A H I S T O RY OF

P E N N S Y L VA N I A

’ BY
V
L s H 1 M M E LL, P H D
.

§ . . .

T a ch r f U i t d S tat H i t ry d C iv il G v r m t H i g h
e e o n e es s o an o e n en S c h o ol i
H a rri b rg P A th r f Th P yl v a i a C i t i
,
“ ”
s u , a . u o o e en n s n z en

fi a t r isb ut g ,
19 8 .

R . L . M YE R S C O M P A NY
1 9 00
 4 81 9 4
l b w :

S EP 1 7 1900

S E? 2 0 1900

801 2 8 -

COP YR I G H T , 1 900

BY R . L . M YE R S CO .

S et up a n d l ctr t
e e o y ped
J a ary
nu , 1 9 00

PRESS OF THE S TAR iND EPEND ENT

-
.

S h im m el l
’
s Pa , Hi t
s ,
HARRIS BURG, PA
.
 P R E F A CE

W he n hist or ic al s o cieties for st ud y and r ese arch i n

P e nn sylv an i a hist ory — l o c a l and g e n e ral — ar e m u lti
plyi ng a ll o ve r the S t a te no ap o l ogy is n ee d e d for
,

writing a b oo k on the s u bj ect P e nn sylv an i a ha s a

.

hist ory of m or e th an two ce n t uries I t c on sists like

.
,

th a t of the o the r S t ates which sep arate d fro m Gr e a t

‘

B r itia in t o form the A me r ic an U n i on of a Co l on i a l a

, ,

R e v o l u ti onary and a Con stit u ti onal pe ri od

,
It h a s .

a lways bee n a p art of a no ther hist ory : fir st of E n g

.

l an d and the n of the Un ite d S t a tes

,
This is t ru e
.
,

no t a l on e i n a no mi nal b ut i n a r e a l se n se
, Un ite d .

S t a tes hist ory whethe r its p o li tic a l s o ci a l or i ndu s

, , ,

tri a l si d e is of a c o mp o si te nat ur e
,
E ve ry S t a te
.

helps t o m ake it The c on t rib u ti on of the thi rtee n

.

ori g i n a l S t a tes is the gr e atest bec au se they h a ve a

,

Co l on i a l and a R ev o l u ti onary hist ory In P en n syl

‘

v an i a these pe r i od s are especi ally i n te r esting and im

p ort an t though they h ave bee n s ad ly n e g lecte d
, .

B ut indepe nd e n t of the r el a ti on to Un ite d S ta tes

hist ory S t a te hist ory h a s a cl a im on u s for st udy a n d
,

i nves ti gati on .P e n n sylv a n i a ran ks sec o n d among the

S t a tes i n we a lth and p o p u l a ti on and h a s the p roud
,

d isti n cti on of being the K eyst on e of the Un i on If

‘

we wou l d m a i n t a i n t his p r e emi n e n ce we m u st no t be

i nd iffe r e n t t o ou r hist o r y else n eit he r we nor our d e
,

s cen d a n ts will a tta i n t o gre ate r hei ghts A n y thing

’

th at is worthy of a f ut ur e h a s a p a st th a t ought to be
( iii)
iv P r efa ce

st ud ie d . The n too a p a t r i o tic du ty and a p ardona b l e

, ,

p r i d e sh ou l d m o ve u s t o study the hist ory of the

S t a te i n which we live I t is the hist ory of our for e
.

fa the r s a n d we mi ght a s well n e glect thei r graves a s

,

thei r d ee d s .

The r e is a ls o a pe dagog ic a l r e a s on for the st udy of

S t ate hist ory A me ric an hist ory l n a ll its ph a ses is
.
, ,

r eceivi ng i n c r e a se d atte nti on i n c o lle g es and un ive r

sities . The A ss o ci a ti on of Co lle ges and P r ep ara t ory
S ch oo ls h a s adv o cate d the ado pti on of bette r meth od s
for te achi ng the s u bj ect The Co mmittee of Te n of
.

the Na ti onal Edu c a ti onal A ss o ci ati on r ec o mme nd e d its

i n t rodu cti on i n two pl aces i n the p u blic sch oo l c o u r se
i n the gramm ar and the hi gh sch oo l B ut t o a c .

c o mplish all this with the gr e atest p o ssible d e gree of

su ccess the r e m u st be a d eep and abi d ing i n te r est
,

arou se d i n A me ric an hist or y S u ch an i n te rest c an

.

be c re a te d by the te aching of S t ate hist ory I ts pe r .

s on s pl aces and eve n ts ar e n e ar i n p o i n t of pl a ce

, ,

and h a ve a gre a t fa sci nati on f or the mi nd T o st and .

b y an hist or ic grave t o set foo t u p on hist or ic ground

, ,

a n d to r eceive hist or y fro m the lips or the pen of on e

wh o helpe d t o m ake it ar e p o we rfu l adj un c ts t o

,

te ache r s and b oo ks .

A s t o its pl a n and c on te n ts the b oo k m ay spe a k ,

f or itsel f . Ho weve r the au th or d esi r es to c a ll a tte n

,

tion t o the c ha pte r of bi ogra phic a l sk etches With .

f ew excepti on s the bi ogra phy of eve ry pe r s on n a m e d

i n the b oo k ca n be found i n th a t ch a pte r The c hr o
.
.

n ol og ica l a rr a ng eme n t of the Go ve rnor s bi ogra phies ’

a n d th e a lph a b etic a l arrang eme n t of all o the r s m a ke

it e a sy to find them Whe n eve r the n a me of a pe r s on
.

is met for the fir st time his bi ography sh ou l d be re a d

, .
 P r efa ce v

In wr iti ng “A
P e nn sylv an i a H ist ory the au th or ”
,

pe rforme d the p art of a pi on ee r In the pl a n and

.

sc o pe of this w ork the r e wa s no b oo k to imi ta te a n d

,

non e t o m od ify ; c on se qu en tly m u ch or i g i nal r ese arch

i n o ffi ci al r ep orts and do c u me n ts wa s n ece ss a ry a n d ,

c on st an t visits t o the best l ib raries i n the S t a te ha d

t o be m ad e . This expl a n a ti on is m ad e t o s of te n cr iti
c is m and m ake it ch a r it a ble Ho weve r the au th or
, ,

will be gr e atly o bli g e d for the c o m mun ic ation of a n y

e rror and for s ugg esti on s by which he c an imp ro ve
,

the b ook .

L S S . . .

H ARR I S BU RG , PA .
, J a nu a r y 2 ,
 CONTE NTS
C H AP TER P A GE

I . TH E I ND I A NS OFPE NNS YLVANI A 1

1 . T h eir Geogr a p hi c a l D i str ibu ti on 1

2 . T h eir Na ti ve Ch a r a cter 8
3 . T h ei r M od e of Li fe 11

II . TH E S E TTLE M E NT OF PE NNS YLVANI A 14

1 . Th e D u tc h 14
2 . Th e Sw ed es 17
3 . Th e E n g l ish 21 ‘

4 . ma n s
Th e G er 39
5 Th e W el h
. s 52
6 Th e S c otc h I is h
.
-
r 53
7 Th e F en c h H u g u en ots
. r 57

III TH E G ROW T H OF POP U LATI ON A ND TH E A D J U S TM E NT

.

OF B OUND A R I E S 59

I V TH E F ORM OF GOVE RNM E NT

. 96

V TH E A D M I NI S TRA TI ON OF TH E G OVE RNM E NT

. 112
1 Th e Col on i a l P e i od
. r 112
2 Th e R evol u ti on a y P e iod
. r r 1 39
3 Th e Con ti tu tion a l P e i od
. s r 1 84

VI TH E I ND U S TR I A L H I S TORY
. 25 0

VII E D U CATI ON I N P E NNS YLVA NI A

. 277

VII I B I OG RA PH I CA L S KE TOH E S
. 289

1 Th e Gov ern o s of P en n sy l va n i a
. r 289
2 Oth er H i sto ic a l P e son s
. r r 3 03

A PPEND I X 3 39
Pr i n c i p a l Offi c er s of th e Un ite d Sta tes v
Go er n m en t
fr om P en n sy l va n i a ,
1 783 to 1 9 00 339

1 ND E X 3 41

( v ii )
A H ist o r y of P e nn sylv a n ia
“

C H A P TE R I

TH E I ND IA N S OF P E N N S YL VA N I A

T HE IR GE OGR A P H I CA L I
D I S TR B UTI ON

The India n s wh o o cc upie d the te rrit ory of P en nsy l

v an i a a t the time of its settle me nt b el ong e d Tw ( m m
—
o

m ili
to tw o gr e a t fa milies the A l gon qu i n s and F a es

the Iro quo is . These o cc u pie d a p a r t of Nor th A me ric a

which wa s t ri angu l ar i n for m the b a se exte nd ing
,

fro m C a pe Fe ar t o the c oa st of L a b r a dor and the ,

S i de s te rmi nati ng i n Lake S upe ri or The Iro quo is

.
,

or Five Nati on s we r e i n the ce n te r of this t ri angle

, ,

i n the l ake r e g i on of N ew York fro m A lb a n y t o ,

Ni agar a F a lls . S urround ing these d welt the nu me r

I t wa s i n
]

ou s na ti on s and t r ibes of the A l gon qu i n s .

the l a nguag e of the A l gon qu i n s th at R a lei gh s c o l o ’

n ists we r e gr eete d a t Ro a no ke the P il gr ims a t P l y

,

m ou th and the Q uake r s a t S ha ck a m a x on

,
.

B o th these grou ps ha d t ra d iti on s of a weste rn or i

gi n Of the A l gon qu i n s the L e nn i L e n a pe-

T h i r O ri g i
.
, ,
e n
or the D el awa res , a s they wer e c a lle d by
the English we re the m o st imp ort a nt
,
Thei r Ind i a n
.

“
name si gn i fi es the ori g i n a l pe ople ; a n d n e arly forty
”

“
t ribes a ck no wle dg e d them a s gre a t grandfa the r s ”
A .

le ge nd wa s c urren t a m ong the L e nn i L e n a pe th a t in -

2 A H is tor y f P en n sy lva n ia
o

the d im p a st they and the Iro quo is we r e on e pe o ple ,

livi ng bey ond the Mississippi A fte r a time they mi

.

grate d e a stward and ca me t o the M i ssi ssI ppi wh er e ,

thei r p a ss ag e a c ro ss w a s d isp u te d b y a na ti on of fi e r ce
w arr i or s on the e a ste rn b ank The L e nn i L e na pe t r ie d
.
-

t o p a ss o ve r i n the fa ce of the e n emy on the o the r

fl
S i d e The Iro quo is c ro sse d hi ghe r u p the stre a m ou t
.

a nke d the e n emy

o ve r
and so e n a ble d the ir frie nd s t o g et
,

The fi e r ce nati on on the e a st b an k w er e the

,

A ll eg ewi wh o we r e dr ive n b a ck un til they r e a che d

,

The n ce the y m a d e their wa y s ou th

.

the m oun t a i n s .

w a rd n eve r t o r et urn le aving no t race except the

, ,

na mes A lleg hen y and Yon g hiog hen y The L e nn i .

L e n a pe c ro sse d the m oun t a i n s and r e a che d the o ce a n ;

whil e the Iro quo is we n t u p the A lle ghe ny and thence
i n t o ce ntr a l N ew Y ork B u t this is on ly a le g e nd
. .

I t be a r s s o me r esembl a n ce t o the c ro ssi ng of the J or

d a n b y the I s ra elites the st ory of which the D el a w ar es
,

h ad he a rd fro m the missi onaries S till it a cc oun ts .

,

for the g e ogra phic a l d ist r ib u ti on of the Al gon q u in s

and the Iro quo is o ve r the t ri angul ar p art of Nor th
A me r ic a k no w n t o h a ve bee n o cc u pie d by them a t
the time of its expl ora ti on and settleme n t .

Whe n P e nn arr ive d on the b a nks of the D el aw ar e ,

T h D l awar
e he met the r e the L e nn i L en a pe t ribe
e es

d “b u m
an
a nd
”
its s u btr ibes They ha d m ad e the .

D el a w a r e r ive r the ce n te r of thei r p o ssessi on s .

They c on siste d of th ree t ribes ; Viz the Turtle .

,
‘

the Turkey and the Wo lf ,

The fir st two live d.

a l ong the c o a st fro m the Hud s on t o the P o t o m a c ,

betwee n the sea and the Blu e m oun t a in s The third .

,

wh o m the English c a lle d M on seys occ u pie d the m o u n

‘

ta in ou s c oun t ry betwee n the Blu e m oun t a i n s a n d

 The I n d ia n s of P enn sy lva n ia 3

the s our ces of the D el a wa r e a n d S u s qu eh anna r ive r s ;

a n d they ki nd le d thei r gr e a t c oun cil fir es a t the Mi n i
S ink F l a ts These th ree tr ibe s we r e divi d e d i n to n u
.

m er ou s s ubtr ibes n a me d a cc ord ing t o Ind i a n c u sto m

, , ,

a fte r the r ive r s c r eeks or o the r no te d pl aces a t which

, ,

they live d .

A cc ordi ng t o the t ra d iti on of P e nn s t re a ty he met ’

,

a no the r tr ibe the S u s qu eh a nno cks or Th

—
, e

S h m k
A nda stes u nd e r the elm t r ee a t S h e ek a q us ue an c s

m a x on W hile the D el aw a r es i n h abite d New J e r sey

.

P en n
’
s Trea ty at S h a ck a m a xon . ( S ee p gea
and e a ste rn P e nn sylv an i a the S u s qu eh anno cks occu ,

pie d the c oun try ou the S u s qu eh a nna and Alle ghe n y

r ive r s . The Iro quo is h a ving bee n s u pplie d with fir e
,

a rm s by the Du tch in New Y ork m a d e war u p on ,

the u ppe r S u s qu eh a nno cks a n d a lm o st exte r mi na te d ,

them . Drive n down the S u s qu eh ann a v alley the f ew ,

4 A H istor y f
o P en n sy l va n ia

th a t s ur vive d we re a ll o we d t o est ablish themselves

a l ong the Con est oga c r eek and we r e afte rward s k no w n
,

a s Con est oga s I t wa s this r em n a n t of S u s qu eha n

.

no cks with wh o m P e nn t r e a te d j o i n tly wit h the D el a ,

wares und e r the S ha ck a m a x on E lm

,
.

The h un ti ng ground s m ad e v a c an t b y th e exter mi

n a ti on of the S u s qu eh anno cks we r e g ive n
Th N a t ic k
e. n o es
t o v ar i ou s t r ibes by the Iro q uo is The .

u ppe r p ar ts O f the S u s qu eh anna v a lley wer e all o tte d t o

the Nan tic o kes a t r ibe fro m the e a ste rn S h or e of M ary
,

l and cl a imi ng r el a ti on ship t o the L e nn i L e na pe

,
S o me -
.

of this t r ibe settle d on the l o we r S u s q u eh anna no t f a r ,

fro m whe r e J o h n Harris afte rward s est ablishe d a fe rry ,

a t the p r ese n t site of Harr isb urg The Nan tic ok es

‘

h ad the sin g l il a r c u st o m of d isi nte rr i ng the b o n es of

thei r an cest or s and c arrying th em t o thei r n ew ab od e .

They u se d t o go fro m W y o mi ng and S he nango to the

e a ste rn S h or e of M aryl a nd t o g et the b on es Of thei r
d e ad .

A fte r d isp o sing of the S u s qu eh anno cks the ,

Th e Iro q uo is m ad e w ar on the D el aw a res .

W m
as
A cc ord i ng t o the a cc oun t of the l a tte r
”
,

the Iro q uo is w ou l d h a ve bee n exte r mi na te d h ad it

no t bee n for the pe a cefu l d isp o siti on of the D el a
wa res A m ong the Ind i an s the wo me n ar e the pe ace
.
,

m ake r s ; the me n th o u gh n eve r S O we ary of the

,

c on test h o l d it c o wardly t o O ffe r the o live b ran ch

, .

The Iro q uo is fe ari ng t o t a l exti n ct i on p ro p o se d th a t

, ,

the D el a wares S h ou l d a ss u me the ch ara cte r of the

woma n a m ong the India n s “ O n e na ti on s a i d they
”
.
, ,

“ a
Sh ll be the woma n wh o wa s no t t o go t o w ar
”
, ,

b u t keep the pe a ce with a l l a n d the men we r e to he a r ,

a nd Ob ev the w oma n The D el a wa res we r e the n ce

.
 The I n dia n s o f P enn sy lva n ia 5

for th t o dress in wom a n s l ong c o st u me to c a rry a ’

,

c al ab a sh fi lle d with Oil a n d me dici n es and t o e nga ge

. ,

i n the c u ltiv a t ion of Ind ian c orn .

The Iro quo is th ough agreeing i n the d et a ils of this

,

acc oun t d e n ie d th at the D el aw ar es chosg t o pl a y the

‘

woma n They cl a ime d t o h ave c on qu e re d the D el a

.

w ar es and for ce d them t o a d o pt the d e fe n seless s ta te

and name of woma n W hicheve r a cc oun t is t ru e the
.
,

fact r em a i n s th a t the D el aw ar e nati on w a s eve r a fte r

ward s l oo k e d to for the p r ese rv ati on of the pe ace .

I t w a s e nt ru ste d with the gre a t belt of pe ace a n d the

ch a i n of fr ie nd ship the mi ddle of which wa s s a i d t o
,

r est on the S h ou l d e r s of the D el a w ar es the othe r ,

Ind i an na ti on s h o l di ng on e e nd a n d the Euro pe a n s

the o the r .

The I r oqu oI s whethe r by st ra te g y or by force it

,

m atte r s n ot we r e n ow i n a p o siti on t o Ir q i R l
, o uo s u e

a ss u me the ri ghts of p ro tection a n d com “ w D d w “ a a'

m a nd o ve r the D el a war es wh o th ough pe rmitte d t o , ,

st ay i n thei r ol d h o mes we r e b u t ,

little bette r th an se rfs Their c on .

qu er or s w and e re d o ve r thei r l and s

at p le a sur e The S e n ec a s and Ca yu
.
v

ga s fre qu e n tly came i n t o the v a lleys

of the S u s q u eh a n na roaming ab ou t
,

a t will and u sing the wa te rs and for

ests for fi shi ng and h un ting R esi .

de n t dep u ty go ve rnor s we re a pp o i n te d
by the grand c oun cil of the Iro quo is .

S hikell imy the no te d chief r esi d i ng

,

a t S h a m o ki n i n the fir st h a l f of the

l a st ce nt ury wa s on e of the vice

‘

k m gs .
S h ik l limy e .
6 A H is tor y f
o P en n sy lva n ia

The Ir oqu ois we r e a lwa ys c on si d e re d by the D el a

Th e w ar es a s only on e na ti on The name of F ive
.

F i v N m “ Na tion s and l a te r S in Na tion s ) w a s g ive n

e a
(
them by thei r English ally t o m a gn ify thei r imp or
,

t an ce . Thei r ow n na me
— —
A qu on osehion i sig n ifies on e
hou se on e f a mily which c on siste d ori g i nally of the
, ,

M o h awk s O n ei da s O nondaga s Cay uga s and S e n ec a s

, , ,
.

The alli a n ce of the fi ve tr ibes w a s p ro p o se d by the

M o h awks ; he n ce they rank a s the el d est b ro the r i n

the fa mily .
it

The Tu sc a rora s the sixth a n d l a st t ribe i n the

,

Th e le a gu e j o i n e d it a b ou t on e hundr e d ye a r s
,

“ mm
3
a f te r its
”
for m ati on I n 1 71 3 they we r e
.
,

dr ive n ou t of the u ppe r c oun t ry O f the N e u se and Ta r

r ive r s in North Caro li na b y the whites
, ,
They s o .

j ou r n ed i n the J u n ia ta v a lley for s o me te n y e ars and ,

ga ve thei r n a me to a ch a i n of m oun t ai n s i n th a t sec

ti on of the S t a te In fa ct s o m e of the m h ad a vill a g e
.
,
 The l n d ia n s f
o Pe
n n sy l va n ia 7

in the v al l ey which b or e thei r na me un til afte r the

,

p urch a se O f 1 758 O n the s u pp o siti on tha t they we re

.

or l g m a l l y of the s a me st o ck with the Five Na ti on s

’

the T u sc arora s we re ado pte d i nt o the Iro quo is Con

fe d e ra cy which wa s afte r ward s k no w n a s the S ix
,

Nati on s .

The r e w a s still ano the r na ti on of Iro q u o is i n P e nn

sylv an i a ; b u t they we r e n ot c onn ecte d with
Th E r i e es

the Five Nati on s of N ew Y ork They we r e .

the Er ies k no wn als o a s the Ca t N a ti on by r e a s on

, ,

of thei r c a ts a s or t Of sm a ll w o l f
, fro m wh o se S ki n ,

ro bes orna me nte d with t a ils we r e m ad e These Ind ia n s .

o c cu pie d the weste rn sh o r e of Lake Er ie from Bu fi a l o ,

t o To le do .C a pta i n J o h n S mith f ell i n with a p arty

of the m at the he ad of the C hes a pe ake b ay whithe r ,

they ha d c o me t o m ake wa r on the S u s qu eh anno cks .

They h ad c o me do w n by wa y of the P o t o m a c and

’

fille d seve n c ano es wh o se c on st ru cti on gave evi de n ce

,

of exper ien ce on s o me l arg e b ody of w ate r The Er ies .

we r e o ve rth ro w n by the Iro quo is a b ou t the ye a r 1 655 .

Afte r th a t time the r e is no me n ti on Of th ei r e xiste n ce .

A t ribe of Ind i an s p ro mi n en t I n the hist ory of

P e nn sylv an i a w a s the S h a wan ese They Th
s mw m
.

e an

we r e the Be dou in s of North A me r ic a fOr , ,

a s w ande re r s they we re with ou t r iva ls a m ong thei r

race . They we r e A l go n q u i n s ; b u t thei r or i gin a l h o me
‘

is no t k n own t o a ce rt a in ty They h a v e bee n t ra ce d

.

to the v alley of the Cu mbe rl a nd r ive r The n ce thei r .

,

p ri n cip al b an d m o ve d t o the A tl an tic S l o pe i n S ou th ,

Caro lina A b ou t the ye ar 1 698 s o me th r ee or four

.
,

sc ore f a milies b y le a ve of the S u s q u eh anno cks pl an te d

, ,

themselves on the Con est og a A f ew a t the r equ est

.
,

of the M on seys we re a ll o we d t o settle a b ou t the forks

,
8 A H istor y f
o P en n sy lva n ia

of the D el a wa r e Othe r str a ggli ng p ar ties j o i n e d thei r

.

b r eth r e n un til fin a lly they we r e a nu me rou s and

, , ,

p o we rfu l t r ibe i n the p ro vi n ce S o me hist or i a n s a ssi gn

.

a n e arlie r da te for the m ig r a tion of the S h a w a n ese and

A

cl a im th a t they t oo we r e p r ese n t whe n the celeb rate d

, ,

t r e aty w a s m ad e a t S ha ck a ma x on I t is s ai d th at a t .

a c onf e r e n ce hel d with on e of P e nn S s uccess or s

’
this ,

n a ti on p rodu ce d the t re aty on p ar chme n t .

TH E R I NA TI VE HA R A CTE R
C

I n d eli n e a ti ng the ch ara cte rthe Indi a n s of P e nn of

Th e sylv an i a h a ppily for them we c a n go b a ck

, ,

S m"
t o a time whe n it h ad not yet bec o me gr e a tly
ch a ng e d by a ss o ci a ti on with the Euro pe an s H ecke .

weld e r the gre a t M ora vi an a p o stle to the Indi a n s g ives

, ,

u s a n ex ample of howwe sh ou l d j udg e the r e d m a n :

“Often I h v l i t d to th
a e s en e es e d c ipti on of th
es r s e ir ha d
r

i g u til I f l t h m d of b
s u ff er n s, n e as a e ein g whi t m a n
a e .
”

The Indi an k no wn t o the m i ss i on a r i es of P en n syl

v an i a wa s a r eli g i ou s bei ng A n o l d D el aw a r e on ce .

s a i d th at it h ad eve r bee n the c u st o m of his fa the r s

t o climb u p on a hi g h m oun t a i n to th an k the Gre a t
M a n it ou ( spi rit ) for a ll his be n e fits and t o a sk for ,

a c on ti nuan ce of the s a me feeli ng s ure th at thei r ,

p raye r s we r e he a rd by him They we re ve ry h o spi .

t a ble and expecte d h o spit a lity i n r et urn

, S o me t ra v .

eling D el a war es on ce p t thei r h or ses i n a me ad ow

u
of fin e gra ss with ou t pe r missi on and whe n t a ke n t o , ,

a cc oun t r eplie d
“Can you m ake the gra ss gro w ? The
,

Gre a t M a n it ou m akes it gr o w b o th for y our h or ses ,

a n d for ours
”
C ivility wa s a m arke d t ra it i n thei r
.
 The I n dia n s o f P enn sy lva n ia 9

h ara cte r A “good m orn i ng fa the r ” “grandfa the r ”

c .
, , ,

“un cle ” a n d S O on do w
, n t o a s m a ll grand chil d w a s
, ,

the c o mm on for m of addr ess E ve n the childr e n .

s al u te d on e a n o the r affectionately and r espect fu lly

‘

Q uarrels we r e av o i de d Fi ghti ng they s a id is on ly

.
, ,

for dog s a n d o the r be a sts I t wa s a ra r e thi n g t o

.

he a r of m urd e r s a m ong them i n the da ys befor e the

settleme n t O f P e nn sylv an i a This we k no w fro m .
.

the tes tim on y of r elia ble a n d well i nfor me d Ind i an s -

wh o helpe d t o b u il d the fir st h ou ses i n P hil ad elphi a .

The se n se of wit wa s r a r e a m ong them yet the re we r e

'

o cc a s i on a l i nst a n ces of it The D el aw ar es c o mp ar e d

.

the Euro pe an na ti on s i n A me ric a t o a p a i r of sciss or s ,

which c ut wh a t c o mes bet wee n them “ The Euro pe an s .

do n ot W an t to d est roy themselves i n thei r w ar s b u t ,

u s p oor Ind i an s th a t ar e betwee n them In thei r .

”

a b or i g i n a l s t a te they we r e n ot v a i n ; b u t they pos

,

sesse d a hi gh mi nd e d p ri d e th a t w a s t ru ly he ro ic a t
-

times . A white p ris on e r t ake n a t F ort M c I n tosh n ow ,

Be ave r and c arr ie d i nt o O hi o w a s c ond em n e d t o die

, ,

a t the st ake . Two English t rad e r s a c q ua i n te d with ,

the Ind i an s pe r s ona l p r i d e s ai d t o the c hie f

’
,

“A
m ong a ll the chief s the r e is non e t o e q u a l y ou i n
gr e a t n ess ” “ D O y ou r e a lly believe wh at you
.

“
a ske d the chie f i n chil d ish simplicity “ Ind ee d we .
,

do .
”
The n the chief ru she d th roug h the c ro wd ou t the ,

c ord s around the p r is on e r and s et him fr ee

,
Be for e the .

a st o n ishme n t w a s o ve r the pr l son er wa s ou t of S i ght

, .

The Ind i an l ike eve r y o the r s a v ag e ra ce h ad a

, ,

d a rk si d e to his ch ar a cte r H is name b e .Th e

D ‘k S i d
c ame a synon ym f or r eve ng e a n d c ru elty .
a e

B u t a r e we i n a p o siti on t o “c a st the first st on e ? ”

Our estim a te of his ch ar a cte r wa s p rep are d by the

10 A H istor y f
o P en n sy lva n ia

hite m an “If
li on s h ad p a i n te r s illu s trates the
”
W .
,

Ind i an S p o siti on i n hist ory

’
Few me n ou tsi d e of
.

the missi onar ies t o l d his si d e of a l ong c ru el st ory , .

Co l u mb u s the fir st white m an t o kno w the r ed me n

, ,

“
p ays them the hi gh c o mplime n t th at they l o ve their
n ei ghb or s a s themselves ”
The or i g i na l Indi an s we r e
.

n ot be a sts of p r e y ; the y bec a me s u ch b y ex a spe ra ti on .

A no the r i n st an ce of the d ete r i ora ti on of Indi an

ch ara cter is his drunk e nn ess W he n H e nry Hud s on
.

and his s a il or s fir st Ofi c r ed the c u p to the M o hic a ns

on M an h a tt an it w a s p a sse d around the ci rcle a s i f
,

they h ad bee n t aught the less on t ou ch no t t a ste ,

no t h andle n ot
,
”
B u t on e w a s t empte d and he b e
.
,

c ame the A dam of a l ong li n e of Indi an dr unk ard s .

The th ought fu l Ind i an s of a ce n t ury or tw o ago well

k n ew wh o m t o bl a me for thei r drunke nn ess A m is .

s ion a r y on ce a ske d an Ind i an at P ittsb urg wh o he

wa s H e an swe r e d “ My name is Bl ack Fish ; whe n
.

a t h o me with my pe o ple I a m a cleve r f ell o w b u t

, ,

whe n he r e I a m a h og ”
W illi a m P e nn i n his lette r
.
,

to the F r ee S o ciety of T rad e r s i n London s ays :

“S i n ce
, ,

the Euro pe an s c a me i n t o these p ar ts the Indi an s ar e ,

gro wn gr e at l o ve r s of s trong li quor s ru m especi a lly , ,

and for it exch ang e the r ichest of thei r S ki n s and

fur s ”
S urp rise w a s ofte n exp r esse d b y these S imple
.

chil dre n of the for est th at a pe o ple wh o believe i n a

r eli gi on of the Gre a t S pir it wh o cl a im t o h ave his
,

ow n w ord i n the ir h ou ses c ou l d thin k of m a king a

,

liquor t o bewitch and t o d est roy on e ano th er Whe n .

the English t r a d e rs s oon afte r P e nn s d e ath h ad gon e

,
’
,

a mong them in the v a lleys of the J un i a t a a n d the S u s

qu eha n n a they h a d c on st a n t c o mpl a in ts t o m a ke a b ou t
,

the s ale of ru m t o thei r pe o ple .

 The I n d ia n s of P enn s y lva nia 11

T HE IR M OD E OF L FEI

The Indi an s h ad no c od e O f l a ws except a few ,

unwr itte n r u les of j u stice and c our tesy

F w L aw
,
e s

which we r e e nforce d by the chie fs and their

c oun sell or s The w amp u m or Indi an m on ey n ec es
.
, ,

s ary t o c arry an orde r O f the chief i nt o eff ect wa s ,

fr eely g iv en I mp or t an t tran s a cti on s we r e ra tifi e d

.

b y st r i ng s and belts of w amp u m Bl ac k w a mp u m .

si gn ifi e d w ar ; white pe a ce frie nd ship ;

good will , ,
-
.

The pipe of pe a ce which w a s m ad e Of bl a ck or r e d

,
’

'

ston e ha d to be white n e d befor e it w a s u se d for

,

s uc h a p ur p o se T o keep t r e aties fr esh in the mem or y

.
,

the chief s met o cc a si on a lly a t s ome ch o se n S p o t i n

the for est and r ehe ar se d them Th u s betwee n the .
,

ye ar s 1 770 and 1 780 the D el aw ar es c ou l d r el ate ve ry

,

mi nu tely wh at ha d p a sse d betwee n W illi a m P e nn a n d

thei r for e fa the r s O n s u ch o cc a si on s the Indi a n s sa t
.
,

arou n d a chest t oo k ou t on e st r i ng or belt a fte r

,

ano the r h a nd e d it t o eve ry pe r s on p rese n t an d r e

, ,

pea ted the w ord s sp o k e n a t its d elive ry .

The Ind ia n s ha d no schoO ls The p are n ts t a ug ht .

the chil dr e n The fir st less on s we r e a b out

N S ch l
.

o oo s

the Gr e a t S pi rit a n d ab ou t the du ties t o

p ar e n ts a n d el d e r s R e a di ng an d writin g we re n u
.

k nown arts t o them The Iro quo is a n d D el a wa r es

.

unde r st ood a little c oun ti n g The p o siti on of the su n

.

se rve d t o sh o w the time of d a y ; a n d the st a ges of

the c orn the se a s on of the ye ar
,
The m arr i age tie .

wa s we a k a n d p olyga my wa s pe rmitte d The chil dr e n

,
.

fo ll owe d the m o the r i n c a se of sep a r a ti on The na me .

,

a s a ru le wa s g ive n by the fa the r who g e n e rally

, ,

selecte d th a t of s ome a n im a l Othe r n a mes we re fr e .

12 A H is tor y of P enn sy lv a n ia

qu e n tly a dd e d Thu s . wh o w or e t orn or p a tche d

,
on e

S h o es w a s c a lle d B a d S hoes ; on e who h ad l arg e eyes ,

Gr ea t E y e TO the white me n the India n s gave s ug

.

g estiv e names of thei r ow n W he n the D el a war es h ad .

le arn e d the me an i ng o f P e nn s na me they a t on ce

’
,

c alle d him M ign on fe a the r or qu ill , The Iro quo is .

c a lle d him On a s for the s a me r e a s on

, Ing e n i ou s c o m .

p ound s we r e i n ve n te d Thu s the n a me for P hil a del

.
,

“
phi a wa s Qn eqn en a hn the gro ve of the l ong pi n e
,

t r ees .
”

H un ti ng w a s c on si d e re d the m o st h onorable oc cu
‘

p a ti on The D el aw ar es e arly t ra i n e d thei r

O cc p a t i
.

u on s
b o y s t o r u n so fa st a s t o o ve r t a ke a d ee r ,

a n d t o sh oo t sm a ll fi shes with thei r b o ws and arro ws .

Nesh a m iny Creek B u ck s , t

c ou n y .

The oyste r the l and t ort o ise a n d the l o c u st we re als o

,
-

i n d em a nd for food Ve get a bles of v a r io u s ki nd s we r e

.

ra ise d ; b u t m a i z e a si d e fro m me a t and fi sh wa s the

, ,
 The I n dia n s o f P enn sy lva nia 13

chie f food The y pl an te d it afte r the h a z el nu t w a s i n

.

bl oo m a s a p r ec au ti on aga in st fro st
,
The sh ou l d e r .

bl ad e of a d ee r or a t ort o ise S hell w a s u se d t o h o e

a w ork th a t f ell t o the w o me n .

Dan ci ng and S ingi ng we r e the Indi an s a m u seme n t

’
,

th oug h he i ndul g e d i n them for o the r p ur

Am m t
u se en s

p o ses This gro tes qu e pe rform an ce e nde d

.

in a d is agr ee able y ell which r esemble d the mewi ng ,

of the c a t bi rd a t the cl o se of its p r etty s ong

-
The .

w ar dan ce w a s to te rr ify no t t o ple a se I t w a s pe r , .

for me d around a p a i n te d p o st a n d the dan ce r s we n t ,

th roug h all the m o ti on s and acti on s of the b a ttle .

A fte r a vict ory a dan ce O f th an ks g ivi ng w a s i n ord e r

, .

I t w a s r eli g i ou s i n its n at ure .

B OOK S F OR R E A D NG I A ND CONS ULTA T ON I

Ston e ’
s Lif e a nd Times f
o R ed J a cket, Oh
-
. i H ec k ewel d er ’
s

I ndia n Na tion s ; P a r km a n ’
s Con spir a cy o f P on tia c , Oh . i ; S c h ool s

c ra f t s Notes
’
on the I r oquois , Ch s . iii a n d iv ; D ’
odd r id g e s Notes ,
pa ssim Loskiel ’
s I n d ia n M ission , Pa r t I .
 CH A P TER II
V

TH E S E TT L E M E N T O F P E NN S YL VA N I A

TH E D UTCH

P e nns sett l e rs we r e n ot the fir st Euro pe an s t o d ell

’
w
on the b a nks of the D el a war e H e nry
H ry H d .

fl
en u s on

Hud s on the English expl or er afte r tw o ’ "

, ,
‘
fail ures und e r his n a ti v e a g t o d isc o ve r a shor t pa s
s ag e t o A si a go t the c on se n t Of Ho ll a nd t o try the
,

s a me expe r ime n t und e r the Du tch ag In 1 609 fl ,

this daring adve n t ur e r with s o me N ethe r l and e r s a n d

, .
~

Englishme n set s a il i n the H a lf M oon for C hi n a by

,

w ay of the nor the a st F og s and ice and the r ecOll ec

.
,

ti on of wh at F ro bishe r Drake Ra leig h and o the r Eng

, ,

l ishm en ha d d on e i n A me ric a m ad e him ch ange: his

fl
,
n

c our se .A f te r st o ppi ng a t v a r i ou s p o i n ts a l on g the

“
A tl an tic c oa st he t ou che d the m ou th of a gr e a t b ay
, ,
”

which w a s a fte r ward s name d D el a war e b ay i n h onor ,

of Lord D el awar e wh o e n te r e d it the n ext ye ar

, .

