d ,

to a m o s t deso l a te a n d r u i n o u s s ta te he tr ea te d the in h a ,

bita n ts wi th a n i n du lgen ce a n d l en ity e qu a lly unu s ua l e ith er

fr o m him o r to th em ; a n d di s tr ibu ti ng m a n y p res en t s ,

a m o n g the p r ies ts a n d d e v o t ees o f the di ffe r en t sec t s fr ee d ,

the c i tiz en s fr o m al l s u b s idi es a n d ta x es a n d the pres en c e o f ,

a n y ga r r is o n or tro o ps A ft er qu ittin g J er usa l em the

.
,

M o n guls a ba n d o n ed Pa l es tin e a n d c r o ss e d the Eu ph ra te s ,

u n der th ei r c hie f ; an d a ft er the c a ptu r e o f B a gd a d w h er e ,

the e m p er or c o mm a n de d th a t n o t a b u ildi n g s h o u ld be s p a r e d

G lbbon
‘
s F
D ec li ne and a l l o f th e R oma n E mpire .

f Po te K nig h ts ei Ma ltn
"
‘
'
r r s .
'

334 THE AR C H ER AND THE STE PPE .

w i th th e x cepti o n o f the c o lleges, hO Spi ta l s a nd m os ques he

e , ,

c a u s e d th e r u i n s to be c r o w n e d w ith the gh a stly a n d ho r r ibl e

tr o phy o f a pyr a m id o f n inety th ou sa n d hea ds A hu n t in .

M e s o p o ta m i a te rm i na t ed this su c ce ssful c a m p a ign a n d m o n ey ,

w a s co i n e d a n d c ir c u l a t e d in Pa l e s tin e in hi s n a m e til l m a n y

yea r s a fter his d ea th ; a n d fin a lly r e tur n ing to S a m a r c a n d

,

by w a y o f G eo r gi a , h e i m m e di a tely pr e p a r e d for a r en e w a l
o f the O tto m an w a r
. The S u lta n Baj a zet fo r tw o yea r s ha d
.

b ee n c o ll ec tin g a n d i n cr ea s i n g his s tren g th a n d his a r m y

,
,

a m ou n te d to m en w hil e tha t o f Ti m u r h a s been

,

c o m pu t e d a t n o t l e s s th a n a n d, h a v i n g d i s tr ibu t e d

th ei r a rr e a r s o f pa y fo r th e l a s t sev en yea r s the e m per or ,

m a rc h e d u p o n A s i a Mi n o r w ith this e no r m o u s for c e .

An d n o w th e tw o gr e a t Ma h o m eta n e m pi r es o f the e a s t
a n d o f th e w es t w e r e a b o u t to e n c o u n t er eac h o th er i n

m or t a l c o m b a t . S uper i o r ity i n n u m ber s w a s i n d e e d gr ea tly

u p o n th e s ide o f the M o n gul s w ho h a d dr a wn s o ldi er s a n d
,

s l a v e s fr o m a l l A s i a to a ss i s t i n s w ellin g th eir t r e m e n do u s

h o s t 3 bu t the Ot to m a n s h a d m ea su r e d s w o r ds wi th a n d ,

pr o v e d v i c to r i ou s ov er th e m o s t v a lia n t kn ight s a n d w a r r ior s

,
’
o f the c hi v a l r o u s n a ti o n s o f Eur o p e 3 a n d the s u lta n s s qu a d

r o n s w e r e in c r ea s e d by fu gitiv es fr o m th e v a n qu i s h e d ho r d e s

o f To kta m i s h w ho ha d s et tl e d n ea r A dr ia n o pl e u po n b ei n g
, ,

dr i v e n by T im u r o ut o f K i pza k Ye t the differ en c e e ith er

.

i n for c e o r di s c iplin e w a s n o t s o gr e a t i n the a r m i es a s i n the

h a bits a n d c o n du c t o f their c hie fs a n d w hile Baj a ze t fo r a
l o n g p eri o d ha d a ba n don e d him s elf to in do le n c e a n d exc e s s ,
’
the s ixty s ix yea r s th a t ha d p a s s e d o v er Tim ur s h ea d a p
-

p ea r e d o n ly to h a v e i n cr ea se d hi s a c tiv ity a n d s tr en gthen ed

,

his a r m . W hile the s ulta n w a s idly a w a itin g his r iv a l i n

h is c a m p n ea r the r u in s o f Su v a s in A n a t olia Ti m ur p a s sed
, ,

him i n a r a pid m a rc h fr o m the A r a xes a n d su rr o un de d ,

A n go ra to w hi c h pl a c e he w a s pu rs ue d by his a n t a go n i s t a n d
, ,

ea c h a r m y, e qu a ll y ea g e r to m ee t th e o ther i n the fi e l d dr ew ,

u p th e i r for c e s i n ba ttl e a r r a y up on the m e m ora bl e pl a i n s

o u t sid e the t o w n
*
. A li n e o f el eph a n ts fr o m Hin do os ta n
w a s a rr a n ge d to i n tim id a t e the e n e my in fro n t o f th e M o n
, ,

g ul r a n ks w h o s e m a i n bo dy w a s c o mm a n d e d by the e ldes t
,

gr a n dson o f Tim u r th e Mir za M ehem ed a n d th eir r ight a n d

,

l e ft w in gs by the Mi rza s Mir a n Sha h a n d Cha r o c w hile ,

b efore them w a s bo rn e the m ili ta ry ba nn er of th e Ta r ta r s ,

S he efeddi Al i s H is tory of T imu B ek

'
r n r .
3 36 TH E AR CHE R AND THE STE
'

PPE .

He a l s o o bs erv e d th a t he was n ot ignor an t of

the fa te tha t Baj a zet ha d r eser v ed in the ev en t o f s ucces s, for
,

h i m self a n d his tr oo ps but th a t h e s c or n e d to r eta lia te a n d ,

w o u ld s h o w his gra titu d e to the Almi ghty by c l em en cy to

’
m an . The s ulta n s c hief c on c ern w a s wi t h r ega r d to the fa te
o f hi s tw o yo un ges t so n s , w ho m he ha d m i ss e d i n the fl ight
’
but o n e o f th em b ei n g s u bs e qu en tly br ou ght to the e m p er or s
c a m p h e w a s ho n o u r a bly t r ea t e d by Tim u r w ho c a u se d a
, ,

h a n dsom e pa v ilio n to be pr epa r e d for th e r esiden c e o f fa ther '

a n d s o n a dj o in in g hi s o w n bu t i ns is t e d u p o n the Chr i s tia n

,

br o th er i n la w o f Baja zet e m br a c in g the fa ith o f Ma hom et

- -
.

H e a l s o c o m m a n de d th a t the s u lta n ess sh o uld be r est or e d

w ith her d a ught er s to he r hu s b a n d j but a n a ttem pt to esc a pe
'

u p on the p a r t o f the r oya l pr i s o n er s by diggi n g a m ine

,
,

b en ea th th e ir t en t a pp ea rs to ha v e pr ov o ked f1 o m the v ic tor

,

a h a rs h er tr e a tm en t a n d the e x m o n a rc h , du rin g the f e qu e n t

, r
m a r c he s o f the Mon gu ls w as c arr i e d i n a litter u p o n the bac k
,

o f a c a m e l o r i n a w a ggon w hi c h pr o ba bly gav e r is e to the

,

s t or y c ir c u l a te d by Ar a bsh a h , th a t Ti m u r c o n fi n e d his i llu s

tr i ou s v i c tim w ithin a n i r o n c a g e, a pun i s hm e nt th a t the

l a tt er ha d fo r m er ly design e d for him self Baj a zet expir ed o f
.

a p o pl e xy o n the 2 3r d o f Ma r c h , 1 40 3 , a n d his b o dy w a s c o n

v e e d w ith r e g a l m a gn ifi c en ce to hi s c a pita l a n d in terr e d

y ,

th e m a us o l eu m th a t h e ha d er ec t e d a t B r usa a n d th e e m p er o r ,

c o n ferr e d the g o v ern m e n t o f A n a to lia u p o n hi s s o n M o u s a ,

w hil e hi s s u lta n a w ith the r e s t of hi s fa m ily w er e r el ea se d

fr o m c a ptiv ity .

A fter the b a ttl e o f An gora Tim u r r e pa ir e d w ith hi s a rm y

,

to S m yr na w hi c h w a s s t r o n gly fo r ti fi
, ed a n d d e fen de d by a
,

ga rr is o n fro m Rho des o f the Kn ight s o f the Or der o f St .

J oh n a n d h a d held o u t s ev en ye a r s a ga in s t Baj a zet w i th a

,

s tr o n g O tt o m a n forc e Bu rn ing n a phtha b o ilin g o i l Gr eek

.
, ,

fir e a n d s to nes w er e p o ur e d by the Chr i sti a n s fr o m the w a ll s

, ,

u po n th e i r a ss a ila n ts w ith un w ea r in g per s ev era n ce a n d a ll

y ,

th e r es o u r c e s w hi c h th eir des p era t e c o nditi o n c o u ld p r o m pt

w hil e the r a in p o ur e d do w n ev er y d a y in c ea sel ess to rr en ts ,

so a s gr ea tly to i n c om m o de the b e s iege r s w ho se a rm s w e r e ,

r us t e d a n d blun t ed by the m o i s t ur e w hi c h fro m thei r c a m p , ,

b ein g c o m ple t ely un der w a t er pen etr a ted a ll the ir t ents The
, .

bl o cka de c on ti nu ed for thr ee w eeks u ntil the M on gu ls for ce d ,

the br ea c h es in the r a m p a r ts a n d s to r m e d a n d c arr ie d the

,

S h ei ddi n Al i s Hist y of Timur B ek

“
‘
’
er e or .
 T I MUR HARC HEs AGA1N ST GEOR G I A, ETC . 33 7

pla ce w h en the em p er or c au s e d
kn ight a n d soldier to
ev e r
, y
be pu t to d e a th . In the m ea n ti m e, the Gr a n d Ma s t er o f
Rh o des ha d des pa tc h e d r e in fo r cem en ts a n d su pplies, to as si s t
his c o m r a d es i n S myrn a to m a i n ta i n th ei r h er o i c r es i s ta nc e,
a s h e c o ns id er e d the p o s se s s i o n o f thi s c it
y by the Ch r is tia n s
o f the u t m o s t i m p o r ta n c e
, fo r , s o l on g a s they r eta i ne d it ,
S m yrn a form e d f or them a ga te in to As i a , thr o ugh w hi c h
they e a s ily pas s ed to the H o ly La n d The v essels c a r ryin g .

thi s r elief a ppea red O ff the co as t a few da ys a fter th e Mo ngu l s

ha d e n ter e d the pl a c e, a n d Ti mu r c o mm a n d e d th a t the fa t e
o f th e ir c ou n tr m en s ho u ld be m a d e kn o w n to th e m b
y , y
c a s tin g th e h ea ds O f the kn ights fro m hi s m a c hin e s u p o n

their dec ks Up o n r ec eiv in g thi s ho r r ibl e c o n fir m a tio n o f

.

the fe a r s th a t t he y h a d en te r ta in e d fo r the s a fe ty o f the ir

c o un t rym e n , fr o m the m o m e n t th e
y ha d a ppea r e d w ithin
s ight o f the r ui n e d for tr ess, th e s hi p s o f Rho de s w eigh e d

a n c h or , a n d r e t ur n e d w ith th eir c a r goes to th e i s l a n d, fro m

w h e n c e th e y s p rea d the i n te llige nc e o f the Mo n gu l c o n qu es t s

i n A n a t ol i a thr o u gh o u t al l Eu r o p e * .

The fea r in w hi c h Baj a zet ha d b een he ld by the n a ti o n s o f

th e W es t w a s r epl a c e d, o n hi s d e fe a t, by a dr ea d l e s t Tim u r
s h o uld e x ten d hi s c o n qu e s t s a cr oss the sea to the Ch r i s ti a n

s h o r es Of the Gr ec i a n He ll e s po n t , a n d a n a m ba s s a d o r w a s

s e n t fr o m ev e n th e di s t a n t ki n gdo m o f Ca s till o, to n e go tia te

a t rea t y a n d a llia n c e w ith th e Ea s te rn m o n a r c h , to w h o m h e

bro u ght fr om his m as ter , Hen ry III , s ev era l piec es o f .

S pa n i s h ta pe s try, a n d o ther s pl en did gifts nL At the s a m e

tim e, th er e a ppea rs to h a v e b een s o m e c o rr es po n den c e b etw e e n
th e M o n gu l e m p er o r a n d the c o u r t Of Cha r l e s VI o f Fra n c e .
'

a n d the Byz a n t in e C ae s ar , M a n u el , c o n se n t e d to pa y th e sa m e

tri b u t e to Ti m ur th a t ha d for m er ly be en wr este d fro m hi s

c o ffers by th e a rm s o f the vi c t o ri o u s O tt o m a ns S o lym a n , .

’
th e s o n O f Baj a ze t, a c ce p te d fr o m his fa th er s c o n q u e ro r the
i n v es titur e Of the ki n gdo m Of Ro u m a n ia , w hic h w a s a lr ea dy
v i r tu a lly his o w n , a n d the Su lta n Of Egyp t a v e r t e d a s e c o n d

in v a s i on o f hi s d o mini o n s by pr o p osin g te rm s o f p ea ce, a n d

s e n d in g a n e n v o y, wi th a p r e s e n t O f n in e o s tr i c h es a n d a

gir a ffe to S a m a rc a n d, he a gree d tha t i n fu t u re a l l th e Egyp

tia n m o n ey an d co in s h o uld b ea r the i ns cr ipti on a n d n a m e
o f the Z a ga ta i a n kh a n s Bu t th o u gh the O tto m a n em pi re
.

S h ereied d i n Al i —
‘

P '
orter s K nigh ts of Ma l ta
f F
. .

Gi bbon s " D ec line a nd ul l or the R o ma n E mp ire

‘

.
3 38
-
TH E A R C H ER AND THE S T E PP E .

w as c om pelle d for a few ye ar s to bo w b e fo re the h o rsem e n o f

Tra n s o xi a na a n d th e a r c her s o f the n or th , s h e w a s doo m e d
s u bs e quen tl y to a r i se i n r e plen is he d l u s tr e a n d gl o r y, fa r o u t

s tr ippi n g he r th e n d ec li n i n g r i v a l i n the r a c e o f c o n qu es t

a n d i n l ess th a n h a lf a c e n t ur
a n d fa m e
y a fter the d ea th o f
Ti m ur , w hi le h is do m i n i o n s w er e divi de d a n d in c on fus i on ,
a n d fa s t s e pa r a ti n g fr o m b en ea th the s w a y o f his s u c ce ss o r s ,

the gr a n ds o n o f Baj a ze t ha d c a ptu r e d a n d su bdu e d th e m o s t

a n c i e n t a n d p o lis h e d s o v e r e ignty o f Eu r o pe a n d, dr iv in g her

p r in c es in to e xile, h a d seen the la s t O f the C aesa r s p er is h i n

the s to rm o f h is c a pita l, a n d ha d l e d the fie r c e so ldi ers O f
A s i a to v i c t o ry, i n the c en t re o f the Chr is tia n c on tin e n t * .

W h en Timur und e r to o k a d ista nt c a mpa i gn

, h e w as acc us to med to s o w see d s al ong
h i s l ine o f m a rc h th a t th e c ro ps mi g ht s uppl v h is a rmy
, o n i ts re tur n. W h e n I c l o the d
m ys el f i n th e be d o f e mpire, sa ys he . i n hi s Institutions, I c as t from myself the d o wn
"
"
o f s ai ety a nd repos e.
340 THE AR C H ER AND THE S TE PPE .

He a ppea r s thi s tim e to h a v e felt so m e rem or se for the

at

t err ibl e s la ughter tha t h e ha d ca used in his num er o us c a m

pa ign s a n d in a pr oc l a m a ti on to hi s soldi er s he j u s tifie d
, ,

this w a r by c o nj ur in g the se v eter a n s to c lea n s e th eir s w o r ds

fr o m the blo o d o f the ir fello w M u s su lm en , the O ttom a n s by ,

w a s hin g th em in tha t o f th e infidels a n d r e b e l s o f Chin a .

A s o ur v a st co n qu est s sa id he, “ h av en ot been a cc om pli s h e d

’
,

w ith o ut gr ea t v io le n ce a n d the d es t ru c tio n o f m a n y c r ea tur e s

,

o f the A lm ighty
*
I h a v e r eso lv ed to p erfo r m s o m e goo d
,

a c ti o n w hi c h m a y a t o n e fo r the s in s o f m y pa s t life 3 a nd by
‘

w h a t b e tt er m ea n s ca n w e o bta in the p a r do n o f ou r o fien c es

‘
'

tha n i n dem olis hin g the t em ples o f the ido ls in this h o ly wa r ,

a n d e r ec tin g o n thei r s ite s m os qu es a n d bu ildin g s fo r the

w o r shi p o f the
N ea rly fo r ty yea r s befo r e this per i o d , a n a ti v e c hi ef o f tha t
e m pi r e ha d r is en a ga in s t the i m p e r i a l a n d degen era t e Mo n gu l

w ho o c cu pi e d the th ro n e o f Pekin a n d a fter a l o ng a n d fier c e

w a r fa r e , a n d the m u tu a l s l a ughter o f a m illio n o f the p eo pl e ,

ha d s uc c ee de d i n exp ellin g the la s t Chin ese em p eror o f the

fa m ily o f Z in gis beyon d the w al ls o f C hi n a to th e T a r ta r ,
’

d es er ts To r ev en ge this insu lt to the M o n gu l r a c e w ho h a d

. .

a cc om pa n i e d th e ir de p o s e d c hie f to M o n go lia — to d r iv e the

s u c c e s s or o f Ho n g the u s ur p er fr o m Chin a a n d i n c r e a se
, ,

the fo llower s o f Ma h o m et— w a s the o s t en s ibl e ca u se for w hic h

Tim u r un der to ok this c a m pa ign a n d o n the 8 th cf Ja nu a ry ,

1 40 5 he de pa r te d fr o m S a m ar c a n d to j o i n hi s a r m y a n d
,

e m ir s w ho ha d a l r ea dy pr ece de d hi m o n the ir r o ut e
,
N ot .

w ith s ta n di n g hi s a ge a n d the s ev er ity o f th e s ea so n , he

,

m ar c he d thr ee h un dr e d m iles o n h o r s e b a ck, c r osse d the fr o zen

S ih o n , a n d a rri v e d a t the Mo ngul c a m p n ea r O tra r w her e ,

his tr o o ps the c on q u er o rs o f Syr i a h a d a ssem bl e d to the

, ,

n u m b er o f tw o h u n dr e d th o u s a n d w ith fiv e h u n dre d l a r ge
,

w a ggo n s o f ba gga ge a n d pr o v i s i o n , a n d m u ltitu des o f l oa de d

h or s es a n d c a m el s But a m ightier c o n qu eror than hi m self
.

w a s a w a itin g the em p ero r a n d o n th e 2 5 th o f Ma r c h h e w a s

s eiz e d w ith a v i o l en t fev er a n d b eli ev e d th a t he he a r d the
,

h o ur i s c a llin g a n d sa yi ng to him Re pen t , fo r tho u m u s t

,
.

a pp ea r b e fo r e Go d He the n or dere d his fa mily a n d o fficers

to a s s em bl e r o un d hi m, a n d h a v in g r e qu es te d th e m to m a ke

' I t is computed th at Timur . d uring his career, c a used th e death of h uma n

1) e 1n s
H T
.

S i erefe ddi n Ali s i sto ry of im ur B ek

‘

I
.

Uh u a ss ume d the na me of Hong -v u on a tta ini ng th e i mperlal power .

 T I MUR RE TU RN S TO SAMAR C AND, ETC . 34 1

n o us e es s l la m en ta tio n u pon his d ecea s e bu t to pr a y for his ,

s o n] h e o b s e rv e d— Tha t s i nc e he ha d b ee n so highl
, y fa v o u r e d
as to be e n a bl e d to giv e l a w s to the ea r th , so th a t thr o ugh o u t

a ll I r a n a n d T ura n n o m a n da r e e nc ro a c h u po n his n e ighbo u r ,

n o r d ur i n g h i s r e ign h a d a n
y p o or s uffer e d fr om the o ppr es
s i o n o f the r i c h , h e h o p e d th a t hi s s in s mi ght be fo r i v e n
g
hi m th o u gh th ey w er e so m a n y a n d s o gr ea t
, I ha v e .

”
c l ea n se d thi s e m pi r e sa id h e fr o m the e nem ies a n d dis
, ,

tur ber s o f i ts peo pl e bu t if yo u m y s o n s a ll o w di sco r d to , ,

e n te r a m o n g
yo u m i s for tun e w ill a tte n d a ll th a t you a tt em pt
, ,

ir r e p ara ble mi sc hi ef w ill arise b o th i n the go v ern m ent a nd

i n r eligi o n a n d be a ssur e d th a t a t the da y o f j u dgm e n t , a
, ,

s t r i c t a cc o un t w ill be r e qu i re d fr o m thos e to w h o m I h a v e
’
i n tru st e d this n a ti o n s s a fe ty a n d p ea c e He th en n a m ed .
”

hi s gra n ds on , Pir M eh em e d Geha n gir a s hi s su cc esso r , tha t ,

prin c e b eing the o ldes t m em b er o f th e fam ily* o f the em p e ro r ,

W ho s e tw o elder s o n s ha d b een l o n g d e a d a n d c om m a n de d a ll ,

the e m ir s a n d gen er a l s to o bey hi m tha t the w or ld m ight ,

r es t in e qu ity a n d t r a n qu ill ity a n d th a t the fr u it o f s o m a ny

,
”
yea rs o f l a bo u r a n d bl o o d s he d m ight n o t be l os t A fe w .

d ays a fter Tim u r e xpir e d i n hi s m ilit a ry t en t, o n the n igh t

,

o f the 3 1s t o f Ma rc h 1 4 0 5 in th e s i xty n i n th yea r of his a ge

, ,
-
,

a n d thi r ty s ixth o f h is e v en tfu l r eign

-
a n d h i s b o dy w a s

t ra ns p or te d to a m a u so leu m he h a d er ec ted a t C ani c a b i n

Sa m a r c a n d bein g l a id b eside tha t o f his di stinguis h e d gr a n d
,

s o n the Mir z a M ehe m ed a n d the c o ffi

,
n o f a re n o w n e d Mu s
,

s u lm a n pr o ph e t H e l eft th ir ty s ix s o ns a n d gr a n dso ns o f
.
-
,

MO D E RN MO NGUL S ON G IN PR AI S E OF T IM UR
'

Wh en th e d iv ine Timur d w el t wi thin our te nts . th e M ong ul n a tio n w a s formid a ble

k
a n d w ar l i e . I ts le as t m ov e ment ma d e the ear th bend Its m ere l oo froze wi th fe a r
. k
th e ten th ous a n d tr i bes u pon w h om th e e a r th sh in es .

0 , div ine 'li m a r i w il l thy gre at so ul s oon rev i v e ?

Return. re tur n, w e a w ai t th e e, O im ur i T
q
W e liv e in our v a s t p lains. tra n uil a nd pea ceful a s sh ee p ; y e t our h earts a re ferv e nt
a nd lull o f life T
Th e m em ory o f th e g lor ious a g e o f i mur i s ev er p res e nt to o ur m i nd s .

k
.

W h e re is th e c hi ef wh o is to pl a ce h imse lf a t our h ea d. a nd ma e us o nce m ore g rea t

w arriors
T
0 . d iv i ne im ur ! w ill th y ea t s oul s oo n rev i v e ?
R eturn. re tur n, w e a w ai t t c c, 0
’

im ur ! T
q
Th e young Mongul h as a rm s w h erew ith to uell th e w ild h or se ; eyes w h erew ith h e
see a fa r c h i n th e d e s e rt, the tra c e s o f th e la s t c am el A ia s l h is a r m s ca n no l o ng e r
.

ba n th e how of hi s a nc es tors . hi s e e ca nno t see th e w ile s o i th e e ne my

’

T y
.

0 , di v ine im ur w ill th y ea t s o u l s oon r ev iv e ?

T
.

R etur n, r e turn. w e a w ai t t cc , 0 im ur !
We h av e burn ed th e sweet-smel l ing w oo d a t th e feet o f th e d iv ine imur ; o ur fo re T
h ea d s be nd to th e ea rth : w e ha v e o ffere d h i m th e m en l ea f o f tea . a nd th e m il o f o ur k
h erd s. We are re a dy ; th e M onguls are on foot, 0 imur ! And do th o u. 0 Lame ! se nd T
d o w n good fortune upon o ur arro w s a nd o ur ianc es
T
.

0 , d iv ine im ur ! w il l thy re a t s oul soon rev i v e !

R e turn, return w e' a w a it t ea , 0 i m ur
"
T
T T T C
.

— fi uc s “ rav els in a rta ry, hibet, and hina .

See Descenda nts of Timur, next p a ge .

)
N THE AR C H ER AND TH E ST E PPE .
344 THE AR C HE R AND THE ST E PPE .

c hief ; a nd w ith a s m al l,
b ody o f fo llo w er s m a r c hi ng u po n
Sa m arc a n d, he w a s i nter c ept ed by the pa rtisa n s o i C a lil ,

a n d for c e d to r e ti r e i n t o Pe rs ia w hil e M ehe m e d who un til, ,

then h a d held the c a pita l, a ban do n ed it w ith th e em pr es ses

a n d v izier s a n d es ta bli s h e d him s elf at Bo k
,
h ar a , w her e h e
w a s pr o c l a i m e d kh a n The reb elli o n o f H u sse i n thr ewth e
.

arm
y in to c o n fusi o n a n d c au se d C a lil to a s s em bl e hi s a d
,

ber c u ta a n d r e p a ir w ith th em to Sa ma r c a n d w he r e he w a s ,

c ro w ne d e m p e r o r ; a n d the i c e o u th e S iho n giv in g w a y .

W hil e the w a ggon s an d b a gga ge ca m els w er e c ro s s i n g

'

-
,
,

s ev e r a l w e r e l o s t in the r i v er b ei n g h ea v ily l o a de d w ith go ld

,
.

Thu s the c a m p a ign w a s en tirely a ba n do n ed a n d the e m pi re ,

o f Za ga t a i gi v e n u p to di s sen s io n a n d m isrul e wh en C a lil , ,

h a v ing r eign e d fo r sev er a l yea rs , a n d s qu a n dere d a l l the

tr ea s ur es tha t ha d b een a c c um ul a te d by his gr a n d fa ther i n
s o m a n y w a i s w hil e S yr i a G eo r gi a , a nd A s i a Mi n or h a d
, ,

b een r ec la i m e d by their a n c ie nt m a st er s, w a s de p ose d i n

14 1 1 by his s u bj ects a n d Cha r oo m ou n te d the th e m
, .

Bu t th e em pir e o f the M o ng uls w a s se tti n g a nd a fter ,

’
Tim ur s dea th bega n s u r ely a n d r a pidly to decli ne On .

bein g driv en ou t o f Chi na ,_a n d e xpelle d into th e deser ts by

the a r ms o f Ho n g v u a ll the pr i n c ip a l c ities a n d fo rt re ss es
"

-
,

th ro u gho u t Mon go lia ha d bee n bu rn ed o r r a ze d by th e

Chin ese to the gr ou n d, a n d these ha vin g n ev er bee n r ebu ilt .

by the i n h a bita n ts , th e i r r u i n s s till h e s c a tter e d o v er the

.

s t e pp es The p eo pl e r etur n e d to th eir fo rm er p a tr i a r c ha l

.

m o de o f life a n d a ga in d w elt in t en ts a n d a m o n g th eir

_ ,

fl ocks In Per s ia the c on quer in g r a ce s hor tly m et w ith the

. .

sa m e fa t e A fter the dea th o f C har o c hi s des c en da nts we r e

.
,

m as sa cre d or c a r ri e d i nt o s l a v e ry by the Tu rko m a n s a n d ,

the l a n d b ec o m in g div id ed a m o n g n u m ero us l o ca l c hi efs the ,

n a ti v e s a lt er n a tely g r o a ne d u n der th e ir tyr a n ny o r w e re ,

o ppress ed by the inr oa ds of su r ro u n di n g i n v a der s At .

l ength these pro v in c es w er e r e un ite d i n the yea r 1 5 10 by -

the po w e r fu l a r m o f a Pe r si a n n o bl e m a n , the S h a h Is m a e l
Sa fi, a n d h is fa mily c o n ti nu ed to r ul e o v er the kin gdo m til l :

1 7 1 6 w h e n they w er e for c e d to gi v e w a y to the A fgha n s

, ,

w h os e dyn a s ty w a s s h ortly a fter ov er th r o w n i n t ur n ,

by the c o n ques ts o f th e c e lebr a ted N a dir S h a h Bu t the .

E mp er or C h a nc e p res er v e d pea c e a n d p1 osperi ty i n h is

d o m in io ns d urin g his o w n life a n d c em en tin g w ith a fir m
, ,

h a n d the sca tter ed kha na tes of the em pire 1 ul ed o v e1 ,

 Truv a RETURNS To SAMAR C AND , ETC . 34 5

Tr a ns o xi ana a nd Pers i a , Ka n d a ha r, Kh ora ssan a nd a p a rt

of In di a . He is
l bra t ed fo r his a c c om pli s hm en ts a nd the
ce e
e qu it
y o f his go ver n m en t a n d l e ss ho n o ur a bly fo r his ,

a v a r i ce w hi c h a c c um ul a t e d v a s t s to r es o f r i c h es
, a n d in 14 1 9

h e s e n t a fri en dly e m ba s sy to Pe ki n a n d fo r m e d a n o ffen si v e ,

a n d d e fe n s iv e a lli a nc e w i th the a n c i e n t en em
y o f his r a c e ,

the C e l es ti a l em pi r e His el d es t s o n Ul ugh , w ho ha s

.

a c q ui r e d l a s tin g r en own b
y the a s tro n o m ic a l ta bl e s c o m po s e d
fr o m hi s di rec ti o ns s u cc ee de d hi m i n 1 4 25 w hil e the s ec on d
, , ,

I br a hi m s w a ye d the s c e ptr e o f Fa r s is ta n i n Pers i a

,
bu t
U l u gh w as a s s a ss ina te d i n 1 448 by his o w n s o n Abde lla tif * ,

w h o s i x m o n ths l a te r w a s pu t to dea th by the s o ldi e r s a fter ,

i n fli c tin g th e sa m e fa te u p o n his bro ther ; u po n w hic h his

c o u s in A bd o ll a h the s o n o f I bra hi m s e ize d the p e r il o u s
, ,

c r ow n . A fte r a ye ar o f c o n te n ti o n a n d m is go v er n m e n t, this
pr in c e, the l as t des cen da n t o f Cha r o c w a s expe lle d by the ,

Mir za Abusa i d the P r in c e o f Fe rgh a n a , a n d a gra n ds o n o f

,

Mir a n Sha h The n e w e m pero r ke pt his thr o n e til l 14 68

.
,

w h e n he w as t a ken p r i s o n er a n d pu t to d ea th by hi s r eb el
s u bj ec t Ha ssa n Bey a n d hi s s o n Ze hir eddin Mu h a mm e d o r

B a ber w ho s ucc ee de d him b e i n g dr iv e n o u t by the Uzbek

, ,

T a rt a rs fr o m S a m a r c a n d r eti r e d to Ghizni fro m w h e nc e he

, ,

s u b s e qu en tl
y i s su e d fo rth a s a c o n qu er o r , a n d re ndere d hi m
s e lf m a s te r o f the r i c h a n d e xt e n s iv e e m pi re o f Hin do os ta n .

This pr inc e w ho w a s a n e xc e ll e n t p oe t a nd a c co m plis he d

,

s c h o la r n o tw iths ta n din g
,
hi s c h e qu ere d ca re er, an d the
c o u n tl es s m ilitar y expe ditio n s in w hic h he t o o k a p r o m in e n t
’
pa r t w a s b or n i n 1482 w he n hi s fa th er s d o m in i o n s ha d
, ,

b een r e du ce d to the in s ign ifica n t pr o vin ce o f K o ka n o r ,

Fe r gh a n a a n d the m a gni fic en t c ity o f Sa m ar can d

,
He w a s .

ea rl y d e pr i v e d o f hi s c a pita l by his n or thern en e m i es , a n d a t

o n e ti m e w a s n o m i na l s o v e r eign o f a l a r ge tho u gh t u r b u l e n t

e m pi r e, a t a n othe r p eri o d o w n e d s c a r cely a t en t for h e w a s ,

fi
At the per i o d of th e Mo ng ul s upre m ac y , w h en, i n th e fteenth century. a s tro no my
fl our is h ed a t S a m arca nd und er U
lu g h Be g hh oto me tr lc de termi na ti ons w e re fa c ilita te d
H P
.

by th e s ubdiv is io n o f eac h o f th e s ix c l as se s o f ippa rc h us. a nd tol emy, i n to th re e

s ubo rd ina te g ro ups, d is ti nc tio n s fo r e xa m p le be i ng d ra w n betw ee n the s m a ll, i nterme
da i te, a n d la r ge s ta rs o f the s e c o nd m a g n itud e. a n a tte mpt w h ic h rem ind s us o f the
d e c im a l g ra d a tio ns o f S tru v e a n d Ar g e la nd er T
h is a d v a nc e i n h o to m e try by a m o re
p
.

U s ta bles to A bd ur
'

e xac t d e ter m i na tio n o f d e g rees o f in te n s i ty i s a s c r ibe d i n luz

s h e g
k k fi fi
,
xed s tars a nd w as th e rs t
‘
ra h a m S ufi, w ho w ro te a w or o u th e no w le d g e o f the
‘
.
.

w ho m e nti o ns o ne of the M a g el la n i c cl o uds u nd e r the na me of th e Wh ite O x — Hum .

bol dt s
' “
C o s mo s
"

U
.

“
The n a me, A bd urra h m a n S ufi . w as c o ntra c te d by l ugh Be g il om Abd urra h m a n
'

E bn O ma r. E bn Ma h ommed . E bn t i . Abro il H
a s s a n el S u fi c t R a g l Ul uc h Beg w h o .
.

k
l i e N a s s l redd ln. a me nde d the Pto le m a ic s ta r pos i tio ns fro m h is o w n o bs erv a tio n s
a d m its th a t h e borro w e d fro m B [ u l l s w
‘
k
or th e po si ti on of twenty-sev en so u th ern s tars
no t v i si ble at S a ma rca nd
"
— .Jbtd .
346 THE AR C H ER AN D THE ST E PPE .

defea te d a l mos t as fr equ en tly a s he w a s vic t or ious, a n d a p

p ear s till he ha d a tta in e d a m a tu r e ag e an d e xp eri enc e to
, ,

h a ve b een d e fic i en t in th e ta l e n ts o f a gr ea t m ili tary c o m

m a n der th ou gh hi s v a lo u r w as un da un te d a n d his en er gy
, ,

a n d da r in g un s ur pas se d . Like hi s gr ea t a n ces tor Ti mu r, he

*
l
ha s e t f m o s t in t er e s ti n g c o m m en ta r i es of th e e xtr a o r din ar y

e v ent s of his v a r i e d a n d r o m a n ti c life ; a n d in th e se h e has giv e n

d esc ripti o n s of the as p ec t a n d pr o du c tion s of th ose co un tri es
w hi c h he tr a v ers e d w ith a tr u th a n d e xa c titu de tha t all
,

m o dern tra v ell er s c a n v o u ch I n s p ea kin g of the s ta te o f

.

Tr an s o xian a a t this p eri o d his tr a ns l a tor , Mr Erskin e ob

, .
,

s er v es I t is ev ide n t th a t, i n c ons e qu en c e o f the p ro tec tion

w hi c h h ad be e n a ffor de d to th e p eo pl e of M a v er aln a har by
th eir r e gu la r gov er n m en ts a c on s idera ble d egr ee o f c o m for t
, ,

a n d p er h a p s s till m o r e o f e l e ga n c e a n d c i v ility, p re va il e d i n

the town s The w h o l e a ge o f Ba ber h o w e ver w a s o n e of

.
, ,

gr ea t c on fu si on N o thin g co n tr ibu te d s o m uc h to pr o du ce
.

the cons t a n t w a r s a n d e v en tu a l de v a s ta ti on o f the c o un try

, ,

a s the w a n t of so m e fi x e d r ul e o f su c cess io n to th e thr on e

for the idea s o f r e ga l d escen t a c c o r di n g to pr i m o ge nitur e
, ,

w er e v ery i n dis tin c t, as i s th e c a se in a l l Or i en ta l, a n d i n

gen er a l all despo tic kin gdo m s The d ea th o f the a bl est
.

s o vereig n w a s on ly th e s ig na l fo r a gen er a l wa r The .

difierent p arti es a t c ou r t o r i n th e h a r em of the pr in c e

'

. ,

e s po us ed th e c a u s e o f differ en t c o m p e tit o rs a n d ev ery n e igh

bo uri n g p oten ta t e b eli ev e d him self to be p erfec tly j u s ti fie d

i n m ar c hin g to s eize his p o rti on o f the s p o il The gr an d ees .

o f the cour t w hil e th ey t o o k th ei r pla ce by th e side o f the

,

ca n dida t e o f th e ir c ho i ce, do n o t a ppe a r to ha ve beli ev e d

tha t fidelity to him w a s a n y n eces sa ry vi r tue , a n d th e
n o bi li ty, un a bl e to p r edi c t the ev en t s o f o n e t w el v em on th ,

degen era te d in to a s et o f s e lfis h c a l c ul a tin g tho u gh p e rh a ps

, ,

bra v e pa r tisa ns Ra n k, a n d w ea lth a nd pr es en t enj o ym en t

, .
,

b eca m e their ido ls ; a n d the pr in ce felt the in flue nc e o f the

gener a l w an t of s ta bili ty a n d w a s him sel f e d uca te d in the
,
”
loose pri nciples o f a n a dv en tu rer Su c h w a s the s ta te o f
.

Tr a n soxia n a a t the ti m e w h en the d es cen d a n ts o f Ti m ur

.

w ere d ri v en b eyon d th e w a t er s o f the O xu s a n d B a b er ,

c h a sed ev en fro m K o ka n by his a dv er sa r i es, a n d his foll o w ers

r edu ced to o nl y two h un d re d a n d fo r ty m e n, fo r m ed the b o ld

These hav e been most ably translated and a nnota ted by Dr . Leyden and Mr Erskine
. .
3 48 THE AR C H ER AN D TH E ST E PPE .

th e N e e dl em a ker s ga te Tha t sa m e da y from the top o f the

’
.
,
“

’
S h e ikh Za de h e ga t ew a y I str uck a w hit e h o r s e a n ex cell e n t ,

s h o t , w ith m y c r o s s b o w it fell dea d th e m o m en t m y a rr o w

t o u c h e d it ; bu t, i n th e m ea n w hil e they ha d m a de su c h a ,
’
v i gor o u s a tt a c k n e a r th e C a m e l s —n e c k tha t th e y e ffec t e d a ,

l o dgm en t c l o se un d er the ra m part Bein g h o tly e n ga ge d i n .

r ep ell in g th e e n e m y w her e I w a s I ha d en terta i n e d n o ,

a pp r e h e n s i o n o f d a n ger o n the o th er s ide w h er e th ey h a d ,

pre pa r e d a n d br o u ght w ith them fiv e o r si x a n d t w en ty

,

sc a li n g l a dd e rs ea c h o f w hi c h w a s s o br o a d th a t tw o o r th r ee
-
,

m e n c o u ld m o un t a br e a s t He ha d pla c ed i n a m bu s h
.
,

o pp o s i te to th e c i ty w a ll s ev e n o r eight hu n dr e d c h o s en m e n
, ,
’
w ith th es e l a dd er s be tw e en th e Ir o n s m i th s a n d N e e dl e
,
’
m a ker s ga t e s w hi l e h e him se lf m o v e d to th e o th er s i d e a n d
, ,

m a de a fa l se a tta c k O u r a tte n ti o n w a s e n ti r ely d ra w n o ff

.

to thi s a tta c k , a n d th e m en in a m bu s h n o s o o n er s a w th e
w o r ks o pp os ite to them e m pty o f d efe n ders by th e w a t c h ,

ha v in g l e ft th em th a n they ro se fr om the pla c e w her e the y

,

h a d be en i n a m bu sh a dv a n ce d w ith e xt re m e s p ee d a n d
, ,

a ppli e d th e ir sc a li n g l a dd er s a ll a t o n c e b e tw e en
-
th e tw o
ga tes th a t ha v e b e en m en tio n ed e xa c tl y o pp os ite to M u h a m,
’
m e d M azid Te rph a n s h o u s e The B egs w ho w ere o n gu a r d
.

h a d o n ly tw o o r thr ee o f th e i r s er v a n ts a n d a tte n da n t s a b o u t
th em N e v er thele s s K u c h Be g M uh a m m e d K fili K o c hi n
. ,

S h a h Sfifi a n d a n o ther br a v e c a v a lier bo l d ly a ss a il e d th e m a n d

, ,

d i s pl a ye d s ign a l her o i s m S o m e o f the e n em y h a d a lr ea dy

.

m o u n t e d o n th e w a ll a n d sev e r a l o th e r s w e r e in th e a c t o f
,

s c a li n g it w h e n th e s e fo u r a r r iv e d o n th e s p o t fe ll u p o n th e m
, ,

s w o r d i n h a n d a n d d ro v e th e as sa il a n ts b a c k o v e r the r a m
,

p a r ts p uttin g the m a ll to flight

,
.

It w a s n o w th e s eas o n o f the r ip en in g o f the gra i n a n d ,

n o n e ha d v e n tu r e d to b r i n g i n a n y n e w c o r n A s the s i e ge .

h a d b e e n gr ea tly p ro tr a c te d the i nh a bi ta n ts w er e r e du c e d to
,

e xtr e m e di s tr es s a n d o u r a ffa ir s ca m e to s u c h a p a s s, th a t
,
’
th e p o or a n d m e a n er s o r t w e r e fo r c e d to fee d o n d o gs a n d
’
a s s es fl es h Gr a i n fo r the h o rs e s b ec o m i n g s c a rc e th ey w ere
.
,

o bli ge d to ea t th e l ea v es o f tr ees ; a n d it w a s a s c e r t a i n e d

fr o m e xperi en c e tha t the fo lia ge o f th e m u lb er r y a n d bl a c k

w o o d a ns w e r e d b es t Ma n y us e d the s ha v i n gs of w o o d
.
,

w hi c h they s oa ke d i n w a ter a n d ga v e to th e i r s tee d s ; a n d

,

fo r th r ee or fo ur m o n th s Sheibani Kh a n did not a pp r oa c h

 T I MUR RE T URNS 'r o SAMAR C AND, ETC . 3 49

the fo rtr e ss, bu t bl o cka d e d it a t som e dis ta n ce on a ll s id es ,

c ha n gin g h is gro un d fr o m ti m e to ti m e I looke d fo r a id .

a n d as s is ta n c e fr o m the p r in c e s m
y n eighbo ur s but e a c h o f
th em ha d his a tt en ti o n fixe d o n so m e oth er o bj e c t a s, fo r
e x a m pl e , th e S ulta n H fi s sa in Mi rz a , w h o w a s u n do u bte dl
y
a br a ve a nd xp er ienced m o n a r c h but n either did he giv e
e ,
”
m e su c c o u r o r e v en s en d a n a m ba ss a dor to e n c o ur a ge m e
, .

At l en gth, h a v in g a ba n d o n e d Sa m a r c a n d wi t h his
fo llo w ers Ba b er des c ribes ho w th ey los t their w a y a m o ng
,

the m a ny s tr ea m s o f the d is tr ic t ; bu t a t l e n gth r ega in i n g ,

the d e s i r e d r o a d, th ei r s pir it s r o s e w ith th e br ightn ess of the

m o rn i n g a n d th ey u rge d th ei r h o rses to a r a c e w hic h ha d
, ,

n ea r ly c o s t th e em p er o r his life Hi s sa ddl e tu r n e d a n d he

.
,
“
fell o n h hea d to th e gr o
i s u n d I did n o t r ec o v er fu ll pos
.

” “
ses s i o n o f m y s e n se s a
s y s h e
, ti ll the e v e n in g a n d the
, ,

w o rld, a n d a ll th a t o c c ur r e d r o u n d m e pa s s e d b efo re m y eye s

,

a n d un de rs ta n di n g li ke a fa n ta s y o r d r ea m A t da w n the .

fo ll o w i ng da y, w e a r r i v ed a t th e fri en dly t ow n o f D iz a h ,

w h ere w e fo un d a bu n d a n c e o f brea d m el o n s a n d gr a p es ; , ,

th u s pas s in g fr o m the extr e m ity o f fa m in e to pl e nty a n d ,

fro m a n e s t a te o f da nger a n d c a l a m ity to ea se a n d pea c e .

A t a spr in g n ea r w hic h th ey h a lte d on th e ir r o u t e, Ba ber

,

i nsc r ibe d th ese w or ds in Pe r s ia n u po n a s ton e

Ma n y a m a n l lke res ted by th is fo unta in,
us ha s
k
A nd d i s a ppeared i n th e tw in ling o f a n ey e ;
q
S h o ul d w e c o n uer th e w h o le w o rl d by o ur ma nh ood a nd s treng th,
Ye t c ould w e no t c arry it w ith us to th e grav e.

Th e a d v e n tur e rs su b se qu e n tly u n it ed the ir a r m s to th o se

o f a fr i e n dl y c hi e f w ho a s s i s te d th e e m p er o r i n hi s c a m pa ign
,

a ga in s t C a bul w h ere h e es t a bli s he d him se lf a b o u t the yea r

,

1 5 0 6, a n d fr o m w hen ce, tw e nty years l a te r h e m a rc he d ,

a ga i n s t th e Su lta n Ibr a hi m o f D e lhi The M o n g ul a r m y.

a m oun t e d to o n ly thi r te en th o u s a n d h o r s e, a n d w er e o pp os e d
by a hu n dr e d tho usa n d c a v a lr y a n d a th ous a nd elepha nt s ;
bu t the b ra v e a n d h a r dy a r c h er s of Ghizn i n o t w ith s ta n di n g ,

the di s p a r ity o f n u m b er s w e r e i n vi n c ibl e to the e fie m ina te

'

H in do o , w h ose fo r ces w e r e s w e pt a w a y o r fled i n l e gi ons ,

l ea v i n g the two c hi e fs to dec ide the ba ttl e by a n a lm o s t

s i n gl e c om b a t Thi s w a s t erm ina te d by the dea th o f
.

I br a him a fter dis pla yi n g s igna l c ou ra ge a n d the fe w r em a i n

i ng foll ow er s w ho s till r a llie d r o u n d him , i mme di a tely t ook
,
 3 50 THE AR C HER AND THE S T EPPE .

to flight s o tha t B a b er i n the year 1 52 6 pr o cla im ed hi m self

,

E m p er or o f D e lhi * .

Bu t the w a r w a s s till s u s ta i n e d i n the w es t er n pr o vin c es

o f Hin do o s ta n by the en er gy a n d v a l o u r o f the d e c eas e d
’
s u lt a n s br o th e r M a h m o u d w h o r e fus in g to ac kn o w l edge the
, , ,

u s ur p er m u s t ere d a n a r m y o f o n e h un dre d th o u s a n d m e n to
,

s u pp o r t hi s o w n r ight s A p a n i c se ized the M on gu l h o r s e

.

m en w ho tr i e d to in du ce th eir pr in c e to r e t u r n to C a bu l
,
.

”
N e v er ! e x c l a im e d he “ fo r s in ce d ea th i s in ev ita bl e it i s ,

gl o r io u s to m e e t hi m w i th c o ur a ge fa ce to fa c e r a th er tha n , ,

to s h r i n k ba c k to ga i n a fe w ye a r s o f a m i ser a bl e a n d i gn o
,

m i n i o u s e x i s t en ce s i n ce w e i n h er it bu t fa m e beyo n d th e
‘
'

gra e v
”
He th e n a ppea l e d to th e r e ligi o u s z ea l o f hi s t err o r
.

s tr i cke n tr o o p s fr o m W h o m h e e x a c t e d a n o a th o n the K o r a n
, ,

tha t they w o u l d either c o n qu er o r d ie a n d ha v in g hi m s elf ’

m a de a v o w to the pr o ph e t to r en o u n c e for ev e r the u se o f ,

w in e i n w hi c h hith er to he h a d to o fre e ly i n d u lge d h e c a us e d

, ,

a l l h i s go lde n go bl e t s a n d o th e r dr i n ki n g v e ss el s to be br o ke n -

u
p a n d dis tr ibu t ed a m o n g the p o or He then a dv a n c e d .

w ith hi s s m a ll a r m y a ga in s t th e tr em en do u s fo r c e o f
M a h m o u d o v e r w h o m h o w ev er he p o s s ess e d a gr ea t a dv a n
, , ,

t a ge i n th e su per io r ity a n d n u m b er o f hi s m u sket eers a n d

a r till er y a m o d e o f w a rfar e th en a l m o st u n kn o w n i n H i n d o o
,

s ta n a n d a fte r a l o n g a n d s a n g ui n a r
y e n ga ge m en t in w hi c h ,

the gr ea te r p a r t o f th e a dv e r s e pr i n c es a n d ofli c ers w e r e l e ft

d ea d u p o n the field h e c om p e ll e d the e n tir e for c es o f th e
,

e n e m y to ta ke r e fuge in flight, a n d b eca m e m a s te r o f th e

I n di a n thr o n e th o u gh his p o s s es s i o n w a s l o n g di s pu t e d by
, .

in su rr ec ti o n s b oth r o u n d D e lhi a n d in C a bu l But in les s .

He th u s s peaks o f Hind o os ta n Hind oos tan i s a r em a r a bly fine c o untry, bu t its k

hi ll s , r iv ers , fores ts , a n d pl ai ns . a ni ma l s , pl a n ts , i nh a bita nts , a nd l a ngu a g e s , i ts w ind s ,
a n d r a i ns , a re a l l e n tirely d i ffere n t to o urs . T
his d is pa r ity c o mm enc e s i m m edi a tely y o u
c ro ss th e r iv er S i n d , w h e re w e c a m e upon s ev e ra l co un tr ie s in th e ra n g e o f th e n orth er n
m o un ta i ns , s uch a s Pe lth eli a n d Sh e m e n g , m os t of w h ic h , tho ug h form e rly i nc l ud ed in
th e territor ie s of K a sh mi r, a r e no w i n d e pe nd en t A bo ut th e s e hills a re o th er tribes of
k
.

m en Al l th e tow n s a nd la nd s o f Hind oo s ta n h a v e a uni fo rm lo o , i ts g ar d ens h a v e n o

.

w a l ls , a n d th e g re a ter p a r t i s a l ev el pl a in , w h ic h i n m a ny pl ac e s i s c ov er ed by a th orny
br us hw o od , to s uc h a d e g re e th a t th e peo ple of th e Perg a m a s , r ely ing o n th es e fores ts , ta e k
s h elter i n th e m , a nd tru s tin g to th e ir i na c c e s s i ble s i tu a tio n, o ften c o n ti n ue i n a s ta te o f
r ev o lt, re fus i n g to p a y the ta xe s I n Hi nd oos ta n, if yo u except th e r i v ers , there i s li ttle
k
.

r unni ng w a te r ; a ll th e c i ti es a re S u ppl i e d by w e lls or ta n s , in w hic h i t i s c o l le c te d d uring

th e r a iny se a s o n . H
ere th e po p ulo us n e s s , a n d d ec a y o r tota l d es tr uc ti o n o f v i lla ges , n a y .
o f c iti es i s a l m o s t i ns ta nta n e o us La rg e c ities th a t h a v e bee n i nh a bited fo r a s eries of
k fl
. .

y e a rs (if o n a n a l a rm the i nh a bi tan ts ta e to i g ht), i n a s i n g le d ay , o r a d a y a n d a

h a l f, a re s o c o m plete ly a ba nd on e d , th a t y o u c a n s c a rc ely dis c ov er a tr a c e o r m a r o f k
p op ul a tio n T
h i s is a cou n try th a t h a s fe w ple as ure s to re c o m m end i t Th e eo pl e a re
k
. .

n o t h a nd so m e Th e h a v e no i d e a of th e c h a r m o f fri en dly s oc ie ty, of fra n y m ixin g

T
.

to g eth er, o r o i fr le n ly in terc o u rs e h ey h a v e n o eni us , no co m re h e nsi on o f m i nd ,

‘

fl
.

n o p oliteness o f m a n ner no fe ll o w feelin g , n o g ood l o rees , n o g o o e s h, n o g ra p es or

k
.

m u s - m elo ns , no g oo d fr ui ts, n o i ce o r c o lrl w a ter, no g ood fo o d o r brea d i n th e ir ba z a a r s ,

n o ba th s o r co ll e g es , no c a nd le s . n o to rc he s , n ot a c a nd le s tic Th e c hi ef excellenc e o f k .

Hindoos tan, is i ts a bund ance of g ol d and s il v er. "

 ‘

3 52 THE AR C H ER AND THE STE PPE .

m y s el f s he ddi n g tea r s fr om vexa ti o n dis a ppo intment ; and

though n o w tha n ks be to Go d th e s e t r ou ble s a r e o ver a nd

, ,
‘

I a sc r ibe it c hie fly to the o c c u pa ti on a ffor d e d to m y m in d

'

by a p o etic a l tr a n s la ti o n o n w hi c h I ha ve em ploye d m ys elf .

L a s t yea r I w r o te to Abda lla h ,

i
I a m di str e s s d s nce I r enounc e w ne ,
'
d i
I d d fi
a m c o nfo u n e , a n d u n t for us n es s b i
g l d p i
R e re t ea s m e to e n tenc e,
Pe i t l d m to g et
n en ce ea s e re r .
’

*
M uh a m m e d Ba b er l eft, a s hi s su cc es s o r to his tr ou bled
th r o n e his eld es t s o n Hu m a i o on 5 w h o s e s o n the c el e br a te d
, ,

Akb a r i n a l o n g r eign o f fifty o ne yea rs fir ml y est a bli she d

,
-

hi s fa m ily in th e i m per ia l p o w er 5 a n d Hi n do o s ta n m er ely ,

e xc h a n gi n g o n e r a c e o f fo r e ig n d es po ts fo r a n o th er r elu c t a n tly ,

a c c e pte d the dyn as ty o f th e M o n uls 1

‘

g .

His to m b i s s till to be seen o n th e top of a hil h gi g

l o v er an n th e tow n o f C a ba l
hi i h d bh h k pi i i h dd Ti
.

1 Th e s to r a n A“ m e ben A ra s a , m a es th e s r t o f w n ter t us a res s m ur

d h
on h is e a t - bed — h j
S to thy c areer, t o u un us t ty ra nt ! Ho w l o n gd h
os t t o u m e a n to
fl
c a rry d h
a m es o v er a n uh l a ppy w o rl pi i
I f t ou a r t a s r t o f e , s o a m h ll I W
e a re b h
ot
h bj g i g l p d ip
.

ol d , a n d o u r o cc upa ti ou i s th e s a m e , t a t o f s u u at n s a v es B u t ro cee to e xt r a te
ki d k h ld h il l h bl ld
.

m a n n , a n d ma e th e ear t co , y et t o u w t find a t as t t a t m y a s ts a re c o er
h b l b d ih l d h d
.

If t o u c a n s t o a s t of co un t es s a n s , w h o fa t fu to th y o r e rs , ara ss , a nd e s tro y ,
h i d ihG d
kn o w t a t m y w ntry a ys are , w t
‘
o s a id , d l
es tr oy e rs a s o ; a nd , by th e A m l igh
ty
h li h I ill b
t at v et , w h Th
a a te t ee no nhing ! h l
o u s a t be ov erw e m e h l d Wi h g
t my v en e a n ce,
h l h
and a l l thy fire s a l not s a v e t ee from th e co ld d h
ea t of th e i c y tem est.
"
p
35 6 THE AR CH ER AND THE S TEPP E .

w itn e ss e d the fin a l di v i si o n of the Mo n gu l em pi r e o f Tim u r

in A s ia 5 a n d it s a w th e s un set for e v er u p o n th e th r o n e o f th e

C aes a r s in C o n s t a n tin o pl e * .