Hud s on spe n t on e day on its w ate r s and the n s aile d ,

north d isc o ve ri ng the r ive r which be ar s his n a me

,
.

O n this b r ie f Visit t o D el aw ar e b a y the Du tch b a se d

thei r cl a im t o the c oun t ry of the Z u yd t ( s ou th ) b ay
and r ive r Af te r Hud s on h ad r ep orte d his d isc o ve r ies
.

t o Ho ll and fi ve vessels we r e se n t fro m A mste rda m

,

t o A me ric a i n 1 61 4 F our of them m ad e expl orati on s

.

a round M an h a tt an and t o the e a stwa rd The o the r .

,

und e r c o mm and of Corn elis J a c o bs on M ey wen t sou t h ,

( 1 4)
 The S ettlemen t o f P en ns y lva n ia 15

and r e ache d D el aware b ay whe r e the C a pta i n le ft

,

his na me on the s ou the rn c a pe of N ew J e r sey .

The vessel s a ll r et urn e d to Ho ll and except the Un

r est Ca pt a i n Corn elis H e ndricks on which
, C ap ta i
, n

E m ma ‘
h ad bee n b u ilt on the Hud s on to t ake the s”

pla ce of on e th at h ad bee n b urn e d The Unrest w a s .

a cc ord i ngly the fir st vessel c on st ru cte d i n this c ount ry

by Euro pe an s With it Ca pt a i n H e ndr icks on i n 1 61 6
.
, ,

expl or e d the D el a w ar e m or e m i nutely a sce nd ing it a s ,

far north a s the m ou th O f the S ch uylkill which r ive r ,

he d isc o ve r e d By a si ngu l ar c o i n ci d e n ce he met th r ee

.
,
'

Nether l a n der s n e a r the site of P hil ad elphi a ; they h ad

c o me the r e fro m F or t Na ss au ( A lb an y ) by wa y of the
M o h a k and the D el awar e . O n his arr iv al h o me he
ga ve a g l o wi ng a cc oun t O f the l a nd of the D el awa r e ,
.
.

d esc rib ing it a s a v a st forest a b oundi ng i n bu cks an d

,

do es t urkeys and p art ri dg es ; the clim a te tempe rate

, ,

a n d the t r ees m an tle d by the vi n e .

The a pplic ati on of the P ur it an s to settle i n A me r ic a

und e r the p ro tection of Ho ll and and the p h t S m m t , s e e eh

i ntim ation th a t the English we r e d isp o se d “ th D a m e ”

t o c o l on i z e the l and s cl a ime d by the Du tch le d fin a lly , , ,

t o the ch arte r ing of the Du tch W est India Co mp an y ,

This c orp ora ti on at on ce turn e d its atte nti on

.

1 621
—
.

t o its two O bj ects tr a ffi c and c o l on i z ati on I ts p o sses .

S l OIl S exte nd e d fro m the D el aw ar e t o the Hu d s o n a n d ,

we re na me d The NewNethe rl a nd s
“ ”
In the S p ri ng of
.

1 623 Ca pt a i n Mey s a ile d for the D el a w are b ay with

,

a nu mbe r of c o l on ists . P a ssin g the c a pe be a ri ng his

name he a sce nd e d the rive r f or a d is tan ce of fifty miles
, ,

and on the e a ste rn sh or e e r ecte d F or t N a ss a u n e a r ,

the p r ese n t site of G l ou ceste r This w a s the first

.

Euro pe an settleme n t on the b a nks of the D el aware .

16 A H is tor y f P enn sy lva n ia
o

O n the west si d e O f the rive r an a ss o ci a tion , of

p a t roon s resi d e n t i n A mste rda m i n 1 630

Sw
,
d
a a n en l ae

b ought a n est a te fro m the Indi an s A settle .

me n t of s o me thirty pe o ple the fir st i n D el a w ar e and , ,

O l d e r th an a n y in P e nn sylv an i a w a s m a d e the n ext ,

ye ar on L ewes c r eek I t w a s na me d S wa a n en d a el bu t
.
,

its settle r s on a cc oun t of a petty quarr el betwee n the

,

c om m a n der of the for t a n d the Ind i an s a b ou t a piece

of ti n we r e a ll m urd e r e d by the s a v ag es
,
Not eve n .

the fa ithfu l w atch dog esc a pe d Ho weve r the ru in s .

,

of S w a a n en d a el a nd the b on es O f its Du tch i n h a bit an ts

g a ve D el a wa r e a sep ar a te existe n ce The Eng lish r ec .

og n iz ed o cc u p an cy a s a title t o the wil d e rn ess Lord .

B a ltim or e S gran t which he r eceive d the ye ar fo ll o w

’
,

i ng the dest ru cti on of S wa a n en d a el exte nd e d o ve r“

D el aw ar e Had it no t bee n o cc u pie d b for e by the

.
e

Dutch the S t a te w ou l d likely h a ve bee n i n cl ud e d i n

,

M a ryl a nd .

The r e is s o me evi d e n ce t oo of a ve ry e arly Du tch , ,

“D t hu c
settleme n t on the s o il of P e nn sylv an i a .

S tt l m
e e ent i Tra d iti on h a s it th at a c o mp an y of mi n e r s
n

fro m Ho ll a nd m ad e thei r wa y fro m E s o p u s

Pm ns yl vam a

( n ow K i ng ston ) on the Huds on t o the D el aw ar e bel o w

, ,

Milford and settle d withi n the p r ese n t limits of M on

,

ro e a n d P ike c oun ties p r i n cip a lly on the site of ,

S h a w n ee The r e a r e a cc oun ts of
. mi n e h o les n e ar
” -

the Blu e m ount a i n s and of a min e road a h undr e d

,
-
”

miles l ong O n this road it is s a i d the Ho ll a nd e rs

.
, ,

of the Min isi nk Fl a ts t oo k thei r whe at and ci d e r

t o E s o p u s on the Hud s on a s l a te a s 1 730 with ou t ,

k no wi ng anythi ng a b ou t P hil a d elphi a L a rg e orch a rd s .

“
of a pple t r ees f a r bey ond the S i z e O f an y n e ar P hil a

d elphi a we re rep or te d t o h ave bee n see n by s o me

”
 The S ettl emen t o f P en n sy lva n ia 17

pu b l ic . s u r vey or s a b ou t fifty ye a r s a fte r the set tleme n t

of the st a te .

Before the Du tch c ou l d r ec o ve r the s o il of D el a w a re

fro m the I n d i an s a Euro pe an c o mpetit or ,
G ta v us us

a ppe ar e d A s e a rly a s 1 624 a pplic a ti on A d l ph

. d ,
o us a n

wa s m a d e to Gu sta v u s A do lph u s , Ki ng of ox fi m en s e

S we d e n by a d iss a tis fi e d m emb e r of the Du tch W est

,
]

Ind i a Co mp a n y for a S we d ish W est ,

Indi a Co mp a n y, The ch arte r w as

gra nte d i n 1 626 . I t w a s a p a pe r
th a t b r e a the d m uch l o ve for hu
.

m a n ity A l l o pp r esse d C h r is te ndo m

.

wa s to h a ve an a syl u m i n the New

The c o l o n y w a s t o be “
Worl d . the
‘

jewel O f the ki ngdo m ”

B ut al a s ! .

the b attle of Lu t z e n p u t an e nd to a ll
of this good K i ng s dr e a ms F or tu
’
G t u Ad ol ph s.
us av s u .

n a tel y Oxen stier n his P r emie r b e

, , ,

c a me the exec ut or of the pl an s of the de ad m a ste r .

Th rough this wis e and good St a tesm a n the firs t p er

m a n e n t settleme n t wa s m ad e on the D el aw a r e
m
",

P ete r Mi nu it a G e r an of W esel the first g ov

, ,

c ruor O f New N ethe rl a nd s wa s o bli g e d to Th D t h , e e e

P h
r esi gn in 1 63 3 on a cc oun t of fa c ti onal,
u’ c a se

st rif e
. H e the n o ff e r e d his se rv ices t o the S we d es a n d ,

t oo k ou t the fir st c o l on y H e a rr ive d i n 1 638 and

.
,

l a nde d his little c o mp an y of S we d es and Fi nn s n e a r

L ewes D el a war e A fort w a s e recte d n e ar the m outh
, .

of the c r eek and b o th fort a n d c r eek we re name d

,

C h ristin a i n h onor of the little g irl who h ad s u ccee d e d

,
18 A H is tor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

he r fa the r to the th ron e A l l the l a nd s fr Om Ca pe

'

H e n l o pe n to the F a lls of T r e n to n we r e p urch a se d

fro m the Ind i a n s a n d st a kes a n d m a rks pu t u p
,
.

The Du tch p ro te ste d b u t with ou t e ff ect ,

The en .

thu s ia s tic S c a nd in a vi a n s exte nd e d thei r pl a n t a ti on s

a n d thei r t ra d e with the I n d i an s and exp orte d th ou ,

s and s Of S kin s the fir st ye ar .

S eei ng thei r p ro tests d e fi e d the Du tch st a ti on e d ,

T h D t ch
e u
s o me twe n ty me n a t F or t N a ss a u which ,

s ttl
e i
er s h ad bee n ab andon e d with the d es tr u c ti on
n

Pw yl
of S wa a n en da el
ns i van a
S O whe n P ri n t z . the ,

third go ve rnor of New S we d e n arrive d i n 1 643 he , , ,

selecte d the isl and O f Tin ic u m n ow Ti n ic u m tOW n ,

S hip D el aw are c oun ty a few miles bel o w P hil a

, ,

d elphi a for a pl ace of r esi d e n ce and d efe n se and

, ,

c a lle d it New G otten b er g A st ro ng fort wa s b u ilt

.

as a p ro tecti on a g a i n st a tt a cks f r o m F ort N a ss a u .

The go ve rnor als o e rec te d a h a nd s o me m a n si on

with b ricks fro m S we de n This it is s a i d st ood f or
.
, ,

m o r e th a n on e h undr e d and fif ty ye ars whe n ,

its hist ory wa s e nd e d by a fire New G otten b er g .

wa s the first Euro pe an settleme n t i n P e nn sylva n i a

of which the r e is p o sitive k no wle dg e The fewEnglish .

families L ondon e rs wh o h ad found the s o il of Con

, ,

n ec tic u t too stu bb orn for thei r e a sy h a bits and ha d ,

set tle d on the S ch uylkill eithe r left or s u bmitte d t o

,

S we d ish j ur is d icti on .

I t n ow bec a me evi d e n t t o the Du tch on the

Th S w d
e Hud s on th a t the S we d es on the D el a wa r e
e es

8m m “
we re bec o ming d a ng e rou s r ival s F or t .

“
N a ss a u being t oo fa r u p a n d ou t of the wa y wa s ”
, ,

b roke n u p a n d F ort C a simi r e rected in 1 65 1 n e a r

.
,

the p rese n t t o wn of New C a stle a n d ab ou t five ,

 The S ettlem en t f
o P en n sy lva n ia 19

miles fro m F or t C h risti n a I t wa s a gr ee d t o be n ei gh.

b orly b u t th a t wa s imp o ssible The S we d es s oon

’

, .

took the o ff e n sive ga i n e d e n t ran ce to F or t Ca simir

,

und e r p r ete n se of frie nd ship a n d o ve r p o we r e d the ,

garris on This w a s a
.

fa t al step S t u yves a n t
.
,

the go ve rnor O f N ew
Nether l a n ds wa s ord e r e d ,

“
t o a ve ng e the wrong
and t o drive the S we d es
fro m the D el aw a r e or
c o mpel thei r s u b m is
si on.
”
In 1 665 he c om ,

pell ed b o th F or t Ca simi r
and F or t C h r isti n a
S w di h ho i P h il d l ph ia e s u s es n a e
t o s urr e nd e r t o him
.

The n en d ed the S we d ish p o we r on the D el aw ar e The

w
. .

ho le te rr it ory fro m Ca pe H e n l o pe n t o the F a lls O f

,
'

Tr e n t on p a sse d und e r the ru le of the Du tch which

, ,
‘

r em ai n e d und isp u te d except by LOr d B a l timor e un til

’

, ,

1 664 whe n a ll of New N ethe rl and s w

, as t ake n by the
Duke of York t o wh o m the Ki ng O f Engl and h ad
,

grante d it
w
e r e grou pe d around New C a stle and
M
’

The Du tch
L ewest on ; while the S we des a n d Fi nn s L cat i o on

dwe lt at C h r istina c r eek at U pl a nd and f D tch d

'
‘
o u an
, ,
sw d '
e es
ab ou t the p r ese n t site of P hil a d elphi a .

W ith the exception O f the b r ief r e ver s i on t o the

— —
Du t ch 1 673 to 1 674 these settleme n ts rem a i n e d i n
p o ssessi on of the Duke of York Un til he gra n te d them )

t o W illi a m P enn whe n th o se n ow in D el a war e b e

,

“
c ame k no wn a s the th ree l o we r c O u n ties
”
or the “
,

”
territ or ies Of P e nn sylv an i a .
20 A H is tor y of P en n s ylva n ia

The S we d es le ft s o me i n te r esti ng foo tp ri n ts i n the

S w di h
e s hist ory of the S t a te Th ough they we r e
.

tp im
F°° r
ble nd e d with o the r n a ti on a lities yet the
s
,

m odic u m of their bl ood no w i n the vei n s of P en n syl -

v a n ia n s is w or th ex a mi n i ng I t is t ru e th at am ong
. .

the fir st arr iv a ls the r e we r e m a n y b and its Criminals .

we r e se n t o ve r i n s u ch nu mbe r s th a t dur i ng P r in tz s ’

“
a d mi n ist ra ti on the ab u se w a s forbi dd e n lest A lmi ghty ,

God sh ou l d let his ve ng e a n ce f a ll on the S hips a n d

good s and the Vi rt uou s pe o ple th a t we r e on b o a rd .
”

Ho weve r the S we des who settle d i n P e nn sylv a nia a r e

,

no t r emembe r e d b y the unwor thy on es ; these left no

imp ress on its hist ory The Vir t uou s a n d i ndu st ri ou s
.

S we d es a r e p roud ly r emembe r e d i n B u cks M on t go me ry , ,

D el awar e and P hil a d elphi a c oun ties a s the fir st white ,

Th e C hu rch at W ica co
.

me n t o woo the vi rg i n s o il They we re a r eli gi ou s

.

pe o ple Thei r fir st ch ur ch wa s b u ilt on Ti n ic u m isl a nd

.
,

and wa s d e dic a te d i n 1 646 The re t oo the first .

, ,

m a rri age betwee n Euro pe a n s i n P e n n sylv a n i a is s u p

—
p o se d t o h ave bee n s o lem n i z e d th a t of Go vernor
 The S ettlemen t o f P enn sy lva n ia 21

P r in tz ’
daughte r i n 1 644 In P hil ad elphi a the Gl or i a
s , .
,

D ei or S we d es C h urch st and s a s a m onu me nt t o the

,
’
,

hist oric ch ur ch a t W ic a c o which wa s b u ilt for the ,

u s e of the i n h a bit an ts of P a ssy u n k and bey ond a b ou t ,

the ye ar 1 669 no t far fro m the site of the navy y ard

, .

I t h ad l oo ph o les th a t it mi ght be u se d a s a pl ace O f

’

s afety a ga i n st the I n di an s or o the r e n emies .

“A S ce
on ,
for f ea r of In d i a n b ea ti n g ,

Ou r gr a n ds i s b o th i gu n s to m e tin g
re re e r e ,

E a c h m a n equ ipp d on S u n d a y m o n e ,
r ,

W ith p sa l m b ook s h ot a n d p ow d
-
ho n
,
er r .
”

Th rough the S we des c ourt a t U p l a nd D el aw ar e

,
’
,

c oun ty h a s the dictin ction of furn ishi ng the fir st

c a s e of c onj ugal dis agr eeme n t i n P e nn sylv an i a
of h a ving fir st whippe d and b rande d a c r imin a l
of h a vi ng l a i d ou t the fir st hi g hw a y
.

of h aving m ad e the fir st app o i n tme n t of a gua rd i a n

and the fir s t c o mmitme n t of a lunatic and
of ha VI n g emp an ele d the first j u r y ( 1 678)

TH E E N GL S I H .

A fte rthe l and s on the D el a w ar e h ad fin a lly p a sse d

in t o the h a nd s of the English 1 674 Go v e rnor A n dros , , ,

the Duke of Y ork s d ep u ty i n Ame ric a

’
m a de ,

nume rou s gran ts of l and s i n the te rrit ory s oon to

“
bec o me P e nn s Wood s
’ ”
The fir st p er m an e n t English
.

settleme n t i n P e nn sylv an i a w a s m a d e at this pe ri od .

S o me Q u a ke rs h a vi ng c o me fro m Engl and with fourtee n

of thei r b r eth r e n who c o l on i z e d W est J er sey settle d n e a r ,

the Lo wer F a lls on l a nd afte rwa rd s i n B u cks c ou n ty

,
.

They ha d bec o m e s o well est ablishe d by the ti me P e nn

22 A H is tor y of P en n sy l va n ia

found e d his c o l on y th a t he th ought of l o c a ti ng his

c a pit a l a t P e nn sb ur y or B rist o l S o me time bef or e
.

obt a in i ng his ch a r te r and s a il i ng f or A me r ic a he b e ,

c a me a ssi gn ee of on e of the Q uake r p ro p r iet or s of

W est J er sey a n d p a r t own e r of E a st J e r sey Th rough .

the c orr esp ond e n ce which he h a d on this a cc oun t he ,

W illiam P en n .

“
le a rn e d th a t the Indi a n c oun t ry on the west sid e
of the D el a w a r e is m ost be a u tifu l t o l oo k u p on th a t ,

it only w a n teth a wise pe ople to r e nd e r it like ,

‘ '

a n c ie n t C a n a a n the gl or y of the e a rth ’

, .

Thr ee thi ng s m o ve d P e nn t o pl a n t a c ol on y i n the New

P
’
en n s M ti v
o es
Wor l d : Fi r st he w ou
,
l d g et p a yme n t f or

the d ebt of p ound s d ue his f a the r

a s a n o ffi ce r of the B r itish n a vy ; sec ondly he wo u l d ,

fi n d a pl a ce for his b reth re n the Q u a ke r s or F rie nd s

, , ,
’

whe r e they wou l d no t be o pe n ly i n su lte d i n the st reets ,

 The S ettl emen t of P en n sy lva nia 23

dragg e d fro m thei r meeti ng hou ses to l oa ths o me j ails -

,

and ro b b e d of the l a st be d or cow t o pa y the fin es

for no t atte nd i ng the est ablishe d ch urch ; and thi rdly ,

he wou l d s a tisfy the d esi re which the g l owm g a cc oun ts

of the b r eth r e n i n W est J er Sey h ad c r e a te d i n him .

The sec o n d O f these m o tives w a s by far the st rong est .

“
P e nn himsel f h ad bee n t r ie d for p r e a c hing t o an u n
”
l a wfu l se d iti ou s and r i o t o us a sSemb ly
, The first .

ve rdict wa s “Gu ilty of S pe aking i n Gra ce ch ur ch -

,

s t reet
”
. This ve rd ict w a s b ro u ght i n repe a te d ly in ,

spite of th r e a ts fro m the j udg e th at he woul d st arve

“ “
the j ury if they d i d n ot sa y Gu ilty or No t Gu ilty
” ”
, .

Fi na lly the ve rd ict of “No t Gu ilty w a s r e nd e r e d ,

whe r e u p on the j udg e fin e d e a ch of the j uror s forty

m arks and imp ris on me n t till p a i d bec au se they h ad ,

fo ll o we d t hei r own j udgme n t rathe r th a n the good

.
“ ” “

advice g ive n them by him

”
P e nn a ls o w a s fin e d for .

h a ving his h a t on i n the p r ese n ce of the c ourt In .

this t r i al the fo ll o wi ng word s we r e exch an g e d :

L or d M a yor -
Stop h is m ou th g ol e
a r , br i n g fetter s and

s ta k
e h im to th e g ou n d r

—
.

a P
m D O y ou p l a su e ; I m tte n ot you fette
'

W ill i nn e r e r a r r rs.

The J u dg e —T ill n ow I n v u n d e stood th e a son of thee er r re

pol ic y a n d p u d en c e Of th e S p a n i a ds in s u ff in g the In qu isition

r
‘
r er

a m on g th e m ; a nd c t in l y it w ill n ve b e w ll wi th u s till
er a e r e

s om eth in g li k e th e S p n i h I n qu is iti on b e in E n g l a n d
a s .

F ro m this t ri a l it is see n t ha t W illi a m P e nn a n d

his pe o ple e nj o ye d n eithe r r eli gi ou s nor
2
R li g i e ou s

civil libe rty i n Eng l and In Euro pe ch ur ch C di t i i .

,
on on s n

Em ”
and st ate a s a ru le ar e n ot sep a rate In
—
.
, ,

m o st c ou n tiies a ce r t a i n ch ur ch calle d the est ab

—
,

l ished ch ur ch or st ate ch urch is a p art Of the

,
'

go ve rn me n t In the seve n tee nt h ce n tury whe n a ll

.
,
24 A H is tor y o f P en n s y lva n ia

b u t on e O f the thirtee n c o l on ies we r e pl a n te d the r e ,

w a s a gre a t d em oc ratic u p risi ng i n Engl a nd Ho ll a nd , ,

G e rm an y and F ran ce ; the c o mm on pe o ple espe ,

c ia lly the o wn e r s of sm a ll freeh ol d s be gan t o cl a im ,

a S h are i n the go ve rnm e n t unde r which they live d .

This d esir e for gr e a te r libe rty S h o we d itself m o st

st rongly i n r eli g iou s m a tte r s ; for the est a blishe d
ch ur ches I n th o se days i n te rf e re d ve ry m u ch with
fr ee d om O f c on scie n ce A s a r es u lt nu me rou s sects
—religiou s b odies ou tside of the st ate church —sp ra ng
.
,

u p a m ong the c o mm on pe o ple A S these sects h ad .

eve rythi ng t o ga i n a n d no thi ng t o l o se they gre w ,

ra pi dly and bec a me ve ry m u ch h a te d by the go ve rn

,

me n t Whe n it wa s found th a t they c ou l d no t be

.

s u p pr esse d t o g et r i d of them they we r e a ll o we d to

,

settle i n A me r ic a O f these the on e fo u nd e d by

— —
,
.

G e org e F o x the Q uake r s or F rie nd s wa s a ve ry ,

a ctive on e and , on c o ming he r e they o pe n e d wi d e

, ,

the g a tes of P e nn syl van i a f or the sects of Euro pe .

A s a un ive r s a l fathe r P e nn o pe n e d his ar ms to all ,

m anki nd with ou t d isti n cti on of sect or p arty H e r e

, .

a r e his ow n w ord s c on ce rn i ng his p ur p o ses :

“An d
,
b ec a u se I h a v e b een m es so mwh e at ex er ci dse ,
at ti ,

ab ou t the n tu e a n d en d of gove n m en t it is
a r on a bl e to r ,
r ea s

exp ec t th a t I s h o l d en d e v o
,
to est bli h a j u st a n d ig h teou s
u a r a s r

on e,th t oth e s m y t k e ex a mp l e b y it —t u l y th i m y h
a r a a rt r ,
s ea

d i s
es r e I d o th e efo e d si th e Lo d s w i d om to
,
r r ,
e re r
’
s

gu id e m a n d th ose th t m a y b e c on c e n ed w ith m e th t we d o
e, a r ,
a

th th i g th t is t u l y wi se a n d j u st
e n a r .
”

With this ex a lte d o bj ect i n Vie w P enn i n 1 680 , , ,

A ppli ca t i petiti on e d Ki n g C h arles I I for a gr a n t of

.

on

l and i n A me r ic a The ki ng hims el f wa s .

willi ng a t O n ce bec au se he c oul d th u s p ay the d ebt

,
 The S ettlemen t o f P enn s ylva n i a 25

he o we d P enn S o me of his c oun sell or s o bj ecte d

.
,

s a yi ng th a t it wou l d be r i d ic u l ou s t o s u pp o se th a t
,

the i nte rests O f the B r itish na ti on we r e t o be pr o

m o te d by se ndi ng a c o l on y of peo
ple th at w ou l d n ot fig ht th a t w ou l d ,

h ave no thing t o do with gi n and

gun p o w d e r i n d e a ling with the
Ind i an s H a d it n ot bee n for on e
.

membe r of the P rivy Coun cil P e nn ,

sylvan i a mi ght n ot exist t oda y .

The nat ur e Of his speech which ,

“

w on the d a y for P e nn is see n i n ,

the cl o si ng word s :
Su r el y th en my l or d s you will
, , ,

a g r e e wi th m e th a t it is h igh tim e f or

W illi a m P en n a n d h is Qu a k er s to b e
P n s Book pl t
’

Yes m y l or d s I r ep ea t it ; th ey
e n - a e
OE
.

.
, ,

mus t be of or th is ex c e ll en t gov er n m en t of k i n g s
, pr i ests ,
‘
a nd n obl es is gon e for ev er ; a n d c h a os a n d w il d u pr oa r I S
c om e a g a in .
”

O n the fourth day of Ma rch W illi a m P e nn 1 681

was m
, ,

a de by ch arte r p ro p r iet or and go v

, ,
Nam f e o

er n or Of the p ro vi n ce of P e nn sylv a n ia H is P r v i c d . o n e an

Bw d
ch o ice of a name wa s New W a les ; bu t the i“ n a'

king i n siste d on P en n sy lva n ia P e nn n ext p ro p o se d

.

S y lva n ia on the ground tha t the p re fix P enn w ou l d

,
l

a ppe a r like v an ity on his part and n ot a s a m a rk of ,

'

r espect for his fa the r ; b u t n o a me n dme n t wa s a c

"

c epted The exte n t of the p rovi n ce w a s th r ee d egr ees

.

Of l a tit ud e by fi ve d e grees of l ong itud e ; the e a ste rn

b ounda ry bei ng the D el a wa r e r ive r the nort he rn , ,

“ the be g i n n i ng of the th r ee and fortieth de gr ee of

n or the rn l at itude and on the s ou th a ci rcle drawn a t
,
26 A H is tor y f
o P en n s y lva n ia

twel v e
e miles d ist an ce fro m New C a stle nor thw ard and ,

westwa rd in to the be g i nn i ng of the for tieth d e gr ee O f

nor the rn l a tit ud e a n d the n by a st ra i ght lin e west
,

wa rd t o the limits of l ong itud e a b o ve me n ti on e d .

”

The “ th r ee l o we r c oun ties on the D el a wa r e —Ken t

—
,

S u ssex a d the New C stle d ist rict we r e no t i n c l ud e d

n a

i n the ch a rte r P e nn seei ng the imp ort an ce of c on

.
,

t ro lling this vestib u le t o his p ro vi n ce sec ure d a gran t ,

f or it fro m the Duke of Y ork the fo ll o w ing ye a r .

P e nn s ch arte r h a ng s i n a fra me i n the S t a te L ib rary a t

’

H arr isb urg I t c on sists O f th r ee pieces of p archme n t

. .

The wr iti ng is all und e r sc or e d i n r e d i nk and a well ,

e xecu te d like n ess O f his m a j esty the king is a t the , ,

t o p of the fir st p a g e .

Af te r p ublishi ng a n addr ess to the Q u a ke rs a n d to

o the r s c on ce rn ing his n ewsta te P e nn drew
F ir t S tt l r
s e e s
, ,

u p a for m of go ve rn me n t and a c od e of
l a ws and se n t his c ou si n Willi a m M a rkh a m t o t a ke
, , ,

p o ssession O f the c oun t ry a nd a c t a s d ep u ty go ve rnor .

M a rkh a m a rr ive d i n the D el aw are a b ou t J uly 1 1 681 , .

L a te r i n the ye a r th ree S hips s a ile d f or P e nn sylv an i a

, ,

tw o fro m London a n d on e fro m B r ist o l S eve ra l ses .

si on s of c ourt we r e hel d a t U pl and und e r M arkh a m s ’

r u le. The fir st e n t ry wa s d a te d S eptembe r 1 3 1 681 , .

I t w a s a c a se of a ss au lt and b a tte ry n o twithst a nd ing ,

th a t it o cc urr e d i n the pe a ce fu l l and of P e nn The .

d ep u ty go ve rnor w a s j o i n e d by th ree c o mmissi on e r s

s oon aft er his arriv al t o c onfe r with the Ind i an s
,

a b ou t the s a le Of l a n d a n d t o m a ke a le agu e of pe a ce
.

wi th them The firs t p urch a se wa s m ad e J u ly 1 5

.
,

1 682 . The t ra ct exte nd e d a l ong the D el a w are fro m

the m ou th of the N esh a mi n y to the Bl u e m oun ta in s .

M arkh am p a id for it a s fo ll o ws :
 The S ettlemen t o f P en nsy lva n ia 27

“35 0 fi a th om s wh ite B l a n k its 2O fi a th om s

of W a m pu m 20
, ,

of S tr a w ed w a te s 60 ff a th om s of D u fii el d s 20 K ettl es 4 wh er eof
r , , ,

l a r ge 20 gu n n s 20 Coa tes 4 0 Shir ts 40 p a yr e of S toc kin gs 40

, , , , ,

H ovV 4 0 A xe s 2 B a r r e l s of P ow d er 2 00 B a r r es of L e a d 200
‘

es , , , ,

K n iv es 200 s m a ll G l a sses 1 2 P a y r e of Sh oes 40 Copp er B ox es

, , , ,

4 0 T ob a cc o Ton n g s 2 sm a ll B a r r el s of P ip es 4 0 p a y r e of S c is sor s
, , ,

4 0 Com b s 24 p ou n d s R e d L e a d 1 00 A u l e s 2 h a n d f u l l s of fi sh
, , ,

h ook s 2 h a n dfu l l s of Need l es 40 p ou n d s of Sh ott 1 0 B u n d l es Of

, , ,

B ea d s 1 0 sma ll S a w s 1 2 D r a win g K n iv es 4 a n ch er s of T ob a cc o
, , , ,

2 a n ch er s of Ru m m e , 2 a n c h er s of S y d er , 2 a n ch er s of B e er e and
3 00 G il d er s .
”

M a rkh a m a ls o hel d s o me c onfe re n ces with the

Ind i a n s simply t o c u ltiv ate pe a ce a n d frie nd ship
, .

On these o cc a si on s he w ou l d r e a d t o them a lette r

fro m P e nn i n which he s a i d ,

“I h a ve gr ea t l ov e a n d r eg a d f or you a n d desi e to win a n d r ,

r

ga in you r l ov e a n d fr ien d ship by a kin d j u st a n d p ea c ea bl e l ife ;

.

a n d th e peop l e I s en d a r e of th e s a m e m in d a n d S h a ll in a ll ,

th in gs b eh a v e th em s el v es a cc o d in gl y r .
”

Havi ng m a d e eve ry a rra ngemen t for his own d e

p a rtur e P e nn t oo k an affecti on a te le a ve
,
P Arri val en n s
’

of his wif e and chil dre n a n d we n t Ou ,

b oard the good ship W elcome S epte mbe r 1 1 682 The , , .

)
nu mbe r of p a s seng e r s wa s ab ou t on e h undre d m o stly ,

Q uake r s wh o ha d bee n his n ei ghb ors i n S u ssex “ ,

Engl and S o me thi rty d ie d of sm a ll pox and we r e

.
-
,

b ur ie d i n the sea Othe rwise the v o y a g e wa s u n .

even tfu l P e nn gr e a tly e nd e a r e d himsel f to the c om

.

p an y by his ki nd and unti ri ng min ist ra ti on s t o the

sick and dying A fte r S ix weeks l and wa s S i ghte d on .
,

the c oa st of New J e r sey a b ou t Egg Harb or I n , .

p a ssi n g u p the D el a war e the Dutch and S we d es n ow , ,

his s ubj ects r eceive d him with gre a t j oy

,
H e l ande d .

a t New Ca stle O ct o be r 27
‘

H e r e the n ext day he

,
.
, ,
28 A H istor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

c a lle d the pe o ple t ogethe r i n the Du tch c ourt h ou se

and t oo k le ga l p o ssession of the c oun t ry a ss uri ng ,

the i n h abit an ts of libe rty of c on scie n ce and of civil

free do m .

Two da ys l a te r P e nn we n t t o Upl and t o c all the -

mm G m l fir s t g en er a l a ss embly
en H e ch ang e d the .

m b ly
Asse
name of Upl an d t o Ches ter i n h onor of ,

his fr ie nd P e ar s on a c o mp an i on on the W elcome wh o

, ,

h ad live d i n C heste r Engl and U pl and w a s the h o me

, .

of m o st of the immi gran ts fro m E ngl and wh o h ad

p r ece d e d the W elcome and their h o spit a lity k n ew n o ,

b ound s except thei r sc an ty me an s .

F ro m C heste r P e nn with a few o the r s t ravele d

, , ,

u p the D el aw ar e i n an o pe n b oa t i n the
Penn s
’
T r aty e
,

e arly days of No vembe r whe n the b anks of ,

the r ive r h ad bee n fr e shly p ai n te d with c o l or s mixe d

by A u t u m n s h and s
’
H is m i ss i on w a s t o meet the
.

Indi an s and p u blicly ra tify the T r e aty of E te rna l

F rie nd ship which M arkh a m and his a ss o ci ates h ad
,

p r evi ou sly m ad e Whe n he arr ive d at S ha ck a m a xon

.
,

the Ind i an s h ad al r e ad y fi lle d the wood s a s far a s

the eye c ou l d see Afte r the chief s h ad arrang e d
.

themselves i n the for m of a h alf m oon P e nn with no -

, ,

m ark of p o we r s ave a blu e s a sh around his w a ist ,

addresse d them i n the na me of the Gr e a t S pi rit wh o ,

m ad e and ru les a ll m anki nd :

Wm t on th e broad pathway of g ood f a ith a n d g ood w ill
e ee
°

n o ad an ta g
v shall b t ak n on eith er s id e b u t all
e e hall b e Op n
e ,
s e

n ess a n d l o e I will n ot all you c h il d ren fo par n ts c h id

v . c ,
r e e

th ir h il d r en too s
e c er el y n o br oth er s on l y f o
ev broth r d iff er r ,
r e s .

Th e f ri d sh ip b tw n me a n d you I will n ot c om par e to a c ha i ;

en e ee n

fo that th ra in s m ig h t ru st o th e f all in g tr ee m ig h t br a k
r e We
r e .

fl
are th e s am e a s i f on e m a n s b od y w ere to b e d i id ed i n to tw
’
o v

parts ; we a e all on e esh a n d bl ood

”
r .
 The S ettl emen t f
o P en n sylvan ia 29

A f te r r eceivi ng s o me p r ese n ts fro m P e nn the Indi an s ,

gave the belt of w amp u m and s o lem n ly ple dg e d them

selves t o live i n l o ve with him and his c hil dr e n a s
l ong a s the s un and m oon sh ou l d e ndur e “ This s ays
”
.
,

Vo lt a i r e “ w a s the on ly t r e aty betwee n these pe o ple

,

and the C h r isti an s th a t w a s m ad e with ou t an oath ,

and th at w a s n eve r b ro ke n P e nn h ad m an y o the r

.
”

c onf e re n ces of this ki nd with the Ind i an s and he w a s

.
,

kindly r emembe r e d by them for ye ar s A t a meeti ng .

betwee n Go ve rnor K eith and the Five Na ti on s hel d ,

a t Con estoga i n 1 721 the sp o kesm an of the Ind i an s

,

“
s aid : W e sh all n eve r forg et the c oun sel th at W illi a m
'

P e nn ga ve u s ; th oug h we c anno t wr ite a s the Eng lish , ,

yet we c an keep i n the mem ory wh at w a s s a i d in

ou r c oun cils .
”
S o fa ithfu l we r e they t o hi m th a t
n ot a dro p of Q uake r bl ood w a s she d by them
while he live d .

The Elm T r ee und e r which the t re a t y w a s m ad e

afte rward s bec ame celeb ra te d The Br itish
Th T r aty E l m
.

G e n e ra l S imc o e who w a s on ce quarte r e d

e e

n e ar it i n the R ev o lu ti onary War so respecte d it th a t ,

whe n his s o l die rs we r e c u tting do w n t rees for fir e

wood he pl a ce d a guard und e r it
,
A st or blew it . m
do w n l n 1 81 0 and it w a s found t o h a ve bee n tw o
,

h undr e d and ei ghty th r ee ye ar s ol d I ts site m arke d

-
.
,

by a m onu me n t e r ecte d i n 1 827 is n ow su r r b u n ded by ,

a be au tifu l p ark The stat u e of W illi a m P e nn on the

.

t o we r of C ity H all P hil ad elphi a fa ces i n the di recti on

, ,

of the E lm i n K e n si ngt on and sile n tly a dm on l shes the

,

pe o ple of P e nn sylv ania to be tru e t o the p rin ciples of

its founde r .

A fte r the t r e a ty w a s m ad e P e nn p ro cee d e d u p the

,

D el aware t o see the m an sion which M arkh a m wa s

30 A H is tor y f P en n sy l va n ia
o

b uil di ng for him a t P en n sb u r y B u ck s c oun ty I t wa s ,

‘

e r ecte d at gr e at expe n se and r em a i n e d the m arvel of

,

the n ei ghb orh ood for m an y ye ar s b u t P e nn and his ,

fa mily live d i n it only a sh ort time fro m 1 700 t o ,

'

1 701 . I t w a s afte r ward s n e glecte d and j u st befor e ,

the R ev ol uti on its c ru mb li ng w alls we r e r em o ve d and

the g round on which it st ood p a sse d ou t of the P e nn
f amily .

W he n the time for the fir st meeti ng of the G e n e ral

T h pr
e ic
ov n A ssembly ha d arrive d P e nn r eturn e d t o
e ,
’

“m d e
C heste r Dur ing a th r ee days sessi on the
.
’
,

m a chi n e ry of go ve rn me n t w a s set u p and p u t i n t o

‘

o pe ra ti on ; the Du tch S we d es and for ei g n e r s of a ll

, ,

d esc r ipti on we r e nat ura lize d ; and the P ro vi n ce of

,

P e nn sylv an i a w a s a c o mplete fa ct “
The h o ly ex per i .

me n t a s P e nn c a lle d his n ew st ate h ad bee n be gun

”
, , .

H a vi ng fa ir ly p ur ch a se d s o me l and fro m the na tives ,

he m ad e a s ur vey of it and d ivi d e d it i n t o th r ee

—
,

c oun ties P hil adel p hi a B u cks and C heste r

, The fir st, .

w a s na me d afte r the city the n b u il d i ng ; the sec ond ,

afte r B u cki ngh a mshir e the l and of P e nn s an ecs

,
’

t or s ; and the third afte r his fr ie nd P e ar s on s native

’

city .

B u cks and C heste r h ad de fin ite b ound ar ies ; b u t

Th Th r P hil ad elphi a emb ra ce d the wh o le p ro vin ce
m m ““m m betwee n them —north
e ee

”
northwest and
—
, , ,

nor the a st to an , i nd e fin ite exte nt The nor the rn .

b oundary of B u cks exte nd e d t o the Kitt a tinn y ( Blu e )

“
m oun t a in s or a s far a s the l and mi ght be p urch a se d
,

fro m the Ind i an s ”

C heste r i n cl ud e d the te rritory
.

s ou thwest of the S chu ylkill t o the ext reme limits of

the p ro vi n ce By the form a ti on of Be rks i n 1 752
.
, ,

the nor the rn b oundary of P hil ad elphi a wa s limit ed ;

 The S ettlemen t o f P en n sy lva n ia 31

and whe n i n 1 784 M ont g o me ry wa s e r ecte d the

, , ,

l arg est c oun ty bec a me the sm a llest .

“The gr e a t t o wn i n P e nn sylv an i a w a s t o be n e ar

the Jun ction of the D el aw are and the L cat i f o on o

P h il d ‘
S ch u ylkill The na vi gability of b o th r ive r s
.
p hi
,
a e a

especi a lly of the D el aw ar e the ab undan ce of b rick ,

e arth and b u il d i ng st on e the be au ty of the l o c ation

-
, ,

these and o the r ci r c u m st an ces pu t P hil ad elphi a n e ar

“
the I n d i an vill ag e of Q u equ en a k u th e gro ve of the ,

l ong pi n e t r ees ”
The ground w a s i n the p o ssessi on of
.

a few S we d es wh o we r e r e adily i ndu ce d to exch ang e

,

it for l and elsewhe r e .

I

The pl an of P hil ad elphi a w a s so well c on ceive d th a t

the r e is no o the r city i n the U nite d S t at es u p la s n

d N am
in which a st range r c an s o e a sily find his an e

w ay . W ith f ew excepti on s the st r eets c ro ss e a ch ,

o ther a t ri ght angles Th o se or i g i nally runn in g e a st

—
.

—
and west n i n e in nu mbe r we r e a ll name d afte r the
v ari ou s ki nd s of t r ees i n the for est around a s Vi n e , , ,

S p ru ce P i n e S a ss afra s W ill o w C hest nu t Wa l n u t

—
, , , , , ,

etc ; th o se runn i ng north and s ou th twe n ty th ree -

—
.

alt og ethe r we r e nu mbe r e d fro m the D el a war e F ront ,

st reet t o B road st r eet and fro m the S ch u ylkill F ron t , ,

st reet to B road st r eet In the ce n te r of the city w a s .

t o be a s quar e of te n a c r es e a ch c orn e r of which w a s ,

to be r ese rve d f or p u blic o ffi ces In e a ch quar te r of .

the city the re wa s t o be ano the r s quare of ei ght

,

a c r es t o be u se d b y the pe o ple like the M oor fiel d s i n

,

London These p ublic s quar es th ough no t l o c ate d a s

.
,

pl ann e d ar e all i n P hiladelphi a t oda y and c on

, ,

stitu te ple a s an t c a ses i n the ce n te r of a v a st exte n t

of b r ick a n d st on e The city w a s na me d afte r a

.

t o w n i n Ly d i a A si a Minor the se a t of on e of the

, ,
32 A H istor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

seve n e arly C h ris ti an chu rches P hil a d elphia si gn ifi es .

“b ro the rly l o ve ” .

F ew of the settle r s of P hil ad elphi a h ad the time or

the me an s t o b u il d h ou ses before the wi n
It
s H ou se s
te r of 1 682 83 set i n ; he n ce m an y of them
-

live d like c on ies i n c a v es dug und e r the hi g h b l u fi

,

on the r ive r fron t betwee n Vi n e and Wa l nu t st r eets

-
.

The n ext ye ar n e arly on e h undre d h ou ses we r e b u ilt ,

shelte ri ng m or e th an five hu n
dr e d i n h abit an ts ; and two
ye ar s afte rward s s ix h undre d
h ou ses h ad displ a ce d the t rees
and thickets of the forest .

The S we des and Ind i an s we r e

ve ry ki nd t o the i nfan t c o l on y ,

the for me r sh ari ng their shel

A Ol d H ou
n 1 685 se , .

te r and the l a tte r thei r ga me .

S o me well t o do settle r s h ad b roug ht with them h ou ses

- -

i n frame t oo ls impleme nts and furn it ur e a s well a s

, , , ,

food and ra ime n t t o l a st them for s o me time afte r

thei r arr iv al The p oor e r cl a sses h ad t o p u t u p me re
.

h u ts m ad e fro m timbe r fr eshly c ut i n the for est

, .

P e nn furn ishe d a g e n e ral pl an for thei r c on st ru cti on ,

30 x 1 8 f eet p artiti on e d i n the mi dd le c o ve re d and

, ,

lin e d with cl a pb oard s and the i n te rve n i ng sp a ce fi lle d

with e ar th the grou n d fl o or of cl ay and the u ppe r of
'

w ood and the roof of cl apb oard a ls o

,
P hil ad elphi a i n .

a few ye ar s g a i n e d m or e i n p o p u l a ti on th an NewYork
d id i n h alf a ce n tury P e nn w a s s o h a ppy o ve r h is
.

s u ccess th a t he c ongra tu l a te d himself i n these word s :

“I mu st wi thou t v an i ty s y that I ha e l ed the g reatest c ol a v
, ,

o y i n to A m er i a tha t e er
n c ny m n d id u p on pr i a te red i t
v a a v c ,

and th m os t prosp rou s b g i

e i g tha t e
e r w re m ad e n y
e nn n s ve e a

wh e to b
er e a r fou n d a m on g u
e s .
”
 The S ettl emen t f
o P en n sylva n ia 33

Not a ll of P e nn
s b r eth r e n settle d i n P hil ad elphi a
’
.

M any a s they l and e d d ist rib u te d themselves th rough

, ,

the c oun t ry They we r e thi nly sc a tte r e d fro m the

.

F alls of T r e n t on t o C heste r The le ad ing settleme n ts .

we r e a t Bybe rry a no te d s ub urb of P hil ad elphi a i n

,

c o lon i al times at Br ist o l the sec ond ch ar te r e d b orough ,

i n P e nn sylv an i a ; a t P e nn sb ury the site of P e nn s ’

,

c oun t ry r esi d e n ce ; a t C heste r the first se a t of g ov ,

er nm en t ; a t Bi r mi ng h a m the town shl p l n which the

w
,

b attle of B randywi n e a s fought ; a t Ke nn ett which , ,

’
a s L etiti a s M anor h ad orig ina lly bee n s urveye d for
,

P e nn s daug hte r L et itia ; and a t M arc u s H oo k whe re

’
,

the fir st F rie nd s meetin g w a s est ablishe d

’
F or tu .

n a tely for th o se wh o arr ive d i n the fir st ships the ,

wi n te r w a s mil d and o pe n and they all cle ar e d e nough ,

l and to pl an t a c ro p of Indi an corn i n the sp r ing .

The fo ll o wing ext ra ct fro m a lette r of R ich ard T o wn

se nd who we n t ou t with W illi a m P e nn sh o ws how
, ,

the rural settler s far e d :

“A fter ou r arriv al we fou n d th e c oun try a w il d ern ess Th e in .

habi tan ts w er e In d ian s a n d S wed es who r ec eiv ed u s in a f ri en dl y ,

m an n er a n d brou g ht u s prov i si on s a t v ery r eason abl e rates A fter .

s ome tim e I s et u p a m ill on Ch este r c r e k whi h

, I brou g ht e , c

read y framed from Lon don whi c h served for g ri n d in g of c orn a n d

,

s aw in g of b oar d s B es i d es I m a d e a n et a n d c a u g ht g r eat qu an
.
,

ti ti es of fi s h whi c h su ppl ied ou r sel v s a n d m a n y oth er s ; s o that

,
e ,

n otw ith s tan d i n g it wa s th ou g ht that n earl y thr ee th ou s a n d

,
.

p erson s c am e in th e fi rst y ear we w ere so prov i d entially p o ,

r

v id ed fo tha t we c ou l d b u y a d er f or tw
r o s hill in g s a n d a larg e
e ,

t u rk ey f o on e s h illi n g a n d I n d ian c orn f o tw

r ,
o shilli n g s a n d s ix r

p en e a b u sh el
c .
”

The gove rnme n t h av in g b ee n organ i ze d pe a ce with ,

the natives c onfir me d the fundame n t al l a w P , en n s

’

D p art“
est ablishe d and c ourts of j u stice in stit u te d
, ,
e

P e nn i n A ugu st 1 684 s a ile d for Engl and with this

, , , ,

0
 34 A H is tor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

“A nd
p ar ting p raye r u p on his lips : th ou P hil ad elphi a , ,

the vi r g i n settlemen t of this p ro vi n ce my s ou l p rays ,

t o God for thee th at th ou m ayest st and i n the day of

,

t ri al and th at thy ,

c h i l d r e n m ay be
blesse d ”
H is fa mily .
,

his est ate and ce r tai n ,

m a tte r s pe rt a in ing t o
his c o l on y es peci a lly
'

the b oundary b e
twee n it and M ary
l and m ad e his r et urn ,

I
W i ll i am P
en n H u o

F airm ou t P a rk P hil ad l phia

se .
nec es sary
a a ir s kept fl
These
in
.

n n , e
England .

Whe n he r et urn e d P hil adelphi a h ad m or e th an two

,

th ou s and h ou ses ; and he w alke d the str eets alm o st a

st rang e r H e found th a t his i nflu en ce
.

w a s no t wh at it h ad bee n whe n he left ,

fi ftee n ye ar s befor e H o weve r he w a s

.
,

( w armly welc o me d by the Ind i an s H e .

m ad e two j ourn eys a t this time t o the

i n te r i or of the p rovi n ce H e s a ile d for
.

Engl and i n O ct o be r 1 701 whe r e a ri o t

, ,

ou s s on and an unfa ith fu l steward h ad

plung e d him so d eeply i n t o d ebt th at he

h ad t o m or tgag e his p ro vi n ce f or
p ou n d s and s nfi er imp r is on me n t besi d es .

P e nn n e go ti ate d t o sell his ri ght in

the go ve rnme n t t o the Cro wn bu t ,
h th l pb m
lb g
e f
w a s stricke n with p ara lysis i n 1 71 2 ,
.

H e d ie d s ix ye a r s l a te r b u t h is na m e will live a s l ong

a s F a the r Time r emembe r s the hist ory of P e nn s y lv an i a .
 The S ettlemen t o f P en n sy lva n ia 35

The F r ie nd s ori gi nally diff e r e d little i n dress fro m

the o the r non c onfor mists t o the C h ur ch C h a ract ri tic
-
e s s

‘ F ri d
of Eng l and They all o pp o se d the displ ay 0 en s
.

the n s o m u ch mad e by the u ppe r cl a s ses W he n the .

Fr ie nd s st arte d a s a sect b road b r imme d h a ts we r e c o m

,
-

m on and s o we r e c oa ts with st ra i ght c o ll ar s The d r a b

, .

:
they ch o se a s their c o l or bec au se it d iffe re d le a st fro m the
un c o l or e d st ate of cl o th They r especte d a ll honorable
.

o cc u p a ti on s alike W illi a m P e nn wan te d his chil dre n

.

t o b ec o m e h u sb and me n and h ou sewives and on e of , ,

his s on s le arn e d the trad e of a li n e n drape r Lab or e r s i .

we r e no t l oo ke d u p on a s drudg es th ough it m u st be ,

ad mitte d th at s o me of them we r e sl a ves H o weve r .

,
:
'

the F r ie nd s a s e arly a s 1 69 3 advise d th a t non e ;

, ,

“
sh ou l d b u y except t o fr ee No t f ar fro m F r a n kf or déj
.
”

was an o l d t o mbst on e the i n sc ription on whic

,

t hat the o cc u p an t of the grave F r i e nd S an diford £ , ,

“b or e testim on y aga i n st the N e gro t rad e” .

The F ri e nd s h ave a lways bee n no te d for i n telli ge n ce .

W ithi n th r ee ye ar s of P e nn s l anding a
’
M k f , a e o

i wuig m
p r i n ti ng p r ess w a s runn i ng i n P hil a d elphi a .
n e e

On e of its e arliest p u blic ati on s w a s an a lm ana c p ri n te d ,

i n the ye ar 1 685 W illiam B radford b rought with him

.

f ro m E ngl and type a p r ess p r i n ti ng p a pe r and i n k

, , , ,

t o set u p the t rad e of p ri nti ng F r ie nd s b oo ks

’
The .

fir st n ewsp ape r The A me ric an W eekly M u r cu r y wa s

“
,
”
,

st arte d i n P hil adelphi a D ecembe r 22 1 71 9 a t which , ,

t ime the r e we r e on ly tw o o the r s i n the c o l on ies ,

namely i n B o st on
, P e nn est ablishe d a p o st offi ce i n
.

1 683 ; and i n 1 71 7 the r e w a s a settle d rou te fro m Vir

,

g1 n 1 a and M aryl and to P hil ad elphi a and t o a ll the

northe rn c o l on ies P e nn sylv an i a wa s eve n the n the
.

Keyst on e P ro vi n ce The b o t an ic garde n of J o h n

.
36 A H istor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

B artr am wh o m L inn ae u s c al le d gr e a test natura l“the

,

b o t an is t in the worl d bec ame a Mecc a for scie ntists

”
, ,

and m any a vi sit or t o P hil ad elphi a i nqu ir e d his way

to B ar tra m s g ard e n
’
,

on the S ch u ylkill As .

t o sch oo ls the F r ie nd s ,

fav or e d an eleme n t ary

e du c a ti on for a ll a l ik e
the r ich and the
p oor ; b ut they wer e
o p p o s e d to gr e a t
sch o l ar ship ; yet n ow
they h ave a B ry n
M a wr a H a ve rford ,

and a S w arthm o re Col

le g e A r t and p o etry .

we r e als o und e r the

b an of their do ct ri n e ;
yet the r e aro se a m ong
them a W est and a
Ol d Cy pr i B ar tr am G rd n
’
es s n s a e .

T ayl or .

The chie f immi grati on of the F r ie nd s t ook pl a ce

O th r
e be for e the ye ar 1 700 Up to th a t time .

E g li h m um
n s
they we r e the m o st nu me rou s cl a ss of
pe o ple i n the p ro vi n ce O the r English settle rs h ow
.
,

eve r h ad found the ir w ay t o P e nn s ylv an i a b u t i n

, ,

m u ch sm alle r nu mbe r s C hief a m ong these we r e the

.

Episc o p ali an s or pe o ple of the C h urch of En g l an d

, ,

s o me of wh o m arr ive d s oon afte r P e nn By the .

ch arte r of the p ro vin ce they h ad the r i ght t o est ablish

a p arish whe n eve r twe n ty or m or e petition e d for on e .

T his wa s don e i n 1 695 and C h rist ch urch with its, ,

first be ll h ung i n the c ro tch of a tree wa s b u ilt on ,

 The S ettlemen t o f P enn sy lva n ia 37

S ec ond str eet orth of M arket

,
n The p r ese nt b rick
.
/

bu il di ng so fu ll of hist or ic i n te r est w a s be gun i n

, ,

1 727 and c o mplete d i n 1 755 Be nj ami n F ranklin w a s

.

"

on e of the m anag e r s of the l o tte ry ( 3 meth od qu ite

C h r ist Church .

c o mm on i n th o se days for ra ising ch urch fund s )

which m on ey w a s sec ur e d for the steeple and the
.

chimes . O n J u ly 4 1 776 these chimes the sec ond

, , ,

in A me ric a j o i n e d the ol d bell on Ind epe nd e n ce H a ll

,

“
i n p ro cl aimi ng libe r ty th rough ou t the l and unt o all
the i n h abit an ts the r e of .
”
38 A H istor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

Wa shi ng t on wor shippe d i n this ch ur ch fr e qu e n tl y ,

and the pew i n which he sa t w a s p rese n te d t o Ind e

pen den ce H a ll In the ch an cel we r e b urie d the r em a in s
.

of J o h n P e nn ( afte rw ard s r em o ve d to Engl and ) Bish o p ,

W hite Ro be r t M orr is G e n e ra l F orbes and o the r d is

, , ,

tin g u ish ed m en In the gravey ard at Fifth and Ar ch

.
,

F rankli n and his wif e D eb orah G e n e ral J ames Irvi n e , ,

P eyt on Rando lp h p resi d e n t of the first Con ti n e n t a l ,

Congr ess F ran cis H o pki n s on Comm odor e B a i nb r i dg e

, , ,

’
and o the r s no te d i n their c oun t ry s hist ory lie a t ,

r est .The fir st r e gu l ar mi n iste r of C h r ist church wa s

Rev Th o m a s C l a yton und e r wh o se mi n ist rati on s the
.
,

membe r ship i n c r e a se d t o seve n h undr e d i n two ye ar s .

R ev J a c ob Du ch é wh o o pe n e d the fir st Con ti n e n t a l
.
,

Congr ess with th at r em ark able p raye r ( see p .

o ffici ate d a t the time of the R ev o lu ti on H is s u ccess or .

,

R ev W illi a m W hite se r ve d a s r ect or till 1 836

.
, .

A t fir st the E pisc o p a li an s sp r e ad ra pi dly o ve r the

Th ire p ro vi nce bu t m o st of them live d i n P hil a ,

s tt‘m m
e e
d elphi a whe r e they bec ame ve ry p ro mi n e n t
e s
,

i n p o lit i c al and s o ci al life S o me of the Q uake r .

fa milies j o i n e d them ,
a m ong wh o m we r e the
s on s of P e nn They .

als o abs orbe d m o st of

the S we d ish popu l a
ti o n and the Gl ori a ,

D ei a t W ica c o a s ,

well a s o the r S we d ish

ch urches bec ame thei r ,
St D id t R ad or
’
av s, a n
p rope rt y Around
. .

P hil ad el phi a they qu ite e arly organ ize d seve ra l

,

c ongre ga ti on s A t Radnor S t Da vi d s ch u r ch is t o
.
, .
’
 The S ettlemen t o f P en n sy lva n ia 39

this day a m o st i nte r esti ng r elic of c ol on i a l his

t ory for it is well n i gh two h undr e d ye ar s ol d
,
-
.

O the r pl a ces whe r e the Episc o p a li an s we re i n su ffi

cie nt nu mbe r s to h ave ch ur ch organ iz a ti o n s we r e
C heste r B rist o l P e rki o me n P e qu e a and Lan c a ste r
, , , .

TH E GER M AN S

As W illi a m P e nn ofi er ed imp arti a l libe rty of c on

scie n ce to a ll wh o we r e und e r r eli g io u s P T ra l en n ve s

o pp r essi on P e nn syl v an i a wa s an a syl u m

,
“ i H ll a d n o n

d Ge m y an r an
t o the g ood and o pp r esse d of e ve ry na
ti on ”
. The G e r m an s afte r the F r ie nd s we r e the fir st
, ,

“
t o bec o me i n te r este d i n his h o ly expe r ime n t ”
P e nn .
,

wh o se m o the r w a s a Du tch w o m an h ad twice bee n ,

t ra veling l n H o ll and and G e r m an y p re a ching the ,

“
do ct r in e of the i nn e r li ght ”
fir st i n the ye ar 1 671
, ,

and a g a l n l n 1 677 whe n he w a s a cc o mp an ie d by G e org e

,

F o x and seve ra l o the r s Thei r p r e achi ng m ad e them

.

m an y d ev o te d fr ie nd s i n v ar i ou s d e no mi na ti o ns ; b u t
they we r e m o st kind ly r eceive d by the Me nnon ites .

These pe o ple like the F rie nd s to o k n ot the sw o r d

, , ,

sw ore n ot a t all we r e non r esist an t and i n dress and

'

-
, ,
"

speech we r e pl a i n and i n m an n e r s simple The t ran .

siti ou betwee n the tw o sects w a s e a sy Q uake r s i n .

s o me i n st an ces bec a me Me nnon ites and Me nnon ites ,

bec a me Q uake r s H aving th u s bec o me a ss o ci a tes i n

.

r eli gi on while still i n Euro pe it wa s nat ura l th at the ,

tw o sects sh ou l d
:
bec o me n ei ghb or s i n the wild s of
Ame ric a The Me nnon ites h ad bee n drive n u p and
.

do wn the Rhin e by pe r sec u ti on for a ce n tury a n d a

h alf and they n ow gl ad ly b ra v e d the dang e r s of the
,

se a t o find a h a ve n of rest beyond it .

40 A H istor y o f P enn sy lva n ia

Be for e c o me to A me r ic a on e J ac o b
P e nn h ad ,

S om eM m m
en
T el n er of Cr e f el d a t o w n o n the Rhi n e
, ,

it h r
es e e j u st ou tsi d e of H o ll and h ad m ad e a ,
h m
e ” P "en
v o y ag e t o A me ri ca s o me time betwee n
1 678 and 1 681 This w a s the fir st step i n the settle
.

me n t of G e rm an t o wn b y the Me nnon ites F urthe rm or e .

,

twe n ty y e ar s befor e P e nn s arr iv a l i n 1 662 a sm all

’
, ,

c o mp an y of ab ou t twe n ty fi ve Du tch Me nnon ites h ad -

settle d on D el a w ar e b a y They we r e sc a tte re d and .

d es tro ye d by the En g lish whe n th a t c ount ry w a s t ake n

fro m the Du tch The le ad e r and his wife esc ape d ;
.

and afte r w and e r i ng i n the wild e rn ess m an y ye a rs ,

they c a me t o G e r m an t o wn whe r e they we r e c ar e d f or ,

by thei r b r eth r e n .

Tel n er e arly i n 1 682 organ ize d a c o mp an y a m ong

, ,

G rm a t w
e n o his n ei ghb or s and b ought a l arg e t ra ct of
n

s wd
e e
l and n e ar P hil ad elphi a Ano the r c o mp any i n .

G e rm an y the F rankf or t Co mp any h ad als o m ad e l arg e

, ,

p urch a ses ; b u t non e of these fro m F ran kfort except ,

F ran cis Dan iel P a st or iu s W hittier s ’ “P e n n sylv an i a ,

P il grim ”
settle d he r e
, This disti ngu ishe d m an c ame
.

t o P hil ad elphi a Augu st 20 1 683 and like m an y of the , , ,

settle r s d welt for a time i n a c ave

,
H e w a s a gr e a t .

sch o l ar h a vi ng m a ste re d seve n or ei ght l anguag es

,

and being well re ad i n scie n ce and phil o s o phy He .

w a s the Ame r ic an r ep rese n t ative of b o th G e rm an c om

p an ics and with thi rtee n fa milies of Cr efel der s c om
, ,

p risi ng thi rty th ree pe r s on s found e d G e r m an t o w n

-
,
.

The Cr efel der s arrive d s ix weeks afte r P a st oriu s ,

O cto be r 6 on the ship Con cor d with p a ssp orts wr itte n

, ,

on p ar chme n t i n go l d e n i n k A few days afte rward s .

,

fourtee n d ivisi on s of l a n d we r e m e a s ure d off a n d ,

the Ge r m an pi on ee rs rep a i re d t o the c a ve of P a st ori u s

 The S ettlemen t f
o P enn sylva n ia 4]

t o draw l o ts for the ch o ice of l o c ati on C ell ar s we r e .

a t on ce dug and h u ts b u ilt o ve r them W illiam P e nn .

wa s p r ese n t whe n the first two st ory h ou se w a s e r ecte d -

,

and helpe d t o e at the ra ising di nn e r O the r immi gran ts .

be gan t o arr ive i n the little t o w n s oon afte rw ard s .

P ete r S ch u m a che r w a s the fir st to c o me fro m K ris .

heim i n the P al ati nate whe r e the fru its of P e nn s

, ,
’

e arly p r e a chi ng W e r e m or e b oun tifu l th an anywhe r e

else i n G e rm any or H o ll and .

The e arly dwelle r s of G e rm an to wn h ad a h ard

st ruggle with p o ve rty ; P a st or i u s tells u s
E ar ly S tru ggl es

th a t the settleme n t w a s s o p oor th at it

bec ame the s u bj ect of a p un a nd wa s c alle d A rme n “
,

t o wn ”
. H e s a i d th a t it wou l d no t be believe d by c o m
i ng g e n e rati on s in wh a t w an t a n d n ee d and with wh at ,

C h risti an c on te n tme n t and pe r siste n t i ndu st ry G e rm an ,

H e himself h ad t o u se o ile d p ape r to

‘

t o w n st arte d .

let the li ght i n t o his h ou se and o ve r the door he

~

h ad wr itte n : P ar v a do m u s amic a b on is pr oenl este

, ,

p rofan i ”
A t the e nd of the fir st ye ar the settle r s h ad
.
,

imp ro ved thei r c ond iti on m ate r i ally : they h ad h ar

veste d a good c ro p of Ind i an c orn and b u ckwhe at
‘

and h ad add e d a f ew c o m for ts to thei r h ou se s .

H o weve r G e r m an t o w n w
, a s no t a settleme n t of far m

e r s b u t of we ave r s
,
P a st or i u s selecte d for
.
G r m a town e n

I d u tri “
the t o wn se a l a cl o ve r with a vi n e on on e
,
n s

of its le a ves a st alk of fl a x on ano the r and a sp oo l

—
, ,

“
of th read on the thi rd ; the m o tt o on it w a s Vinu m ,

L i n um et Textr in u m
,
”
I t wa s a pl a ce
.

“Wh ere li v es H i g h Germ an a n d Low D utc h ,

fl
W h ose tra d e in w eav i n g li n en c l oth is mu c h .

Th er e g row s th e ax a s al s o y ou m a y k n ow
,

That f rom th e s a m e th ey d o d iv id e th e tow .

”
42 A H is tor y f
o P en n sy lva n ia

So m an y of the Me nnon ites i n Euro pe h ad bee n we ave rs ,

th a t ce rt a i n w o ve n and k n it fab rics we r e k no w n a s Me n

n on ite good s O the r m anufa ct ur es sp rung u p i n and
.

around G e r m an t o wn for the settle r s we r e n e arly all

,

sk ille d w orkme n W illi am Rittin g hu y sen a mi n iste r fro m

.
,

H o ll and i n 1 690 b u ilt the fir st p a pe r mill i n A me r ic a

, ,

on a b ran ch of the W iss ahick on In it wa s m ad e the .

p ape r u se d by the e ar liest p r i n te r i n the mi ddle c o l o

n ies W illi a m B radford
,
The n the re we re l a c e m ake r s
.
,

silve r smiths p r in te r s and o the r a rtis an s

, , The settle r s .

of G e r m an t o w n c on t r ib u te d no t a little t o w ard m aki ng

P hil ad elphi a the le ad i ng m anufa ct ur i ng city of the

A me ric an c on tin e n t .

The Me nnon ites of G e r m an t ow n en j o y on e p roud

F ir t S la
s ry d istin cti on
ve They we r e the fir st pe o ple i n
.

P mt t es
Ame ric a t o s uggest the abo liti on of sl ave ry
In 1 688 und e r the au spices of P a st or iu s they se n t a
, ,

petiti on t o the ye arly meeti ng

of the F rie nd s s ayi ng i n , ,

e ff ect th a t it wa s no t C h r is
,

ti an like to b u y and keep

-

n e gro es ; b u t no p o sitive
j udgme n t w a s the n g ive n by
the meeti ng The petiti o n
w a s a qua i n t a n d c uri ou s
p a pe r .

G e r m an t o w n w a s the h u b
of the G e rm an set
T h P i ti t
e e s s

tl em en t i n P e n n H ou i wh i ch S l a ry P rot t se n ve es

w i gn ed as s
S ylv an i a for m an y ye ar s In
.

1 694 the P i etists for wh o m P a st ori u s h ad forme d

,

a w arm a tt achme n t i n G e rm a n y set tle d on the W issa ,

hick on They we re no te d for thei r piety le arn i n g

.
,
 The S ettlemen t f
o P en n sy l va n ia 43

and mystic ism They spe n t m u ch time i n p r a ye r

.

and pi ou s me d it ati o n for which p urp o se they h ad

,
.

ca ves i n the rugg e d ravi n e of the W iss ahick on

’

They p u t u p a b u il d i ng des1 g n ed for r eli g iou s and,

e du c ati onal p ur p o ses on the hi g hest p o i n t of their l and

,
.

I t w a s s urm oun te d with an o bse r vat ory the fir st i n the ,

p ro vi n ce O n t o p of this wa s ra ise d the mystic symb o l

—a c ro ss withi n a circle —in su ch a p o sition th at
.

the rays of the r isi ng s un w ou l d flood it with a ro se ate

hu e. Late r i n 1 734 a m a ssive st on e st ru ct ur e w a s
, ,

b u ilt f a rthe r u p the st r e a m ; it is still k no w n a s the

“
m ona ste ry on the Wiss ahick on ”
O n e of thei r a ss o .

ci ates C h r ist o ph S aur p ublishe d a n ewsp a pe r which

, ,

cir c ul ate d a m ong all the G e rm an s i n the c o l on ies ,

fro m New York t o G e org i a H e p r i n te d the G e r m an .

bible a s e arly a s 1 74 3 ab ou t forty ye ar s be fore the

,

English bible w a s p ri n te d i n A me r ic a and he wa s ,

am ong the first to p ri n t a m agazi n e on this sid e

of the A tl an tic H e m ad e his type p a pe r and i n k
.
, ,

and b ound his o w n b ooks H e a ls o iss u e d an a lm ana c

.
,

which t og ethe r with his p ape r m ad e him a gre a t

, ,

p o we r a m ong the G e rm an s i n Ame r ic a especi ally ,

a m ong th o se i n P e nn sylv an i a
’

Ge r m an t o w n als o bec ame the ori g i nal h o me of the

T unke r s or G e rma n B aptists i n A me ric a ;
Th T u k r
, ,
e n e s

b u t they d i d no t arr ive un til 1 71 9 C h r is .

t o ph S aur son of C h r ist o ph the p u blishe r bec ame

, , ,

an eld e r i n this d e no mi nati on A s the su ccess or to .

his fathe r s b u si n ess he w a s a p ro m i n e n t m an i n the

’
,

p ro vin ce . W ith o the r s of his sect he t oo k an a cti v e ,

p art i n the est ablishme n t of the G e r m an t o wn A c ad emy .

Th roug h his alm ana cs and o the r p u blic a ti o n s he ,

too wa s wi d ely k no wn ou tsi d e of P e nn sylv a ni a

,
.
44 A H istor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

Af te r G e r m an immi grati on to P e nn sylv ani a

1 700,
w a s no l on g en c on fin e d t o th o se wh o h ad
Ge mr an

I m m i grati bee n i nflu e n ce d by P e nn s visit to the con ’

on

I m m
The English go ve rn me n t n ow en
n s
tin en t .

c ou r a g ed the G e rm an s t o c o me t o A me ric a t o add

st r e ng th t o its p o p u l ati on for c o mpetiti on with the
F r e n ch The Go l d e n B oo k of Q u ee n A nn e which
.
,

gave gl o wi ng a cc ou n ts of the c o l on ies wa s cir c u l a te d ,

far and wi d e i n the G e rm an st ates .

In 1 708 and 1 709 l arg e nu mbe r s c rosse d t o Eng

,

l and and we r e temp orar ily shelte r e d i n te n ts on the

c o mm on s of London while w a iti ng for t ran sp ort ati on
t o Ame r ic a P e nn sylv an i a w a s the fa v orite c o l on y
.

with the G e rm an s and by the ye ar 1 725 fifty th ou,

s and h ad m ad e thei r w a y hithe r “W e sh a ll s oon .

h ave a G e r m an c ol on y wro te J a mes Loga n the

,
”
,

P ro vi n ci a l S ec r et ary i n 1 726 s o m an y th ou s and s

,
/

of G e rm an s ar e a l r e a d y i n the c oun t ry Fe ar s we r e
”
.

e n te rt a i n e d th a t the p ro vin ce mi ght n ot r em a i n l o y al

t o the English go ve rn me n t I mmi gran ts c a me fro m .

the G e rm an si d e of S witze rl and and H o ll and fro m ,

S w abi a A ls a ce and S a x on y b u t m o st fro m the P al ati

, , ,

na te . The r e the ru le r wa s n ow of on e ch ur ch the n ,

of ano the r and with eve ry ch ang e the pe o ple h ad t o

,

c onfor m or su ff er S o m an y G e rm an immi gran ts w

. e re
fro m the P a l ati nate th a t the name P a la tin e wa s g ive n
to a ll of them Thu s W hittier s p o em ab ou t the ship
.
’

th a t wa s wr ecke d on Bl o ck I sl and i n 1 738 wa s na me d

“
, ,

The P a l a tin e ”
.

A s m an y of the so c a lle d P al a ti n es we re too p oor

-

G rm a
e n to p ay f or the p a ss ag e a c ro ss the sea they ,

R d m p‘ b m
e e
we r e hi re d ou t for a te rm of ye ars to
n

p ay for thei r tran sp orta ti on S u ch we re c a lle d .

 The S ettlemen t o f P en n sy lva n ia 45

“r e d empti on e r s In m an y c a ses p ar e n ts ple dge d

.
”

thei r chil dre n i n this m ann e r .