All the e n thu s i a s m th a t ha d o nc e b een ex c it e d by the

C r u s a des h a d n o w lo n g si n ce e xpir e d 5 bu t n o t w ith s ta n din g ,

th e di sa s ters o f fa m in e s hipw r e c k a n d pl a g ue th a t h a d s o
, , ,

s c a tt e r e d a n d d e c i m a t e d the Ch r i s tia n a r m i e s o n the S r ia n

y
a n d Afr i c a n s h o r e s 5 n o r th e a n a r c h
y a n d m i sr u le to w hic h
th eir p eo pl e be c a m e a pr ey, w hile the s o ver e ign s w er e en ga ge d
i n a di s t a n t a n d fr u itl ess ca m p a i gn th es e w a rs for th e r e s c u e
—

o f P a l es ti n e h a d n o t e n ti r ely b e e n u n pr o d u c tive o f b e ne fi t to
th e n a ti o n s a n d c o u n t ri e s o f Eu r o p e I n s te a d o f sh u ttin g
"
.

th e m s elves u p in th eir c a s tl e s a n d s p en din g th e ir d a ys a n d the

,

lives o f th eir va ssa l s in fier c e c o n flic ts w ith ea c h o th er or ,

r e b e lli o n a ga in s t th e i r m o n a r c h s till s tr a n ger s d a r e o nly

,

tr a vel s t r o n gly gu a r de d o r thr o u gh by w a ys a n d b eyo n d the

,
-

,
’
ga t es o f th e w a ll e d c iti e s n o m a n s pr o per ty o r life w a s
—

’ ’
s ec ur e fr o m the r o bb er b a r o n s or m a r a u di n g s o ldi er s h a n d 5

th e m in ds o f th e n o bl es w er e r a is e d to a high e r a n d m o r e
w o r thy a im If th e ir o bj e c t ha d been m i s ta ken a n d th e i r
.
,

zea l s p en t o n e m pty a i r the m o tiv e s o f th e fir s t w a r r i o r s

, ,

w ho a ba n d o n e d th e i r fo r m er pl e a s u r e s to m e e t u n kn o w n t o il s
a n d d a n ger s o n a b a rr e n a n d fa r o ff s h o r e , th o u gh p er h a ps

tin ge d w ith a lo ve o f a dv en t ure h a d in m a n y in s ta n c es ,

b een di sin t er es te d a n d pu r e a n d th ey w er e thu s br o ught i nto

,

c o n ta c t w i th o th er n a ti o n s , a n d w ith th e sc i en c e a n d li t er a

tur e of th e E a s t .

g
If the s pir it w hi c h ha d th e n a c tu a te d e ver y s o ldi e r a n d
kni ght to r es p o n d so r ea d ily a n d ea ger ly to the ca ll o f
,

the h er m it w ho firs t r o u se d th e ir a r d o u r in th e c a u s e o f
the Ho ly L a n d h a d e xis te d a t thi s tim e a m on g th e pri n c es
,

a n d p eo ple o f the Wes t ; the Gr ee k em pir e i n s pite o f ,

their j ea lo usy o f her cr eed m ight p er h a ps h a ve b een s a v e d

,

fr o m her i m pen din g fa t e a n d r e s c u e d fr o m th e s w o r d o f the

,

c o m m o n en e m y th e b a r b a r o u s a n d i n fid e l T u r k
, B ut .
,

th o u gh m a n y Fr en c h a n d E ngli s h a dven tur ers w er e en r oll e d

b en ea th th e fla g o f C o n s ta n ti n e w ho w a s s till g ua r d e d by ,

the w e ighty a x es o f th e Va r a n gia n s the em p er or s a pp e a l e d ,

i n v a in to th e i r fell o w Ch r i s ti a n m o n a r c h s fo r a s s i s tan ce
-

a n d the o th er n a ti o n s o f E ur o p e l o o ke d c o ldly a n d in

I i
nv ent on o f P i ti
r n b L h b
n g, 1452— 0 0 p em ic u s orn, 1473— ut er orn, 1 483— C on s ta ntinopl e
ta k en , Luis- D — d
is cov ery of A meri c a, 1 492 M ong ul s ri v en from a ma rcan . 1468. S d
 THE F I FTEENTH C EN T URY, E TC. 357

di ffe ren tly u pon her fal l S ur ely a n d s tea dily ha d the Tu r k s
.

b e e n l o n g ga i ni n g u po n h er fro n ti e rs a n d ha d gra du a lly ,

w r es te d c ity a fter c ity fr o m h er fe e bl e a n d e xpi r i n g gr a s p ;

yet th o u gh the Gre eks w er e divide d i n to h os til e fa cti o ns
'

s er vile pr o fii a te a n d d e g ra de d a n d de e n de nt o n th e i r o n c e
, g , p ,

fo r m id a bl e fir e bo m b s a n d c a ta pu lts w hic h the a rt iller y a n d ,

mi n i n g s kill o f th e ir en em i e s n o w fa r s ur pa sse d 5 th o u gh the

M a h o m e ta n s ela ted by th eir c o n qu ests , a nd the d a zzli n g
,

pr o s pec t o f her w ea lth a n d u r ge d to v ic t or y by the p rec e pts

,

a n d c o m m a n d s o f the p ro ph e t ha d l on g m edit a t e d a n d
, pr e
pa re d h e r des tru c tio n , the Chr i stia n em pi r e still m a i n ta in e d
a p r o tr a c t e d a n d h er o i c r e si s t a n c e 5 a n d the d ea th a n d
d e fe n c e o f th e las t C o ns ta n tin e w a s w or thy o f the gr ea tnes s
o f th e fi rs t .

It w a s n o w m a ny y ea rs s in ce the s u lta ns h a d pla c e d th e ir

thr o n e i n Adri a n o pl e a n d er ec te d ca s tles a n d for ti fica tio ns
,

w ithi n th e ver y s ight o f Byza n ti um o n the o ppo s ite s h o re o f ,

th e B o s ph o r us 5 bu t the gl o r y o f the c on qu es t o f the c a pit a l

w a s r e s e r ve d for the s kil l a n d v a l o u r o f the s ec on d M a ho m e t ,

b efo r e w h o m — a fter a s ie ge o f fo r ty fiv e da ys in w hic h fo llo w -

, ,

i n g the p r e c e den t o f the R u s si a n Ol e g he c a u se d hi s s hips to ,

be tr a n s p o rt e d o v erl a n d a n d a m os t o b s ti na te de fe n c e o n
,

the p a r t o f the des p er a te Gr ee k s— i t fell o n the 2 9 th o f M a y ,

1 4 5 3 a fter a tr e m e n d o u s b o m b a r dm en t a n d t err ific as sa ul t

,

th e yo u n g e m pe ror C o n s ta n tin e Pa leo l o gu s fa llin g fightin g

, ,

to th e l as t i n the sa c k a n d b e i ng s c a r c ely dis tin gu is h e d

,

a m id s t th e r u i ns ,
w h ere h e la y u n de r h ea ps o f d e a d But .

th e s a m e e ven t w hich e xti n g uis he d the pr o gr ess o f c ivili za

ti o n i n Ea s tern E ur o pe ha d a m os t b en efic ia l effec t o n the
,

a dv a n c e a n d r efi ne m en t o f the Wes t : the c a p tu r e o f C o n

l

s ta ntin o pl e d r ov e the fugitive Gr e eks to a ll p a r ts o f the

w e s te r n c o un t r ies o f E u r o p e w h er e th ey s p r ea d th e t a s te
,

fo r l ett ers a n d the a rts to a hith erto u n k no w n e xte n t

. A .

m o r e r e gu l a r go ve r n m en t thr o u gho ut the co n tin en t n u t r a m ,

m e ll e d by a tu rbu l en t n o bi lity a n d en s la ve d p eo pl e ga v e a
, ,

p ea c e an d s ec u rity th a t a llo w e d sc o pe for the en c o ura ge m en t

o f le a r nin g i n a m a n ne r th a t h a d n e v er b een a ffo r d e d be fo r e 5
,

a n d the b rilli a n t n a m e s th a t , a fe w y ea r s a fte r gra c e the ,

his tor i c p a ge— of a u th or s p o e ts pa in t er s a s t ro n o m er s n a vi

, , , ,

ga t o r s m us ic ia n s , a n d s c u lptors — a r e a p roof th a t its a dv a n

,

t a ges w e re n o t l o st .

Bu t fa differ en t has b een the p rogress o f A si a the a n c i en t

r

,
 3 58 THE ARCHER AN D THE STEPPE .

c on tin e n t ; As i a the fir s t peo ple d a n d o n c e m o s t c ivilized

,

qu a r ter o f the gl o b e yet w h os e h er o es , s a ges a n d philo

, ,

s o ph e r s a r e n ow a l l o f th e p a s t
,
Whils t the r es t o f th e w o r ld
.

w a s en v el o p e d i n a s a va g e da r kn es s a n d ba r b a r i s m sh e s ho n e ,

c l ea r ly a n d vividly i n the e a r li er a ge s o f m a n ki n d but her

n a tio n s a s th ey a dva n c e d in p o wer a n d kn o w l e dge h a v e s un k
, ,

b et w een d es po ti s m a n d s la ver y ; a nd w hil e i n E u ro p e the

m a r c h o f pr o g re ss a n d r efin e m e n t o f m a n n er s , h a s b een
,

m a rke d by r e la xin g the b on ds o f s erfd o m a n d e xten di n g ,

lib era l in s titu tio n s a m o n g the p eopl e i n As i a a se ttl ed g ov er n

,

m en t a n d c iviliza ti o n ha s o n ly give n to tyr a n n y a m o r e ir o n

h o ld th er e liber ty ha s e ver b een u n kn o w n w ith the
h a r s h es t des po ti sm o f E ur o pe s he w o uld h a ve been c o m pa ra
ti v e ly fr ee Fo r m a n y c en t ur ies a ls o th e m i n d s o f the
.
, ,

As ia tic s o f the s o u th a n d w e s t h a ve bee n c o n fin e d to the

n a rro w a n d un yi e ldi n g d o c tr in es o f th e K o r a n w hic h lim it s ,

a ll the r e sea r c h e s o f i ts vo ta r i es to i ts o w n l o n g e xpl o d e d

idea s o f the or der o f the u n iv e rs e a n d o f m a n a n d c o n te n t ,

to r eflec t o n th eir fo1 m er c o n qu e st s a n d th e s tu p en do u s m o nu

,

m e n ts th a t s till e xi s t o f th e i r a n c ie n t gr a n de u r a n d fa m e ,

the y a pp ear ge n er a lly to h a ve s un k in to in di ffer en ce a n d to ,

a h o pe le s s s ta te o f i n d o le n c e a n d a p a thy a n d w hil e a ll th e ir
,

pr in c es a r e des po ts a n d o pp r esso r s the pe o pl e ar e the m o s t

,

a b so l u t e s l a v es .

I h a ve a lr ea dy r el a t e d ho w the su c c e s so r o f H o ng v u dr o ve -

the Mo n g uls fr o m Chin a a n d d es tr oyed the c as tles a n d c itie s

,

th a t the y ha d er e c te d o n th eir d ese r ts an d stepp es a n d ho w ,

th e se c o n qu er ors r esum e d th eir fo r m er p a s tor a l a n d n o m a de

li fe a n d a ga in live d a m o n g th eir fl oc ks a n d i n ten ts Fr o m
,
.

this ti m e the ir co un tr y for m e d a n o m i n a l d e p en d e n c e u p o n

Pe kin a n d l o n g p a id her a hu m ilia ti n g t rib ute bu t to w a r ds
,

the m iddl e o f th e s e v en te e n th c en tu r y, o n e o f th eir tr ib es ,

the Ka l m u c ks r o s e to c o n s id er a ble p o w er a n d in flu en c e i n
,

the so u th a n d i n a fe w year s ha d m a d e th e m se lves m a s ter s

,

o f a ll c e n t ra l T a r t a r y a n d Thibe t Thi s su pr e m a c y w as
.
,

ho w e ver o f ver y s h ort du r a tio n ; th ey w er e a tta c ke d a n d

,

defea t e d by the o th er M o n gul s un ite d wi th the Chin es e a n d

,

w hil e s o m e settle d i n the c o un tr y a r o u n d the L a ke K o ko n o r ,

m a n y th o u sa n d s c ro ss ed th e Ur a l a n d th e sa n dy s teppes o f
A s tr a kh a n a n d to o k r e fuge beyo n d the Vo lga w h e r e a few
, ,

tr ibes o f the h o r de o f To us hi s till r em a in ed a fte r th e e x ,

tin c tio n of the ki ngdo m o f K ipza k in E uro pe The em pero rs .

3 60 THE ARCH ER nun 'r HE S TEPPE ‘

thr e e h un dre d s tu den ts ; an d a b out two hu n dr e d m il es to

the e a s t o f i ts s it e lie s th e o n c e fa mo us c ity of S a m a r ca n d ,

kn o w n for m e rly to its pe o ple a s the Glo ry o f As ia a n d the ,

flo w er a n d s ta r o f the ea r th bu t w hi c h n o w is li ttle better

th a n a m a ss o f r u in s a n d fa lli n g ra pidly s till fur ther in to
,

d ec a y Th e o bs er va to ry o f Ulugh s till s ta n d s a n d th e to m b
.
,

o f Ti m u r p a ve d w i th gr e en s to n e a n d j e w els i s s till w a tc h e d
, ,

by a fe w de r vi s h es l o n g su pp o r t e d by h i s des c en d a n ts a t D e lhi
,

bu t s in c e the o ver thr o w o f th e e m p i r e o f the M o n gul s l n Hi n

,

d os ta n th ese pr o t e c t o r s o f the m a u s o l e u m o f th e i r g rea t p r in c e

,

h a ve b een d eprive d o f th e i r fo r m er li b er a l em o lu m en t a n d ,

h a ve s u n k i nto a s ta t e o f gr ea t p o ve rty Khiva s ta n ds o n the .

pla c e o f the a n c i en t kin gdo m o f Ca r izm e a nd i s s ep a r a t e d ,

by a va s t d ese r t fr o m B o kh a ra h er c a pita l i s th e g r ea t s l a ve
m a r t o f C e n tr a l As i a a n d i s in h a bite d by a l o w a n d b ru ta lize d
,

p eo pl e ; a n d the few tr a ve ll er s w ho h a ve vi s ite d h er i n the

pr es en t c en tu ry h a ve es ti m a te d th a t w ithin the s pa c e o f a
, ,

very few yea r s she ha s s u pplie d Tur c o m a n ia a n d Bo kh a r a

,

w ith fifte en th o us a n d Ru ss i a n c a ptives a n d fr o m o n e h u n ,

dr e d a n d fifty th o usa n d to tw o h un dr e d th o u s a n d Pe rs i a n s fo r
sl a ve s .

O n th e st epp es e xt e n di n g fro m th e n o rth o f Khiva a n d

the Se a o f A r a l * o r the L a ke o f E a gl es to the s w a m p s a n d
, ,

m a rs hy r egi on s o f We ster n Sib er i a a n d w h er e in s u m m er ,

the l o n g w a vin g g ra s s a s it i s u n dul a te d by th e wi n d r e , ,

s e m bles the g ree n w a t er s o f a tr o u bl e d s ea the Kir ghiz ,

Ta r ta r s j us tly c a lle d th e r o bber s o f the d eserts fee d th eir

, ,

flo c ks a n d h a lf w ild c a ttle a n d r o b th e l o a d e d c a r a va ns o f
-
,

the Ru s sia n m er c h a n ts th a t a r e des pa t c h e d a t c er t a i n p e ri o ds

,

o f the ye a r fro m the fr o n ti e r c i ty a n d fo r tr es s o f O r e n bu r g

to tra d e w i th Khiva a n d B o kh a r a Th e y a r e gener a lly c on .

s ide r e d to be th e d esc e n d a n ts o f a divis i o n o f th e Po lo tzi ,

c a ll e d th e w h o m C o n s ta n tin e P o r phy ro gen itu s

d e scr ibes a s i n h a bitin g the di s tr i c t to the n o rth o f the
Ca u ca s u s a n d fro m w h o m the m o der n C oss a c ks pro ba bly
,

d er ive th e ir n a m e The Ki rghi z T a r ta r s a n d the w a n derin g

.
,

t rib es o f Tur c om a n ia c hiefly s u pply by the ir pr i so n er s the

,

m a r ke t s of Khiva w ith s l a ves .

Th e C o ss a c ks w h o fo rm s o c o n s ider a bl e a n d i m p or t an t a
,

p o rtio n o f the Ru s s ia n fo r c es , a n d w ere c a lle d th e eye o f his

a r m y by G en er a l Su v a ro fi a r e divid e d i n t o tw o dis ti n c t
'

A ] i si a T t w ord m an i ng i l nd Th e l ak i a ll d fr o m th e n m b r
is ; g i
e ar a r , e s a f. e s so c e u e o
an s tn

i K ak is a Tarta or Tu k i sh word [or a ligh t a rmed h orseman or robb er

.

az r r -
.
 THE F I FTEEN TH C ENTURY , ETC . 361

c o mm uni t es , the Za po ra ghia n s , o r C o ss a cks o f the Ukr a i n e ,*

i
a n d th os e o f the D o n The Ukr a i n e is the g en er a l n a m e fo r .

the fr u itfu l p ro v i nc es o f K i o f, Pu lto w a , a n d Tc h er n ig o fi i ts

‘

fie ld s a re w e ll w a te r e d, a n d i ts s o il un s ur pa s s e d i n fe r ti lity,
pro duc i n g a bun da n ce of fr ui t a n d gra in, a nd fe edi n g l ar ge
d ro ves o f ca ttl e it in form e r yea rs s u pplie d th e s to r e ho u s es o f
Ath e n s a n d M a c e do nia a n d n o w dis trib utes its c o r n o ve r ,

h a lf E ur o p e The inh a bita n ts w ho w er e l o n g su bj ec t to

.
,

Po l a n d a r e a m on g the fin es t a n d m os t i n t ell ec tu a l in th e
,

Ru ss ia n e m pi r e w hi c h has de r ive d m a n y o f her g rea te s t m e n

,

fr o m this dis tr i c t a n d ar e ge n er a lly c on s id er ed to be the m o s t

,

un mi x e d des c en d a n ts o f the a n c i e n t Sla v oni a n s o f No v 0 o r o d

g
a n d K i o f th o u gh th e i r p r in c ip a l n o bili ty d e r iv e th e ir o r i gi n
,

fr o m th e ir c on quer o rs th e Pe tc he n e ga n Ta r tar s ? Th e ir ,

dre ss i s a m ixtu r e o f the Po lis h a n d Ta r tar c os tum es pa r tien ,

l a r ly th a t o f the r i c h ; a n d th e c o tta ges o f the pea sa n tr y ,

a c c o r di n g to a m o d ern t ra ve ll e r ; s t ro n gly r es e m bl e the

Sw i s s c ha l ets in th e i r s tr u c tu r e a n d exterio r , a n d the We ls h
i n the w e ll ke p t ga r den w ith w hic h th ey a r e ge ne r a lly s u r
-

r o un d e d Th eir l a n gua ge i s r e pl e t e w ith s on gs a n d ba lla ds

.
,

t F m the R uss i an word Uk y f onti

ro f C m enh us n T ra l i th
u,
rav e s n r e er
"
a u e
‘
s
1 D Cl k e s l i Li ttl i
.

Uk i
" ' ‘ ’
ra ne r ar re v e s n t ye ar ar
C k b ll d t l t d by B d t d i hi
. . .

Th f ll w i g i s extrac t fr m
L
L t h Uk i a nd q tedf by tC m t Ki i i k hi i hi s Hi t y i P l d
e o o
oe i sc e
n
ra ne,
an
"
uo
o a o s sa c
o un ras ns
a a ,
n
ra n s a e
s or o
o en s e t n
o an
"
s

It b gi w i th th d e iption g g n t e Bl k S a nd th
.

e ns e sc r o a s or ra n ac e , a en s a s
fl t f th C
ee o e k l s p t d i t th p t :
o s s ac s s e ara e n o ree ar s f th m is tr
o ne o e d d tg di t t
s an e o n e s an
c t o f An t li a th s c
o as s a o e e on d w re k dc e th e D
n ea r be b t th e thi d ti ll fl t b
a nu u r s oa s a ov e
Al ! w h re W i ll i t f d i th Bl k S ? O th t fl t
, ,

th w t
e a ers as e it t
ca n s eer ? o un er n e ac ea n a ee
i th L d Z b li t tt m H w lk l g hi
.

s e or w hi the
o ro r s v a an a a f th Z pora g h
an o e a ues. e a s a on s
d but ca l m d p k th s w d t the C k
,
v e ssel i n sa ne ss , , a n s ea s e e or s o Th w
oss a c s e a v es u se s o
h igh th w i d e so l o d b n im m t h
r oa rs e be n co m m i tte d by
u eca u s e a c r f e us av e o ne o us
C m l l t g th r d co f y i b f the m rciful G d th Bl k S ea d
, , .

o e a o e , an
e n es s o ur s n s e o re e o e ac an
hi f d l t the g uil ty di i th f m i g w a s The w h l fl t f th C
, ,
m ye o ur c e , an e e n e oa n v e o e ee o e os
k m t t p is h b m m i tt d And th C o ac k
.

c lm
‘
sac s us no er h ec a us e o ne d as co e a r e. e ss s s l ou
w d i g i il e nd n k w w h w th g il ty m n
on e r n n s en c , a o ne ne o as e u a
Th tepp d f wa d Al xi s th f th p i t f Plr i ti ne
.

“
en s e or r ed id t hi m e s on o e r es o a an
sa o s co
p m Tk d a cri fi e m 0 b th Bi d d b db f
, ,
a ona a e an ! f s y u a fety c e, ro er s or o r s n a re an e oi e
w hi te s to e r und my k d th w me i t th d h i g w t
.

my y e ti es, e a n o d n ec , a n ro n o e as n a ers , a n
th fl t f th C o a k s s h al l tp i h f my i And the C k w d d wh ‘
e ee o e ss c no er s or s n, oss a c s o n e re en
th y he d it a d id 0 A l exi ! w
ear n sa b tt th an th u ; th
‘
t d th
s e a re n o e er o o u c a ns r ea e
d w iti g a nd thy exam p h ft k pt f om e il H w th gi
. ,
s a c re rn s, le as o e us r v o , en, ca n a r ev o us
igh p l
.
‘
s in w e u o n thy s o u ?
b h h l d h d
It IS tr ue , m y ro t ers , t a t! a m m o re ea r ne t an yo u ; I rea a nd ex a n th e o y pl i h l
ii
w r t ng s ; I l j
c o u ns e yo u to re e c t e v il a nd s e e k p h
the a t s o f ri gh
te o us ne s s , a nd ye t a
gi p p
,

r e v o u s s in re s s es u on my s o ul .
‘
Ileft m y ho me a t Pi ri a ti ne, a nd a s ekd not th e bl i g
ess n o f my fa t er ; h I a rto a i n
g
a n er from m y b h I k
ro t e r ; to o fr o m m y n e igh b l
o u r hi s a s t mo rsel o f rea ; b d ro u dl
y
d b i l d
ro e a o ut th e s tre e ts , a nd ns u te th e w o me n a n d li l h ild
tt e c r n;
e
Ip d
a ss e p
th e c i ur c h es
ih i g h d ki g
w t o ut unc o v er n my e a o r m a n th e s n o rth e cros s ig ou I gh b h l
t n o w , 0 my ro t e s !
p ih i g ih d h B h ld
.

to er s . a nd my na m e be e xt n u s e fo r e v er on t he ea r t . e o th e se e, h o w i t
i p
r a ge s a n d foa m s ; i t a w a ts a nd ex ec ts its re y.
‘

B ut A lexia the so n of th e pr i es t h a d nrd ly fi n i s h e d h is co nfe ss i o n w h en th e s torm

a b a ted a n d th e s urfa ce o f the w a v e s b ec a m e c al m ; a n d th e fl e e t th u s s a e d by
. ,

th e A l m igh ty s h a nd s ure l y l a nd e d o n th e i s l nd of I e ntru N ot a v es s e l o f th e i r fl e t

. ,
‘ ' ‘
a e

fo und ere d a nd th e Bl a c k S ea h a d no t e ng ul fe d a m a n And A l exi s th e p ri es t s s o n

.
,
‘
. ,

a b a n d o ne d th e v es s e l a nd p a sse d th e res t o t h i s lil e i n re a d i ng the s rip tures a nd ex

, ,

c
p o un d i ng th e m to th e C os s ac k s w h o a tte nti v e lyl i s tened round To th ese h e s p ok e w ord s o f
. ,

w i s dom W a l k righ teo us l y 0 m y b ro th e rs b efo re the Lord Th ose w h o foll o w hi s

, .

c o mm a n d s s h ll no t p er i s h by th e ha n d o f th e a ss a s s i n ; the p ra yers o f th e i r fa th e r s h a l l
. .
,
a

a s fe l y l ea d th e m th r o ug h ev e ry d a n g er ; i t w ill k e e p th e i r soul s c l e a n tro m ev e ry m ortal

,

s in a nd be th eir pro tecti on o n l a nd a nd s e a or i g i na l is i n v erse

‘
. .
,
3 62 THE AR CH ER AND THE STE PPE .

of w hi c h m a n y, w ith th eir m u s ic a l a cco m pa nim en ts h a ve ,

b e en c o m p os e d by the u n le ttere d s er fs an d th e y h a v e
a lw a ys b ee n im pa tien t o f th eir s er vi t u d e fr o m w hi c h th e y
,

h a ve fr e qu en tly a tte m pte d to r e l e a se them se lve s th ou gh ,

hither to the ir effo r ts for in dep en d en c e h a ve n o t be en a tt en de d

w ith s u c ce s s .

In the yea r 1 2 40 , th e se p ro v in c es were o v err un a n d d e

p o pu la te d by the ar m y of the c o n qu eror B a tti Kha n bu t a t ‘

the b e gin ni n g of the fo ur t ee n th c en tur y the gr ea ter par t o f

the T a r ta r ga r r iso n w a s r eca lle d fr o m K i o f a n d i n th e yea r ,

1 3 2 0 a fter th e ci ty ha d b een c a ptu r e d, a n d i ts Ru s s i a n go v e r

,

n o r the Gr a n d Pr in ce S ta n i s l a u s d efe a t e d by the Lith u a n i a n s

, ,

u n d er Ghe d em in a b o dy o f R u s s i a n s , flyi n g fr o m th e c r u e lty of

,

the s a vag e c o n qu eror too k r e fuge a m o n g the m a r s he s n ea r the

,

m o u th o f th e Borys then es, w hi c h h a d b ee n dese r te d a n d l a id

w a s te si n c e the p ri or in va s i o n o f th e Mo nguls In th e yea r .

1 4 1 5 the Ta r tars o n c e m o r e s a c ke d a n d pill a ge d K i o f a n d

, ‘
,

m a n y o f th e c itizen s so u ght a s he lter a m o n g the ten ts o f th e

Cos s a c k s w ho bega n to bu ild ho u s e s a n d vill a ges in w hic h
, ,

th ey r e s ide d du rin g the s e ve r ity o f the w in t er, w hil e i n the

s u m m e r th e y c ar r ied o n plun d er i n g e xc u r s i o n s i n th e t er r it o r i es

o f th e T a r ta r s a n d T u rk s In th ei r r ou gh u ns ta bl e v e s sel s
.
,

s a ilin g d o w n th e D ni ep er , th e y fr e qu en tly lik e th e i r a n c e s t o rs

, ,

b r a ve d the s tor m s o f the Bla c k S ea a nd e n te ri ng the Go lde n

, ,

H or n m en a ce d the city o f Co n s ta n ti n o ple Th e ir s ta n da r d

,
.

’ ’
o f a h o rs e s ta il as it w a v e d fro m th e m as t s h ea d o f th eir
,

ba r k s w a s w e ll kn own a n d dr ea d e d by al l the T ur kis h t o wn s

,

n e a r th e s e a c oa s t s a n d a n Otto m a n su lta n bitt er l

y l a m en te d
-
,

tha t w hil e his n a m e w a s kn o wn a n d fea r e d by a ll E ur o pe,

his r es t w a s di s tu rbed by th e p erp etu a l i nr o a ds o f a fe w
”
i ns ignific a n t C os sa c ks They e xten d e d th eir c o l on y fro m
.

the s h or e s o f the Bl a c k Sea to the ba n k s o f th e B o g a n d

D n ie ster a n d for m e d too po w er fu l a bu lw ar k to Po l a n d to be
,

unn o tic e d or un p r o tecte d by h er a n d Sigis m un d in th e ye a r ,

1 5 6 6 o n th e o ccas i on o f a s ign al s e r v i c e th a t th e ir c o m m un ity

,

ha d re n der e d to hi s a r m s in a w ar with the Mu s co vi tes i h ,

du ce d th e m to un ite w ith h im fo r m u tu a l d e fen c e a ga in s t the

Ta r t a r s a n d, ta king th e m in to his pa y a nd s er vi c e a pp oin te d
, ,

th e m a pr in c e w ho t oo k th e title o f He tm a n o f the C o s sa c ks
, .

But fro m th ese ha d a r isen the s i n gul ar c o mm un ity c a ll e d the

”
Z a p or a gh es, o p eo pl
u r e b hi d e c a t a r a cts, a n a m e w hich
e n th
K a si ski s P ol and
r n
'
.
3 64 THE AR C H ER AND THE S T E PPE .

lo n g s pea r s ; a n d they c o n tinu ed in the ir i sl a n d settl em e n t

till the r eign o f Pe t er th e Fir s t w h o c a us e d th e ir c a m p to be
,

de s t roye d a ft er the ba ttl e o f Pu ltow a a s a pu n is hm en t fo r ,

the ir r e b ellio n u n der the ir a tta m a n Ma zeppa a P o li sh fu g i ,

tiv e wh o ha d u n it e d hi s fo llo w er s w ith th e Sw e di s h fo r c es

,

u n d e r Ch a r l es XII The Z a po r a ghu es th en j o in e d the Tar

.

t a r s i n th e C r i m ea w ith w h o m the y r em a in e d till the Ru s s i a n

,

c o n qu e s t ; a n d by a u ka s e o f th e 3 0 th o f J un e 17 9 2 th e
, , ,

Em p r e s s C a tha r i n e tra n s fer r e d th em to the p en in s u l a o f

T a n i a n a n d to the t er r it o r y a t th e n o rth o f th e C a u c as us
, ,

w h e r e th e i r c o m m u n ity r e c e i v e d a di s tr i c t o f a b o u t a th o u s a n d
s q ua r e m il e s b etw ee n th e Bl a c k a n d C a s pi a n S ea s a n d w h er e
, ,

th ey a re n o w kn ow n a s th e Tc he n o m e rs kii o r Bla c k Sea ,

C o ssa c ks I n th e ye a r 16 64 the o p pr es s io n o f the P ol es

.
,

d r o v e the C o s s a c ks o f the U kra i n e to thr o w o ff th e ir a ll eg i

a n c e to Po la n d a n d u n d er th e ir h e t m a n B o gd a n K e lm i n iks ki
, , ,

to s ee k the pr o t ec ti o n o f Ru s s i a
. K i o f a n d a ll th e tow n s o n
.
,

th e e a s ter n b a n k o f th e Dn i e p er w hi c h th ey a l m o s t e xc lu ,

s iv el y i n h a bit e d fo ll o w e d th eir e xa m ple a n d a c kn o wl e dged

, ,

the s w a y o f th e Czar a n d th us a fter a s e p a ra ti o n o f 3 3 4 ,

yea r s her a n c ie n t c a pita l a ga in fo r m e d p a r t o f th e Ru ss ia n

,

e m pi r e .

A Fr en c hm a n f w ho du r i n g the s ev e n teen th c en tu ry
‘

, , ,

s er v e d l o n g in th e s e rv i c e o f P o l a n d ha s l eft a n a c c u r a te
“

d es c r ipti o n o f th e c a m p a n d h a bits o f the C o s s a c ks w ho m h e ,

r e l a t es w er e o ften e xtr e m e ly r i c h ; a n d w h en th e y v is it e d the ,

t o w n s i n the U kr a in e w o u l d per a m b ula te the s tr ee ts e n t er

, ,

ta in in g ev e ry p a s s en ge r w h o m th ey m et a t th e h o u ses of
a m u s e m e n t or th e b e e r s h o p s Th o se of th e Ukr a i n e fre
-
.

qu e n tly j o in ed th e Z a po r a ghu e s i n the ir e xp edi ti o n s to the

Tu r kis h s h or es o f the Euxin e w h e n th ey r e pa i r e d to the ,

i s l a n ds in the D n ie per a n d c o n s tr uc t e d a b ou t a hu n dr e d b o a ts
,

i n the s h o r t s p a c e o f th r ee w e eks Th ei r v ess el s h a d n o keel.

,

bu t c o n s i s t e d o f a fla t b o tt o m o f w illo w a bo u t fo r ty fiv e fee t ,
-

in l en gth w ith th e s i d es bu ilt u p o f r e e ds thi c kly b o un d

,

t oge ther a n d th e w h o le c o v er e d w ith a c o a ti n g o f pitc h ; a n d

, ,

h a v i n g o n ly o n e s m a ll m a s t th ey r o w e d ea c h b a r k w ith ten
,

o r fifteen o a r s c a r r yin g a s to r e o f b o il e d m ille t a n d do u gh

, ,

w hi c h s e r v e d th e m fo r b o th m e a t a n d d rin k S o br i ety w a s .

a pr o m in en t v i rt u e w ith the Za por a ghu es ; a dr unkar d w a s

Alexis fa th er to Pe ter h e G re at
t B eauplan
, .

1 Description d e l Ukra no, pa r le Sleur de

'
.
 THE FI FT EEN T H C ENTURY, ETC . 3 65

e xp ell e d fro m th eir c omm u nity a n d n o C oss a c k w a s per,

m itte d to ca r ry br a n dy o r ku m ys o n a v oya ge .

B e tw e en fifty a n d s ev e n ty C o s sac ks m a n ea c h v e ss e l ,
s a ys th e Fr e n c h n a r ra tiv e ev e r
y m a n b ea r i n g a fir e lo c k
,

a n d a sc m i ta r a n d this fl i n g a r m
y
.
y y of the C os sa c ks in th e
Bla c k Sea , a r e a bl e to te r r ify the r i c h es t t ow ns in An a toli a .

The c o m m a n der o f the e xp e diti o n l ea ds th e v a n a n d c a r r i e s ,

’
hi s s ta n d a r d (a ho r se s t a il ) u p o n th e m a s t o f hi s ship The .

T ur ks h a v e ge n er a lly o bta in e d w a r n in g o f th eir c om i n g a n d ,

ke e p s e v e ra l ga ll eys pr ep a r e d n e a r th e m o u th o f the D n i ep e r
to o pp o s e th e m but the C o s sa c ks w h o a r e c un n i n g slip o u t
, ,

in a da r k n ight h a v in g w a tc h e d till the m oo n ha s s e t lyi n g

, ,

hid a m o n g the r eeds tha t a r e thr ee o r fo ur l ea gues u p the

riv e r a n d W he r e the O tt o m a n s hips da r e n o t v e n t u r e
, sin c e

fo r m e rly w h en i n p u r s u it o f th e pir a te s they w er e a ss a ile d

, ,
.

by a c o n c e a l e d a r m a m en t a n d th e ir r e trea t c ut o ff
, The .

T ur ks thin k it su ffic i en t to w a it a t the en tr a n c e o f the

D n i e p er till the C os s a c ks s h a ll i ss u e fo r th ; but th ey a r e
a l w a s s u r pr i s e d a n d th en th e a l a rm s pr ea ds o v er the w h o l e
y ,

c o u n t ry a s fa r a s C o n s t a n ti n o pl e W h er e the s u lt a n s e n d s
,

e xpr e s s e s to a ll hi s o ffi c e rs o n th e c o a s ts of An a t o li a bi dd in g ,

th e m to be u p on th e ir gu a r d fo r th e C o ssa c ks a re a t s ea
, .

B ut a ll this i s to n o p u r po se fo r th e C o ssa c ks a r e be fo r e th e m
, ,

a n d i n l e s s th a n fo r ty h o ur s l a n d in A s i a Mi n o r w h er e , ,

l ea v i n g o n l y tw o o f th e i r m e n a n d tw o boys i n c h a r ge o f
e a c h b oa t they a dv a n c e a l ea gu e u p th e cou n tr y pilla gi n g
, ,

a n d b ur n i n g th e to w n s a n d i m m e di a t el,y r etu r n i u g o n b o a r d
w i th th e ir b o o ty s a il a w a y to try th e i r for tun e i n s o m e o th er
,

p o r t If they m eet w ith a T u r ki s h v essel o n the se a th ey

.
,

c a ptu r e it i n this m a n n er Th e i r bo a t s a r e n o t m o r e th a n
—

tw o fe e t a n d a h a lf a b o v e th e w a ter s o th a t th ey di s c o v er ,

o th er s h i ps l o n g b e fo re th e y c a n be p er cei v e d th e m s e l v e s

a n d s tr i ki n g th e i r m a s t s they ke e p w ithin a c er t a i n di s t a n c e
, ,

o f th e e n e m y till m id night w h e n a s ign a l b e i n g gi v e n a l l

, ,

s i m u lt a n eo us ly c l ose r o un d th e T u rks w ho a re a s to ni s h e d to
,

be a tta c ke d by eighty o r a h un dr e d bar ks w hi c h s o o n fil l ,

th e ir v e s sel w ith m en a n d in a m o m e nt bea r a l l do w n The

,
.

C o s sa cks a fter ta kin g a ll th a t th e y c a n b ea r a w a y fro m th e

,

O tt o m a n ship si nk it w ith th e w h o l e o f i ts c re w Bu t w h e n
,
.

’
th es e pir a t es a r e enc o un t er e d by the ene my s gall eys in b r o a d
d a y th e ir b oa ts a r e o ften s c a tter e d a n d di s p er s ed a nd
,

th o ugh l a shi ng th eir o a r s to the s id e w ith w ith e s th e y m a ke

, ,
 366 THE AR C H ER AN D THE ST E PPE .

a d es pe r a te resist a n c e w ith their m uskets, s o th a t th ey a r e ”

n e v e r b o ar d e d by th e T u r ks the c a n n on o f the O tt o m a n s
,

m a ke s fear fu l h a v o c a m o n g th e ir r a nks a n d th ey s e l do m ,

c o m e o ff w ith m o r e th a n o n e h a lf o f th e i r m en
-
.

“
W h en the Tu rks hear tha t the C oss a c ks a r e r e tu rn in g to
the ir c a m p lo a de d w ith S pa n is h do lla rs Ara b se quins c a r p e ts , , ,

go l d c l o th a nd s ilks th ey do uble the ir g uar ds a t th e m o u th

, ,

o f th e D n ie p er ; bu t, th ou gh w e a k the C ossa c ks l a u gh a t,

thi s c a r e a n d la n ding in a c r e ek a bo u t thr ee or fou r m il e s

, ,
’
ea s t o f O c za ko f, t a ke th e i r v es se l s o v er l a n d to th e r iv er s

ba n ks Bes ides this , th ey h a v e a n o th er r efuge they r e tu r n

.

by th e m o u th o f the D o n thr o u gh a stra it th a t li es be t w e en

Ta m a n a n d K er tc h a nd ru n u p th e m o u th to the ri v er M i us
, ,

a n d a s fa r as the y ca n n a v iga t e this r i v e r fr o m w h e n c e to ,

Y a c za v o da i s but a l ea gue a n d Yac za v o da fa lli n g i n to the

,

S a m ara a bra n c h o f the Dni ep er th ey m a ke the i r w a y by

, ,

this m ea n s to their ri v er s e ttlem e n ts But th ey s e l d o m .

r e tu r n by thi s r o u te o n a c c o u n t o f its l e n gth th o u gh th e y ,

o ft e n u s e it w h en th ey go o u t to s e a a n d the m o u th o f th e

D ni e per i s o b stru ct e d by a l a r ge fo r ce o f T u rks o r th e i r fl e e t ,

a s s o m e tim e s h a ppen s c o n s i s t s o f o n ly a b o u t t w e n t
, y b o a ts .

Th e tw o for ts a t Ki lbu r n a n d O c za ko f w er e er e c t e d to

de fen d th e e ntran c e o f th e r iv e r by th e Tu rks w ho s u pp o r t e d ,

a . la r ge ga rri s o n wi th a n a m ple s to r e o f a r tille r y i n thes e

pa r ts a n d h o p e d by this m e an s to p r o te c t the c ities o f th eir
,

e m pire fr o m the ha ra s s in g a n d p er p e tu a l a tta c ks o f the

C o s sa c ks .

The s ettl em ents o f the Co s s a c ks o n the Do n a ro s e a fe w ,

yea r s befo r e the fin a l extin c ti o n o f the Ta rta r p o w er in Kip

za k a n d a pp e a r s to h a v e b e e n pr i n c ipa lly c o m p o s e d o f M u s
,

c ov it e o u t la w s a nd c a pti v e s e s c a pi n g fr o m the s er v itu d e o f

,

the i r Mo ngu l m a st ers ; bu t th es e w ere, fro m tim e to tim e in ,

c rea s e d by fugiti v es fr om th e n e ighb o u r in g T ar t a r Ci r c as sia n , ,

a n d A r m e ni a n n a ti o ns m a n y o f th e l a tt er h a v i ng fle d i n to
,

Rus s i a a fter the des tru c tio n o f their c ity A n ni, in th e p as ha

lic o f K a r s by th e terr ibl e e a r thqu a ke o f 1 3 1 9 a n d the C o s
,

s a c ks o f the Ur a l a nd S iber i a a r e o n ly c ol on i s t s fro m thi s

camp H er b ers te in m en ti o n s th e m un der the n am e o f Co

.

s a ts ki i n th e ea r l y p ar t o f the s ixt een th c e n tu r y a n d a fe w , ,

ye a r s l a ter th eir co u r a ge a n d e n t erp rise s ol ely c om pl et e d the

,

Th ena r ro w spit o f l an d o n w h ic h K ilbu rn l ie s . w a s k

now n to the a nc i e nt k
G ree s a s
th e c o ur se of Ach il les, who w a s wors h ip ped h ere a s Lord of th e ontus P
 C HA PTE R II .

My fi: rth: of d eli ght— 311 m

sf w assfli at $ 3 5
21! ga m ut or
tlgz m m
irth— nms of i t
anners unit dtnst s Martians

N ew em p ires ri si ng on th e w rec k o f old — C OLLIN S

.

O F the three grea t di v is i on s o f th e Mo ngu l e m pi r e, the

h o rde o f Tou shi w as th e la s t to fa ll a n d her fo rm er subj ec ts,
th e Uzb eks, w ho m th e c ru elty o f Ti m ur ha d c a use d to fly ‘

fro m K i pzak, a n d t a ke u p the ir a bo d e in deser t r egi o n s ,

n ea re r a n d m o r e a c c es s i bl e to S a m a rc a n d, ha d n o so o n e r
s ee n his d o min i o n s m e lti n g a w a y be n e a th the s c e pt r e o f h is
-

m or e feeble s u c c e s s o r s, tha n the y p o u r e d like a flo o d u po n

the ca pita l he ha d s o fo n d l y en ri c h e d by h is c o n qu es ts , a n d
dr o v e his desc en da n ts to s e ek a thr o n e a m o n g th e w ild m o un
t a i n fa stn es ses o f Ghizn i B u t K ipza k n ev er r ec ov er e d the
.

1 epea ted de fe a t o f h er fo rc e s u n d er To kta m i s h ; h er p o w er

'

fro m this ti m e gra du a lly w e ak e n e d, a n d he r do mi n io n s w ere

d iv id e d an d gi v en u p to a n a rc hy a n d c i v il w a r W hil e her .

Ru ssia n tr ibu ta r i es w e re a ss er tin g th e ir in de pen de n ce i n the

ce n tr e, th e M us c o v ite s w er e e xt e n din g th e ir e a s tern fr o n ti ers ,

a n d br i n gin g the o ther pr in c ipa liti es o f th e e m pir e b enea t h

th eir sw a y a n d the Gra n d Pr i n c e Ba zi l , the so n a n d suc

c essor o f the h e ro o f th e D o n , f r e qu e n tly th rea t en e d a nd

i nv a de d her n or thern pr ov in c es , in the year 1 3 9 6 c a ptu rin g

a n d u tt er ly w as tin g the c ity o f K a z a n Va s s ili die d i n 1 425,
.

a fter a l o n g re ign o f thi r ty s ix yea r s

-
bu t h a v i n g prev i o u s ly
c o nfi ne d his w ife A n as t as ia , the da u ght er o f Vito ld o f Li th u

a n ia, in a m o na s t er y, h e r e fuse d to a c kn o w l e dge the ir o n ly

r o f te n
s o n Ba zil, a bo y yea rs o l d, a s his s u c c e s so r, a n d o n
h is d e a thb ed l e ft th e th r o n e to his b ro th er G eo r ge But the .

b oyar ds, r elyin g o n a p r o ph ec y o f a blin d m o n k o f M o scow,

’
w ho h a d for et o ld , the d a y o f the yo u n g p r in c e s bi r th, tha t
this gra n d so n o f D o n sko i s h o u ld b ec o m e s ov er e ig n o f a ll
R ussia , s upported his c l a i m s a ga in s t hi s u n c l e, a n d pr oc ur in g
 THE H OR DE o r TOUSHI, me . 3 69

h is for m a l a pp o intm e n t fro m O ul ou Ma ho m et w ho ha d s u c ,

c e e ded B o u l e t K i z a k pl a c e d hi m u p o n the Mu s c o v ite thro n e

p , .

G eo r ge i m m e dia t ely t o o k up a r m s a ga in s t hi s n e ph ew , a n d
th e w a r w a s c a r r i e d o n fo r s o m e
yea rs till a t l en gt h b o th
,

a g r ee d to r e fer th e m a tter to the d ec i s io n o f th e Go lde n

Ho r de . Th e tw o p rin c es d e pa r ted ea c h w i th a s tr o n g b o dy
,
o f ar c h e rs to S er a i a n d fell d o w n 0 11 th e ir knees be for e the
, ,

Ta r ta r m o n a r c h a n d O u l ou Ma ho m et by th e a d v i ce o f hi s
,

m i n is ters w ho ha d bee n p r e v io us ly b r ib e d by Ge o r ge d e
, ,

c la re d th a t the s u c c e ss i o n to the thr o n e ou ght to

g o by
s e n i or it
y a c c o r di n g to the a n c i e nt la w o f Ru s s i a
, a n d th a t ,

a s th e l a t e s o v er e ig n ha d l e ft the ki n gd o m to hi s b r o th er th a t
,

p r i nc e un do u btedly h a d the gr ea t es t r ight A la s ! m o s t .

m ighty kh a n e x c l a im e d th e d is i nh e r ite d Ba zil pr o s t ra ti n g

, ,

hi m self a t th e feet o f the Mo n g ul c hie f “ per m i t m e for o n e ,

i n s ta n t to s pe a k Tho u h a s t a n n o un c e d thy de c i si on u po n
.

lifel ess w o r ds bu t I tr us t th a t the li v in g do c u m e n ts w hi c h I

,

p os s e ss a n d w hi c h di s tin c tly e xpre ss u n de r the a u th or ity o f

, ,

thy go l d e n s ea l thy fo r m er w i s h to i n v es t m e wi th th e gr a n d
,

d u c hy, m a y be h el d by th ee to be o f fa r g rea t er w e ight a n d

i m p or ta n c e a n d h e e a r n e s tly b eso u gh t the kha n to h o l d
‘

his o w n w o r d s in r e m em b ra nce , a n d a dh e re to h i s fo r m er
pr om i se A ft er lis t en in g to hi s a r gu m en ts Ou l o u Ma h o m e t
.
,

o bs er v e d Th a t it w o uld be m o re c o n s i s ten t w ith j us ti c e

to kee p the p r o m i s es c o n ta i n e d i n li v i n g d o c u m en ts th a n to ,

a dm it the l a w fuln es s o f dea d o nes a n d h e n o t o n ly dec id e d

the co n te s t i n fa v o u r o f B a zil bu t a l s o e x em pte d him fro m

,

tr ibu t e, a n d dec r ee d th a t Ge o r ge s ho u l d ho ld th e ho r s e o f his

s u c cess fu l o pp o n e n t u p o n h is e n t ra n c e i n t o hi s c a p i t a l The .

e lder p r i n c e w as gr e a tly e n r a ge d by the r e s u lt o f hi s a ppeal ,

a n d r a is i n g a l a r ge a r m y m a r c h e d a ga in s t B a zil
, ,
w hom he ,

dr o v e o u t o f Mo sc o w a n d fo rc e d to r et rea t to the no r th
, ,

w h er e h e in t r en c h e d hi m s elf i n the t o wn o f K o s tr o m a , a n d
’
r e ign e d d ur i n g the r e m a i n d e r o f his e n e m y s life But w h e n .

Geor ge w a s o n his d e a thbe d a nd the a r c hbis ho p o f Mo s c o w

,

h a d c o m e a c cor di n g to c us t o m to i nv es t him w ith the p r i es tly

, ,

g a rm ent s a n d p er for m the la s t o ffices o f religi o n the l a tt er

, ,

bo ldly a ddr e ssed th e dyin g pr i n c e a n d to ld him th a t b efo r e

, ,

h e co ul d m a ke his p ea ce w ith He a v e n h e m u s t r e pa i r hi s ,

fo rm er i nj u stic e a n d a c know ledge his n e phew a s hi s s u c c esso r ;

,

a n d yi e ldin g to his di r e c ti on s the G ra n d D uke d i c t a t e d a w ill

, ,

i n fa v o u r o f the inj u r e d Bazil, e x c l u di ng hi s o w n so n s, A n dr e a

370 THE AR C H ER AN D TH E STE PP E .

a nd D em e tr i us , fr o m the th ro n e . He e xpi r e d a fe w m o m en ts
a ter , a n d
f h is
tes ta m en t b ein g p r oc l a im e d gav e o cc a s io n to ,

a n o th e r w a r b e t w e en B a zil a n d the tw o di s i n h er it e d pr in c es ,

w h o c o n s ider e d th a t they h a d b e en u nj u s tly d e pr i v e d

’
o f th ei r fa th er s d o m i n i o n s ; but th e ir c a u s e w a s u ph e ld b
y
v er
y fe w a dh e r en t s a n d a t l e n gth fa ll in g in to th e h a n d s o f
, ,

the ir c o u s i n h e c om m a n de d th e m to be thr o w n in to p ris on

, ,

w here th e ir eyes w e r e ba r b a r o us ly pu t o u t .

The c ity o f K a za n a fte r be i n g r u i ne d by B a zil D m itr o v itz

, ,

h a d b e e n r e bu il t by i ts i n h a bi t a n t s i n 1 4 38 a n d h a d r e ,

m a in e d s i n c e th e d a ys o f To kta m is h in d e p en d en t o f K i pza k .

Its fo r tu n es si n c e i ts fir s t er ec ti o n h a d b e e n m os t v a r ie d a n d
, ,

u n h a ppy o r igin a ll y a fl o u r is hi n g t o w n o f the Kh a za r s its ,

c a r a v a n s e r a i s ha d th e n b e e n the r es o r t o f A r a b s P er s i a n s , ,

Geo r gi a n s Kha za r s a n d o th e r s tr a n ger s fr o m a ll A si a ev en

, , ,

the di s ta n t s o u the r n H in d o o w hile by the W hite Sea a n d ,

D w in a N o r we gi a n s No v o g or o di a n s a n d o c ca s io n a lly a d
, , ,

v en t u r o u s m er c h a n t s o f W es t e r n Eu ro e h a d c o m e fr o m the
p ,

n o r th a n d m e t to tr a fli c a n d b a r t er the w a r e s o f thr ee c on
,

ti n en ts i n i ts m a r ket s Th en c a m e the i n v a si o n o f the

.

M o n gu ls w h o r e bu ilt it a fter the c ity ha d been r e du c e d

,

to s to n es a n d a s h es by o r d e r o f Ba th Kh a n a n d it w a s ,

u n it e d to th e p os s e s s i o n s o f th e ho r d e o f To u s hi in K i pza k ,

bu t n e v e r r e ga in ed its fo r m er i n fl u e n c e a n d c o m m e r c e In .

the ye a r 1 3 63 i t w a s c a ptu r e d a n d b u r ne d by th e N o v o
go ro dia n s but the se w er e dr i v en ba c k to the n o r th in 1 39 0
by To kta m is h w ho de s tr o ye d the r e p u bl ic o f Vi a tka w hi c h
, , ,

w ith N ij n i N o v o go r o d he w r es te d fr o m the i n v a d er s gi v in g
-
, ,

th e l a tt er to a Ru s s i a n p r in c e D e m etr i u s S im o n th e pr in c e
*
.
, ,

o f S u zd a l w ho c l a i m e d thi s p ro v i n c e u n it e d w ith K a ti e ha
, , ,

w h o m To kta m i s h h a d a pp o in te d Vi c er o y o f Ka za n i n e n dea ,

v o u r in g to w r e s t it fro m D em e tri us bu t w a s de fe a t e d by the ,

R u ss i a n s w i th g rea t s l a u ght er a n d s h o r tly a fte r the Mus , ,

c o v ite s un de r Ba zil a d v a n c in g u p on the t o w n it w a s s t or m e d ,

by th e m a n d a ga i n t o ta lly des tr o ye d
,
A fter it h a d o n ly .

b een r e bu ilt thr e e yea r s O u l o u Ma h o m e t su rn a m e d the

, ,

Gr ea t i nv a ded th e e a s ter n p ro v in c es o f Ru s s i a a n d c a pt ur e d
, ,

N ij n i N o v og or o d
-
He th en a tta c ke d the o ld a n d s tr o n gl y
.

fo r tifie d c a s tle o f Mur o m but w a s r e p ul s e d fro m its w a ll s

,

by B a zil w ith a l a r ge a r m y w h en tw o o f his s o n s r ea s

, ,

se m blin g their s c a tt er e d fo rc es m a r c h e d u p o n S u zda l , a n d

,

C ochra ne s '
Siberi a."
37 2 THE AR C H ER AN D THE ST E PPE .

gl o r i ou s re bt a ined fo r him fro m p os terity the titl e o f

ign o
Ve li ki or th e Gr ea t, a n d who m a y j u stly be c o nsider ed a s th e
fo un d er o f the pr esen t e m pire o f Ru s s i a But w h en h e c o m .

m en c ed hi s r eign his te rr ito r i es c om pri se d o n ly Mo s c o w a n d

,

Vl a dim ir a n d th e in fer io r prin ci pa lities th a t had bee n su b

,

du e d by his g rea t gran dfa ther D em e tr ius ; an d N o v o go ro d ,

a n d Pl e sko f w ere h a r dl y e v e n n o m i n a lly d e pen den t o n M u s

c o v y a s the y o n ly p a id a t r ibu t e to its pr i nces w h e n u r ge d

,

by fea r o f a h o s til e a tt a ck The Gra n d P ri nc e s a s su m e d the

.

p om po u s titles o f the G rea t Lo r d Va s s ili by th e gra c e o f ,

G o d L o r d o f a ll Ru s s i a a n d Gr a n d D uke o f Vla di m ir M o s
, ,

c ow ,
N o v o goro d, Sm o le n s ko Tc h er n ig o fi; Ri a z a n Tv er
, , ,

J uga ria Pe rm ia a n d Bul ga r ia a n d key bea rer a n d c ha m b er

, , ,
-

l a i n o f th e Mos t High ; ye t they kn e lt befor e th e M us s ul m a n

e n v o y o f the M o n uls a n d ev er y l e tt er fr Om th e kh a n w a s
g ,

r ea d by th e T a r ta r a m bas s a d or s ea t e d o n a c a r p e t o f th e ,

r a r e s t fu rs w hil e th e M us c o v it e s o v e r eign a n d hi s n o bl e s a l l
,

r e m a in e d pr os tr a t e a r o un d S ur r o u n de d as th ey w e re by
.

e n e m i es a n d de b ar red fro m
,
a ll i n t er c o urse w ith for e ig n
n a ti o n s ,
p r id e exc lusi v e r e se r v e a n d c on tem pt fo r a ll o th er
, ,

c r ee d s a n d co un t ri e s m a r ke d the c h ar a c t e r o f th e R u s s i a n s
,

n o Je w h a d b een p er m itte d to r es ide i n th e ir t err it o r i es s i n c e

th e d a ys o f Mo no m a ch us n o s u bj ec t c o u ld l ea v e the m , a n d
,

n o for e ign er c o u ld e n t e r th em w ith ou t the s p e c i a l p er m is

,

s io n o f th e p ri n c e ; a m em ber o f th e Chur c h o f Ro m e w as

e s te em e d as m or e u nh o ly th a n a P a a n o r Ma h o m e ta n a n d g
,

th e Ru ss i a n s r igidly pu r i fie d th em se l v e s if the y t o u c he d e v e n
th e c l o th e s o f a n a li en to th e i r c u s to m s o r be lie f ; th ey m ight
n o t e a t w ith a h er e ti c o r un be li e v e r a n d a t a ll tim es a b s t a in e d
,

fr o m m a n y s pec ie s o f foo d a s u n c l e a n , a m on g o th er s h a r e s , ,

r a bbit s a nd s t r a n gle d a n i m a l s o r tho s e th a t h a d b e en v i o l en tly

, ,

ki ll e d by a n o th er o f i ts ki n d a n d th ey n ev er p er m itt e d a
,
'

pigeo n o r d o v e to be pu t to d ea th , a s th ey c o n side r ed them to

be e m ble m s o f th e H o l y Gh o s t N o da ught er o f a p r in c e o r
.

n o bl e m ight es p o us e a h u s b a n d o f a d i ffe r en t fai th .