These l a te r G e rm an settle r s p r esse d ou t i n t o the

wil d e rness and left P hil ad elphi a and the
, Th G rm a e e n

th F m ti
c oun t ry around it t o the English and e er

t o the G e r m an s l n and ab ou t G e rm ant o wn They .

fi lle d the L eh igh and

S ch u ylkill v alleys ,

settling i n Ea st on ,

No r th a m pto n t o wn
( A lle nt o w n ) R e ad
,

i ng,
L eb anon and
,

Lan c a ste r . The n ce

they p u she d on t o
the S u s qu eh anna ,

do wn i n t o the Cu m
A
be rl and v a lley a nd u p
i n t o the J un i at a a n d
S u s qu eh an n a v a lleys By 1 750 the G e r m an s c on sti
.
,

tu ted on e thi rd of the e n ti re c o l on y which nu mbe r e d

-
,

ab ou t pe o ple T oday they for m the b u lk

.

of the p o p u l ati o n i n m any c oun ties and the r e is ,

n o secti on of the ( S t a te i n which sc a tte r e d G er m an

families m ay n ot be found .

The G e rm an s who th u s p u she d in t o the wil d e rn ess

we r e of v ar i ou s r eli g i ou s d e no mi na tion s Vari u s
.
o

The S chwe nkfel d e r s wh o like the F r ie nd s R li g u

i e o s
, , ,
m m m m tm a s
Me nnon ites and T un ke rs o pp o se d w ar , ,

oaths and displ ay settle d on c on ti guou s l and s i n M on t

,

go me ry L ehi gh and Be rks i n 1 734 wher e they live

, , ,

t oday nu mbe ri ng all t o l d less th an a th ou s and

,
They .

still celeb ra te the ann ive r s ary of thei r arriv a l a s a day

of th anks g ivi ng They h ad bee n the victims of pe r se
.
46 A H is tor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

c u tion i n Euro pe for m or e th an th ree h undre d ye ars ,

and h ad t o w or ship i n sec r et t o p r eve n t detecti on .

H e n ce they bec ame a cc u st o me d t o w or ship i n p r iv a te

h ou se s and for fifty ye ar s afte r their arr ival i n P e nn
,

sylv ani a they h ad few p ublic meeti ng h ou ses The r e -

.

w a s no ri ng ing of bells and ch an ti ng of hym n s .

The M ora vi an s settle d i n North ampt on c oun ty a t ,

Naz ar eth i n 1 739 and at Bethlehem i n

T h M r a ia
, ,
e o v ns
1 741 They h ad fir st gon e t o G e orgia
’

.
,

b u t th a t p ro vi n ce w an te d them to do milit ary du ty ,

which thei r c on science for b ad e Thei r le ad e r wa s

w
.

Coun t Z i nze ndorf a m a n ell k n own i n Euro pe a nd

f i

A me ric a They we r e c o mm un i sts and c arrie d on ab ou t

.
,

thi rty t rades for the be n e fi t of the ch ur ch They eve n .

s a ile d seve ral ships on the sea Bethlehem l ay al ong

’

the lin e of t ravel fro m New Engl and t o the S ou th ,

and its M oravi an

i n n s we r e fa m ou s
th rough ou t the l an d
fer thei r h o spit ality .

“
The S un ”
e n te r
ta in ed und e r its roof
m o st of the le ad ing
me n of the c oun t ry
a s l ong a s they t ra v
el ed b y st ag e The .

gr e a t work of the
Mora vi an s for the
M or a ia S n I
v n u
p ro vi n ce
nn .
w as the
c onve r si on of Ind i
a ns ,
the fru its of which we re l argely d estro ye d by
the F re n ch and Ind i an wa r M u ch of wh at we k no w
.

of Ind i an lif e i n P en n syl va n l a w a s r ec ord e d by the

 The S ettlem en t f
o P en n sy lva n ia 47

M oravi an missi onaries no t ably by H eck ewelder

, The .

sch oo ls of this pi ou s sect we re a ls o wi d ely k no wn ,

and m an y y oung l adies and g e n tleme n fro m far and

wi d e r eceive d thei r e du c a ti on i n them .

A no the r e qua ll y un i qu e settleme n t w a s m ad e a t

E ph rat a Lan c a ste r c oun ty by a b ran ch of
E p h rata
, ,

the T unke r s of G e r m an t o wn k no wn a s the ,

S eve n th Da y B aptists Thei r le ad e r w a s Conrad Beisel

.
,

a P ietist H is settleme n t bec a me k no w n a s the M on

.

a ster y of E ph ra t a on ,

the Co c alic o c reek and ,

s o me of its st rang e
b u il di ng s ar e still
st and i ng . The r e wa s
a h ou se for the b ro th
e r s and a h ou se for
the siste r s A m ong
.

B r oth er s H ou s a t E ph r ata
’
a d S ist
’
n
the nu me rou s m anu
s er se .

fa c tu r in g i ndu st ries w a s a p ri n ti ng h ou se S o me forty .

b ooks of a r eli g iou s and e du c ational ch ara cte r we r e

p r in te d i n it besi d es m an y t racts and hym n s
,
Ju st .

before the b attle of G e r man t o wn th r ee w a g on l oad s ,

of b oo ks i n sheets we r e seize d the r e f or c ar tr i d g es .

While the Con ti n e n t a l Congr ess sa t a t York this p r in t ,

i n g h ou se st ru ck off p ape r m on ey f or the go ve rn me n t .

The re w a s a sch oo l i n the pl ace tha t at tra cte d p upils a s

far a wa y a s P hil ad elphi a and B altim or e I ts roo ms .

wer e u se d a s a h o spit a l for A me ric an s o l die r s afte r the

b attle of the B ra n dywi n e P ete r Mille r sec ond p ri or
.
,

of the m ona ste ry w a s on e of the m o st le arn e d me n

,

i n Ame ric a H e t ran sl ate d the D ecl ara ti on of In

.

d epe nd e n ce i n to seve n l anguag es by ord e r of Con

gr ess .
48 A H istor y f
o P enn sy l va n ia

The Me n non ites th a t c a me t o P e nn sylvan i a afte r

o th .er 1 700 settle d i n u ppe r B u cks M on t go me ry
, , ,

mm “ C heste r and Lan c a ste r c oun ties Nu me r .

,

ou s o the r G e r m an sects c ame t o P e nn sylv an i a which

it is n ot esse n ti al t o d esc r ibe I t wa s s a i d th at eve ry .

sect l n the w orl d h ad fo ll o wer s i n P e nn sylv ani a .

The G e r m an s r em a i n i ng to b e c on si de r e d we r e ’

Th eR f m m e o
the ch ur ch pe o ple the R e for me d and the
an d th Lu the ran s
e They d i d n ot arr ive i n l arg e
.

L u th r a
e ns
nu mbe r s un til ab ou t 1 725 S o me four h un .

dr ed R e forme d s ettle d al ong the S kipp a ck i n M on t ,

go me ry c oun ty i n 1 727 O the r s fo ll o we d and i n 1 747

, .
,

Rev Mich a el S chl atte r organ ize d the R eforme d C h ur ch

.

of P e nn sylv an i a a s a p ar t of the S ynod of H o ll and .

The Lu the ran s wh o be gan t o arr ive s oo n afte r the

, ,

R efor me d we r e m u ch m or e nu me rou s Their le ad e r wa s

, .

H e nry Melch o i r M u hle n be rg H e w a s the fa the r of .

P ete r the g e n e ral of the Rev o lu ti on ; of F r e d e rick the

, ,

first S pe ake r of the Hou se of R ep r esen t atives ; and of

Go tthilf the b o t an ist , Mu hle nb e rg c a me t o A me ric a
.

i n 1 742 and with the two ch ur ches at N ew H ano ve r

, ,

and N ew P ro vi d e n ce i n M on t go me ry c oun ty a s a n u
, ,

c l eu s he organ ize d the Lu the ran C h urch of A me r ic a

, .

The c ongr e ga ti on a t the fo r mer pl a ce is su pp o se d t o

be the o l d est of this d e no mi na ti on i n the Un ite d
S ta te s Mu hle nb e rg and his son P ete r are b urie d in
.

the gravey ard of this ch urch A s l arge r nu mbe rs of .

Re forme d and Lu the ran s h ad c o me t o A me ric a be for e

thei r le ad e rs and sc a tte r e d th rough h a lf a do ze n c oun
,

ties in se arch of a pl ace to w ork and live thei r organ i ,

z a tion i n t o c o n gr e ga ti on s wa s a te d i ou s and d i ffi cu lt
ta sk H o weve r it wa s a g ood w ork for the s ound of
.
, ,

ch urch bells r emi nd e d the settle rs of thei r hi ghe r du ties .

 The S ettlemen t f
o P en nsylva n ia 49

The fo llo we r s of S chl a tte r a n d Mu hle nb e r g we r e

a lwa ys qu ite frie n d ly with e a ch o the r ; i n Th h R lati e .
e on

rural d ist r icts they c o m m only w or s hippe d

,
t E a c h 0 t h " °

l n the s a me chur ch The sch oo l h ou se wa s g e n e ra lly

.

To C hu r ch on r
Ho seb ac k .

the c o mp an i on of the ch ur ch H avi ng bee n est ablishe d

.

ch ur ches i n G e r m an y the R eforme d and the Lu the ran s

,

h ad an e du c a te d and p a i d min ist ry ; he n ce c o ll e g es t o

e du c a te the m i n i st ry we r e found e d a s s oon a s the m e an s
w ere a t hand F r e qu e n tly th o se wh o l oo ke d forw ard t o
.

the mi n ist ry we r e se n t t o G e rm an y to be e du c a te d The .

R e forme d and Lu the ran s a ls o m ad e an efi or t t o sp re ad

the English l anguag e am on g the G e r m an s Mu hle nb e rg .

himself t aught English and wa s c ar e fu l to h a ve his

,

s on s e du c ate d i n it befor e se ndi ng them t o G e r m an y .

S chl a tte r ra ise d a fund i n Engl and H o ll and a n d G er ,

m an y for te a ching the P e nn sylv an i a G e rm an s Eng

'

lish . Und e r the d i r ecti on of a bo ard of t ru stees

“

c o mp o se d of membe r s of the p ro vi n ci al go ve rn me n t he ,

e st a blishe d sch oo ls i n R e adi ng York Ea st on Lan , , ,

c a ste r New H ano ve r and S kl ppa ck These be gan thei r

, .

existe n ce i n 1 754 bu t d ie d ou t l n 1 763 for w an t of

,

s u pp ort .

D
50 A H is tor y o f P enn sy l va nia

In c o l on i a l days agr ic u lt ure wa s the chie f o cc u p a

,

Th G rma
e e ti on The n go ve rnor s l awm ake r s and
ns .
, ,

F am
as
m a g l str a tes we re far me r s
e”
E ve n i n the .

e arly hist ory of the R ep u blic p r esi d e nts c ongressme n , , ,

and frame r s of c on stitu ti on s we r e fo ll o we r s of the

pl o w In this o cc u p ati on the P e nn sylvan i a G e r m an s
.
,

excelle d and they the r efor e cl ung t o the s o il and to

,

rural life with gr e at te na city They we r e good j udg es .

of l and ; they w orke d h a r d and p ra ctice d seve r e ec on ,

omy They cle ar e d the l and th at h ad the he avie st

.

timbe r for they k n ew it w oul d p rodu ce the he a viest

w
,

c ro ps and they ofte n gre r ich whe r e o the r s h ad b e

A Leb an on Val ley F a rm .

c o me p oor They c ont rib u te d m u ch t o the m ate ri a l

.

we alth of the S t ate Thei r farms ar e n ot s urp a sse d

.

an ywhe r e i n the worl d .

Co ming he r e i n nu mbe r s l arg e e noug h to form a

c o l on y of the i r ow se qu este r ng them
i
n
G rm a
,
Th e e n

L a g ua g selves l n the c oun try and settl i ng en tl r e

.

n i e n ,

P w yl m ns
c oun ties excl u sively the G e rm an s nat urally
v a
,

kept their own l anguag e lite ratur e and c u st o ms Be ,

.
 The S ettlem en t f
o P en n sy lva n ia 51

for e the p o st a l system the n ewsp ape r the ra ilroad

, , ,

the tele graph and o the r me an s of sw ift comm u n ica

,

tion h ad e nabled the pe o ple of d ist an t p arts t o k no w

,

on e ano the r a settleme n t so l arg e a s th a t of the G e r

,

m an s yiel d e d ve ry sl o wly t o ch anges fro m the ou tsi de .

In ou r day s u ch is o l ati on is no l onge r p o ssible and ,

they ar e fa st a c qu i r i ng the u se of the English l an

guag e o a f r l l —
p ur p o ses the h o me the sch oo l and ,
‘

the ch ur ch .

Th oug h the P e nn sylv an i a G e r m an s i n s o me r e

spec ts r em a i n e d G e r m a n s ou tw ard ly for tw o ce n t ur ies

they ar e Ame r ic an s a t he art They help t o ad mi n iste r .

the l o c a l go ve rn me n t and h undr e d s h a ve sa t i n the

,

G e n e ra l A ssembly E i g ht h ave o cc u pie d the gube r

.

n a tor ia l ch a i r and m any h ave writte n thei r names on

,

the na tional ro ll of h onor They h a ve bee n i n b o th

.

h ou ses of Congress i n the S pe ake r s ch a i r and i n

,
’
,

the P r esi de n t s Cabin et

’
Th roug h thei r i ndu st ry and
.

frugality they h ave c o nt rib u te d a l arg e sh ar e t o the

,
'

mate ria l res ources of the S tate In time of war they .

h ave likewise don e their duty In 1 775 the y sh ar e d .

,

the h onor with thei r S c o tch Ir ish n ei ghb or s on the -

fron tie r of bei ng am ong the fir st t roo ps c a lle d by the

Con ti n e n t a l Co ngress —expe r t r i em en ra ise d i n P e nn
sylv an i a M aryl an d and Vi rgi ni a The r ifle which
fl
, ,
.
,

w a s t he n unk no w n i n NewEngl and h ad bee n b rought ,

t o P e nn sylv an i a by the S wiss and P al atin es ab ou t ,

1 700 .Nor sh ou l d it be forgo tte n th a t the M oravi an

tion a r y w ar s w ard e d o ,
fl
m iss1 on a r ies b o th i n the F r e n ch and i n the R ev ol u
,

m an y a fat al bl o w fro m the

'
fl
t o m ah awk ; and th a t Conrad W eiser i nte r p rete r and
ag e n t of Ind i an a ra ir s i n the p ro vi n ce w a s a h o st
'

in himself in the m anag eme n t of the s av ag es

,

.
52 A H istor y of P enn sy lva nia

The W elsh be gan t o c o me i n 1 682 s oon afte r the ,

Th e c o l on y h ad bee n pl an te d ; b u t thei r immi

l h Tm “
W ° s
g r a tion p ra ctic a lly ce a se d with the cl ose
of the ce n t ury Dr Th o m a s Wy nn e P e nn s fr ie nd
’
. .
,

and phys i ci an and a few o the r s c ame i n the W elcome

‘

, , .

These pe o ple settle d on a l arg e t ra ct of l and a l ong

the r i dg e exte nd i ng b a ck fro m the S ch u ylkill a s far
a s P ao li . Their settleme n t w a s c alle d the W elsh
B aron y ; it h a s si n ce bee n k no w n a s the W elsh T ra ct .

The th r ee t o w n ships in the t ra ct wer e Me r i on H ave r ,

ford and Radnor A s thei r. numbe r i n c r e a se d

they sp r e ad ou t i n t o o the r t o wn ships S o m e we n t a s
.

fa r west a s Lan c a ste r c oun ty and gave their na me ,

to the W elsh m ou n ta l n s the r e ; o the r s l o c a te d a s far

e a st a s Gwy n e dd and P e nlly n nor th of P hil ad elphi a
, .

In p a ssing al ong the P e nn sylvan i a railroad be g i nn ing ,

with Be rwy n v ari ou s st a ti on s c o mmem ora te W elsh

,

names of two h undr e d ye ars a g o B ry n M a wr the —

—
.

gre a t hill wa s the h o me of Mi n iste r Ro wl and Wy nn e .

w ood h onor s the na me of Do ctor W y nn e wh o se p ro ,

f ession r emi nd s u s of the fa ct th a t n e arly a ll the

e arly physici an s of the c o l ony we r e W elshme n G e org e .

Wa shing t on s physici an w a s the gre a t grand s on of

’

“
Dr W y nn e
. The fa the r of ou r S t ate a n d the fa the r
.

of ou r c oun t ry e n t ru ste d thei r lives t o the c are of

”

W elsh physici an s The name of M on t go me ry c ou n ty

.

w a s b rought fro m Wales and Blu e B all tells of the

—
,

n u me rou s i nn s a l ong the Lan c a ste r pike a gre a t

hist oric hi ghw a y th a t h ad its be g i nn i ng i n the t ra il
m ad e th rough the forest b y the first w and e ri ng
W elshm a n .
 The S ettlemen t of P enn sy lva nia 53

The W elsh like the settle r s of G e r m an t o wn c ame

, ,

t o P e nn sylv an i a t o for m a settleme n t i n

fl
‘

Th ir P urpo e se
\ which they c ou l d r e
gu l ate the i r o w n a a ir s .

Bei ng the d esce ndan ts of the a n c l en t B rit on s dwelli ng ,

i n a sepa ra te c orn e r of Engl and and spe aking a ,

d isti n ct l anguag e their p ur p o se w a s ve ry nat ural

,
.

M o st of them we r e F r ie nd s and h ad k no w n W illi a m ,

P e nn i n E ngl and Th ough a t fir st the y c ou l d no t

.

und e r st and the English l anguag e they s oon abs orbe d it , ,

and l o st their ou tw ard i de n tity S eve ra l thi ng s helpe d .

t o b r ing this ab ou t O n e wa s the schism m ad e a m ong

.

them by Frie nd G e orge K eith wh o seems t o h ave h ad ,

a specia l h a t r e d f or the W elsh B reth r e n Ano the r .

"

t rou ble w a s the d ivisi on of thei r b aron y In the .

abse n ce of P e nn it wa s d ivi d e d b etwee n P hil ad elphi a

,

and C heste r c oun ties Late r on whe n the W elsh

.
,

o bj e cte d to the quit r e n ts on thei r uno cc u pie d l and s

-
,

the W elsh T ra ct wa s th ro w n o pe n t o eve ryb od y .

M o st names of the W el sh settle r s h ave likewise

bec o me Anglicize d Thu s a p J o h n ( ap
.

W l h N am
,
e s es
me an ing son of bec ame J o h n s ( s on ) or
’

J on es ; a p Edward Edw ard s ; a p Willi a m Willi ams ;

, ,

a p Ro be rt , Ro be rts ; o the r s a s a p H ugh bec ame , ,

P ugh a p H o well P o well etc

, ,
Th o m a s L l o y d d ep u ty
, .
,

go ve rnor of the p ro vi n ce w a s a W elshm an and s o , ,

we r e the Cadwal ad e r s Me r e d iths and Owen ses

, .

TH E S COTCH - I R I S H

The S c o tch Ir ish we r e pe o ple fro m S c o tl and wh o

-

“
h ad gon e t o Ir el and to o cc u py the l and s Th :r c h em e

d S tt’m ‘m
t aken fro m Ir ish r ebel s by Q u ee n Eliz a an e s

beth and J ames I In reli gi on they we re P r esb yter i:

.
. 54 A H istor y o f P en n sy lva nia

ans, and by o cc u p a ti on farme r s , They wer e dra w n t o

.

P e nn sylv an i a by its fa me for r eli gi ou s libe rty and

f e rtility of s o il . They be gan to arr ive s oon afte r
1 700 the e arliest on es settli ng i n the l o we r pa r tf of
,

C he ste r and Lan c a ste r c ou nties A b ou t 1 720 the set .

,

tl em en t c on t a i n i ng the fa m ou s Log Co lle g e w a s m ad e

‘

on the N esh a mi n y ; i n B u cks c oun ty Ano the r b od y .

l o c ate d at the F orks of the D el aw ar e i n North ampt on ,

c ounty ; the se h ad fir st gon e t o N ew H ampshi r e b u t ,

found the clim a te too c o l d Don e gal Lan c a ste r c oun ty

.
, ,

and P a xt ang D e rry and H ano ve r Dau phi n c oun ty

, , , ,

we r e S c o tch Ir ish l o c alities at on e time ; b u t the Cu m

-

be rl and v a l l ey r eceiv ed the gr e a test nu mbe r .

Bei ng a n a g g r essiv e pe o ple c o llision s with the G e r

,

A s m an s fre qu e n tly o cc urr e d The o ffi ci a ls of .

m i m “ the p ro vi n ce the r e for e e n c ourag e d the G e r

e’ s e

m an s t o l o c a te i n the e a ster n p ar ts and the S c o tch

Irish t o go westward This arrang eme n t w a s agr ee
.

able ; for the S c o tch Ir ish we r e the ve ry me n t o fa ce

-

the wil d e rn ess and r e sist the att a cks of wil d be a sts
and s avag e me n W he n i n 1 768 the l and bey ond
.
, , -

the A lle ghe n ies w a s th ro wn o pe n for settleme n t they ,

welc o me d the o pp ort un ity th u s p r ese n te d of pl ant ing

the st andard of p rogr ess a few h undre d miles furt her
i n t o the p a thless for est .

A cti ng th u s a s pi on ee rs their c ondu ct t o ward s the

,

R hh
e eh e wi th Indi an s w a s a s warlike a s th a t of the
the “d iam Q uake r s h ad bee n pe a cefu l The ex pe .

r ien ce of thei r for e fa the r s i n Ir el and wa s a sch oo l

for fron tie r lif e of a m or e aggressive ki nd th an h ad
existe d while the Q uake r s and G e rm an s face d the R e d
Ma n . The In di a n s h ad n ow bee n drive n far the r a n d
fa rthe r west by the ti da l w a ve of imm igra ti on and ,
 The S ettlem en t o f P enn sy lva n ia 55

pe a ce wa s h ard to m a i n t a i n W he n the F r e n ch and

.

Ind i an w ar b ro ke ou t the S c o tch Ir ish settle r s on the

,
-

fron tie r h ad t o fa ce m an y a fa t al a tt a ck for s o me of ,

which they h ad themselves t o bl ame Their d ist urb .

an ce of the pe a ce p o licy of the p ro vi n ce c au se d the

Q uake r s t o for m a dislike for them H e n ce we find .

th at these two cl a sses of pe o ple at on e time w ag e d a

o

bitte r w ar of w ord s
'

Whe n 1 n 1 763 P o n ti a c s w ar b ro ke ou t al ong the

,
’
,

fron tie r of P e nn sylv an i a and Vi rg i n i a the Th , e

R ev J o h n E l d e r of the P a xt ang
.
,

by; auth or ity of the pr ev in ce organ ize d seve ra l com

—
,

p a n ies of rang e r s v o l un tee r b and s of fron tie r sme n

to p ro tec t the settle r s aga i n st Ind i an a t ro cities They .

d i d du ty a s far north a s W y om l n g ; b u t thei r m a l n

se rvice wa s pe rfor me d al ong the S u s qu eh anna s ou th
of the Bl u e m oun t a i n s
- H e r e s o me Indi an s c o mmitte d
.

d ee d afte r d ee d of bl oody vi o le n ce ; b u t whe r e they

c a me fro m wa s a myste ry S u spi ci on w a s a w ake n e d
.

th at they we r e h arb or e d b y the C h r isti an Ind i an s

.

the r e fu se of v ar i ou s t r ibes — wh o live d on the M anor ,

a t ract of l and n e ar Co lu mbi a bel o n g i ng t o the P e nn s , .

Co l on el El d e r J ohn H arris the found e r of H arrisb urg

, , ,

and o the r s a ske d J o h n P e nn the Go ve rnor t o r em o ve

, , ,

these Indi an s who se ch ara cte r it w a s cl a ime d d i d n ot

, , ,

pu t them ab o ve s u spicion The Go ve rnor d ecl in e d t o

.

“
do this on the ground th a t they we r e i nno cen t help
, ,

less and d epe nd e n t on the go ve rn me n t for s u pp ort

,
.
”

“
The P a xt ang B o ys ”
the n r es o lve d t o t ake the l a w
i n t o thei r own hand s b ut no t with ou t the p ro tes t of
,

Co l on el E ld e r They we n t t o the set tleme n t a t n i ght

.
,

b u t their p rese n ce w a s p rem a t ur ely an n oun ce d by the

dog s . The dwelle r s of the M anor ru she d ou t of thei r
56 A H is tor y o f P en nsy lva n ia

wi g wams and wil dly b rand ishe d thei r t o m a h awks The .

rang e r s levele d their gun s and qu ickly kille d the .

Ind i an s B u t no t a l l of them we r e a t h o me and whe n

. ,

th o se abse n t le arn e d of the fate of their b r eth re n they .

h a ste n e d t o Lan c a ste r and s ought s afety i n the j a il

. .

A f ew m ad e thei r w a y t o P hil ad elphi a C h agri n e d a t .

the esc a pe of s o me of the Ind i an s the rang er s r es o lve d ,

t o c o mplete thei r w ork They we n t t o Lan c a ste r b roke

.
,

i n t o the j a il and sh o t the fug itive Con est oga s

, Afte r .

th at the settle r s s ou th of the Bl u e m oun t a i n s h ad

,

little anno y an ce fro m the Indi an s .

H o weve r the e nd of the exciteme n t h ad no t yet

,

A p i i
an c c o me
n The Go ve rno r and the A sse mbly c on
.

“
dem n ed the a cti on of the P a xtang B o ys ”

s o seve r ely th a t the fron tie rsme n se nt a d ele gati on t o

expl a i n thei r grie v an ces This wa s i n te rp r ete d t o
.

me an a sh o w of force The au th or ities i n P hil ad elphi a

.

p u t the Indi an r efug ees und e r guard i n the garr i

s on and se n t an ar me d force t o G e rm a n t o w n to meet
,

the d ele ga ti on The l a tte r m ad e k no w n thei r g r iev

.

a n ces and we r e the n c ondu cte d to P hil ad elphi a

, .

“
Am ong o the r thi ng s the P a xt ang B o ys ”
o bj ecte d
,

t o bei ng t rie d i n P hil ad elphi a B u cks or C heste r , ,

which the go ve rn me n t p ro p o se d t o do Th ough the .

A ssembly d id no t yiel d this p o i n t yet n o con v ic ,

tion for the killing of the Con est oga Indi a n s wa s

eve r h ad .

I t is t ru e the S c o tch Iris h a ll o we d the ir rough

,
-
,

vi gorou s a n d i ndepe nd e n t qualities to le ad

Ch ara ct ri ti c
e s s

them i n t o excesses a t times ; yet these

qualities m ad e them a p o we r i n the l and The h ard .

ships and dange r s which they b ra ve d on the frontie r

ga ve them grit and st re ngth ; and n ow th a t time h a s ,
 The S ettleme
nt o f P enn sy lva nia 57

p o l ishe d the e xte r i or the y ar e st reng and sh i n ing

'

pill ar s i n the st ru ct ur e of the st ate and na ti on In .

c o l on i al times they we re i n a for m a tive pe ri od ; whe n

,

the R ev o l u ti on c a me they we r e re ad y and e ag e r for

,

the st ruggle th at t r ie d me n s s ou ls and si n ews

’
The .

F r e n ch w ar wa s an excelle nt sch oo l for drilli ng the

Con ti n e n t a l s o l d ie r s ; b u t non e we r e bette r drille d th an
,

the S c o tch Irish of P e nn sylv an i a a fa ct well k no wn

- -F

t o the Con ti n e n t a l Congr ess i n 1 775 , .

TH E F R EN CH H UG UE N OTS

P e nn sylv an i a a ls o bec a me a r efug e for s undry

F r e n ch fa milies of the pe r sec u te d H u g u e
Th i r S ttl m t e e e en
no ts They b or e the na mes of Du b o is
’

.
,

fl
‘

B o ile au Larou x L efevr e D e T u rk D e l lé r D ox

, , , ,
-
, ,

Fe rr ee and o the r s
,
They c a me he r e und e r the in u
.
,

e n ce of W illi am P e nn t o pl an t vi n ey ard s and c u ltiv ate

,

“
gra pes u p the S ch uylkill ”
Not s u ccee di ng the re .
,

they r em o ve d to the P e qu e a v a lley the n i n C heste r ,

c oun ty n ow in Lan c a ste r

, The r em o v al wa s b rou g ht .

ab ou t by the arriv a l i n 1 71 2 of M adame Fe rree a ,

‘
wi do w wh o h ad l o st he r h u sb and i n the m a ss a c res in
F ran ce which fo ll o we d the r ev o c ati on of the Ed ict of
Nan te s S he h ad fle d t o E ngl and and wa s t he r e a id e d
.
,

i n he r immi gra t i on t o P e nn sylv an i a by W illi a m P e nn .

H e gave he r a gran t of two th ou s and a c r es of l and

i n P e qu e a v a lley a n d she b ought two th ou s and m ore
, .

T o this pl a ce all the F r e n ch pe o ple we n t for settle

me n t .They we r e he ar tily welc o me d by s o me D el a wa r e .

Ind i an s the r e and whe n the Indi an chie f d ie d the

, ,

H ugu e no ts a tte nd e d the b uri al H is grave on Lafa yette .

,

H ill n e ar P arad ise w a s m arke d with a pile of ston es L

, ,
58 A His tor y o f P en n s y l van ia

which l ong r em ai n e d t o m ark the sp o t The d esce ndan ts .

of these F r e n ch fa milies ar e found chiefly i n Be rks ,

Lan c a ste r and Dau phi n c oun ties

Th ough the settl er s o f P e nn sylv an i a we r e of v a r iou s
N atio aliti n sects ch ur ches and nati onalities which a t
es , , ,

D i a pp ar
s
times h ad quarr els m or e or less se r i ou s
e
,

we their heir s and d esce ndan ts k no w n o s u ch difi er

, ,

en c es i n the d isch ar g e of ou r du ti es t o the go va

me n t W e ar e all P e nn s ylv an i an s n ow; and the
.

qu esti on whethe r a citize n 1 s English G e rm an W elsh . , , ,

S c o tch Ir ish or F r e n ch h appily n eve r e n te r s our

-
, ,

mi nd Nor do we 1 n qu 1 r e 1 n t o his r eli gi ou s p r e fe r

.

en ces W ith u s t oday it is

.

fl
“Th e 11 11 1 01 1 of h earts ,
un ion of han d s
th e ,

A n d th e a g of ou r Un i on forev e r .
”

B OOK S F OR R E A D I NG A ND CONS U LTA TI ON

Eg le ’
s H is tor y f
o P en n sylva nia pp 28—
52 438—
4 53 5 1 7 546 ,
-

6 1 2—
,

—
, , .

6 82 81 4 854 863 879 ,- —

9 50 960, 965 996 , -
1 01 5 1 04 8,
-
and
, ,

1 1 69— an c roft H is tor y f the Un i ted S ta tes , Vol II pp

’
1 1 80; B s o .
,
.

78 1 30;
-
W al ton a nd B r u mb a u gh ’
s S tor ies o f P en n sylva n ia , pp .

9 79
-
and 29 7 3 00;
-
S yph e r ’
f sP en nsylva nia , pp
H is tor y o . 9- 46 ;
F i sh er ’
s M a king of P ennsylva nia , pp 7 236 S to g ton s W illia m
’
.
-
u h
P enn , pa ssim ; S ach ’
e s The F a ther la n d , pa ssim ; D ifi en d er fer s
’

Ger ma n Exod us ; B o wd en ’
s H is tor y f
o The F r iends , P art II , pp .

1—221 Gl en n ’
s M er ion in the W els h Tr a c t, pp 1 —
55 ; The Eig hth
; .

—
Cong r ess o f the S cotch I r is h in A mer ica
-
, pp 7 82
1. .
 C H A P T ER III

TH E ~
G R OW T H OF P OP UL A T I ON A N D TH E
A D J U S T M E N T OF B OU N D A R I E S

In the settleme n t of P en n syl v a n l a we no tice d a

double wa ve of p o p u l ati on sweepi ng i n A D ub l o e

M V m m
fro m the s ou the a st ; the S c o tch Irish with -
,
° e °

their dar ing e n e rgy and r estless n ess i n adv an ce and , ,

the Ge r m an s With thei r pl odd i ng i ndu st ry and ste ad

,

fa st n ess fo ll o wi ng and pe rm an e n tly o cc u pying the

,

s o il
. This m o v eme n t is m o st pl ai n ly r ec ord e d in the ,

Kitt a ti nn y v a lley Th rough ou t its le ng th

. fro m
Ea st on t o M aryl and ar e found pl a ces and gra v e
st on es be ar i ng S c o tch Irish -

names These pe o ple e n te r e d

.

the Kitt ati nn y v alley a t v a

r iou s p o i n ts ab ou t the ye ar
,

1 730 . B etwee n 1 745 and

1 750 they p a sse d th roug h
,

the ga ps west of the S u squ e

h anna .The n ce they ra pi dly
fo ll o we d the ma m str e a ms
t o w ard the no r th and west .

The Ge r m an s be gan t o ar D y Chu ch D uphi

er r r a n
Cou ty n
riv e l n gr e atest nu mbe r s
.

ab out the ye ar 1 740 the time whe n the S c o tch Ir ish

,
-

Immi gra tion h ad re a che d its hei ght In m any pl aces .

the G e rm an s s u ccee de d t o the l and s fo r m e r ly occu

pie d by the S c o tch Irish -
I t wa s the on ward ow
. fl
( 59 )
60 A H istor y o f P enn sy lva n ia

of these tw o cl a sses of pe o ple th a t c au se d a d em and

for l and and m ad e the I n d i an p urc h a ses fro m 1 736
,

t o 1 758 n ecess ary ( see m a p p Ea st on A lle nt o w n

, .
,

( c a lle d Nor tha m pton town till ab out R e ad ing ,

L eb anon H arr isb urg York ( c alle d Yorkt o w n and L ittle

, ,

York ) Ca r lisle and S hip pe n sb urg ( except York the

, , ,

o l d est t o wn west of the Su s qu eh anna ) we r e a ll found e d ,

withi n these ye ar s .

Und e r P e nn and his s on s the r e wer e thr ee d ivisi on s ,

D i is m
v ns of thei r l and i n the p ro v i n ce : fir st the ,

“m L d
.

an
c o mm on l and s c on stitu ti n g the b u lk of it
, ,

and selling a t a un ifor m p r ice which u p to 1 71 3 w a s ,

fiv e p ound s pe r h undr e d a c r es and on e shilli ng qu it ,

r e n t b u t l a te r double and t r iple this am oun t ; sec ond

, , ,

the P ro p r iet ar y te n th s or m anor s r ese r ve d and hel d

, ,

by the P ro p r iet ary ; thi rd the p r iv ate esta tes of the

,

i ndivi dual membe r s of the P ro p riet ary p urch a se d ,

fro m on e ano th er or fro m o the r pe r s on s The qu it .

“
re n ts we r e p a i d by the te nan t to be qu it and free
fro m all fe uda l se r v ice ; and they we r e u se d t o p ay
the expe n ses of the go ve rn m en t They rang e d i n .

v al u e fro m a peppe r c orn a r e d ro se an Ind i an arro w

-
, , ,

’
a b u c k s foo t a be ar ski n or a b u shel of whe a t t o
, , ,

seve ra l shilli ng s pe r h undr e d a c r es

fl F ro m the b e
gi nn i ng the r e w a s d i icul ty with the p a yme n t of
qu it r e n ts ; s o me r efu se d t o p ay them while o the r s
-
.

.
,

n e g lecte d t o p ay them or p ayi n g them d id n ot g et

, , ,

a p ro pe r c r e d it Th ou s and s of pe r s on s settle d with ou t

.

an y titles t o thei r l and s M an y of these afte rward s

.

sec ur e d titles b u t s o me di d n ot
,
In 1 797 a l a w .

w a s p a sse d r e qu i r i ng the p r ese n t o w n e rs of s u ch

’
un p ate nte d l and s t o s a tisfy the S ta te s cla ims ; b u t
the l aw wa s all o we d t o go by d e fau lt .
 P opu la tion a nd A dj u s tmen t f
o B ou n d a r ies 61

A f te r the D ecl arati on of Ind epe nd e n ce the S ta te ,

i n 1 779 annu lle d the Ro y a l C h ar te r and

, S t t g t ,“ , a e e s

C mm
p a i d the P e nn s p ound s ste rli ng for L d ° °n an s

thei r r i ghts i n the c o mm on l and s They r et a in e d how .