Th e n a ti o n a l c o un c ils th a t h a d o cc as io n a lly b ee n c o n v en e d
,

by th e Rus sia n pri n ces e v e n in the m o s t tr ou bl e d tim e s be ,

fo r e the in v a sio n of the M o n gu ls , ha d n ow lo n g s in c e been

d i s c o n tin u ed , the l a s t h a v i n g b een di ss o l v e d i n M o sco w by
the gr ea t gra n dfa th er o f Iv a n D e me tr iu s
-
D es p o ti s m per
, .

v a d e d e v er
y or di na n c e a n d i n s tit utio n thr o u gh o u t the s t a te ;
th e T a r ta rs tyr a nn iz ed ov e r a n d o ppr es s ed the Gr a n d Pr i n ces
 r n r. n o un s o r TOUSHI , ETC.
'
373

an d a ll the p eo pl e the p r in c es , the n o bl es the n o bl es a n d

s o ldi e rs , the p e a s a n t r
y a n d s l a v es a n d the l o t o f thes e l as t ,

w ho w e re g e ne r a lly p r is o n e r s o f w a r o r th eir d es ce n da n ts, w a s

s c a r c e ly m o re sev er e th a n th a t o f th e w r et c h e d free l a b o u r ers
,

w h o w er e exp os e d to p e r p e tu a l pill a g e fro m the m ilit a r m a

y
r a nde rs a n d ou tl a w s a n d w h e n th e
; y h a d hir ed th em selv e’s fo r a
yea r to th eir m as t er s , a s w a s the c u s t om on S t Geo r ge s d a y,
.

fo r the sm a ll w a ges o f a s il v er c o in , w o r th som e thi n g l e s s th a n

a h a lfp e nn
y a da y, w er e u s u a lly dr iv e n r egul a r ly to th ei r w o r k
by bl o ws . The Mo n gu l l a w , c o n dem n in g a l l w ho co ul d n o t
pa y th e ir tr ibu t e i n t o s l a v e r y, dr o v e th o u sa n d s o f the p o o r e r
Ru s s i a ns to seek a re fuge i n the re m o te forests, a n d des er t
distr ict s , a n d mars hes o f the em pir e w her e, so m e bec o m in g
h e r mi ts ,* s u bs is te d o n r oo ts a n d gr a ss , a n d s pe n t their li v e s
i n re ligi o us m e dita ti o n s , w h i le o th er s tu r n e d ro bber s a n d
pl u n dere rs, a n d s u pp o rt e d the m s el v es by pilla gi n g tra v e llers
o r the n ea r es t t o w n s in th e s u m m e r , a n d i n the w in te r o ft en

p e ri sh e d fr o m the c o l d , o r w ere des tr o ye d by the nu m er o us

w ild b eas ts . It w a s a ba n d o f o utl a w s s u c h a s th es e th a t
firs t ga v e r ise to th e tr ibe o f the D o n C o ss a c ks .

A lth o u gh the la w w a s in m o st r e s p e c ts a d ea d letter , yet

the w i se c o de a n d r eg u l a ti o n s o f J a r o s la f s till r e m a in e d ; n o
c a pita l pu n i s h m en t o r t o rtu r e c o u l d l ega lly be i n fli c t e d, ev e n

u p o n a sl a v e , w ith ou t a n e xpr ess o r de r fr o m th e G ra nd Pr i n c e ,

bu t the a u th o r ity o f a h us ba n d w as s u p rem e to life, liber ty,

a n d d e a th, o v e r h is w ife a n d c hild r e n a n d the p oor ha d n o

a c c es s to th ei r s o v ere ign , w ho , e xc e pt w h en o n a mi lita r y

e xp e diti o n , w as se ldo m s e e n by an y but hi s m i ni s t ers , the

n o bl e s o f hi s c o u r t, a nd a tt en da n t s. W h en h e d ec la r e d w a r ,

o r w a s fo r c e d to ta ke u p a r m s i n s elf d e fen c e, his s t a n da r d

-

w a s j o i n e d by a ll the p r in c es a n d b o ya r d s , w ith th e i r d e pe n
da n ts 3 a ll w ho c ould a ffo r d it e qui ppi n g th em selv es a n d fig ht
i n g w ith o u t pa y, a n d, if v i c t o ry a tten de d th ei r a r m s , th e s e
’
gra tui to us w a r r i or s we r e r e c o m pe n s e d w ith the en em y s sp o il .

Th e M u scov ite for c es w e r e e n ti rely c o m p o s e d o f c a v a l ry ,

w h o r o de w ith o ut s p ur s , a n d s tirr u p s so s h o r t th a t they c o u l d

s e ldo m su s ta i n a seve r e s h o ck fro m a j a v e li n o r s p e ar th e i r
s a ddl e s w er e co ns tr u c te d to t urn r o u n d in a n
y di re c ti o n
w h en they u s e d th e i r c hi e f w ea p o n , the bo w ; a n d th ey a l s o
ca r r ie d a l o n g pi ke, a h a t c h e t , a sa b r e, a n d a s ti c k w ith a

l ea ther thon g , fro m w hic h d e pe n de d a n i ron b a ll c o v er e d w ith

Auchorltes are still not unco mmon In R ussia — See Englis hwomnn in R ussln .
 37 4 THE AR C HER AND TH E ST E PPE
.

s pikes . A l o ng kn ife or po n i a r d w a s s u s p en de d fr o m the

a r m o f the s o ldi er to use if dr i v e n to e xtr em it , a n d he h e ld
, y
the r e in on the littl e fin ger o f the l e ft ha n d, a n d the w hip o n
th a t o f th e r ight th ese c o m ple tin g his o r di na ry o u tfit But
,
.

m a n y o f th e b oya rds w ore c o a ts o f m a il, highly o r n a m en te d

w ith d e v i c es a n d m o tto es i n si lv er o n the br e a s t a n d a, ,

hel m e t o f a pea ke d fo r m like the c o mm o n fur ca p ; w hil e

o th er s c l o th e d th em se l v es l n s i lk h a bit s s tu ffe d w ith w o o l to ,

r e s i s t th e bl o w of a s a br e , a n d u s e d a ro un d tar ge t o r shi e ld

like tho s e o f the T a r t ar s O n the ba n n er o f the Gr an d P r i nc e

.
,

w hi c h w a s bor n e , su rm ou n te d by a c r es cen t a n d hdr s e s ta il ,

’

i n t oken o f his s u bj ec ti o n to th e Ma h o m e ta n s , w a s d e pi c ted

a fi g ur e o f J os hua a t th e h ea d o f the Isr a elit es, in th e a c t of
c o m m a n din g the s un to s ta n d s till The Ru ssi a n h o rs es w er e
.

s m a ll a n d u n s ho d bu t s tr o n g a n d s w ift ; a n d o n th e i r m ilita r
, y
e xp e di tio n s the s o ldie rs c a rr i ed n o o th er fo o d bu t sal t a n d

mi lle t s ee d a n d oc c a si o n a lly a l i ttl e po r k w ith fu el a ha tc he t

-
, , , ,

a n d c o pper ke ttl e a n d c o ll ec tin g th e h e r bs th a t gr e w a bo u t

,

th eir en c a m pm en t, they light e d a fir e a n d b o ile d th ese to ,

geth er w hil e h a ltin g for the n ight th ou gh w h en p a s s in g ov er a

, ,

ba r r en o r w a s t e co un tr y, they w o u ld o ft en fa s t for tw o o r thr ee

d ays du ri n g a mar ch At th e se ti m es they w er e for c e d to
.

d ep e n d fo r s ub si st en c e on th e u n c e r t a in fruit s o f th e c has e ,

o r c oo k fo r the i r o n ly pr o v is io n l e a v es, s tic ks a n d gr a ss

, bu t ,

the pr in ces a n d n o bility, w h o w er e gene r a lly m o re a m ply fur

h is h ed w o u ld fr equ en tly in v it e th e p o or er offi
,
ce r s to s h a r e

the i r bo a r d a nd a fter th ey h a d din e d, lea v e the r es t to be

, ,

fini s h ed by the m en Th e s o n s o f the b oyar d s w e re e a rly

.

e xer c i se d i n th o se s p o r ts a n d a m u s em en t s th a t w o u l d fi t th em
fo r s o ldi ers in a fter life h un tin g r unn i n g a t the tilt a rc h e r y
, , ,

a n d r a ce s , b o th o n h o rse b a c k a n d o n fo o t, w er e th e ir fa v o ur i te

o cc up a ti o n s a n d p r iz es w er e o ffe r e d by the go v er nm e n t to th e
,

m o s t skilfu l a n d a cc om plis h e d i n th es e a r ts Bu t the .

Ru ss ia n s o f a ll c l as ses fro m th e po o r es t p eas an t to th e Gra n d

,

Pr i n c e w e r e m o st pas si o n a t el y a ddi c te d to gam es o f c ha n ce

, ,

pa r tic ul a r ly car ds an d ga m blin g w ith dic e ; it w a s n o nu

c o m m o n s p e c ta cl e to s ee l a bo u r e r s r es tin g fr o m th e i r w or k
, ,

s e a t e d i n the c en tr e o f th e fie l d d elib era tin g o v er c h es s or

,

dra u ght s ; a n d a m o ng the high er c la ss es, h ou s es l a n ds a n d

, , ,

s l a v e s w er e fr e qu en tly l o s t o r ga in e d i n a n ight
,
U su r y w a s .

m o s t e x o r bita n t a s it ha d a l w a ys been i n R u s s i a a n d the

‘

, , ,

c o m m o n i n t eres t o f m o ne y w as t w en ty per c en t In c ountj .

87 6 TH E ARC HE R AN D THE ST EPPE.

b oth for sea ts a n d b e ds a n d i n ev ery dw ellin g w as pla c e d

th e i m a ge o f a s a in t b e fo r e w hic h ea c h gu es t p ros tra te d
,

hi m self on en te ri n g p re v io u s to a dd re ss in g his ho s t The

, .

grea t es t cerem on y w a s o bs er v ed in a ll s o c i a l i n terc ou rs e ; a n d

n o b o ya r d w o u ld w a l k o n fo o t fiv e
ya r ds fro m hi s do or
th o ut c a u s in g his hor e to be led in a tten da nc e W hen
s
.

he r o de o u t h e w a s a tt e n de d by sev er a l s la v es, w ho ra n a l o n g
by the s ides o f hi s ho rs e a n d o f w ho m ma n y w er e poss ess e d
,

by e v ery m a n o f c o ns idera ti o n o r w ea lth o ften they w ere

his o w n c o un trym en w h o h a d s o l d th e m s e l v es to o bta i n
,

pr o t ec tio n a n d s e c u r ity The dr e ss o f a ll the Russ ia ns c o n

.

si s te d o f a l o n g ca fta n w ith a gi r dle o r s a s h, a n d s urm o u n t ed

by a j a c ke t o f fu r a n d o n ly diffe re d i n qu a lity a n d m a te ri a l
a c c o r din g to the r a n k o f the w ear e r The c a fta n w a s gen e
.

r a lly w o rke d i n v a r io us c o lo u r e d s il ks o n the s l ee ves a n d

d o w n the fr o n t a n d w as o r n a m en t e d a m o n g the hi gher

,

c l a s s es by a c o ll a r s e t w ith p e a r l s th ei r ca ps w ere o f bla c k

fur a n d o f a hi gh pea ked fo rm w o r n e qu a lly w he n i n th ei r
'

, ,

h o u s es o r a b ro a d a s th ey c o m m o n ly s ha v ed the i r h ea ds a n d
,

l o n g ha ir w a s o n ly dis pla ye d a s a s ign o f m ou rnin g o r tha t ,

the w ear er ha d fa ll en i n t o di s gr a c e w i th the Gra n d Pr i nc e .

F ull tro us er s gl ov es a n d s c ar l e t s lipper s o r high boo ts p ea ke d

, , ,

a t the t oes a n d a m o n g the p ea s a n tr y a kn ife o r ha t c h e t

,

a t th e gi r dle co m pl e t e d th e o r d i n a ry d r e s s o f the Rus si a n s,

,

w hi c h v er y m uc h re s e m bl e d th a t o f the m o der n Pers i a n s .

Ma rr ia ges w ere a lw a ys a r ra nge d b e tw e en the p ar en ts, for

n o hus b a n d b efo re ha n d ev e r sa w th e fa c e o f hi s brid e a nd
it w a s c o n tra r y to the la w s to m ar ry m o r e tha n t w ic e or a ,

re la ti o n w ithi n c o u si n s o f the fo ur th de g ree Fo ll o w i n g to

.

the l e tter the pr e ce pts o f the a pos tl e, tha t a pr ies t sh o uld

”
be the h us ba d o f o
n n e w ife n o m a n c o u ld be or da i n e d a
,

p ar is h o r sec ular pr i es t til l h e w as m a r r ie d , the o ffic e w a s here

d itary, a n d, as the c hur c h r e v en ue s w er e gen era ll y de v o te d to
the s u ppo rt o f the m o n a s te r ies he m a i n ta in e d him se lf by the
,

c ulti v a ti o n o f a pi e c e o f la n d s e t a p a r t i n e v er y v ill a ge fo r the

u se o f the pr i es t but if h e bec a m e a w ido w e r he w a s fo rbid
de n to c o n t ra c t a seco n d a llia n c e a n d w a s fo rc e d to e n ter a
,

m o n a ste ry W h ere he bec a m e o n e o f th e bl a c k c l er gy o r m o n ks

, ,
.

Fr om th es e l as t the bis h o ps a n d a r c hbis h o ps w er e s el ec ted ,

w h o se chi ef the m e tro p o lita n s i n c e the fa ll o f C o n s ta n ti

, ,

n o pl e ha d b ee n a ppo in t e d by the R uss i a ns a n d th eir pr in c e

,

a n d u n der his a u th o r ity w er e the a rc hbis h op r ics o f T v er ,

 THE s c a ms o r TOUS HI , ETC . 37 7

Pe r mia , S u zd a l , Tc her n igofi,

'

Ria za n , C o l o nn a ,
a nd S era i . a nd

the m o n a s ter i es , w hi c h w e r e thro ugho ut the e m pir e

n u m e ro us ,

a n d pr es ide d o v er by a bbo ts o r a r c him a n d r ites The ec c l e .

s i as tica l r e g ul a ti o n s a n d or di n a n c es w e r e r em a r ka bl
y se v ere
a h u n d r e d a n d n i n et
y fiv e o r di na ry fa s ts ha d been a pp o in t e d
-

th r o u gh o u t the ye ar by the c hu r ch a n d perp etu a l a bs tin en c e ,

fro m m ea t , fis h m ilk a n d e ggs w a s e xa c te d fr om the highe r

, , ,

dign ita r i es w hile n o p ri es t m ight j o in i n a ny s p ecies of a m us e

,

m en t o r t o u c h a ny kin d o f fo o d o n a fa s t da y o r b e fo r e p er fo r m
,
-

i ng di v i n e s er v i ce “ S er v i c e w a s p e r fo r m e d in a ll the c h u rc h es
.

thr ee ti m es a w eek a n d the n o n c e i n the da y a n d w hil e the

,

p ri es ts c h a n te d the p ra ye rs o r r ea d the a c c us to m e d p or tio n s

o f the H o ly S cr iptu r es the p eo pl e w o uld ac c o m p a n y th em
,

w ith ej a c ul a tio n s o f O L or d ha v e m erc y u po n u s

, , o r by

w e e pi n g a n d str i kin g th e ir fo r e h e a ds o n the gr o un d Th e .

pr i n c ipa l m o n a s tery i n Mo sco w w a s th a t o f S t Ser giu s o r .

,

the H o ly Tr in ity w h ere th e b o n es o f the s a i n t h a d b e e n

,

i n te rr e d a n d w here the m o nks fr eely e n t er ta in ed e v e ry v is i

,

to r fro m the Gra n d Prin c e to the m e a n es t p easa n t w ho c a m e

, ,

ther e to din e w ith the c o n ten t s o f a la r ge c opper c a ldr o n

,

ke pt c o n ti nu a lly fill e d w ith so u p a n d h er bs Bu t m a n y .

p r ies ts a n d m on ks frequen tly r e so r te d to the thic k fo re s t s a n d

w il d di s t ri c ts o f R us s ia w h e re th ey li v e d a s h er m its i n c a v e s
, ,

e x c a v a t ed by the ir o w n ha n ds or inn a rro w h u ts r ai s e d high

,

ca ll e d a S to lpa
u p o n a co lu m n , (fr o m w hi c h they o btai n ed
th e n a m e of S tol pni ki) a n d s u b si s te d o n ro o ts a n d gra s s
,

w hil e o th e rs tra v ell e d to the re m o te tri bes o f th e La p ps a n d

S a m o ye d es o n the bor d ers o f the Icy Sea or a m o n g the o th er
, ,

di s t a n t p ro v in c es o f the e m pi r e to prea c h a ga i ns t the o ppr e s

,

s i o n a n d e x a c ti on th a t ev e ry w h er e pr ev ai l e d a nd e n d e a v o u r ,

to c o n v er t a n d r e for m the p eo ple The dr ess o f the c o m m o n

.

c l e r gy, w h ose ofi i c e w as h eredita r y, w a s v er y s i m il a r to th e

l a ity w ith the a dditi o n o f a l a r ge bro a d bri mm ed ha t a n d
,
-
,

th ey a ll c a r ri e d a s t a ff to l ea n u p o n c a lle d a po ssa c k bu t ,

th e a r c hbis ho ps a n d bi s h o p s w er e bl a c k m itres a n d r o b es o f
s il k, a nd their s ta ffs w e r e s ur m o u n te d by a c ro ss w hi le the ,

m o nks w ere a lwa ys c l o the d in bla c k They w e re th ei r ha ir .

s h a v e n a t the cr o w n , w hi c h w as c o v ered w ith a s kull c a p

-
,

but a t the s ides w ith the b ea r d gre w l on g a n d fl o w i n g a s

, , ,

a m o n g a ll th e p r i es ts o f th e Gr e ek c h urc h a t the pre s e n t da y

a n d fo r m a n y yea r s the R us s ia n bi s h o ps c ollec te d tith es i n

N ea rly all th ese ordinances are s till in forc e i n the Greek and R uss ian c h ureh .

2 B
 37 8 THE AR C HER AN D THE ST E PPE .

Lithua n ia till they w er e a t l en gth c o m pell e d to des is t fr o m

,

thi s pr a c ti c e by i ts h ea th en pr i n c e Vito ld , w ho fea r e d tha t his ,

co u n try w o u ld be i m p o v e r i s h e d o n l
'

y to en r i c h the rev en u es
'

o f his e n em ies the M u s c o v it es .

W he n a Ru ss ia n Gr a n d P r in c e w is he d to m a rr y it w a s ,

th e c us t o m to s e n d a s u m m o n s to a ll th e n o bl e s thr o ugh o u t
th e e m pi r e c o m m a n di n g th e m to br i n g th e i r d a u ghter s o n a
,

s t a t e d da y to h i s pa l a c e Al l w ho c a m e w e r e u s her e d in to a
.

s t a t e a pa r tm e n t fr o m w hi c h e v er y m a l e a tt en da n t w a s c a r e
,

fully e xclu de d a n d the do o rs bei ng c l ose d a n d gu a r de d

, , ,

th e l a di es w er e c o m p e ll e d to u n v e il w hil e th e Pr i n c e
w a l ke d b e for e th e m a n d s el ec te d the m o s t b ea u tifu l for his
b ride * N 0 w o m en exc e pt the o ld w er e p e rm itt e d to w a lk
.
, ,

i n th e s tr ee ts o r a tt en d th e c h u r c h es o r p u bli c pl a c es o f
,

a m u s e m en t a s o r t o f ga ll e ry o r t er ra c e is s till s h o w n, n ea r

the C a th e dr a l i n th e K r e m li n w h e re the Cz a r i n a a n d he r ,

l a di es r e m a in e d c l o s ely s creen e d fro m p u bli c v i e w du rin g the

p er fo rm a n c e o f the u su a l c hur c h s erv i c e Th ey ha d n o .

i n flu e n c e o r a u tho r ity i n thei r h o u s eh o l d a n d a m o n g the , ,

higher c l a ss e s pa s s ed their da ys in c hess pla yin g a n d m u si c

,
-
,

o r a n y fri v o l o u s a m u s em en t w hile s he w h o a tt e m pt e d to
,

e s ca pe fr o m he r hu s b a n d w a s pu n i s h e d by b e i n g bur i e d a li v e .

A m o n g the l o w e r c la sses th e w ife o f a p ea s a n t u s u a lly o cc a

pi e d hers e lf in l a ce m a kin g s ew in g o r spin ni n g a n d w a s
-
, , ,

o c c a s i o n a lly p er m itt e d o n s p ec i a l h o lid a ys to a m u se h e r s e lf

by s w i n gi n g w ith h er d a u ghter s i n a fie l d bu t w as n o t per ,

m itte d to ta ke the l i fe o f a n y fo w l o r o th e r a n i m a l a s a ll
tha t ha d been kill e d by he r ba n ds w a s c on s ider e d to be
de filed a n d u n c l e a n The d ress o f a R uss ia n w o m a n m u c h
.

r e s e m ble d tha t o f the m e n ; bu t e x c e pt w h e n qu it e a l on e , ,

sh e w a s a l w a ys c l o s e ly v e il e d She a l so w e r e ea r r in gs a n d
.
-

bra c el e ts s et w ith b r illi a n t j e w el s a n d p a in te d her fa c e r ed ,

a n d w hite a n d her t e e th bl a c k
,
.

Su c h w a s the s ta t e o f Ru ss ia a n d the ha bit s o f its p e o pl e ’

,

a t th e tim e w h e n I v a n III a s c en d ed his fa th er s thr o n e . .

He h a d b een e du c a t e d i n s tric t s ec l us i o n till the a ge o f

fifteen; a n d th e n p res en t e d to the b oya r ds a s th ei r fu tu r e
s o v ere i gn a c co r di n g to th e c u s t o m
,
u s ua lly p u rs u e d w ith

r e ga r d to the R us s i a n pr i n c es a t this p er i o d bu t hi s h ea r t . .

Va ssili th e son o f I a n th e Grea t c h o se hi s em res out of fi fteen h un dred

r s
Th e fi rs t tim e a R us ia n C ari n
, . .

p p a e d i n pu b 10 w a s i n a p il g r im a g e to th e m o n
s z a a e r . as
tery o f S t S er g lus , i n w h ic h th e w ife o f A l exi s (the fa th er o f Pe ter th e G rea t) a c c o m pan ie d
.

h e r h u s ba nd v ei led, in a n o pen c a rr ia g e . but m os t o f th e s pec ta tors tur ne d the ir l a c e s

k
fro m h er, a nd loo ed on th e g ro und s s s h e pa ssed .
380 THE AR C HER AN D THE STE PP E .

th e ir gen tl ene ss a n d the fir m n ess re qui s ite fo r grea t p olitic a l

.

a c tio n s i s n e a r l
y a lli e d to h a r shn es s a n d s ev er ity As hi s
'

to ry i s n o eu l o giu m , bu t s hou ld be en tir ely im p a rtia l a n d

'

t r u e it i s im po ss ibl e to dis r e ga r d m a n y e rr o rs i n the l iv es o f

,

th e gr ea tes t h er o e s a n d m o n a r c h s In r e ga r din g Iv a n o n ly
.

a s a m a n h e ha d n o t the a m i a ble qu a lit ies o f M o n o m a ch u s

, ,

o r o f D m itr i D o n sko i bu t a s a sov er e ign , he m a y c er ta i n ly

,

be pl a c e d i n th e h igh es t r a n k Ev er gu id e d by fo re s ight h e
.
,

so m e ti m e s a pp ear e d tim id or in de c i s iv e bu t thi s ir r eso l u tio n

a r ose a lw a ys fr o m a n e x cess iv e pr u den c e a vi r tu e w hic h d o es ,

n o t pl eas e u s li ke a gen er o us t em e r ity bu t i s n e v e r th e l ess ,

m o r e fitte d to co n so lid a t e a n e w a n d s l en d er fo u n da tio n ,

tho ugh i ts p r ogr ess m a y be s lo w a n d a t fir s t a ppea r in com ,

pl ete . Ho w m a n y illu str i ou s pr i nc es a nd w a rr i o r s h a v e

m er ely b e qu e a the d to p o s t er ity th e ba r e r e m em br a n c e o f
the ir gl o ry I But Iv a n h a s for m e d a n d le ft to u s a n e m pi r e o f
i m m en s e e xten t a n d s tr en gth ; p owe r fu l in de e d fr om th e , ,

n u m b er a n d e n er gy o f its p e o ple bu t s till m o r e s o fr om th e

,
”
p o lic y a n d spir it o f its gov ern m e n t
‘

In 1 43 0 i n the ear ly pa r t o f th e r eign o f B a zil hi s gr a n d

'

, ,

fa th er th e r en o wn e d Vit o ld o f Lith uan i a , e xpi r e d i n Vil n a

,

a t the a d v a n c e d a ge o f e ighty h a v i n g be en ba ptize d s o m e

,

tim e b e for e i n to th e Gr eek fa ith w hen h e t o o k the n a m e o f ,

A l e xa n d er The yea r p r ev io u s to his d ea th he h a d a s se m

.
,

bl e d a pea c efu l c o n gres s o f s o v er eign s v er y r a re in th o s e ,

tim es a t th e t o w n o f Tr o ki i n Li th u a n ia w her e he e nter

, ,

ta in e d th e m fo r se v e n w e eks w ith e xtr a o r di n a ry s pl en do u r ,

a n d ev er y s pec ie s o f h un tin g, fea s tin g a n d a m u s em en t ; s o ,

tha t a s the P o li s h c h r o n ic le r in fo r m s u s th e r e w a s “ m u c h
, ,
”
dr i nkin g a n d bu t littl e w o r k O n this o c ca s i on , th er e w e re
.

pr esen t Ba zil I II o f M o sc o w then a boy o f fifte en , th e

.
,

Rus s i a n pri nc es o f T v e r Ria za n a n d O do ye fi the Du ke o f

'

, , ,

M a zov i a the G ra n d Ma s ter o f th e Or der o f T eu t o n ic knights

,
-
,

the Kh a n o f the C rim ea th e Pr in c e o f W a ll a c hi a a n d the

, ,

a m ba s s a d or o f the Gr e ek e m p er or J o h n ,

N o for eig n m er ch a n t a t thi s p er io d w as p erm itt e d to tr a de

w i th Mosc o w a n d th o u gh a ll Eu r o p ea ns m ight ca rr y on fr ee
,

c o m m er ce a t N ov ogor o d T ur ks a n d T a r ta r s w er e c o m p e l le d
,

to c onfi n e th e i r tr a fi ic to a to w n c al l e d Chl o pi gr o d a b o u t ,

t welve m il es di sta n t fr o m the la tte r c ity bu t o f whic h n eith er ,

tra c e no r s t on e r e m a in a t the pr es e n t da y The in h a bita n ts .

K a si nsk 5 His tory of P ol and

“ "
r i .
 THE n o uns o r TOUSE I, ETC . 38 1

of Nov o goro d, un like m o st of th e Sl a v i

on c b o ld
r ace, w ere
a nd r ea dy sa il ors a n d m a n n e d m a n y o f the sh ip s fr equen tin g
,

h er p or t 5 a n d a s l a t e a s th e m iddl e o f the s ixte en th c en t ury

, ,

Ru ss i a n c or sa irs from N o v o go r o d w er e kn o wn a n d drea de d

o n the s ho r es, a n d a m o n g th e fi s hin g v ill a g es o f th e B a lti c
,
.

In th e r eign o f Iv a n th e Gr e a t the first Wa t c h s ee n in

,

Rus sia w a s se n t a s a pr ese n t fr o m the ki ng o f D en m a rk to

hi s e ld est s o n ; bu t th e Mu s c o v ites i m a gi n e d th a t it w a s
e n cha nt ed ,
o r a n e v il s p ir it s e n t to w o r k so m e mi s chi e f i n

th eir e m pir e, a n d it w as has tily r et urn e d to the donor ,

tho ugh w ith m a ny tha n ks a n d expr ess i on s o f g ra titude .

 C HA P T E R III .

M g i
t sn s f 31
a m t assilohii — fi
g is t ri
maran — arring: inii lg w
g ogh i a of fi ggsntium ~ dil z s indi —
g h g 3 m i
n wi n o f Inf
r a—
7
M ar [s iftfiipgs t fimhs ssizs ta osrs hi
— f
m
W ho w ould be t ree, them selv es m ust s tr i e th e blo w. k
By thei r o wn arms th e co n ues t m us t be wro ug h t—Bm os q .

AT the p er i o d w h en Iv de d the thro ne o f Musc ov y a n as ce n ,

the p o p u la ti o n of his e m pi r e a m o u n te d to six m il lio n s and ,

n ot w ith s t a n di n g the g rea t in cr eas e o f h is t erri tori es du ri n g

a l o n g r e ign o f for ty fo ur yea r s it ha d on ly a ugm en t e d a t h is

-
,

d ea th to ten ow in g to his n u m er o u s a nd sa n guin a ry w a r s

, .

The old w r iter , Eden , i n the s ixtee n th c entur y obser v e s, th a t ,

the Mu s c ov i tes a pp ea r to be the o n ly n a ti on w ho h a v e n ev er

LIN E OF PR IN CES OF MOSCOW .

1888 . Vas sili 1L . son of D emetri us, m Ana s tas ia . d

. . of Vitold of Lith u a nia
A ud rey , pr Yourii
i
. of .

1 42 5 . Va sili m Sophia . . S ew ers .

Sophi a m pr . . of Ria za n . i
D n i tri . Au dy
re . d
s he meka

Velik i, m . Iv a n , Fedor .

I I
Fedor, Va ss lli . Iv an d eposed by Vassili IV .

Ma ry of S o ph ia
Tv er . P al e o
i o g us .

l
D - t i us
I I I I
D em etri us Ga briel Ge org e, S im on, Au
d. inc l:
ry
re ,
l
Helena,
l
S a p hia ,
m
cc
e e r at d o sia ,
Cza r
.

d young the Alexand e r, m

k i ng o r Pe te
. .
.

i n pri s on . na m e of r of to
Vas slli, rei gne d 1505 ; Pola nd K a za n. Pr i nce
m fi , Sa lom e W h o m h e d i v orce d ;
rs t V as s i l i
i C
.

seco nd ly. i ei en G llns kl. h o l in

I sky.

I v an the Terrible . Jourli .

m Ana sta sia Ro ma no ff

.
, a nd
s ev en oth er wi v es .

Iv an F ed o r.
k i ll ed s uccee d e d 1
by h is la st C za r o f th e m al e
fa ther. l i ne a t R uri k .
3 84: THE AR C HE R AN D THE STE PP E .

P ri n c e o f Vla di m ir , Mo s c o w , N o v o go r o d, Pl esko f B ulga r i a, ,

Via tka Sm o len sko Tv er Ju ga r1a Per m ia N ijn i N o v o go r o d

, , , , ,

and Ria za n , V o lo gda , R osto fi Bela ia Rj er f

‘

Vla dim i r o fi"

Ya 1 o s la f, Bi el o zeria , U dor i a Obd0 1 ia , a n d Co n
,
’

din i a the IVh i te ii (o r Gr e a t ) c za r , a n d keybea r er , a n d c ha m

”
ber l a in of Go dI n r etu rn , he u s ed the titl e o f ki n g to the
.

Ger m a n e m p er o r , kin g o f S w e d en , the p r in c es o f Pruss ia a n d

Liv o n i a , a n d the s u lta n o f Tu i key, bu t m er e ly c o n c e de d the
a pp e ll a ti o n o f d oc to 1 to the p o p e .

N o s o o n e1 h a d I v a n s u c c ee de d to the ei o w n o f Mus c o v y,
a n d, de fyi n g th e p o we r o f the G o lde n Ho r de, r e fu s e d to t a ke

a n o a th o f a lle gi a n c e , tha n the kh a n , a s s e m bling a nu m er o u s

:

fo rce, m a r c he d in t o Ru ss ia to pu ni s h his r ebe llio us v a ss a l

w ith the s w o r d But the Cz a r , fo r eseei n g thi s c onj un c ture ,
.

h a d h a s tily r a i se d a l ev y o f s o ld iers fr o m a m o n g e v ery r a n k

i n th e p o pu l a ti o n , a n d s u cc e e d e d i n c o llec tin g a m o r e n u m ero u s
n a tiv e a r m y th a n ha d ev er b e fo re t ro d the s t e ppes o n th e D o n

s a ys the M u s
“
s o th a t th e Ru s s ia n s s ho n e ov er th e pla i n s ,
“
c o v it e hi s t o r i a n , li ke th e w a v e s o f the s e a w hen ill um i n a t e d
”
by the be a m s o f th e su n The ir n u m b er a n d for m ida bl e
.

a pp e a r a nce s truc k t e r ro r in t o the h ea r t o f th e T a r t a r m o n a r c h,

w h o w ithdr ew h is tro op s w i th o u t haza r din g a b a ttl e o r s tr ik

i n g a blo w a n d Iv a n , to s a t is fy a n d e m pl o y his m en , w h o

w er e ea g er for w a r a n d pl un d er , s en t th em u n der th e m o s t
e xpe r i e n c e d o f hi s gen er a l s a ga in s t K a z a n , w hile h e hi m s elf

r e tu r n e d to M o s c o w Thi s kin gd o m w a s s till hel d by th e

.

To us hi pr i n c e M a m eta k, th e s o n o f Ou l ou Ma h om et, w ho ha d
b een su c c e e ded i n K i pza k by hi s n e ph ew A c h m e t, w ith
w h o m a n d Ma m eta k ha d l o n g e xi s t e d a d e a dly s tr ife ; a n d
Iv a n , a v a ilin g h im self o f th es e di v i s i on s a mo n g the _M o n gu ls ,
c o n c l u d e d fo r the tim e a p e a c e w ith K i pza k, w h o , blin d to

the c e r ta i n fa c t th a t th e r u in o f K a z a n w o u ld o n l y her a ld her

o w n d es t r uc ti o n , a n xi o u s l y w a t c h e d a n d e xp e c t e d the s i s t er
’
kin gd o m s fa ll In th e yea r 1 4 6 9, o r 684 7 of the Ru s sia n
. .

c a l e nd a r , th e Mus c o v it e s a ppea r e d b e fo r e the w a ll s of the

fo rti fie d c ity, a n d s o on e ffec te d a b rea c h w ith c a n n o n a n d ba ll .

A few da ys a fter , it w a s st or m e d a n d ca rr ie d by a v igo r o u s

.

a s s a u lt 3 a n d th e kh a n fa lli n g i n th e a tt a c k, th e R u s s i a n s

pla c ed a gar r i son i n th e c ity, a n d a pp o i n t e d A lega , the s on

Tartars C almuck s Ch ines e a n d o th er Asia tic s still ca ll th e C zar Tza fznn
All th e
Z a r or W hite C za r W h ite w a s for merly th e K h an o f T a r ta
. , ,
s r e a l col our a hd i s s ti ll
'
r
m by th e C h ines e Emper m w h e n h e v is i ts Ta rt y for In hina ge w e s p a le yello“
.
,
11 c ar ar
i he T t rs c all e d a ll roya l res idences w hite c iti es a n d th e cro wn l a n ds a re s till s o call ed
. .

"
ar a ,
i n R us si a .
 TH E a c re s o r I V AN v a ss mov rr z, ETC . 38 5

of a for m er s o v er e ign
to the th r o n e
,
Fr om thi s ti m e, fo r
.

m a n y yea r s , K az a n w a s littl e m o re th a n a Ru ss i a n d e p e n de n t
p r o v in c e I va n n o m i n a t e d a l l h er kha ns , a n d u p on Al ega
.

a ppea r i n g i m pa ti e nt o f thi s se r v it u de, s en t s ecr et o r de rs to

th e Mu s c o v ite o ffic er s w ho c o mm a n d e d the garr is on in the

c ity, to pro c ur e his i mm e di a t e d e p o s iti o n , a n d c a u s e h im to

be c o n v eye d to R ussia In o r d er to a c c o m pli s h thi s , w ith ou t

.

the d a n ger o f a r es c ue o r o u tbr e a k, the R ussi a n go v er n o r

i n v it e d the kh a n to a b an qu e t, a n d, h a v i ng s pa r ed n o per su a
s io n o r te m pta tio n to i n d uc e h i m to d ri n k to exc es s , c a u s e d

hi m to be pl a c e d i n a c a r r i a ge w hil e i n this st a te, un d er the

pre tex t o f c on v eyin g hi m b a c k to his pa la c e, a n d pr iv a t ely
d ir ec te d th e p os tilio n to dr i v e o v e r the fro n ti e r to w a r ds
M o s c o w They w ere m et n ea r the b o r ders o f the Mu s c o v ite
.

terr ito r ie s by a bo dy o f a r m e d h o rs e m e n, w ho , bin di n g the

'

u n fo r tu n a te pri nc e , c o n duc te d hi m to the c a pita l , w h er e , a fte r

a l o n g i m pr is o n m e n t , h e w as s e n t a c a pti v e to V o l o gda , a n d

r em a in e d th er e till r e l ea s e d by d ea th His mo ther a n d tw o

.

b r o th e r s w ere a l s o r em ov e d fr o m K a za n to the m o n a s te ry o f
Bie lo zer o but the for m er w a s r es tor e d to fr eed o m u p o n th e
kh a n o f the C r i me a dem a n di n g h er in m arr i a ge, th o u gh sh e
a fte r w a r ds r etu r n e d to Ru s s ia , to s h a r e the c a ptiv ity o f h e r

s on s . O f th es e, the eld e r, C o da ic ula , c on sen ti ng to r ec e iv e

b a ptis m , w en t to Mo s co w , w h er e he es p o use d S o phia , s ec o n d
da u ghter o f Iv a n , a nd r es ide d d uri n g the r em a i n der o f his
li fe , bei n g kn o w n by the na m e o f the Cz a r P e te r ; a n d the
fa m il y o f the youn ger , M eni kta i r , s u b se qu e ntly e m bra c i n g
Chr i s ti a n ity, u ltim a tely se ttl e d i n Mu sc ov y .

In the m ean w hil e, a fter the d e th r on em en t o f A l e ga , I v a n

ha d a pp o i n t e d, fir s t the p rin c e Str ele c her a i to the th ro n e o f
K a za n , a n d u p on his de a th Ma chn edin, the you n ges t br o the r
o f A l e ga bu t thi s kh a n , th o u gh he r ev o lte d a ga i n s t th e
R uss ia n s a nd reigne d fo r s e v er a l yea r s in d epen den t r e n de re d
, ,

him s elf m o s t un po pul a r w ith his s ubj ec ts by his a ttem pts to

pr ev en t th eir i nroa ds u p on S iber ia , K ipza k, a nd th e o the r
s u r ro u n din g s ta tes a n d in
,
th e yea r 15 19 he wa s c h as e d
fr o m th e ki n gdo m by th e T a r ta r s Du rin g the w ar w ith
.

K a z a n th e n eighb ou r in g r e pu bli c o f Via tka a c o lo n y o f

, ,

N o v o gor o d, a t firs t d ec l a r e d h er s elf n eutra l b etw een th e tw o

b elliger en ts but the m o the r c ity p erc ei v in g tha t the eye s
,

o f Iv a n w er e n o w t ur n e d u p o n her , m o r e b oldly c a ll e d u p o n

thi s pr ovi n ce to unit e w ith Plc skof a nd its t w el v e t r ibuta r y

386 THE AR C HER A N D THE S E T PPE .

c iti es , a n d j o i n h er in a ge nera l w a r a ga i n s t Mu s c o v y to ,

for es ta ll th e des ig n s o f th e a m bitio u s p r i n c e a n d a c co r din gly ,

c o mm en ce d by e xp e llin g th e o fi i cer s o f th e Cz a r fr o m her

t e rr it or ies The c hie f i n s t ru m en t in this m o v e m en t w a s
.

Ma rfa th e r ic h w ido w o f a fo r m e r po s a dn ic k, o r c hi ef m a gis

,

tr a t e a n d w h o b e in g s e iz e d w ith a r o m a n ti c pa ss io n for
,

A l e x a n d er Vit o ld the w a yw o de o f Li th u a ni a w a s desi r o u s

, ,

o f b e s to w i n g h er c o u n try a s h er m a r r i a ge do w er u po n the -

p o ss e sso r o f h er h e ar t This a n xi ety w a s fur th er s tr ength e n e d

.

by a pr o ph ec y o f a for m er a r c hbis h o p E u them iu s w ho ha d , ,

fo r e to ld a t the bir th o f Iv a n th a t he w o u ld be the a u tho r o f

th eir co un try s fa ll Her un li m it e d h ospita lity a n d libe
’
.

r a l ity ha d ga in e d for h e r un b ou n de d in flu e n c e a m o n g a ll

c l a s s es o f the c itiz en s her p a la c e w as a l w a ys o p en to th e

w a yfa r e r o f e v er y ra n k ; a n d the g r e a t b e ll o f N o v o go r o d ,

a t w ho se s ou n d a ll th e j u dges a n d de pu ti es o f the r ep ubli c

w er e a c c u s t o m e d to as s e m bl e i n th e H a ll o f Ju s ti c e a n d ,

deliber a t e in s o lem n c o u n c il u p o n th e m o s t im p or ta n t a ffa i rs

o f s ta te w as n o w ru n g m er e ly to s um m o n gu es ts to h e r
-

s u m ptu o u s b a n qu e t s .

Th e Nov ogo r o di a n s a c c e di n g to the p r o p osa l s o f Ma r fa

, ,

w h o a r gu e d tha t in pl a c in g the i r c o u n t ry un der the p r o t e o

,

tio n o f Lithu a n ia they w o u ld e n su r e for he r the su ppo r t o f

,

this p o w e r ful d u c h y a n d o f P o la n d pr o cl a i m e d th a t they r e

,

n o u n c e d fo r e v e r th e do m i n i o n a n d su zer a i n eté o f th e Cza r

'

a n d i n 1 4 7 0 fo r m a lly s u b m itte d th e m s e l v es a n d th e r e pu bli c ,

by tr e a ty to A l e x a n d er o f Lith u a n i a
,
He a pp o in t e d the
.

a r c hbi s h o p o f th e c ity to the c hi e f di rec t i o n o f a ffa i r s a n d ,

e x a c t e d a n n u a ll y a s the pr i c e o f hi s p r o tec ti o n , the e n o r m o u s

,

tr ib u te o f o n e h u n dr ed tho u sa n d r o u bl es a pro tec tio n w hich ,

u lti m a t el y e n tir ely fa ile d the m a t th e tim e o f the i r gr ea te s t

distr es s .

U po n r ec e i v i n g i n t elligen c e o f this a c t o f d efia n c e I v a n ,

i mm edi a t ely dec la r e d w a r a ga in s t N o v ogo r o d a n d fo r sev e n ,

ye a r s c a r r i ed o n a d es u lt or y s tr ife w ith the i n h a bit a n t s Bu t .

d ur in g thi s ti m e h is fo r c e s o v e r r a n Per m ia a n d the n o rth

, ,

w h e re h e e x a c te d t r ibu te fr o m the L a pl a n d er s a s fa r to the ,

w es t i n N o r w a y a s T r o n dh ei m a n d for biddi n g the c o m m e r

,

c i a l i n t e rc o u r se th a t ha d hith e r t o e xi s te d b e tw een th e fo r m e r

s t a t e a n d N o v o go r o d a n d thr o u gh her w i th th e c ities o f the

,

H a n s ea ti c L ea gu e he thu s c ut o ff fr o m the r e pu bli c o n e o f

,

M nrfn’s h ous e is still s h o wn in N ov og orod .

3 88 THE AR C H ER AN D THE STE PPE .

w hi c h h e pl a c e d i n the t o w er o f S t Iv a n i n M o s c ow a n d .
,

w he r e (w eighi n g lbs ) i ts s ize i s s till on ly e x c ee de d by

.

tha t c a s t l a t er by o r der o f th e Cz ar A l e xis w hic h n o w st a n d s ,

i n th e c en tr e o f th e K re m lin “ .

Bu t N ov ogo ro d n ev er r ec o v ere d thi s t er r ibl e a n d d ec i s iv e

bl o w th o u gh t o wa r ds th e e nd o f the s ixtee n th c en tu r y sh e
, , ,

s till n u m b er e d fo u r hu n dr e d th o u sa n d i n ha bita n t s At thi s .

per io d i n the h o pes o f r ele a s in g her s e lf fro m I v a n th e

,
’
T err ible s tyra nn ic a l s w a y sh e en ter e d i n t o a se c re t tr ea ty
,

w ith P o l a n d w ith w h o m he w a s then a t w a r

, a n d th e pl o t ,

b ein g disco v er e d i n the yea r 15 7 0 he m a 1 che d a ga i n s t the ,

d ev o te d c ity a n d c o m mi tte d s o m e o f th e m o st ho r r i ble m a s

,

sa cr es a n d a tr o c iti e s tha t h a v e yet s t a i n e d the p a ges of

.

his to r y w ith a fr ightful a n d s i c ke n i n g r eco r d of h u m a n ba r

ba r i ty a n d c r i m e The t r ibun a l o f bl o o d a s it w a s bu t to o
.
,

j u s tly c a ll e d tha t he er ec te d ther e e xec u te d da ily i n th e

, ,

p r esen c e o f th e s ov er eign, a n d o fte n w ith ho rr ible t o r tu r e s ,

fiv e hu n d r e d o f the mi sera bl e i nh a bi ta n ts ; the s u rr o u n din g

c o u n t ry w a s l a id w a s te a n d s ixty th o u s a n d o f the d ea d a n d
,

dyi n g bl o c ked th e str eets , a n d the gha s tly s c e n e w a s o nly

c o n c l u d e d w h e n the w a te rs o f th e Vo lkho f ha d b e en r en de r e d
,

s o c o rr u pt by c or p s e s th a t the pl a gu e b ega n to a pp e ar in the

R ussi a n c a m p A s m igh t be exp e c te d thes e tw o s ieges

.
,

c o m pl et e ly a l a r m e d the fo r eign m er c h a n ts w ho h a d hithe rt o

tr a de d s o la r ge ly w ith N o v o g oro d a n d pre v en t e d the m fr o m ,

r e s idi ng o r c a r ryi n g o n a n y fu r th er i n t erc o u rs e w ith th i s

p r o v i nc e S o m e o f th e i r c o m m er c e w a s tr a n s fer re d to Re v e l
.

w h e n s h e pl a c e d h e rself b en ea th the yo ke o f S w e d e n a n d the ,

fo un da tio n o f S t Pe ter s b ur g ga v e th e fin a l s tr o ke to th
.

m er c a n til e sup er i o r ity o f th e a n c ie n t c ity w hic h n o w p r es en t s ,

a m e la n c h o l y pic tu r e o f d e pa r t e d gr a n de u r , e xt en s i v e r u i n s ,

a n d e v er y a pp e a r a n c e o f dil a pida ti o n po v er ty a n d dec a y , , .

Iv a n the Thir d e v en d ep ri v e d h er o f th e dign ity o f a n a rc h

bi s ho pr i c a n d l e ft the s ee fo r s o m e tim e v a c a n t but on the
,

u r ge n t r e qu e s t o f the c i tiz en s sev er a l yea rs a ft er a p o in t e d a

, p ,

bish o p o f N o v o go ro d tho u gh he r e c e iv e d a v ery sm a ll por tio n

,
.

o f the r e v en u es a n d ti th e s th a t ha d fo r mer ly b ee n p a id to his

p re dec e sso r s a n d w hic h ha d a ll b een c o n fiSc ate d a n d a ppr o

pr i a te d by the a v a r i c io u s Cz ar The fo r m er a r c hbi s h o p
.
,

Theo do s i us, w ho ha d pl ea de d su c cess fully w ith Iv a n fo r the

li v es o f m a n y o f th e i n ha bita n ts ha d b een sent i n 147 8 to ,

The g reat bell of the K remlin, th e l a rg es t i n the world, wei gh s lbs .

 THE R EI GN o r I V AN VASSILO VITZ m e , . 389

the m o n as tery C hou dofi, w h er e he c l o se d, i n the pea c e and

‘
of

c a l m o f the c lo i s t e r a m os t t r o u ble d a n d e v entful life

, .

The s i ege a n d s u bm is s ion o f Ples kof fo ll o w e d sh o r tly u po n

tha t o f N ov ogo ro d ; Via tka w a s a l s o un ite d to the do m i n i o ns o f
the C za r, a fter her th r ee c hi e f m a gis tr a te s h a d b een h un g o v er
the ga t es ; a n d , in the yea r 14 9 6, the Ru s s ia n t ro o ps s ta ti on e d
a t K a z a n h a vin g r e p elle d a n a tt a c k o f th e kh a n o f S ibe r i a u p o n

tha t to w n , they fo llo w e d the i n v a ders ac r o s s the Ur a l m o u n

ta in s to th e m a r s hy an d de s o la te r egio n s o f Obdo rs ki , whe re
th ey e xa c te d fro m the Sa m oye des and O s ti a c ks a n a n nu a l
tr ibu te o f o il a n d fu r A few o f th es e P o l a r c hi e fs, w h o m
.

they br o ught to Mo s co w , w e r e s o s tr uc k w ith the s pl en do ur

o f the h o u s es as c o m par e d w i th the i r o wn m u d hu ts , the

ca r ri a ges a nd h o rs es , a nd th e m a n ifi c e n tly d ress e d c itizen s

g
w h o m th ey sa w a r o un d, th a t th ey i mm e di a t ely p r o ffe r e d the
s ubm i s s i o n o f th e i r r e mo t e dis tr i c t to Iv a n , a n d r etur n e d

l o a de d w ith p res en ts , to s pr ea d o n the s ho r es o f th e O bi the

’
m a r v ello u s re po 1t o f his em pir e s p ow e r a n d we a lth A vic e
.

r oy w a s a ppo i n te d o v er Per m ia a n d a ll the p ro v i n ce s o f the

n o r th , w h os e r es ide n ce w as es ta bli s h e d firs t a t K h o lm o o ri,

g
a n d a fte r w a rds a t S t N i c h o l a s , a littl e t o wn o n the W hit e
.

S ea n ow kn o wn a s the p or t a n d c ity of A r c h a n gel

, .

Po la n d sa w wi th al a r m the con ques ts o f h er po w er ful

n eighbo ur , a n d, aft er th e fal l o f N o v ogo r o d, for m e d a n a ll i

a n ce with the T a rt a rs o f K i pza k, a n d dec l a r e d w a r w ith

Ru ss ia Iv a n s en t a n a rm y i n to Lithu a ni a , a nd se iz e d u p on
.

se v er a l of th e fro n ti e r to w ns ; but the Mus c ov i t es ha d l o s t the

i m po r ta n t fo r tr es s o f Smo lens ko in the yea r 1 4 13, a n d this ,
c o n s id e re d a s the bu lw a r k o f the ir e m pi re, th e y did n o t r e g ai n
till th e year 15 1 4, w h e n it w a s c a ptur ed by Ba zil, th e s o n of
Iv a n , a n d fr o m hen c ef or th bel o n ge d to Rus sia A tr u ce w a s,
.

h o w e v e r , s o on c o n c lude d w i th the P o les after the ir king,

C a s i m ir , ha d a ppea le d in v a in fo r the a ssis ta nc e o f Hun ga ry
but th e Tar t ars a n d R uss i a n s still c o n tin ue d a t en m ity, a n d
fo r m a ny y ears c a r ri e d o n a frig htful w a r . In 1 4 9 0 , the
S er v i a n s , w ho ha d hith erto b een un der the p ro tec ti o n o f
Po l a nd, too k o fie n c e a t a n ins u lt o ffe red to the i r en v o ys a t
'

Vil n a, a n d tra ns ferre d th eir a lle gia nce to the Cza r o f Russ ia ’ .

A t thi s ti me , th o u gh W a ll a c hi a w a s in the p os ses s i o n o f the

Tur ks M o lda v i a w a s a lterna tely c lai m e d by H unga ry a nd
,

Po l a n d, a nd the e xpuls io n o f her pr ince, A l exa n d e r, by a

Univ ers al His tory
-
.
 3 90 THE AR C H ER AN D THE sr a pp a .

u s ur p er c a ll e d B o gda n w a s the o c ca s io n of a lo ng wa r w i th
,

th e l a tter p o w er a n d c a u s e d the O tto m a n s to i n va d e Po l a n d

,

i n th e yea r 14 9 8, w her e, tho u gh they gai ne d n o d ec is iv e

a dv a n t a ge th e y s pr e a d the u su a l d eso la tio n a n d r uin
*
, .

W hile the tr oo ps o f Iv a n w ere triu m pha n t a bro a d a n d h e ,

ha d un it e d ben e a th his r u l e the la s t in dep en den t pr i n cip a li

tie s o f Ru s s ia he w a s n o t i n differ en t to th e in te rna l a ffa irs
,

o f hi s e m pir e a t h o m e, w hi c h h e la bou re d en e r ge ti ca ll
y to
r e fo r m th o u gh h e cr ush e d a ll a b us es un der a n ir o n d es p o ti s m
, ,

i n s tea d o f inves tiga tin g a n d er a di c a tin g th ei r r oot, a n d thu s

th ey s u rv iv ed, o n ly c on c ea l e d to s pr i ng up w ith in c rea se d
,

v igo u r i n a n o th er r eign a n d b ea r r ip e r a nd m or e a bunda n t

,

fr u i t A b o v e a ll the g r e a te st c or r u pti o n ha d p erv a d e d ev e ry

.
,

bra n c h o f the c hurc h the ir co py o f the S cr iptu r e s w as

i n a c c ur a te a n d r ea d by ign o r a n t a n d s up ers titio u s pr ies ts
,

a n d s in c e th e fa ll o f C o n s ta n ti n o pl e w he r e the Gr ee k fa ith ,

h a d bec o m e ver y d egen era te a n d w h er e the La ti n ha d l o n g

,

b ee n s pr ea di n g a n d pr ev a ile d o v er the g ea ter p a r t o f th e

,
r

s ta t e th e m e tro p olita n a n d bi s ho p s o f Ru s s ia h a d b ee n
gen e ra lly Mu scovit es, a n d elec t ed by a Ru ssi an syn o d w hil e ,

i n th e c hu rc h s er v i c es m a n y c ha n ge s ha d been gra du a lly a n d

'

a l m o s t un co nsc i ou sly i n t ro d u c e d A pec uli ar s ec t o f di s s en

.

t er s , the S trigo lniks, ha d a lre a dy a ppea re d in the e m pir e ,

w h e r e th e ir do ct r i nes ha d e xte n de d far an d w ide, a n d to this

da y m a in ta ins m any m o n as ter ie s in the s ta te ; a n d in th e ,

begi n n in g o f the reign of I v a n a J ew is h h e resy, fo u n de d by

, .