,

eve r thei r m a n or s and thei r p r iv ate p ro pe r ty and so

, ,

were still the l arg est l ando wn e r s i n the S t a te The .

l arg e r p ar t of wh at r em ai n s of the ol d P e nn m anor s

is i n and around W ilkes B arr e in the Sun b ury m an or
-
,

in P lym ou th Sa lem and J a cks on t o w n ships

,
The P e nn .

est a te a ls o o wn s ab ou t th r ee do z e n ground r e n ts i n -

nor the rn P hil ad elphi a i n wh at wa s the M anor of

,

S pr in g ettsb u r y and on e i rr e d eem a b le ground r e n t on

,
-

p ro pe r ty i n Ra ce st r eet n e ar Twe n ty fir s t This -

.
,

with s o me r eve r si onary ri ghts i n ground gran te d by

P e nn for p u blic b u il d i ng s is the s u m t o t a l of p o sses
,

si o n s i n P e nn sylv an i a n ow bel ongi ng t o the hei r s of

P e nn . They h ad a ls o unt il withi n a few ye ars , ,

r eceiv e d fro m the B ritish go v e rn me n t an annu ity of

p ound s for their l osses i n the R ev o l uti on .

Pe nn s p o licy i n p urch a sing l and s fro m the Indian s

’

w a s a lw ays an h on est on e H is s on s th o u gh .
p , enn s
'

d P M“
5

L
i n the m a i n c arryi ng ou t thei r fa the r s ? ’ an

p o licy h ad t o d e a l with a gr e a te r and m or e d iffi c u lt

,

p ro blem They h ad t o s a tisfy the R e d M an whe n

.

it bec ame e v i d e n t th a t the white m an w ou l d e v e n tual ly

h ave the l a st foo t of so il i n P e nn syl v an i a ; H e n ce ,

s o me of the l ate r l and d e ali ng s we r e no t fr ee fro m

“
i nj u stice This w a s the c a se with the hist oric wa lking
.

p urch a se ”
.

I t w a s the c u st o m of the Indi an s t o me a s ure l and

by walki ng or r i d i ng on h or seb ack In Th w m g .
e
u
a n
"
1 686 W illi a m P e nn b ought a t ra ct of l and
,
t a se

“
al ong the D el awar e exte nd i ng b ack i n t o the w ood s
.

,
62 A H is tor y o f P en nsy lva n ia
‘

a s far a s m an c an go i n on e da y and a h alf Whe n .

”

the white settle r s r e a che d the L ehi gh hills bel o w ,

Ea st on the I nd i an s bec ame un e a sy and wan te d the

, ,

w alk pe rforme d The time fi xe d for it wa s S eptembe r

.

1 9 1 73 7; and the st arti ng p o i n t a t r ee n e ar Wr i ghts

, ,

t o wn B u cks c oun ty The Pro p r iet ary h ad empl o ye d

th r ee me n M ar sh all Ye ates and Je nn i ng s —a l l fleet
.
,

—
,

on foo t ; and the D el aw ar e Ind i an s th r ee me n The , .

wa lke r s we r e und e r the s u pe r v isi on of th e she riff of

B u cks c oun ty and the s u r vey or g e n e ra l of P en n sy l
v an i a and we r e a cc o mp an ie d by a nu mbe r of spect at or s
, ,

s o me of wh o m c arr ie d r e fr eshme n ts The wa lke r s kept .

a nor the rly c our se on the Durh a m road t o Durh a m

c r eek the n ce a northweste rly c our se ; they forde d the
, ,
.

L ehi g h a t 2 o cl o ck i n the afte rnoon and r e a che d the

’
,

H ock en da u qu a a t s un set Je nn i ng s and two of the .

Ind i an s h ad g iv e n ou t the fir st day ; he n ce the o the r s

r es u me d the walk a l o n e the n ext m orn ing H a v i ng .

p a sse d th rough the L ehi gh Wate r Ga p M ar sh all the , ,

only on e who fin ishe d the wa lk r e a che d a sp ur of the ,

B road m oun t a i n at 1 2 o cl o ck The d ist an ce gon e o v e r

’
.

i n the day and a h alf w a s a b ou t sixty miles

-
.

In ste ad of runn ing the sh or test li n e fro m the e nd

of the w a lk t o the D el aw ar e the s ur v ey or
E xt
,
It
s t en

we n t northe a st and st ruck the m ou th of

the Lack a wa xe n th u s sec ur i ng for the P ro p riet ary the
,

F orks of the D el a war e on the s ou th si d e of the B l u e ,

m oun t a i n s and the Mi n isi nk Fl a ts on the nor th si d e

—bo th rich and d esirable t ra cts of l and ( see m a p p
, ,

, .

“
The e n ti r e w alki ng p urch a se i n cl u d e d the u p
pe r p or ti on of B u cks n e arly all of N or th a mpt on and ,

—
,

p arts of Carb on M onro e and P ike a n are a of no t

,

less th an s quar e miles .

 P opu la tion a nd A dj u s tmen t f
o B oun d a r ies 63

The D el a war es c o mpl a i n e d th at the w alk wa s not

—
fa ir th a t i n ste ad of by the c o mp a ss a c ro ss
It U f im s n a e s

the c ountry it sh ou ld h ave bee n u p the

,

D el a w ar e by the n e ar est p a th a s wa s don e b y W illi a m ,

P e nn and thei r fa the r s whe n they t ra mpe d leisu r ely

t og ethe r for a day and a h a lf to dete rmi n e the north
e rn limit of M arkh a m s p urch a se of 1 682 The In
.
’
.

d i an s i n the p arty als o o bj ecte d t o the p ace of the

white wa lke r s fr e qu e n t l y c alli ng t o the l a tte r t o wa l k
,

n ot t o r u n O n e of them s ai d afterward s : No sit

.
“

do w n to sm o ke n o sh oo t a s qu irr el b u t lu n lu n lu n
,
’

, , ,

a ll day l ong ”
I t is st ate d th at it t oo k the s urvey or
.

g e n e ral afte rward s four days to w alk o v e r the s a me

ground Je nn i ng s and Y e a tes b o th we r e s u pp o se d to
.

h a ve d ied fro m the e ffects of the wa lk M ar sh a ll

'

a l on e w a s no n e the w or se f or he d ie d at the r ipe old ,

ag e of n i n ety .

A t the time of the “ w a lki ng p urch a se the D el a

”
,

war e Ind i an s hel d thei r c oun cil fires a t the

‘

T dy g e u sc u n

Mi n isi nk Fl ats H e re on the P o c ono w a s

.
, ,

! " “
b o r n the celeb rate d chie f Tedyu sc u n g c a lle d H on est , ,

J o hn by the Eng lish W he n his l and s h ad bee n.

“
wr este d fr o m him by the w alk m or e especi a lly by
”
,

the li n e t o the La ck awa xe n the S ix Nati on s urg e d , ,

by the Go ve r n or of P e nn syl v an i a i n 1 742 ord e re d the

D el aw
,

ares t o rem o v e t o Wy o min g and S h a m o ki n on “

,

the Su s qu eh anna The S ix N ati o n s ch aracte rize d the

.

“
D el a war es a s wo me n ”
and n ot emp o we re d to sell
‘

l and s Tedy u sc u n g p ro teste d ; b u t the Iroquo is s a i d

~

“ Don ’ t d elibe rate b u t r em o v e a w

.
,

ay ”
The w ro n g
,
.

rankle d in the he ar ts of the D ela w ar es like a smoth

‘

e re d fire ; and whe n the F r e n ch and Indian w ar

b roke ou t they o pen ly took sid es with the F re n ch and
,
z

,
64 A H istor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

helpe d t o d es o l ate the fron tie r B y the time o f the .

R e v o lu ti on they t og ethe r with the S h aw an ese who

, , ,

h ad d welt o pp o site Wy o mi ng h ad a ll bee n dri v e n t o ,

the O hi o r iv e r .

Tedyu scu n g a t a c oun cil hel d a t Ea st on i n 1 75 8

, ,

A R t es orati by the help of the Q uake r s est ablishe d

on

M “ 3
the fa ct th at the Ind i an s h ad bee n wrong e d
“
by the wa lking p ur ch a se and o the r l and t ran s a cti on s .

H e sh o we d th a t the S ix Na ti on s h ad gi v e n l and to the

“
D el aw ar es and the n s o l d it fro m und e r thei r feet to
,

the whites A s a r es u lt of this c onf e re n ce a l arg e

.
,

t ra ct of l and on the Su s qu eh anna Jun i a t a A lle ghe n y , , ,

and O hi o r i v e r s whi ch h ad bee n p urch a se d fro m the

,

S ix Nati on s und e r a mis app r ehe n s ion a t A lb any i n ,

1 754 ( s ee p wa s r est or e d t o the Ind i an s and

.
,

m an y c au ses of mis und e r st an di ng we r e r em o v e d ( see

m ap p ,
H a d these w rong s bee n ri ghte d s oon e r
.
,

or bette r st ill n e v e r bee n c o mmitte d “the bl ood of

, , ,

’
B raddo ck s s o l d ie r s w oul d no t h av e b ee n add e d t o the
p rice of the l and .
”

While P e nn syl v an i an s we r e th u s p ressi ng for ward

The C l im and o cc u pyi ng the v i rg in s o il fro m the
a

s ou the a st th rough the D el a ware and Le

hi g h v a lleys N ew Engl and e r s advan ce d fro m the north
,

e a st . The ch ar te r of Con n ectic u t like th a t of M a ss a ,

c h u setts V irg i n i a N or th and Sou th Caro li n a and

, , ,

G e org ia d efin e d its weste rn b oundary t o be the P a ci

,

fic o ce an I ts s ou the rn b oundary w a s to be a st rai ght

.

lin e be g i nn i ng a t the m ou th of Narragan sett b a y This .

,

exte nde d west w ou l d h a v e e nte r e d P en n syl v a n l a n e ar

,

S troud sb urg and c ro sse d the Su s qu eh anna a t B l oo ms

b urg P e nn s ch a rte r fi xe d the northe rn b oun dary of
.
’

h is p ro v i n ce a t the for ty sec ond d e gree of l a titud e -

.
66 A H is tor y f
o P en n sy l va n ia

A l arg e st rip of te r r it o r y w a s thu s gran te d t o b o th

Conn ectic u t and P en n syl v an i a .

In 1 753 a n a ss o ci a ti on of N ew Engl ande r s m o stly

, ,

Th eAlb y fr o m Conn ectic u t c alle d the Su s qu eh anna

an ,

P um " as
Co m p an y w a s for me d t o m ake a settleme nt ,

i n the ter r it ory of P e nn sylv an i a cl a ime d by Con n ecti

cut . The be au tifu l va lley u p on the Su s qu eh anna ,

whe r e ele v e n ye ar s befor e Tedyu scu n g and his t ribe

h ad b u ilt the t o wn of Wy o mi ng w a s selecte d for the ,
~

p urp o se The n ext ye ar a t the g e n e ra l c ongr ess at

.
,

A lb an y the Su s qu eh a n na Co mp an y p ur ch a se d fro m the

,

S ix Nati on s the land s u p on the Su s que h anna nor th of

the B lu e m oun t a i n s P en n sylv an i a p ro teste d aga in st .

the p ur ch a se cl a iming th a t it h ad no t bee n m ad e i n

,

o pe n c oun cil b u t ha d bee n eff ecte d by m aki ng the

,

Indi an chie f s drun k A s the c ongr ess ha d bee n c all e d .

t o for m a u n i on of the c o l on ies with the S ix Nati on s

a s allies aga i n st the F r e n ch the p ur ch ase wa s n ot ,

the n se ri ou sly o pp o se d B esi d es P e nn syl v an i a b ought .

,

a l arg e t ra ct of l and fro m the S ix Na ti on s a t the s ame

time and i n a w ay no t s atis fact ory t o the Indi an s
, .

A b ou t the cl o se of the F r e n ch and I n di an w ar a ,

C ti ut
on n e c
c o mp an
c
y of Conn ectic u t settle r s arr i v ed i n
S ttl
e es the Wy o ming v alley ; and befor e wi nte r set ,
W W
.

” W
i n exte n siv e fi eld s of whe at h ad bee n so wn
,

u p on l a n d s c o v e r e d with for est t rees i n A ugu st But .

o wing t o the sc an ti n ess of pr owsmn s the settle r s ,

r etur n e d t o Conn ectic u t f or the wi n te r Early the n ext .

ye ar i n 1 763 they r et ur n e d a cc o mp an ie d by m an y
, , ,

o the rs N o twiths tand i n g the r em on st ran ces of North

.

ampt on c oun ty t o which the Wy o mi ng v all ey the n ,

bel ong e d settleme n ts we r e m ad e a t W ilkes B arr e

,
-
,

Ki ngst on P lym ou th and H a n o v e r The s u m m e r p a sse d

, .
 P opu la tion a nd A dj u s tmen t o f Boun da r ies 67

with no thi ng t o m ar the pe ace and con t en tme n t of

w
the Ne E n gl a nde r s ; b u t in O ct o be r the Indi an s fell ,

u pon them like a th und e rb o lt fro m a cle ar sky and

ki l le d ab ou t t w e n ty of thei r numbe r
s o me b ac k t o Conn ectic u t s o me t o New York
The o the r s ed
This
. fl
,

, .

is k no w n i n hist ory a s the fir st m a ss a c r e of Wy o ming .

It w a s the w ork of the D el a war es wh o m the wily ,

Iroquo is h ad m ad e believe th a t Tedyu scu n g h ad bee n

fl
a ss a ssi na te d by the whites .

The ow of immi gration s o vi o le ntly and s udd e n ly

checke d d i d no t be gi n aga i n till 1 768
,

Th at ye ar
, .
,

a t F ort S t anwix New York a l arge t ract of l and

, , ,

i n cl u di ng Wyo mi ng wa s b ough t fro m the S ix Na ti on s

,
!

by the Pro p r iet ary t o s tr e ngthe n its cl a im t o the

,

disp u te d te rr it ory ( See m ap p P e nn sylv an i a

, .

settle r s no w arr ive d and l a i d ou t two m anor s on e on ‘

e a ch si d e of the Su s queh anna and exte nd ing o ve r the ,

far ms ab andon e d by the New Engl and e r s Early the .

n ext ye ar a p ar ty of for ty Conn ectic u t me n c a me t o

’

r es u me the settleme n t m ad e befor e They l o c ate d a t .

.

Ki ng st on and afte r b a ttling with d ep arti ng wi n te r

‘

, ,

e nj o ye d a pe a ce fu l and p ro sper ou s s u mmer The

‘

“forty ” we re und e r the d i r ecti on of thr ee me n on e

,

of wh o m w a s Z eb u l on B u tle r ; and thei r for t w a s

“
k no w n a s the F orty Fort ”
I n O ct obe r the sher i
.
,
fl
of Nor th a mpt on c oun ty appe ar e d arr este d them and ,

m ar che d them t o Ea ston whe re they we r e l odg e d i n

,

j a il A n d n ow the s ou the rn and northe rn w av es of

.

p o p u l ation h ad met i n a fie rce c on i ct k no w n a s the

“P enn a m ite and Yan kee w ar ”
fl ,

F orts and bl o ckh ou ses

.

we r e c on st ru cte d and man y sie g es and skirmishes fol

,

l o we d. Bo th p arties le d me n t o pris on dro ve w o m e n ,

a n d chil dr e n a w ay and c o mmitte d o the r ou t rag es

,
.
68 A H istor y f
o P en n s yl va n ia

The Conn ecti cu t me n on the wh o le we r e the m or e

w tm o l n d s u ccess fu l i n this civil st rife They organ
es re a .

T w
° n
iz ed a go v e rn me n t m ad e l aws and app o i n te d
, ,

j udg es and o the r o ffi ce r s Thei r i nte n ti on w a s t o for m

.

an i ndepe nd e n t st a te ; b u t they c ou l d no t m a in t a i n
themsel v es a l on e aga i n st the P en n a m ites S o i n 1 774
.
,

they att a che d themselv es t o Conn ectic u t :a s the t o wn

( t o wn ship ) of W estm orel and i n the c oun ty of L itch
,

fi el d . Z eb u l on B u tle r w a s on e of the j udg es .

With the ou tbr e ak of the R ev o l u ti on the r e c a m e

a l u ll i n the st ri fe in Wy o mi ng I t w a s
A L ull
.

“
r es o l v e d a t a p ublic meeti ng T hat we will ,

unan im ou sly j o i n our b r eth r e n of A m er i c a i n the

c o mm on c au se of d ef e ndi ng our libe rty Two c o m
.
”

p a n ies of t r 00ps ra ise d i n W y o mi ng j o i n e d the Con ti .

n e u t a l a r m y a s a p ar t of the Conn ectic u t L i n e

,
H ow .

e v e r a s s oon a s i nd epe nd e n ce h ad bee n a chiev e d the

, ,

ol d f e ud b ro ke ou t i n a ll its for me r fu r y A ll a tt a cks.

fro m the Ind i an s bei ng a t an e nd sw arms of n ew ,

settle r s arr i v e d and add e d fu el t o the fir e P en n syl .

v an i a ha v m g i n 1 779 by an a ct of a ssembly
,
s u ccee d e d ,

the hei r s of P e nn i n the p o ssessi on of all v a c an t te rr i

t ory n ow appe ale d t o Congr ess t o settle the d isp u te
, .

By vi rt u e of the Ar ticles of Confe d e ra ti on th a t b od y ,

app o i n te d a c o mmissi on for the p ur p o se I t met a t .

T r e n t on i n 1 782 and afte r fiv e weeks of delibe ra ti on

,

deci d e d with ou t g iv i ng an y r e a s on s th a t Conn ectic u t

, ,

h ad no r i ght t o the l and and th at the j uris dicti o n and

,

p r e empti on of the s ame bel ong e d to P e nn syl v an i a

;

The settle r s we r e a ll s a tis fi e d with the ch ang e of

At W Ag i j u r is d icti on ; b u t whe n P e nn syl v an i a s ought
ar a n

t o e nfo r ce he r p re empti on ri ghts ano the r

ci v il st ruggle e n s u e d c au si ng s u ch se ri ou s trou ble
,
 P opu l a tion a nd A dj u s tmen t f
o B ou n d a r ies 69

th at the militi a h ad t o be c all e d ou t Co l on el .

Tim o thy Picke r i ng w a s dep u tize d t o u se his i nflu e n ce

for the r est ora ti o n of o r d e r A t le ngth i n 1 799 .
, ,

fl
afte r n e arly for ty ye ar s of unp ara llele d su fi er in g t o ,

which a d est ru ctiv e ice ood i n 1 794 h ad c on t rib u te d

-

no t a little aff a ir s we r e amic ably arrang e d by c on

'

firmin g t o the Conn ect ic ut settle r s the titles t o their

l and s on p ayme n t of a sm all p r ice pe r a c r e The .

P e nn sylv an i a cl a im a n ts we r e s a tis fi e d by p a yi ng them

for the far ms they h ad t o g i v e u p or by gi v i ng them ,

l and elsewhe re i n exch ang e .

A fte r the settleme n t of the l and d iffi c u lties in

Wyo ming the v alley which is twe n ty on e
, , W y mi g o n

P M ?“
miles l ong and th r ee miles wi d e e n j o ye d ,

the tr an qu ility of pe ace I ts r ich a c r es bl o ss o me d

‘

a s the ro se The c oun ty of Lu z e rn e na me d afte r

.
,

the C hev a lie r d e Lu ze rn e a t th a t time mi niste r fro m

,

F ran ce h ad bee n e recte d in 1 786

,
I ts te rr it ory -
.

the n i n clud e d p ar ts of B radford ( O n t ari o ori g i nally ) ,

Su lliv an Carb on and all of Su s queh anna and

‘

, ,

Wy o ming W ilkes B arr e so c alle d i n h onor of J o h n

.
-
,

Wilkes and Co l on el B arr e membe r s of the B r itish ,

P arli a me n t and w arm fr ie nd s of the A me r i can c o l on ies

in the Rev o l u ti on w a s l a i d ou t in 1 773
,
.

“D li ghtfu l W yom in g b en ea th thy sk i es

e

fl
The h a ppy s h eph er d swa i n s h a d n a ught to d o
B u t f e ed th ei r oc k s on gr een d e cliv iti es ,

Or sk i m p er ch a n c e thy l a k e wi th li gh t c a n oe
, ,
.
”

W ith the excepti on of the Du tch on the Min isink .

Fl ats the Moravi an missi on st ati on a t Gna

, Th e U p p er

den hiitten n e ar the L ehi gh and a few sc a t

,
S h y n‘m
,
c u

ter ed farms n e ar O r wi g sb urg on the S ch u ylkill the re , ,

70 A H istor y f
o P en n sy lva n ia

we re no settleme n ts b efor e the R evo l u ti on betwee n

, ,

the Wyo mi ng v alley and the B l u e m oun t ai n s ( see

Pur ch a se of 1 749 m ap p , This t ra ct w a s no t
, .

m u ch in h abite d until afte r the d isc o ve ry of an th ra cite

c oa l.

The settleme nt of the Su s qu eh anna v a lley wa s b e

gun by J o h n H arr is fathe r of J o h n H arr is , ,
Th e
Sus t the fo und e r of Harr isb urg and the fir st
nna
ggfig ,

white chil d k no w n t o h ave bee n b orn i n

P e nn sylv an i a west of the Con ewago hills The el d e r .

H arr is c a me fro m Engl and qu ite e ar ly and i n 1 705 go t ,

pe rmissi on a s a li
“
ce n se d t rade r t o se a t
himself on the Su s
qu eh anna ”
and t o
t rade with the Ind i an s
of the Gono is c r eek .

The l and s of the Su s

qu eha n n a nor thw ard
t o the B l u e m oun t a i n s
we r e final ly d ee de d t o
G v of J ohn H r r i S H i bu g
ra e a s. r arr s r
the P r o p r iet or s by the
,
. .

Indi an s i n 1 736 Pe nn h ad fir s t l e a se d this r e g i on fro m

, .

the go ve rnor o f New York wh o h ad sec ur e d it fro m ,

the Five Nati on s .The le a se wa s for a th ou sand ye ar s

”
a t an annua l r e n t al of a peppe r c orn Soon afte r -
.

the t ran s acti on of 1 73 6 a hi ghwa y exte nd i ng fro m the

, ,

D el aw ar e to the Su s qu eh anna w a s l a i d ou t a t the ,

r e qu est of nu me rou s settle r s of Pa xt ang t o wn ship ,

the n i n Lan c a ste r n ow i n Dau phi n c oun ty In 1 749

,
.
,

ano the r p urch a se wa s m ad e ( see m ap p it o pe n e d , .

the Su s qu eh anna v alley for settle me n t s o me d ist an ce

bey ond the Blu e m oun ta i n s .
 P opu la tion a nd A dj u stmen t f
o B ou n d a r ies 71

B efore the
white m an c a me t o this p orti on of the
p ro vi n ce it ha d bee n o cc u pie d by the D el a
, S h m ok i a n,

Su b
w ares and S h awan ese un d e r the c on t ro l of ,
y n ur

the Five Na ti on s They h ad a t o wn of s o me fifty

.

h ou ses a t the fork of the two b ran ches of the Su s

qu eha n n a the n S h a m o ki n n ow Sun b ury
, I t w a s the , .

r esi d e n ce of S hikell im y the celeb ra te d O n ei da chie f

'

, ,

who wa s the v ice k ing of the S ix Natio n s in P en n syl

-

v an i a ( see p Conrad Weise r visite d the pl a ce a s

.

e arly a s 1 737 and i n 1 742 Coun t Z in ze ndorf and on e

,

or tw o o the r s m ad e thei r w a y thi the r and r eceive d a

he arty welc o me fro m S hik ell imy T he Ind i an s the re .

we r e rough drunke n mischie v ou s fell o ws am ong

, , ,

Wh o m “ Sat an seems t o h a v e h ad his se at ”

The S ix
, .

Nati on s a ske d the go v e rnor to se nd a bl a cksmith to

S h a m oki n O n e wa s se n t by the M orav ian s at B eth :
.

lehem and he ope n e d the w ay for a Moravi an missi on

, .

S oon afte rward s white settle r s l o c ate d i n the v alle y

bel o w on b o th sid es of the riv e r A t the ou tb r e ak of
, .

the F r e n ch and Indi an w ar these bec ame exp o se d t o

Ind ian att a cks and F ort A ugus t a wa s e recte d a t S h a
,

m o ki n t o p ro tect th em .

F or t Augu st a w a s a ve ry imp or t an t pl a ce of d efe n s e

i n the F r e n ch and Ind i an w ar and i n the Th P op l e u a .

R evo l u ti on Dur i ng the forme r few settle r s

.
“m Gm “
,

v e n tur e d b ey ond it for it w a s the n t h e m o st nor the rn

,

pl a ce of d ef e n se i n the Su s qu eh anna v alley bey ond

"

'

the B l u e m oun t a i n s North u mbe rl and h ad its be g i n

.

n in g s i n a p u blic h ou se p u t u p t o a cc o mm odate
th o se wh o c a me t o see the l and i n the n ew p urch a se “
'

m ad e a t F ort S t an wix 1 768 ( see m ap p This

, , .

wa s the l a st p urch a se u n d e r the P ro p riet aries and ,

it exte nd e d the limits of settleme n t beyond the forks

72 A H istor y f
o P en n sy lva nia

of the Su s qu eh anna b o th al ong the W est a n d the ,

Nor th b ran ches Bu t the N orth B ran ch bey ond B l oo ms

.

b urg l ay in the d isp u te d te rr it ory cl a ime d by Con

n ecticu t and,
w a s settle d fro m the nor th F ort .

M c Cl u r e n e ar Bl oo msb urg w a s b u ilt by the fa m ou s

, ,

Indi an fighte r Van Ca mpe n and n ame d afte r the

, ,
:

fir st settle r J a mes M c Cl u r e wh o go t a p ate n t f or

, ,

his l and i n 1 772 The settle r s a t the l o we r e nd

.

of the Nor th b ran ch v iewe d with j e a l ou sy the occu

pa tion of the n ei g hb or i ng l and s of W y omm g by the

Yan kees Dr W illi a m P l unket a s mag ist rate and
. .
,

c o l o n el i n 1 775 by au th or ity of the go v e rnor le d an

,
'

, ,

expe diti on aga i n st them ; b ut a t the N a n ticok e Na r

ro ws he w a s met by the e n emy and for ce d t o r et urn
with ou t a cc o mplishing anythi ng .

A l ong the W est B ran ch the st re a m of p o p u l a ti on

fl
,

"
Th F i P 1 m
e a : - flo wi ng north w a s m u ch st ro n g e r ; for
’

s ttl m m
e e
the r e we r e few N ew Engl an d e r s ahe ad
t o bl o ck its w ay Q uake r s fro m the l o we r c oun ties
.

settle d P en n sb or ou g h no w M un cy name d afte r the , ,

M on sey Ind i an s wh o i nh abite d th at secti on of the

,

v a lley . F or t Mu n cy w a s e r ecte d n e ar by i n 1 778 ;

i n fact fro m Sun b ury t o Lo ck H av e n the r e wa s a
, ,

li n e of for ts and e a ch of them bec a me the sce n e of

,

m an y a le g e nd of b ord e r w arfare M any G e rm an s .

and S c o tch Irish als o found thei r w ay i n t o t he pin e

-

cl ad m oun t a in s of this r e g i on The re w a s an u n .

ce r t ai n ty for s o me ye ar s afte r the p ur ch a se of 1 768

'

, ,

ab ou t its e xa ct b oundaries The P ro p riet aries h ad .

forbi dd e n settleme n t i n this dou btfu l t ra ct ; b u t thei r

p ro cl am ati on w a s no t hee d e d A d v e n t ure r s t oo k pos .

sessi on of the l and and organ ize d a l o c a l go v e rn me n t .

They annually electe d i n ro t a ti on th ree of their nu m

 P opu la tion a nd A dj u stmen t of B oun da r ies 73

“
be r wh o m they c a lle d fa ir pl ay
,
”
a s j udg es
-
men , to a ct

i n all c on t ro v e r sies F ro m thei r d ec i s ion s the re w a s

.

“
no a ppe al E v e ry n ewc o me r h ad t o apply t o the fa i r
.

pl ay ”
me n for his l and A n y pe r s on r esisti ng the .

“
e nfor ceme n t of the fa i r pl a y c od e wa s pl a ce d i n a
” -

c ano e ro we d t o the m ou th of L yc o mi ng c r eek and

, ,

the r e set adrift The a cts of this un i qu e c our t we r e

.

afte rward s all o we d a s e v id e n ce i n th e est ablishe d c ourts ,

a n d the bon a fid e settle r s betwee n L yc o mi ng and P i n e

-

c r eeks e a ch g ot th r ee h un dr e d a c r es of l and A m o st .

si ngu l ar c o i n ci de n ce o cc urr e d i n the hist ory of these

“fa ir pl a y ” me n on J u ly 4 1 776
-
Early i n the su m , .

me r they h ad he ard th at Congress c on templ ate d i nd e

pen d en ce fr om Gr e a t Br it a i n A cc ord i ngly on the .
,

ab o v e date far fro m the s ound of the L ibe rty B ell

, ,

they a ssemble d ou Pin e c r eek and afte r s o me p a t r i

-

, ,

o tic d isc u ssi on p a sse d a set of r es o l u ti on s d ecl ar ing

,

themsel v es fr ee a n d in depen den t .

North u mbe rl and c oun ty w a s er ecte d i n 1 772 ou t , ,

of Lan c a ste r Cu mbe rl and B e rks Nor th

C ou ti
, , ,
E t d n es r ec e

a mpt on and B e dford I t w a s r e du ce d to .

its p r esen t size by the s u ccessive e r ecti on of Lu z e rn e

,
,

M ifilin L yc o mi ng C e n tr e Co lu mbi a and Un i on c oun

, , ,

ties . F ort A ugu st a ( Sun b ury ) w a s m ad e the se a t of

j u stice L yc o ming c oun ty w a s n ot for me d un til 1 795
.
,

ele v e n ye ar s afte r the l a st p urch a se fro m the Indi an s

( see m a p p ,
I t c o mp ri se d ori g ina lly a ll of the
.

nor thweste rn p ar t of the S t ate W illi a msport name d .

,

p rob ably afte r W illi a m a s on of Mich a el Ro ss u p on , ,

wh o se l an d the c ounty se a t wa s l o c ate d w a s l a i d ou t ,

s oon afte r the for m a ti on of the c oun ty I t is on e of

‘

the m o st be au ti ful t o wn s i n P e nn syl v an i a and is l o ,

ca ted i n a v a lley of s u r p a ssi ng grand e ur and l o v eli n ess .

74 A H istor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

The Jun i at a v alley w a s settle d l arg ely b y S c o tch

Th J u i t
e n a a Irish wh o m ad e thei r wa y fro m the Cu mbe r
,

Va ll y
e
l and v alley th rough the ga ps i n the B l u e
m oun t a in s A good m an y G e rm an s als o l o c ate d withi n
.

its b ord e r s ; b u t they we r e no t e n c ourag e d t o do so .

In 1 75 5 the P ro p riet ar ies i n st ru cte d thei r age n ts to

,

i ndu ce the S c o tch Irish t o settle i n Cu mbe rl and c oun ty

-

and the G e rm an s i n York i n or de r t o p r eve n t c o llisi on s

,

betwee n them Cu mbe rl and c oun ty at th a t time ex

.

“
te nd e d westward of the Su s qu eh anna and northward ,

and westward of the c oun ty of York ”

I t i n clud e d the .

J un ia ta v alley and w a s aft e rw ard s c alle d M o the r “

,

Cu mbe rl and ”
bec au se so m an y c oun ties h ad bee n
,

forme d fro m it The fir st settleme nts i n the J u n ia ta

.

v a lley we r e m ad e a d ec ad e or m or e be for e 1 750 They .

we re est ablishe d i n S he r m an s v alley n ow P e rry

’
,

c oun ty i n T u sc arora v alley no w J un i at a c oun ty and

, , ,

i n A ughwick v alley n ow F u lt on c oun ty by pi o nee rs

, ,

fro m Carlisle and the Cono c o che agu e B u t a s the .

l and s nor th of the B l u e m oun t a i n s h ad no t yet been

b ought fro m the Indi an s the l atte r c o mpl a i n e d ; a n d,

the p ro vi n ci a l go ve rn me n t ord e r e d the i nt rud e r s t o be ;

drive n ou t and their c abi n s b urn e d T o this eve n t .

,

“B urn t Cabi n s ” a v ill ag e i n F u lt on c oun ty o wes it

, s ,

n a me . M any of the s qua tte r s r et urn e d and arou se d

!

an im o sities a m ong the s av ag es t hat b urn e d with u n ,

qu e n ch able fury duri ng the wa r th a t s oon b roke ou t .

The go v e rnme n t bei n g u n able t o keep the i n t rud e rs

,

ou t m ad e the A lb an y p urch a se i n 1 754 ( s ee m ap p 6 )

, , .

Ho w e v e r the Ind i an s we re still n ot s a tisfi e d

,
The .

p urch a se c on t rary t o thei r und e r st and i ng in cl u de d the

, ,

West B r a n ch of the Su s qu e hanna N e v e rtheless a .

,

l and o ffice wa s a t on ce o pe n e d for the s ale of l and s

 P opu la tion a nd A dj u stmen t f
o B ou n d a r ies 75

i n the J u n ia ta v alley . S m all and sc a tte r e d settle

me n ts we r e m ad e aroun d L ewist o wn H un ti ngdon a n d ,

B e dford .

\
The fir st settle r s ab out L ewist o w n c a m e fro m the
Cono c o che agu e by way of the A ughwick S m m t f .
e e en o

Ju i t V n "
They b u ilt F ort Gr an ville which wa s ,
n a a a e

—
d est ro ye d by weste rn Ind ian s i n 1 756 wh o force d its ,

o cc up ants s o l d ie r s and s o me settle r s with thei r fa mi

—
,

lies t o m ake a for ce d m ar ch to Kitt ann i ng whe n ce ,

they n eve r r eturn e d . The white ma n h o wev e r h ad a, ,

st rong Indi an frie nd on the J un i at a i n the pe r s on of

Logan the Mi n go chie f H un ti ngdon l ong k no wn a s
,
.
,

S t and i ng S t on e wa s likewise settle d by wa y of the

,

“
Aughwick and is l o c a te d on the site of the
, S t and
i ng S t on e wh o se nam e m ay be r e garde d a s a t ran s
”
,

l a ti on of On oj u tta H aga or the J un i at a pe o ple a

-
, ,

n a me found on m a ps a s e ar ly a s 1 659 Conrad W eise r

.

“
me ntion e d S t anding S t on e a s a c ur i o sity and J o h n
”
,

H ar r is d esc ribe d it a s bei ng fourtee n feet hi g h and

s ix i n ches s quar e and c on t a i n i ng Ind i an hie rog lyp hics .

The Indi ans ve n e rate d the

“
“S t anding S t on e ”
and ,

p ro b ably c arrie d it wi th them afte r the s a le of the

,

va ll ey ,ln 1 754 . J ack s Narrow

’
s bel o w Hun ti ngdo n
, ,

is als o a pl ace su g g e stive of i n te r estin g hist ory I t .

is na me d afte r Capt a i n J a ck A rmst rong who w a s a ,

fr ie nd i n n ee d to the pe o ple of the J u n ia ta v a lley on

man y o cc a s i on s and a te rror t o the Indi an s B e dford
, .

h ad its ori g in i n the F or t at R a y stown t o which the

“ ”
,

set tler s c ou l d flee for p ro tecti on aga i n st Indi an i n c ur

si on s
. In 1 755 the p ro vi n ci a l au th or ities se n t 300
,

me n ou t t o c u t a road fro m F or t Lon don t o B e dford ,

t o j om B raddo ck s road west of the A lle ghe n ies

’
It .

w a s c o mplete d by G e n e ra l F orbes in 1 758 t o e nable ,

76 A H is tor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

him to r e ach F ort Duqu es n e B e dford wa s f or m an y

.

ye ar s a milit ary st a ti on and a st o ppi ng pl a ce for a dv en

tu r er s bet w ee n Carlisle and F ort P itt A n i n te r esti ng .
,

sp o t i n wh at is no w B l a ir c oun ty is the S i nking

-

S p r in g v alley I t c on t a i n e d le ad mi n es which we r e
.
.
,

p r o b ably k no w n t o the F r e n ch a s e arly a s 1 750 The .

Indi an s of this r e g i on we r e a lways s u pplie d with an

ab undan ce of le ad b u t whe r e they o bt a i n e d it
,

w a s l ong a sec r et In the Rev o l u ti on s o me of the

.
,

b u llets fir e d a t the R e dc oa ts wer e m ad e fro m the

S i nking S p rin g le ad .

A fte r B raddo ck s d e f e at
’
the Ind i an s f ell with
,

I di R w
n an a
me r ciless fur y u p on the i nfan t settleme n ts
a g i th e
es n i n the Ju n ia ta v alley and a lth oug h the ,
J u i t v ll y
n a a a e
t r e a ty of 1 758 ( see m ap p 6 ) h ad r e , .

m o v e d the obj ecti on s t o the p ur ch a se of 1 754 yet ,

s a v ag e v e n g e a n ce r ev ele d i n bl ood till 1 764 Carlisle .

,

S hippe n sburg and C h ambe r sb urg we r e fre qu e n tly

c ro wd e d with settle r s fro m the J u n ia ta v a lley wh o ,

h ad fle d with thei r fam ilies fl o cks and furn itur e t o , ,

esc ape the t o m ah awk and the fir eb r a n d Cro ps we r e .

harv este d und e r the p ro tecti on of the militi a O n on e

—
.

o cc a sion an e n tir e sc h oo l i n F rankli n c oun ty M a ste r

—
,

B ro w n and his te n p u pils we r e m urd e r e d while a t

'

thei r b oo ks I t w a s no t un til Co l on el B ouqu et h ad

.

dr i v e n the weste r n Ind i an s bey ond the O hi o and m ad e ,

them su e f or pe ace ( see p . th a t thesettle r s of the

J un i a t a v alley c ou l d pl o w thei r fi el d s gathe r thei r ,

h arvests and e at thei r b r e ad with ou t fe ar of the

, ,

sc alpi ng k n ife -
F ro m th a t tim e un til the Re v o l u ti on
.
,

the p o p u l ation grew un i n te rru pte dly M a n y G e r m an s

.

fro m L an ca ste r c ounty and fro m M aryl and we re n ow

a tt racte d by the rich n ess of the limest on e v alleys .
 P opu la tion a nd A dj u s tmen t o f B oun da r ies

Bu t dur ing the R ev o l u ti on the r e w a s a r eturn m o v e

me n t . B ritish m araude r s with Ind i an a llies c au se d
, ,

m an y fa milies t o r em o v e t o e a s te rn c oun ties for s afety .

A l ong the s ou the rn b ord e r c oun ties e a st of the

m oun t a i n s nu me rou s settle r s we r e fro m
, Th M y l nd e ar a

3 “d y
M aryl and The r e a s on for this w a s th a t
.
° n a’

the B a ltim or es l a i d cl a im t o a p art of P e nn sylv an i a

north of the p r ese n t li n e and e n c ourag e d thei r pe o ple
,

t o o cc u py it ; A cc ord ing t o his ch ar te r P e nn s p ro v

’
,

i n ce w a s t o be b ound e d on the s ou th by the ci r c u m

fe r e nce of a ci rcle whose ce n te r w a s N ew Ca stle and
wh o se rad i u s w a s twelve miles i n le ng th t o be drawn ,

“
fro m nor th t o west till it r e a che d the be g i nn i ng of
the fortieth d e gree ”
F ro m this p o in t of c on t act the
.
,

b oundary lin e wa s t o exte nd d ir ectly westw ard fi ve

d e gr ees of l ongitude Lord B a ltim or e s ch arter m ad e
.
’

th e nor the rn b oundary Of M aryl and exte nd west fro m

“
th at p ar t of D el aw ar e b ay which lieth und e r the
fortieth d e gr ee of l a tit ud e ”
The B altim or es c on te nd e d
.

“
th a t the w ord s lieth unde r we r e t o b e t ake n lite r
”
, , .

a lly a s if a h ug e figur e 40 l a y o v e r S i xty g e ogra phic a l

,

miles ; th at thei r gran t exte nd e d o ve r the l and betwee n

the 39th a n d 40th p ara llels The P e nn s hel d th a t the
.

w ord s “ be g i nn ing of the for tieth d e gr ee ”

i n their
, ,

ch arte r likew i se h ad r e fe re n ce t o the e nti r e sp a ce

,

betwee n the 39th and 40th p arallels ; th at the 40th

d e gr ee be gan a t the 39th j u st a s the fir st d e gr ee m ay
,

be s a i d to be g i n a t the e quat or The wi d th of a .

d e gr ee the r efor e wa s i n d isp u te on a cc oun t of the

, , ,

u nfor t una te exp r essi on s i n the two ch arte r s Lord .

.

B al tim ore by v i rt u e of his ch arte r a ls o l a i d cl a i m t o

, ,

the wh o le pe n in s u l a betwee n the C hes ape ake b a y and

the A tl an tic o ce an north of a li n e dra wn a c ro ss fro m
78 A H istor y o f P en nsylva n ia

’
Wa tk in s Po i n t B u t the ph ra se “ha cten us in cu lta s ”
—
.
,

“
me an ing hithe rt o un c ultiv ate d exclude d D el awar e ”
,

bec au se it h ad bee n c u ltiv a te d by the S we d es and

Dutch H o we v e r a s the r e we r e no ex a ct b oundar ies
.
, ,

the M aryl and e r s we r e c on ti nua lly e n c roa chi ng u p on

“the th r ee l o we r c oun ties ” D el a ware
( ) a s well a s on ,

the s ou the rn b ord e r of P e nn sylvan i a .

The d isp u te dragg e d its we ary le ng th th rough m or e

th an ei g hty ye ar s Th r ee English s o v e :
of D i p ut
.

Yea r s s e

r ei gn s h ad t o do with the vex ati ou s

'

qu esti on The Pro p r iet or s h ad a few i n te rviews in

.

A me r ic a b u t p ar te d a s sec r et e n emies especi a lly af te r

, ,

they h ad d isc o ve r e d th a t the 40th p arallel d i d n ot p a ss

th rou gh New Ca stle a s h ad bee n s u pp o se d b u t m u ch
, ,

farthe r north W ith Lord B altim or e it w a s te rr it ory ;

.

with W illi a m P e nn it w a s w ate r fron t ag e on C hes a

pe ake b ay ‘
The l atte r on ce o ff e r e d t o b u y su icien t
. fl
te rr it ory of B altim or e t o g et a p or t on the b ay b u t ,

met with a r efu s a l The cl a ims we r e a sse r te d with

.

v i o le n ce and o cc a si onal bl ood she d S ettler s r efu sed .

t o p ay t a xes bec au se they d i d n ot k no w t o wh o m t o

,

p ay them .

“
These c onflicts o cc urr e d chiefly i n the th r ee l o we r
Sc en e o f c oun ties a n d i n York c ounty the n Lan
”
,

“ CW 5 “ c a ste r
1°
In 1 730 Lord B altim or e se n t a b o l d
.
,

b u t pli an t adve n tur e r na me d Th o m a s Cr es ap to settle

, ,

i n the Con ej ohel a v a lley whe r e a n u mbe r of o the r s ,

h ad p r evi ou sly l o c ate d und e r M aryl and gran ts Co m .

missi on e d a s a j u stice of the pe a ce Cr es ap c ame t o ,

Wr i ght s fe rry and be gan t o b u il d b oa ts and e r ect a

’

h ou se . H e c ame i n c onflict with P e nn sylv an i an s a c ro ss

the r iv e r and eve n se n t on e t o the A nna p o lis j a il
,
He .

als o a tt acke d J o h n Wri ght the forem o st Q uake r i n ,

 P opu l a tion a nd A dj u stmen t f B ou n da r ies
o 79

Lan c a ste r coun ty while the l a tte r wa s r e a pi ng gra i n

,

on the west si d e of the Su s qu eh an n a No t being able .

to c o pe with Wr i ght Cres a p h ad the go ve rnor of

,

M aryl and se nd the militi a t o his a ssist an ce ; b u t the

Q ua ke r far m er and his S c o tch Ir ish n ei g hb or
-
s we r e
m or e th an a m atch for the M aryl and e r s N ev e rtheless .
,

Cres a p wa s a d ist urbing eleme n t for s o me time Finally .

,

i n 1 73 6 the sher ifi of Lan c a ste r c ounty c a pture d the

!
,

d ist urbe r of the pe ace by fir ing his h ou se H e w a s t ake n .

t o Phil ad elphi a i n t r iu mph a n d l odg e d i n j a il M aryl and .

the n se n t an arme d for ce of th ree h undr e d me n i n t o

the Su s qu eh anna v alley A fte r m or e bl ood she d these
.
,

we r e drive n b a ck and all efi or ts t o c o l on ize th a t

,

p ar t of P e nn sylv an i a with M aryl ande r s we re ab andon e d

in 1 738 .

Soon afte r these quarr els i n York c oun ty h ad be gun ,

m u t ual agr eeme n ts we r e m ad e i n 1 732 t o , S ttl m t , e e en

settle the b oundar ies a s fo ll ows ( see an y

m ap of the Mi dd le S t ates ) : Th a t a semici r cle sh ou l d
be draw n a t twelve miles fro m N ew Ca stle o be d ie n t ,

t o the ch arte r of P e nn sylv an i a ; th at a lin e sh ou l d

be run fro m Cape H e n l o pe n dir ectly west t o the ex a ct
ce n te r of the pe n i n s u l a and a pe rpe nd ic u l ar be draw n
,

northw ard fro m the weste rn e nd of s aid lin e till it

t ou che d the ext r eme p o i n t of the circ u m fe re n ce thu s ,

making a t an g e n t ; th a t fro m this p o i n t a g a l n a li n e

be t ra ce d du e north till it r e a che d a p o i n t fiftee n
st atu te miles s ou th of the m o st s ou the rly p o in t of
P hil ad elphi a ; th a t st ar ti ng a t the nor the rn e nd of
,

this l in e a no the r be draw n d i rectly west fi v e d e g r ees

, ,

the weste rn limit of P en n sy l v a m a A s the weste rn .

l an d s we r e the n u n settle d it wa s agr eed t o run the

,

l a st nam ed lin e o n ly twen ty fiv e miles bey ond the

- -
80 A H is tor y f
o P en n sy lva n ia

Su s qu eh anna a t th a t time W he n e v e rythi ng w . as in

r e ad in ess a disp u te aro se a s t o the le ng th of the ci r
,

cu mf er en ce and the m a tte r h ung fire till 1 739 whe n

, ,

“
wh at is k no w n a s the temp orary li n e ”
w a s run
westw ard of the Su s qu eh anna a s far a s the Kitt a
ti nn y hills The d isp u te the n go t i n t o the Cou r t of
.

C h an ce ry and w a s no t d eci d e d un til 1 750 whe n the

, ,

Lord C h a n cell or ord e r e d the agr eeme n t of 1 732 t o be

c arr ie d ou t The c o mmissi on e r s met and agr ee d t o
.

m ake the c our t h ou se a t New Ca stle the ce nte r of the

cir cle . B u t M aryl and i n siste d on a s urfa ce me a s ur e
me n t o f the radi u s i n ste ad of an a st rono mic al and
,

g e o met ric al me a s ur eme n t The P e nn s w ou l d n ot agr ee

.

t o this and the w ork w a s on ce m or e p u t off

, .

Fi nally i n 1 761 afte r C h an ce r y h ad d eci de d i n

, ,

Mas o n and fa v or of a h or i z on t al me a s ur eme n t two ,

D im “Li ne
expe r t Eng lish s urvey or s C h arles M a s on ,

and Je r emi a h D ix on we r e a pp o i n te d t o r un the lin es

, .

I t t oo k them seve ra l ye ar s t o draw the cir cle fi x the ,

t ang e n t and l o c ate the be gi nn i ng of the s ou the rn

,

b oundary of P e nn sylv an i a This b oundary k no w n .

,

a s M a s on and D ix on s li n e w a s exte nde d westward

’
,
°
i n l atit ud e 39 for a d ist an ce of 230 miles i n ,

the ye ar 1 767 A t i n te rv als of fi ve miles the s urvey

.
,

or s pl a ce d st on es m arke d on the north with the arms

of Th o m a s and R ich ard P e nn and on the s ou th with

.

the ar ms of Lord B altim ore S m a lle r st on es we r e .

pl ace d a t the e nd of eve ry mile W he r e t r a n sp ort a

—
.

ti on wa s no l o n g e r p o ssible bey ond the foo t of S i d e

A
ling hill t o the s u mmit of the lle ghe n ies — he a ps of
ston es m arke d the li n e ; and the n ce to the e nd p o sts ,

s urround e d with st on es and e ar th The st on es u se d

a s far a s S id eling hill we r e imp orte d fro m Engl and
.

.
 P opu la tion a nd A dj u s tmen t o f B ou n d a r ies 81

The Ind i an s b ei ng fe ar e d the r em a i nde r of the s ou the rn

,

b oundary of the S t a te w a s run by o the r s urv ey or s i n ,

1 782 . M a s on and D ix on r eturn e d t o Engl and b u t thei r ,

names bec ame h ou seh o l d word s i n A me ric a Ma s on .

and D ix on s li n e bec ame fa m ou s a s the d i v isi on b e

’

twee n the fr ee S t ates and the sl av e S t a tes The little .

t ri angu l ar piece of l an d betwee n the t ang e n t and the

semici r cle exte ndi ng do wn fro m the e a ste rn te rminu s
,

of M a s on and D ix on s li n e
’ “
k no w n a s the fla t i ron ”
, ,

wa s r ece n tly t ran s fe rre d by P e nn sylv an i a t o D el a war e ;

b u t the t ran s a cti on h a s no t yet bee n c o mplete d by
D el a ware and Congr ess .

“
V i rgi n i a by v ir t u e of he r sea t o sea ch arte r m ad e ”
, ,

an i nd efin ite cl a i m t o all l and s west a n d W t m es e

“
“

P m y‘ i‘
northwest of he r c oa st li n e S he ther e for e .
e s va n

hel d th a t the r e g ion ab ou t the forks of the O hi o

bel ong e d to her A cc ord i ngly i n 1 749 the O hi o Land
.
, ,

Co mp an y m o st of wh o se member s we r e V ir gi n i an s
, ,

tw o of them bei ng b ro the r s of G e n e ra l Wa shi ng t on ,

sec ur e d fro m G e org e II a gran t of h alf a milli on a c r es

on the b ran ches of the O hi o I ts o bj ect wa s t o for m .

a b arrie r aga i n st the F re n ch a n d t o est ablis h t r ad e

'

with the Ind i an s Und e r its au spices C h rist o phe r G ist

.
, ,

afte rward s the c o mp an i on of Wa shi n gt on on his j ourn ey

t o F or t L e B oe uf expl or e d the c oun t ry
,
W ith elev e n .

o the r fa milies he settle d withi n the p r ese n t li m its of

,

Fayette c oun ty T o check the e n c roachme n ts of the

.

F r e n ch a for t w a s be gun in 1 754 on the site of

, ,

P ittsb urg b u t the e n emy c a ptur e d the V i rg in i an s while

e ngage d i n its e r ecti on fin ishe d it and n ame d it F ort
, ,

Duques n e In the ye ar foll owm g its c apt ur e by G e n e r al

.

F orbes ( see p 1 33) it w a s r ebu ilt and nam e d F ort P itt

.
, ,

i n h onor of P itt the d istinguishe d En g lish st atesm an

, .

F
82 A H is tor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

B e for e 1 758 , the wester n p ar t o f P e nn syl v an i a c ou l d

p b
or es R
’
d be app roache d fro m the e a st on ly by the
oa ,

d P itt b g
an s
rou te of the J u n ia ta and the Kisk im in ita s
ur
.

In th at ye ar F orbes fin ishe d a s far a s the Lo y alh anna

,

the road p r ev i ou sly be gun fro m F or t Loudon by w ay

of B edf ord This o pe n e d the w ay for nu me rou s s et
.

tl er s fro m the e a ste rn c oun ties no t ably the S c o tch ,

Irish .They l o c a te d i n the L i gon ie r v alley a t H anna s ,

t o wn and ab ou t the forks of the O hi o

, W ith settle r s .

fro m M aryl and and V irg i n i a they p o ssesse d the l a n d ,

i n c o mp arati v e qu iet till Pon ti a c s wa r Pittsb urg w a s ’

.

be gun i n 1 760 and the n ext ye ar h ad 1 04 h ou ses

, ,

shelte r ing 332 pe r s on s B u t whe n Pon ti a c s c on spi

.
’

ra cy h ad bee n h atche d the i n fan t t o w n w a s c u t off

,

fro m all c o mm un ic a tion ; and ha d it no t bee n for

Co l on el B ouqu et s v ict ory o v e r the s av ag es a t B u shy
’

run i n 1 764 ( see p

,
it mi ght h av e bee n wipe d ou t
.

of existe n ce H e for ce d the Ind i an s t o with dr a w fro m

.

weste rn P e nn syl v an i a and r eti r e bey ond the O hi o .

Co l on el J o h n Campbell i n 1 765 l a i d ou t forty , ,

s quar es ; b u t the t o w n w a s a p oor affa i r the n Nor .

di d it m ake m u ch p rogress un til afte r the R e v o l u ti on .

“
The p ro cl a m a ti on li n e by which Engl and afte r the
”
, ,

F r e n ch and Ind i an w ar forb ad e the c o l on ists t o settle

,

west of the he adwa te r s of the r iv e r s i n the A tl an tic

’
b a si n i n te rfer e d with the gro wth of Pittsb urg and
,

the c oun t ry around it The settle r s of R e d st on e c ree k

.

and C he at r iv e r we r e a t on e time dri v e n aw ay i n pur

s u a n c e of the p ro cl a m a ti on A l a wwa s p a sse d by the
.

A ssembly imp o si n g the d e a th pe nalty with ou t be n e fi t ,

of cle rgy for t r esp a ssing u p on l and s n ot p u r ch a se d

,

f r o m the Ind i a n s B u t no thi n g dau n te d the t r esp a sse r s ;

.

they r et urn e d a g a i n and aga i n T o a v o i d these r ec ur .

 P opu la tion a nd A dj u stmen t f
o B ou n d a r ies 83

ring d iffic u lties the p urch a se a t F or t S t anwix w a s m ad e

,

( see m a p p I t o pe n e d the c ount ry around the

, .

O hi o for l e gitim a te settleme n t A l an d o ffice w a s .

o pe n e d and a ra pi d i n c r e a se of p o p u l ati on fo ll o we d
, .

In 1 769 the P e nn s s urveye d a m anor of

,
a c res a t
P ittsb urg and i n the c oun t ry e a st of it and s ou th of
the M onongahel a B u t th o M anor of P ittsb urg a s
'

—
—
.

it w a s c alle d w a s no t l a i d ou t i nt o l o ts a s l ong a s
V i rgi n i a cl a ime d the l and .

5
A n ew d i ffic u lty aro se j u st be for e the R ev o l u ti on .

In 1 773 the c ounty of W estm or el and in

C ll i i
,
o s on s

cl ud i ng a ll of the s ou thweste rn p orti on of

the p ro vi n ce west of Laur el H ill wa s forme d H anna s , .

t o wn on the ol d F orbes road n e ar the p rese n t site of

, ,

Gr ee n sb urg w a s m ad e the c ounty se a t

,
I t w a s the .

fir st pl a ce i n the Mississippi v alley whe r e j u stice w a s

ad mi n iste r e d by vir t u e of j ud ici a l au th or ity I t wa s .

—
the on ly c o llecti on of h ou ses ab ou t thi rty i n nu mbe r
wor thy the na me of t o w n betwee n B e dford and Pitts
b urg . W he n V i rg i n i a sa w th a t Pe nn sylv an i a wa s ex
te ndi ng j uris d icti on o v e r the forks of the O hi o she ,

r e n ewe d he r cl a ims t o th a t c oun t ry B e for e the l and .

h ad bee n p urch a se d fro m the Ind i an s the settle r s ,

we r e so f ew th at no c o llisi on s o cc ur r e d Now it wa s .

o the r wise Lord Dun m or e Go ve rnor of V i rg in i a

.
, ,

a sse r te d th a t Pittsb urg w a s ou tsi d e of the limits of

P e nn sylv an i a H e pl a ce d i n c o mm and Dr J o h n Con
. .

n elly a P e nn syl v an i an b u t a willi ng t oo l wh o t oo k

, , ,

p o ssessi on of F ort Pitt and ch ang e d its name t o F ort

Dun m ore Conn elly d efi e d the P e nn sylv an i a m agis
.

t rates and o the r o ffi ce r s of the S t ate and c o mm and e d ,

the pe o ple of W est m or el and c oun ty to r ec ogn ize the

au th ority of Lord Dun m or e A rth ur S t C l ai r a Pe nn . .
,
84 A H is tor y f
o P en n sy lva n ia

syl v an i a m agist ra te h ad Conn elly arr este d and b ound

,

o ve r t o keep the pe ace This the Do ct or d i d no t do

. .

H e g ot a c o mmissi on fro m V i rg i n i a t o a ct a s j u stice of

the pe a ce i n A ugu st a
c oun ty which exte nd e d ,

o v e r the disp u te d te r
r itor y l n P e nn syl v an i a .

H e the n a ppe are d a t

H anna st o w n with 1 50
me n a ll arme d and ,

with c o l o r s flyi ng ,

pl ac e d se n tin els a t the

H ou of A th ur S t C l i
se r .

door of the c ou r t h ou se
a r .

,
‘

and kept the m ag ist rat es fro m e n te r i ng Lord Dun .

m or e no w est ablishe d a c our t a t F or t P itt and d e ,

m a n d ed o be die n ce t o its d ec r ees .

T h S tt l m
e e e t en
fl
The m a tte r n e x t go t i n t o Congr ess whe r e s u ch me n
a s J e er son a n d H e nry of V irg i n i a and ,
,

F ran kli n of P e nn sylv an i a advise d th a t

, ,

the tr oo ps be with drawn Th ough this w a s no t don e

.

a t on ce yet the R ev o l u ti on b rought ab ou t a m or e

,

b ro the r ly feeli n g ; and by 1 779 the V i rg in i an s and

P e nn s ylv an i an s agree d t o a settleme nt A com .

m i ss i on on which se rv e d the celeb ra te d a strono me r

, ,

R itte n h ou se w a s a pp o i nte d t o run the b oundary

,

by exte n d ing M a s on a n d D i x o n s li n e t o its weste rn

’

limit of fiv e d e grees The r e a me r i di an wa s

.

dra wn a s far north a s the O hi o W i d e v ist a s we r e .

c u t th rough the forests o v e r the hi g h hill s and t r ees ,

wer e d e ad e n e d or felle d i n the v alleys S t on es we r e .

set u p a t irr e gu l ar i n te rv a ls a n d m a r ke d on the e a st

si d e with the lette r P and on the west sid e with the
,

lette r V C e d ing he r weste rn l and s north of the O hi o t o

.
 P opu la tion a nd A dj ustm en t o f B ou n d a r ies 85

Congress i n 1 784 V i rg in i a h ad no fur the r i n te r est

,

i n the b oundary and n ext ye ar Pe nn syl v an i a a l on e

,

exte nde d the me r i d i an t o Lake Er ie .

A fte r the R ev o l u ti on affa i r s i n weste rn P e nn syl v an i a

,

we r e g e n e rally p e a cefu l The ol d S t a te road S uthw t

.
o e s er n

w a s o pe n e d al ong the t r a il o f F orbes and / P y

,
l v i en n s an a

nu me rou s v ill ag es sp rang u p a l ong its W a y Gr ee n s .

b urg wa s found e d on the site of a bl o ckh ou se of the

R e v o l uti on
. H anna st o w n h ad bee n wipe d off the m a p
‘
of W estm or el and c oun ty J u ly 1 3 1 782 b y on e of
, , ,

the m o st c ru el I n di an a tt acks on r ec ord The Ind i an s .

,

unde r the fa m ou s S e n ec a chie f K ya shu ta arr iv e d fro m

, ,

a c r oss the A lle ghe n y ri v e r e arly in the m orn ing ,

a pplie d the t orch t o the hi st oric v ill ag e a n d c arrie d ,

s o me of its d e fe n celess i n h abit ants i n t o c apti vity .

Wa shingt on c oun ty which a t fir st i n clud e d Gr ee n e

, ,

wa s c u t off fro m W estm or el and s oon afte r V i rg i n i a s ’

cl a im h ad bee n ab andon e d .

I ts or i g ina l s ou the rn p c p u
l ati on h ad ga in e d m an y a c
cessi on s fro m P e n n sylv an i a
S c o tch Ir ish a n d Germ an s
-
.

Dunk ard creek i n Gr ee n e

,

c oun ty be ar s e v i d e n ce of a
,

G e rm an sect th at found its

w ay ou t the r e fro m the e a st
e rn c oun ties F ayette c oun ty
.

w a s e recte d s oon afte r Wa sh

in g ton and it no w h a s withi n
,

B dd wk s G v ’

its b ord e r s the hist oric sp o ts ra ra °~

of Gr e a t Me ado ws F or t N ecessity and B raddo ck s

, ,
’

grav e. A lle ghe n y which a t fir st i n cl ud e d a ll the te rr i

,

t ory no r th a n d west of the O hi o a n d A lle ghe n y r ive r s ,

86 A H is tor y f
o P en n sy lva n ia

wa s a ls o for me d fro m the m othe r c oun ty of s ou thweste rn

—
P e nn sylv an i a W estm or el and The t o w n l o ts i n the .

M anor of Pittsb urg no w h ad a r e ady s ale Pr ev iou s t o .

this time the r e we r e few b u il d i ng s ou tsi d e the for t

, ,

except th o se o cc u pie d by Indi an t rade r s and s o l die r s ’

families In 1 790 the t o w n c on t ain e d 200 h ou ses

.
,

pe o ple on e n ewsp ape r and a f ew m anufa ct uri ng

, ,

establishme n ts B u t a m o v eme n t of p o p u l a ti on the n

.

be gan i n the Un ite d S t ates th a t m ad e it gro w m or e

rapidl y N ew Engl and e r s and V i rg in i an s a s well a s
.
,

P e nn sylv an i an s fl o cke d i n t o th e O hi o v a lley bec au se

,

the Nor thwest Te rr it o r y h ad bee n organ ize d and

o pe n e d for settleme nt P ittsb urg bec a me a pl a ce
.

of t rad e with these n ew and e v e r i n c r ea si ng settle

“

m e n ts and its fu t ur e gr e at n ess w a s a ss ur e d .

The no r thweste rn p ar t of the S t ate k no w n a s the ,

“In di an c oun t ry ” afte r the F r e n ch w ar

Th I d i
e n a ns ,

D i pp
sa f m c on stit u te d
ea r ro the p urch a se of 1 784 ( see
Pen n sy lv i an a
m ap p by which the Ind i an title t o
, .

the l a st foo t of s o il i n P e nn sylv an i a w a s extin

g u i shed H o we v e r the Ind i an s c on ti nu e d t o i nfest
.
,

’
this secti on un til Way n e s t r e aty a t Ft Gr ee n ville .
,

1 79 5 This p u t an e nd to thei r h o stility and on ly

.
,

on e chie f exe r cise d do mi n i on the r e afte r withi n the

S t ate H is r ese rv a ti on r em a i n s i n t a ct t oda y
. G yan t .

“
wochia the cor n pl a n ter bec ame the frie nd of the
,
”
,

settle r s afte r the R evo lu ti on and the S t a te gave him ,

pe rmissi on t o select a c r es of l and for himself a n d

his d esce ndan ts H e ch o se 640 a c res on the west
.

b ran ch of the A lle ghe n y ab ou t fiftee n miles ab o ve ,

W a rr e n t og ethe r with two l arg e isl and s adj o i n i ng

, .

The r e he l o c a te d pe rm an e n tly with his fa mily a b ou t ,

1 79 1 ; a n d the r e his d es en d a n ts li v e a t the p r ese n t

 P opu l a tion a nd A dj u stmen t f
o B ound a r ies 87

—
day the l a st r em nan t of the R e d M an i n P en n syl
v an i a .They farm thei r l and a n d h av e a sch oo l which ,

is s u pp orte d by the S t a te .

“
The Ind i an c oun t ry w a s e n te r e d by the white
”

settle r s by way of the west b ran ch of the Noa h w t m es e

A lle ghe n y and the b ord e r of N ew Yo r k P y l i .

en n s va n a

E r ic the o l d est and m o st hist or ic pl a ce i n it c an b oa st

, ,

of the foo tp r i n ts of La Sa lle and of the fort of ,

P r es qu e I sle the fir st of a nu mbe r of p o sts e st a blishe d

,

by the F r e n ch t o m ak e good
“
thei r le ad en cl a ims t o the
”

O hi o va lley ( see p At.

Ft L e B oeuf Wa shingt o n a t
.
, ,

the ag e of 21 pe r for me d his

,

fir st p u blic se rv ice These

'

p o i n ts ar e in the tr i angle
al ong the shore of Lake
‘

Er ie The northe rn b oun

Bl ockhou t E
.

dary of the S t a te wa s the

se a r ie .

s u bj ect of mil d d isp u te betwee n the P e nn s a n d New

York for n e arly fifty ye ar s on a cc ount of the v agu e ,

k no wle dg e of the 42d de gree The ch arte r st ate d .

th at P e nn sylv an i a sh ou l d be b ou n de d on the nor th by

the beg in n in g of the 43d de gree which w a s a cce pte d ,

to me an the 42d degr ee O cc a si o n ally gr an ts of l and

.

withi n te rr it ory cl a im e d by the P e n n s we r e m ad e by

the g o ve rnor of N ew York T o a v o i d s u ch mist akes
.
,

a s to ne fro m which the northe rn b ou n dary w a s t o be

,

d ete r mi n e d wa s e r ecte d in 1 775 on an isl and i n the

,

D el awar e r iv e r F ro m this p o in t the northern b oun

.
,

dary w a s run f u 1 787; b u t it te rm i nate d a f ew miles

s ou th of L a ke Erie gr e a tly t o the diss atis facti on of
,

P e nn syl v a n i a The l in e wa s finally fi xe d at

. and
88 A H is tor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

w a s ra ti fi e d by b o th S t ates i n 1 789 I t te rmina te d i n

.

Lake Erie four miles e a st of whe r e the west ern b oun

dary te r mi na te d thu s g iv i ng P e nn sylv an i a on ly four
,

miles of w a te r fro n t ag e The t r i angle c u t off w a s

.

i n cl ud e d i n the cessi on s m ad e by N ew York and M a ss a

chu s etts t o the Unite d S t ates In 1 792 P en n syl
.
,

v an i a b ought it fro m the Fe d e ra l go v e rn me n t for the

su m of Th r ee ye ar s l ate r Er ie w a s l a i d ,

ou t on P r es qu e I sle ; and with in a sh or t time af te r ward

the p r i n ce Lou is P hilippe hei r t o the th ron e which

, ,

on ce h ad j ur is d icti on of the s o il whe r e Erie st and s ,

wa s e n te rt a in e d i n the to wn ,

Kitt ann ing ano the r pl a ce fa mili ar i n the anna l s of

,

nor thweste rn P e n n syl v an i a w a s or i gi nally

K itt i g ,
a nn n

an Ind i an v ill ag e I t m arke d the weste rn

.

te r mi nu s of the Indi an p a th a c r o ss the m oun t a in s

fro m S t and i n g S t on e a n d othe r p o i nts i n the J un i a t a
-

v alley . I t w a s d est r o ye d i n 1 75 6 by Co l on el A r m
st rong ( see p . after wh o m the c o u nty is na me d .

The c ount r y around it afte r ward s bec a me the sce n e

of m an y of Capt a i n Sa m u el B rady s e n c oun te r s with
’

the Indi an s .

A no te d p o i n t on the Kitt ann i ng p a th wa s C he rry

T r ee a t the p r ese n t j un ct ure of Ca mb ri a Clea r fiel d
, , ,

and Ind i ana c ounties .I t w a s the he a d of c ano e na vi

g a tion on the Su s qu eh anna The Ind i an s w ou l d t ake
.

thei r c a n o es ou t of the str e a m a t C he rry T r ee and

st rike the t ra il th roug h nor the rn Ind i ana t o Kitt a n
n in g . I t als o obt a i n e d cel eb r ity a s the northe rn
b ounda r y of the S t an wix p u r ch a se and is fr e qu e n tly ,

refe rr e d t o i n ol d l a n d w arran ts A m o n u me n t h a s
.

bee n e r ecte d a t the pl ace t o c o mmem ora te its hist oric

a ss o ci ati o n s.
 P opu la tion a nd A dj u s tmen t o f B ou n d a r ies 89

In the O hi o v alley west of P ittsb urg the M oravi an

, ,

missi onar ies we r e the fir st white men t o l ay Th e

Z eisb er g er V n”
the founda ti on s of settleme n t .
a

and S e n sem an est ablishe d a missi on c alle d F r ieden sta dt , ,

a t the j un cti on of the S he nango and M ah on i ng in ,

Lawr e n ce c oun ty These p i ou s me n h ad fo ll o we d

.

thei r Indi an w ard s all the w a y fro m Wy a lu si ng on the

Su s qu eh anna s o j ourn i ng for a while am ong the M on seys
,

i n F or est c oun ty .Nesh anno ck M a h on in g and o the r

, ,

names of st r e ams i n this l o c ality we r e b rought by the

Ind i an s fro m the D el awar e v a lley whe r e they h ad ,

kno w n st re ams of the s ame na me .

“
A fte r the vict ory of Way n e the Ind i an c oun t ry ”

m
,

’
rapid ly bec a me the white an s c oun t ry E ig ht N w .
e

In 1 800 the gr e a t n ew c oun ty act w a s

“ C n
"

°n n °
,

the L e gisl at ur e by which B e av e r B u tle r

, ,

C oun ty M a p in 1 800 .

Me rce r Crawford Er ie Warre n V e nango and A r m

, , , ,

st rong c oun ties we r e c re ate d P e nn syl v an i a wa s n ow

.
90 A H is tor y f
o P en n sy lv a n ia

p ra ctic a lly settle d and c on ve n ie n tly organ ize d und e r

thi rty fi v e c oun ty go v e rn me n ts
-
.

In 1 790 the p o p ul ati on of P e nn sylv an i a w a s

G wth of
ro The i n c r e a se fro m th at ye ar t o 1 800 w a s 3 9
,

P n 1 n
° n n
pe r ce n t and f or e a ch d ec ad e the r e afte r t o
°n
,

1 890 r espectiv ely

,
a s fo ll o ws : 34 pe r ce n t 29 pe r
, ,

ce n t 29 pe r ce n t 28 pe r ce n t 34 pe r ce n t 25 pe r
, , , ,

ce n t 21 per ce n t 22 pe r ce nt 23 pe r ce nt
, , ,
O wi ng t o .

the F r e n ch and Ind i an w ar the R ev o l u ti on and the, ,

w ar s i n Euro pe afte r the R e v o l uti on for ei gn immi ,

g r a tion d i d no t add m u ch t o the p o p u l a ti on of an y

of the S t a tes fro m 1 750 to 1 820 H e n ce the pi on ee r s .

west of the A lle ghe n ies dur i ng th o se ye ar s we r e m ai n ly

of the na ti v e st o ck H o we v e r the m o veme n t a c ro ss the
.
,

m oun t a i n s d i d n ot a m oun t t o m u ch un til the d ec ad e

of finan ci a l dist r ess afte r the R ev o l u ti on The n .

the pe o ple on the se ab oard fl o cke d westward i n

s u ch nu mbe r s a s t o th r e ate n the d ep o p u l ation of the
A tl an tic S t ates . B u t the F r e n ch R e v o l u ti on checke d
this m o veme n t ; for the A mer ic an s e nj o ye d g ood t imes
'

the n furn ishing s u pplies of e v e ry s or t t o the na ti on s

,

at w ar and c arryi ng them i n their o w n ships m ann e d

, ,

by thei r o w n s ail or s I n P e nn sylv an i a the D el a

.
,

w ar e and Su s qu eh anna v a lleys we r e fav or e d by thei r

e a sy a ccess t o the sea The S t ate w a s als o the
.

hi ghw ay t o the west for a l l New Engl and e r s and ,

P ittsb urg w a s the ga tew a y A p art of the gre at per

.

cen t ag e of i n c re a se wa s du e t o the emi gran t bu si n ess

th a t sp rang u p al ong the rou te .