Za c ha r ia s a Lith ua n ia n He br e w , ha d been pr o pa ga te d i n
,
.

Mo sco w w hi ch, den yi ng the di vini ty of Chr i s t a n d es ta bli s h

, ,

i n g m a n y e xtr a or din ar y r ites ha d ga i n e d c o n v er ts, n o t o nl y

,
.

i n ev er y r a nk a m on g the p eo pl e bu t o f sever a l o f the high e s t

,

digni t a ries of the ecc lesi a s ti c s The fo llow ers o f thi s c r e e d

.

w er e pu n i s h e d w ith g r ea t s e v e r ity, a n d a mo n g th em w as
’
I v a n K u ri tzi n a s ec re t a ry o f th e Cz a r s, w ho in 150 5 w a s
,

pu blic ly b urn e d In the r e ign o f Vas s ili the fa th er o f Iv a n

.
, ,

a g re at c o m m o ti o n ha d be en ra i s e d i n Ru ss ia by the d e fe c tio n

o f I sid or e, the m etro p ol it an o f th e em pir e, to the doc tr i n e s

a n d s upr e m a c y o f th e c hurc h of R om e . He had b een a ppo in t

.

e d in 1 4 3 2 by th e p a t ri a r c h o f C o n stan tin o pl e to fill the

v a c a n t o ffic e of pr i m a te 5 a n d Ru s s ia n w r iter s h a v e n o t h es i

ta ted to a ll ege tha t hi s n o m in a tio n ha d b een effe cte d thro ug h

the in tr igues o f the s e cr e t e mi ss a r i es o f the p op e, wh o w er e
‘

K ra sinskl s His to y of P ol a nd
' "
r .
3 92 TH E AR C H ER AND THE ST E PPE .

a mon g th eir l o ng lis t o f s a in ts D uri ng th e r ul e o f his su c .

c e ss o r Theo dos i us
,
w h o w a s e l ec te d to th e o ffice i n 1 4 62
, .

J ose ph the pa tr i a rc h o f Jeru s a l em flyi ng fr o m th e o ppr ess io n

, ,

o f the s u lta n o f Eg pt e m bar ke d fr o m Pa le s ti n e w ith th e

y , ,

in ten ti o n o f s eekin g s h elte r i n Ru ss ia but b e for e he h a d pr o ,

c ee d e d fur th er th a n K a fi
'

a i n the C r im ea w a s o v er t a ke n b
y , ,

dea th His bro the r ho w ev e r a r riv e d a t Mo s c o w w i th c o m

. , ,
“

m en da to ry l e tt e rs to th e m e tro p o litan a n d w a s o r da in e d to ,

the a r c hbi sh o pr i c o f C esa r ea by a s yn o d o f Ru s s i a n bi sh o p s ;

a n d thi s i s the fi r s t i n s ta n c e o n r e c or d o f the i n ter v e n tio n o f

c ia i l c on c ern i ng o ur tr ue a n d o rth o d o x f ai th , a n d w h en th ou ire ar d e st, a d mired, for s o

y
th e leh o p re l a te d to us , o f y o ur bles se d nes s . And s i n ce th ou a r t s uc h a n d s o gre at a
p ries t, I the re fo re i n m y p ov er ty s a lute th e e, h o n o ur i n g thy h e a d , a n d i s s i n thy h a nd s k
a nd a r m s M j
a y s t th ou be oyfu l, a n d pro tec te d by the s upre m e h a n d o f G o a nd ma y
.

g
I k
.

li e g ran t g o o d o rd e r to thee , thy s plritual s , a n d us ! n w n o t w h ence h e res i e s h a v e

o
a ri se n respe c ti n g th e true w a y o f s a l v a tion a n d r ed e mptio n, a n d c a nno t s u ffi c iently I
w o nd e r w h a t d ev il w a s s o m a li na n t a nd e nv ious , so hos tile to t he truth, a s to a l ie n a te
o u r broth e rly lo v e fro m th e w i c le C
h ri s ti a n c ong reg a tio n by a n ing th a t w e a r e no t
C hr is tia ns ; w e fo r o ur pa r ts , h av e fro m the beg inni ng a c kno w l e g e d th a t, by the g ra c e
o f G o d , ye a re C
,h ris tia ns al th o u h e d o no t ee th e fa i th o f
g y p k
h ris t i n a ll th ings , a nd C
a re i n m a ny thi ng s di v i d e d— a fa c t whic h I
w il l s hew fro m th e s ev e n g rea t s yno d s , by
w hic h th e orth o dox C
h ris tian fa ith h a s be en e s ta blis h e d a n d d e nitely c o n r me d , i n fi fi
w h ic h a ls o th e w is d om o f G o d h as bui lt h e rs elf a h o us e, a s it w ere , upo n sev e n pilla rs .

M o reo v er, a ll th e p opes w h o s a t in th es e se v e n s yno d s w ere h e ld w or thy o f th e c h a i r of

P
S t e te r bec a us e th ey a greed w i th u s I fi
n'th e rs t s yno d w a s o pe S i lv e ste r, i n the s ec o nd P
fi V
. .

D a m a s us , i n the th ir d C e le s tin us , i n the f ourth the mos tbl es s ed Leo, i n th e fth i g il , i n

th e s ixth O a phinus , a v enera bl e m an, a nd learned i n th e o ly S cri ptures , i nth e s ev e n th th e H
P fi
h oly o pe A d ri a n, w h o rs t se nt Pe ter, a s bis h o an d a bbot o f th e m o na stery o f S t S a ba s, ’
.

w h e nce h a v e s ubse quen tl a ri s en d is sensions atw een u s a nd y o u w h ic h h a v e pri nc i

p a ll prev a il e d i u a nc ient ta na y T
r uly th ere a re m a y e v il thin g s dou c hy yo u c on tr a t
t o t e d iv i n e l a w s a n d s ta tutes , o f w hich w e w ill br i e
.

f‘ irs t, c m
“

w rite to thy c h a r i ty
'

g
.

c erni n th e unl a wfu o bs e rv a n c e o f fas ti n g o n th e _a bba th , s eco ndly, c oncer ni ng th e

g r ea t a s t fro m w hi o y e c u t o fi
’
a w ee
,
k
a nd ea t m ea ts , a n d a ll ure m e n to yo u by th e
g l utto ny o f feas tin g You rej ec t a l s o th os e pri es ts w h o l a wful ly m a rry w iv es ; y e a l s o
'

a n o int a s e c o nd ti me th os e w h o h a v e be e n a n o i n ted i n ba ptis m b th e pre s byte rs , a n d

k
,

s ay th a t ba pti s ms m a y n et be p e rforme d by s i mp le pri es ts but by b s h o ps o nly So l i e

J
.

w ise w i th res pec t to unw holes o me , unleav ened brea d , w h ich m a n ifes tly i nd ic a tes e w is h
s erv i ce o r w ors h ip A nd , w hi c h i s the c h ief of al l e v il s, y e h a v e beg un to a lter a nd p er
fi H H
.

v e r t th ose th i n s w hic h w ere r a ti e d by th e o ly S yno ds, a nd sa y tha t th e ol y G hos t

g
p roc ee d s no t o n y from th e a th e r, but f r o m th e tF i o n, w i th m a n m o re th ing s , c oncern i ng
w hic h y o u r B l es s c d ne ss ou g ht to refe r to yo ur s pi ri tu a l bro t er, th e p atri a rc h o f Co n
s ta nti no pl e, a nd to us e a ll d ili g e n c e th a t s uc h er rors s h o uld be r e mov e d . a nd th a t we .

s ho uld be u nited in s pi ri tua l h ar mo ny , a s S t. Pa ul s a ys i n h i s i ns truc ti v e w ord s — I’

“

beseec h you there fo re, breth ren. by th e n a m e o f o u r L or d e s us hr is t, th a t y e thi nk J C

a nd S ea k
th e s a me th i ng, a n d th a t th ere be n o d iv i s ion na mong yo u, a nd tha t ye be oi n e d j
p
tog at e r i n the s a me nnn d a nd i n th e s a m e ud g me nt
"
j
We h a v e w ri tten to you as .

m uc h as w e c oul d of th es e s ix e xc es s e s ; w e w i ll h er ea fter w rite to th y c ha ri ty of oth er

k
.

th i n g s a l se Fo r if it be true , a s w e h av e h ea rd , th o u thy s elf w il t a c no w led g e w ith m e ,

.

th a t th e c a no ns o f th e h o ly a pos tl es a re tra ns ress e d b yo u, a s w e ll a s th e i n s ti tute s o f

th e s ev en g re a t c oun c il s , a t w h ic h a ll y o ur g
rat pa tr a rc h s w e r e p re s e nt, a nd uni ted i n
p ro no unc ing yo ur d oc tr in e s to be v a in A n d tha t y o u a re ma nifes tly w ro ng . w i l l no w I
fi
.

p la i nly prov e In the rs t plac e, w i th re fere nc e to fa s ting o n the S a bba th , y o u s e e w h a t

.

th e h oly a po stle, w h os e d o c tr i nes ye h old , ta u gh t r e s pec ti n g i t, a s w e l l a s th e most

bles se d o pe C
l em en t, th e fi
rs t a f ter th e Apos tle S t Pe ter. w h o thus w r ites c o nc erni ng .

th e S ub a th fro m th e s ta thtes o f th e A po s tles , a s i t is g iv e n i n th e 64th cnn o n

'
Ir a n
‘
‘

’
ecc le s i a s tic be found to fa st on th e L ord s d a y, o r the s i bbath, exc e ptth e g rea t S a bba th.
l e t him be d e g ra ded ; but if a l a ma n do s o, l et him be exc ommuni ca te d a nd s e par a ted
.
“

f ro m th e c h urc h
‘ l

y
S ec o n dly, w th r efere nc e to g e n eral fa sting , w hic h ye c orr upt It i s a
J k
. .

h eres of the ac obites a nd A r m enia ns, w h o us e s he ep s mi l ev e n on the g rea t h o ly fa s t,

'

y C
fo r w a t tru e hr i s tia n da re s s o to d o or to th in ll R ea d -th e c a no ns o f th e s l th g rea t k
s y nod i n w h ic h yo ur P
o pe O a ph lnus for bid s th es e th i n gs We i ndee d , w he'n w le a r ned g
k
.

th a t, in Arme ni a a nd s o me o th e r pla c es, th ey a te c h ees e m a d e fro m s h e ep s m il a t th e

g rea t fa st, ordered ou r peo le w h o w ere the re to a bs ta in fro m s uc h foo d , a nd fro m ev ery
fi p
s a c r i c e to d ev i ls ; fro m w ic h , i f a m a n a bs ta in n o t, h e s h o uld be s us pend ed fro m per
formin g the s a cred o fii ces M oreo v er, th e th ird e rror a nd sin i s v ery g rea t c onc ernin g
.

th e m a rria ge o f pri e s ts, _fo r y e for bid th o s e wh o h av e w i v e s to r ece iv e the Lo rd s bod v ;

’

w herea s th e hol y c o unc il, w hic h w a s h eld a t G a ug m, w rite s i n th e four th c a no n He

w ho des pi s es a priest w uo h as a w ife ac cording to l aw, a nd s ays tha t it i s not la wful to .
 THE REI GN or I VA N VASSILOVITZ, ETC . 393

R uss i a w ith r ega r d to the c h u r c hes in the East Fi v e yea rs .

a ft e r h i s e l ec ti o n
, Th e o d o s i u s v o l u n ta r ily a bdi ca t e d hi s high

title a n d re tir e d in to the m o n as t ery o f Cho u do ff ; w h er e

, ,

b r in gin g a p o o r a n d fe eble o ld m a n in to his c e ll, h e w ai te d

u p o n him as his s erv a n t a n d hu m ble im ita ti o n o f hi s
, in ,

di v i ne M a s t er , d aily ten de d h is s o res a n d w ash e d his fee t .

He w a s s u c c ee de d in the dig n ity o f m e tr o p o lit a n by a pr ies t

n a m e d P hili p * In the yea r 1 5 8 7 n ear ly a c en t u ry a n d a
. r
,

ha lf a fter the fa ll o f C o n s ta n ti no pl e the Gr eek pa tr ia r c h ,

Moura v leff s
‘
C h urc h o f Russia .

rec e iv e th e s a c ra ment a t h is ha n d, l et h i m he a cc urs ed The c o uncil als o sa r s , ‘ E v ery ‘

.

d ea c o n or prie s t pu tting a w a y h is o w n w i l e, s h a ll be d epriv ed of h i s pri es th oo d ‘ Th e

fi
.

fo u rth s in is th e nno i ntmc nt o r c o n rma tio n Is it n ot s a i d ev er w h e re i n th e c o unc il s ,

I k
.

a c no w le dg e o ne ba pti s m fo r th e re m iss io n o t s i ns ? i f, th ere re, t here is o ne ba pti sm

‘ ‘

the re wi ll be a ls o o ne a no in ti ng, a nd the v i r tue o f the bls bo w il l be th e s a me a s th a t o f

th e ri es t Th e f fi
t h er ro r is w i th re ferenc e to u nle a v e ued rea d . w hi c h erro r ind ee d is
I
.

th e g in ni ng a nd ro o t o f a ll h ere s y, a s w i ll p r ov e a n d , a lth oug h i t mig ht be neces s a ry

to bri ng to th e p ro o f m a ny S c rl tures, ye t I
w i ll d o o ther w ise, a nd fo r th e res ent w ill
m erely s ay J
h a t th e ew s m a e unlc a v e ne d bre a d i n m e mo ry o f thei r d e l v e ra nce a n d
‘

fl C
i g h t fro m E gy p t: but w e are h ri s tia n s, w e n ev e r w e re i n E gypti a n bo nd a ge, a n d w e
k J
h a v e bee n c om ma nd ed to o mit this ind o f e w i s h o bserv a nce W i th re s pec t to th e S a b
ba th , unle nv e ne d brea d , a nd c irc umc is ion A nd , a s S t P
a ul says, w h o so e v e r fo llo w s
k B
. .

o ne o f th e m, is bound to eep th e w h o le l a w ; fo r the s o m e a pos tl e s ays, ‘ re th re n , I

h a v e rec ei v ed fro m th e Lo rd tha t w h ic h a l so I
h av e d eliv er ed unto yo u ; h o w th a t th e
k
Lor d, on th e ni gh t h e w a s betra y ed , too bread , ble s sed a nd s a nc ti ed i t, bro e i t, a nd fi k
g a v e i t to‘ th e h o ly d is ci ples . ‘say ing, a e a nd ea t
‘
T k &c ons i der w h a t i s a y : He d i d
. C
n o t s ay u n leav e ned brea d, but brea d O n th a t o c cas ion no unlea v e nc d bre a d w a s
P J
.

u s e d , a nd th a t it w a s no t the a s sov er i s pr o ba ble fro m th e fa c t, th a t th e e w s Pas so v e r

‘

w a s ea te n s ta ndi n , w h ic h w a s n o t th e c a s e a t
‘
C
h ris t s s up er, a s th e S c ripture s a ys,
g
W h ile ‘ th ey w ere ying d o w n w i th th e‘ tw e lv e, ‘ a n d ' the dis c pie lav upo n His bos o m a t
s up er For w h en h e him s el f s a y s , Wi th d es i re I
h av e d e s i red to e a t th i s Pas s ov e r
I J P
.

s u ffe r, He d o es n o t m ea n th e
’
ew s a ssov er , w h ic h h e h a d o ften
‘
w it y o u be fore
be fo re ea ten w i th them N or w h e n He sa’y s ,
“
T
h is d o in re mem bra nce o f m d i d He
J
.

i mpo se th e nec es s i t o f do in g a s a t th e e w s a ss o v e r P
N o r d oes h e g iv e th e m u n ea v e n e d
B k
.

brea d, but bre ad , w en h e says,

'
eh old th e bra nd w h ic h g i v e o n ; a nd l i e w ise to I
J ud ns. To w h o mso e v er
‘
s h a ll I v e the bre a d , w hen I
ha v e d i p e i t i n th e s a l t, h e sh a l l
betray m e
‘
B ut if ye a rgu
. Ve use unleav e ned brea d in t e sa c ra men ts be ca use in p
d iv ine th i ng s th ere is no ad m ture o f the ea rthly, w hy then hav e ya forg o tten di v i ni ty,
J k
a nd follo w th e ri tes o f th e ews , w a l i ng i n the h eres y o f ul ia n hi ms el f, of M a hom et, o f J
A llinar ius a nd Pa ul the Syr ia n, o f S umo s a ta , a nd E uty c hi us a nd D i ns tc rl us , a nd o th ers
w 0 w ere pro n o unced a t th e s ixth c ouncil to be m os t d e ra v ed bere tic s, a nd ll ed w i th the fi
s pi ri t o f th e d e v i l ? For w hy d o y ou s a y ,
‘
I
believ e i n 0 0 th e a the r, a nd i n th e S o n, a nd F
i n th e H o ly G h os t, w h o pro cee d s fro m th e F
a th e r a nd th e S o n ?
‘
ruly , i t is m a rv el lo us a nd T
k
h o rrible to s pea of, th a t 9 th us d ar e p erv er t th e fa ith ; w h i le from th e beg i nni ng i t h a s
been co ns ta nti s ung i n l c hurc h e s th ro ug h out th e w orld, be li ev e i n the oly G h os t, I H
th e Lo rd a nd l v er of Life, w h o receed eth fro m th e F
a th er, w h o, tog e ther w i th th e
F a th e r a n d th e S on is w ors hi ppe a nd g lori ed
‘
fi
W hy then d o you no t s a y, a s al l o the r
C k
.

h ri s tia n s d o, i ns tead o f m a ing a d d i tio ns, a n d i n tro d uc ing a ne w d o c tri ne w h i le o n th e

o th er h a nd th e A po stle d ecl ares, If a ny m a n pr ea c h to yo u mo re th a n th ose thing s w h ic h
w e h a v e d ec la re d to y o u, l et h im be a n a the m a
‘
I
hope ye m ay not fa ll u nd er th a t c urse,
.

fo r it is a d a nge ro us a nd a fearful thing to al te r a nd pe r v ert th e s cri pture s o f G od, c om

ose d by th e sa in ts D o ye no t perce iv e h o w v e gre a t is your e rror ? For ye i n tro
d H k
.

uce tw o v ir tue s, tw o princi ples , a nd tw o w il ls, w th re fere nce to the o ly S piri t, ta i ng

k
a w ay a n d m a i ng o f s mall acco unt h is honour, a nd ye co n fo rm to th e Ma c e d o nia n here s y,
fro m w hi ch G o d rese rv e us I
bow my se lf a t thy s acred fee a nd bes ee c h th ee to c ea se
k
.

f ro m erro rs o f th s i nd w h ic h are a m o ngs t yo u, and, a bov e ai a bs ta i n fro m unlea v enc d

bre ad I wi s he d a lso to wri te s o m e th ing co nce rni ng s tra n led and unc lea n a nim als , a n d
k I
.

o f mo n s ea ti ng m ea t, bu i t it p lea se G o d , W i ll w ri te o f c anh ere afte r E xc use me , o f .

t hy e xtre me c h a ri t th a t ha v e w ritte n to th ee o f th es e th ing s Exa mi ne th e S cri ptures , .

a n d on w il l find w l other the th ings w hic h are d o ne by yo u o u ht to be d o ne pra y th e e, I

C g
.

m 0 rd , w ri te to my Lord th e P
a tr ia rc h of o ns ta ntinople, a n to th e h o ly m e tro po li ta ns,
h
w o ha v e i n th e ms elv es th e w or d o f life, a nd s h i ne a s l i ghts i n th e w o rl d fo r i t m a y
q
be th a t, by th eir m ean s God ma in u ire c oncerning errors of this s ort, a nd correc t a n d
s e ttle th e m A fter war ds, if i t 5 a ll s ee m g oo d to the e, w rite to m e w h o a m th e l ea s t
I j
.

, Metro p
a m ong all o th ers oli ta n o f R uss ia , s al ute thee a nd a ll thy sub ec ts , bo th c le rgy
k k
.

a nd l nit Th e holy bis ho ps , m o n s , ing s , a nd g re at men, sal ute th ee a ls o Th e l ov e

I
.

"
A me n. - (l1erbe rs teln s “ te rum M us c o
'
o f the o ly S pi rit be wi th thee a nd a ll thine
-
.

v i ta rum .
39 4 T H E A R CH E R AND T H E ST EP P E .

J ere mia h cam e to Russia to beg for m o n e y and i t

a ss s a n c e

in rebuilding th e des e cra te d church es of Byz a n tiu m a n d , ,

grateful for the honoura ble rece ption he re ce ive d at Moscow ,

he confe rre d upon h er primate th e titl e of patri a rch But .

in 147 5 , during the p o n tific a te o f Pa ul II a no th e r o ppor fi

.
,

tu n ity a pp e a re d to pre se nt its elf of bringing th e e xte nsive

e mpire o f Russia b e n ea th th e pa t er nal sw a y of th e h e ad of

the Latin church U pon the fa ll o f Byz a ntium Thomas

.
,

Pal e ologus the broth er o f th e last Constantin e a n d despot

, ,

o f th e More a h eld out in th a t p eninsul a for six ye a rs agains t

,

th e Turks ; but the G r e ci a n citi e s succum bing o n e by o n e to

the inv a d e rs he a b a ndone d the va in d e fe n c e of his province s
, ,

a n d re mo v e d to Rom e with his d a ught e r Sophi a th e sol e ,

h eire ss of his house wh ere in th e i r religion profe ssing the

,

catholicism of the W e st the y live d und e r the prote ction of,

,

a n d with a p ension of fi v e thous a nd livr e s fr om the pop e , .

U pon the de ath o f th e C zar i n a Ma ry l ea ving only o n e son , ,

Iva n her husb a nd s ent to d em a nd in marriage for hims elf th e

hand of the Gree k princ e ss and Pa ul hopin g that Sophia , ,

m ight conve rt the Czar e agerly 1 ec om m en de d he r fa th e r to

,

a cc e d e to the proposition a n d s en t he r to Russia a c com a

, p ,

ni ed by the C a rdina l Anton ia and a large and brillia nt re tinu e .

In ord er to cre ate a n impre ssion upon a n a lwa ys susc e ptibl e

populace, A n tonia d e cla re d his inte ntion of m a king a public
e ntry i nto Mosco w with the c r os s born e o n high b efo r e him ,

a n d a tte n de d by a body of L a tin e ccl e siastics But this w a s .

prevent e d by the i n dignant r e monstra nc e of P hili p th e ,

m etropolita n w ith th e Cz a r
,
W ho e v e r pra is e s a n d honour s
.

”
a forei gn faith sa id h e “ th a t m a n d e gra d e s his o w n If
, , .

the l e g a t e ent e rs with his cross a t o n e ga te of th e city I ,

”
sh a ll aba ndon it a t the oth er The hop e s o f th e Rom a ns
.

wer e furth e r doom e d to dis a ppointme n t by the fickle conduct

o f Sophia h e rs e lf who fa r from t r ying to induce h er husband
, ,

to a cknowle dge the holy see as soon a s s h e ha d arr i v e d in

,

Moscow cons e nt e d to conform to th e pra ctice re quire d from

the C z a rina s and professed the Russian fa i th
, It w a s a .

ge nera l impre ssion t hroughout the empire th a t the w orld ,

would com e to a n e n d in the yea r 7 0 0 0 and c o n se

quently a s that tim e dr e w n e ar th e gre ate st gloom pr e va il e d
, ,

ove r Russia The boya rds built church e s in the hope s o f

.

a toning for th e i r sins ; highwa y robbe rs d eliv e re d th e m

M a iefr s Chu rc h of R u ss i a
o ur v
‘
.
39 6 TH E A R C H E R AN D TH E S T EPPE .

s e quently by l a w the guilty m a n w a s forc e d to re nd er up ,

his w e apons a n d a poltin to the judge, b e side s p a ying the

e stablish e d fi n e to th e stat e with fi fty din a s to the n ota i y, ,

a n d four a l tin s to the const a bl e But if the injure d party ha d

su fi er e d a n y loss by th e culprit wh e th e r from in c e n di a i is m
'

, ,

th e d e a th o f a fri e nd plund e r 0 1 th e ft h e r e c eive d a suit

, , ,

a bl e comp e ns a tion procure d from th e prop er ty of th e crimi n a l ,

who w a s b e side s force d to pa y th e a cc ustome d fin e to th e

judge and const a bl e a n d was often a lso cond emn ed a ccording
, ,

to the m a gn itud e o f the o ffenc e to u n d e rgo corp o r al punish ,

m en t Murd erers ofth eir m a ster s church robb ers kidn a ppers
.
, , ,

a n d thos e who s e cretly intro d uc e d th eir goods into anoth e r

’
m a n s h ouse and the n pret end e d that they h a d bee n stolen
,

fr om th e ms e lv e s inc en di a ri e s a n d tra itors we re li a ble to

, , ,

c a pita l punishm en t H e who w a s convicte d for the first

.

tim e of th eft w a s sente nce d to be fine d a n d flogge d 5 bu t

,

if d e te cte d in a s econd crim e o f the s a m e n a ture w a s doom e d ,

to su ffe r dea th And, if a convict e d thie f ha d not su fli c i en t

.
‘

prop erty to re compe ns e his a ccus er he w a s condemn e d be fore ,

his punishm e nt to s erve him fo r a tim e a s a sl a v e The .

p r ovinci a l gove rnors whos e a uthority w a s n o t s u fii c i ent to

,

d ecid e a v e rdi ct , might con de mn e ith e r pa rty to pa y a sma ll

fin e and th en s end th e cas e fo r judgm e nt to th e ordin a ry
,

ju dge s a n d who e ve r accus e d a noth e r of murd er plun de r , ,

o r th e ft w a s oblig e d to go to Moscow
,
a n d procur e a con ,

st a ble who a rre ste d th e culprit, a n d brough t him to th e

,

c a pit a l o n a n a ppoin te d da y to m ee t hi s a ccuse r If the

'

d efenda nt d enie d the crim e e ve n w h e n the pla intiff was sup ,

port e d by witne sses h e w a s a t lib erty to a pp ea l to a d e cision

,

by si ngl e comb a t in which c a s e he would s a y “ I commit

, ,

mys el f to the justic e of Go d a n d the s word a n d d e si r e a fa ir ,

”
field and a due l Eith e r of the disputants w a s at lib erty
.

to procure a substitut e or m a k e u s e of a ny wea pon e xce pt a

,

gun o r a bow though t he y ge n era lly fought wi th a d a gger

,

and a lan ce and e ach was suppor t e d a n d e ncourag e d by sp e c

ta to r s a n d fri en ds who stood a round to e ns u re fa irn e ss a n d
,

e qu ity But bribe s w ere give n a n d r e ceiv e d on a ll side s

.

w ith the most sh a m el e s s fr e qu e ncy, both by th e magistrat e s

a n d judges so that few poor m e n had a n y chance in m a int a in
i n g a caus e a ga i n st th e rich , m ore e sp e ci a lly a s th e y were
"

n e v e r p ermitt e d to obt a in a per sonal int e rvi e w w ith the

K
' '

nerbcr s teln R ernm Mus c ov itarum

‘
s .
 I
THE RE GN o r I VAN VASSILOVITZ, me
. 39?

U pon his marriage with the pri nc ess Sophia, I v an adopte d

the double h e aded e agl e , the ar m s of the Gree k e mpire, for
-

his b a nne r, and pla ced in the c e ntre upon a shi eld the figu r e
of th e dra gon and S t _ Ge orge which had for m e rly be e n
.
,

d e picte d on the flag of Moscow and this re pl a cing th e thre e

,

triangl e s the ancie nt arms of th e Gra nd P rinces of Kie f he

, ,

c a m e fro m henceforth the e stablish e d ensign of the Russia n

e mp i re .

Sinc e th e clos e o f his first w a r i n 1 469 I van had regul a rly

,

for six ye ars paid the trib ut e to K ipza k but wh e n Sophi a

discove re d that Mongul o fii c er s re side d by agre em e nt w ithin
the v e ry palac e of th e C zar wh e re th e y na rrowly wa tch e d his
,

e v e ry action and ordinanc e wh e n s he sa w her husba nd stan d .

uncove re d b e fore th e se dignita ri e s a n d h eard of the degr a d

,

i n g cer e moni e s and h um ilia ting position he was compe ll e d to

as sume wh e n re c e iving the am bassadors of the kh a n who , ,

shortly a fte r her marriage ca m e to coll e ct the tribute, s he

,

indignantly informe d hi m tha t s he discove red she ha d ma rri e d

a slav e of the Tartars Stung by this re proach a t a time
.
,

wh e n th e e mpire was fil l e d with the disaffecte d and ma l econ

te nts who disappoi nted at the fa ilure o f th e hop es th ey had
, ,

form e d o f him W h en h e firs t asc ende d the thron e a n d c o n ,

d e m n in g the apathy and cautio u s policy o f th e ir mona rch ,

loudly murmure d at his ne gle ctin g to se ize the p r e s e n t

fa vourabl e m ome nt and follow up h is victories at Ka zan by
,

free ing the m fro m this ga lling and disgraceful yoke ; Ivan
promis e d her tha t at l e ast the Kre mlin should be fr e e d fro m
the pre s e nce of their tyrants a n d accordingly sent a f orm a l

e m b a ssy to S erai informing A c h rn et that the Cz a rina h a d

,

b ee n fa voure d by a visio n fro m a bove desiring her to d e stroy

,

th a t par t of the palace which h a ppe ne d to be the abod e o f

th e Mongul e nvoys and er e ct a t e mpl e to the glo r y of th e
,

Most High in its place H e a dd e d that if the kh a n w ould

.
,

graciously pe rmit S ophia to fulfil the Divin e command a ,

suitable d w elling should be pro v ide d for his officers i n anoth e r

quarter but o n A c hm et s conse nting to the chan ge the
,
’
,

buil ding was d emolish e d a n d no other resid e nce fo r the

,

Tarta rs supplied so th a t th e y a ngrily qui tted Mo s cow A

,
.

di ffe re nc e having arise n with his alli es of P olan d the khan ,

w a s unable for the pr e s e nt to r e ve nge thi s breac h of fa ith ;

a n d th e following y e ar wh e n his e nvoys came to Mosc o w for
,

the tribute, the C z a r caus e d th e m a ll to be ex ecu te d, and

39 8 TH E A RC H E R AND T H E sm r rs .

s ent word to their master th a t the time of servitud e was no w

past Immediately this an swe r b e came public the Muscovite s
.
,

gave th e mselves up to the most e xtravagant delight ; a picture

’
o f A c h m et w a s dragge d at a hors e s tail through th e stre e ts ,

a n d ca st into the waters of th e M os qu a the crosse s on th e

su mmit of the churches which ha d be e n surmounte d by th e
,

M o n gul s on their conquest of the e m pire by a gilde d cre sce nt

, , ,

wer e n o w pla c e d above the e mble m o f the Mussulma n fa ith

but th eir rej oi cin gs were cut short by the int elligence that th e
Tart a rs w ere collecting a ll th eir forces for on e last and de
spe ra t e e ffort to maintain th e i r powe r i n Europe a n d unitin g , ,

w ith th e form idable army of the P ol e s, had prepared to m ar ch

o n Rus si a .

N ov o go r o d had just fa ll en afte r a war o f seve n ye ars a n d ,

h er spoil had enriche d the coffe rs o f the Czar the army well ,

e qu ippe d a n d provided and e l a te d by its triumphs in the

,

north w a s now left free to oppose their enemi e s th e khan

,

o f the Crimea in alli ance with Moscow had m arch e d to h e r

, ,

a ssist a nc e in Lithuania ; but Iva n though he had j oin e d in ,

the l a te conflict app e ars to hav e b een at all ti m es d efici e nt

,

i n common n e rve and courage a n d fearful of losing a ll by ,

too pre cipitate a shock w a s s eized with a sudde n fea r a n d

,

i n d e cis ion, when he sa w the storm that he had rais e d a ro und ,

a bo u t to burst as he i magine d ov e r his h e ad

, He had sent
, .

the C ze m na for greate r s a fe ty to th e mona ste ry of Bielozero ,

, ,

and W ould gladly have fortifie d himself in his ca pita l a n d ,

come to terms with the fo e but it w as too lat e to r e ce d e

, .

All Russia appeare d to hav e arm e d he rself to j oin the dea dly
cont est th e p easant with his hatch e t, the noble with his
bo w a lik e floc ked to mee t the squadrons of the e ne my and
,

the C za r o v i tz who comm a n d e d the advanc e d force of the

,

Musco v ite s o n the O ka from whence Ivan had re tr e at e d in

,

h a s te to Moscow, and w as prepa re d to e ncount e r wit h a

res olute de fence any atte mpt of the Monguls to cross re fuse d ,
’
to ob ey h is fath e r s positive comma nd to return, and abandon
hi s post . The excited pe ople accuse d th e ir sove reign o f
ba se cowar dice and a tumult would inevitably hav e b ee n the
,

re sult ha d not Ivan list e ne d in time to the fr ie ndly voice

,

a n d warning o f the church

“
W ould yo u, excl a im e d the
”
.

prim a te at an int ervie w with his sovereign w ho had ,

anxiously in quire d if it w e re still possibl e to com e to a ny

arra ngement, “ give up Russia to fire and sword , and the
4 0 01 TH E A R C H E R M D T HE e Pr E .

hara s s the Musco v ite t e rritori e s Iva n r e turn ed with his —

army in triumph to his ca pita l wh ere the v ictorie s o f hi s ,

ge n eral s h a d oblite ra te d a ll re col le ction of the accus a tions of

cowa rdice a n d ind e cision which th e Mu s co v ites ha d so shor t
, ,

a tim e be fore brought against their m ona rch whos e wa ve r

, ,

ing th ey n o w attribut e d to a hum a n e a n d proph e tic policy ,

which anxious to spare the blood ofhis subj e cts w a s unwilling

, ,

to br in g the whole a rmy o f Russia to oppose a fo e which th e

‘

, ,

e ve nt ha d prove d might be subdu e d by so infe rior and i n

,

signific a nt a force About this tim e the Cz a r reinsta t e d his

.
,
’
n eph e w Iva n in his fa th er s principa lity though d e pe nd ent ,

upon Moscow but this you n g pr inc e di e d a fe w ye ar s afte r ,

l ea v ing thr e e son s Ba zil F e dor a n d Iva n a nd th e two eld e s t

, , , ,

l ong cont endi n g for the provinc e it b e ca m e a wr e tche d pre y , ,

for se v e ra l months to a disastrous and d e solating civil w a r

, .

At the en d of th a t tim e F e dor w a s kille d in a ba ttl e fou ght

,

a t Riaz a n a ga i n s t h is bro th e r who w a s how e ve r so s e v e re ly

, , ,

woun de d th a t h e only survive d his vic tory a few days and

, , ,

be ing burie d with the r e st of the sl a in amid th e plains n e a r

th e ci ty a n o a ke n cross which long e xiste d was e re cte d to
,

th e ir m e mory on th e gh a stly field of comb a t Th eir moth e r .

s eiz e d th e go ve rnme nt upon the d eath o f the two cla im a n ts ,

but h er right w a s dispute d by Iva n her youn gest son who , ,

forming a n a lli a nc e with th e Ta rt a rs thre w he r i nto a ,

mona ste r y and app ea l e d for a ssista nc e to Bazil IV w ho

, .
,

th e n re ign e d in Moscow But th e Cz a r h earin g th a t Iva n

.
,

ha d fo rm e d a matri m oni a l a lli a n c e with the d a ught e r o f th e

kha n o f th e C r im e a w ith w h om h e w a s th e n a t war ca us e d
, ,

him to be arr e ste d by his officers and k e pt und er strict sur ,

v ei lla n c e an d to pre ve nt a n i n surre ction in Ri a z a n dis

, ,

per s e d its p eopl e i n c o lonie s ov e r di ffe re nt parts of his empire .

In 1 5 2 1 , wh e n the T a rta rs o f Ka za n inva d ed a n d b e sieged

M oscow Iva n e sc a p e d from prison in the tumult a n d fle d to
, ,

Lithu a ni a wh er e h e di e d in obscurity a n d his pa trimony

, ,

w a s h e nc e for th comp r is e d withi n th e w ide doma ins of

l‘vIu sc o v y .

A similar fa te await e d the provinc e of S e ve ra the i n her i~ ,

ta n c e o f the chil dr e n of And r e a th e yo u nge st son of D em e ,

t r ins o f the D on a n d which during the war with Poland fell

, , ,

into the h a nds of Iva n III Its prince was brought in ch a ins
.

to Mosco w where he shortly a fter e xpire d in his dungeon

, ,

and th e C zar on his d eathbed b eque athed it to his s e cond

, ,
 THE REIGN o r
'

I VA N v a ss o v rr z,
‘

ET C . 40 1
’

so n Ge orge whose successor B azil Se v ers ki subsequ ently lost

, , ,

his li be r ty and princi pality by his own treach e ry a n d i a

ordinate ambition Two o f his cousins anothe r Bazil and
.
,

D e me trius, owned castles not fa r from his own of N ov o go r o d

S e v ers ki a n d seizin g upo n th e posse ssion of the forme r he
, , ,

drov e the unfortunate chie f into e xil e while he fals ely accus e d ,

th e latte r to the C z a r B a zil IV , o f tre as on and re c eive d .

, ,

ord e rs to tak e him pris oner by any contrivance, and s e nd

him forthwith to Moscow S ev er ski accordingly c a us e d
.

D e me trius who was adva nc e d in yea rs to be w a yla id a n d

, , ,

capture d in a wood whil e hunti n g and s e nt to Mosco w a n d his , ,

s o n flyi n g to the C rim e an T a rta rs e ntre ate d th eir aid in th e

, ,

r escue of h i s fa th e r from the gra sp of Mus covy and in orde r ,

to e nl ist th e m more readily i n his ca use renou n ced his re ligio n ,

a nd be cam e a Mahome ta n Bu t unhappily h e b e cam e

.

poss e ss e d with a viol e nt a n d hope le ss attachmen t for a young

Ta rt a r girl of Batchi S e rai and in a n attemp t to carry her
-
,

privat ely by night fro m th e h a re m o f her fa the r who ha d ,

re fus e d to grant him an inte rvi e w th ey were both shot by a ,

’
s e rvan t who guarded the ste r n o l d Mussul man s gate O n .

’
h ear in g o f thi s young prince s flight to his enemies the Czar ,

h a d caused Demetrius to be pl a c e d in mos t rigorous c o n fin e

m ent ; but in the ye ar 15 19 wh e n the unhappy o ld m a n ,
'

re c eive d int elligence of his son s untimely de ath , he aba ndone d

himse lf to grief and de spair and re fusing all food and nouris h
, ,

m e nt die d in a fe w da ys The ruin o f Sev erski howe ve r

,
.
, ,
’
soon followed his wretch e d victim s dec e as e he was accuse d
to Bazi l o f having charge d D e m e tri us with treason to concea l
his o w n re b ellious machin a tions w hich he fear ed th a t chi e f ,

m ight re ve al , and he prov e d in a long and hopeless imprison

m ent whi ch only e nde d with his death the dange r a n d
, ,

ins e curity o f the fri e ndship o f a suspicious and d e spotic

tyrant and the ins tability of a ll alliances when utt erly de s
,

ti tu te o f fidelity o r truth He had re fused to re p a ir to

.

Moscow on the first summons u nle ss he should pre viously ,

re ce iv e le tters of sa fe conduc t ratifie d by the sole mn oa ths o f

-
,

the me tropolitan and the prince : these were forwa rd e d to

him without hesitation and he incautiously confid e d in the
,

word of a monarch whose tre ache ry and insincerity we re

e qu a l e v en to his own It was r umoured a t the tim e that
.
,

som e o f his letters had b ee n int erc epted to the king of P ol a nd ,

which expressed a wish to d e s e r t to the Pol e s but it app e ars
40 2 TH E A R C H E R AN D TH E ST EPPE .

more probable, that as S e ve ra w a s n o w the only province in

the empire w hich con taining fortified towns and castle s, w a s
,

still independe nt o f Moscow Bazil had invented a n d cir ,

c ula te d this account as a plausible pre text for t a king

,

posses sion of his gove rn m ent Wh e n Sev ers ki, relyi ng on .

’
the C z a r s promis e o f se cur ity was a bout to ente r the capital
, ,

the court j ester ta kin g a broom , b ega n to swe ep the stree ts

, ,
’
a n d on b eing a ske d wh a t he m ea nt e xclai med The C zar s ,

d omi n ions are not yet thoroughl y cl ea ns ed ; but n o w is the

”
tim e for swee ping a ll briars from the e mpire .

R os to ff and Y a r o sl a f th e in h e ritance of G eorge and Bazil

“

, ,

the two brothe rs of I v a n III , w e re also conque re d and added

.
,

by that princ e to hi s own e xtensive te rritories George

escaped to Livonia but Ba zil l e ss fortunate was s eize d and
, , ,

placed in irons though un a bl e to endu r e this harsh trea tment

,

he shortly after di e d i n Moscow The Czar i s said to have .

shown much remors e on this e vent as h e ha d hardly expe cted ,

his cruelty would h a ve be e n so soon a ttend ed by fa ta l re sults

and he might indee d well feel if not thoroughly ins ensible , ,

that he had morall y incurre d th e g uilt of fratricid e but he

e a sily obtaine d an absolution from the subs ervi ent m etr opo
litan on professing sinc er e rep enta nce and the dungeons and
m onasteries o f his c a pit a l during his o w n reign and that o f
,

his successor w er e filled with his u nh a ppy kin smen gene ra lly
, ,

r ebe ls whom for yea rs h e r el entlessly maintai ned in the

,

strictes t and s eve res t c a ptivity .

In the year 14 9 2 a n ill egal duty e xa cte d from some Rus

, ,

sian m erchants in K a fla , couple d wi th v a ri ous slights and

'

insults from the Turks provoked an an gry re monstran ce from

,

Ivan with the O ttoman sulta n Baj a zet to whom he propos e d ,

a diplomatic in te rcourse betwe e n the Russi an and Turkish

.

empire s . Whe nce do th es e a cts of viol e nce arise ? says he

i n his letter 5 a r e yo u a wa re o f th e m , or are you not ? O ne

word be fore I cl ose Ma home t your fa th e r w as a great , ,

p ri nce h e inte nde d to h a ve s e nt amb a ssa dors to pay me a

du e re spect but G o d pre v e nted th e exe cution o f his proj e ct
,
.

Wh y should it n ot n o w be accomplish e d ? ”
Thre e yea rs
afte r w ard s, Micha el Ple sc hi ef the first Russi a n ambassador,

to Turkey, arrive d at Consta ntinopl e a s pl e nipotentiary of

the C zar B efore l e avin g Moscow, h e had rece ived the
.

strictest i njunctions from Ivan , n o t to bo w the knee to the

He l bers te ln s
‘ '
Rerum Muscov itarum .
 T EIE A RC H ER A XD TH E S T EPPE .

e mp e ror to confe r upon hi m the dignity o f king though the ,

m a tt e r must be ke pt ve ry s e cre t l e st th e king of P ol a n d

should h e ar of it ; the Czar proudly ans w e red Through
’
G od s gr ac e I am sove re ign of my o w n countri e s and h a ve
, ,

b een so fro m the b e ginn in g by right of my a ncestors I hold

, .

my station a lone fro m God a n d pra y to Him tha t it may be

,

so pre s e r v e d to m e a n d my childr e n fo r a s i n ti me s pa st I , ,

h a ve ne ve r d e si r e d th e nomination of any oth er powe r so ,

n e ith e r do I n o w The n egotiations were ultim a t ely

.

e ntirely b r ok e n o ff by th e re it e rat e d re fus a l o f Iva n to allow

his d a ught e r to be s ee n by e ve n h er fu ture husba nd b efore

, ,

her m a rri a ge a n d P opp el quitt e d Mosco w in 1 4 89 and r e ,

tu r ne d through Livoni a and Swe de n to Austria A third .

a tt e mpt was made by Vi e nn a , to fo rm a n a lli a nce wi th

R u ssia in th e ye ar 1 4 9 0 wh e n Ge org von Thurn was s e nt

, ,

by Maximili a n the ki n g of the Romans to Moscow wh e re

,
“

, ,

h e w a s fa r more cour te ously r e c e ive d th a n his pre d e c e ssor ,

and a dmitt e d not only to an audi e nc e wi th the Czar but to ,

th e more unusual honour of a n inte rvi e w with the Cz a rin a

S o phi a He st a te d the d e sire of his mast er to e nt e r into a
.

d e fen sive a ll ia nc e with Ivan a nd a lso to marry a Muscovi t e

,

p r inc e ss ; in w hich c a s e Ma xi m ili a n e n g age d to allo w th e

’

fr ee a n d u ndistu rhe d e x er cise of h er r eligion to his brid e ,

a n d promis e d th a t s he should a lso m a intai n i n Vi e nn a a

Greek chur ch a n d suita bl e a tte ndan ce of prie sts Thu r n
,
.

ho w e v er re quired in c a s e th e Cz a r thought favourably o f this

,
:

re qu e st th a t h e should be a llow e d to s e e the princ e ss and be

, ,
.

e n a bl e d to s e nd to his sove re ign a fa ithful r e port of h er

b e a u ty ; a n d a lso th a t h e should know the amount o f h e r
do w ry But the pre sumptuous envoy w a s informe d that it
.
,

w a s n o t th e custom in Russia to s e t out th e princess e s fo r

show and th a t it was a n unheard o f pra ctic e among grea t
,

m onarchs to mention the do w ry b e fore the marriage c er e

mony had b een comple te d ; a ft er that the C za r would c er ,

ta i nly b e sto w upon his da ught er a sum p r oportionat e to h e r

high ra n k He was fu rth e r re que ste d to give a l e tt er of
.

ass ur a nc e th a t s he should be permitt e d to have a Gre ek

church and pri ests but Thurn did n o t think that his i nstru o
,

tions had b e e n suffici ently positive to authoriz e hi m to do

this h e succeed e d howe ve r in concluding a tre aty o f a lli a n ce
, ,

b e tw e en the R ussi a n a n d Austri a n courts and convey e d a ,

l e tt e r from Iva n to Ma ximilian, o f which the form e r had .

 r un R EI GN or IVAN v a ssrnov rr z, me . 4 05

con firmed the sincerity by ki ssing the cross Before his .

d eparture, the C z a r present e d him with a gold chain a n d

cross an ermin e mantle lin e d with satin worke d in g old a n d
, ,

a p a ir o f gold spurs
. and h e was accompa nie d to Vi e n n a
by tw o boyards Bazil K ul esc hin and Tr a c ho ni a ta fi who
,

carrie d with th e m a duplicat e o f the treaty o f alliance dra w n

u
p by Ivan , a n d r eady for th e signature of the Austr i a n
e mp e ror .But the ambassad ors were so long u pon the ro a d ,

a s th e y left Moscow o n the 2 0 th of Au gu st and did n o t

re a ch Germany till the follow i n g 2 3r d o f April , that a re por t
ga ine d cre dence in Europe, th a t the shi p i n which Thur n
h a d sail ed from K o n i sber g to Livonia had b ee n lost ; and
M a ximilia n supposing that his proposals ha d n o t been m e n
ti o n e d by the a dvic e o f th e e mperor a n d th e lords of the
,

e mpire betro th e d hims elf to Ann e o f Britt a n y

; and ga v e
up th e id e a of m arriag e wi th a Muscovit e princ ess To .

e xpl a in this to Ivan, Thurn was a gai n s e nt that sa m e yea r

to Mosco w a n d h e also re que ste d the C za r a s Ma ximili an
, ,

had ratified the tre aty by a sol e mn Vo w in presence o f th e ,

Russian deputie s to perform the same ceremony on his sid e

,

a n d thi s was imm e diately c a rri e d out by Iv a n who took a n ,

’
o a th to observe it, sworn o n S t An drew s cross The s a m e . .

y e a r another Aus trian , Mich a e l Sn u ps came to Moscow with , ,

instructions from the ar chduke Sigismund to obta in pe r

m is sion to m a k e a scienti fic tour through Russia, as fa r as
the banks of th e O bi , a n d the shores o f th e Icy Sea but th e
d e sire was re fuse d by the Russi a n gove rnm e nt o wing to th e ,

dis t rus t with which they re ga rde d all fore igne rs though th ey ,

alle ged as a pretext that the difficulties o f so haza rdous a

,

j ourney were to o great for a strange r w hen eve n the ,

officers who we re sent to coll e c t tribut e in those p a rts fr s ,

quently encounte red the gre at e st dange rs o n th eir route .

T w elve years afte r this, a noth e r amb a ssador was s e nt by

Maximili a n to the C zar to condole with hi m upon the
,

disas trous d e fea t that he ha d lately susta ined from the

Livonians at Plesko f, and re questing a pre se nt of some white
fa lcons, which he h e ard w e re e sp ecially fin e in Russia Fi v e .

w e re imm ediat ely sent to Vi e nna under the c a re of a Musco

vit e o fli c er nam e d Mikha il Jer opki n A few months a fte r . ,

th e G erman emperor and his so n, king Philip of C as til e ,

Maj o s I ntrodu ction to He b rs teln s Rerum M

r
‘
r e
'
ltnrum us co v .

H w a G
e as k w h o h d cc omp i ed S ophi to Mo sc o w
ree a a an a .

He ultim a t l y esp ou s ed M ar y the h eiress orBu rg u nd y

e , .
40 6 TH E AR C HER AND TH E S T EPPE .

th e son i h la w o f F e rdinan d a n d Isab ella , s ent l e tte rs by an

- -

Austri a n na m e d J ulius K a n tinger though this envoy only ,

proc e e de d as fa r as Na rva to the C z a r a n d his son Ga briel

,

I v a n o v itz a n d a ddr e ssing th e m bot h by the form e r titl e ,

h e re que st e d the lib er a tion of s everal distinguish e d Livoni a n

prisone r s of w a r who as Ge rman knights were und e r the
, , ,

pr ot e ctio n of the e mpire .

During th e reign o f Ba zil IV , surn a me d th e Courage ou s .

o r th e H a nd s o m e s ev e ra l oth e r a mbass a dors a rrive d a t

,

Mosco w The most n ot e d o f th e s e w a s the Baron H e rb e r

.

stein s e nt by Ma xi m ilian of Austria to n egotia t e both with

,

Sigis mund king of P ol a nd and th e Cz a r a n d he has left us , ,

a full a n d gra phic d e scription of the countrie s and the ir

p e opl e through which he pa sse d A Mila ne s e e nvoy by .

whom h e w a s accompani e d, part e d with hi m a t Vilna and

re turne d to Germa ny being una bl e to e ndure the s eve ri ty of
,

th e cli m at e a n d he cross e d th e D w ina on a strip of i c e wh e re ,

six h undre d Russi a ns had b ee n dro w ne d not m a ny d a ys

b efore in att e mpting to pa ss At Moscow he w a s lodge d a t .

the hous e of prince Pe te r R epo l o u ski, which had b e e n hastily

fitte d up for his re c eption ; and th e re re c eive d a da ily
a llowanc e fo r hims elf a n d suit e o f a l a rge pi e c e of b ee f a
, ,

live sh e e p o n e live and o n e d ead h a re six live fowls

, , ,

ve get a bl e s o a ts d r ie d sturg e on a bottl e of brandy three

, , , ,

d i fier e n t sorts o f m e ad and two of b ee r a n d o n c e a week

'

, ,

a s much p ep per s a lt, a n d s a ffron as he r e qui re d ; but h e

,

w a s k e pt und e r the stric te st surve illanc e an o ffice r b e ing ,

depute d by the Gr a nd P rinc e to wa tch n ar rowly that non e

e nt e r e d or l e ft th e hous e w i thout his kno w l e dge At l e ngth .

h e r e c eive d a m e ssage brought by the boyard Va ssi li Jaros

’
l o v s ki a n ear rel a tive of Baz il s informing him that the
, ,

Czar would gra n t hi m an a udi enc e o n th e morro w and the

following da y he re p a ire d to th e court unde r th e e scort of ,

s e ve r al n obl e m en a n d cour ti e rs on hors eback C rowds .

as s e mbl e d on a ll sid e s to gaze at th e r a re sight of a G er man ,

as th e Musco v ite s call e d all E urop e ans a n d a s th ey dre w ,

n ea re r to the Kremlin in front of which soldie rs w ere m a rch

.

ing to a nd fro it was n e c ess a ry to rep e l the p e opl e by forc e

, .

H e rb erst ein w a s compe lle d to dismount b efore approaching

th e castl e a s non e w e re p ermitt e d to p a ss the a bod e of th e ir
,

sove re ign on hors eback, though he informs us that in ord er ,

to claim p eculiar honour fo r his master, he spurred as clos ely

40 8 T HE AR C H ER AN D TH E S T EPPE .

tur e it give s o f the mann ers a n d customs o f the Muscovit e

court .

W h en th ey re turne d to th e p alace in th e e ve n in g th ey ,

w ere us he re d into th e ba nquetin g room wh e re the prince s -

,

and mi nist e rs ha d a lrea dy as s e mbl ed Table s we r e arra nge d .

a ll down the hall and cove r e d with a profu sion o f gold a n d

,

sil v e r pl a te th e prin ce s a n d ol d e s t courti e rs a n d councillors

, ,

s a t with the Cz a r whil e th e a mbass a dors a n d th e ir suit e s

,

w ere place d opposit e ; a n d th e att endants we a ring ma gnifice nt ,

robe s studd e d with j e wel s w a lke d a ft er th e gu e sts round a, ,

sta nd i n the c entre which h e ld the win e a n d goble ts fill e d ,

with m a lms ey and m ea d and stood b efore B a z il a wa iting ,

his comm ands The high e r the ra nk of the nobles and o ffic ers
.

of the court the n ea re r we re their tabl es pla c e d to t hat

,

of the Cz a r ; who imm e di a t e ly th e y we r e a ll s ea ted, called

“

to a se r v a nt a n d, giving him two pie c e s of bre ad d e sire d him

, ,

to ta ke the m to th e amba ssa dor s They we re de live re d with .

this spe e ch Oh Baron H e r b e rste in the G r and D uke B az il

, , , ,

by the gra c e of God cz a r and lord of all R us sia exte nds his ,
”
fa vour to th e e and s ends th e e bre ad from his own tabl e
, .

The s a me c e re mony w a s re p ea t ed with regar d to th e princ e s

a n d s e v e ral of the boyards wh o all e xpre ss e d th e ir a cknow ,

l e dg m e n ts by rising w ith th e r e st of the p a rty a n d bowi ng

,

a ll round 5 a n d bra ndy w a s h a nd e d to e ach p e rson b e fore th e

fea st com m e nc e d All down the ta bl e s were rows of gold e n

.

dish e s conta ining salt vin egar and p e pp er and upo n e ach
, , , ,

w a s pl a ce d a lmonds , suga r an d co n fe ctione ry nuts plums , , , ,

a n d oth e r fru its with pickl e d cucumbe rs a n d sour milk to

, ,

ea t with the m ea t th e l a tt e r alon e b e ing re mov e d from the

boa rd during the whol e o f the ban qu et At len gth the .

at te ndants a ll l eft the h a ll a nd brought in the dinn er which , ,

chi e fly consiste d of roaste d s w a ns cut up and h a nde d round , ,

w hil e two or three we re pl a c e d be fore the C z a r who ha d ,

fou r cupb e are rs sta nding b ehind him o n e of whom first t a ste d ,

eve ry thing th a t he ea t o r dr ank To a l l thos e o f the gue sts .

whom be par ticul a rly w ish e d to honour h e s ent m e at on ,

golde n dish e s from his o w n t a bl e but it was consid ere d a

m ark o f more e special fa vour to s e n d bre a d ; and to a v ery
fe w as a proof o f his affe ction and fri endship h e s ent salt
, , .

O n receiving e ith e r it was th e custom for every g u e st to rise

,

and bo w so that th e court banqu e ts often occu pi e d a n immens e

,

l ength of ti me, and the princ e seldom rose till pa st m idn ight ,
 ET C 409
'

THE REIGN o r I V AN v a ss o v rr z, .

when he gave the signal tha t all might depar t W hen foreign .

e nvoys were pre s e nt he was a ccustome d to order his goblet

,

to be filled a n d the n having ta ste d it, cause d the wine to

, ,

be hande d round in succ ession to the a mbassadors sayin g a t ,

”
the same time “ Sigismund o r whatev e r the C hri sti an nam e
, ,

might be o f the di gnita ry whom h e addr ess ed thou a rt ,

com e from a gre a t sove re ign to a grea t sove reign and be st ,

m a d e a long j ourn e y it is we ll fo r th ee to have e xp eri enc e d

my favour and to have b ehe ld th e lustre of m y eye s drink
, ,
’
and drink well and ea t we ll e ve n to thy h e art s content and
, , ,

the n take thy re st that thou ma ye st re turn in hea lth to thy

,
”
mas ter . At the close o f th e feast th e Czar himse lf stood ,

up, and talu ng his cu p said Sigismund I wish to drink

'

, ,

this w ine to the ~a fl ec tio n tha t I be ar to o ur broth er Maxi

'

m ilian emperor and ki n g of th e Rom a ns and to his h ealth

, ,

and thou also sh a lt drink this toas t a n d all who a r e pre se nt ,

in their turn tha t tho u m a ye st witne ss our love towards our

,

broth e r Maxi milia n a n d re port to him what thou se est ”

, .

He th e n gave the gobl e t to his cupb ea rer who handed it to ,

each of the guests * .

The proposing of toasts in Russia s a ys Herberste in , ,

done with great gra c e the p e rson who wishe s to honour

another stands in th e middle o f the room and pronounc es ,

the sentiment, such a s fortun e o r vic tory or health, with the , ,

wish that not so much blood m a y remai n in his enemie s a s

he m ea ns to leave of win e in his goblet Havin g said this .

with un cove red h e ad and fini sh e d the dra ught he turns the
, ,

goblet over upon hi s h e ad .

The chief amus e me nts o f th e C zar and his boyards we re

hunting hawking and be ar baiting, and a heavy fin e w a s
, ,
-

the penalty for cutting the woods or kill ing a hare in the ,

neighbour hood o f Mosco w A hun t w a s conducted in a very

. .

simil ar manner to those forme rly ardently pursued by the

G rand E ha ns on the plain s o f Tarta ry An imme ns e number .

o f hares o r oth e r gam e, we re drive n into an enclosure s ur

,

rounded by nets and the boya rds and office rs were summ oned
,

to attend it with thi s m essa ge from the C zar

,
W e have
come o u t for o u r amus e ment ; w e have commanded you to
take part in it, hoping th a t you may d e rive plea sure th e re
”
from mount your hors e s, th e refore and follow us The ,
.

prince s hunting dress was a white peake d cap, bordered wi th

’
-

Herbers telu s
'
Return Muscov ita rum " .
4 10 TH E ARC H E R AND TH E S T EPPE .

pre cious stone s a n d adorn e d in fron t with golde n fe athers

, ,

which wav e d With e v e ry move ment o f his hea d 3 his coat

w a s cloth of gold a n d from his girdl e hung tw o knive s a n d a
,

dagge r while he w as a ttende d by about three hun dre d hors e

,

m en a n d ma stiff s g reyhounds and al l spe cie s o f dogs

, ,
Th e ,
.

e nclosure w a s guar d e d by oth e r hors e m e n and sold ie rs , to

pre ve nt an y of the ga m e from maki ng its e sca pe a n d e ve ry

pe rson of r a n k h e ld o n e or more hound s whom h e let loose ,

dire ctly th e Czar had give n ord e rs to the hun tsm e n to begin
the ch a s e But a ll of those w h o j o in ed in th e sport wer e
.

c a re fully glo v e d, as th e Muscovite s con sidered a do g u n

cl e an , a n d th a t it was defilem e n t to touch o n e with the
b a r e hand Afte r the hunt w a s ove r th e y coll e ct e d and
.
,

count e d ove r the game th a t ha d b ee n kille d, and he whose

h ound h a d de stroye d the gre atest a mou nt w as conside re d to
have sp e nt the most succ essf ul da y H a wks a n d fa lcons were .

th e n often produc e d which the Russi a ns u s e d for t a king e v en

,

swans a n d cran e s a n d wh e n both hunting a n d fa lco n ry we re

conclud e d the court repa ir e d to som e t ents which had bee n
,

pitche d t empora rily in th e n eighbourhood wh ere the princ e , ,

firs t ch a nging his dress re ceive d the nobility a n d a mbass a dors

,

o n a n ivory thron e After ma king the ir obeisa nc e th e gu ests

. ,

all s e at e d th ems elve s and the a tte nd a nts brought in prese rv e d

,

fruits suga r and othe r re fre shments wh ich th ey pre s ente d

, , ,

to th e Czar o n th eir kn e e s ; a n d a s soon a s th e re pa st was

finish ed a ll m ount e d th e ir hors e s a n d return e d to Moscow
‘

.
,

W h e n H e rberst ein le ft Russia h e re c e iv e d a pre s ent in ,

m on e y from B a zil b e sid es ma n y s a bl e s and e rmin e s a fe w

.
,

Ru ssia n houn d s and s e ve ral ra re Specimens of th e productions

,

a n d nat u ral curiositi e s of the e mpire i

‘

B a zil IV s en t a mb a s s a dors to the German e mperor the

.
,

king o f P oland a n d to the pop e 3 a n d fr om this tim e R u ssia

,

a pp ea r s to have m a intaine d a constant diplomatic int ercourse ‘

w ith th e P orte Th e Muscovi te s b egan o cc a s io n a lly a t this

.

tim e to wan de r forth from th eir own te rritori e s though ,

chi efly in the dir e ction of A s ia In the ye ar 1468 a Tver .

,

m e rchant c a ll e d Nikitin trave ll e d int o Hin do o s ta n and C ey

lon a n d ha s l e ft a n account o f his j ourn ey a n d e v e n du ring
, ,

the swa y of the M o n gul s nu m e ro u s vota ries a n d p enite nts,

a pp e ar to h av e re sort e d a s pilgrims and as hermits to th e holy

M aj o r s Prefa ce to “ H erb erstei n "

'

R um
.

I Herbersteln s
‘
er
“
M us c o v i mrum "
.
412 T H E A RC H ER AN D TH E S T EPPE .

In B ed s th
ere is a t ra de in h ors es s tuffs goo ds sil ks an d al l s or ts hf oth er m erch a n
di s bl c k s l a v es ; but n o oth er a rti cle i s s old but India n goods a nd ev e ry
. , , ,
e , a nd a ls o i n a
k in d of ea t a ble no good s ho w ev er th a t w ill do for Ru ss ia "
,

S pea k i ng of the Is le of O rmuz h e s a y s The h ea t i s not grea t in Hi ndoosta n but i t i s

, , .

g rea t a t O rmuz Ormuz i s a v a s t e mpo rium of al l th e w orld ; y ou fin d th ere pe opl e a n d

, . ,

oo d s of e v e y d es c riptio n a nd w h a t ev er th i n g i s rodu ce d on ear th y ou find it i n O r mu z

.

r p
ui th e dut i es a re h igh on e te nth o f ev ery th i ng
, , , .

A fter tr a v elli ng to ma ny l a ce s i n I nd i a and d es cr ibi ng th e s t a te a nd a tt enda nt s of h er

.
, '

s ov ere ign s h e proceed s to s ilent a nd Da bul A t this pla ce h e s ys And th ere it w a s

,

a
th a t I Ath a na s iu s the S i nful s erv a nt of God be thou g ht my s elf o i th e Ch r i s ti a n religion
.
, '
, ,

of th e Len t fa s ti ng s orda ine d b y th e hol y fa th er s of th e ba pti s m of Ch r i s t a nd of the

. , , .

r ece pts of th e a po s tl e s a nd I m a d e u m y m i nd to go to Ru ss i a Ma y G od p re serv e the

, ,

Rus s ia n l a nd G od r e serv e th i s w o r d a nd more e spec i a lly from h el l ; ma y h e b esto w

, .

h i s bl ess in g o n th e omi nio us of Ru ss ia and the R u ss ia n nobility a nd m ay the R u ss i a n

, ,

domi n ion i ncrea s e

,

A t D abu i h e too k h i s p a ss a ge for two golden c oi ns to Ormuz a nd from th en ce p a ss in g

.

th r ou g h S hi ra z Is p a h a n a nd I a bri z h e a ga i n entere d th e terr itory of S hi rv a n He th e n

, ,
' ‘

e mb a rk ed a t T re bizo nd a n d a l ter a s to rm y p a ss a g e arr iv ed a t K a ii a but di e d b e fo re h e

, , , .
’’

h a d r e a c h e d S m o lens ko ; a nd th e rec o rd o r h i s v oya ge w a s br ou g ht the s a me yea r (14 7 5)

,

to Mo s c ow a nd de l iv ered ov er to th e se cret ary of the G ra nd D u k e He gi v es thi s ta bl e

of the tim e th a t i t requi re d to go from v a r iou s pl a ce s in the ea s t
.
,
.

By s ea from O rmuz to K a ia t da y s Fr om Ch a oul to D a bul 6 d a ys

From K al a t to D eg h 6 d a ys From D a b ul to C ali c ut d ays
. .

Fr om D e g h to Mu s c a t d a ys F rom C a li c ut to C eylon da y s
. .

F rom Mu s c a t to G uz e r a t da ys F ro m C eylon to S h i bai t 1 mo n th

. .

F rom G uz e ra t to C a mb a y 4 da ys Fr om S hihai t to Pe g u d ays

. .

From Ca mb a y to d a y s From P eg u to Chi na a nd M a c h eon 1 mon th

. .

. . .

Tra v els of Ath a n a si ns N i k iti n t ra ns l a t e d b y Cou nt W i elh orsky a nd e dite d b y B M aj o r

i n I ndi a i n th e F ifteenth C en tu ry P ubl i s hed by the H ak luy t S oc i ety
, , . ,
“ "
. .
 C H AP T ER IV
'

; to illimna
(Emba ssy s a t in ( high w
ay s — War twill; fi
finlani t
Q .

Ha rd by th ese s h o res w h ere sca rce hi s fr eezi ng strea m

R nlls the w ild O by l lv e th e l a s t o f me n
,

A nd h al f enli v en d by the di s ta nt s m — Tnouso m

, ,
-
i

WH EN the am
bas sa dor fr o m Vien n a to B azil IV r e tur n e d .

’
to h is m as te r s d om in i o n s h e w a s a c c om p a n ied by G r egor y
,

Is to m a a n en v oy fr om the C za r w ith his s e cr et a r y Vl a di m i r

, , ,

S e m en ofi Plem a n nikofi w h o b r o u ght a r eply fr o m th e i r

' '

s o ver e ign Th ey w ere r e c eive d w i th g rea t h on our by the

.

e m p e r o r Ma xim i lia n , w h o w a s d es i r o u s th a t th e y s h o u ld

a tt en d a s e r vi c e i n the L a ti n c h u r c h 5 a n d u p o n o bj e c ti o n s
.

b ein g r ai s e d by the cler gy of I n n s pr uck w h er e th ey w er e ,

s t a yin g to the a d m i s s i o n o f h e r e tics w ithi n the s a cre d w a ll s ,

,

high m a s s w a s per fo r m e d for th em in a sm o th er e d to n e by

the pr iva te ch o i r o f th e e m per o r w hich H er be r s te i n o b s er ves
,

pleas e d the Ru ss i a ns wh o s a i d tha t “ i t w a s fa r b e tt er to

,
”
p er fo r m the s er vi ce o G f o d i n a lo w o r s oft v o ic e Whil e a t .

I nn s pr u c k Is tom a en g a ge d th e s er vices o f s ever a l g unn ers

,

fo r his c o u n tr y a n d fiv e o f th e se s ubse qu en tly r etu r n e d w i th

,
*
hi m to M osc o w In 14 9 2 s e v er a l yea r s pr evi o usly Is to m a
.
, ,

h a d r ep a i r e d w ith a b ou t t w e n ty o th er Mus co vit es o n a

m i ss i o n fro m hi s so ve reign to C o p enh a ge n, a n d th ere c on
c l u d e d a tr ea ty b e t w e e n J o hn o f D en m a r k a n d Iva n , i n

w hi c h the form er p r o m i se d th e C za r to a id him i n the r e du e

tio n o f Lith u a n ia , but r e qu ire d a ss i s ta nc e a ga in s t his r e be l
s u bj e c t S w a n ton , w ho ha d l a t e ly u s ur p e d the go ve rn m e n t o f

S w e de n It was a l so a gree d th a t, w h en eith e r o f th em

.

a tt a c k e d S w a nt o n in St o c kh o l m o r C a pta in E r i c Str uv e a t
,

Vib o r g or a ny of the o th er insurgents i n the S w edi s h

,

d o m in ions, n otic e s h ou ld be given to the other p a rty to the

IIa mcl
- ‘
s
“
gl
E n and and Russi a .
4 14 THE ARCH ER AND THE sr s r r n
'
.

t rea ty * Two ye a rs b e fo r e this a de c l a r a tio n ha d been pu b

.

l ished by th e i n h a bita n ts o f K em i i n Fin l a n d, to j us tify the ,

e x ec u ti o n o f se ve ra l R u ss i an s a n d to r ais e a c r u sad e a ga in s t
,

their em pir e In th e ir m a ni fe s to th ey d es cr ib e d the re pea te d

.
,

i n ro a d s o f the Rus si a ns du r i ng ma ny year s , in to n orth a n d

e as t B o th n i a w her e trea c h e ro us ly a va ilin g th em se lves o f a
,

p ro foun d pea c e a n d un der p re ten c e o f c o m m er cia l mo tives

, ,

th ey had e ffe cte d a n e ntr a n c e a n d ro bb e d a n d m ur d er ed th e ,

d efen cel ess in h a bi ta n ts ; b es ides c la i m in g the w ho le of the -

s alm o n fi s h e ry, a n d e xa c ti n g a tr ibu te o f thr ee W hite furs

from the Fi rm s a n d La pps O n o n e o c cas ion w hen a l ar ge

.
,

b an d crossed the Ule a th e bo un dar y be t w een Ru ssia a n d

,

S w ed en Ha ns An der s o n the go verno r o f O rta a tow n a n d

, , ,

is la n d o n thi s ri ver ca m e o ut aga ins t th em w i th a b o dy of

,

the i nha bit a nt s a n d s le w tw en ty o n e o f the i n tr ud er s w hile

,
-
,

the res t fle d t o w a r d s the i r s ettl e m en ts o n the Whit e Sea .

N ear the ch a pel o f Muh os o n th e b a n ks o f the Ulea , w a s a

,

s t o n e thr ee ells high m a r ki n g the e xt r e m e li m its o f th e tw o

,

po wer s, a n d in sc ribe d w ith a lio n fo r S w e d e n a cr o ss fo r ,

Russ ia a nd a ha m m e r fo r La pl a n d The year fo ll owi n g these

,
.

dis tur ba n ces , th e R u s s ia n s d ec la r e d w a r a ga in s t Fin l a nd , a n d

thei r a rm y m ar c hi n g o n Vib o r g r em a in e d som e time b efo re ,

it bu t w er e un a bl e to t a ke the pl a c e In 149 5 a S we di s h
,
.
,

fl eet s a il ed fr o m S to c kh o l m a n d d es tr o ye d the re cen tly ,

e r e ct ed for t o f Iva n gor o d o n th e Na r va , a n d th e Mu s c ovite s

to a ve n ge it cro sse d the gul f o f Fi n l a n d o n the i ce, a n d, n o t

w iths ta n din g the gre a t s e ver ity o f th e s eas o n c o mm itte d ,

frightfu l r a va ges o n th e o pp os ite s h o r e In Ma r ch 1 49 6 . ,

the tw o Mu sc o vite pri nc es U sc ha to i r e c r uite d a fr e sh a n d

p ow erful bo dy o f tr oo ps i n th e di str ic t a b ou t On ega a nd the
D wi na , a n d, ar m in g a n d e quippin g th em fro m th e m a gazi ne
i n the fo r tr ess o f Or ekho f o n the Ne va th e y l ed th em as fa r ,

as K e m i a n d T o m ea o n th e n o rth ern e xtr e m i ty of the g ulf

,

o f Bo th ni a a n d to the S w e di s h t o w n o f K a liks ef, w hich th e y

,

pilla ge d a nd a few m o n th s la ter bu rn e d the m ore so uth ern

s t ro ngh o ld s o f J o kh a s a n d N ys l o ttd Th e sa m e yea r Isto ma ‘

w ith a s u ita bl e r e ti nu e w as d es pa tch e d by Iva n to Nor w a y

,

a n d D en m ar k, to r e n e w a t r e a ty w ith r e ga r d to th e ir co m
.

“ C ontra
s uos i nlm lc os e t h o s tem S w a ntone m re n S w e c le o c c upato rem su ar na g i b
li
torem E t quu m s i iquis nos tr um i nc ipie t te s a v ers us S w a ntonem, qui nuuc er t 50 d g l
g i S W ib g
.

p ro g ubernatore re n Sv ec ie, E ri c um truv e c a plta n eu m i n ur . a li osquc oc c upn

q b ll
tores re ni nos tri S ue tli i n fld e les. s ubditos a t ue re e es, tunc pri mus nter nos ni tc rutri
‘
i
ig i fi
s n es lmus — a m e l s
" '
H l d
E ng a n a nd R us s ia "
1H l gl d i
. .
"
a me s
’
'
En a n a nd R us s a .
41 6 . THE ARCH ER AND THE STEPPE .

of D en m a r k s en t to c o n gr a u a e t l t on his a ccess i on to th e
thro n e * .

A s the ppr o a c h ed, th e yea r 7 0 0 0 a c c o r ding to

year 149 1 a

th e Ru ss ia n c a l en d a r a gl o om y pr esen tim e n t a n d d re a d per

,

va d e d the e m pi re tha t the c ar e er o f thi s w o r ld w o u ld then

,
'

c o m e to a fi na l c los e a n d i ts p a s si n g w ith o u t th e e ve n t s o

m u c h fea r e d h a vi n g ta ken pl a c e ga v e o c c a s i o n to s e ver a l ,

a r gum e n t s i n w r iti n g a m o n g th e dig nita r i e s o f the Ru ss i a n

c h u rc h Am on g th ese the
. Tr ipl e Ha ll el uj a h a n d the ,
“
S e ve n Th ou sa n d Ye ar s by D e m e tr iu s M a nn il ov i tz Tra ,

c ha n i o t, ih a n s w er to the Ar c hbi s h o p o f No v o or o d a r e still

.

g ,

e xt a n t .

l
th e se your etters to us (Russ ia n form o f ta k i n g a n oa th ) and th at y ou s end th em to us
s o c o nfi rm e d by y o ur a m b a ss a d or to ge th er w i th ou r a m b as sa d or seali n g u p y our s a i
,

l e tters i n th e s a m e ma nner ; a nd Go d w illi n g w h en o ur a fo res a id a m b a ssa d or retur ns to

, ,

u s w i th y our a m b as s a dors hea r ing yo ur l e tter s s o r a ti fied a n d w h e n the s a m e h a v e b een

.

s ee n by us w e s h a l l w ri te to yo u l e tte rs i n re turn th e s a me w or d fo r w or d as y o urs

. .

a nd s h a ll al s o o r de r o ur sea l to be a ffi xe d th ere to On the sa m e l e tters w e s h al l k i s s th e

, . .

c o s s i n th e p r es en ce o f y o ur a m b a s s a d ors a n d th e n s end y ou o ur l e tters s o r a ti fi ed

.

r
Th erefo re w e reques t tha t w i th Go d s a s s i sta n c e you w ill s ign a nd s en d us ba c k o ur
, .

a mbas s zi or Ys c h oni a wi th out d e l ay Da te d a t M oscow on th e 7 th d ay of J uly in the

. .
”

g
.
,

y ea r 7 o1
DEm rAR K s REP Y
TE E li m e or L '
.

“ '

J h
o n an d ki g p
n , to th e Em ero r o f a ll th e R us s a s , i h lh i
ea t . a n d s ncere a n d fra terna l
l L d
ov e i n th e or l b l db h
D ea r y e o v e r d
ot e r a d c onfe era te , y ou r m a es ty s a m a ss a o r
n
'
j b d
ppli d h h ld hibi i g p i g
.

Ysco nla a e an d c a me to us W i t D av nd our e ra , e x t n a nd res e nt n y ou r

l hi l
e tters ; f ro m w h
c h e tte rs w e l av e c ea r y u n e rs too l d d h i
t a t y o u w s h i n . a ll t n s to hi g
ll p l d V
fo o w th e foots te s o f th e o r [ v a n a ss of ili pi p i
o us m e mo ry a nd es ec a l y to en ter nto l i
b h l i d hip d l ih
.

ro t er y fr en s a nd co nfe era cy w i th us , a nd s o to fra m e o ur e tte rs w t r e feren c e

h d
to suc i ri e n d s l p a n d c onfe era c , a nd s e n d h
t e m to y o u by o ur a foresa id b d
a h a m a ss a or
‘

a n d Ysc on ia ' y p
e t ere fo re , by t i es e res e n ts . a dd i h
re s s a n d tra n s m t t em to yo u. rea t y
,

g l
ii g q g h ill d l i i g
.

d es r n a n d re ues tin t a t yo u w s en us e tter s fro m yo u c o nta n n th e a s s ura n c

d hp d p b h p
.

o f th e s a m e fri en s i a nd c o n fe erac y, O ri nce , o ur ro ther, fa t er-in-l a w. a nd ar ent.

_ H l a me s
'
gl d i
E n a n a n d R us s a
"
.

Ha mei s E ngl and a nd R ussi a

‘ “
.
 CHA P TER V .

S urfi l a ssin— fiihxria— gflts (Entrants — d igs E

”
ng of g ( ritr ea

Blunt submits to figs (Entire .

L es g l a qons
l
D ont eternel rempa rt
'
p g
rote e l a R us s a i — Ca sua l! Ds m v m xn .

UPON th e r e u rn o f
t
Bar o n H er ber s tein fro m h is e m ba ss y
to the c o ur t o f Ba zil a t Mo s c o w he r e c e ive d fr om h is s o v e
, ,

r e ign , the e m pero r M a xi m ili a n th e title o f Dis c o ve r er o f ,

Ru ss ia s o littl e kn o wn ha d th a t c o un try r em a in e d to the

,

r e s t o f Eu r o p e s i n c e th e gl o r i o u s d a ys o f Vla di m ir th e Gr e a t .

Bu t a fe w yea rs a fter w h e n the C za r o f Mus c o vy s en t a n

,

a m b as s a d o r prin c e D e m e tr iu s , d es c rib e d by the w r it er s o f

,

the ti m e a s a v e n era bl e w hite b e a r d e d o ld m a n to the Ro m a n “ -

,
'

po n tifl Cl e men t VIL , the bi s h o p Of N u c eria in I ta ly

, , .

Pa u l u s J o vi ns , in terr o ga te d th e s tr a n gers r ega r din g th e i r

n or th er n l a n d a nd fr o m th e in fo r m a tio n he r ec eive d fr om
,

the Mu sco v i tes a n d his o wn o bs e r va ti o n in a s u b s e qu e n t

,

j o u r ney to Mos co w w r o te a d esc ription o r s u r vey o f Ru ss ia

, .

”
“
“
Th e j o u rn ey fr o m Viln a s a ys h e the h ea d ci ty o f , ,

Lithu a n i a to Mo s c o w, is tr a vell e d i n w in t er w ith s pe edy

,

sl e dges a n d in cre dible c e l e r ity o v er th e s n o w s , h a r d en e d w ith

,

l o n g fro s t a nd co m pa c t lik e i c e Bu t in s um m er th e pl a in s
,
.

c a n n o t be o v er p as sed bu t by m u c h di f ficulty a n d d a n ger .

Fo r w hen the s n o w s by the c o n ti nua l h ea t o f the s un be gi n

, ,

to m e lt a n d di s s o lve th ey ca u s e gr ea t m a rsh es a n d qu a gm ir es
, ,

a bl e to en ta n gl e b o th h o r se a n d m a n , w er e it n o t th a t w a ys

a re m a d e th r o u gh th em with br idges a n d c a use wa ys o f w o o d , ,

a ft er a l m os t in fi n it e l a b ou r .

The n a m e o f Mus co vit e s i s n o w n ew a lth o ugh the p o e t ,

Lu c a n m a ke s m en tion o f the Mo s c o s dw ellin g n ea r the Sa r

m e ti a n e a n d Plin y a l so pl a c es th e M o s c os a t the s p r i n gs of
,

the gr e a t r iver P h a s is, i n the r egio n o f C o l c hi s a b o ve the ,

0 H rbe tein s Surv ey of Russi a i s c h iefly d eriv ed item a na ti v e i ti

e rs
'
. ry publi s h ed nera
i n Mosco w .
4 18 THE ARCHER AN D THE ST EPP E .

E uxin e Sea t o w a r ds the E a s t Th e ir r egio n h a th ver y l a rge

, .

b ou n ds a n d ext en ds fr o m the a lt ar s o f Ale xa n d er th e Gr ea t

, ,

a bo u t the s pr i n gs o f T e n a i s to the extr e m e l a n d s a n d N o r th

,
’
O ce a n i n a m a nn er u n d er the n o r th s t ar s c a ll e d Ch a r l es s
,
.

Wa in o r the Gr ea t Bea r b e i ng fo r th e m o st pa r t pl a in s a n d
, ,

fruitful pa s tu r es bu t i n s u m m er i n m a n y pla c es fu ll o f
,

m a r s h es Fo r w h er ea s a l l tha t l a n d i s r epl e n i s h e d w ith

.
,

m a n y a nd gr e a t r iv e rs w hic h a r e m u c h i n c r e a s e d by the
,

w i n t e r s n o w a n d i c e , w h e n it h a s b een r e s o lve d by the h ea t

o f th e s u n th e pl a i n s a n d fi
,
e ld s a r e th ere by o v e r flo w e d w ith

m a r s hes a n d a l l j ou r n ey s en c u m b er e d w i th c o n ti nu a l w a t ers
, ,

till a n o ther w in ter a ga in fr eeze s th e r iver s a n d s w a m p s a n d ,

gives a s a fe p a ss a ge to the s le dges th a t a r e a c cu s t o m e d to

tra ve l by th e m .

Th e w o o d o r fo r es t o f Her c yn i a o cc u pi es a gr e a t p a r t o f
M u s c o vy a n d i s h e re a n d th ere i nha bite d wi th h ou s es bu ilt
,

th er ein a n d h a s be en m a de s o m u c h thi n ne r by th e l o n g
,

l a b o ur o f m a n th a t i t d o es n o t n o w sh o w tha t h or r o r o f
,

thic k a n d im p en e tra bl e w o o ds a s m a n y thi n k it to h a v e Bu t .

it is s o fille d w ith w ild b eas ts a n d e xten ds s o fa r thr o ugh

'
,

Mu s c o vy w ith a c on ti nu e d tra c t b et w e en the ea s t a n d

,

n o r th t o w a r d s the S c ythia n O c e a n th a t i ts infin it e gr ea t

, ,

n e ss ha s d elu d e d th e h o p e s o f th ose who h a v e c u r i o us ly

s ea r c h e d for its li m i ts .

“
O n the e a s t s id e o f Mu s c o vy a r e the S c ythi a n s , n o w c a ll e d
T a r ta r s a w a n de r i n g n a tion a nd fa m o us i n a l l a ges fo r w a r
, , .

’
I n s t ea d o f h o u s es th ey ha v e w a ggo n s c o ver e d w i th a n im a ls
h id es 3 a n d fo r c iti es a n d t o w ns the y us e gr ea t t en ts a n d
p a vil io n s n o t d efen de d w ith t r en c h es o r w a lls o f tim b er o r
, ,

s to n e bu t e n c l ose d w ith a n in n u m e ra ble m ultitu d e o f a r c h er s

,

on h o r s e ba c k The Ta r ta r s a r e divide d i n to c o m pa n ies

.
,

w hi c h th e y c a ll h o r d es a w o r d s ign ifyi n g i n th e ir l a n gu a ge
,

a c o m p a ny o f p e o pl e ga th e r e d to e the r i n the for m o f a c i t

g y l
.

Eve ry h or d e i s go vern e d by a n em p er o r w h o m e ith e r his ,

p a r en t a ge o r w a r lik e pr o we s s h a th pr o m o te d to th a t dign ity

for o ft en th e y c a r ry o n a w a r w ith th e i r b or de r er s a n d c o n ,

t en d a m biti o usly a n d fier cely fo r do m in io n So it a ppea rs .

th a t th e y c o n s is t o f i nn u m er a bl e h o r des a s th e Ta r ta rs ,

p o ss es s th e gr ea t es t d es ert s e ven to the fa m o u s c ity o f Os

,

th a y in the fu r th es t o c ea n i n the e as t Beyo n d the K a za n

, .

it es to w a r ds the n o r th , a r e the Shebiani r ic h in h er d s o f

, ,

c a ttl e a n d the pa ss a g e to the Ugr i a n s a n d U o lic a n s i s by

g
42 0 TH E ARCH ER AND TH E S TEPP E .

w a ll , f o r ti fie d w ith t a m oat a nd
It en cl o sed a n
o w er s , .
.
*

e x te n s iv e a n d m a gn ific e n tl y bu ilt s t o n e p a l a ce o f the C za r ,

the c a the dr a l o f the A s s u m pti o n a n d s ev e r a l c h u r c h e s the , ,

h o us es o f the pr i n c es , the m etr o p o lita n a n d m a n y o f the ,

n o bl es a n d the h u t s o f th eir r e t a in ers a n d de p e n da n t s a n d

, ,

fro m its size m ight it self h a ve b e en t a ken for a l ar ge c ityx i

The fo r tr e s s w a s a t firs t s u r ro u n de d o n ly by o a ks
“ ”
s a ys ,

Her ber s tein j : a n d u p to the tim e o f th e Gr a nd D u ke Iva n

D a n i elo v i tz w a s sm a ll a n d m ea n i n a pp ea ra n c e
, It w a s he .

w ho by th e p er su a s i on o f Pe t er the m e tr o p o lit a n fir s t t ra n s
, ,

fer r e d the i m p e r i a l r es id en c e to this pla ce P ete r ha d .

o r igin a ll y s el ec t e d th a t pl a c e fr o m l o ve o f o n e Al e xi s w ho ,

w a s bu r i e d th er e a n d w h o is sa id to h a ve b e e n fa m o us for
,

m i r a c l es a n d a fter hi s d ea th b ein g bu r i e d in thi s pl a c e

, ,

m ir a c l e s w er e like w is e d o n e a t h is t o m b s o th a t the s p o t

i t s elf a c qu i re d s o grea t a c el e b r ity fr o m the id ea o f i ts s a c r e d ,

a n d r eli gi o u s c h a r a c t e r th a t a l l th e p r i n c es w h o s ucc e e d e d
,

Iva n tho u ght tha t the s ea t o f th e e m pir e o u ght to be h e ld

th er e M o s c o w w a s s u rr o u n de d by for es t s c o nta in i n g
.
,

n um er o us h er d s o f d eer a n d o th er ga m e w hi c h w e r e a ll ,

pr eser ve d fo r the h u n tin g o f th e Czar a n d hi s c ou r t a n d ,

d ur in g the e xtr em e s ev er ity o f th e w i n ter the b e a r s a n d , ,

w o lve s w er e o cca si o n a lly kn o w n to l e a ve th e w o o d s s ti m u ,

la t ed by h un ger a n d r us h th r o u gh the s t ree ts a n d in to the

,

h ou s es ; w hil e i n the s u m m er o f 15 2 5 the h ea t w as s o ,

in tense th a t the w o o ds a n d c or n fie l ds a r o un d th e c ity t o o k

,
-

fire a n d b ur ne d fo r s ever a l d a ys , fillin g the w h o l e di s tr i c t

,

w ith c l oud s o f s m o k e a n d fla m e ” .

At a s h o r t dis ta n c e fro m M o sc ow w a s the e n o r m o us

In 1 801, D r Cl k
ar e s a 5 of M o sc o w O ne m igh i gi
t ma ne t a t a ll th e s ta te s of E uro e h p
i idi g p i i b h
.

a nd As a h a d s ent a bu n by w ay o f r e res e ntat v e to M o s co w ; t m er u ts fro m

g
r e i o ns be 0 n d th e Arc t c dp l
a s te re i pl
a a c es fro m S d
w e en a nd D e n m a r , a nte w a s k p i d ll
C i pl T pl p d
.

fro m th e y rol . mo s ues from ons ta nt no e, a rta r tem e s fro m B uch a ria ; a g o a s,
ili Chi
pa v ons . a nd v era n a s , fro m b n a ; c a arets fro m '
a n; Sp i d g
un e ons, r s on s a nd u c i p bli
F hi l i l pl
.

o moce f r o m r a n ce ; a rc tec tura ru n s fr o m R o me : ter ra ce s a n d tre ises from N a es ;

h ppi g S
a nd w a re o us e s from Wa n p o m e ar ts h
av e th e up eara n ce o f a s e ues tere d eser q d
ll p d h id
.

a n d th e tr av e er i s te m te to a s k. W e re is Mo sc ow ?
,

er e a re s een w e a n d s c atte rs
b b h
s u ur s , pig i b i k
uts , gar dens , s t es , r c w a lls c urc es . un h h d ghill l
s, a a c es . t m e r-ya r s , i b d
h i l p pi h
,

w a re o us es . a n d a r e fuse . a s it w ere . o f m a ter a s s ufli c ie nt to s toc a n e m re In o t er

q h g i h ll k h d
.

ua r ters the t ron i s s o mmense t a t th e tra v e er a s s w a t c a u se h a s c o nv ene s uc h

li d h
a m u t tu e, a nd h eprs t a t i t is th e s a me ev e ry d a y A t s o me o nts . a nd a r t c u a r y p i l l
K li h d d h idd pi
.

from the re m n , w e re a ll its e fo rm e fea tures a re en, a n ( th e ey e ro v e s ov e r th e

d pi g g pl p l
to wers , ome s . a nd s res o f i ts or eo us tem es a nd a ac e s , Mos c o w res ents a n a s ec t p p
d ifi
o f r u e a nd v a ried m a gn hi h
c enc e, w c sc a rc ely a ny o t er c apita l c a n e ua h q
Herbers te ln s Re turn M usc ov lta r um "
’

H b i k ki d h il d i d d
.

er ers te n sp ea s o f a n of l a g ue t a t often p rev a e i n M os cow , a nd n e e

h gh hi h i d p
t r ou out R ussi a , w c c a rr e 0 t o ne of h is serv a nts w hil
e h e wa s t ere. a nd a ea rsh pp
b
to h a v e ee n the c h olera
hi fi ll d h h
.

The s moke o i t s s o e the co untry . t a t th e e ye s of t ose w h o w a lked o u t w e re

s e v e re]i j b id
n u re d bv it, a nd . es es th e s mo e , a ce r ta n k i d k
a r ness s uperv ene , w c d hi h /

bli dn e ma ny - Herbers te ln s
" "
Rerum M nsc ov i ta rum
‘
. .
 SU RV EY o r R US SI A, ETC . 42 1

m o n a s t er y of
St S er gius h a vin g the a ppear a n ce o f a lit tl e
.
,

c it y w hi c h c on t a i n e d a b o ve th re e h u n d r e d m o nks
, .

S ta r a ia Ru ssi a w hic h w a s a l m o s t the o ldes t to w n i n the

,

e m pir e w a s a b o u t t w e l v e m il e s fr o m N o v o o r o d a n d c o n
, g ,

ta i ne d a n a r tific i a l r iv er o r r e s er vo ir fr o m w h en c e w a ter w a s
, ,

b r ou ght by c h a n n el s to e ver y h o u s e N o v o gor o d its e lf .

,

s it u a te d i n th e m i ds t o f a m a rs hy a n d b a r r e n c o un tr
y n e ver ,

en tir el y r e c o v er e d the t er r ibl e d e va s ta ti o n o f the M u s c o vit es ,

a n d a fe w ye a r s l a t er i ts r u in w a s c o m pl et e d by th e a r m s o f

Iv a n th e Terr ibl e w ho a s be fo r e s t a ted o n th e di s co v e r y o f

, , ,

a s ec r e t a lli a n ce b e t w ee n thi s c ity a n d hi s e n e m i e s i n P o l an d ,

w a s t e d it w i th fi r e a n d s w o r d c a u se d th o u s a n d s o f th e i n
,

h a bita n t s to be c a s t in t o the r iver Vo lkh o f a n d o th er s ,

m a s sa c re d w ith h o rr ibl e t o r t ur es a n d di s gu s te d e v en his o w n ,

u n s c r up ulo u s s o ldi er s a n d pr in c es by hi s d r e a dful cr uelti e s ,

a n d b a r b a r ities a n d l a vi s h w a s te o f h u m a n l i fe
, .

Th e p r o v in c e o f I n gr i a n o w c a ll e d St Pe t ers b ur gh w a s
,
.
,

s a id i n fo r m er ti m e s to h a ve b een a n i n d e p e n d e n t ki n gd o m ,

but i n the ea r ly a ges o f i ts his t o r y b e l o n ge d to N o v o go r o d .

I t w a s c o n ver t e d by the Ru ss i a n s to the Gr e ek Chur c h bu t ,

s u b s e qu e n tl y fe ll i n t o th e h a n ds o f S w e d e n w ho fo rc e d the ,

in h a bita n ts to a d o pt the P r o t es t a n t fa i th ; a n d fr o m thi s

tim e til l i ts r ec o n qu e s t by Pe te r the Gr ea t the Ne va for m e d ,

th e b o un da ry o f the Ru ss i a n a n d S w e dis h t e rr ito ri e s a nd the ,

fo r tr ess o f Or ekho f the m o de rn Schu sselbu r g w a s b uilt by

, ,

the N o v ogor o di a n s o n th a t r iver a n d ga r r i so n e d by Ru s s ia n ,

s o ldi er s fo r the d e fe n ce o f th e fr o n ti e r
, .

K i o f w hi c h h a d l o n g fo rm e d a p a r t o f P o l a n d w a s s til l a t
, ,

this per i o d a n d fo r tw o c e n tu r i e s l a te r in a very d es o l a t e

, ,

a n d r u in e d s ta te Its fo r m er m a gni fic en c e a n d a nc ien t

.

” “
re ag l s pl e n d o ur a r e s till s h o w n s a ys H er b er s t e i n by its
, ,

e x te n s iv e r e m a i n s a n d the m o n u m en t s w hi c h a r e lyi n g i n
,

h e a ps To thi s da y m a y be tr a c e d o ve r th e hills i n the

.

n e ighb o u r h o o d the fr a g m e n ts o f c h u r c h es a n d d eser t e d m o

,
'

n a s te r i e s a s w e ll a s n u m er o u s c a ve rn s i n w hi c h a r e n o v i s e e n
, ,
y

”
ver y a n c i en t t o m bs w i th the b o di es i n th em n o t ye t d ec a ye d
,
.

Thi s c ity w a s c hie fly inh a bit e d by the Ukra in e C o ssa c ks .

Th e pr o vin c es b e twe e n the Pe tc ho ra a n d Oby w e r e firs t

a c c ur at e ly e xpl o r e d d ur i n g th e r e ign o f Iv a n III , by tw o o f .

hi s ge n er a l s the p r i n c es Si m e o n Fe do r o v itz K u rbski a n d

, ,

P e te r U sc ha to i a n d the i n h a bita nts , like th o s e o f La pl a n d

,

a n d a ll the n or th o f Sib er i a a pp ea r to h a ve fo ll o w e d th en
,
 42 2 THE AR C HER AND THE STE PP E .

the s a m e cu s o m s
i n the sa m e r egi o n s
t an d m o de
liv in g a s the i r d es c en da nts
of
pr es e n t da y These e a r ly tra
in the .

v e ll er s desc r ibe the r e i n de er a n d m a i c ia n s the L a pl a n d

g ,

S a m o ye d e w itc hes w ho boa s t th e ir e m pi r e o v er the w i nds

, ,

w ith th ei r m a gi c dr um s a n d e n c h a n t e d c h a i n s , th e s t o ny a n d
ba rr en a s p ec t o f the c o un try a n d th e p er pe tua l s u m m er da y
,

a n d w i n t er n ight A b ou t O l o n etz a n d A r c h a n gel th e l a n d

.

i s fla t a n d m a r s hy a n d pr o du c es pl e n tiful c r o ps o f rye a n d
,

fla x a n d i n the m o r e s ou ther n di s t r i c ts ev en b a r l ey a n d
,

o a ts bu t i n L a pl a n d w h er e th e v egeta bl e e a r th is s h a llo w
,

a n d s c a n ty a n d th e s a n dy gr o u n d o v er s r ea d w ith s to n es a n d
, p
r oc ks , it br in gs fo r th m e r e l
y pla in s o f li c h en the c o m m on ,

fo o d o f the r e in deer , a n d a s p a r e a n d i n s uffic i e n t s u pply o f

'

gr a ss w hile fo res ts o f s tu n t e d pi n e birc h a n d la r c h s tu d the , , ,

s il en t s h o re s o f the W hite Sea a n d A r c t i c K o la * the .

,

c a pita l o f La pl a n d w a s fo un d e d e a r l , y by th e No v o go r o dia n s
o r Pe r m i a ns a n d i s n o w c hie fly i n h a bit e d by fi
, s h erm en i ts
c hu r c h bu ilt i n the yea r 1 50 6 by a Ru s s ia n pr ies t n a m e d '

E lia s w ho c a m e her e to pr e a c h Chr i s tia n ity w a s d es tr o ye d

, ,
-

w ith m a n
y o f the h o uses i n the l a te w a r 3 a n d the La pl a n de rs ,

th o ugh they a r e so m e o f them s till hea the n s a n d a ll e x ce e d ,

i ngly s u p ers titi o u s h a v e ge n e ra lly bee n co n v er t ed , a c c o rd i n g

,

a s th ey a r e c l a i m e d by S w e de n a n d Ru s s i a , to th e Gr ee k

a n d Lu thera n Chu rc h In the fifteen th c e n tu ry w h en the

.
,

d i s tr i c ts o f th e Petc ho r a a n d Obdo r s ki w er e fir s t s u bd ue d by
th e Mu s c o v it e s m a ny G r eek p r i es ts fro m ti m e to tim e
,

t ra v er se d t heir c o un try a n d by p r esent s o f s il v er c r o sses a n d

, ,

i m a ges i n duc e d c r ow ds to r e c eiv e Chri s ti a n ba pti sm bu t it

,

a pp ear s th a t the p e o pl e s o o n r e la pse d i n to their fo r m e r

ido la try a s ev en n o w th er e a re a m o n g the m m a n y Sc ha m a
,

ni ets N ea r the m o u th o f the r i v er O by o n its dis c o v e ry by the

.
,

s o ldiers o f I v a n s t o o d a w o o d e n t em pl e c o n t a i n in g a g o ld en
, ,

s ta tu e o f a w o m a n a n d c hil d a pp a r en tl
y a r eli c o f Ch r i s ti a n ity
, ,

a n d w hi c h w a s w o rs hipp e d b
y the h ea th en o f tho s e p a r ts
a nd a ll a l o ng the ba n ks o f th e r iv e r w e r e w o o d en for t r esses,

o r m u d c a stl e s fo r the T a r t a r c o ll e c to r s o f tr ibu t e

,
pr o ba bly
e r e c t e d by th e i r Mo n gu l c o n q u er o r s u n de r S hebi an i the ,

gr a n ds o n o f Zin gis The go v e r no r s o f th e s e for ts w ere a t thi s

.

ti m e a ll m a d e tr ib uta r y to the Cz a r w ho u s e d this di s tr i c t a s ,

a pl a c e o f b a n i s h m e n t fo r h is s u bj ec ts a n d s ev e r a l sa lt a n d ,

K w a s v is ited in 1697 by tw o D utc h s h ips , w h o d es c ribe It w i th a l a r ge i n n situa te d

ol a
a t a s hor t di s ta nc e , o f wh ic h th e s i g n w a s a h ug e p a i r o f s c a l es I ts rs t v a iv o d e w a s
. fi
A v e rkl Iv a nov itz in the year 15 82 ; the seco nd, M a xa kn Fed orov ltz S ud lmo m o fl’, In 16 88 .
4 24 TH E AR C H ER AN D THE ST E PPE .

c h a tka h av e fo u ght w ith d e per a ti o n fo r the i r n a tiv e r o cks

s
.

In the p r ov in c es o f O m s k Ko lyv a n a n d T o b o l sk a n d a l so , , ,

fur th er n o rth a m o ng th e Os tiaks a v a s t n u m b er o f t o m bs ,

ha v e be en o pen e d c o n ta in in g go ld a n d s ilv e r or n a m en ts g olden

, ,

ido ls , m et a llic m i rr or s c o in s a r m s a n d the b on es o f b o th

, , ,

m e n a n d h o r s e s a n d w hic h w er e a ll un s c r upul ou sly r o bb e d o f

,

their c o n t en ts by th e e a r ly C o ss a ck in v a der s a n d t ra d er s ;
w hil e m a n y r u i n s o f S pl e n did e difices th o u gh i n fer i o r in ,

gr a n deur to the sep ul c hr a l m o nu m en ts h a v e b e en di sc ov er e d , ,

p a r ti c u l a r ly th e Se m ipa ltn o i o r S ev en P a l a c e s a n d the , ,

dil a pi da te d w a ll s o f Abla iki t The la tter i s a te m pl e w hic h .

,

a c co r din g to tr a diti on w a s e r e c te d by a K a l m u ck p r i n c e
,

n a m e d A blo i e a n d i s fi ,
ll e d w ith m o r e tha n fo r ty s ta tu es o f
de itie s o f th e m o s t h or rible a n d gr o tes qu e s h a p e a n d a pp ea r
,

a nc e s o m e h a v i n g s e v e n a r m s a n d ten fa c es , th e c l a w s o f

d ra go ns a n d th e ta il s of fis h e s o r s n a kes a n d it i s s u pp o se d ,

to h a v e b een c o n s e c ra te d to the p rev a l e n t c r e e d o f th e

c ou n t r y v i z
,
the Sc ha m a n w o r s hip
.
,
The w a ll s w er e o r igi .

n a ll
y c ov er e d w ith i n s c r ipti o ns bu t th e s e a r e n o w ill e gible ,

fr o m th e inj ur ie s th ey ha v e su s ta in e d fr o m th e ign or a n t
p eas a n tr y a n d fr o m the r egi m en ts qu a r ter ed in th e n e igh
,
*
bou r ho o d o f th e C o s sa ck a n d Kir ghiz tr oo ps .

S iber ia — w hi c h s l o p es g ra du a lly fr o m the m o un ta in r a n ge

o f th e A lta i th a t s kir t s her s o u th er n fr o n ti er s fo r tw o th o u
,

s a n d m il es in l e n gth to the d es o l a t e s ho r es o f the Ar c tic , r i c h

,

i n th e fo ss il r em a i n s o f the e le ph a n t and th e bu ffa l o a n d ,

m a n y v a ri e ties o f a n im a l s th a t n o w n o l on ger e xi s t i s like —

,

Ru ss ia fla t a n d m a r shy in the n o r th a n d w es t ern dis tr i c ts

,

w h ere th e r i v ers a m o n g the l o n ge s t in As i a ov er fl o wi n g ev ery

, ,

s pr i n g fl o o d the c o un t ry a n d fo r m fr es h s wa m p s a n d l a ke s
, ,

fo r m ile s a r o un d But i n the so u th the pr o du c ti v e s o il is

.
, ,

p ec u lia r ly r ic h a n d fer til e a n d c o lo n i e s o f b a n i sh e d P o l es a n d

,

M u sc o v ites a r e gra du a lly br in gin g the ba r ren w a s t es i n to

c u lti v a ti o n ; a n d thu s the c ru e l p o li c
y o f P eter the G r ea t, w h o
b a n ishe d to T o bo lsk eight th o u sa n d S w e dis h o ffice r s a n d
priv a tes c a ptur e d a t Pultow a has pr o v e d, a s he in ten de d o f , ,

grea t b en efit to tha t pr o v in ce w h e r e the un fo rt un a t e e xiles ,

to ga in a li v elih o o d e m pl o ye d th e m s e l v es a s w a tc hm a ke r s
,

a n d m ec h a n i c s a n d a few
, yea r s l a t er o p en e d a s c h o o l fo r
their c hildr en a n d bu il t a Lu th er a n ch ur c h At the en d o f
, .

the l a s t c en tu r y, K o tze bu e s a w o n e o f his o wn tr a ge dies ,

P ll as s Trav el s a
' “
.
 SU R EY o r RUSS I A, ETC
V . 42 5

The S tr a n ge r , a bly p e rfo rm e d i n the th ea t re o f T o b ol sk

a n d t r a v elle r s a gr ee i n s t a ti n g, th a t the v ill a ges a n d p e a s a n t r
y
o f S i be r i a a r e m o r e a d v a n c e d a n d b e tt er e du c a t ed th a n th e

s a m e c la ss i n the in t er i o r o f Ru ss ia .

O n the s u bj ec tio n o f O bdo r s ki by the Mu sc o v it es , th a t pl a ce ,

a s I h a v e sa id b efo r e , w a s u s e d w ith Ar c h a n ge l , b
y Iv a n I II , .

fo r a pl a ce o f b a n ish m e n t for his di s a ffec te d o r c r i m i n a l

s u bj ec t s ; a n d a n a dv e n t u r o u s m e r c h a n t , A n i ka Str o o n o fi,
'

g
c ro ss in g th e U r a l i n s ea r c h o f furs , o f w hi c h h e h a d s een th a t

th e m o s t v a lu e d s p ec i e s w er e u s e d fo r Sh o es by the S ib er i a n s ,
w h o fre qu en tly r e p ai r e d to his m i n es fo r sa lt, r e v e a le d to
Ru ss ia the u n kn o w n tr ea su re s , in this r es pec t, o f th e ir c o u n tr y
a n d , a fte r th e c on q ues t o f K aza n , a t r ib u t e w a s e x a c t e d fr o m
’

th e S ib e r ia n kh a n , J u d ig er , by th e Cz a r . A few yea rs l a t e r ,
a t r ib e o f C o ssa cks , c o n s is ti n g o f s i x th o u sa n d m e n , w e r e di s
'

per s e d u n d er the i r a tta m a n Y er m a k, hy the a r m y a n d fl ee t

o f I v a n IV , w h o a ttem pt e d to e xti r pa t e th e se pir a t es , a n d
.

d r o v e the m fro m the ir h om es o n the D o n a n d th e fugitiv es ,

p en etr a ti n g th r o u gh th e Ur a l M ou n ta i ns , fr o m w hen c e the y
l o oke d do w n o n v a s t a n d i mm ea s u ra ble pl a i n s , a n d s pre a din g
t o w ar d s the s h o r es o f the Obi, a tt em pte d to fo r m a s e tt le
m en t in S ib e r i a . They fo u n d tha t a c iv il w a r h a d l a te l y
e xpe ll e d th e kh a n J u d ig er fr o m S ibi r , a n d pl a c e d K u c h u m ,

hi s s u c c e ss ful r i v a l , o n th e th r o ne a nd thi s pr i n c e, h a tin g th e

M u s c ov ites , a n d a r m in g a ga in s t the n ew c o lo n i s t s , m a r c h e d
u po n the ir vill a g e w i th a c o n s id er a bl e fo r c e , w hi c h w a s d e

fea t e d by th e b old C o s sa c ks w ith i m m en s e Sla u ghter , a n d in

re t a li a ti o n fo r hi s u n p ro v o ke d a tt a c k, th e y b es i e g e d a n d

o bta i n e d p oss es s i o n o f hi s ca pit a l . The kh a n fled to the

w i ld K a l m u cks o f the s t e ppes , a n d hi s so n s w er e su b s eq u e n tly
c o n v eye d pr i s o n er s to M o s c ow . Bu t s till p res s e d by the
a r m y o f M u sc o v y, Y er m a k fo u n d hi m self c o m p elle d to t en de r

hi s s u b m i s s i o n to the Cz a r , a n d for a p a r d o n o ffe r to h is

s o v e r e ig n his n e w c o nqu e s t, fa r gr ea t er th a n th o s e he h a d l o s t,

o n th e c o n diti o n th a t h e s h o u ld s till r ul e it a s Vi c er o y a nd

Iv a n , a cc epti n g the r ic h gift fr o m h is s u b m i ss i v e s u bj e c t,

e nga ge d in fut u r e to l ea v e the C o ssa c ks u n m o l e s t e d o n the

D o n , a n d pr esen t e d Y er m a k w ith a c o m pl e te s u it o f a r m o u r ,
m a nu fa c tu r e d o f the pu r es t go ld . B ut, s h o r tly a fter thi s , the
a tta m a n w a s w a yl a id n e a r hi s c a pita l by a T a r t a r a m b u s ca d e ,

a n d his a tten d a n t s c u t d o w n a l m os t to a m a n a n d, es ca pi n g

2 E
42 6 THE AR C H ER AND THE ST E PPE
.

a o n e u n der c ov er o f the
l da r kn ess i n a n a tte m pt to s w i m a c ros s
,

th e Irtis ch he p er i s h e d in i ts gl o o m y w a t er s b o r n e u n der
, , ,

it i s su ppo sed by th e w eight o f h is e quipm en ts the s pl en did

, ,

gift o f the Cza r At his de a th the Ta r ta r s a ga in poss es s e d

.

them s el v es o f S ibir but w e re dr iv en o u t by a fres h b a n d o f

,

th e u n d a u n te d C o s s a c ks w h o , m a rc hin g thr o u gh th e b a r r en
,

s te pp e o f B a r a bin s ki r ea c h e d the fi n e p a s t ora l r egi o n s o f the

,

Y en esei a n d e a s ily i n d uc e d the m ild a n d s ca tter e d O s tia ks

,

to p a y to M u sco v y a m o der a t e tr i bute o f fur The Y a ku tes .

,

a T ur ki s h r a ce m a de m o r e d e fe n c e bu t w er e pr o pitia te d by
, ,

pr esen ts a n d o ffer s o f fr ien dship a n d a lli a n c e a n d a r e n ow

, ,

c o m pl e t e ly a m a l ga m a t e d w ith th e i r c o n qu er ors 3 th o ugh th e

B ur ia ts a tr ibe o f M a n tch o u s i n the s o u th ma de a fier c e r

, ,

a n d m o r e d e te r m i n e d r e s i s t a n c e a n d fo r so m e ye a r s c o m ,

pelle d th e Rus s i a n s to s ta y th e i r v i c to r i ou s pr o gr e s s a n d h a lt ,

o n the b o r der s o f th o s e dis tr i c ts m o s t r i c h a n d m os t pro ,

du c ti v e in j ew el s a n d go ld Un de terr e d by s no w a n d ic e,
.

th e Co s sa cks pu s h e d o n t o w a r d s the d eso l a te ma rs h es o f the

n o r th a n d i n 1 63 9 fi
,
fty yea rs a ft er thei r fir s t c on qu es t o n e
1

, ,

o f th e ir n u m b e r D e m e t r i u s K o pilo f ha d ga z e d w ith hi s fo l~
, ,

l ow er s a c ro ss the w a v es o f th e Oc hotzk Sea w hil e r ein for c e ,

m en ts to the firs t a dv e n tu r er s ha d s u b d u e d th e t r ibes a r o u n d

La ke Ba ika l a n d N er ts chi n sk a n d fou ght w ith the Chin e s e ,

o n the b a n ks o f the A m o u r fo r the p o s s e ss i o n o f her fer til e

a n d fru itful s h o r e s As th ey a d v a n c e d o n th eir c ar e er o f c o n

.

qu e s t the C o ssa cks w is ely bu ilt fo rt resses a n d villa ges in th e

,

d es e r ts th r o ugh w hic h th ey p a s s e d 3 th e s e w er e ga rr i s o n e d
a n d p eo pl e d by a dv e n t ur e r s a n d o u tla w s fr o m a ll p a r ts o f

Mu s c o v y a n d Ru ss i a 3 pr in c e s a n d bo ya r ds w ere fre qu en tly

exil e d thithe r by th e Cza r w ho fro m this ti m e sen t p r i s o n e r s
,

o f w a r to c o l o n iz e the w ild er p a r ts o f hi s e m pir e i n s t ea d o f ,

c o n d e m n i n g th em a s fo r m e rl y to pa s s th e r es t o f th e i r li v es
, ,

a n d thu s T o b o l sk r o se i n 1 5 87 3 Pel m
*
a s h o p el es s Sla v e s 3 y ,

Ber ezo f a n d S ur gu t, in 1 59 2 3 T a ra i n 1 5 9 4 3 Na rym , in

, ,

1 5 9 6 3 W er c h etu r ie i n 15 9 8 3 Ta r in s k a n d M a n ga se a in
, ,

1 60 0 3 To r u s k, i n 1 60 4 3 Tu r ch a n sk, i n 1 60 9 3 K u s n e yk, in
1 6 1 8 3 K r a s n oj a r ski, in 1 62 7 3 Ya ku ts k, in 1 63 2 3 I r bit,
1 63 3 3 O c ho tzk, i n 1 63 9 3 N er tsc hin s k, i n 1 65 8 3 a n d Irku tsk,
in 1 6 6 9 I n the yea r 1 63 7 , fleets m a n n e d by h a r dy C ossa cks
.