F ro m 1 800 t o 1 820 the pe rce n t ag e of i n c re a se f ell

,

F m
ro c on si de rably The re w a s a l o ss of pOpu l a
.

1 80° 1 32°
ti on the n du e t o the o pe n i ng of the Nor th
,

west Te r rit o r y for settlemen t on a c re d i t system and ,

 P apu la tion a nd A dj u stmen t f
o B ou n da r ies 91

t o the h ard times c au se d by the i n ci d e n ts of the War

of 1 81 2 B o th c ond iti on s se n t e ndless p ro cessi on s of
.

w agon s and foo t p arties t o O hi o and Ind i ana P en n sy l .

v an i a lyi ng n ext t o this l and of p ro mise w ou l d na t u

, ,

rally l o se he avily in p o p u l at i on N e v e rtheless c ond iti on s .

,

h ad ar ise n dur ing these ye ar s th a t m ad e f or an in

c re a se The E mb argo and Non In te r c our se a cts m ad e it
.
-

n ecess ary f or the S t a tes t o e ngag e i n m anufa ct uri ng .

Pe nn sylv an i a with he r i ron and c oal be gan t o bu il d

, ,

furna ces and o pe rate mi n es Phil ad elphi a and P itts .

b urg bec ame ce n te r s for the m anufa ctur e of all k i nd s

of ar ticles n ee d e d by the pe o ple of the Un ite d S t a tes .

A s the native A me ric an s we r e no t skille d i n m anu

fa ctu r in g m an y Euro pe an s c a me he r e t o help l aun ch
,

the n ew i ndu st ries A fte r the Na p o le on ic w ar s h ad

.

cea se d ar mies we r e d isb ande d ; e norm ou s t a xes we r e

,

l ai d a nd a g e n e ral d ep r essi on i n t rad e and agri c u ltur e

,

e n su e d i n Euro pe This c au se d a gr e a t i n fl ux of
.

immi gran ts betwee n 1 81 5 and 1 820 p ar tic u l arly fro m ,

Gre a t Br itia n and Irel and I t wa s a t this time that

.

the English Welsh S c o tch and Ir ish fro m wh o m the

, , , ,

c oa l mi n e r s we r e r ec ru ite d f or so m an y ye ar s be gan ,

t o c o me t o P e nn sylv an i a So m an y immi gran ts fro m

.

Ir el and l and e d i n Phil ad elph ia that the So ciety of

Un ite d Ir ishme n w a s for me d t o sec ur e empl o yme n t
'

for s u ch a s w an te d t o r em ai n i n e a ste rn P e nn sylv an i a ,

and t o furn ish t ran sp ort a ti on t o th o se wh o w an te d

t o go westward .

F ro m 1 820 t o 1 840 i nte rna l impr ov emen ts a n d the

’

t ariff for p ro tecti on we r e i naugura te d by L mb ,“ u er

the Un ite d S t ates This wa s the e ra of

.
d Mi i g an n n

P p l fi ° u a °n
c ana l b u il di ng ste amb oa t c on st ru cti on and
, ,

grad in g of h or se p o we r ra ilroa d s -
P e nn syl v an i a n ow .
92 A H is tor y f
o P en n sy lva n ia

bec a me i n h abite d by the l u mbe rm a Wood ch o ppe r s n .

-
,

s awye r s and raftsme n we r e add e d t o the p o p u l ati on

,
.

Lo ck H av e n and W illi amsp or t bec ame k no w n a s

l u mbe r ing t o w n s i n this pe r i od Lo ck H av e n r eceiv e d
.

its name i n 1 833 fro m two locks i n the c ana l p a ssing

th rough it and a ha ven i n the ri ve r “ Big Wa te r .
,

Mill the fir st sa w mill a t W illi a msp ort w a s e r ecte d

,
”
,

i n 1 839 The p ro tective t ar iff a cts of 1 824 and 1 828

.

stim u l ate d manufact ur i ng and c r e ate d an i n c r e a se d

d em and for c oal and iron M an y m or e English
.
,

W elsh S c o tch and Ir ish c a me t o w ork i n the mi n es

, ,

and furna ces especi ally i n the anth racite r e g i on s

, ,

which h ad bee n m ad e a ccessible by me an s of c anals .

The i n c r e a se of p o p u l ati on i n Po ttsv ille i n the ye ar ,

“
1 830 w a s sp o ke n of i n the M in er s J ou r n a l a s a lm o st
’
,

un p r ece de n te d ”
M au ch C h unk and the c oun ty of
.

Carb on bec a me j u stly fa m ou s th rough the bl a ck “

d i am ond of the L ehi g h v alley W ilkes B arr e bec a me

”
.
-

k no wn a s the ce n te r of the Wy o mi ng c oa l fi el d s .

S c ran t on n owthe four th city i n P e nn sylv an i a sp rang

, , ,

i n 1 840 fro m an ab andon e d vill ag e of fiv e h ou ses

, It .

b or e for s o me time the na me of La ck aw anna Iron

Works .

F r o m 1 840 t o 1 850 the p o p u l a ti on i n P en n syl

,

v an i a i n c r e a se d m u ch m or e ra pi dly th an it
R l d B u lt
a i r oa s i

h ad i n an y d ec ad e si n ce 1 800 F or e i gn .

immi grati on t o the Un ite d S t ates i n 1 820 a m oun te d t o

this nu mbe r i n c r e a se d gradually till 1 842 ,

whe n it t oo k a s udde n le ap and r e ache d the grand ,

t o t al of In 1 846 whe n the p o t at o fa mi n e

,

rage d i n Ir el and the nu mbe r wa s ,

A s this
w a s the e ra of ra il road b u il d i ng P e nn syl v an i a with , ,

its gre a t t runk li n e t o b u il d o v e r the m oun t a i n s

 P opu la tion a nd A dj us tmen t o f B oun da r ies 93

a nd i n t o the c oa l r e g i on s abs orbe d an unu s ually l arg e

,

nu mbe r especi a lly of the Ir ish

, The i ron and l u m b e r .

d istricts too add e d gr e a t nu mbe r s t o thei r p o pu l a ti on

, , ,

b o th for ei gn e r s and A me r ic an s on a cc o u n t of the ,

d em and for i ron and lu mbe r .

F ro m 1 850 t o 1 860 the pe r ce n t ag e of i n c r e a se fell

,

fro m 3 4 t o 25 F or ei gn immi gran ts n ow

.

A G t D p r ea ro

h ad qu ic k and e a sy a ccess t o the West

by me an s of ra il road s and they no l ong e r settle d i n
,

the A tl a n tic S t a tes F or the s a me r e a s on m an y pe o ple

.

i n the Ea st s o l d ou t and we n t W est ; while the p an ic

of 1 85 7 for ce d still o the r s t o sell ou t and m ake a
n ew st ar t i n lif e on the p ra i r ies of the Mississippi
v alley .

B etwee n 1 860 and 1 880 the r e w a s a no the r gr e a t ,

d eclin e i n the pe rce nt ag e of i n c r e a se This Th e w .

a,

w a s du e t o the w ar for the Un i on i n the d ‘n P “ an e an

sixties and the b u sin ess st agna ti on i n the se v e n ties .

“

The for me r kept the pe o ple fro m c o mi ng i n t o the

S t ate while the l atte r dro ve them ou t of it H o weve r
,
.
.
,

duri ng these ye ar s the pet ro le u m i ndu st ry sp rang u p

,

i n the A lle ghe ny v alley Co mme n c i ng with Titu s ville

.

i n 1 859 an i nd esc r ib able a ctiv ity a n d spec u l a ti on

,

sp r e ad o v e r nor thweste rn P e nn sylv an i a A dv e n t ur e r s .

fl o cke d thithe r fro m a ll p ar ts of the c oun t ry Wh a t .

“
is no w k no w n a s the o il r e gi on w a s t ran s for me d
”

fro m an a lm o st unb ro ke n forest in t o c a mps and t o wn s

i n a few sh or t ye ar s P ith o le city n ow the site of
.
,

a far m w a s i n 1 865 n ex t t o Philadelphi a the l arg est

'

, , , ,

p o st o ffi ce i n the S t ate Titu sville O il C ity Fr ankli n

.
, , ,

Tid i ou te B radford Parke r C ity and Corry ar e a ll

, , ,

t o wn s wh o lly or m o stly m ad e si n ce the sixties by

the pet ro le u m i ndu stry .
94 A H is tor y f
o P en n sy lva n ia

S i n ce 1 880, P e nn sylv an i a h a s r eceiv e d th ou s and s of

immi gran ts fro m s ou the rn Euro pe — P o les
Im m i g t
ra n s ,

f m S
ro outh L ith uan i an s —H ungari an s
er n and I t ali an s
, .

Em ”
Do w n t o th at time the gro wth of the
m i n i n g p o p u l a ti on w a s m a i n ly th roug h add iti on s fro m
the English W elsh S c o tch Irish and G e rm an s eithe r
, , , , ,

by na tive i n c r e a se or by im mi grati on During the .

w ar for the Un i on mi n e r s ’
,

w ag es we r e hi g h ; b u t a s s oon
a s c a pit al wa s s et fr ee fro m
p ro v i di ng for the ar mies l arg e ,

s ums we r e i n veste d i n c oa l
fi el d s and o ve r p rodu cti on wa s
,
-

the c onse qu e n ce The n w ag es .

we r e r e du ce d T o r esist the .

Ope ra t or s i n the r e du cti on of

w ag es the mi n e r s organ i ze d i n
,

1 868 and 1 869 a n d duri ng the ,

n ext d ec ad e r es or te d t o fr e
qu e n t str ikes eithe r for hi ghe r ,

A N tiv M in
a e H om er s
’
e
w ag es or sh or te r h our s
.

Un .

able t o w ork for l o we r w ag es on a cc oun t of thei r imp ro ve d

c ond iti on of life the nati onalities th at h ad worke d
,

i n the c oa l mi n es for sixty ye ar s gav e thei r pl a ces t o

a cl a ss of pe o ple wh o se m od e of liv i ng is m u ch i nfe ri or .

M an y of these we r e a t fir st b rought t o A me r ic a und e r

c on t ract t o work for a S pecifi e d a m oun t ; b u t the
alie n c on t ract l ab or l a wof 1 885 p ro hibite d s u ch a pr o
-

cedu r e N e v e r theless the P o les L ith uan i an s H u n gari an s

.
, ,

and I t ali an s c ame i n t o P e nn syl v an i a and they ar e ,

found he r e i n l arg e nu mbe rs no t al on e i n the c oal ,

fi el d s b u t a t all s o r ts o
, f che a p l ab or i n v ari ou s secti on s
of the S t a te The ce n s u s of 1 890 sh o we d the nu mbe r
.
 P opu la tion a nd A dj u s tm en t o f B ou n da r ies 95

of these na ti onalities i n the fi ve an th ra cite c oun tie s

t o h av e bee n and i n 1 897 the nu mbe r i n the
s a me r e g i on w a s estim a te d a t
The r e w a s a l arg e i n c r e a se i n u r b an p o p u l a ti o n i n
the S t a te ou tsi d e of P hil ad elphi a fro m 1 880
A ft 1 880 er
t o 1 890 b ut the rura l p o p ul a ti on wa s less i n
s o me secti on s and in m an y o the r s on ly sli ghtly gr e a te r
, .

W hile Phil adelphi a and the S t ate i n c re a se d on ly 23 pe r

ce n t P ittsb urg i n c r e a se d 5 2 pe r ce nt an d the fo ll o wing
, ,

pl a ces m ore th an 1 00 pe r c e n t : J ohn stown M cKeespor t , ,

P itts bu r g a nd All egheny .

Sou t h B ethlehem N a n ticok e S teelt on Bu t

P o tts t o wn , , , ,

l er B raddo ck M oun t Carmel

,
H o meste ad D u B o is
, , , ,

Milt on W ilki n sb urg and T ar e n tu m

, ,
.

OOK S B F OR READ I NG A ND O
C NS ULTATI ON
S h ph e d s
e P r opr ieta r y G over nmen t in P ennsylva nia , P a r t
r
’
I
F i sh er ’
s M a king of P ennsylva n ia , Ch s x a n d x ; ra
’
s Old en. i C ig
Time, Vol I pp 5 29 —55 2 ( M a son i xon in e ) ; M i n er
’
and D ’
.
, . s L s

H is tor y f
o W yomin g, p a ss im ; M c G in n es s H is tor y
’
f
o the W es t
B r a n ch Va l ley, Vol , p a s sim
.
; I on es
’
H is to r y ofJ the J unia ta
Va l ley, pa ssim ; Alb er t s H is tor y of W es tmor ela nd Coun ty , Ch s
’
.

—
i xxx i x ; C r a i g s H is tor y of P itts bur g , pa ssim ; W a r n er
’ '
Co s
’
.

H is tor y f
o A lleg hen y Coun ty, P a r t I , Ch s . i
-
v ii.
 C HA P T ER IV

TH E F OR M OF G O V E R N M E NT

The E n glish c ol on i a l gove r n me n ts we r e of th r ee

ki n d s : fi r st p r ovi n ci a l u n d er which the
F om s of , ,

C l
o on ial C r own est ablishe d the gove r n me n t a p ,

p oin te d the gove r n or s a n d i n st r u cte d ,

them how to r u le ; sec on dly p r op r ieta r y a cc or d i n g

, ,

to which the Cr ow n g r an te d a t r a ct of l a n d to
s ome i n d ivi dua l c alle d the p r opr iet ar y a n d em
, ,

o we e d him t o est a blish the g o ve r n me n t a pp oi n t the

p r ,

gove r n or s a n d i n st r u ct t hem how to r u le ; thir dly

, ,

ch ar te r th r ou g h which the C r own g ave the c ol on ists

,

the p owe r to or g an ize a g ove r n me n t elect the g over n or , ,

a n d h ol d him r esp on sib le f or his a cts All the c ol on ies

.

ha d a le g isl a tu r e electe d by the pe ople b u t the l a w s ,

p a sse d c ou l d be vet oe d by the g ove r n or ; or if ,

a pp r ove d by him c ou l d be vet oe d by the C r ow n

,

withi n a per i od of a few ye ar s The l aws we r e to

.

c on for m a s n e ar ly a s p ossible with the l aws of E n g

l an d . The j u d g es we r e a pp oin te d by the gove r n or s .

P e n n sylv a n i a s gove r n me n t w a s of the p r op r ieta r y

’

Pen n syl i for m This for m ha d its or i g i n in the fe u da l

va n a s
’
.

Fm “
system P e nn sylv a n i a w a s a h u g e fi ef
.

best owe d on W illi a m P e n n by the C r own g r an ti n g hiin ,

the l a n d a n d g ivi n g him j u r is d icti on b oth civil a n d ,

milit ar y The or etic ally the p r op r iet ar y a n d his s u c

.
,

c es sor s we r e in p ossessi on of m a n y of the a n cie n t

( 96)
 The Gover n ment f
o P enn sy lva nia 97

r i ghts of a c ou n t p a l ati n e ; b u t p r actic a lly they we r e ,

the exec u tor s of a democ r a cy .

’
The p r e a mble of P e n n s ch ar te r st a te d his d es ir e
.

to e n l ar g e the B r itish empir e , to p r om ote p ii r ov s on s

C h t"
its tr a d e a n d c omme r ce a n d to e du c a te ,
th e ar

the I n di ans in the p r i n ciples of C h r isti an ity The n .

foll owe d his r e qu est for te r r it or y in which to f or m

a c ol on y a n d f or p owe r s of g ove r n me n t
, To this .

en d the P r op r iet ar y w a s g ive n p owe r to m a ke a n d

p ublish l aws a ppr ove d by a m aj or ity of the fr eeme n ,

or of thei r r ep r esent atives I n ca se a n ythi n g sh ou l d

.

h ave to be r eme d ie d be for e the fir st Assembly c ou l d

meet the P r op r ietar y a l on e ha d p owe r to iss u e or d i
,

n a n ces . To i n s u r e l oy a lty the ch ar te r p r ovi d e d th a t

'

n eithe r the P r opr iet ar y n or the fr eeme n sh ou l d c or

fl
with a n y p owe r a t wa r with E n gl a nd n or
r esp on d _
!

sh ou l d they o en d a n y p owe r a t pe a ce with E n g l a n d .

Du plic a tes of a ll l aws sh ou l d be se n t to the P r ivy

C ou n cil in E n g l an d withi n fi ve ye a r s afte r their en
a ctm en t ; a nd i f n o t a n n u l le d withi n six m on ths afte r
their r eception they we r e to r em a m l n for ce
, An .

fl
, ‘

a g e n t of the p r ovin ce sh ou l d r esi de in L on d on to

an swe r for o en ses a g a i n st E n g l an d on the p a r t of
the P r op r iet ar y a n d to r e n d e r s atisfacti on ther efor
,
.

U n til su ch s atisfa cti on w a s r e n d er e d the C r own mi g ht

seize the gove r n me n t K
.

The ch ar te r n ext pr ovi de d for the est ablishme n t of

c ou r ts a n d the app oin tme n t of j u dg es by the F th
,
ur er

v i im
P r op r iet ar y ; b u t the C r own r ese r ve d the r i g ht s s

'

to he ar a ppe a ls P r ivile g es of c omme r ce a n d tr a n s

.
'

p o r ta tion a n d the
,
a ssessme n t a n d c oll ec tion o f c u st o m s

wer e g r an te d to the P r opr iet ar y a n d the in h abit an ts

of the pr ov in ce P a r li a me n t c ou l d levy a t a x on
.

G
98 A H istor y o f P enn sylva nia

the p r ovin ce with out the c on se n t of the “P r opr iet ar y

or chie f g ove r n or a n d a ssembly

”
The P r op r iet ar y .

c ou l d e r ect c oun ties a n d town ships a n d in c or p or a te

b or ou g hs a n d cities ; a n d a s c a pt a in ge n e r a l he c ou l d,
-
,

for m a militi a a n d w a g e wa r eve n bey on d the limits ,

of his p r ovi n ce I n the eve n t of a n y mis u n d e r st an d i n g

.

ab ou t the ch ar te r a n y wor d or cl au se w a s to be
,

i n te r p r ete d m ost fav or ably to the P r opr iet ar y .

P u r s uan t to the ch ar te r wh a t is kn ow n a s the ,

“F r a me of Gove r n men t ” w a s d r awn u

Th e F m of ra e p
G V mm m
° °
by W illi a m Pen n in En g l an d
°
I t wa s .

the c on stit u ti on u n d er which the pr ovin ce of P e n n

sylv an i a w a s or gan ize d H e dr ew it u p be for e the
.

fir st c omp an y of c ol on ists u n d er M ar kh a m the ,

D ep u ty G ove r n or -
s aile d f or Amer ic a
,
This sm a ll .

p ar ty who we r e to t ake p ossession of P e nn s gr an t

,
’

of l an d a n d p r e par e f or his own c omin g the n ex t

ye ar si g n e d the Fr a me of G over n me n t be for e d ep ar t
,

in g a n d be for e P e n n himsel f si g n e d it
, .

’
The sp ir it of P e n n s F r a me of G ove r n me n t w a s
“
th or ou g hly r ep u blic a n I will p u t the
I t S p i it
s r

p owe r with the pe ople he s a id ”

I n the , .

p r e fa ce a r e these wor d s :
“I
kn ow s om e say Let u s hav e g ood l aws a n d n o matt er ab ou t
‘
, ,

th e m en that ex ec u t e th em B u t l et th em c onsi d e that th ou g h

.
’
r ,

g ood laws d o w ell g ood m en d o b tt e ; f or g ood laws wa n t [ b e

,
e r

in n e d of ] g ood m en ; b u t g ood m en will n ev er wa n t g ood laws

e

no s u ff e
r [ all ow ] ill on es
r .
”

At an othe r pl a ce a r e fou n d these h a ve —

wor d s they
bee n i n scr ibe d on the w alls of the c or r i dor in I n d e
pen d en ce H all si d e b y si d e wit h the D ecl a r a ti on of
,

I n depe n de n ce
“A n v er n m en t is f to th e p eopl e u n d e it what v he
y go r ee r , e er
 The Gover nmen t of P en nsylva nia 99

th efo m wh e e the laws r u l e a n d th e p eopl e a e a pa ty to th os e

r , r ,
r r

laws ; a n d mo e than this is tyr an n y oli g a chy a n d c on fu si on

r ,
r .
”

In s pea k in g
the en d of a ll gover n me n t,
of ,
P e nn
on ce m ad e u se of these wor d s :

su pp o t p owe in r ev er en c e with th e p eopl e a n d to sec ur e

To r r ,

th e p eopl e f om th e ab u s e of p ow e
r that th ey m a y b e f ee by r r

th i r j u st ob ed i en c e a n d th e m ag ist at es h on o abl e for th ei r j u st

e ,
r r

adm in ist ati on ; for lib e ty with out ob ed i en c e is c on fu si on a n d

r r ,

ob ed i en c e with ou t lib e ty is slav e y To ca y this ev enn ess is

r r . rr

pa tly owi n g to th e c on stitu ti on a n d pa tly to th m ag istr acy

r
,
r e

wh e e eith e of th es e fail g ove n m en t will b e s ubj ect to c on v u l

r r ,
r

si on b ut wh e e b oth a e wan ti n g it mu st b e t otally su bv e ted

r r ,
r

th en wh e e b oth m eet the g ov e n m en t is lik e to en d u e W hich

r ,
r r .

I h u m bly p ay a n d h op e God will pl eas e to m ak e th e l ot of

r

P en n sylvan ia .
”

Th ehi g hest pu r p ose of g ove r n me n t a cc or d in g to ,

’ “
P e n n s F r a me ” “
is to sec ur e to eve r y pe r s on the fr e e
,

e n j oyme n t of his r eli g iou s opi n i on s a n d w or ship so ,

lon g a s does n ot exte n d to lice n tiou sn ess or the

P en n s yl van a s i ’
Coa t of Ar m s . Or igi lly g
na en r a ve d by C a e lb L wn es
o , 1 778 .

Ld C .
1 00 A H istor y f P enn sylva nia
o

destr u cti on of othe r s ; th a t is to spe ak l oosely or ,

p r ofan ely of God C h r ist a n d the sc r iptu r es or r eli g ion

, , ,

or to c ommit a n y m or a l evil or i nj ur y aga i n st othe r s ?

S u mmin g u p the p r i n c i ples of gover n me n t a s e x p r esse d

by P e nn we fi n d th a t t hey a r e ab ou t a ll i n cl u de d
,

in the wor d s V i r t u e L iber ty a n d I n depe n d e n ce

,
”

wr itte n on P e nn sylv an i a s coa t of ar ms

’
.

I n 1 682 P e n n h ad the Fr a me of G over n me n t p u b

,

l ished ; b u t it w a s n o t i d e n tic a l with the

'

Th e F m e ra

P bli h “ on e si gn e d by the c olon ists who ha d gon e

u s

to P e nn sylv an i a u n de r M a r kh a m I t c on siste d of .

twe n ty fou r ar ticles a n d for ty l a ws

-
The gove r n .

me n t wa s veste d in the Gove r n or a n d fr eeme n

of the p r ovi n ce The fr eeme n we r e to elect a
.

P r ovin ci a l C ou ncil a n d a G e n e r a l Assembly The .

for me r w a s to c on sist of se ve n ty two mem b er s to -

,

se r ve f or th r ee ye ar s ; the l atte r of a ll the fr eeme n ,

the fir st ye ar whe n the Fr a me w a s to be a ccept ed

—
, ,

a dn of tw o h u n d r e d o f them the n e x t ye a r the n u m

b er to be in cr e a se d a s the p op u l ati on i n c r e a se d b u t
.

n ot to excee d fi ve h u n dr e d The Gove r n or or his

.
,

dep u ty wa s to be the pe r pet ua l p r esi de n t of the

,

P r ovi n ci a l C ou n cil a n d w a s to h a ve a tr eble v ote

, .

The du ty of the P r ovin ci a l C oun cil w a s ( a ) to

Th p o i i l or i g i n a te bills which we r e to be p u blishe d
—
e r v nc a ,

“ m” u
thi r ty days be for e the Assembly met a
p r ovision b a se d on a p r i n ciple of the r e fe r e n du m of
m od e r n times ; to see th a t the l a ws we r e exe
c u ted ; ( c ) to t ake c ar e of the pe a ce a n d s afety of
the p r ovi n ce ; ( d ) to settle the l oc a ti on of p or ts ,

cities m a r ket t ow n s r oad s a n d othe r p ublic pl a ces ;

, , ,

( 6 ) to i n spect the p ublic t r e a s u r y ; ( f ) to e r ect c ou r ts

of j u stice ; ( 9 ) to i n stit u te sch ools ; ( h ) to r ewa r d
 The Gover n men t f
o P enn sy lva nia 1 01

au th or s of u se fu l d isc ove r ies ; a n d ( i ) to s u mm on a n d

d iss olve the G e n e r a l Assembly .

The G e n e r a l Assembly h ad n o p owe r to le g isl a te

and no p r ivile ge to deb ate The bills
. Th G l e e n er a

A m b‘ f
or i g i n ate d a n d p a sse d by the C ou n cil we r e ss e
’

p r ese n te d to the Assembly for a pp r ov al or r ejecti on

fl
“
with a pl a in Y es or No ” “ ”
. I t c ou l d n a me pe r s on s
for sher i s a n d j u stices of the pe a ce for the G ove r n or
to select f r om bein g obli ge d to n a me twice a s m a n y
,

a s we r e to be app oi n te d .

The Fr ame of Gover n me n t c ou l d n ot be a me n de d

with ou t the c on se n t of the P r op r iet ar y
Am e d m
,
t n en
or his hei r s or a ssi g n s a n d si x seve n ths
,
-

of the fr eeme n in both the C ou n cil a n d Assembly .

The r e w a s n ot m u ch don e in the w a y of est ab

lishin g a gover n me n t b y D ep u ty G ove r n o r
fl
-

The Gr e t L a w a
M ar kh am . H e adm inister e d the a a ir s
of the i n fa n t c ol on y a t U pl an d a cc or din g to in str u c

tion s . B u t whe n P en n himself h ad ar r ive d he c a lle d ,

the fir st G e n e r al Assembly to meet a t U pl an d D ecem ,

b er 6th n ext .No C oun cil h avin g yet been ch osen ,

the Assembly met al on e with D r Nich ol a s Mor e a s

, .

ch a ir m a n.
“
P e n n p r ese n te d the La ws agr ee d u p on
in E n g l an d ”
,
and n i n ety othe r s S ixty on e of the
.
-

“
l a tte r we r e emb odie d in the gr e a t l aw or b ody of
l a ws of the p r ovin ce of P e n n sylv an i a ”
Th ough m or e .

th an two h u n dr e d ye ar s h ave p a sse d sin ce the Gr e a t “

fl
Law w a s e n acte d a t C heste r it still r em a in s m od i
”
, ,

ed to s ome exte n t b u t n ot g r e a tly a s a p a r t of the

, ,

gove r n me n t of ou r C omm on we alth I t a ll owe d fr ee

.

dom of w or ship to a ll w ho a ck n owle dg e d on e God .

,
All member s of the gove r n me n t a s well a s the v ote r s
, ,

ha d to be Qua li fi e d in the belief th a t Jes u s C h r ist is

‘
1 02 A H is tor y o f P enn sy lva n ia

the son of the S av iou r of the w or l d

G od and S we ar .

in g c u r si n g d r u n ke nn ess he a lth dr in ki n g c a r d pl ay
, , ,
-
,
-

in g sc ol d i n g a n d lyin g we r e a ll p r oh ibite d in the

, ,

G r e a t Law .

I n Febr uar y 1 683 P e n n or d e r e d a n electi on for

, ,

Th G o
e m t the
v er n membe r s of the P r ovin ci a l C ou n cil
en ,

i P h il d l phi
a n d d i r ecte d th a t whe n the C ou n cil sh ou l d
n a
f
a

meet a t P hil a delphi a all the fr eeme n sh ou l d meet in ,

G e n e r a l Assembly The obj ect of the sessi on w a s to

.

c on si d er a me n d a n d a ccept the F r ame of G ove r n

, ,
'

me n t . Asi d e fr om a n u mbe r of othe r ch a n g es the ,

foll owin g on es we r e m a de : The C oun cil w a s m a de to

c on sist of n ot less th an ei ghtee n membe r s th r ee fr om ,

e ach c ou n ty n or m or e th an seve n ty two the Assembly

,
-
,

of n ot less th a n thir ty six six fr om e a ch c ou n ty -

, ,

n or m or e th a n tw o h u n dr e d The tr eble v ote of the .

Gove r n or w a s ab olishe d a n d the vet o p owe r gr an te d

i n ste ad ; b u t he c ou l d pe r for m n o p u blic a ct with ou t
the c on se nt a n d a dvice of the C oun cil except th a t ,

P e n n h a d du r i n g his lifetime the s ole p owe r of

a pp oi n ti n g offi ce r s O u t of fiftee n fu n da me n t a l l aws
.

m a d e a t this session n in e h ad bee n s u g g este d to ,

P e n n by his fr ie n d Be n j a mi n F u r l y of H oll an d , , ,

the p r om ote r of the fir st Ge r m an immi g r ati on to P e n n

sylva n i a F u r l y ha d g r e atly p r e fe r r e d the dr af t si g n e d
.

by M ar kh a m s c ol on ists “
’
S a i d he to P e n n : I p r e fe r
.

thy fi r st d r aft to the l a st a s bei n g the m ost e q u al , ,

m ost fa ir a n d m ost agr eein g wi t h the j u st wise

, , ,

a n d p r u de n t i n stitu ti on s of ou r a n cest or s .

I n dee d I w on de r who sh ou l d pu t thee u p on alte r

,

in g th a t for this a n d a s m u ch how th ou c ou l d st ,

eve r yiel d to su ch a thi n g F u r l ey ha d a ls o s u g g este d

‘

”
.

a n a n ti sl a ve r y cl au se
-
.
 The Gover n men t f
o P enn sylva n ia 1 03

The Assembly met ly on ce u n d er the n ew Fr a me

on

of G o ve r n me n t be for e P e n n s r et u r n to
’
Ch g in an es

E n gl an d I mme di ately afte r his dep ar tur e

.
Gw m m ‘ “ e e
,

si g n s of se r i ou s t r ouble betwee n the Cou n c il a n d the

'

Assembly a ppe ar e d owi n g to the gr e ate r p owe r of

,

the for me r in the e n a ctme n t of l aws The c on te n ti on s .

and mis u n der st a n di n g s th a t a r ose cr e ate d p r ej u d ices

aga in st P e n n himsel f b oth he r e a n d in L on don
, .

These we r e d eepe n e d by a r eli gi ou s quar r el st ar te d ,

in P e nn sylv an i a by G e or g e Keith a n d c ar r ie d by ,

him to E n g l a n d The c on se qu en ce w a s th a t P e n n
.

wa s s u specte d of disl oy alty to the C r own The g ov .

er n men t of the p r ovi n ce w a s t ake n fr om him 1 69 3 , ,

a n d g ive n to G ove r n or Fletche r of N ew Yor k

, P en n .

w a s u n able to w ar d off this bl ow bec au se he w a s n ot

,

in fa v or wit h the C ou r t of E n g l an d afte r J a mes II ,

his in tim a te frie n d ha d bee n dr ive n fr om the thr on e

, .

Besi des a ll the c ol on ies expe r ie n ce d a ch an g e in the

,

p olicy of the B r itish gover n me n t ab ou t this time .

A r oy a l gover n or w a s se n t to M ar yl an d , a n d M a ss a
c hu setts ha d to a ccept a g ove r n or
.
app oi n te d by the
Kin g . P e n n sylv an i a w a s n ow u n de r the d i r ect con
tr ol of the C r own the Fr a me of G ove r n me n t w a s
,

disr e gar d e d a n d the Assembly m o

,
d ele d af te r th a t of
N ew Yor k . F or tu n ately this st a te of affa ir s l a ste d
,

on ly ab ou t on e ye ar in P e n n sylv an i a The ch ar g es .

a g a in st P e n n h avi n g bee n d ispr ove d his gover n me n t ,

wa s r est or e d to him a n d he a g ai n bec ame G ove r n or ,

ad min iste r in g a fi a ir s thr ough M ar kh a m a s D ep u ty .

Whe n P en n r etu r n e d to P hil a delphi a in 1 699 , ,

he fou n d his c ol on ists r athe r in difi er en t A N ew F o m r

G°V m m m
to him . Ru li n g them a t so gr e a t a d is ° °

tan ce f or a pe r i od of fiftee n ye ar s h ad c au se d m is ,
1 04 A H istor y of P enn sy lva nia

u n d e r st a n di n g s H e s oon lea r n e d th a t he m u st g ive

.

them a n ew f or m of g ove r n me n t S o the ol d F r a me .

“
w a s ab an don e d a n d the C h ar ter of P r ivile g es give n ”

in its pl a ce H e si g n e d this in 1 701

. The n ew .

d ocu me n t g r a n te d in r esp on se to a d em a n d fr om the

,

pe ople p r ovi de d for a G e n e r al Assembly wi th m u ch

,

g r e a te r p owe r s ; n a mely to p r op ose m a tte r s f or le g is

,

l a ti on ,to meet a n n u ally to a dj ou r n itsel f to be j u d g e

, ,

of the electi on a n d qua li fi c a ti on s of its ow n membe r s ,

to r e d r ess g r ie va n ces a n d to impe a ch f or mis d eme an or

,

in offi ce I t a ls o g ave the pe ople the p owe r to elect

.

s ome of the c ou n ty offi ce r s ; a n d c on t a in e d a st r on g

ple a for libe r ty of c on scie n c e By it too the thr ee .
, ,

l owe r c ou n ties wer e to h a ve a sep ar ate Assembly ‘

The C h ar te r of P r ivile g es w a s i n d ee d the e n vy of

n ei ghb or i n g c ol on ies s o r ep ublic an w a s it in its
,

n a tu r e P hil a d elphi a on the s a me d a y O ct obe r 25

.
, , ,

1 701 bec ame a n i n c or p or ate d city with the r i g ht to

, ,

elect its offi ce r s which be for e ha d bee n a p poin te d by

,

the G ove r n or Th r ou g h the libe r ality of P e n n the r e

.
,

for e P hil adelphi a is the ol dest i n c or p or ate d city in

,

the U n ite d S t ates .

S i n ce the R ev ol u ti on of 1 688 it ha d bee n a fa v or ,

p m 0 3 m to
e , ite p r oj ect of the C r ow n to ch an g e the
S “P yl i p r op r iet a r y
g ove r n me n ts to r oy a l on es
n en n s va n a
.

Du r i n g P e n n s abse n ce in Ame r ic a a bill w a s i n tr o

’
,

du ced in P a r li a me n t to e ffect the ch a n g e H e n ce he .

h a ste n e d h ome Be for e le a vi n g he a pp oi n te d A n dr ew

.

H a m ilt on Gove r n or a nd J a mes L og a n S ec r et a r y of

,

the p r ovin ce On his r et u r n to E n g l an d P e n n

.
,

st oppe d in P ar li ame n t the bill which w a s to ch a n g e

the p r op r iet or ships to r oy al c ol on ies B u t the le g a l .

fees r e qu i r e d to en d this m oveme n t the liti g ation s ,

 The Gover nmen t o f P enn sylva nia 1 05

with L or d B altim or e the dish on esty of P hilip F or d , ,

his stew a r d a n d the expe n ses of his family a n d his

,

p r ovin ce i n v olve d him fi n an ci ally

, S o he a g r ee d in .
,

1 71 2 with Q u ee n An n e to sell P e n n sylv a n i a a n d

, ,

D el aw ar e for Be for e the

p a pe r s c ou l d be m ad e ou t he w a s ,

str icke n with a p oplexy A fte r his .

d e a th the
, r e w a s m u ch liti ga ti on ove r

the will A n a g r eeme n t w a s fi n a lly

.

effecte d 1 73 1 by which the th r ee

, ,

s ur vivin g s on s of P e n n by his sec

on d wife J oh n Th om a s a n d R ich ar d
, , ,
J m s Log a e an
b ec ame the P r opr iet or s J oh n d ie d .

in 1 746 R ich ar d in 1 771

,
whe n the l atte r s son
’
, ,

J oh n t og ethe r with Th om a s bec ame s ole P r op r ietor s

, , .