B oris G udunofl ‘

wh oa ttempted to de stroy the pow er o f h i s riv a l s . th e R o m an o fis , th e

’

a nc es to rs of th e re ig n in g d yna s ty i n R uss ia , s e nt ne a rly a ll o f th e m to S iberi a S i r e ro m e J

I IV
.

H-ereey, w h o w ro te n th e t m e of v a n
i i , s ays th a t s ix tho u sa nd R us s i an s oldi er s w ere
.

y m
g eneral l e ploye d i n S i beri a .
42 8 THE AR C H ER AND THE STE PPE
“

h o u se s , and i h libr a r i es o f the J es u i ts a n d the kh a n s

the
'

r c .

Per eko p is n o w o n ly pr o t ec te d by a fos s e a c ro ss w hi ch r un s ,

*
a b r idge w ith a s t o n e a r c hw a y a n d a ga t e .

Th o ugh the n o r the rn pa r t o f the C ri m ea is chiefly a fla t

a n d ba rr e n s t e pp e th e s o u th er n c o a s t i s bea u tifull y div e r s i fi ed
'

w ith l u xu ri a n t v e ge ta ti on hills a n d r o c k The v a lleys o f

, ,
.

B a ida r J eho s a ph a t a n d Dj u ro u k Su w ith v i n eya r ds

, , ,
‘

o r c h a r ds a n d c or n fi
,
el d s i n t er s p ers e d by th e c o n i ca l Te p eke r
-
,

m e n th e for t c r o w n e d h e ight o f Tc ho u fut K a l éthe c a v er n s

,
-
,

o f th e m o n as t ery o f U spen sko i a n d In ker m a n a n d th e m o u n ,

t a i n s a n d c r a gs r o un d the s till m o r e e lev a te d Tch a tir D a gh

'

pr es en t a n a gree a bl e pi c tu re to th e tr a v e ll e r a fter a w ea r y
j o u r n ey a c r o ss the pla in s o f th e n o r th 3 w hil e the w ho l e
p en i n su la c o n t a in s in n u m er a bl e m o nu men ts o f the tur bu l en t
a n d c rea ti v e a ges o f the p as t fr o m the s it e o f th e a n c i e n t ,

t e m pl e o f D ia n a n o w c o v er e d by th e m o n a st er y o f S t
,
.

G eo r ge a n d the r uin s o f the r o c k fo r tr es s o f K er m en tc hi k

, ,

the a b o d e o f the T a u r ia n ki n g Ski lo u r os d to the c a s tl es a n d

“

fo rtr e sses o f th e G en o es e the m o s qu es a n d p a l a c e s o f th e

,

l a te r M o n gu l kh a n s the ga r den s a n d ba th s o f Ba tc hi S er a i
,
-
,

a n d th e T a r t a r a n d J e w i s h c em e t er i e s a n d t o m bs .

The r o ck o f M a n go u p wh ic h r i ses to u pw a r ds o f a th o u
'
‘

s a n d feet , a n d w a s s u r m o un t e d o n the v e ry s u m m it by a

fo r tr ess w a s for a p er io d o f n o less th a n e lev en hu n dr e d

,

ye a r s i n the ex c lu s iv e p os ses s i o n o f th e G o ths The v a ll ey .

b en ea th s till bea r s the r em a in s o f a Gr eek c hu r ch a d o r n e d

w ith fr e sc o es a n d s u rr ou n d e d by t om b s m a rke d w ith a c r o s s
, ,

a n d th e c a s tl e s h o w s th e t r a c es o f a n a n c i e n tl
y fin e p a l a ce o f
tw o s to r ies hi gh re s tin g o n a s p a c i o u s te r r a c e a n d a pp ro a c h e d
, ,

by a h a n d s om e fl ight o f s t eps W hil e th e i r c o u n trym e n

.

w er e e xp e ll e d fro m the pl a i n s th e Go th s o f M a n g o u p m a i n ,

ta i n e d th eir p o s iti o n in thi s s tr o n gh o ld o f the hills w hi c h ,

w a s d efen de d by tw o w a ll s a c r o s s the e n t ra n c e w hil e a no th er ,

g ua r ded the v a lley o n the s id e o f In ker m a n 3 a n d they li v e d

h ere u n der Ch ri s tia n pr in ces till the l a t ter p a r t o f the
“

fifteen th c en tu r y w he n i n the yea r 14 7 5 it w a s ta ken a n d

,

s a cke d by th e T u r ks Eight een yea rs a fter thi s e v en t the

.
,

r u in w a s co m pl et e d by a n a c c i d e n t a l fi r e w hi c h b r o ke o ut

in the t o w n , th en ga r r is o ne d by a sm a ll Mu s s u l m a n fo r ce ,
a n d des tr oye d e v e r y thin g but the A c r o p ol is a n d a few
buildin gs in s ton e The la s t s e ttl e men t s o f th e Greeks in
.

fiey mo ur’s “ R ns s la on th e l ac S ea an d S e a B k of Azof .

f He wa s the energ e ti c opponent oi Mi th rid ates .

 SUR V EY o r R U SS I A, ETC. 42 9

the
.

C r i m ea w as The o d o r i a fo r tres s o n the pro m on t ory of

at ,

In ker m a n a n d belo w w hi c h th ey e xc a v a t e d a r egu la rly c o n

,

s tr u c te d a n d c o m pl e t e B z a n ti ne c h ur c h
y 3 A l e xi s o n e o f ,

th e ir pr i n c es (w ho w e re a ll de pen de n t o n C o n st a n tin o pl e) ,

t o o k Bal a kl a v a i n the fiftee n th c entur y fr o m the Ge n o es e ,

bu t a fe w yea r s a fter w a s a ga i n d r i v e n fo r th 3 a n d in 147 5

, ,

the Gr e ek c o l o n y w a s c o m pl e t ely exte r m i n a t ed hy the T u r ks .

,
w ho pl a c e d a ga rr i s o n a t Th e o d o r i a n d a ll o w e d the c a s tl e to
,

g o to r u in th o u gh a h un dr e d yea r s l a t er G re e k i n sc r ipti o n s
, , ,

a n d h e r a ldi c hea r i n s w e r e s till l egibl e o v er th e b uild in gs

g
a n d p u bli c ga tes
*
A t the s a m e tim e Ba l a kl a v a fe ll i n to
.

the h a n ds o f th e Ma h o m e t a n s w i th w h o m it r e m a i n e d till
,

they w e re e xp e lle d i n 1 7 8 0 by i ts pr ese n t p eopl e the Ar na o ut

, ,

Gr e e ks i t w a s c a ll ed C em ba lo by the Ge n o es e w ho i n , ,

1 3 6 5 t o o k it fro m i ts fo r m er i n h a bita n t s th e C h ers o n ites

, ,

a n d a ft er i ts c a pt u r e b th e p r i n c e o f Th eo d o r i it w a s r e ta ke n
y ,

by a G e n o e s e ca pt a in C a r l o S o m elli n w h o w as s en t fr o m
, ,

I t a ly w ith a fl ee t o f t we nty v es sel s fo r the pu r p os e a n d ,

a rr i v e d b e fo r e the h a r b o u r w ith a n a r m y o f 60 0 0 m en The .

m o de rn fo rt r es s o w es i ts fo u n d a ti o n to G e n o a a s a l so the ,

t wo c a s tl e s w h o s e r u in s s ur m o u n t th e ro c ks o n e ith er s ide
o f the n a rr o w e n tr a n c e to th e p o r t Th e a d v en tu r ou s .

c itiz en s o f thi s o n c e p ow e r ful a n d h a u ghty r ep ubli c w ho —

h a v e b e en m en tio n e d a s for m in g s ettl e m e nts in the C r im ea

a s ea r ly as th e l a tt er p a r t o f th e thir te e n th c e n t ur y a n d w ho ,

i n l es s th a n tw o hun d r ed ye a r s ha d be c o m e a l m o s t a b s ol u t e
i n th e p enin s u l a h a d l o n g b e fo re thi s m a i n t a in e d fa c to r i e s
—

i n C o ns t a n ti n o pl e a n d a pp ea r to ha v e e st a bli s h e d a n
,

e mp o r i u m a t S o lda ya fo r w hi c h th ey p a id a t r ib u t e to the
,

K o rn a n s so m e yea r s b e fo r e the M o n g uls fir s t i n v a de d E u r o p e

,
.

W h en Ta u r ida w a s o v er r un by the ho r de o f To us hi w ho ga v e ,

u p So ld a ya to th e fl a m es a n d fo r c e d th e R o m a ns to t a ke
,

r e fuge i n Mo lda v i a the Gen o es e h a s tily em b a rke d w ith

,

the i r go o ds for Byz a n tium 3 but a b ou t thi r ty yea r s l a ter a ga in

a pp e a r e d o n i ts s h o r es a nd s a il i n g w ith a fe w s hips to the
,
,

ba y o f Th e o d o s ia l a n de d o n the r u i n e d s it e w h e r e h a d
, ,

fo rm er ly s to o d th a t fa m o u s Mil e sia n t ow n a n d o bta in e d fr o m ,

the M o n gu l pr i n c e O ra n Ti m u r w ho r e ig n e d a t Eski K rrm ,

,

th e c es si on o f a s m a l l t er rito r y r o un d this s p o t I n 1280 .

the firs t h o u ses w er e e r e c t e d o f the p rese n t t o w n o f K a ffa ,

a n d it r a pidly r os e to s u c h im p ort a n ce th a t w ithi n ten ye a r s ,

H D S eymour s
. .
’
R ussia on the B la ck S ea , « Sac .
430 THE ARC HER AN D THE ST E PPE
'

it w a s e na bl e d to
“

gua r d i ts o wn p or t ,
a n d sen d thr ee ga lleys
to the r eli ef o f T r ip oli w hi c h w a s
, at th a t ti m e s t ra itly
The c o l on y o f K a fia s o on e x
'

b es ie ge d by th e
t en de d i ts in flu en c e a n d w a s s u c c ee de d by fr es h e s ta blis h
,

me nts a t K er tc h T a m a n a n d T a n a or A z o f 3 the G en o ese

, ,

S pr e a d th e m s el v es a l on g the c o a s ts o f Ci rc a s s i a a n d Mi ri

gre li a i n G eo r gia w her e m a n y o f th e i r c a s tl es s till r e m a i n

, ,

i n Trebiz on d a n d to the O pp o s it e S h o r e s o f the Bla c k Se a

, ,

a n d o bta in e d fr om the T a r ta r s o f Ru ss i a a m o n o p o ly o f

th e e xp o r t tr a de i n w h ea t a n d sa lt B ut i n th e i r c o m m e rc e .

a n d pr iv il e ges th e y w er e fi e r cel
y o pp o s e d by th ei r a v a r ic i o u s
a n d h a t e d r i v a ls th e V e n e ti a n s w ith w h o m th ey fre q uen tl y ,

e n ga ge d o n the w a t er s o f Byza n tiu m i n l o n g a n d d e a dly

c o n fli c t In 1 2 9 5 th ey m a s sa c r e d a ll o f th ei r o pp o n e n t s
.

w ho h a d s ettl e d in the s u bu r b s o f C o n s ta n t in o pl e 3 a n d the

fo ll o w in g yea r to r e v en ge this dee d a Ve n e tia n fl ee t set s a il
, ,

fro m the A d ria tic a n d d e fea tin g the s hips o f G en o a i n a

, ,

d e s p er a t e ba ttl e o n th e B o s ph o ru s d a r ted s u dden ly u p o n ,

'

K a fla with tw en ty ga lle ys a n d b ur ne d a n d u tterl y d es tr o ye d,

the t o wn Bu t th e Ge n o e se n o t di s c o u ra ge d by thi s di sa s t er
.
, ,

r etu rn e d the n e xt yea r a n d c o mm en ce d r e bu il d i n g the sa c ke d

a n d r ui n e d c ity 3 w hi c h r os e s o s p e e dil y fr o m i ts a s h e s tha t ,

i n 1 3 18 i t w a s er ec te d by th e p o p e i n to a bi s h o p r i c a n d i ts ,

m er c h a n ts ha d fo un de d a for tr es s a t the m o u th o f th e
D n i es ter A l l o f thei r e s t a bli s h m en t s i n th e Bla c k Sea w e r e
.
,

p r es ided o v er by c o n s ul s u n der the g o v er n m e n t o f a p o des ta,

,

w ho a ppo i n t e d by the m o th e r c ity r es id e d in th e Gr eek

, ,

e mp ire a t Ga l a t ea .

In 1 3 43 a w a r br o ke o u t betw een th e co l o n i s t s a n d th e l
.

Ta r ta rs 3 a n d a c r us a de w a s p r ea c h e d i n fa v o ur o f the G eno es e
by the Ro m a n p o n ti ff Cl e m en t VI w h e n Za n ibe g th e kh a n .
, ,

o f K i za k l a id si eg e to K a ffa
p , H e w as r e p ul s e d a fter a l o n g .

blo c ka de 3 bu t th e i n h a bita n t s fea r fu l o f a n o th er a tta ck , ,

b ega n to fo r tify the i r t er r it or ies w ith a s t ro n ger a n d m o r e .

p erfe c t syst em o f bu l w a r ks a n d the m a gn ific en t w a ll s fla n ke d

, ,
“

w ith to w e rs a n d s urr o un d e d by a d ee p dit c h w h o s e r e m a i n s

, ,

a r e s till c l e a r ly s e en w er e c o m m en c e d a t thi s p er i o d b
, y the
Ve n e tia n a r c hitec t G o de frey de Toa gli o a n d fin i s he d i n ,

1 3 8 6 by B ene di c t Gri m a l di The s o u th er n a n d fin est t o w er

.

i n thi s r a m pa r t w a s c o ns ec r a t e d to the m em o ry o f Cl em e n t
VI o ut o f gr a ti t ude for his e xer ti o ns in t he i r d efen ce a n d
.
,

11 D S eymour.
. .
4 32 . THE AR C .
H ER AND THE S T EPPE .

o f su pplyin g the garrison fo r m a n y year s ; a nd the c h ur ch,

‘

w hic h in th e s a m e d ivis io n i s s till com pl e te, h a s fiv e ti m es

b een c h a n ge d to s u it i ts p oss e s s o rs o f diffe r e n t fa ith s, ha vi ng
b een firs t ere c te d for a M o n gu l m os que th en tra n s form e d in to ,

a G r e ek c hu r c h a ft er w a r d s a c c o m m o da t e d fo r the Genoese
,

C a th o lics a ga in a l ter e d to a T a r t a r m o squ e a n d n o w i n the

, ,

p r esent d a y o n c e m o re co n sec r a t ed a n d devo te d to the Gr e ek ,

fa ith The m iddl e p or ti on o f th e fo rtr es s i s c a ll e d K a ta r a

.

R o ulle a n d b u ilt i n the l ed ge o f the prec ipito u s r ock 3 w hil e

,
’
th e thir d, the Ma iden s To w e r c r o w n s its su m m it a n d her e , ,

s en ti n el s w e r e fo rm er ly co n s t a n tly p o s ted , a s it co mm an ds

a full vi ew o f the en t ra n c e to th e h a r b o ur , o f the w a ll ed a n d

for ti fie d c ity the n eighb our in g fr u itful c o un try a nd a va s t

, ,

e xp a ns e o f s ea .

The C r im ea a pp ea r s to h a v e b ec om e sep a ra t ed fr om K i pza k

.

t o w a r ds the c lose of the fo ur teen th c e ntury a fte r the de fe a t ,

o f th e fa m o u s To kta mi sh, to o n e o f w h os e da u ght ers, Nen e

ki dj a n K h a n o um th ere i s a m a u s o l eum er ec te d in the cen tre

,

o f the J ewis h t o wn of Tc hou fu t K a l é , w hi c h

w a s th en th e
M o ngul sea t o f go ver n m en t in the pen insu l a, a n d w a s by
th em ca ll e d Kir kor The l egen d r ela t es th a t s he fe ll in lo v e
.

wi th a Ge n oese n o blema n o r a cc o r din g to so m e, a Ta r tar , ,

m ir za or pr i n c e a n d her fa th er r efus in g to co n sen t to the i r

. .

m arr i a ge, s he fle d w ith he r l o v e r to the im pregn a bl e w a ll s o f

Tc hou fut Ka l e w h er e th ey s a fe ly r em ain e d til l the Gen o ese
, ,

w a s trea c h er o u s ly i n d uc e d to a b a n d o n his pla ce of r e trea t .

He w a s im m e di a t ely s eize d by the em iss a r i es o f the angry

pr in c e w ho c o mma n de d hi m to be put to dea th 3 a n d N en e
,

ki dj a n i n d es pa ir o n h ea r in g o f his un h a ppy fa te, thr e w her

,

s e lf do w n fro m th e pr ec ipi c e, a n d w as das he d to pi eces in the

fa ll To kta m ish bitterly r e pen tin g of his ha r s hn ess , bui l t

.
,

thi s b ea utifu l m o num ent to her m emor y , a n d c a u se d it to be .

c ov ered w ith A r a bi c i ns c r i pti o n s fr om the K or an ? W h en “

,

h e t o ok r e fuge in Lithu a n i a , o n e of hi s r i v al s , a sio n o f a .

for m er To us hi kh a n, es ta blis h e d him self at Kir ko r a n d after s

,
,

w ar ds o ppo se d h is army w h e n u nited w ith tha t o f Vito ld, o n

,

the Vor skl a 3 bu t a fe w yea r s l a ter his s on Ma hm o u d Ge ra i , ,

’
s uc c eede d in de fea tin g his fa th er s en emi es a t Kir kor a n d for ,

a y ear r ul e d the cen tr a l d is t r ic t s o f the Cr i m e a , th ou gh he

w a s u ltim a tely kill ed in a n e n gagem e nt With the G en o ese,
a n d hi s child r en t a ken p r is o ner s .

*
H D Sey mour
. . .
 SU R V EY o r R U SSI A, E TC . 433

Bu t the c on qu e s t of
C o n st a n tin o pl e in th e yea r 1 45 3 w a s , ,

a t er r ible bl o w to the t r a d e o f th e r e p u bli c a n s i n the Ea s t .

The i r r i v a ls the Ven e tia n s o bta in e d the r ight o f n a v i ga tin g

, ,

the Bl a c k Se a fo r a n a n n u a l t r ib u te o f d u c a ts 3 a n d ,
a tte m p ti n g to g a i n fa v o u r w ith the n ew m a s t e rs o f C on s ta n

ti n o ple a n d m o n o p o liz e th e i r c o m m e r ce w i th the W e s t th e

, y ,

so o n s uc c ee de d i n r a i s i n g diffe r e n c es a n d h os tiliti es be tw e e n

the Ge n o e s e m er c h a n ts a n d th e T u r ks A t th e s am e tim e .

M e n gli Gh er a i the he ir to the thr o n e o f th e Cr i m e a w ho ha d

, ,

be e n bro u ght u p in c a pti v ity a m o n g the Ge n o es e fin din g ,

hi m se lf se v er ely p r ess e d by these c o l on i s ts w hile hi s thr ee ,

b r o ther s w er e i n r e bel lio n a ga in s t hi m r e qu es te d the a ssi s~ ,

ta n c e o f the O tto m a n s , a n d o ffer e d to h o ld hi s th r o n e in

o be di e n c e to S ta m b ou l In th e yea r 147 5 a n e xp ed it i o n
.
, ,

c o m m a n de d b
y o n e o f the m o s t c e l e br a te d o f the T u rkis h
c a pt a in s A h me d s u r n a m e d K a d u k o r the br o ke n m o u th e d
, ,
-
,

w a s d es p a tc h e d by Ma h o m e t II fr o m th e B o s ph or u s a n d .
,

a r r i v e d be fo r e K a fl a the n c a ll e d Littl e C o n s t a n tin o ple w ith

'

, ,

a po w e r fu l fl e e t o f 4 82 g a lleys a n d an a r m
y of m en , .

O n the 1 s t o f J un e the a tta c k w ith a fo r m id a bl e r a n ge o f

,

a r till e r
y c o m m e n c ed a n d o n the 6th th e n u m er o u s bre a c h e s
,

in th eir fo r tifica t i o n s c o m p e ll e d the bes i ege d to s u r r en der a t

d i s c r eti o n a fter th ey ha d in v a i n a tt e m pte d to c a pit u la t e ;
,

a n d A h m e d a fa n a ti c a n d i n t o l e r a n t M u s s u l m a n , a n d i rr i
,

ta ted a t th e i r r e s i s ta n ce a n d d e fe n c e h a u ghtily a c ce pt e d th e i r ,

s u bmi ss io n a nd e n t er e d the d o o m e d a n d r u i n e d to w n th r o u gh
,

i ts bl o c ka d e d a n d des er te d s tr ee ts Ta ki ng posses si o n o f the .

c on s ul a r p a l a ce he di sa r m e d the p o p u la ti o n fr o m w h o m he
, ,

l ev ie d a n e n o rm o u s r a n s om fo r the pu r c h a s e o f the i r li v es 3
a n d confi sc a tin g h a lf th e p r o p er ty b o th in go o ds a n d in ,

s l a v e s o f the i n h a bit a n ts w hi c h a lt o ge th er a m o u n te d to a n
, ,

i mm e n se bo o ty he s en t ,
o f the c itiz e n s i n his ga ll eys

to C o ns ta n ti n o ple w h e r e th ey w e r e e s ta bli s h e d by fo r c e in
,

th e s ubu r bs o f the th e n d e p o p u l a te d c a pita l a n d 15 0 0 o f ,

thei r c hil dr e n a ll n o bl es o f the highes t r an k, w er e c o mpell e d to

,

en t the c o r ps o f Ja ni s sa r i es a n d p r o fes s I sl a m i s m K a ffa

,
.

ha d een fo r the l as t tw o hu n d r ed ye a rs a gr ea t m a r ke t fo r
, ,

th e s a le o f Ci rca s s i a n Ru s sia n a n d T a r ta r s l a v es
,
a tr ib e o f,

the fo r m er peo pl e w ho in a ll ag es ha v e s o ld the i r c hild re n

, ,

r e a dily fo r gold h a d in 1 37 3 es ta bli s h e d th em sel v es i n

, ,

Ta m a n a n d K er tch a n d the M o nguls fo un d ea s y pu r c ha s ers

,

i n the Genoese, w h o di sp os e d o f them in the i r tu rn to the

.
43 4 THE AR C H ER AND THE ST EP E P .

di ffere nt n a tio ns o f th e Eas t for th eir in n u me r a bl e As i a ti c

,

a n d Ru s s ia n pr i so n e rs o f w a r In s t ea d o f be c o m i ng li ke the
.
,

r es t o f the C r i m ea m ere ly a fief o f th e T u r ks, K a fia w a s

‘

i m m e dia te ly i nc o r po r a t ed w ith the ir o w n e m pi r e a n d in the ,

yea r 1 66 3 ha d a ga i n a tta i ne d to grea t m er c a n til e i m p o r t a n c e

, ,

c o m p ri s in g 4 0 0 0 h o uses a n d m o r e th a n c itiz e n s
w ithi n h er w a lls a n d s eld om l e ss th a n 40 0 ship s i n her p o r t
,
.

H er c on que st wa s s o o n fo llo w e d by tha t o f Ba l a kla v a a n d So l

d a ya a fter the l a tt er ha d s us ta i n e d a l o n g a n d v igor o us r es i s t
, .

a n c e a n d h a d b een o n l
, y co m p elle d by fa m i n e to s ur re n der 3
M a ngo up w a s w r es t e d fr o m a fe w fu giti v e G e noe se a nd the
Go th s a n d M e n g ll Gher a i a tt em ptin g to o bta i n th e r es tor a
, ,

ti on o f K a fia fro m hi s a llie s, w ho de m a n de d h er a s a r ec o m
'

p e n c e fo r the ir a ss is ta n c e w as de fea t e d a n d ta ken pr i s o n er

,

to C o n s ta n ti n o pl e He w a s 1 e pla c e d o n his thro n e i n the

.

yea r 14 7 8 u p o n a c c e din g to the fo ll o w in g c o n diti on s

Tha t h e s ho uld s w ea r fo r hi mself a n d his d es cen da n ts
i n v i ol a ble fide lity a n d s ub m issi o n to th e Po r t e c o n sen ti ng ,

tha t the kh a n s s h o u ld be pl a c e d o n the thr o n e a n d r e m o v e d

by th e G ra n d S u lta n a t his pl ea s u re a n d th a t th ey s h o u ld
,

m a ke p ea ce a n d w a r fo r the in t e res ts o f the O tto m a n e m pi r e .

A t the s a m e ti m e the su lta n co n ce de d tha t o n ly a p ri n c e o f

the r a c e o f Zin gi s kha n s h ou ld be ev er pla ce d o n the thr o n e
o f Littl e Ta r ta r y 3 tha t h e w o u ld n e v er un der a n y c i r c u m
,

s ta n c es pu t to d e a th a p rin c e o f th e h o u s e o f Ge r a i a n d th e
, ,

Ge r a i s s h o uld n ev er be c om pell e d to de liv er up r e fu gee s w ho

‘

h a d ta ke n r e fu ge i n th eir do m in i o n s 3 th a t the p ra ye r fo r the

kh a n s h o u l d be r ea d i n th e m o s qu es a fte r th a t o ffer ed u p fo r
th e G ra n d S u lta n 3 tha t the kh a n s ho uld c a r ry fiv e ta il s o n
hi s s t a n da r d w h e n he w en t to ba ttl e w hic h w a s o n e l es s th a n
,

the Gra n d S u lta n hi m s e lf a n d tw o m o re tha n th e high e s t

,

r a n k o f p a s ha s 3 a n d th a t in ti m e o f w a r th e P o r te s h o uld

a ll o w 1 2 0 pur s es or a b o u t
, fo r e a c h c a m p a ign ,
’
t o wa r ds th e e xpen ses o f the kha n s g ua r d a n d 80 p u r ses o r , ,

n e a rly fo r the K a li po uli m ir za s o r the i m m e di a t e

,

v a ss a l s o f th e kh a n w ho w e r e no t o f n o bl e bi r th .

The kh a ns o f the C r i mea dr e w n o r e v enu e fr o m th ei r s ub

.

j ects , bu t r ec e i v e d fro m the Po r te a pe ns io n o f 3 .

ye a r 3 th ey c ou ld n o t a lt e r the pr iv il e ge s o f th e n o bility a n d ,

n o n o ble c o u ld be p u n i s h e d w itho u t the p ar ti c ip a tio n o f th e

b eys o r h ea ds o f th e gr ea t ho u s es a ss em bl e d i n c o un c il The
,
.

seco n d di gni t a r y i n th e ki ngdo m w a s th e ka lga s ulta n o r

“
43 6 TH E AR C H ER AN D THE S TE PPE
.

littl e v a ll ey o f Dju r ou k Su b ehin d w hic h s ta n ds the ha ll of

,

th e div a n o r c ou nc il r o o m in the m ids t o f a t err a c e d ga r d en ,

-
,

w e ll pl a n t e d a n d r e fre s h e d by n u m e ro u s fo u n ta in s N ea r .

this c a s tl e en c l o se d by tr ees i s the ha rem su r m o u n t e d by

, , ,

a high t o w er o r ki o s k a n d o n the l e ft s ide o f the p a l a c e the

,

m o s qu e t er m in a t e d by tw o m i n a r ets a n d the c em e t ery w her e , ,

i n the c en tr e a m ids t n um e ro u s s ep ul c hr es a nd c ypr e ss tr e es

‘

-
, ,

s t a n d tw o d o m e s c o n t a in i n g the t o m bs a n d m on u m e n ts o f the

kh a n s .Th u s Ta u r ida s urr en der e d her r ight s a n d in depen

,

d en c e to C o n s ta n ti n o pl e a nd h er kh ans r em a in e d fo r a b o v e
,

tw o hu n dr e d a nd fifty yea r s th e v a ssa l s a n d pe ns i on er s o f

the T ur ks .

B a gd a d but now h ere h av e w e seen suc h a founta in The a uth or of thi s i nsc ription is
c l led C h e i k i
.
,
a If a ny ma n fa in ti ng fr m thi s t re d s th es e w o rd s c e
o r a th e w a ter a r ss
t i c kli n g f om th e s le n d er pi pe w h a t d th ey te ll h im ? C o m e d ri n k th is
, , , ,
w h ic h es ca p es r r o
l i pi d w a t r th a t fl o w s fr m th e pures t o rs pri n s i t g iv es
, ,
ni e o , Quo te d from H D -

S eymo ur s Rus s ia on the Bla c k Sea and S ea 0 Azof

. .
' “
.
 C HA P T ER VI .

fill er irrit ant m emoir aa h

g nlanh— Q i nrmmiion of gratu i tie s— o

rai l; of 5m V riatz filinsli i

g m II I —
g um sim t o f Qga i l I —
% .

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g rai l s f g r il
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finger aa h g s
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rc ss mit o f gian t ti
p : d zrr z
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trs li han— di x i imm of tlgz m m gainer in Ga rage
am a l .

Th e pow e r a nd
for tun es o f th e w a r.
Fa i th ful a s th e i r v a i n v o ta ries , m en
Ha d pas s ' d to th e tr iu m p h a n t z a r. C
And Mos c o w s w al ls a re s a fe a g ai n —
'
BYR ON .

THE w a r h a d ti n u e d fo r s ev eral ye a r s b e tw ee n M u s ~
c on ,

c ov y o n th e o n e ha n d a n d Lithu a n ia a n d Po l a n d o n th e ,

o th e r w h e n C a s i m ir ki n g o f th e l a tt er c o un try e xpi re d i n
, , ,

1 4 9 2 a n d w a s s u c c e e de d by h is thir d so n Jo h n Al be r t i n
, , ,

W a r s a w ; the e ldes t Vla di s la f b ei ng a lr ea dy ki n g o f Hu n , ,

C ONT EMP O RAR Y SOVE R E I GN S O F THE S IXTEENI H C E NT UR Y ' ‘

,

M us c o v r S WE E D N.
I F di d V d I J h II
.

th G
v an t e rea er na n an sa o n
i l th C u g o us 1 520 C h i ti n II
. . .

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e o ra e f D e a r s a o en
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. . . .

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. .
, .

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. .

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I I
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.

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. S ig is m und .

1 5 20 . S o ly m a n th e M a gni fl 1598 . Ph ilip III .

ce n t. S C O TLAND .

15 66 S el im II POR TUGAL J V
a m es (
Jm V
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J
. . . .
.

1 595 M a ho m et II I 1 52 1 o h n III 1 542 M y ar

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.

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. . . .

. 1 5 78 He n ry th e ar di na l
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C V
.

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. .

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. . . .

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Fr d ic k
. .

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II H C h ris tia n I II
. . . . .

1 5 76 R o d o lph e nry VII 1 5 34

H V II F ed ic k I I
. . .
. .

1509 e nry I 1 559 r er

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. . . .

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. .

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 43 8 r nn ARC
'
H ER AN D THE s'r s r r n .

ga ry, a n d the s eco n d C a s im ir ha v i n g for m er ly en t er e d a s a

, , .

p ri es t i n th e Po li s h c h ur c h The Lith ua n ia n s a t the s a m e ti m e

.

’
l
e e c t e d J o h n s you n ger br o th er A l e xa n der fo r the i r Gra n d

D uke, s o th a t the tw o n a ti o n s o n c e mor e beca m e es ta bli sh e d

u n d er di ffer en t pr in c es a n d g o v e r n m en t s a s e p a r a ti o n w hi c h ,

m u tua lly w e a ken i n g b o th s ta tes w a s o f th e gr e a t e s t i m p or

,

t a n c e a n d b en efit to Ru ssi a w h er e the a gen ts o f C a s im ir ha d

,
1

b e en l o n g s e c r etly a n d su c c es s fully en ga ge d i n r a isin g u p

s tr i fe a n d m a le c o n te n ts i n the M us c ov i te p r in c ip a li ti e s a nd ,

c o n s ta n tly u r gin g th e m by o fi
'

e rs o f a s s is t a n c e a n d r em un er a
'

t io n to r ev olt J ohn w a s h a r dly e s ta blis h e d o n his thr on e

,
.
,

w he n in c o n ce rt w ith hi s tw o b r o th er s h e i nv a de d Mo lda v ia ,
w h o s e m o n ar c h S t e ph e n w a s th e a lly a n d r e la ti v e o f Iv a n
, , ,

a n d the Cz a r i mm e di a tely m ar c h e d m en u p o n Li
thu a n ia .

In the m ea n w hil e, the u n it e d a r m ie s ha v i n g e n ta ngl e d

th em s e l v es i n th e w o o ds o f the Bu ko v i n a , w er e s u r pr is e d a n d
u tterly r o u te d by the Mo lda v ia n s a n d A l e xa n de r r e tur n i n g ,

i n h a s t e to o pp ose his Mu sc ov ite fo e w h om he a t fir s t a ttem pt e d ,

to c u t o ff by p o is on , w a s o v er a w e d by the e n o rm ou s fo r ce
th a t Iv a n h a d le d in t o the field a n d offer e d to m a ke a lm o s t ,

a ny c o n c e s s i on s fo r p ea c e A c o n fer en c e w a s h el d by th e
.

pr in c es w hic h e n ded i n the a r ra n gem e n t o f a m a r ria ge be

, '

t w e en Ale xa n d er a n d He len a the e ldes t da u ghter o f the ,

Cza r a n d her fa th er s tipu la te d tha t a Greek c hu r c h s h o u ld

be e r ec te d for her u s e a t Vil n a , a n d pr o v id ed w ith a s u ita ble
a tt e n d a n c e o f p r i es ts But th e ter m s o f thi s tr e a ty w er e n ev e r
.

fa ithfully c a r r i e d in t o e ffec t Al ex a n der a bigo t e d C a th o li c , ,

r e fus ed to bu ild the c ha p e l fo r hi s b r i de a n d o n the c o n tr a r y , , ,

a tt e m pt e d to fo r c e th ose o f his s u bj e c t s w ho s till a dh e r e d to

the Gr e ek fa ith to r e no u n ce th e ir e rr o r s, a n d c o n fo r m to th e
La tin c r ee d a n d, o n the de a th o f h i s b r o th er i n 1 5 0 1 w h e n ,

P
Th e fol l o w ing i s a bull o f o pe Al exan d er VI , i ss ue d upon th i s oc ca s ion
Th e bi s hop Alexa nd e r, s erv a n t o f th e se r v a n ts o f G o d , fo r a perpetua l r e mem br a nc e .

The l o iti nes s o f th e d iv i n e w is d o m, w hic h no h um a n reas o n ca n g ra s p, a l w a ys ori g ina ti n g ,

o u t o f th e e s s e nc e o f i ts bo un d les s g oo dn es s , so m e thin g for the w elfa re o f th e h um a n r a c e,

p ro d uce s a nd brin g s i t i nto l ig h t a t th a t co n v e n ient s e a s o n w h ic h G od h i m s elf, by a

s ecre t m ys tery, k n o w s to be th e s uita bl e on e , i n or d e r th a t m en m a y k
n o w th a t th ey c a n
d o nothing by the i r ow n m e rits a s of th em s e l v e s , but th a t th e ir s a l v a tio n a nd ev ery g i l t
o f g ra c e pro cee d s tro m th e s u prem e G od h i m s elf, a n d from th e F
a th e r of lig ht r uly i t . T
i s no t w ith o ut a g re a t a n d l iv e ly Jo y i n o ur m i nd , th a t w e h a v e h ea rd th a t s o me R us s mn s
k
i n th e d uc h y o f Li thua ni a , a nd o the r s l iv ing a w ard in g to th e G re e r itual , but i n o th e r
r e S pe c ts profess i n the Ch ris tia n fa ith, d w ell ing i n th e c ities a nd d ioc e s e s o i il na a nd
‘

V
K io f, Lukof a nd e d n iki, a n d o th er pl a c es i n th e s a m e d uc h , h av e, by th e illu mi n a ti o n
o f th e H k y j
o ly S pi r it w or i ng i n th em , e xpre ss e d a d e s ire u tte r y to r e ec t fro m th e i r m i nd s
a n d h ea rts so m e errors , w h ich , w h ile li v i n g i n th e r itua l a n d c us tom o r th e G ree s ' th ey k
C
h a v e hitherto observ ed , a n d to e mbra ce th e unity o f the a th olic fa ith . a nd o f th e La tm
C
R o m a n h u rc h . a nd to li v e a c co rd in g to th e r i tua l of th e s a id La tin a nd R o m a n h ur c h C
B ut a s th ey h a v e been baptized accordi ng to th e ri tual of th e Gree s —na mely, in th e k
.
440 THE ARCH ER AN D THE S TE PPE .

'

p os s esse d hi m s elf o f S evera a n d d efea t e d the Polis h fiel d4 ,

-

m a r s h a l Os tr o fs ky n e a r th e river W a d ra s h w here the la tter ,

i nc a utio us ly r elyi n g o n the s tr en gth a n d br a v er y o f his o w n
w ell a rm e d fo r c e s n e glec te d the c o mm o n es t p r e ca u tio n s a n d
-
, ,

fell u n a w a r es in to a n a m bu s h o f the M us co vites The city; .

o f Br en sko ,
w ith th e o th er fo r t resses o n th e fr on ti er , a l l
fell i n t o th e h a n ds o f the i nva der s a n d the Lith u a ni a ns in a
'

s h o 1 t c a m p a ign l os t w i th the e x c eptio n o f Sm o le nsko, the

,

e n ti re c o n qu es ts o f Vit o ld, th e h a r d w o n frui t s o f m a n y - .

y ea r s o f w a r a n d blo o d sh e d w hile th ei r gen er a l w a s for ce d to

,

e n t er th e s er vi ce o f Iv a n a n d w a s r ew a r d e d fo r h is d eser tio n
,

by l a r g e es ta tes But th ese c o u ld n o t r ec o nc il e hi m to a ba ndon

.

hi s o w n m o na rc h a n d j o in th e for t u n es a n d c a m p a ign s o f hi s
,

e n e mi es a n d a ft er h a v i n g res id e d fo r se vera l y ea r s i n M os

c o w w h e r e s u bj e c t to a s tr i c t s u r v e ill a n c e h e fo u n d hi m self
, ,
.

littl e m o re th a n a sl a ve o n th e fir st o ppo r tun ity h e s u c c ee d e d

,

i n e va din g his gu a r ds i n the c a pit a l a n d m a d e his es ca pe to

'

his o w n c ou n t rym en th r ou gh th e thi c k a n d in tr i c a te w o o ds .

Al e xa n der o bt a ini n g th e a s si s ta n ce o f hi s b r o ther br o ught

, ,

a n e w a n d e n o r m o u s a r m y in t o the fi eld c o n s i s tin g c hi e fl

y of ,

for eign b a tta li o n s o f Siles ia ns B oh e m i a n s a n d Mo r a vi a n s , ,

bu t th e Ru s sia n s ha d s en t a l l th ei r pl un der i n to M u s c o vy ,

a n d fo r tifi e d th e m s e lve s sec u r e ly i n th e c a ptu r e d s tr o n gh o ld 3

a n d th e Gra n d D u ke d espa ir i n g o f be i n g a ble to r e t a ke h is

,

c o n q uere d t er r ito r i es w h o s e p eo pl e h a vi n g o r igin a lly b elo n ge d

, ,

to R us s ia a n d b ei n g allie d to h er in c u s to m s a n d fa i th
,

h a d a l w a ys b e e n h o s til e to hi s g o v er n m en t gla dly a c c ed e d to ,

the pr o p os a l s o f Iva n a n d a gr ee d to a tr uc e o f a fe w m o nths

, .

Th e Cza r t oo k a dva n ta ge o f thi s to m a r c h a ga in s t Livo n i a ,

w h os e m a s te rs the T eu to n i c kn ights i n a llia n c e w ith A l e x

, ,

a n d er , ha d l a t ely c r o s se d hi s b or der s a n d p1u n de 1 ed th e ,

dis tr i c t s a b ou t N ov o go 1 o d ; bu t his a r m i es su s t a in e d a m o s t
di sa str o us d efea t o n the 7 th o f S ept em b er 1 5 0 2 n ea r Pl es ko t
'

, , ,

a n d l os t a b o ve 1 0 0 0 0 m e n ; a n d th o u gh he ga in e d
, a fe w ,

w eeks a fter so m e a dva n t a g e s o v er the e n em y he i m m e dia tely

, o ,

des pa t c h e d a n a m ba ssa do r to the Gr a n d Ma st er Wa lte r Vo n ,

Pl a tt enb er g a n d c o n c lu d e d a fifty yea i s p ea c e

’
, At the .

s a m e ti m e h e r e q u es t e d Vo n P l a tte nb erg w h o s e s u c c e s s or ,

u lti m a t ely c l o s e d his d a ys i n a R u ss i a n pr is o n to s e n d o n e o f ,

th o s e i r o n dr a go on s to Mo s co w w ho ha d pl a ye d so va lia n t a
pa r t in the la t e e ngag e m en t an d ha vin g gr a tifie d his ,
’
cu ri os ity by ex ami ni ng the so ldi er s s w or d a n d a cc ou tr emen ts,
 W AR BET WEEN mo s c ow AND PO LAND ,
ETC . 44 1

he ga ve hi m so m e v a l ua ble p r esen t s a n d a ll o we d hi m to ,
r e tu r n h o n1 e * .

The fo ll o w i n g s u m m er th e w a r w i th P ol a n d w a s r e n e w e d
a n d Iv a n th e C za r o v itz h a vi n g d i e d s i x y e a r s b efo r e w h en
, , ,

his phys i c i a n Le o w a s b eh ea d e d for n o t h a v i n g s u c c e e de d in

s a vi n g his life the C za r sen t a n a r m
, y u n d er the c o m m a n d o f,

his s ec o n d s o n D e m e t r i us w ith o r d er s to t a ke S m o le n sko a t

,

a ll r i s ks . The Russi an t r 0 0 ps r e m a in e d l o n g a n d fo u ght ,

br a ve ly b efo r e its w a ll s bu t th e ga r r is o n m a d e a m o s t
,

o bs tin a t e r es is ta n c e a n d a t l e n gth th e a r r i v a l o f the ki n g o f

P o l a n d w ith a n u m ero u s for c e o blige d D em etri u s to r a is e

,

th e s i e ge a nd a b a n do n the a tta c k w ith hi s tro o p s 5 a n d

, ,

s h o r tl y a fter th e Po l es c o n c lu d e d a p ea c e w ith M o s c o w fo r
,

s ix
yea rs o n th e R u s s ia n s r e tu r n i n g a ll the p r i s o n ers w h om
,

th e y h a d c a pt u r e d i n th e fo r m er w ar Iva n w a gr ea tly in .
s

’
c e ns e d a t thi s fa il u r e w hi c h h e e n ti r e ly a tt r ibu t e d to h i s s o n s
,

w a n t o f s kill o r c o u ra g e ; a n d a c c o r din g to s o m e a u th o r s
, ,

u p o n D e m e tr iu s fir s t a pp e a r i n g b e fo r e h im w h en h e r e tu r n e d

fr o m S m o le ns ko the C za r fle w i n to a v i ol e n t pa ssi o n a n d
, ,

s tr uc k hi m s o vi o l e n t a bl o w w i th hi s pos s a c h th a t th e p r i n c e ,

fe ll d ea d a t h is fe e t It i s a lso r e la t ed th a t Iva n n ev er en
.

’
ti r ely r ec o ve r e d hi s so n s d ea th bu t b ec a m e fro m th a t ti m e
,

a p r e y to
g r i e f a n d r e m o r s e ; 1 bu t thi s s to r y so s i m il a r to
‘

th e m o r e a u th e n ti c o n e o f his g r a n ds o n Iva n the Terr ibl e , ,

r es ts o n m er ely a s l e n d e r fo u n d a ti o n th o u gh it i s cer ta in th a t
,

D e m e tri us e xpir e d a b ou t this p eri o d , a n d th a t his fa th er

s c a r cely s u r v iv e d h im e ighte en m o n th s .

Afte r the d ea th o f the C za r o v i tz i n 1 49 6 Iva n ha d ,

a ppo in t e d hi s o n ly c hild D e m e tr i u s the h ei r to th e th r o n e

, ,

o f Mu sc o vy a n d i n o r d er to s ec ur e his s u c c e ss i o n w hi c h ,

w as m u c h o pp o s e d by th e C za r i n a S o phi a w h o w i s h e d th e ,

c r o w n to be pl a c e d o n th e h e a d o f o n e o f he r o w n s o n s he ,

c a u se d h i m to be s o l e mn ly i n a u g u ra t e d d u r in g h is o w n li fe

ti m e a n d th e c er em o n y t o o k pl a ce o n the 4 th o f F e b r u a r y
, ,

14 97 . It w a s c o n du c t e d in the sa m e m a n n er a s the or din a r y

c o r o n a ti o n s o f th e C za r s I n th e m iddl e o f the Ca th e dr a l o f
.

the A s s um pti o n th r ee th r on e s w ere e r ec t e d for th e C za r his ,

r a n d s o n a n d th e m e tr o p o lit a n a n d Oppo s it e to th es e w e r e
g ,

pl a c e d the im per ia l c r o w n a n d r ega li a w hile the c h ur c h w a s ,

c r o w d e d w ith the a r c hbi s h o p s a bb o t s a n d bi s h o p s a n d ev er y

, , ,

o r d er a n d dign it a ry o f th e Mu s c o vit e ecc l e s i as ti c s Upo n .

Uni ers l Hlst y 1 Lacom b e R e o l uti de l R

'

v a or .
l s v o ns a uss e.
4 42 THE ARCH ER A N D THE S TEPPE .

the e n ra n c eIva n a n d D em etr i us the d ea c on s sa n g

t of ,
“
a c co r di n g to c u s t o m Lo n g live the o n ly Gra n d Pr in c e a n d
,
”
Cza r the grea t Iva n m a y be l on g r eign o ver u s !
, This
,

w a s fo ll o w e d by a pr a ye r to th e H o ly Vir gi n a n d St Peter .
,

a fter w hi c h the tw o p r in c es a s c en de d th eir th r o n e s a n d Iva n ,

a dd r e s se d th e m e t r o p oli ta n w ith th ese w o r d s

F a th er a c c o r din g to th e cu s to m a n c i en tly, a n d u ntil n o w

,

o b ser ve d by o u r pr e d ec esso rs ou r a n c e s tor s the Gra n d ,

Pr in c e s ha ve by th e gra ce o f G o d c on s ig ne d the ki n gd o m
, ,

to th e i r e ld e s t so n s a n d a fter th eir ex a m ple the Gr a n d ,

Pr in c e m y fa th er bl ess e d m e w ith the m o n a r c hy in his o w n

, ,

p r ese n ce s o a lso I i n like m a n n er blesse d m y firs t bo r n Iva n

,
-
, ,

w ith th e ki n gdo m i n th e p r ese n ce o f a ll Sin c e h ow ever .

, ,

it h a s h a pp en e d by th e Divi ne plea s u r e tha t m y so n i s d ea d ,

bu t th a t h is o n ly s o n Di m itr i w h o m G o d ga ve m e in the , ,

pla c e o f m y s o n s ur vives I like w ise i n c o n fo r m ity w ith th e

, ,

sa m e c u s t o m bl es s him in the p r es en c e o f a ll b o th n o w a n d
, ,

a fte r m y d ea th w ith th e Gra n d D u c hies o f Vl a di m i r No v o

, ,

gor o d a n d a ll e l se w ith w hi c h I s h o u ld h a ve bl es se d his

,

fa th e r Th e m e tr o p o li ta n th e n a dva n c e d to D em e tr iu s
.
,

a n d bl es s in g him w ith the c r o s s o r d er e d th e d ea co n to r e a d

, ,

a n d th e se fi
“
th e pr a yer s , n is he d tw o a bbo ts br o ught the ,

c r o w n a n d r e ga lia w ith w hic h the C za r in ve s te d hi s gr a n dso n

,

a t th e sa m e ti m e th a t the p r i m a t e s ign e d h im w ith the c r o ss

y r Th e o ffic ia tin g d ea con

‘
in t eh n a m e o f t h e H o ly Tr i n it .

th en c o mm en c e d the Lita ny a fter w hi c h the pr i e s ts s a n g ,

fr o m the a lt a r Lo n g live th e Gr a n d Pr in c e Ivan the

, , ,

bel o ve d o f C hr is t the c hosen a n d h on o u r e d o f Go d 5 lon g li ve

,

PR AYERS READ AT THE C onoxa r x

ou
'
or D e m-
:m rus .

0 L or d our Go d Ki ng o f k i ngs L ord of l or ds wh o by thy se rv a n t S a m uei the p ro ph et

d id st c h o os e D e v i a nd a no i nte d h im to be k i n g o v e r Thy p eo pl e l s ra el h ea r n o w the
. , . ,

p ra yers of Thine unw o rthy s er a nt a n d l ook d o w n f rom Thy s a nc tua ry u po n Thy fa i th ful
,
v

s er v a n t w h o m th ou h a s t c h ose n to exa l t to be k i n g ov er T h h o ly na ti ons a nd w ho m

,

Th ou h a s t red eem ed w ith the mos t prec i o us bloo d o f Th v o nl y e e o tten S o n ; a n o i nt h i m

,

w i th th e o il o f gl a d nes s pro tec t him W i th th e i r tue o f the high es t p l a c e upo n hi s h ea d

v

a c r o w n of p re c i o us s to n es g i v e h i m l en g th o f d a ys a n d a roya l sce ptre i n h i s r igh t h a n d ;

, ,

l ac e h im on a r ighteous th ro ne s urro und h im w i th a ll th e a rms o f j us ti c e s tren gth en

. .

lil s a rm a nd subd ue unto h i meeall kbee a r b ar i a n to n gues ; l e t h is w h o l e h ea r t be i n Thy fear

, .

th a t h e m a y h um bly o b ey Th h i m fr o m th e fal s e p a th a n d po i nt o ut to him the

,

;
true p rese rv er o f th e c omm a n d s o Thy h o ly un i v e rs a l c h urc h th a t h e ma y j udge th e
,

p eo pl e i n us ti c a a nd a dm i ni s ter j us ti c e to th e p o or a nd p res er v e the c hild re n o r th e poor

,

a n d fins { ly th a t h e m a y a tta i n th e _kin g d om o f h e a v e n E en a s thi ne i s th e p ow e r

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v
a n d thi ne i s th e k i ngd o m so h e p rai se a nd h o nour to th ee G o d th e F a th er S o n a nd
.
, , ,

Ho i Gh o s t no w a nd for e v er
, .
, , .
"

illere a noth er fo ll o we d
.
.

t0 Lord w e p ra y to Th ee th e onl y Ki ng eterna l to w h om al so is c omm i tted th e sov e

r eig nty of th e ea r th u ph o ld th i s p r i nc e un der Thy p ro tec ti on c o nti n ue h i m i n the k i ng
, . ,

d om th a t h e ma y a l w a ys d o th a t w hi c h is go od a nd see ml ma ke j us ti ce to s hin e i n h i s
, ,

d a ys a nd i n the enl ar gement a nd tra n quil li ty of h i s domynion l et us l iv e qu ietl y a nd

, ,

p eac ea bly in a ll goodnes s a nd p ur i ty

. , ,

Th ou a rt th e Ki n g o f the w or ld a nd pres erv er" of our soul s ; prai se be to Thee Fath er

.

S on a nd Holy Gh ost now a nd for ev er Amen

, ,

, , . .
444 THE ARCH ER AND THE STEPPE .

a nd ha d re vi ew e d in fhbi s ho p a ll th e stir
c on e ss o n i to th e a rc

r i n g s c en es a n d offe n ces o f his p as t life h i s h ea r t sm ot e him fo r ,

thi s c r u elty a n d inj u s tic e a n d he c omm a n de d th a t D em e tr iu s

,

sh o u ld be br o ugh t fr o m h is d un geo n to th e r o o m w h er e h e

l a y in the l a s t a go n i es o f d ea th a n d ta kin g hi s h a n d Al a s , ,
”
m y de a r gra n dso n s a id he ,
I h a ve s i nn e d a ga in s t G o d a n d
,

th e e, in a s m uc h a s I h a ve a fli ic te d thee w i th im pr is onm en t ,

a n d h a v e d e pr i v e d th ee o f thy j us t i n h er ita n c e I besee c h .

th ee to for giv e m e this inj ur y th a t I ha v e do ne th ee 5 depa r t

i n fre e d o m a n d e nj o y thy r ight
,
Ha vi n g u tter e d th es e .

w or d s Iva n fell bac k a n d e xpir e d

,
a n d th e yo u n g pr i n c e ,

gr e a tly a ffe c te d by th e s o l em n s c e n e h a d s c a r c e ly c ro s se d ,

th e th r e s h o ld of the c h a mb er w h en h e w a s sei ze d by s om e ,

o f the p a r ti s a n s o f h i s u n c l e Ga b r iel a n d t hr o w n i n t o a d ee p ,

a n d gl o o m y c ell a r o f th e Kr e m lin e n ti r e ly d e pr iv e d o f e i th er
,

w a r m th o r li ght w h er e i n a ve ry few w ee k s he p er i s h e d
, ,

a c c o r din g to s o m e wr it er s fr o m h u n ger o r c o ld , o r a s o th e rs
, ,
‘

s ta t e fr o m su flo c a ti o n by m e a n s o f s m o k e
,
.

Iva n th e Gr ea t die d o n the 2 7 th o f Ma r c h 15 0 5 a t the , ,

a ge o f s ixty fi v e a ft er a n e v en tfu l r e ign o f for ty fo u r yea rs

-
,
-
,

a n d w a s bur i e d w ith gr e a t p o m p a m o n g hi s a n c e s t or s i n the ,

i m p er i a l va u lt of th e c a th e dra l o f St Mic h a el in Mo s c o w . .

Hi s r e ign till to w a r ds the e n d w h en it w a s c l o ud e d by the

, ,

ill s u c c ess o f hi s tr o o p s in b o th Livo n ia a n d b e fo r e Sm ol en sko ,

a n d the r e vo lt o f his va s s a l the kh a n o f K a za n h a d b een

, ,

a lm os t u n i n t er r u pt e d pr o s p eri ty and a lt o ge th er m a y r a n k
,

a s th e m o s t fo r tu n a t e th a t th e gen er a ll y di s a s tr o u s a n n a l s o f

Ru s si a c a n bo a s t Th o u gh he hi m s elf n e ver s h o n e a s a
.

s o ldi er he s h o w e d dis c er n m en t i n hi s c h o i c e o f a bl e ge n er a l s
, ,

a n d s ki ll in dir ec tin g a w ar so th a t S te ph e n o f Mo ld a v i a
w o u ld o ft e n s a y w h e n s p ea ki n g o f h im I v a n i n c r ea ses his
d om in io n s w hil e s itti n g a t h o m e a n d s le e pin g w hile I c a n ,

s c ar c el y d e fe n d m y o w n b o u n d a r i es by fi gh ti ng i n p er s on
e v ery da y
”
. He r a th er i m pr o ve d th e m i sera bl e co n d iti o n o f
the pe a s a n tr y by de cr eei n g th a t th ey sho u ld be a llo w e d o n e
,
-

dé y i n e v er y w ee k for th e i r o w n o cc up a ti on s w h e n th ey ha d
b 1r e d th em s elves o ut to a m a s t er a n d th a t e ver y l a n do w n er ,

sh o uld a ll o w hi s l a b o u rer s e a c h a fi e ld to c u lti v a te fo r the m

s elves a n d he put a co n sid er a bl e c h e c k u p o n th e e xa c ti o n s o f

the n o bility a n d c l er gy w h e n he r en d er e d th e m li a bl e to the

,

pen a lti es o f the la w a n d fo r the fir s t ti m e to th e t er r ibl e

,

puni s hm ent o f th e kn out In 1 49 1 Pr in c e O ukhto m sky, the

.
,
 WA R BET WE EN n o s c o w AND PO LAND ,
ETC . 4 45

K ho m o u to fl,
'

b y d
o ar Ar c him a n d rit e o f C ho u dofi
a nd the
‘

,
w e r e a l l p u bli c ly kn o u te d fo r a fa ls e titl e th e y ha d fo rge d to
s o m e l a n d w hi c h b el o n ge d to o n e o f the br o t he rs o f the C za r .

H is d ec ree s w er e o fte n c ha r a c ter ized by a m o s t i n a de q u a te

“ ”
s e ver i t
y a n d h a r s h ness ; a n d hi s a s p ec t s a y s the R u s ,

s ia n hi s t o r i a n w a s s o fierc e th a t w o m e n o r e ve n th e
, , ,

l a di es o f th e c o ur t to a ll o f w h o m h e h a d a gr ea t a ver s io n
,

a n d c o n t e m pt a n d se ld o m c o n d es c e n d e d to s pea k ha d b ee n
‘

, ,

k no w n to fa i nt w h e n th ey en c o un t er e d him i n the s t re et or in
the pa l a c e I n his o l d a ge he w o uld o ft e n fa ll a s l ee p d u r i n g
.

a b a n q u e t w h e n the b o ya r ds
, fe a r fu l o f dis tu r bi n g him a n d ,

e x c iti n g hi s a n ger w o u l d l o n g r e ma i n sil e n t a n d a l m os t i m

,

m o v ea ble a n d th o u g h h e fr e qu en tly d r a n k to e xc es s h e
, ,

w o u ld n o t t o l e ra t e in te m p er a n c e i n th e n o bl es o f h is c o u r t .

Pa ss i o n a te h a r s h a n d tr e a c he r o u s h e h a d fe w qu a lities to
, , ,

r e c o m m en d h im to p os t er i t
y a n d h i s s u bj ec ts a pp e a r to ha ve
vie w e d hi s d ec ea s e w ith littl e s or r o w o r r e gre t .

D u r i n g this r eign a c e n s u s w a s m a de fo r the s ec o n d tim e

thr o u gho u t the e m pir e fo r th e pu r p ose o f l e vy in g r e c ru i ts
,
.

The fi rs t h a d been o r der e d by B er e ka the kh a n o f K ipzak , ,

for the s a ke o f e xa c ti ng a p r o p o r ti o n a t e t r ib u te fr o m ea c h
dis tr i ct .

A s s oo n a s Iva n w a s d ea d a n d D em e t riu s c o n s ign ed to a ,

c l o se i m p r i s o n m e nt Ga br ie l a s su m e d the ti tle o f r ege n t o f

,

th e e m pi r e fo r h is n e ph e w a s h e d a r e d n o t o p en ly u s u r p th e
'

thro n e d ur i n g th e l ife ti m e o f th e r ightful h e ir 5 a n d th o u gh ,

’
s o me tim e a fte r th e yo u n g pr i n ce s d ea th h e t o o k the a pp e l ,
"
l a ti o n o f Cza r a n d G r a n d Pr i n c efi a n d c h a ng e d hi s n a m e fro m

G a b riel to Ba zil h e w a s n e v er p u bli c ly c ro w n e d o r i n a u gu

,

r a te d like his a nc e s t o rs
,
.

I m m edia te ly a fter his a c c es s i on as he w a s s till un m a rr i e d , ,

h e a s se m bl e d a c o u n c il a n d d es i r e d hi s m i n i s te r s to d ec l a re
,

w hich w o u ld be m o s t b e n e fic i a l to hi s c o un try to c h o o s e a —

w i fe fr o m a fo re ig n r o ya l h o use o r fro m a m o n g hi s o w n s u b ,

j e c ts Th ey a l l a gr e e d th a t it w o u ld be fa r bette r fo r the ir
.

s o ve r e ig n to m a r r y a M u s c o vi t e th a n a s tra n ge p r i n c es s as

the l a tte r m ight in t r o du c e h a bi ts a n d c us t o m s in t o th e i r

c o un tr y b e fo r e u nkn o w n to Ru ss i a a n d a l so m a n y o f h er ,

In a La ti n l ette r a ll a dd res s ed to P o pe Cle ment Vl L h e th us enu mera tes h is o wn

ti tles — Cle m e n ti Pns torl m D oc to ri Ro ma n m E cc l es lm M a g nus D ux B us ih us D el G ra tin
,

l i n pc r a tor a c D m i na to r te l l us R u s i a) n ec non M a g nus D ux V ldo m ernm Bl s o VIm

,

o s o o c

N o v o g rndiaa Pl es co v lm S m le ns c lm 1berr i m I n o rlm P e r m i a Vi a tlc iw B ul ga ri an e t

. . ,
‘

o n , . , ,

D o m i n a to r e t M a g nus fi
. . ,

r li i ee ps N o v o g oro d lm I n e r lo rls Te rrm C e r m g o v lm Ixus um m , . ,

Vo l otriw , l tz cv l aa, Ble l ozc rlw, Ja rosla v l w, B elc hl m, Ud orl m, O bd o ri w. C ond n n

azquc .
44 6 THE ARCHE R AND THE STEPPE .

c oun r t ym en in her tra i n a n d wo uld pr o ba bly b el o ng a nd

,

p e rsis t in a dh er in g to a n o th er fa ith This c o u n c il w a s m or e .

p a r ti c ul a r ly ur ge d by D em e tr iu s Tr a cha n i o tes w h om Ba zi l ,

a l wa ys es t eem e d a s hi s m o s t fa ithful fr i e n d a n d w ho h a vi n g ,

been trea su r er a n d ke eper o f the sea ls to Iva n r e c eiv ed w ith , ,

se v er a l o th er b o ya r d s a t hi s d ea th a go ld c ro s s a s a t o k en o f
,
’
r e m e m br a nce a c c o r di n g to a c la u se i n th a t pr i n c e s w ill .
,

D em etr i u s i s s u pp o s e d to ha ve c hie fly giv en this a dvice i n

the h o p e th a t the C zar w o uld c ho os e hi s o w n d a ughter An n a ,

bu t h is h o p e s w er e d o o m e d to di sa pp o i n tm en t fo r a n or d er
w as s e n t r o un d to a l l th e n o bles c o m m a n di n g th em to fo ll o w
,

th e c o m m o n pr a c ti c e o f Mu sc o vy a n d br i n g th e i r da u ghter s
,

to the Kr em li n th a t th e C za r m ight sel ec t fr o m a m o n g th em

,

a s u i ta bl e b r id e a n d w h en fi fte en hu n dr e d yo u n g la dies ha d
,

b een a s sem ble d in the p a la c e Ba zil ch o s e S a l o m e the da ugh ter

, ,

o f th e b o yar d Iva n Sa bu r o f a n d r a i s e d h e r to a s h a re o f hi s
,

thr o n e .

A yea r a fter thi s his br o th er in la w Al ex a n d er e xpir e d

,
- -

i n P o l a n d fr o m a s ev er e a n d l o n g pr o tr a c te d ill n es s a n d a s ,

s o o n a s h e h a d r e c e iv e d th e i n t ellig e n c e o f h i s d ea th B a zil ,

w r ot e to hi s s is ter the d o w a g er qu ee n r e qu es tin g h er to u s e

, ,

a ll he r i n flu e n c e to i n d u c e the ge n e ra l a s s e m bli es o f P o l a n d

a n d Li th u a n i a to el ec t him a s th eir ki n g pl e dgi n g hi m s elf to ,

o b s er ve the r ight s lib er ti e s a n d c o n s tit u ti o n o f b o th s ta t es

, ,
.

Bu t hi s l et ter o n ly a r r iv e d a fter th e a pp o in tm en t o f Sigi s

m un d th e br o th er o f the l a t e m o n a r ch to the r e ga l dign ity
, ,

a n d thi s pr in c e w ho i s s a id by P o lis h hi s to r i a n s to ha v e b een

,

a m a n o f gr ea t ta l en ts a n d n o bl e c h a ra c ter a cc or din gly ,

a s c e n d e d th e tu r b u l e n t P o li s h th r on e
*
.

I n the l a s t yea r o f the r eig n o f Al e xa n der the T a r tars o f ,

the C r i m e a p e n e tr a t e d i n t o th e v er y h ea r t o f Li th u a n i a bu t ,

w ere r e pu lsed a n d th e ir fo rc e s a lm o s t c om pl e tel y e xti rpa t e d

,

by a n a r m y o f Po l es u n d er Pr in c e Mi c h a e l Gli n ski a n o bl e ,

d e s c en d e d fro m the fa m ily o f Ru r i k w ho d ur in g the pr es en t , ,

r e i n ha d en ti r ely r egu l a t e d a n d di r e c t e d the a ffa i rs o f th a t

g , b
i m po xta n t s ta t e He ha d b een e du ca t e d i n G er m a n y a n d
.
,

s er ve d a s a yo u th u n d e r the b a nn er o f D u ke Alb er t o f

S a x on y a n d i n Fr i esl a n d w h er e h e h a d ga i n e d for hi m self

, ,

h on o u r a nd r en ow n a m o n g a ll r a n ks o f w a r r i or s a n d n o bl e
m en ; a n d o n h i s r e t ur n to P o l a nd ha d a c qui re d the m o s t
u n b o un d e d e m pi r e o v er i ts w ea k a n d fee bl e m o n a r c h But .

K
‘
rus i nski s
“
His tory of Pol a nd .
448 THE AR C H ER AN D THE S TEPPE .

th ou gh gu iltle ss o f a n y sh a r e i n the n e fa r io us tr a n sa c tion ,

we r e e a s ily p e r s ua de d by their o fi i c er s th a t they c o u ld n o t

s a fe ly r e tu rn in t o Lithu a ni a a n d a c co r di ngly set tle d in
,

Russ ia a n d w h en S m o le nsko w a s o n c e i n hi s po w er Ba zil

, , ,

e ver fa ithl ess a n d tr ea c h er o u s r e fuse d to fu l fi l his p r o m is e to

,

Glin s ki but a t tem pt e d to de lu de hi m by fr es h h o p es o f

,

r e w a r d if the l a t ter r e m a in e d s in c er e i n hi s ser vice The .

P o li s h gen er a l i n c en se d a t thi s c o n d u c t im m edi a t ely c o m

, ,

m e n ce d a c or res p o n den ce w ith his fo r m er s o v er eig n a n d ,

o ffer e d if Sigis m un d w o uld m a r c h to th e a s s i s t a n c e o f Sm o

,

l en sko to d eliver it up w ith h is a r my i n t o th e p os s es s ion o f

,

P ola n d .Bu t a l ett er in r e ply fr o m th e Po li s h ki n g w ho ,

gl a dl y a c c epte d the pr o p os a l w a s seiz e d by the Mu s c o vit e

,

s en tin e l s a t th e e ntra n c e o f the c a m p a n d de li v er e d in to the ,

h a n ds o f th e Cza r a n d Ba zil c a us e d the d o u bl e tr a it or to be

ins ta n tly a rr es te d a n d br o ugh t b o un d w ith c h a i ns in t o his
,

p r esen ce “ U n gr a te fu l m a n I” s a id he, w h en Glinski a p

.

“
e a r e d b e fo r e him I w ill in flic t o n th e e a p u n is h m en t
p ,

w o r thy o f thy d es e r t s To w hi c h the gen er a l b oldly r e pli ed

.
,
“
I d o n ot a c kn o w ledge the c r im e o f trea s on w hi c h th o u
la yes t to m y c h a r ge 5 fo r if tho u h a d st ke pt fa ith t o w a r ds m e
,

w ith res pec t to thin e o w n pr o m i se s th o u w oul d e s t ha ve ,

fo u n d m e a m os t fa i thful s er va n t but w h en I s a w th a t
th o u tho u ghtes t lightly o f th e m a n d m a des t it thy c hie f ,

a i m to e va de m e it b ec a m e a h ea vy g ri e v a nc e to m e th a t I h a d
,

n o t b e e n a bl e to a c c o m plis h th o se thi n gs w hi c h I h a d c o n

c eiv e d i n m y m i n d r es pec tin g th ee I h a v e a l w a ys d es pi se d

.

d e a th a n d w ill ther e fo r e w illin gly u n d er go it bu t n e ve r

, ,

m or e l e t m e s ee thy fa c e 0 tyr a n t S a yin g thi s he w as

,
’
l ed a w a y th o u gh u n fe tt er e d by the Cza r s o r der a n d c o n
, , ,

duc te d to Vi ezm a w h e r e the Mu s c o vit e gen er a l in c o m m a n d

, ,

o f a d ivi s i o n o f the a r m y qu a r t e r e d th er e c a u se d a l o a d o f ,

h e a vy c h a in s to be c a s t do w n b e fo r e him a nd e x c la im in g a t ,

th e s a m e ti m e — “ Th e C za r a s th o u kn ow es t 0 Mi c h a e l !
, ,

h o no ur e d th e e w ith th e g re a tes t fa vou r w hils t tho u fa ithfully

s er v e d hi m bu t s in c e th o u ha s th o u gh t fi
, t to c a rr y o n thy
t r e a son a ble pra cti c es with a high h a n d he pr es e n ts th ee ,
”
w i th thi s r ew a r d a s m o s t s uita ble to thy m er its o r d e re d ,

th e m to be a ga in fa s te ne d up on h im A s Glin s ki w a s b ein g .

c o n d u c te d th r o u gh th e t ow n o n his w a y to Mosc o w h e s a id ,

to the p eo pl e w ho c r o w de d r ou n d h im Les t a fa ls e r um ou r ,

Herbers teln‘s Rerum Musc ov l tarum .

 wa n BE T WEEN mo s c o w AN D PO L AN D , ETC . 449

s h o u ld be
pr ea d a m o ngst yo u a s to the c a u s e o f m y im pr i
s

s o n m e n t I w ill b r i efly u n fo ld to
, yo u w h a t I h a ve do n e a n d ,

w hy I h a v e b e e n take n pr i son er tha t yo u m a lea r n fr o m m

, y y
e x a m pl e w h a t ki n d o f pr i n c e
you ha v e o ver yo u a n d w h a t ,

ea c h o f yo u m a y e xp e c t fr o m h im
”
H e th en bega n to r e l a te
.

to th e m a l l the c i r c um s ta n c es o f his tr e a s o n a n d c a p tu re bu t ,

w a s pr e v e n te d fr o m fin i shi n g by th e o ffice rs w ho c o n d u c te d
hi m a n d o n a r r i v i n g in M o s c o w he w a s fo r m a n y yea r s k ept
,

i n c l o se i m p r i s o n m e n t th o u gh s o m e a ttem pt s w er e m a de for hi s
,

r e l e a s e a nd e ve n th e e m p er o r M a xi m ili a n w r o t e se ver a l l e tt e r s
,

to B a zil in hi s b e h a l f He a t len gth r ega in e d hi s liber ty fo r

.

a s h o r t p e r io d th o ugh o n ly to be s till m or e c r uell

, y l o s t th ro u gh ,

s e v era l ver y s i n g ul a r c i r c um s t a n c es I n 1 5 26 th e Cza r a ft er

.
, ,

a u n i o n o f t w en ty o n e ye a r s w ith S a l o m e b
y w h o m he h a d
-
.
,

n o c hild r e n a s s e m bl e d a c o un c il o f b o ya r d s to de lib e r a te u p o n
,

th e e xp e di e n c y o f a div o r c e No n e d a r ing to differ fr o m

.

th e i r s o ver e ig n th e y a ll s t ro n gl y r e c o mm en d e d him to ta ke
,

s u c h a s t e p th o u gh n o m a r r i a g e c a n l ega ll
, y be di s s o lve d i n
th e R u ss i a n Ch u r c h a n d th e s u bs er vi en t m e t r o p o lita n ,

h o pin g to ga in the fa vo u r o f hi s m a s t er pr o mis e d to d ec la re ,

th e a lli a n c e vo id if the C za r i n a w o u ld r e ti r e in to a c on v e nt .

O nly tw o m o n k s a Mus c o vi te n a m ed Ba s s ia n a n d Ma xim u s a

, ,

l ea rn e d G r ee k w h o ha d b een b r o u ght fro m C o ns ta n tin o pl e to

,

c o r r e c t by th e Byza n ti n e t r a n sl a ti o ns , the n u m e r o us e rror s

,

th a t ha d gr a d ua lly a c c um u l a t e d i n the Ru ssi a n Bible a n d

o th er r eligi o us b o o ks w er e b o ld en o u gh to de c l a r e th a t it w a s
,

c o n tr a r y to a ll the l a w s o f Go d a n d the E a s t er n Ch u r c h th a t

the h o ly b a n ds o f m a tr i m o n y s h o u ld e v er be di s s o lve d a nd

tha t to t a ke a n o th er br id e d u r i ng th e life ti m e o f hi s fir s t
,

W i fe w o u ld be biga m y a n d i m pi o u s s i n 5 bu t th e s e w e re r e
,

w a r d e d fo r th e ir c o u r a ge by b ein g c o n de m n e d to a p e r p e tu a l
a n d m o s t r igo ro u s c o n fi n e m en t i n a m o n a s t er y The u n for .

tu n a te S a l o m e w a s c o n d u c t e d to he r c o n ve n t so bbi n g a n d
w ee pi n g a n d i n the gre a tes t di s tr ess
,
a n d w h e n th e pr i m a t e

D a n i e l b e ga n to c u t o ff he r h air a n d s he w a s pre sen t e d by

,

the p r i o r es s w i th th e o rdi n a r y h o o d o f a n o vi c e s h e i n dig ,

n a n tl
y d a s he d it to the gr o un d c ryi n g a n d s ta m pi n g u p o n
, ,

i t w ith h e r feet O n e o f the c o u n c illo rs o f the C za r a m a n

. ,

c a ll e d Iva n S c hezgo n a b r ut a lly s t r u c k her se ve ra l ti m e s w ith

,

hi s s ta ff w h en h e sa w thi s ex c la i m i ng ,
D a r es t th o u r es i s t
,
”
the w ill o f m y l or d 2 u p on w hi c h s he c a ll e d a ll w h o w e re
pr esen t to wi t n ess tha t she onl y c o ns ent e d to ta ke th e v eil
45 0 THE ARCH E R AND THE S TEPPE .

b eca u se she w a s c om pe ll e d to do s o by fo r ce a n d a pp eale d to ,

th e j u s ti ce a n d r ight eo u s j u dgment o f th e Al m ighty to ,

r e v e n ge he r i nj u r ie s a n d m i s fo r t u n e s u po n the p e r p etra t or s .

A m o n th a fter thi s e ven t Ba zil e s p o u se d H el en Gli nski ,

th e n iece o f hi s i m pr i s o n e d gen era l a n d d a u ght er o f B a zil

,

Glin s ki a n oth er P o li sh fugi tive ; a nd a t the r e ques t o f hi s

, ,

w ife r el ea s e d her u n c l e fr o m his dun geo n a n d a ppo i n t e d

, ,

him in c a s e o f his o w n d ea th b efore his hei r s h a d a tta i n e d

,

th ei r m aj o rity c o r egen t w ith H ele n o f th e e m pir e

,
-
.

Bu t to r etu r n to th e Po li sh w a r i n 1 5 1 3 w hi c h c o ntinu e d
, ,

fo r s e vera l ye a r s w i th fear fu l v i o lenc e O n h ea r in g o f th e

.
'

a pp r oa c h o f th e i r ki n g the in h a bita n ts o f Sm o l en sko r ose u

, p
i n a rm s a g a i n s t the Mu sco vit es bu t Ba zil w h o ha d br ou ght ,

s e vera l pie c es o f c a nn o n fr o m M osc o w c a u se d m o r e to be ,

fo u n d e d be n ea th the v er y w a lls o f the b el ea gu e r e d c i ty ,

a n d ba tt e r e d it a l m o s t to th e grou n d a n d Sigis m un d ,

l ea r nin g the c a pt ur e a n d i m pr i s o n m en t o f Glin s ki a n d the ,

fin a l su bj ec tio n o f Sm o len sko i m m edi a tely r etir e d to B or i s o v

, .

Ne ve rth eles s h e sen t his a rm y u n der the c o m m a n d of Pr i n c e

, ,

C on s ta n ti n e O str o fsky th e s am e ge n er a l w ho ha d fo r m er ly
,

m a d e his es ca p e fr o m Mo sc ow to m e et th e a dva n c in g R u s
,

s i a n s u n d er Pr i nc e Iva n An dro v i tz C zela din w ho w er e ,

m ar c hi n g fro m Sm o l en s ko u p o n O r c h a or O r so va a to wn ,

a bo u t thi r ty m il e s di s ta n t O n the 8th o f S ep tem b er 1 5 14

.
,

the P o li s h c a va l ry c r o sse d the D ni e p er a t a p o i n t n ea r

a n d m an
w h e r e the Mus c o vites w e re e nc a m p e d
y o f C zel a
di n s o fficers ea r n estly e n trea te d him to c h a r ge a n d o v e r w h el m
’

t hi s divi si o n o f the h os til e a r m y b e fo r e th ey w e r e j o i ne d by

the r es t o f th eir fo rc e Bu t th e Ru s s ia n c o m m a n der w o u ld

.

n o t li s t en to thi s p ro p o s iti o n m er ely r e plyi n g “ If w e w e r e

, ,

to fa ll up on this pa r t of th e a r m y th e o th er b a tta li on s to
, ,

w hi c h p e r ha p s m or e m a y ye t be a dd e d w ill s till r e m a i n , ,

a n d th us gr ea t d a n ger w o u ld th r e a t e n u s let u s w a it till the

w h o l e a r m y h a s c r o ss ed for o u r s tre n gth is s uc h th a t w ith
,

o u t d o u bt w e s h a ll be a bl e w ith but lit tl e e xer ti o n e ith er to

, ,

d es troy th es e Po les o r to s u rr o u n d th e m a n d dr ive th e m like ,

c a ttl e to M o s c o w a n d th en i t w ill o n ly r e m a i n fo r u s to ta k e
,

p o ss ess i on o f the w h o l e of Lithu a n i a Th u s the fa vo ura ble

.

o pp or tu n ity w a s l os t a n d the e n ti r e P o lis h a r m y pa ssi n g the

, ,

D n i eper h a l te d w ithin a b o u t fo u r m il es o f their e n em ies

, ,

w h o m o vin g th e i r c a m p a dva n c e d to w ithin a ver y s h or t

, ,

d is t a nc e o f O str o fsky so th a t the h o s tile fo r c es r e m a i ned

,
4 52 TH E ARCH ER AND THE STEPPE .

c o w, i nte rc e pte d the m a t I nn spr uck a nd s en t th e m ba c k w ith,

h a n ds o m e pr e s en ts to Ru ss i a thr o u gh Lu b e c k a n d Livo n ia
, ,

to the m o r tific a tio n a n d dis pl e a s u r e o f the P o li s h kin g w ho ,

a ffir m e d th a t s u c h a n a c t w a s a v i o l a tio n o f ki n gly fa ith a n d ,

a b rea c h o f th e es ta bli s h e d la w o f n a ti o n s
*
.

Wh en Ba zil hea r d o f the dis a s tr o u s d e fea t o f hi s a r m y a t

Or s o va he l eft Sm o le n sko u n der the c o m m a n d o f his ge n er a ls
, ,

a n d r etu rn e d to Mo s c o w h a vi n g fi ,
r s t c a u se d tw o o f hi s for ts in

Lithu a n ia to be d es tr o ye d l es t th ey s h o u ld fa ll in to th e ha n ds
,

o f th e fo e .Th e Po l e s i mm e di a t ely m a r c h e d u p o n Sm o l en sko ,

bu t w er e dr ive n by the Ru ss i a n s fr o m b e fo r e i ts w a ll s a n d
Sigis m u nd o n ly ga in e d thr e e sm all c a s tl es by his vic to r y a s ,

the a pp ro a c h o f w i n t er pu t a n e n d to the c a m p a ign Bu t .

,

fo u r ye a r s a fter Ba zi l a ga in i n va d e d Lith ua ni a l a yi ng the

, ,

c o un t ry w a s t e w ith p o w d er fi re a nd s w or d , ,
w h en hi s c a m p
w a s s u dde nl y a tta c ke d in th e n igh t by a ba n d o f th e d ep e n da n ts
o f th e w a w o d e Alb er t Ga s to ld Po lo c ski The Li thu a n ia ns s e t
y ,
.

fir e to s e ve r a l h a yc o c ks w hi c h h a d be e n c o ll ec te d n e ar the M u s
c o vit e te n t s a n d a s the so ldi ers r u s h e d o u t s t ru c k w ith t err o r ,

a n d c o n fus i o n h a lf n a ke d a n d a l mo s t t o t a lly u n a r m e d th e
, , y ,

s l e w h un d re d s , a n d c a pt ure d m a n y p r is o n er s A fe w R us sia n s .

e sc a pe d to th e w o o ds w h er e th ey live d fo r som e ti m e by
,

pl un d er i ng th e n ei ghb ou r in g e s ta tes till the y w er e gr a du a lly

,

a l l kille d b
y the i n ha bita n ts th o u gh B a zil s e c u r e d the per
,

m a n e n t p os s es s i o n o f th e p r o vi n c e o f Sm o len sko by r em o vin g ,

thr ee o u t o f e v er y fo ur o f th e peo pl e in to Ru s si a a n d r epl a c ,

i n g th em by Mu s c o v ite s Y et h e w a s still s urr ou n d e d by

.

e n e m i es ; the T a r ta r s b o th o f K a za n a n d th e C r im e a w e r e

pl un d e rin g the m o r e dis ta n t pr o vin c es o f his e m pire a n d th e ,

e m per o r M a xim ilia n w h o ha d co n c l u d e d a n a llia n ce w ith Si

,

gis m u n d s e n t a n a m ba ss a d o r to Mos c o w d esir i ng hi m to pu t

, ,

a n en d to th e w a r He r e fus e d to s en d a ny a n s w er to thi s
i m per i o us d em a n d bu t i n for m e d the Au str ia n en vo y th a t the
,

e m pe ror ha d d e s er t e d h i m a t a m o s t un se a so n a bl e ti m e a n d ,

th a t h e c o u ld n o t pu t so su dden a t er min a tio n to h o s tilities,

w hi c h his i m p er i a l m aj es ty hi m s elf h a d e n c o ur a ge d him to
c o mm en ce Ac c o rdin gly the c a m pa ign w a s r en ew e d the
.

fo llo w i ng spr i n g a s the kin g o f Po la n d dec li n e d to co n c l ud e

,

a p ea c e un l es s B a zil w o u ld r es t o r e S mo le n s ko a n d to t hi s the ,

C za r a ffir m e d th a t h e s h o u ld n e ver c o n sen t the P o l es j o in e d

w ith the C r i mea n T a r ta r s, a n d till 15 20 c on ti nu a lly i n va d ed
n:
Uni v ers a l Hi story
 WAR BETWEEN MOS C O W AN D PO LAND, ETC. 4 53

and h a ra sse d M u s c o vy bu t c o u ld n ever re t ake th e ir i m po r

,

ta n t for tr ess w h en d u ri n g the s um m e r o f th a t year th ey

, , ,

b o th u nit e d w ith the r eb elli ou s T a r ta r s o f Ka za n .

K a za n w h o h a d r evo lt ed a ga in s t Iv a n th e Gr ea t a few
,

m o n th s b e for e his dea th , a n d w h ose kh a n s ei zin g u p o n the ,

p er so ns o f fifte en th o u sa n d Rus s ian s es ta blis h e d i n the c ity ,

h a d c a u s e d th e m a ll to be i m pr is on e d o r e n sl a ved a n d c o n ,

fisca te d th e i r h o u ses a n d go o ds fo ll o w e d u p thi s s te p by

,

m ar c hin g a ga in s t N ij u i Nov og o r o d w h er e the T a r ta rs d efe a t e d

-
,

the M u s co vite s i n a fier c e e n ga ge m en t a n d s e c ur e d for a fe w ,

yea rs the in d e pen d e n ce o f th e i r s ta te Bu t, i n 1 5 19 the .

,

M a c hm edin VII h a vin g o fle n ded hi s s u b

‘

s a m e p ri n c e , .
,

j ec ts by r efus in g to l ea d th em a ga in s t the Mu s c o v ites w as ,

d e po s ed a n d a fter w ar d s s t ra n gle d , a n d Sh eikh Ali a p r i n c e ,

o f A s tr a kh a n w ho ha d live d l o n g a t the c o u r t o f Mos c o w

, ,

o bt a i n e d p o s s es s i o n o f hi s thr o n e a n d a l s o e s p o us e d hi s w ife
, .

H o w e ver this kh an rem a in e d i n po w er fo r o nly tw o yea r s

, ,

h a v in g dur i n g tha t ti m e br o u ght the Mus co vit es ba c k to

Kaza n a n d pl a c e d th em i n m a n y o f the c hi e f o fi
,
i c es o f s ta te 5
fo r h i s su bj ec ts d is plea se d a t thi s c on d uc t s en t a n em b a s sy
, ,

to O ffe r the c r o w n to S a hib Gh er a i, a b ro th e r o f the kh a n O f

the C r i m ea a n d o r d er e d She ikh Ali to giv e it u p
,
Th e .

l a tte r fin din g hi m s e lf en ti re ly wi th o u t s u pp o r t, tho ught it

,

m o s t pr u d en t to o b ey, a n d fle d to Mo s c o w wi th his w i v e s
a n d c hi ld r e n w hil e A c hm et Gh er a i the C r im ea n p r i nc e c o n
, ,

d u c te d his b r o th er w ith a l a r ge a n d p o w e r fu l a rm y i n t o
K a za n a n d b efor e r eturn i n g to his o w n ki ng d o m cr os s e d
, , ,

the Do n a n d pr o cee d e d to w a r ds Mosc o w Baz il s en t a n .

a r m y to o ppo s e th e m un d er th e g e n e ra l P r in c e D e m e tr i u s

B el s ki a yo un g o fli c er m o re di s ti n gui s he d fo r hi s bir th th a n
,

fo r his a bility o r e xp e ri en ce bu t it s us t a in e d a t o t a l d e fea t

n e a r the r iv e r O ka fr o m th e T a r ta r s o f K a za n wh o fo r m e d ,

a j un cti o n w ith th e kh a n o f the C r i m e a a t C o lu m n a a n d ,

w ith th em e n ter e d Mo sc o w The Czar h a d l eft the c i ty

.

un d er th e co m m a n d o f hi s br o th er in la w Pr in c e Pe ter a n d
- -
,

m a r c h ed hi m s e lf w ith a fe w b a tta li on s i n to Li th u a n ia to ,

c h e c k a n i n r o a d o f the P o l e s bu t, i n th e m ea n whil e hi s ,

c a pit a l w as r a v a ge d a n d s a c k e d by th e i n v a d er s, w hil e th e
i m m en s e c on c o ur s e of peo ple w ho a tt empt e d to ta ke r e fuge
i n the Krem li n c a use d m a n y hun dre d s to be crus h e d a n d
,

s uffo ca t ed in th e pr ess Se ve ral Poli s h o ffic ers a c com p a n ie d

.

th e T ar ta r s , w hil e a few G e rm a n ar till ery m en w ere s h u t up

4234 THE ARC HER AN D THE S T EPP E .

in Mo s c ow ; but th ey w er e u n a bl e to br i n g the u n wi el dy
c a n n o n i n the Kr e m lin to b ea r u p o n the e nem y, fr o m w a n t

o f s u ffic i e n t p o w d er a n d a mm u itio n , a n d th ei r i m m en s e s ize,

*
n

fo r it too k thr ee da ys to r e m o ve th e m fr o m the c ita d el to a

commo dio u s s p o t S o m e a m ba s s a d or s fr om Livo n ia w h o
.
,

w e re a l s o a t th a t ti m e i n the c ity a n d c o n tr iv e d to e ffec t,

th e ir esc a pe r o de thir ty si x m il es i n eight h o u rs w itho u t

,
-

h a l tin g fr o m Mosc o w to Tver Aft er tw o d a ys o f con fus io n

,
.

a n d t err o r Pr i n ce Pe te r s en t a n e nvo y w ith pr e s e n ts a n d

,

s e ver a l b a r r el s o f m e a d to Ac h m et Ghera i pr o p o sin g ,

t er m s o f pe a c e , to w hic h the kh a n a gr ee d, p ro vide d th a t

B a zil w ou ld c on sen t to pa y h im a n a nn u a l t r ibut e fo r ea c h
o f hi s s u b j e c t s a s ha d be e n d on e by hi s fa th er a n d a n ces t o rs
, ,

a n d a c k n o w l e dg e hi m s elf a va ssa l o f the T a r t a rs i n a w r itt e n ,

d o c um e n t sign e d by hi s o wn h a n d 1 He a t the s a m e tim e

"
.

c a u s e d a s ta t ue o f hi m s e lf to be er ec t e d i n M o s c o w w hic h ,

w a s b ro ken i n pi e c e s by the Ru s si a n s i mm e di a tely th e

T a r t a rs h a d a b a n d o n e d th e pl a c e a n d r e qu i re d tha t th e Cza r
sh o u ld br i ng his fi rs t p a y m e n t i n p er s o n a n d pr o s tr a t e hi m ,

s elf b e fo r e it Ba zil s en t the m o n ey a n d wr itten a gr eem en t

.

to the kh a n bu t e va d e d the l a st s tipu l a ti o n ; a n d A c hm et

,

a b a n d o n e d M osco w w ith e ighty th o u s a n d pr i so n er s a n d a n

im m e n se b o o ty a n d r etir e d u po n the pr o vin c e o f Ria za n
, ,

w h e r e i n a n a ttem pt to ta k e thi s c ity li e w a s b ea ten ba c k

, ,

by the Rus sia n go v e rn o r Iva n K o wen , a n d n a r ro w ly e s ca p e d

,

w ith life H er e h e i n so len tly he ld a n a u c tio n o r fa ir , to

.
,

di s po se to the Mus c o vites o f so m e o f the p l un d er o f th eir

o w n m e t r op o lis a n d c o n se n t e d to e x c h a n ge a fe w o f h i s
,

i nn u m er a ble pr is o n ers for a n a de qu a te n u m b er o f T a r ta r

c a ptiv es .Y e t n o tw iths ta n di n g the two kha n s o f th e
,

C ri m ea a n d o f K a za n c a r ri e d o ff, a cc o r di n g to Her ber s tein ,

the h a r dly c re d ibl e n um b er o f e ight h un dr e d th o u sa n d

sl a v es ,
pr in cipa lly a ge d m en w o m en a n d c hild r en ; o f , ,

w h om a ll w h o w er e to o in fir m fo r s a le w ere give n u p to
,

the T a r t ar yo u th s to be s h o t o r s to n e d to de a th w hil e the ,

r e s t w er e s o ld a t As tr a kh a n o n th e C a s pia n a n d fr o m th en c e ,

distr ibu te d o ver P e r s i a a n d I n dia ; o r a t K a fia w h er e

'

th ey gen er a lly b ec a m e the pr oper ty o f the Otto m a n Tu r ks .

O n e o f these a Ru s si a n gir l w a s s u b se qu en tly t ra ns fer r ed

, ,

to the i m p er i a l h a r em o f C o n s ta n ti n o pl e , a n d b ec a m e in
It i s l
consta nt y th e c us tom, s ays Herbers teln, ih
w t th e Russ i ans to be beh ind
h d ih hi g h h g d ,
w t ev e r t n , a nd nev e r to a v e a ny t i n rea y.
an
H b l "
R myM l m "
1 e r ers te u s eru u sc ov t a ru .
45 6 THE ARCH ER AND THE ST E PPE .

'

hi s b ro th er the kha n o f t he C rim ea in hi s b eh a lf ; bu t the

, ,

yo un g pr in c e w a s un for tun a t ely o blige d to p ass thr o u gh a n

i n de pe n de nt terr itor y n ear K aza n go v ern ed by a h er mi t o r ,

pr o phe t n a m e d Sai d w ho w as h e ld i n su ch high ven era ti on

,

by the n eighb ou ri n g c o un tr i es , tha t fo r eign n o bl e s ha d b e en

kn o w n to kis s hi s feet a n d ki n gs to s tan d unco vere d w hil e he
.
,

s a t o n h o r s eb a ck a n d th e o l d m an th o u gh h e r e c e ive d hi m ,

w ith m u c h a pp a r en t kin dn e s s w a s se cr e tly i n clin e d to fa v o u r

,

the c a u s e o f B a zil a n d a s s o on a s h e fou n d th e em i ss a r y o f

, ,

K a za n i n his p ow er, or dere d him to be b a sely a ss a s s in a te d .

Sh e ikh Ali the ex kh a n ha d a l s o br ou ght some ra fts u p the

,
-
,

V o lga to a s s i st the Mu s c o vit es w ho ha d n ow a ss em bl e d a ll ,

the ir t r0 0 ps o u tside Ka za n 5 a n d d es pa tch ed a letter to Sah ib

Gh era i a t hi s cam p w h i ch he h a d pitche d n ear the to w n
, ,

de si rin g him to s urre nd er to him s e lf (She ikh Ali) hi s ri ghtful ,

a n d h ere ditar y s o ve re ig n 5 bu t Gh er a i o nl y a n s w er ed If you

w i s h to h a ve m y kin gd o m , ta ke it by th e s w or d Let him .

to w h o m for tun e gives i t h o ld it He w as suppo r te d o n

,
.
”

his s ide by a l a r ge for ce o f Tc her em i ssi a n ca v a lry a w ild

, ,

Finn is h tr ib e w ho s till i n h a bit th o s e pa r ts, a n d w h o figh t ,

i ng like the T a rta r s a n d Co ssa cks g rea tly a nn oye d a n d ha ,

r a s s e d th e Ru ssi a n c a m p 5 a n d B a zil o n ly w a ite d fo r a fr es h

s t o r e o f p ro vi s i ons , w hic h w e re b e in g c on v ey e d in a h u n d r e d

s hi p s u
p th e V olga fr o m Nij ni N o v o goro d, to r e i n fo r c e hi s
-

dis tr es s e d a n d s ta r vi ng tr o o ps a n d comm en ce a bo ld a tta ckfi‘

,

But th o u gh he w a ite d s e ver a l w eek s his v essel s n ever

, ,

a rr iv e d a n d he a t l en gth s e n t o u t fi
, v e h un dre d ho r s e m e n to

s c o u r th e c ou n try for pr o vi s i o ns a n d b r in g ba c k s om e in te lli

,

gen c e Of h is fleet Of the se n in e on ly r etu rn ed w ith the

.
,

n ew s th a t Iv a n Pa litzi, th e c a pt a in o f the fl otill a h a d l os t ,

e ve r y v e sse l bu t ten i n sign i fi c a n t r a fts , a n d th a t th e ir ba t

t a lio n ha d been a tt a ck ed by a ba n d of Tcher emi s si a n a r c h er s,

w ho h a d s l ain a ll bu t the n in e w h o ha d n o w m a de th e ir w a y
,

to the c a m p A fe w da ys l a t e r, Pa litzi hi ms el f m a d e his

.

a ppe a ra n ce an d co n fi,
rm e d th e t ru th o f the r e po r t, by s t a ti n g

tha t n in ety of his s hips ha d bee n c a pture d in a n en ga gem ent

w ith th e Tch erem is s ia n s w hile bo un d i n the r iver by a thic k
fo g u n der c ov er of w hi c h he h a d e fiected hi s es c a pe w ith
'

the r e s t 5 a n d the Ru s s i a n s, dr v en to des p er a tio n w ith o u t

i

foo d o r po w der , imm edia tely c o m m en c e d the s iege but w er e

'

o blig e d to r a i se it a ft er o n e o r tw o fru itl ess a t e m pts to fo r c e

t
Herbers tein s ‘ -
Rexum M uscov ltarum
"
.
 W AR BE T W EEN MOS C O W AN D PO LAN D , ETC . 457

th e g a t es a n d, a fter s u ffe r n
i g a h e a v y l o s s c o n c l u de d a t r u c e , ,
a n d c om m e n c e d a w e a r
y m a r c h ba c k to M o s c o w .

S e ver a l T a r ta r a m ba s s a do r s c a m e w i th th e m to th e c a pita l ,

to n e g o ti a t e th e t er m s o f a pe rm a n e n t p ea c e bu t th ey w e r e
some
ye a r s b e fo r e th e y c o u ld c o m e to a n a m i c a bl e a g ree m e n t ,

a n d the n e go tia ti o n s w e r e u lti m a tel

y c o n c l ud e d by Ka za n
fr e e i n g h er s elf fro m h er t r ib u te Ba zil a tt em p te d to r e m o ve .

th e a n n ua l fa i r fro m th e Is l e o f Me r c h a n ts w h e re i t ha d b ee n
,

h e ld fo r c en tu rie s to N ij n i N ov o go r o d a n d i m p o se d a he a v y
,
-

p en a l ty u p o n a n y M usc o vite w h o s h o u ld da r e to tr a de w ith

G o s tin o v o s er o 5 fo r a s R us s i a c hi e fly s uppli e d the K a za n ites
,

w i th sa l t h e h o p e d b d ep r ivi n g th e m o f this a r ti c l e to i n
y , , ,

d u c e th e m to s u b m i t but the p r o hi biti o n ha d u lt im a te ly a n

e q ua lly i nj u r i o u s e ff ec t u p o n the tr a d e o f R u s s i a w ith th e
East Up on th e a c c e s s i o n o f the E m pe ro r Ch a r le s V the
.
.
,

C za r s en t a n a m ba ssa do r P r i n c e Iva n Y a r o s la v s ki w ith c o n , ,

g ra t ul a ti o n s to Vi e n n a w h o r ec e i v e d m a n y p r e s e n ts fro m th e ,

Ge r m a n c o ur t a ll O f w hi c h a cc or din g to the c u s t o m o f R u s
, ,

s i a h e w a s o blige d to t r a n s fer to B a zil u p o n hi s r e t u r n to

,

M o s c o w The C za r ha d a l s o s o m e c o r r es po n d en ce w ih P o p e
.

Cl e m e n t VI L w ho d e s pa t c h e d a n a m ba s sa d o r P a u lu s C e n
, ,

tur i n s to Mo s c o w to m a k e a n o th e r th o u g h s ti ll fru i tl e s s
, ,

a t te m pt to u n i te the s c hi s m a ti c G re ek s a n d Ru ss ia n s w i th
,

the La tin a n d We s t ern Ch u r c h ; but B a zil tho u gh i n th e ,

e n d he r e fuse d to c o m ply w i th thi s p r o p o s a l s e n t a n e n v o y , ,

P r i nc e D e m e tr i us to R o m e to Obs er ve the s e r vi ce a n d c e re
, ,

m o n i es o f the R o m a n s a n d a rr a n ge a r eg u l a r dipl o m a ti c , ,

“
i nt e r c o u rs e w ith the p o n ti ff? A tr u c e w a s a rra n ge d w ith
P o l a n d fo r fiv e y e a rs th o ugh S igi s m u n d s till d e m a n d e d the ,

LETT ER o r B AZ IL TO C LEMENT o r Th i s s umme r ,

To Po p e Cl e me n t s h e ph er d a nd te a c h e r of th e R o ma n C h u rc h G rea t B a z il by th e
i G o d Lo rd E m p ero r a nd R u l er o f a ll R usa l a a nd G ra nd D uk e o i Vl a di m i r t
, , ,
‘ “

g ra c he
&c e
o . , , , , ,

fi0
Wm s e nt unto us Pa ul us C e nturlus a c i tlz e n o f G en o a w i th l e tters w h ere i n y ou d o
.
. .

e xh o rt us to j o i n i n p o w r a d c o uns e l w i th yo u a n d o th er p r i nces of Ch ri s te nd o m
. . ,
e n

n un lns t th e e ne m i es o f th e Ch rns tla n fa i th a nd th a t a t r e p a ss a g e a n d rea dy w a y ma be

, ,

e
p en e d fo r both y o ur a mb as s a d o rs a nd o urs to g o to a nd fro w h ere by by m utua l engeu
.

o ur o n b o th s id es w e m a y l ea r n th e s ta te o r thi n g s p erta i n i n g to th e w ea l th o f bo m
, , , ,

v
A s w e h a v e h i th e r to by th e a id a nd h e lp o f A l m igh ty G o d c ons ta ntly a n d e a rn e s tly
, .

r e s i s te d th e cr ue l a n d w i c k e d e n em i es o f th e Ch r i s ti a n fa i th s o a re w e d e te r m i ne d to d o
, ,

h e re a l ter a n d a re li k e w i se re a dy to c o ns e nt w i th o th er Ch r i s ti a n p ri nces a n d to g ra n t
.

tree p a ss a ge i n to o ur d o m i n i o n s In c ons id e ra ti o n w h e re o f w e h a v e s e nt unto yo u o ur

, ,

fa i th fu l s e rv a nt D eme tr lus E ras m us h w i th th es e o ur l e tte rs : a nd w lth hlm h a v e s e nt b a c k

.
.

Pa ul us C enturi a s d es i ri n g yo u a ls o s h o rtly to di s m is s Dem etri us w i th s a fe g uar d a nd

,

i nd em n i ty unto the b o rd e rs o f o ur d o m i n i o ns A nd w e w li l li k e w i e d o the sa me if yo u

, ,

o ur a m bas s a d o r w i th D e me tri us w h e re by b o th by c o mmuni c a ti o n a nd l ette rs w e

.
. .

s e nd
m a y e b e tte r ce rti fie d o f s uc h thi n g s a s you r equlrc : so th a t kno w ln g th e m i nd s a nd
.

i n te nti ons o f all o th er Ch r i s tia n p ri nces w e ma y a l so c o nsul t w h a t is bes t to be

,

,
d o ne ll er~e ln
I h u fa re ye w e ll G i v e n i n o ur c i ty of Mos cow i n th e year fro m the c r ea ti on of th e
.

’‘
s

w o rld 7300 the thi rd d a y of Ap ril

.
,
.
, ,
4 58 THE ARCH ER AN D TH E s'r s r r s .

t tio n of Smolen sko, a n d th e C za r a s firm ly r e fus e d to

r es o r a

give it u p but o n his fifty firs t bir thd a y, the 2 5th o f Au gu st

-
,

1 5 30 B a zil w a s a t l en gth m a d e h a ppy by th e bi rth o f hi s

,

firs t c hil d a l o n g a n d a r de ntly desir e d so n ; a nd o n thi s

,
.

o c ca s io n h e r el eas ed m a n y pr i son ers o f s ta te a n d a m on g ,

o th ers the Po li s h c a ptiv es w h o h a d lin ger e d in th e du n ge o n s

Of M o sc o w sin ce the c l o se o f the la s t Lithua n ia n w a r The .

i nfa nt w h o i n la ter yea r s ga in e d s u c h fea r ful c el ebr ity a s th e

,

Cza r I v a n IV s ur n a m ed th e T err ibl e, on e of the m o s t c r ue l

.
,

a n d e xtr a or din ar y m o n a r c h s o f hi s tor y, w as b a ptize d w i th

grea t po m p a t the m ona s te r y o f St Ser gius , th ree m o nk s .

,

o n e St D a n i el Of Perya s l a v a sta n di n g a s hi s s p on s or s a n d
,
.
, ,

his fa th er pl a ce d h im o n th e t om b O f the h o ly m a r tyr w ith ,

a pr a y er th a t the s pi r it o f th e s a in t w h ose a s h es i t e n c lo se d
’
w oul d gu id e a n d pr o t ec t the c hi ld s fu tur e life Bu t th e .

pe o ple r e m e m b er e d the c urs e o f Sa lom e a nd beli e ve d th a t i t ,

’
w o u ld r e s t u po n her hu sb a n d s so n .

’
B ut B a zil s o w n r eign w a s n o w dr a w i n g tow ar d s its c l o s e ,

a n d sh o r tly a ft er thi s ev en t h e fell in t o a slo w c on su m pti o n ,

o f w hi c h h e gr a du a lly s a n k du r i n g a n ill n es s o f m a ny m o n th s .

At l en gth his physicia n s a dvi s e d a s a cure, th a t hi s b o dy

s h o uld be sin ge d fr o m h e a d to fo o t w ith fl a m i ng w o o l but the
‘

r em e dy p r o vi n g fa ta l , h e d i e d a fe w h ou r s a fter , o n the 4 th O f

Dec em ber of the yea r 1 53 3 i n the fifty fifth year o f hi s a ge

,
-
,

a n d t w en ty e ighth of his r e ign

-
O n his dea thbe d w h er e be
.
,

e n c o u n t er e d the l a s t en e m y w ith a fi r m ness a n d r e s o lu ti o n

w o r th y o f a pu r er life he m a de e ver y a rr a nge m e n t fo r a

,

c o un c il o f r eg e n cy w hi c h h e o r d e r e d s h ou ld be c om pos e d of
,

the pr i n c es Shui ski a n d Bel s ki B a zil Gli n ski h is wi fe s

’
, ,

br o th er a n d the C za r in a H elen , a n d her un c l e Mi c h a e l

,

Gli n ski w ho w er e a ls o the gua r dia n s of Iva n a n d Geo r ge his

,

i n fa n t s o n s a s he k new tha t Sim on a n d An dr e w hi s o n ly ,

s u r vivi n g b ro th er s w er e a lr ea dy r a i s i n g p a r ti sa n s in the s t a t e
,

to s e c u re th ei r o wn su c c e s s io n to the thro n e a n d h a vi n g ,

giv en the s e direc tio n s he d es ir e d to be in ves te d a fter th e

, ,

c u s t om o f his a n c es t or s w ith the h a bit a n d s a n ctity o f a

, .

m o nk . The b o ya r d s w ho s to o d a r o u n d hi m d es i ri n g to l o w e r
th e p o w er a n d i n flu en c e o f the c hu r ch, re com m en d e d hi m to
d ie i n p ea c e, a n d n ot su b m i t to the fa tigue o f thi s c er e
m o n y, w hi c h ha d b een c o n s id er e d u nn ec essa ry by hi s fa th er
a n d i m m edia t e pr ede c es sors bu t the pr i m a t e, r a i s i n g his
v o ice a bov e a ll, excl a i me d A vessel of s ilver is goo d, but
4 60 TH E A R C H E R A N D T H E ST EPP E .

o ff by pois on 5 and the prince s Shu iski with h er brothers , ,

t aking possession of her childre n and the throne, her colle ague

O v o gin a was tor n to pi e ce s by the people and a conte st

immedi ately aros e be twe e n the rege nts for the chief share in
the governme nt which fill e d the stre ets of the capital with
,

corpses and, whi le his education w a s totally ne gl e ct e d early

, ,

accustome d Ivan to scen e s o f hor ror and blood P rince . ,

B elski and the m e tropolita n oppose d the influ ence o f the

Shu is ki s a n d h a d at o n e time drive n them fro m the palace
,

and from Moscow ; but a sudde n in v as ion o f th e Tar tars

thre w eve ry thin g i nto confusion a n d the ex iles retu rning
.
,

with augm e nte d forc e dra gge d the youn g Czar from hi s be d
, ,

and carri ed him to the ir o wn ca stl e whil e Prince Belski

,

perish e d at the ir orde r by th e h a nd o f a hired a ssa ssin The .

chief of the Shu iskis w a s kill e d a t l e ngth by the fury o f a

m ob, when P rince Glinski e s tablished himself as pre sid en t
o f th e council o f th e e mpi r e ; a n d fr om this tim e till Ivan

was crowned in the yea r 1 5 4 7 and assumed the entire m a n

, ,

a g em en t o f th e affa irs of st a t e Mosco w was o n e long sc e ne

,

o f t e rror and comb a t whil e th e su rrou n ding provinces w e r e

,

a prey to misrule and T a rta r inva de rs The Poles mad e an

.

inroad into the empire bu rne d s e ve r a l stro ngholds and th e

,

city o f Sm olen sko, tho ugh th e y w e re unabl e to c a pture th e

citad el of th a t import a nt for tr e ss ; a n d the fruit o f all the
wars that ha d be e n wa ge d for so lo n g by Ivan a n d Bazil ,
,

with their eas te rn and we stern e n e mie s app e are d about to be

,

irretrievably lost .

The empire of the G old en Hord e ha d be com e extinct in

1 5 0 6, on the impri s on m e nt of A c hm e t its l a st khan w ho in , ,

a llia nce with Ale xa n d e r o f P ola nd ha d mad e war upon

,

Mahomet Gh e rai o f the C rim e a ; but after de fe atin g the

C rim ean Tartars in a furiou s battle upon the steppe s, the
Lithuanians withdrew from th e comb a t le aving th e ir allies ,

to sustain the war with n o sh e lte r but th eir tents a n d the

w in ter c o m m en c ing w ith unusu a l r igo u r the soldi ers ofAchm et
.
,

endu re d s evere su ffe ring from the de e p sn ow and e xcessive

cold His wife who had a ccompan i e d him in all his c a mpaigns
.
, ,

after vainly atte mptin g to induce him to break with P olan d,

d es erte d with half the a r my to the Ta uridians and being
e asily ov erthrown , with his fe w re maining followers by th e ,

r enovate d forces o f M a ho m et he e scap e d wi th the shattered

,

rem nant of his forces c om prisin g o nly three hundred horse

,
 VA R B ETW EEN M O S COW A N
D P O LAN D E T C ,
. 4 61

m en, to K i o f He w a s the re tre ach e rously s eize d by orde r

.

o f th e ung rat e fu l P olish ki n g a n d k e pt in con fi n ement a t the ,

’
c a stl e o f l r o ki ne a r Vilna wh e re h e die d a fte r twe nty ye a rs
‘

,
’

captivity Hi s dominions wer e long cont e nd e d fo r by th e

.

C r im ea n T a r ta r s a n d Coss a cks till a bout fifty y ear s l a ter a fte r , ,

the fin a l fall of Astra k a n the l a tte r d ro v e th ei r riv a ls a cr oss ,

the Don a n d subs e qu e n tly t a king Azof from the Tu r ks

*
, ,

m a d e th a t for tre ss the bulwa rk of th e ir d e s e rts a n d k e pt ,

the M o n gu l s till th e fin a l conqu e st of th e C rim e a w i thin th e

, ,

limits of th eir p en ins ular re trea t Afte r th e c a ptur e o f .

A c hm e t M a hom e t Gh era i u n itin g with M a m a i the khan o f

, , ,

th e N o gh a is b e si e g e d and pillage d th e city o f A s trakh a n th e n

, ,
”
kno w n to the Musco v it e s a s th e Sta r of the D e s e rt fro m ,

i ts position a s a n o a sis in the mid s t o f the st e pp e a n d both ,

pri n ce s occupi e d th e town for some months with th eir wild

a n d undis c ipli n e d sh e ph e rd troops but a disp u te a rising
b e twe en th e m as to who should kee p i t p e rm a n e ntly Mam a i ,

c a use d his a lly to be poisone d a t a ba nqu e t and dri v in g a ll , ,

th e C ri m ea n s out o f th e ci ty r e sto r d it to Ba thi r its form er ,

e
,

mon a rch .

Ye a rs roll e d a w a y and the tro ubl e d mino r ity of Iva n Iv i

,
.
’ ‘

h a v i ng p a ss e d a midst th e hop e s a n d e xultations of his sub

,
’
j e c ts h e a sce n de d his fa the r s thron e wh e n th e kh a n D e w l et , ,

Gh e r a i o f K a za n who ha d re m a ine d sinc e th e r eign o f Ba zil

,

inde p end ent of M os co w ma rch e d a l a r ge army into Russia , ,

a n d pill a ge d th e co u ntry rou n d the c a pi tal A fe w battal ions .

,

w hic h w e re s e n t to oppos e th e m pe n etrate d i n to th e h ea rt of ,

Kaza n the kh a n fle d pre cipita tely to t a ke r efuge w ith the ,

N o gh a i s o f th e ste pp e s whil e his qu e e n S or i m ba la , a n d h er

, ,

childre n w e re ma de pr is on e rs and brough t to Mosco w a n d

,

the Russians a fte r placing a gov e rnor a n d a strong g a rrison

,

In l C l 7 , Azof w as t a k e n by the Co ss a cks of the D on a nd in 1 641 a s tro n g a rm y a nd

fl ee t w e r e s e n t from Co ns t a nti nople fo r it s rec o v e ry Th e e xp e ditio n w a s a id e d by a
.

Ta r ta r fo rce u nd er the k h a n of th e C r imea The C OSSii c ks b ra v e l y d e fend e d th e pl a c e

.
.

a n d a lte r a s i e ge of th ree mo n th s th e T u rks w e re oblig e d to r e t i re w ith a lo ss of s e v e n

.

thou sa n d j a nissnrles a nd a multitude o i a uxilla ry Molda v i a ns W a lla c hlnn s a nd Tar ta rs

‘

w hom th e O ttom a n hi s to ri a n s do n o t e num er a te A fre s h expedition w a s s ent the n e xt

, ,

y ear a nd th e C r i mea n kh a n led o ne hu nd re d thou s a nd T a rta rs to a s s is t the T u rks Th e

.

Co ssa cks no lo nge r a bl e to defend th e pi e c e s et fire to the c ity a n d l e ft a h ea p of ruin s

.

, ‘

fo r th e T u rks to o cc up y w h o re built th e c ity and for ti fie d it a ne w

,
The Ta r t ar s a nd
,
,

Co ssa cks o n th e bord ers of the tw o e mpi re s w e re c o nti nu a ll y a t w a r In 1646 th e Ta rta rs

.
,

p urs ue d th e Co ss a cks i n to the s outhern prov i n ce s of Ru ss i a a nd c a rr ie d o fl th ree thou

.
,
'

s a nd pr i s oners w hom th ey s old for sl a v e s a t i erelm p A Ru ss i a n a rmy a dv aannceer

,
’
d a g a i ns t
A zo t to a v en g e th e a fl ro nt but w a s b ea te n i n sev era l notio ns b y the c omm d
.

‘
, ‘
Mou sa
P a c li a a nd th e g a rr i s o n who s e n t fou r hu nd re d pri s o ners a nd e i g h t hu nd re d Mu s c o v ite
h ea d s a s trophi es to Co nst a n ti no is In 1648 th e C r im ea n k ha n m a de a n i n c u rs io n i nto
. ,

R u ss i a a nd P ol an d a n d c arri e d 0 forty thou s a nd of th e i r s ubj ec ts i nto s l a v e ry — Grea sy 3

.
,

H i s tory of the O ttom a n T urks

,
"
.

1 Iv a n IV di ed M ar ch 13 52
'
. , .
4 62 T HE AR C HER AND T H E S TEPPE .

in the city disband e d the rest o f th e ir force But two yea rs

, .
,

l a te r the K a za n ite s ros e up a gainst the Muscovites w ho

, ,

p e rish e d in e ve ry qu a rte r of the city fr om poison or th e

’
assassin s ste el ; and s e nding a n envoy to Astra kh a n , th ey
,

e ntr e at e d the sul t a n Edige r, to com e a n d prot e ct th e m from

,

th eir e n e mie s , offe ring him th e crown a s th e re comp e nc e o f

his assista nce The n e ws of the m a ssacre o f th e ir country
.

m en by Ma home ta n s was r e ce iv e d with the gre a t e st ho r ror

,

a n d indign ation throughout Russia a n d a strong body o f ,

troops w a s imm e di a t ely s ent aga inst the re b els who a fte r a , ,

long ca mpa ign o f sixte e n months conqu e r e d all the t e rritory ,

a roun d th e city o f K a za n but fa il e d in e ve ry a tt e mpt to tak e

,

th a t fortre ss The b e si e ge rs be ca me at length so w ea r y a n d

.

di spirite d that th ey lou d ly cl a mour e d to be p e rmitte d to

,

return to th eir n a tive l a nd 5 some a mong th em s till d e t er ,

m ine d to p e rs e v e re de cl a re d th a t n o w it wou ld be disgrace ful

,

to re tre at a n d if th ey went hom e w ith n o re sult a fte r so much

, ,

toil and bloodsh e d the y would e ve r be th e m ock a n d scorn

,

of e ve ry p a triotic Muscov ite Imme diately th e Cza r h ea r d .

of this outbr e ak he h a st ene d with a re inforc e m e nt a n d the

, ,

prince s K ur bsky A d a shefi a n d Ser a bin e to th e sce n e o f

'

, , ,

a ction ,
a ccompan i e d by a l a rg e fl ee t o f ra fts up th e Volga ,

w hich ke pt the a rmy suppli e d dur i n g th e whol e c a mp a ign

with fora ge a mmunition a n d provisions fr om Nij ni Novo
, ,
-

gorod a n d transporte d his soldi ers more spe e dily, a n d with

,

l e ss fa tigu e tha n by a long a n d we a ry m a rch The Russia n s

,
.

h a d pre viously bui lt a town o n a littl e riv e r n e a r K a za n a n d ,

ca ll e d it Sv ie ls ky a n d h e re th ey c o ll e ct e d all th e ir ba gga ge
,

a n d store s a s th e y we re l a nd e d fr om th e ir ships c a nnon a n d ,

a ba tta lion o f mou n te d m u ske tee rs introduce d into his army ,

by th e lat e Cza r Ba zil form e d a mos t importa n t por tion o f

, ,

th eir forc e a n d th e ir troops we re divid e d a ccording to th e i r ,

u su a l custom , into t hree gre a t wi ngs o r divisio n s e ach b ei n g ,

s e p a rate d into compani e s w ith a c o mpl e tely distinct organ i

,

za ti o n — a n a rra ng e m e nt v e ry similar to that obs e rve d in the

e normous a rmie s of Zin gis .

As soon as he ha d a rrived a t the h e a d quarte rs o f the -

Russia ns b efore K a z a n Iva n attem pte d to re viv e th eir droop

,

i ng coura ge a n d an a ddre ss writt en by th e m e tropolitan , ,

w a s rea d to th e m exhorting th e mutin ee rs to ob e di e nce

, .

Am ong oth e r dire ctions in this docum e nt th e prim a te Syl , ,

ves ter says “ O bserv e th e commandm ents of God and

, , ,
1 64 THE AR CHER AND THE STEPP E .

p a l a c e w h e r e a c cor din g to th e c u st om th en u su a l i n M u s c o vy
, , ,
‘

h e pr e sen te d ea c h w ith a s plen did ro b e To the r i n gl ea d e r s

.

h e ga v e c l o th es o f bl a c k v e lve t a n d th e n a dd r ess in g th e m he ,

e nl a i g e d u p o n th e c o n d u c t o f the s o ldi e r s a t K a za n the ir ,

r e fu s a l to o b ey hi s o r d e i s a n d th e i r a tt e m pt to a s s a s s in a t e
,

him ,
h e s a id th a t gi ie v e d a s h e m u s t e ve r be to fin d h i s
,

s u bj ec ts s o r e b elli ous h e w a s s till m o r e s o o n th e dis c o ver y

, ,

th a t the pr o m o ter s o f thi s di sc o n te n t ha d b e en th o se i n w h o m

h e ha d pl a c e d i m pli c it co n fide n c e a n d w h o w er e gen er a lly
,

c a ll e d a n d o u gh t to be h is c o un c illo r s
,
a n d th a t n o w a ll w ho ,

h o pe d fo r th e l e a s t m e rcy h a d b e tt er a t o n c e a c kn o w le dge
th e i r err o r s a n d r ely o n th e be ne v o len c e o f th e i r Cza r
,
.

S e ver a l th re w the m s elves o n th ei r kn ees a n d e x pr es s e d th e i r

p en it en c e o ther s r e m a ine d s t o lid a n d im m o vea ble w hile the
. ,

gr ea t er n u m b er terr ifie d a n d a s to n i s h e d r e qu e s te d th a t th ei r
, ,

li v es a t lea s t m ight be spa r e d 3 bu t Iva n ca u s e d the pr i nc ipa l

of fe n d er s to be i m m e di a tely s ei ze d a nd e x ec u te d the l e s s ,

gu ilty h e a bs olve d w ith m er ely a s h o r t im pr is o nm en t a n d ,

the r e m a i n der h e e n tir e ly p a r do n e d w i th th e c o n diti o n th a t

,

they s h o u ld pr o v e th e i r r e p en ta n c e a n d fa ithful n e ss by th e i r
c o u r a ge b e fo r e th e ga t e s o f K a za n .

Th a t s a m e s pr i n g Iva n w h o w a s n ea rly tw en ty tw o yea r s

,
-

o f a e a ga in a dva n c e d w ith a n a r m y o f thr ee h un d r e d th o u

g ,

s a n d m e n a n d pit c h e d his c a m p i n hi s o ld q u a r te r s b e ne a th
,

the hill o f the T a r ta r c ity w h er e h e imm e dia t ely c o m m e n c e d

,

th e s i e ge . His fa th er B a zil ha d in tro du c e d a s m a ll b o dy o f

i nfa n tr y a m o n g h is tr o o ps bu t th es e th o u gh ge n er a lly th ey
,

w o u ld h a v e b e e n th e m o s t e ff e c tiv e i n sc a l in g a fo r t r e s s w e r e ,

for m a n y y e a r s n e ith er s e r v i cea bl e n o r p o p u l a r w ith th e

Mu sc o vites w ho w er e u n a c c u sto m e d to m a r c hin g o n fo o t
, ,

ge n era lly r o d e o v er th e w a lls o f a c a ptu r e d c i ty a n d fo un d ,

th em selves g r e a tly in c o m m o de d by th ei r l o n g r o be s i n a r e
tr ea t. The s t r e n gth o f th e R us s i a n a r m i es i n a pitc h e d
ba ttl e gen era lly l a y in the firs t t re m en d o u s sh o c k o f th e ir
,

o n sl a u ght .If th e ir o pp on en t s s to o d this th ey se ld o m ga i ne d ,

m u c h a dva n ta ge w h en fa c e to fa c e w ith a n e qu a l n u m b er in
the o p en field .

Th e d a ily d e ta il o f a bl oc k a d e is u s u a lly m o n oto n o us a n d

w e a r is o m e a n d th a t o f K a za n w a s p r o tra c te d a n d l o n g
, A .

m o ve a bl e c h u r c h ha d b ee n pl a c e d n e xt to th e t en t o f the
C za r w h er e s er v i c e w a s p er for m e d e v er y m o r ni ng b e fo r e
,

th e s o ldi e r s o r en gi n e er s b ega n th ei r w or k 3 a n d the p r o g re ss

 W AR BE T WE EN M OS C O W AN D POL AN D , ETC . 4 65

of the i ge b e in g s lo w a n d the l os s o f the R u ss ia n s h e a v y

s e , ,

a s the T a r ta rs k e pt u p a n i n c es s a n t s h o w e r o f a r r o w s a n d

s t o n es Iva n o r d e re d h is ge n er a ls to u n d er m in e th e w a ll s
,

o f the c it a d e l a fo r m o f w a r fa r e n e v e r p r e vi o u sl
y s ee n in
'

M u s c o vy a n d qu it e u n kn o w n to the K a za ni tes O n S un d a y
, .
,

the 2 n d o f O c to b e r 1 5 5 2 a d a y s till k e p t a s a fas t in th e , ,

.

Ru s sia n c h ur c h Pr i n c e K ur bs ky a nno u nc e d th a t th e m i n e
,

w a s c o m pl e t e a n d c a u s i n g hi s a r m y to be a r ra n ge d i n o r d e r
, ,

o f b a ttl e wi th h i m s e lf a t th e i r h e a d
, the C za r d i r e c t e d th e ,

e n gi n ee r to fi r e th e t r a i n w hil e th e p r i es ts r ea d a n d c h a n te d ,

a so lem n m a ss a n d a s th e o f fic i a ti n g d ea c o n r e a d th e s a cr e d
,
”
w or ds Th e r e s h a ll be o n e fo ld a n d o n e sh e ph e r d the ,

m in e s pr un g w ith a tr e m e n d o u s e xpl o s i o n br in gi n g a qu a r ter

.
.
,

o f the c i t
y to the gro u n d Th e M u s c o vite s i n s ta n tly p o u r e d .

a c r o s s th e r u in s d ea li ng d es t r u c ti o n a n d d e a th a ll a r o u n d
,

the T a r t a r s h o rr o r s tr u c k a n d s tu pe fie d thi n ki n g a n e a r t h
, ,

qu a ke ha d c a u s e d the s h o c k a n d th a t H ea v e n h a d l e a gu e d ,

w ith m a n to Opp o se th e m fir s t a tte m pt e d to de fe n d th e m ,

selves a n d th e n tur n e d a n d fle d a c r o s s th e fo a m i n g r iv e r
,

K a za n k a, a n d s o u ght sh e lt er i n the o ppo s i te w o o ds Fo r .

s ev e r a l h o u rs c o n fu s i o n a n d pl u n d e r p r e v a il e d : till th e R u s ~

s ia n s like w o lf h o u n d s
,
w e r e c a ll e d by th e ir o ffic ers o f? th e i r
-
,

pr e y ; the b a nn ers o f Mo sc o w fl o a t e d fr o m the g il de d

m i n a r e ts o f the c i ta d e lfithe C za r w a s q u a r te re d i n th e Ta r t a r
Krem lin th e pa l a c e o f th e M u s s u l m a n kha n s a n d o r der w a s
, ,

a t l e n gth o bt a i n e d a n d s ec ur e d by the a pp r o a c h o f a d a r k

a n d fo ggy n igh t .

All th o s e o f the M a h om e ta n s w ho c o n s e n t e d to r eceive

b a pti s m w er e r e s to re d to th e i r h o u ses a n d la n ds A bis h o p
,
.

w a s a pp o i n te d o v e r th e c ity w ith di r e c tio n s to e m pl o y e ver y ,

m ea n s i n h u m a n p o w er to i n d u c e th e i n fid el s to e m b r a c e
C h ri s ti a n ity ; th e T a r ta r m o s q ues w er e c o n ve r te d i nt o
c h u rc h es o r r u thl es sly r a ze d to the gr o un d
,
a c o n ve n t a n d

a m o n a s te r y w er e e r ec t e d by o r d er o f the Cza r ; a n d th e

e s ta t es a n d p o ss es s i o n s o f th e T a r ta r c hi e fs tr a n s fer re d to

the Mu sc o vit e s o l di e r s a n d n o bl es w h o ha d s er v e d i n th e
Mo ura v l c fl s
'
Ch urc h of R us s i a .

i i o xums xr , 1N THE
A RAB IC FOUND ON A S TONE. PROBABLY A : MAR K ET
f INs c mP H ON iN
'

P AC E AT AZ AN L K
h l igh g i id h
.

teo us , the rea t, a nd th e maj es t c , s a — Al l t o s e w h o ilv e

'
G o d th e o y. th e r
j' ill d h w f W b t th e f a ce o f th e o r e i o th e d
'
ln o no ur a n d o ry , w L d h gl ill
hii gz l w l bl i
le r t l i e a a y u
d li h d l d hi ld
.

s i e t m ai B less ings a n d e v er a nc e be to M a om e t. w h o e c a re t s w o r n o t
‘

d li L d id ld b
.

tc e te r'na A so es s n s a nd e v e ra nc e to the or . w h o s a The w o r Is a ov e

hi l h h h
.

l tln g a In the y e a r 036 r the l l e g i rn (1629 ) o f M a o m et, i n th e m o nt o f To ul h a g h c d

-
.

th e son o c
"
ukh nmme d S h a kla w a s e by th e ha nd o i th e k ill d
r s t a n Mo ukh umm ed Ch i i
G i l lnl .
4 66 THE ARCH ER AND THE S TE PPE .

w ar, a ll the M us s ul m a n p ea san tr y an d p o pul a c e b ein g

en ro ll e d a s s erfs o f the c r o wn .

A go ver n o r w a s a pp o in t e d o ver the pr o vi nc e a n d her ,

afi a irs r e gu l a t e d b
y a s p ec i a l c o ur t e s ta bli s he d i m m e di a t ely
‘

a fte r i ts c o n qu es t a t M o sc o w
, a n d thi s t o w a r d s th e c l o s e o f
,

the s ixtee n th cen t u r y w a s a l w a ys kn o w n a s the tr ibun a l o f

,

K a za n .

A s s o o n a s he h a d c o mple t e d th e s u bj ec ti o n o f thi s ki n g ”

d o m I v a n tu rn e d hi s th o u ghts t o w a r d s th e sa n dy b a r re n
, ,

r e gi o n s of th e n e ighb o u r in g kin dr e d s ta t e As tr a kh a n .
,

i s o l a t e d a mi d s t wi de a n d t r a c kl es s d eser ts w it h a s a fe a n d ,

c o m m o di o u s p o r t a n d the c o m m a n d o f the C a s pi a n
,
ha d ,

d e v o te d her en er gie s p r in c ip a lly to her Per s i a n a n d In dia n

tra de a n d till h e r kh a n u n fo r tu n a t e ly fo r his o w n fr ee d o m
,

a nd p e o pl e ha d a cc e pt e d th e p er il o u s c r o w n o f Ka za n s h e
, ,

h a d j o i n e d bu t li ttl e i n th e p o li c y a n d d i ss e n s io n s th a t w er e
a t th a t ti m e di s t r a c tin g b o t h A s i a a n d E u r o p e Bu t he r .

p e a c e ful n es s o r a pa th y w er e o f n o a va il Edige r a nd hi s .

fa m ily ha d b een ca r r i e d to M o s c ow w h er e to o bta in the

.
, ,

c o m fo r t a n d fre e d o m o f Ru s s i a n n o ble s th ey c o ns en t e d to
,

e m b r a c e Ch ri s ti a n ity ; th o u g h a s t h e y w er e s ti ll pr is o n er s
, ,

th e y w e r e to ta l ly u n a bl e to r en d er a s s is ta n ce to th e i r p eo pl e ,

a n d r egr e tfu lly a ba n d o n e d th e i r kin gd o m to h er a ppr o a c hin g

a n d i m m i ne n t fa te Tw o yea r s a fter the r e du c ti o n o f Ka za n

.
,

l v a n w ith his a r m y em ba r ked o n r a fts s a ile d d o w n th e ,

Vo lga a n d by la n d a n d w a ter s ur r o un de d As tr a kh a n t w e n ty
,

th o u s a n d Tu r ki s h so ldie r s sen t by S o ly m an th e M a gn ific en t

,

to h er a s s i s t a n c e p er i s he d b en e a th th e pi er c in g s un o f the
,

w ild a n d s h a d e les s s teppe s a nd o n th e l s t o f Au g u s t 1 5 5 4 , ,

th e c ity fe ll b e fo r e the a s s a u lt a n d m i n e s o f the M usc o vite s

a n d h er c r o w n w ith tha t o f K a za n a n d Siber i a , n o w li es
,

a m i d s t the r e ga li a o f th e C za rs .

A n a ttem pt w a s m a de a fe w ye ars l a te r to wr es t her fr o m

, ,

R ussia by th e T u r ks in o r d e r to fa c ilita t e the tra n s po r ta tio n

,

o f tr o o p s i n t o P e rs i a w i th w h o m th e Po r te w a s th e n a t w a r
,

a nd w ho se fo r c es s u ffer e d s eve r ely fro m co ld hu n ger a n d , ,

fa tigu e d ur in g th ei r pa s s a ge a c ro ss the s n o w c a ppe d m o u n

,
-

ta in s o f Ar m en ia a n d the b a r r en w in dy w a s tes o f M a sa r bij a n

, .

Th e vi zi er Soko l li a t the sa m e tim e pr o p ose d to hi s m as ter

to c o nn e c t th e D o n a n d Vo lg a by a ca n a l s o tha t his a rm i e s ,

m igh t m a ke the w h o l e j o u r n e y w ith l e s s fa tig ue by w a t e r a s ,

i n th a t c as e th ey w o uld c r o s s the s to r m y w a ves of the C as

4 68 THE ARC HER AN D TH E STE r PE .

With the co n qu e s t a n d a n n e xa tio n o f K a za n a n d A s t ra

kh a n the l a s t i n d e pen d en t kin gd o m s o f the M o n gu ls to th e
,

w es t o f th e Ur a l s b ec a m e a t l e n g th e x ti n c t fo r the C r im ea
w a s n o w a vas s a l a n d tr ibu ta ry pr o vin ce o f the P o r t e Th e .

T a r ta r s — th o s e o f Ta ur ida — o nc e m o re d u ri n g the r eign o f

Iva n i nva d e d M os c o w a n d a b a nd o n in g the bu r n in g c ity
, , ,

w hi c h th e y h a d th o r o u ghl y sa c ke d c a r r i e d a w a y o n e h u n dr e d
,
*
th o us a n d c a p ti es l ea vi n g a s m a n y d ea d a m on g the a s h es o f
v ,

t heir h o m es bu t fr o m th a t tim e th e y w er e fo r ce d to be c o n
te nt w ith plu n der i ng the bo r der pr o vi n c e s o f th e em pi r e ; a n d ,

a s R u s s i a b e c a m e s t r e n th e n e d a n d c o n s o lid a t e d s he gr a d u a lly
g ,

br o u ght th e w h ol e o f th e Cr i m ea b en ea th her e xt e n din g s wa y ,

th o u gh the in ha bita n ts Oppo s e d h e r w ith a fie r c e a n d d e s

p e ra t e r es i s ta n c e a n d o n ly su bm itt e d s ull e nly a n d r e lu c t a n tly
,

to he r yo k e d C o lo n izin g a n d c u lti v a tin g the fer tile s ho r es

o f th e Vo lg a a n d th e D o n th e M us c o v ites k e pt th e Ka lmu ck s
, ,

the l a s t r e m n a n t o f th e kh a n a te o f th e Go ld en H o r d e i n ,

O be di e n c e to t h e i r go v er n m e n t I n the s e ven tee n th c e n tur y

.

th es e w ere j o in e d by a fe w tr ib es o f th e s a m e p e o pl e fro m
C hi na a n d s er ve d a s v a l u a bl e a u xili a r i e s o f th e Ru ssi a n s a n d
,

C o s sa c ks i n th e ir w a r s b o th w ith Ger m a n y a n d th e Po r te
,

bu t in the r eig n o f th e E m pr e s s C a th a r i n e th e c eles ti a l i m ,

m ig ra n ts to o k o fle n c e a t s o m e n e w i m po s t o r a s light tha t ha d
'

be e n sh o wn to th e i r c hi e f w h en fightin g a ga in s t the Mu s
c o vite fo es a n d s e ttin g fir e to the R us s ia n v ill a ges a n d to
, ,

the g r a s s o n the s t epp e s a s th e y fle d h a lf a m illi o n o f th e i r

,

n a tio n e s c a p e d o ve r th e fro ze n V o lga i n th e d epth o f w i n t er ,

a n d a c ro s s the de s er t s o f th e Ki r ghi z th r ee fee t d e e p i n s n o w

, ,

to th e p r o t ec ti o n a n d d o m i n i o n s o f the Chi n e s e E m p er o r ,

Ki en l on g w ho gl a dly r ec eive d th e m a s hi s su bj e c ts Bu t
—
,
.

the i r s uffe r i n gs fr o m c o ld a n d fa tigu e d u r i n g a m a r c h o f tw o

,

th o u sa n d m il e s ha d r e d u c e d th ei r n u m b e r to l es s th a n h a lf
,

o f its o r igi n a l for c e a n d the C o s s a c k s w h o p u r s u e d th e m the

,

fo ll o w in g s pr i n g til l th ey w er e re pe ll e d by th e a r m y o f Chi n a
,

o n th e o u ts ki r ts o f the e m pir e t r a c e d th e pa th th a t the K a l

,

m u c ks ha d fo ll o w e d by th e b o n e s o f the ir m o uld er i n g d e a d .

A r eligi o u s s o l e m n ity c a ll e d th e D a l a i L a m o i w a s i n s titu t e d

, , ,

i g i h p j i T k h
D ur n th e s xteent c entury , the c or s of th e a n s sa rie s i n ur ey , a nd t at o f th e
g p p h b i d ih i l P l
M a m e iuite s i n E y t, a p e a rs to a v e ee n c h ie fl v re c ru te w t R uss a n s av es a u us
b h Sl i p k b
.

Jov i us o s erv es t a t av on c w a s s o en by o th
f i C i i d b fil i d d i d h l
.

Th e r mea w a s rst nv a e by the R us s a n s i n 1 7 36 un er M a rs a M unnic h The

d b gg g gg h i
.

R uss a ns c ur r e a rre s of w a te r, fa s te ne to ev er a a e wa on , o n t e r m a tch , to

i g ih
e xt n u s fl hi h T
th e a m es w c th e a rta r s h a d i g n te d t r ou h gh l g
o ut th e o n gd ry ra ss a t
th e s te pes p i l d h hl bd d ig C h i
Th e e n ns u a w as a fte rwa r s t oro ug y su ue i n the re n of a t a r ne
i
.

by r nce D ol g o r ouki .
 WAR BE T WEEN n o sc o w AN D PO L AN D , ETC . 4 69

in r e m em br a n c e o f the s o u l s w ho ha d peri sh e d o n thi s

r e m a r k a ble fligh t a n d a m o nu m e n t o f l a r g e c o l u m n s o f gr a n it e
,

a n d b r a s s w a s e r ec t e d b
y o r d er o f Ki e n l o n g o n th e b o r de r s
-
, ,

o f th e s te pp e w hi c h b e a r s a n i n s cr ipti o n i n c o m m e m o r a ti o n o f
, ,

thi s e ven t to th e fo ll o w i n g efi’e c t

,

By the w ill o f G o d h er e— u po n the b r i n ks o f t hes e d es e r t s

w hi c h fr o m thi s p o i n t b egi n a n d s t re t c h a w a y p a thl es s tr e e
, ,

l es s , w a t e rl es s fo r tho us a n ds o f m il e s a nd a l o n g the m ar gi n s
, ,

o f m a n y m igh ty n a ti o n s — re s te d fro m th e i r l a b o u rs a n d fro m

g r e a t a fflic ti o n s u n d e r th e s ha do w o f the Chi n es e w a ll a n d

, ,
’
by the fa vo u r o f Kie n l o ng G o d s li e u ten an t u po n e a r th ;
-
,

th o se a n c i e n t c hild r en o f the w ild e rn e s s the To r go te T a r ta rs , ,

flyin g be fo r e the w ra th o f the G re c ia n C za r w a n d e r i ng s h ee p ,

w ho h a d s tra ye d a w a y fr o m th e C e l e s ti a l i n the ye a r 1 6 1 6 ,

bu t a r e n o w m e r c if ully ga th e r e d a ga i n a fter i n fin i te s o rro w , ,

i n t o the fo ld o f th ei r fo r giv i ng Sh e ph e r d H a ll o we d be the .

”
s p o t fo r e v er a n d h a ll o w e d be th e d a y S ep t 8 l 7 7 1 1 ‘
. .
, , .

The gr a s s ha s g ro wn o v er the field s th a t th e M o n g u ls o n c e

s t r e w e d w i th h u m a n b o n e s 5 th e bl o o d h a s l o n g d r i e d th a t
th ey s he d o ver a thi r d o f th e e a r th bu t w h a t ve s tige s n o w
r e m a in o f th e ir i n fl u e n c e a n d d o m i n i o n i n E a s t er n E ur o p e ,

e x c e pt the dye th a t th e i r d es p o ti s m has i m pr es s e d u p on the

h a bit s m an n e r s a n d c h a ra c t ers o f th e in h a bita n t s ? N 0 j u s t

, ,

l a w n o g ra n d m o n u m en t n o b e nefic i a l i n s ti tu tio n they i h

, , ,

tr o du c e d in to R u s s i a d u r i n g m o r e tha n tw o h u n d r e d y e a r s
th eir po w e r w a s m a r ke d by m e r e o ppr es s io n a n d tyra nn y ,

w ith o u t o n e vi r tu e to a lle via t e o r o n e m e m o r i a l to l e a ve th ei r

,

n a m es i n r e m e m b ra n c e 3 a n d i t h a s p a s s e d a w a y p r o b a bly ,

fr om Eur o pe fo r e v e r w ith o u t m e r iti n g fro m p o s te r i ty o n e

,

feelin g o f pity o r r egr e t fo r th e i r fa ll .

B ut e v e n th eir a n c i en t t er rito r i e s i n W e s t e rn A s i a a r e n o w
fas t b ei n g m e r ge d w ithi n the b or d er s o f the i m m e ns e e m pi r e
o f the C za r 5 i n P e r s i a Chi n a a n d a t l e n gth i n Hi n d o osta n
, , ,

o th er r ul e r s h a v e s u ppl a n t e d th e ir e m p er o rs a n d c hie fs and ,

th o u gh th e y s till fo ndly c li n g to the m e m o r i e s o f th e i r fo r m e r

h ero es a n d e ver y T a r ta r p rin c e c l a i m s des c en t fro m Ti m u r
,

o r Z in is th e p o we r a n d fa m e o f th e c o n qu e ri n g r a c e i s n o w
g ,

Tor g o te, or Ka l m uck I n th e o r igi na l th e i nser l ti o n gi v es th e ye a r a c c o rdi ng to

“

th e Chi nes e c l e nd a r Th e d e s ig na ti o n o f th e R us s m n m pe ro r is ei th e r fro m s o m e c o n

. .

a
tus i o n b e tw een h im a nd the B y za nti ne E m p eror o r r l a tes to h is re ligi
.

on Th e a c c o un t
e

o f thls e m ig ra ti o n w a s d ra w n u p i n t e
C h i nes e l a ng ua g e by ord er o f Ki e n l o ug — De
. .

‘
h -
.

Q u i nc ey s R e v o l t o f th e K a l m uc k Ta r t rs,I a rta rs
‘
a

t D e Q ui nc ey s R e v o l t oi the K a l m uc k
‘
‘
.
47 0 THE AR C H ER AN D THE STEPPE .

a ll o f p a s t a n d to u se th e Per si a n prove rb o n ce qu o t e d
, ,

by th e c on qu er o r o f C o n s ta n ti n o pl e The s pid er ha s w o v e
h er w eb i n th e i m p er ia l p a l a c e a n d the o w l has su n g he r
,

w a tc h s o n g u p on th e to w e r s o f
-

C B
Perd i d a r i m iki nn e d ber kysr a i sa r a ukebut urni neubet m i zene d ber ku imbeti
q H
E rr a s iy a b, " w a s uo te d by M a h o met IL— C a n te r mi r ' s
‘

is tory o f the O tto ma ns "

k T T B k
.

Afm s ib, a n a nc ient i ng o f th e ura ni an s o r a rtar s Vl de a nte, oo I

. .
472 THE AR C H ER AN D THE ST E PPE .

Al m o s t th e m ea n es t m a n i n a ll th e c o un try r ide s ,
T h e w o m a n eke , a ga ins t o u r u s e, h e r tr o tti n g h o rse be s tr ides
In s u n dry c o l o u rs they, bo th m e n a n d w o m en, g o ,
I n bu s kin s a ll , th a t m o n ey h a v e o n bu ski ns to bes to w .

E a c h w o m a n , h a n ging h a th a r in g w i thi n h er e a r,
W hic h a ll o f a nc ie n t u se , a n d so m e o f v er y pr id e do w e a r
Th e ir ga te i s v e ry br a v e , th ei r c o un ten a n c e w is e a n d s a d,
A n d ye t th e ir c o n du c t i s m o s t lig ht, th eir tr a de o f l iv in g ba d .

Is n o t th e m e a n e s t m a n i n a ll th e l a n d bu t h e ,
To buy h e r p a in te d c o l o u rs , d o th a llo w hi s w ife a fee ;
W h er e wi th s he d ec ks h er s el f, a n d dye s h e r ta w ny skin,
S he pra n ks a n d pa in ts h er s m o ky fa c e , bo th bro w, lip, c heek, a n d c hi n .

Ye a tho s e th a t h o n est a r e , if a ny su c h th e r e be
W i thin th e l a nd , d o u s e th e l ike ; a m a n m a y pl a inly s ee
Up o s
’
n o m e w o m en s c h e eks , th e p a in ti n g h o w i t l i es ,
In pl a ste r s o r t, fo r th a t to o th ic k h er fa c e th e c r ea tur e dyes .

B u t s u c h a s skilful a r e, a n d c un n i n g d a m e s i n de ed,
B y d a ily p ra c tic e d o i t w ell , ye a , s u r e they d o e xc ee d ;
Th ey l a y th e i r c ol o u rs so , a s h e th a t i s full w i se
M a y e a s ily be dec ei v e d th e re in, if h e d o tr ust h is eyes .

I n o t a littl e m us e w h a t m a dn es s m a kes th e m p a i nt
Th e ir fa c e s , w a yi ng h o w th ey kee p th e s to v e by m er e c o ns tra i n t ;
F o r sel do m w h en , unl ess on c h u r c h o r m a rri a ge -d a y,
A m a n sh a ll see th e d a m es a bro a d th a t a re o f be s t a rra y .

Th u s m u c h, fri en d B a n c ic , I di d m e a n to w r ite to th ee,

-

To l e t th e e w ee t i n R us s i a l a n d w h a t m e n a n d w o m en be ;
He re a fter, I pe rh a ps o f o th e r thi n gs w il l w r i te
To th e e , a n d o th e r o f m y fr i ends w hi c h I sh a ll s ee w i th sigh t
A n d o th er s tuff be s ides , w hi c h tr u e r e p o r t s h a l l tell ,
M e a nwh ile, I en d my l ov in g lin e s , a n d bi d th e e no w fa re well .

To SP E N C E R .

If I sh o uld n o w fo rget, o r n o t r e m em ber th ee ,

Th o u , S pe n c e r, m igh t s t a fo ul r ebu ke or s h a m e i mpu te to m e ;
’

F o r I to o pen sh e w did l o v e the e p a ss ing w ell,

’
A n d th o u w e r t h e a t p a r tu r e w h o m I l o a th d to bid fa re w ell
A n d, a s I we n t thy fri en d, s o I c o n ti n u e s till,
N o be tte r p ro o f th o u c a n s t th a n thi s d es ire o f tr u e g o o d w ill
-
.

I d o r em e m ber w e ll wh en n ee d s I sho u ld a w a y,
d th a t th e p o s t w o u l d li c en c e u s n o l o nger tim e to s ta y,
n g s t m e by th e fis t, a n d, h o l di n
g fa st m y h a n d ,
Dids t c ra v e o f m e to s e nd th ee n ew s , a n d ho w I l ike d th e l a nd .

] t i s a s a n dy s o il , n o v e ry fr uitful v a i n ,
M o re w a ste a n d w oo dy g ro u nd s th e r e a re th a n c l o s e s fit for g ra in
Ye t gra i n ther e gr o w i ng i s, w hi c h th ey u n ti m ely ta ke
A n d c u t, o r ere th e c o rn be r i pe th ey m o w i t o n a s ta ke ,
A n d l a yi ng sh ea f by shea f, th ei r h a r v es t s o th ey d ry ;
Th ey m a ke the grea te r h a s te fo r fe a r the fro s t th e c o rn d es tro y,
Fo r i n th e w in ter tim e s o gl a ry i s th e gro un d,
A s neither gra s s nor o th er gr a in i n p a s tures m a y he fou nd ;
 APPENDI X. 47 3

In c o m es th e c a ttl e then, th e sh ee p, th e c o lt
th e c ow ,
,

Fa s t by h is bed, th e m a ij ik the m a l o dg ing do th a o w, ll

W ho m he w ith fo dder feeds , a nd h olds a s dear a s life
And th u s th ey w e ar the w inter w i th th e m a ij ik a nd his wife .
l
S ev en m o n ths th e winter as ts , th e gl a re i t is s o g rea t,
A s i t i s Ma y befo re h e turn hi s gr o u nd to s ow hi s whe a t .

The bo d ie s to o tha t die, u nbur ie d li e th ey then,

L a i d up i n c o fii n s m a de o f fir, as w ell th e poo res t m en
l
A s tho s e o f gr ea ter s ta te ; the c a u s e i s ligh t y fo u nd ,
Fo r th a t i n win ter tim e they c a nn o t c o m e to brea k the gro u nd ;
An d w o o d s o pl enteous i s quite thro u gh o ut a ll th e l a n d ,
A s ric h a n d p oo r a t time o f dea th a ssur e d o f c o fii ns s ta n d .

Perha ps th o u m u s est muc h h o w thi s m a y sta n d w ith re a s on,

Tha t bo dies d ea d c a n uncorrupt a bid e s o l o ng a s ea so n ; .

Ta ke thi s fo r c er ta in truth, a s s o o n a s h e a t is go ne,

The fo rc e o f c o l d the bo dy bin ds a s h a r d a s a ny s tone,
Witho u t o ffenc e a t a ll to a ny liv in g thin g,
A n d s o they li e i n perfec t s ta te till n e xt return o f s prin g .

The ir bea sts be like to o urs , a s fa r a s I c a n s ee,

Fo r s ha p e a n d sh e w, but so m e wh a t le s s o f bulk a nd bo ne th ey be ;
O f w a t ry ta ste, th e flesh n o t firm l ike E ngli s h bee f,
’

An d ye t i t s e rv e s th em v ery w ell, a n d i s a go o d re l ie f .

Thei r s h e ep a re v ery s ma l l, sh a r p s in gl ed, h a nd ful o ng, ll

l
Grea t sto re o f fo w s o n sea a nd l a nd, th e m oo r ish reeds a m o ng,
Th e gre a tn e s s o f the s to re d oth m a ke th e pr ic es ess ; l
Besi de s , i n a ll th e l a nd they kn o w n o t ho w go o d m ea t to d r es s .

They us e n e ither br ea c h n or s pit, but w hen th e s to v e they h ea t,

l
They p u t the ir v es se s i n a pa n a n d s o th ey ba ke their m ea t
N o pe wter to be ha d, no d is h es but o f w oo d,
N o u se o f tr en c h ers ; c ups c u t o ut o f birc h a re v ery go o d .
They us e bu t w o o d en s poo n s , w h ic h h a n ging in a c as e ,
Eac h m aij ik a t hi s g irdle ties, a n d th in ks i t n o di sgra c e ;
With wh ittl es tw o o r three, th e bette r m a n the mo e,
The c hiefes t R u ss ia ns i n th e l a n d w ith s poons a n d kni v es do g o .

Their h o u s e s a re no t h uge o f bu il din g, but th ey s a y

l
They p a n t th em i n the l o fti es t gr o u n d to shi ft the s no w a w a y ;
Whi ch , i n the w in ter tim e, e a c h w her e full thic k th ey lie ,
IVhic h m a kes th em ha v e th e m o re de s ire to set th ei r h o us es high ;
N o s to n ew o r k is i n us e, th eir ro o fs o f r a fters be,
O ne linke d i n a no ther fa st, th e ir w alls a re a ll o f tree .

l
O f m a sts bo th l o n g a nd a rge , w i th m o s s put i n betwe e n,
T o keep th e forc e o f w e a the r ou t, I n e v er erst ha v e see n
A gr o ss d ev i c e s o go od, a n d o n the ro o f they l ay
The burd en ba rk, to rid th e ra i n a n d s udden sh ow ers a wa y .

In ev e ry r o o m a s to v e, to s er v e th e w inter tu n,
r

O f w o o d th ey h a v e s uffic ien t s to r e, a s muc h a s they c a n bu rn .

l l
They ha v e n o Eng ish g a s s ; o f sli c e s o f a rock
C a ll ed S lu da , th ey their win dow s m a ke , tha t Eng i sh gl a ss d o th moc kl
They c u t i t v ery thin, a n d ne w i t W i th a threa d,
In p r e tty o r der ike to pa nes , to s erv e their pres ent n eed ;
l
N o o th er g las s, g o o d fa ith ] do th gi v e a bett er i gh t, l 0

And s ur e the rock is nothing ric h, th e cost i s v ery s i gh t l

 4 THE AR C H ER AND THE S TE PPE .

Th e c hie fest pl a c e is th a t w he r e ha n gs the go d ; by i t

The o w ner o f th e h ou s e h i m sel f d o th nev er s it,
Un le s s h is better c om e, to w h o m h e yield s the s eat :
Th e stra n ger be n ding to th e go d , th e gr oun d with brow mus t bear,
A n d in th a t v e ry pl a c e w hic h th ey mOSt s a c r e d? d eem,
Th e str a n ger li es— a token th a t hi s gue st he d oth este em.
L

W h ere h e i s w ont to h a v e a bea rskin for his bed,

A n d m o s t, i n ste a d of pill o w, cl a p hi s sa ddle to his h ead ,
In R u ss i a o th er s hift there i s n o t to he h a d,
Fo r w h ere th e be dd in is n o t goo d, th e bo ls te s are-but bad
r

I m u se d v ery m u c h W a t ma de the m s o to li e,
S in c e i n their c o u n try d o wn is rife , a n d fea thers c ut o f c ry
U nl ess i t be be c a use th e c o un try i s s o ha rd ,
Th ey fe a r by ni c en ess of a bed th e ir bo die s Wo ul d be m arr at
’

’
I w is h d th ee oft w i th u s , sa v e th a t I sto o d i n fe a r
Th o u w o uld s t h a v e lo a th ed to ha v e l ai d thy limbs upo n a be ar,
’

A s I a n d Sta ffo r d did, th a t w a s m y m ate i n bed ;

A n d yet (w e th a n k th e God o f h eav en ) w e bo th right Well h a v e Sped .

L o , th us I m a ke a n e nd ; n o oth er n ews to th ee
-

B u t th a t th e c o u n try i s too c o ld, th e pe o ple h orrid be .

I w ri te n o t a ll I kno w ; I to uc h but h e e a n d the r e,

r

F o r if I sh o ul d , m y p en w o u ld pi n ch , a n d eke o ffen d I fea r

W h o so sh a ll r ea d thi s v erse, c onj ec ture of th e r eSt,
‘

A n d thi n k, by rea s o n o f o ur tra de , th at I do th ink th e best,

B ut if n o tr a ffic w er e, th an c o uld I boldly pe n
The h a r dness o f the So il, a n d th e m a nne r s o f th e m en ;
Th ey s a y th e li on s pa w giv es j u d gme nt o f th e be ast,
’ ‘

A n d s o m a y yo u dr ea m of the grea t by r ea ding o f th e l ea s t .

TO P AR K ER .

My Pa r ker, pen a nd ink were m a de to wr i te,

A n d idl e he a ds th at littl e d o , h a v e l ei s ure to i ndite ;
‘

W he re for e respec ting th ese, a nd th in e a s sure d l ov e ,

’
If I w o u l d w r ite n o n ew s to th e e th en m igh t s t my pen reprov e .

A n d s in c e th en fo r tun e thus h a th shov ed m y ship o n shore ,

A n d m a d e m e s eek a n oth er r e a l m u n se en o f m e befo re ;
Th e m a nn er s of th e m en I pu rpo s e to d ec l a re,
A n d pr iv a te po i nts bes id es , wh ich str a nge a n d won dro us a re
'

Th e R uss ie m en a re ro un d , w ith fa c e s no th ing fai r,

B u t br o w n by re a so n o f th e sto v e a n d c l o sen e s s o f th e a ir ;
It i s th e ir c o mm o n u s e to sha v e o r els e to sh ea r
Th ei r h ea d s, for n o ne in a ll th e l a n d l on g l oll ing l oc ks d oth w ea r,
'

Un les s p erh a ps h e h a v e hi s so v er ei gn pr i n c e d is pl e a s e d,
l

F o r th en h e n ev e r c u ts h is h a ir u n til h e be a ppeased
A c er ta in s ign to kno w w h o i n displ ea su r e be ,
F or ev er y m a n tha t v iew s hi s h ea d w ill s ay, So this is h e
.

A n d d ur in g a ll the tim e h e le ts h is l o cks to g ro w,

D a res n o m a n for hi s l ife to him a fa c e o f fri endship show .

Th e ir g a rm ents a re n o t v ery ga y, n o r h a nds o m e to the eye ,

A c a p a lo ft their hea d s they ha v e, that s ta ndeth v ery high,
47 6 THE AR C H ER AND THE s 'r np r n .

B ut thou w er t better fa r a t ho m e, I wist it w ell ,

A nd w o u l d s t be l o a th e a m o ng these fo lks s o l o ng a ti m e to dw ell
’
.

Th en j u dg e o f u s thy fri en d s , w h a t kin d o f life w e h a d,

Th a t n ear th e fr o zen p ol e to w a s te o u r w eary d a ys were gl a d ;
In su c h a sa v a ge s o il, w h e re l a w s d o bea r n o s w a y,
But a ll i s a t th e kin g hi s w i ll , to d o o r el se to sl a y,
A n d th a t s a n s c a u se , G o d kn o ws, if s o hi s m i n d be su c h
Bu t wha t m e a n I w ith kin gs to d e a l , w e o u g ht n o t s a in ts to to uc h .

C o n c eiv e the r est yo ur self, a n d d eem w h a t liv es th ey l e a d,

W h er e si n i s l a w , a n d s ubj e c ts liv e c on tinu a lly in d rea d ;
A n d wh er e th e be s t es ta te s h a v e n o n e a s su ra n c e go o d,
O f l a n d s, o f l iv es, n or n o th in g fa ll s un to th e n ext o f bl oo d
Bu t a ll o f c u s to m d o th u nto th e pr in c e r edo un d,
An d a ll th e w h o l e r ev enue c o m e s un to th e ki n g his c r o w n .

G o o d fa i th ! I s ee th ee m u s e a t wh a t I tell th e e n o w ,
Bu t tru e i t i s n o c h o ic e, but a ll a t prin c e’s pl e a sure bo w .

S o Ta r qu in r ul e d R om e , a s tho u re m e m ber e s t w ell,

A n d w h a t hi s fo r tun e w a s a t l a s t, I kn o w thyself c a ns t tell
Wh ere w ill i n c o mm o n w e a l d o th bea r th e only sw a y,
An d s in i s l a w, th e pr in c e a n d r e a l m m u s t n e e ds i n ti m e d ec a y ;
Th e s tr a n gen ess o f this pl a c e i s suc h for s undry thin gs I s ee,
A s if I w o ul d I ca nn o t w rite ea c h pri v a te po in t to th ee .

Th e c o ld i s r a r e, th e pe o pl e r u d e , th e pr in c e s o fu ll o f pr id e,
Th e r e a lm so s to red w i th m o n ks a n d nun s , a n d p r i ests o n e v ery s id e
Th e m a nn er s a re s o Turkey like , th e m en so full o f g nil c ,
The w o m en l ight, a n d tem pl es s tuff ’d w ith id o l s th a t d efil e ;
The sea ts th a t sa c r e d o u gh t to be, th e c u sto m s a re so qu a i nt,
Tha t w e r e I to d e s c ribe th e wh o l e I fe a r m y p en w o ul d fa in t .

In s u m I s a y, I n ev er s a w a pri nc e th a t s o di d r ei gn,
N o r p eo pl e s o be se t wi th s a in ts , yet a ll but v il e a n d v a i n .

If th ou be w i se, a s w i se th o u a r t, a n d w ilt be rul e d by m e,

L i v e s till a t h o m e, a n d c ov e t n o t th o s e ba rba r o u s c o a sts to se e ;
N o go o d befa lls a m a n th a t seeks, a n d fin d s n o be tter pl a c e,
’
N o c i v il c u s to m s to be l e a rn d, w h ere G o d bes to w s n o gr a c e .

A n d tr uly ill th ey do d es erv e to be bel o v e d o f G o d ,

Tha t n e ith er l o v e n o r sta n d i n a w e o f his a ssur e d r o d
Wh ic h th o u gh be l o n g, yet pl a g ues a t l a st the v ile a n d wi c ke d s or t
O f sinful w i ghts , th a t a ll i n v i c e d o pl a c e th ei r c hi e fest spor t .

A di eu , fri en d Pa rker , i f th o u li s t to kn ow th e R u s si es w ell,

’
T o S igism un di s bo o k r ep a ir, w h o a ll th e tr u th c a n tell,
Fo r h e l o n g er s t i n m ess a ge w ent u n to th a t sa v a ge kin g,
S en t by th e P ol e , a n d tru e r ep or t i n e a c h r espec t did bring
To h im I r e c o m m e nd m ys el f to c a s e m y p en o f pa in,
A nd n o w a t l a st d o w i sh th ee w el l , a n d bi d fa rew ell a ga in
’
(Turberv ill e s Tra gi c a l Ta l es a n d S o nn ets , r epri n te d
fo r th e Ha kl uyt S o c ie ty ).

B a ron Herberstein .
 A PP ENDI X . 47 7

THE follo w ing is a po em fo un ded o n th e s ingul a r m o de i n w hic h

O leg, th e a n c ien t R us si a n pri nc e, i s s a i d to ha v e m e t h is d e a th , (se e
B o o k I c h a p v i ) tr a n sl a te d fro m th e R u ss ia n o f the c el ebra te d A l e x
. . .

a n der Pushki n, w h o w a s kill e d i n a d uel a t S t Pe ters bur.

g, 1 83 7 .

THE L A Y O F THE W I SE O L EG .

W is e O leg to the w a r he h a th bo un d him a g a in ,

Th e K ha z a r s h a v e a w a ke n ’d hi s i r e ;
Fo r ra pin e a n d r a id , h a m l e t, c ity, a nd pl a i n,
A r e d ev o te d to fa l c h i o n a nd fire .

In m a il o f Byza n c e, gir t w i th m a ny a go o d s pe a r ,
Th e p ri nc e p ri c ks a l o ng o n hi s fa i thful d estr ere .

F ro m th e d a rkso m e fir fo r est, to m e e t th a t a rra y,

F o rth pa c es a g reyh a ir ’d m a g ic ia n ;
To bu t P e r ri n d i d th a t s o r c e r e r pra y,
n o ne
fi i h
’
F ul ll ng th e pro p et s dre a d m iss i o n .

His l i fe h e h a d w a s te d i n pe n a n c e a n d pa i n ,
An d bes id e th a t e nc h a nter O leg d re w h is r e in .

N o w re de m e e n c h a nter, bel o v ed o f Pe r un,

’
The go o d a n d th e ill th a t s befo r e m e
S ha ll I s o o n giv e m y n e ighbo ur fo es tri u m ph, a nd s o o n
’
Sha ll the ea rth o f the gra v e be piled o e r m e ?
Un fold a ll th e truth ; fe a r m e n o t, a n d for m ee d
C h o o s e a m o ng th e m— I g iv e thee m y be s t ba ttl e -s tee d .

O , e n c h a nters th ey c a re n o t fo r pr inc e o r fo r peer,

A n d gi fts a r e bu t n e e dl essly g iv e n ;
The w i se to n g ue n e er s tu mble th fo r fa l seh o o d o r fe a r,
’

’
Ti s th e fr i en d o f th e c o u n c il s o f h e a v e n .

The ye a r s o f th e futur e a r e c l o u d e d a nd d a r k,
Ye t o n thy fa ir fo reh ea d thy fa te I c a n m a rk .

R em ember n o w fir mly, th e w o r ds o f m y to ng ue ,
F o r th e c hi e f fin ds a ra ptu r e i n glo ry
On th e ga te o f Byza ntiu m thy buc kl er i s hu n g
Thy n a m e sh a ll be d e a thl ess i n s to ry ;
W ild w a v es a n d bro a d kingd o m s thy sc e ptre o be y,
And th e fo e sees wi th e nv y s o bo u n dl ess a s wa y .

An d the bl u e i ts tr ea c h ero us w a v e
s e a u pli fting
In i ts w ra th , i n th e hu rric a n e h o ur
An d the knife o f the c o wa rd, th e s w o r d of th e bra v e ,
To sl a y th e e s h a l l n ev e r h a v e po w er :
W i thin thy s tro ng h a rn e ss n o w o un d sh a lt tho u kn o w,
F o r a gu a r d ia n u nse en sha ll d e fend the e bel o w .
47 8 TH E AR C H ER AND THE S TE PP E .

Thy s te ed fea rs n o t l a bo urs, n o r d a ng er, no r p a i n ,

His l o rd s lightest a c c e nt h e h ea r eth ;
’

N o w s till, tho u gh th e a rro ws fa ll r o un d hi m l ike r a i n,

No w o er the red fie l d he c areer eth
’

He fea r s n o t th e w inter, he fe a r s n o t to bl ee d,
Ye t thy dea th -w o und sh a l l c o me fro m thy go o d ba ttl e -s tee d .

O l eg s mile d a m o men t, but ye t on his br o w

An d lip, th o ugh t a n d s o rro w w er e bl e n ded
I n s ile nc e h e ben t o n his s a ddl e, a n d s l o w
The princ e fr o m h is c o u rse r d esc e n d e d ;
An d a s th o ugh fro m a frie n d h e w ere a r ting w i th p a in ,
k
He s tro kes h is bro a d n ec k a n d his d a r flo wing m a ne .

Fa rew ell , th en my c o mra de, fle et, fa ithful ,

, a nd bo ld ,
W ’
i s de stiny s po wer ;
e m u s t pa r t— s uc h
N o w r es t thee , I s wea r i n thy s tirr up o f g o l d
’
N o o o t s a e er r es t fro m thi s h o u r
f h ll .

Fa r e w ell w e’v e bee n c o mra d es fo r m a n y a l o n g yea r,

My s qu ir es, n o w, I pra y ye, c o m e ta ke m y d es tr er e .

The so ftest o f c a r pets hi s ho rs ec l o th s h a ll be,

A n d l ea d hi m a w a y to the me a do w,
O n th e c h o ic e s t o f fo o d he shall fee d d a i n ti ly
He sh a ll d ri nk o f the w ell i n th e sh a do w .

Th e n s tra ightw a y d e pa r te d th e s q u i re s w i th th e s tee d,

A n d to v a l ia n t O leg a fres h c o urs er th ey l ea d .

his c o mr a des a re fe a sti ng, I tr o w,

’

Ole g a nd
The m ea d c ups a re m errily c l a s hing,
-

The ir l o c ks a r e a s w hite a s the da w n l igh ted s no w ,

-

O n th e pea k o f th e m o un ta i n to p fla s hi n g
They ta lk o f o ld tim es, o f th e d a ys o f th e ir p r id e ,
A n d the fights wher e toge th er th ey s tr uc k si de by s ide .

B ut where, qu oth Ol eg , “ i s my go o d ba ttl e -hors e ?

M y m ettle s o m e ch a r ger ho w fa r e s h e ?
I s h e pl a yful a s ev er, a s flee t i n th e c o ur se,
Hi s a ge a nd his fr eedo m h o w bea r s be P”
They a n s we r a n d s a y, o n the hill by the s tr ea m ,
He h a s l o ng sl ept the sl u m ber tha t kno ws no t a d r ea m .

O l eg th en g rew th o u ghtful , a nd bent d o w n hi s br o w

0 m a n, w h a t c a n m a g ic a v a il th ee
A fa l se lyi ng d ota rd, e nc h a n ter a rt tho u,
O ur r a ge a n d c o nte mpt s h o ul d a s sa i l thee .

M y h o rse m igh t h a v e bo rn e m e till n o w but fo r th e e ,

’

The n th e bo nes o f his c ha r g er O leg went to see .

O l eg h e ro de fo rth, wi th his spea r m e n be sid e,

At his br idle Pr i nc e Ig o r h e hu rr ie d,
’
A nd th ey s e e o n a h ill o c k, by D ni eper s s w ift ti d e,
W here th e s te ed s nobl e bo nes li e unburie d
’ '