P e n n s hei r s d id n ot m an ag e the e s t a te so well a s he

’

ha d d on e They occ u pie d his pl a ce b u t d id n ot fi ll

. .
,

it . They we r e m or e i n ter este d in the r eve n u es of the

p r ovi n ce th an in its wel far e This h oweve r w a s .
, ,

n a tu r al ; for they we r e c omp ar a tively p oor a n d ha d ,

he avy d ebts to p ay ; m or e over they wer e E n g lishme n , ,

a n d n ot i n te r este d in P e n n s y lv a n i a s g ove r n me n t
’
as ,

their fathe r ha d bee n They quar r ele d with the .

c ol on ists ab ou t the t a xes a n d r e n ts ; a n d the Gove r n or s

ha d n u me r ou s d isp u tes with the Ge n e r a l Assembly .

On on e occ a si on 1 765 F r an kli n w a s se n t to E n g l a n d

, ,

to i n du ce the Ki n g to t ake th e pr ov in c e of P enn syl

.

v a n i a a s his own so diss a tisfi e d ha d the c ol on ists

,

bec ome with the p r opr ieta r y g ove r n or s They pr e .

“
fe r r e d to be a n a ppe n age to the C r own r athe r th an
a fief of the P e n n s ”
B u t the wr a th a g a in st the
.

S t amp Act qu iete d the feeli n g a g a in st the P r opr ietor s ,

Besides the P e n n s won

“

and the m oveme n t fa ile d .

,
1 06 A H istor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

b a ck m u ch of the l oy a lty a n d a fi ec tion of the peo

ple by a n a mic able adj u stme n t of d isp u tes
I n 1 775 P e n n sylv a n i a in c omm on with the othe r
,

Th Ce cil c ol on ies m a d e a ch an g e in the exec u tive

ou n ,

n‘S f ty
a e
d ep ar tme n t of its gove r n me n t By or d e r of .

the Assembly Gove r n or P e n n in J u n e w a s s u pe r

, , ,

s ed ed by the C ou n cil of S afety S u ch a b ody of m en .

exer cise d the execu tive fu n ction s in a ll

the c ol on ies u n til c on stitu ti on s we re
adopte d the n ext ye ar ; a n d it r eceive d
its au th or ity g e n e r a lly fr om p op u l a r con
v en tion s c alle d the p r ovin ci al c on gr ess
,
.

I n P e n n sylv an i a h owever it a cte d by , ,

au th or ity of the Assembly I ts ch a ir m an .

w a s Fr an klin a n d it c on siste d of twe n ty

,

fiv e after w ar d s thir ty
,
men a pp oin te d , ,

fr om the v ar i ou s c ou n ties in the p r ovin ce

P s Ch i
en n
’
a r .
.

Am on g the m en on this c ommittee we r e

Be n j a min Fr an klin Rob er t M or r is J oh n D icki n s on
, , ,

An th on y Wayn e G e or g e Ross G e or g e C lyme r Da vi d

, , ,

Ritte n h ou se a n d Joseph Ree d I t hel d alm ost d a ily .

sessi on s a n d its du ties we r e m a n y a n d ar du ou s

, It .

p r omptly r a ise d the t r 00ps r e qu este d by C on gr ess

'

a n d c on st r u cte d the P e n n sylv an i a S t ate Navy th r ee

m on ths be for e C on g r ess p r op ose d a C on ti n e n t al Na vy .

I t w a s the m ovi n g p owe r of the p r ovi n ce u n til J u ly

22, 1 776 .

W he n the r e w a s n o fu r the r h ope th at the Ki n g

Th Pe i ci l wou l d r e dr ess the g r iev a n ces of the
r ov n a

c ol on ies C on gr ess M a y 1 5 1 776 r ec om

, , , ,

me n de d the for m a ti on of st ate g ove r n me n ts th a t ,

w ou l d “ in the opi n i on of the r ep r ese n t a ti ves of

,

the pe ople bes t c on d u ce to the h a ppi n ess a n d

,
 The Gover n men t o f P enn sylva nia 1 07

s afety of the ir c on stitu e n ts in p ar ticu l ar a n d Am er 1 c a

in ge n e r a l .
”
The Assembly of P e n n sylv an i a bein g ,

c omp ose d m a i n ly of adhe r e n ts to the Kin g p ai d ,

n o a tte n ti on to this r ec omme n d ati on The pe ople .

the n d is r e gar de d the Assembly a n d c alle d a p r ovi n ci al ,

c on ve n tion c omp ose d of on e h u n dr e d a n d ei g ht mem

,

ber s to meet a t Car pe n te r s H all P hil ad elphi a J u n e

,
’
, ,

1 8, This c on ve n ti on a pp r ove d the r ec omme n dation

of C on g r ess a n d r es olve d th a t a c on stitu ti on a l con
,

v en tion of ei g ht r epr ese n t atives fr om e a ch c ou n ty

sh ou l d be c alle d to for m a n ew gove r n me n t This .

b ody met J u ly 1 5 a n d ch ose Be nj a min Fr a n klin

,

p r esi de n t a n d Ge or g e Ross vice p r esid e n t

, Afte r a -
.

sessi on of two m on ths a c on stitu tion w a s c omplete d

, ,

S eptembe r 28 I t w a s n ot s ub mitte d to the pe ople

.

for r a tifi c a tion b u t we n t i n t o e ff ect a t on ce

, .

Dur in g its sessi on the c on stitu tion a l c on ve n ti on

,

a ss ume d s u p r eme auth or ity in the S t a te Th on . e

A mb ‘
y D i
I t a pp oin te d a C oun cil of S afety to per ,
ss e es

for m the e x ec u tive d u ties ; it a pp r ove d the D ecl a r a

tion of I n depe n de n ce levie d he a vy t axes on s u ch a s
,

r e fu se d to be ar ar ms or d e r e d the c ou r ts to p r ocee d
,

a g ain st cr imin a ls a n d app oin te d j u stices of the pe a ce

, .

The ol d Assembly met for the l a st time S eptember

23 to m a ke on e m or e f eeble p r otest a g a i n st these
,

p r ocee di ng s b u t it s oon die d with ou t a str u g g le

,

The n P e n n s wor d s in the p r e fa ce to the Fr a me of

’

Gover n me n t — “ I will p u t the p owe r with the pe ople ”

—
, ,

bec a me a c omplete r e a lity .

U n der the fir st c on stitu tion the G e n e r al Assembly ,

c on siste d of on ly on e h ou se I ts membe r s . Th F i t e re

° nt n
we r e electe d ye ar ly I ts a cts we r e c a lle d
.
°n s n °n

“
the Acts of Assembly a n a me still applie d to ou r
”
,
1 08 A H istor y of P en n sy lva n ia

l a ws The execu tive p owe r w a s veste d in a P r esi de n t

.
,

ch ose n an n u ally by the Assembly a n d the S u p r eme

E xecu tive C ou n cil The l a tte r b ody w a s c omp ose d of
.

twelve membe r s electe d for a te r m of th r ee ye ar s

, ,

a n d it wa s a d vis or y to the P r esi d e n t An othe r b od y .

O B VE R S E R EVE R S E

Th e S ea l of th e a
S t te of Pe y l
nn s i
va n a . En gr a v ed in P i
a r s, 1 780 .

w a s p r ovi de d f or —the
C ou n cil of Cen sor s c on S 1 stin g
—
, ,

of tw o pe r s on s fr om e a ch city a n d c ou n ty wh ose ,

du ty it w a s a t the en d of eve r y seve n ye ar s to see

, ,

whethe r the c on stitu ti on h ad bee n vi ol a te d A D ec .

l a r a tion of R i ghts a c on stit u ti on a l p r ovisi on fi r st m a d e

,

in Ame r ic a by V i r g in i a in 1 776 a n d in s ubst a n ce the ,

s a me a s the E n g lish Bill of R i g hts of 1 688 w a s a ,

s a c r e d thin g in the fi r st c on stitu ti on of P e n n syl van i a ,

and r em a i n s in ou r or g an ic
. l a w to this d a y The .

for ms of t own ship a n d c ou n ty g ove r n me n t r em a i n e d

a s P e n n i n stitu te d them The r i g ht to v ote w a s
.

g ive n to eve r y r esi d e n t t a xp a ye r .

The ave r a g e lif e of a c on stitu ti on in the U n ite d

L if i
e o a S t a tes h a s bee n ab ou t a t hi r d of a ce n tu r y .

°
° nn nt n n °n
The for ty fi ve S ta tes n ow in the U n i on
-

h ave e n for ce d n e ar ly on e h u n d r e d a n d twe n ty con

 The Gover n men t o f P enn sy lva n ia 1 09

stitu tion s in
th a t m an y ye ar s N ew c on stitu ti on s .

bec ome n ecess ar y to keep u p with the p r og r ess of the

times .
“
L or d M a c au l ay on ce s a id th a t the c au se of all
r ev ol u ti on s is th a t while n a ti on s m ove on w a r d c on

stitu tion s st an d still The r e a r e n u mer ou s i n ter ests

”
.

n ow th a t did n ot exist in 1 776 ; all these a s they ,

“

c a me i n to p r omin e n ce n ee d e d the foster in g c ar e of

,

a c on stit ution F r om 1 776 to 1 800 the r e we r e twe n ty

.
,

si x c on stit u ti on s in for ce a m on g sixtee n S t ates ; he n ce

ten of the or i gi n a l c on stit u ti on s we r e ch a n g e d in
twe n ty fiv e ye ar s
-
M ost of these ch a n ges we r e m ade
.

to sec u r e c on f or mity with the Fe de r a l C on stitu ti on .

P e n n sylv a n i a ch a ng e d her fi r st c on stitu ti on in

1 790. A n u ppe r h ou se w a s c r e a te d a n d Th C e , e ea s

the Assembly dep r ive d of the s ole r i g ht t n n n °

to m a ke l a ws The S u pr eme E xec u tive C ou n cil w a s

.

ab olishe d a n d a si n g le exec u tive est ablishe d who wa s ,

to be electe d by the pe ople The j u dg es of the hi g he r

.

c our ts wer e to se r ve du r in g good beh avi or in ste a d of ,

for seve n ye ar s The C oun cil of C e n s or s wa s d isc on

.

tin u ed a n d the vet o p owe r g ive n to the G ove r n or .

This b ody with F r e der ick A Mu hle n be r g a s p r esi de n t

, .
,

had met b u t on ce in 1 783 I t the n g ot itsel f in t o

, .

s u ch a s n ar l with the Assembly th a t it bec a me ve r y

u n p op u l ar A D ecl ar ation of Ri ghts w a s a g a in in c or
.

'

p o r a ted in ,
1 7 90 C ince h ol d
. e r s still h a-
d to believe
in God a n d in a fu t ur e st ate of r ew a r d s a n d p u n ish
me n ts b u t the div m e in sp ir a ti on s of the sc r i ptu r es
,

wa s n ot i n cl u de d in their quali fi c a ti on s .

Be g in n in g with the n ew ce n tu r y the r e wa s a l u ll ,

in the or i g i n al S t a tes in the m akin g of

A L ll u

n ew c on stit u ti on s which l a ste d u n til a b ou t

,

1 825 . Dur i n g this pe r i od a n u mbe r of n ew S t ates

110 A H istor y of P enn sylva nia

c a me i n to the U n ion ; a n d a s r a n k st a ti on a n d p r e fe r
,

me n t a r e u n k n own in pi on ee r li fe their c on stit u tion s

,

g r e a tly exte n d e d the r i g hts o f the i n d ivi dua l The.

W est thu s t au g ht the Ea st a less on in g ove r n me n t

which r esu l te d in c on stit u ti on al ch an g es a l on g the
Atl a n tic c oa st C e r ta in ec on omic c on d iti on s too pr e
.
, ,

v a ile d ab ou t the ye ar 1 825 th a t le d to the m aki n g

of n ew c on stit u ti on s on a l a r g e sc ale betwee n th a t
time a n d 1 850 The r api d m oveme n ts of p op ul ati on
.

i n t o the W est a t in ter v als afte r 1 800 g a ve r ise to the

, ,

g r e at system of i n te r n a l imp r oveme n ts of which the ,

tu r n pikes a n d c an a ls a r e the sile n t evi d e n c e s To .

r a ise m o‘n ey f or these p u r p oses n u me r ou s b a n ks

,

we r e or gan ize d p ape r m on ey w a s iss u e d a n d g r e a t

, ,

fin an ci a l distr ess w a s p r odu ce d .

P e n n sylv an i a m ad e a n efi or t in 1 825 to r evise

Th Co n
e h e the c on stitu ti on of 1 790 b u t faile d ; a n d
,

‘n
n °n “1 338 thir teen ye ar s el apse d be for e the wor k wa s
u n de r t ake n The c on stit u ti on of 1 838 a ll owe d the Gov
.

er n or b u t tw o te r ms of th r ee ye ar s e a ch in a n y n i n e

ye ar s ; in g e n e r al the p ower s of the L e g isl a tu r e we r e

,

e n l ar ge d ; n e ar l y all the office r s app oin te d by the

Gove r n or we r e m a d e elective by the pe ople or their
r ep r ese n t a tives ; his n omi n ati on s of j u d g es we r e to
be c on fir me d in the se n ate with ope n door s ; a ll life
offices we r e ab olishe d the ter ms of j u dges we r e limite d
to a ce r t a i n n u mbe r of ye ar s a n d we r e c on diti on e d
,

by g ood beh avi or ; the p owe r of the L e g isl at ur e to

g r a n t b an ki n g p r ivile g es w a s ab r i d g e d a n d r e g ul a te d ;
a n d the r i g ht of s u ff r a g e w a s exte n d e d to a ll white f r ee

m en h avi n g p a i d a st a te or c ou n ty t a x I n the c on
.

stitu tion of 1 790 the c ol or e d m a n c ou l d v ote b u t n ow

, ,

he c ou l d n ot The r evisi on w a s r a tifie d b y the pe ople

. .
 The Gover n men t f
o P enns y lva n ia 111

The c on stit u ti on em a i n ed in for ce till

of 1 838 r

1 873 . The p r in cip a l r e for m the n n ecess ar y Th C o a e ng .

w a s the p r ohibiti on of speci a l a n d l oc a l t n “ 1 373 n °n

le g isl ati on which ha d bec ome pe r n ici ou s a n d a l ar m

,

in g . By r e fe r r i n g to Ar ticle III S ecti on 7 of the , ,

c on stit u tion of 1 873 it m ay be see n wh a t the n a tu r e

,

of this le g isl a ti on w a s Lar g e c or p or a tion s s u ch a s

.
,

r a il r oad tr u st i n s ur an ce mi n i n g a n d m an ufactu r in g
, , ,

c omp an ies h ad bee n for me d u n der le g isl ative g r an ts

,

of speci a l a n d excl u sive p r ivile g es H e n ce we fi n d .

a l on g ar ticle in ou r p r ese n t c on stit u ti on on p r iv ate

c or p or a tion s The XVth Ame n d me n t of the Fe d e r a l
.

C on stit u tion m ad e a ch an g e n ecess ar y in the su fi r a g e

cl au se which n ow n o l on g e r r e ad s white fr eeme n
,
“ ”
,

“
b u t eve r y m ale citize n h a vin g p ai d a st a te or c ou nty
”
,

t ax . O the r v it a l r e for ms m ade we r e : a n i n c r e a se in

the n umbe r of se n a t or s a n d r epr ese n t atives the
’

c r e a ti on of a L ie u te n an t Gover n or bie n n i al sessi on s

-
,

of the L e gisl atur e min or ity r ep r ese n t a ti on an d the

, ,

election by the pe ople of a ll j udg es a n d cer t a in othe r

offi ce r s .

H a vi n g t r a ce d the for m of gover n me n t in P en n syl

v a n i a fr om P e n n s F r a me to the c on stit u tion of 1 873
’

—
thr ou g h a per iod of two ce n t u r ies we fi n d th at the
ch an g es which it u n d e r we n t we r e d eman d e d by the
pe ople a n d m a d e i n their i n te r est .

KS F OR RE AD ING AND C ONS ULTATI ON

B OO

S h eph e d s P r opr ieta r y Gover n men t in P ennsylva nia P ar t I I ;

r
’
,

P r ou d s H is tor y of P ennsylva nia Chs i a n d ii ; F ish e s E volu tion

’ ’
,
. r

of the Cons titu tion of the United S ta tes Chs i iii ; S ha pl ess Qua ker - ’
, . r

E xper imen t in Gover nmen t pa ssim; F an kli n s H is tor ica l R eviewof

’
,
r

th Con s titu tion a n d G o

e n men t of P enn sylva nia ;
ver Th o p e s Con r
’

s ti tu tiona l H is tor y of the A mer ica n P eopl e Vol I Chs ii a n d iii , .

, . .
 C H A P T ER V

TH E A D M I N I S T R A TI ON OF TH E G OV
E R N M E NT

TH E C OL ONI AL P E R I OD

The F r a me ve r n me n t h a vi n g bee n a ccepte d

of G o

p liti l a n d the G r e a t La w e n a cte d the a d m in is

—
o ca ,

H im n B g i
' e
tr a tion of the g ove r n me n t be gan
ns
a nd ,

with it the p olitic al histor y of the P r ovin ce a n d S ta te

of P e n n sylv a n i a The Assembly h ad n o p owe r to
.

or i g in a te bills a n d the fi r st p olitic a l str uggle of a n y

c on se qu e n ce ar ose fr om this d e fect in the F r a me of

Gove r n me n t Bills or i g in ate d by the C ou n cil we r e
.

fr e qu e n tly r ej ecte d by the Assembly for n o good r e a s on ,

except to a sser t wh a t p owe r it ha d The de adl ocks .

th u s p r odu ce d c au se d gr e a t an n oy a n ce to the P r o
pr ietor . S o in 1 688 he se n t a n e n ti r e str an ge r
, , ,

Capt a i n J ohn Bl a ckwell on ce a n offi ce r in C r omwell s

,
’

a r my to a ct a s G over n or
,
B u t a s ol d ie r Gove r n or
.

w a s n ot a ccept able to the Q uake r s an d his a dm in is ,

tr a tion m ad e m a tte r s n o bette r Bl a ckwell ha d to be

a n d the wh ole C ou n cil —
.

r ec a lle d ; ei g htee n in n u mbe r

—with Th om a s L loyd a s pr eside n t ag ai n bec ame ,

D ep u ty G ove r n or s .

I n 1 691 six of the c ou n cill or s fr om the “ thr ee

,

D mi h i
eh ee l owe r c ou n ties or D el awar e f or me d them
”
, ,

D l w
n n n’ n
selves i n t o a sep a r a te C ou n cil a n d m a de
l aws Thei r a cts we r e d ecl ar e d ille g a l ; b u t P e n n
(1 1 2)
 The A dminis tr a tion o f the Gover nmen t 113

tem por ar ily s atis fi e d th em b y a pp oi n ti n g W illi a m M ar k

h a m who symp athize d wi th them to a dmi n iste r the
, ,

gove r n me n t of D el aw ar e L l oyd w a s m a de D ep u ty
.

G ove r n or of P e n n sylv a n i a P e nn y iel d e d to this

w
,

d ivisi on of the exec u tive p o e r with g r e a t r el u ct an ce ;

for he k n ew it wou l d he l p his e n emies in their efi or t
‘

to d ep r ive him of the gove r n me n t .

W he n Fletcher a ss u me d c on tr ol of P e nn sylv an i a ( see

p 1 03 ) L l oyd r e fu se d to se r ve u n d e r him
F l t ch R l
a n d M ar kh a m a g a i n b ec a m
.
, ’
e er s u e
i
e D ep u t
y G o v -

er n or .Fletche r als o d ispl a ce d the C ou n cil with a n ew

\
on e an d he g ot i n t o a c on flict with the Assembly ab ou t

s u pplies to a ssist N ew Yor k in Ki n g W illi a m s wa r ’

,

a n d a b ou t t a xe s f or the s u pp or t of the g ove r n me n t .

This w a s a n ewp olitic a l p r oblem in P e n n sylv an i a b u t ,

a s in a ll the othe r c ol on ies it bec a me the p r oblem to

,

b e s olve d by the Rev ol u ti on I n d e a li n g with it P e n n

.
,

sylv a n i a empl oye d the s a me t a ctics a s the othe r c ol o

n ies did ; n a mely to g r a n t the r e qu ests of the Gov
,

er n or on c on d iti on th at he w ou l d a g r ee to the l aws

’
they w an te d Fletche r s d em a n d s fi n ally e n
. c r oa che d
—
so m u ch on the Assembly s r i g ht to g r a n t its m on ey a s
’

it s aw fi t th a t he met with a fl a t r e fu s al a n d ha d to
, ,

se n d the l aw m ake r s h ome

- -
.

As s oon a s P e n n ha d fi n a lly dep ar te d f or E n g l a n d ,

D el a war e be g a n to in sist on its r i g ht to S p te e a ra

a sep ar at eAssemb ly G ove r n or H amilton s A m bly f

w
’
ss e or

—
.

m 1a
a d min istr ation ( 1 701 , 1 703 ) as a lm ost
‘
wh olly t aken u p with attempts to pr ev en t a sep ar a
tion b u t D el aw ar e w a s u n yiel ding
,
It s fi r st G e n e r a l
.

Assembly m et in 1 703 a nd fr om th at time u n til the

,

Rev ol u ti on it ha d a sep ar ate L eg isl atu r e b u t w a s

, , ,

u n d e r the s a me G ove r n or with P e n n sylv a n i a .

H
1 14 A H istor y of P enn sylva n ia

H a milton s s u ccess or w a s J oh n E v an s ( 1 704

’

H e tr ie d to r estor e the u n i on betwee n

Gov er n or E v a n s
P e n n sylv a n i a
D el a w ar e b u t si de d
and ,

too m u ch with D el a w ar e to ple a se P e n n sylv an i a He .

m ad e himsel f still m or e u n p op ul ar by d e n yin g the

r i g ht of the Assembly to adj ou r n a t its ow n ple a s u r e .

H e w a s G ove r n or wh ile Q u ee n An n e s wa r w a s in
’

p r og r ess a n d it w a s fe ar e d a t on e time th at F r e n ch
,

m en of wa r wou l d e n te r the D el aw ar e
’

- -
E v an s k n ew .

the d octr i n e of the Q uaker s ab ou t wa r b u t th ou g ht ,

they wou l d fi g ht i f they we r e att a cke d S o he pl an n e d .

a sh a m a tt ack H e h ad a messe n g e r ar r ive in g r e a t

.

h a ste with the n ew s th a t the F r e n ch we r e c omi n g

,

u p the r iver H e himsel f the n r od e th r ou g h the

.

str e ets e n tr e a ti n g the pe ople to a r m themselves

—
.
,
.

S ome pe ople bec a me b a dly sc ar e d v a luables we r e ,

th r ow n i n t o wells vessels se n t u p the r i ve r a n d b oa ts

, ,

sec r ete d in c r eeks ; b u t m ost of the Q uake r s we n t

ab ou t their du ties a s u s ual .

To the feeli n g of dis g u st which this piece of folly

N m
u er ou s p r ov oke d w a s a d de d bitte r r ese n tme n t whe n
,

the Gover n or r e fu se d to let the Assembly

est ablish a j u dici ar y L og an the S ecr et ar y of the
.
,

P r ovi n ce c a me in f or a sh ar e of the bl a me a n d
, ,

a r ticles of impe a chme n t we r e dr awn u p aga i nst him .

A n a ppe a l w a s m a d e to P e n n th at i f he d id n ot pu t
a n en d to the evil p r a ctices of his G ove r n or a n d S ec

r eta r y the m atte r wou l d be c ar r ie d to the C r own

, .

C ompl ai n ts we r e a ls o m a de by the Q u ake r s bec au se

fl
their m ag istr a tes ha d to admin iste r oa ths or r esi g n
\
their offi ces A n or de r to this e ect ha d bee n iss u e d
.

by Q u ee n An n e bec au se it wa s r ep r ese n te d to her

,

th a t a m a n mi g ht be t r ie d in P e n ns ylv a n i a for his

 The A dmin istr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 115

life by a j u d ge j u r y a n d wit n esses n on e of wh om h ad

, ,

b ee n swor n .

E v an s ha vin g l ost the r espect a n d c on fi de n ce of

,

the Q uake r s c ou l d n ot c ope with a ll these

, G o em v er

G nnk i
d iffi c u lties P e n n the r e for e r ec a lle d him
.
n

a pp oin te d C h ar les Gooki n Gove r n or who se r ve d

‘

and ,

fr om 1 709 to 1 71 7 Gookin s fi r st r e qu est w a s for ’

m en a n d m
.
‘

on ey f or the expe d ition a g a i n st Ca n a d a in

’

Q u ee n A n n e s wa r
’
The Assembly obj ecte d on the .

gr ou n d of c on scie n ti ou s scr u ples b u t v ote d to m ake ,

the Q u ee n a p r ese n t of 500 p ou n d s a n d a dde d 200 ,

p ou n d s for the G ove r n or s own u se in c a se he sh ou l d

.
’
,

r e dr ess their gr iev an ces The chie f gr iev an ce they .

ha d w a s a g a i n st L og an wh om they bl a me d f or a ll ,

’
the evils of E van s a dmi n istr a ti on L og an d em an de d .

a tr i al b u t it w a s r e fu se d
, H e the n we n t to L on don .

an d expl a i n e d the c on t r ove r sy to P e n n w ho ac qu itte d ,

him of all bl a me
i
The n ew Assembly ch osen s oon afte r w ar d s w a s
'

m or e fr ien dly to the P r op r iet ar y a n d in

'

p
’
en n s

R ln E d
h ar m on y with the Gove r n or Gookin n n s
.

agr ee d to a system of c ou r ts a nd to the r ig ht of the ,

Assembly to adj ou r n at ple a s ur e I n r et u r n a libe r a l .

s u m of m on ey wa s v ote d for the wa r aga in st Fr a n ce .

Gooki n in 1 71 5 a ls o si g n e d a bill s ubstit u ti n g

'

, ,

affir m ati on s f or oa ths a n d it w a s in for ce f or fi ve ,

ye ar s. The n acc or di n g to the C h ar ter it h ad to be

, ,

p r esen te d to the C r own for app r ov a l which it fa ile d

w
,

to g et . The l a wa s r e en a cte d a t on ce ; b u t to pr e
ve n t the c ol on ists fr om livin g u n der it f or an othe r
five ye ar s P ar li a me n t p a sse d a n a ct m akin g a n ol d
,

l aw of E n g l an d which p r ohibite d Q u ake r s fr om g iv

,

in g evide n ce in c r imin a l c a ses sitti n g on j ur ies or , ,

116 A H is tor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

h ol di n g a n y oifi ce apply to all the c ol on ies a n d so to

,

P e nn sylv an i a Gover n or G ookin n ow si de d with th ose

.

in the p r ovi n c e w ho we r e
an xi ou s to cr ipple Q uaker
r u le H e hel d th at the a ct
.

of P ar li a me n t h ad r epe ale d
the r ece n t a ct of the p r ov
i n ce This w a s too m u ch
.

to be e n du r e d a n d his r e ,

c a ll w a s dem an de d P enn .

h avin g bec ome too feeble

min de d to a tte n d to s u ch
m atte r s M r s P e n n r e qu este d
, .

’
the G over n or s r esi g n ati on .

A n d n ow n eithe r the v oice

'

n or the pen of the f ou n d e r

of P e nn sylv a n i a eve r a g a in
P ’
D
enn sk es .

I n the phnedeiphi e Libr a r y t ook p ar t in the c oun sels of

,

his p r ovi n ce .

Mr s . d S ir W ill ia m Keith to s u ccee d

Gov er n or Keith s a d mi n istr ation, ( 1 71 7 1 726 )
’ -

K ith
e
p op ul ar with the pe ople bu t n ot
with the P r op r iet ar y H e addr esse d the C r own on the
.

vexe d qu estion of all owin g pe r s on s to a fiir m who r e

fu se d to t ake a n oath H e u r ge d th a t their scr u ples
.

sh ou l d be r especte d The Ki n g the n r a ti fie d a n a ct of

.

P ar li a me n t to th a t efi ect The Assembly in r et ur n

.

a g r ee d to a v ol u n t a r y militi a F or ei g n immi g r a ti on n ext

.

d em a n de d a tte n ti on The G e r m a n s a n d the S c otch I r ish

.
-

c a me in s u ch l ar g e n u mbe r s ab ou t this time th a t their

n a t u r aliz a ti on wa s n ot l ooke d u p on with fa v or A .

bill b r ou g ht in p r ovi de d th a t a pplic an ts m u st p r odu ce

a ce r tifi c ate fr om a j u s tice of the pe a ce ce r tifyin g to
 The A dmin istr a tion o f the Gover n men t 117

the a m ou n t of p r ope r ty they ha d a n d to the n atu r e of

thei r r eli gi ou s fa ith The G over n or obj ecte d to these
.

scr utin ies a n d the Assembly g r a n te d citize n ship with

,

ou t them b u t l a i d a d u ty on a ll imp or te d for ei gn e r s

,

c omi n g to r esi d e in the p r ovi n ce Ther e we r e m a n y .

se r v a n ts am on g the immi gr an ts S ome of these we r e .

p oor b u t r espect able a n d we r e willin g to se r ve for a

,

time in or de r th at they mi g ht bec ome fr ee afte r war d s ;

othe r s we r e v agr a n ts a n d fel on s sen t her e a s well a s to,

the othe r c ol on ies by E n gl an d A du ty of five p ou n d s

,
.

w a s imp ose d u p on the imp or te r of c on victe d fel on s .

C omme r ce a n d fin an ce als o e n gage d the a tte n tion

of the g ove r n me n t ab ou t this time Ther e Com m m .
e e

d Fi
w a s n ot a s u ffi cie n t dem a n d for the pr o an n nnne

d ucts of the p r ovi n ce c on sisti n g chiefly of flou r

, ,

m e ats b u tte r a n d e g g s
,
.
S o l aws we r e p a sse d to
.

c r e ate a h ome c on s u mpti on B r ewe r s a n d d istille r s

.

we r e r e qu ir e d to u se n othi n g b u t h ome p r odu cts a n d ,

s ome of these we r e m a de a le g a l te n de r Ri g id .

i n specti on of exp or ts w a s e n for ce d to imp r ove their

d em an d ab r oad especi ally in the W est I n d ies whe r e
, ,

P e n n sylv an i a fl ou r a n d s a lt me a ts s ol d well But .

these r eme d ies did n ot c r e a te a m ar ket for all th at

gr ew on the fe r tile far ms so r api dl y m u ltiplyi n g H a d .

E n gl a n d all owe d her c ol on ies to e n g a g e in ma n u fa c

t ur e P e n n sylv an i a m i g ht h ave cr e ate d a h ome m a r ket
, .

As it wa s her imp or ts of m a n u factu r e d ar ticles fa r

,

excee d e d her exp or ts a n d the specie wa s dr awn off to

,

p ay b al a n ces abr oa d m on ey bec ame sc ar ce ; a n d fin a n

,

c ia l emb ar r a ssme n t foll owe d Gover n or Keith n ow

.

c a me for war d with a p r op osition to iss u e p a pe r

m on ey . The Assembly h avin g fu ll k n owle d g e of the
,

dis a str ou s effects of this ki n d of c u r r e n cy in othe r

118 A H is tor y of P en n sy lva n ia

c ol on ies a cte d with g r e a t c au ti on a n d iss u e d j u st so

, ,

m u ch a s w ou l d s u pply the pl a ce of the S pecie se n t

abr oad The iss u e u n de r Keith a m oun te d to
.

p ounds sec u r e d on silver pl ate or l a n d

, .

Gove r n or Keith w a s n ow the i dol of the pe ople ,

Gov er n or b u t n ot of L og an a n d Mr s P e n n a n d so .
,

G d
°’ °n
he w a s r ec a lle d H is s u ccess or w a s P a t r ick
.

G or don wh ose wise a n d s u ccess fu l admin istr ati on ex

,

te n de d fr om 1 726 to his d e a th in 1 736 The fi ve , .

ye ar s for which the pape r mon ey l a w c ou l d be in

ope r a ti on with ou t s u bmitti n g it to the Ki n g for a p
,

p r ov al or r ej ecti on h ad n ow expir e d ,The Kin g .

a pp r ove d it b u t w ar n e d the p r ovin ce ag a in st a n ex

,

cess of su ch m on ey H oweve r m or e p ape r w a s

.
,

iss ued The Assembly h ad c on vi n ce d G or d on of its

.

u se fu l n ess by r emi n d in g him of the fa ct th at while in

the other c ol on ies the n otes we r e secu r e d on ly on the
c r e dit of the gover n me n t in P e n n sylv an i a they h ad ,

the additi on al secu r ity of the silve r pl ate or l a n d of

the i n divi dua l to wh om they we r e issu e d O the r .

me a s ur es of adv an t age we r e adopte d du r in g G or don s ’

a dmi n ist r a ti on On e w a s the app oin tme n t of a per

.

m an e n t a g e n t to r ep r ese n t the Assembly in L on don .

'

H e w a s to expl a in the l aws p a sse d th a t they m i g ht ,

n ot be vet oe d with ou t du e c on si de r a ti on The r a pi d .

i n c r e a se of S wiss a n d G e r m an immi g r ation a g ai n d e

m a n ded atte n ti on eve n E n g l a n d fe ar i n g th a t P en n syl
,

v an i a w ou l d bec ome a c ol on y of for ei g n e r s A du ty .

of f or ty shilli n g s per he a d w a s l a i d on a ll for ei g n

immi g r a n ts Bu t whe n the S c otch I r ish p ou r e d i n t o
.
-

the p r ovi n ce the Q uake r s felt the n ee d of the Ger

,

m an s , who g e n e r ally si de d wi th them in p olitic al

m a tte r s a n d the odi ou s l aw wa s r epe a le d
, .
 The A dmin is tr a tion o f the Gover n men t 119

I n 1 729 , the Assembly r es olve d to b u il d a S t ate

H ou se . I t h ad bee n meeti n g in a Q uake r Th e S ta t e

H ° B i“
meeti g h u se in a sch ool h ou se a n d in
n -
o ,
-
,
°n s n

p r iv ate h ou ses W or k w a s n ot c omme n ce d u n til 1 732

. .

The b u il d i n g w a s c ompleted in 1 74 1 th ou g h the ,

fin ishi n g t ou ches we r e n ot p u t on it till 1 745 A p ar t .

In depen den ce H ll a .

of it w a s cc u pie d by the Assembly in O ct obe r 1 735

o , .

“
I n 1 750 a n add iti on w a s or d e r e d on the s ou th si d e ,

to c on t a i n the st a ir c a se with a pl a ce the r ein f or

,

h a n g i n g a bell ”
The bell u se d befor e w a s p r ob ably
.

b r ou g ht ove r by P e n n I t ha d h u n g on a sm all
.

b elfr y in fr on t of the b u il d i n g s in which the Assembly

met Membe r s of the Assembly who we r e n ot p r ese n t
.

withi n h alf a n h our after the bell h ad r u n g we r e to

1 20 A H istor y f
o P en n s y lv a n ia

p ay “a te n pe n n y bit The bell which h a s c ome to

.
”

be k n own a s the L iber ty B ell wa s or i g i n a lly m a d e in

L on don I t wa s twice r ec a st he r e in 1 75 3 on a c
. , ,

“
c ou n t of a cr a ck it r eceive d when h u n g u p to tr y
“
the s ou n d ”
I t w a s the n th a t the wor d s P r ocl a im
.

libe r t y th r ou g h ou t the l an d u n t o all the in h abit a n ts

,

Th e Lib ty
er ll
Be .

the r e of we r e a d de d
,
”
I t w a s a g a i n c r a cke d in 1 835
.
,

while bein g t olle d in mem or y of C hie f Ju stice

M ar sh all a n d it n ow h a n g s ove r the h allway of the
,

ol d S t ate H ou se .

L ittle di d the Assembly of 1 729 dr e a m of the his -

r

H i t ic
s or t or ic sce n es th at we r e to be e n a cte d in the
A i n
S S °° n
P e n n sylv an i a S t a te H ou se
°n n
H e r e Ju n e 28 .
, ,

1 774 r es ol u ti on s we r e p a sse d m aki n g c omm on c au se

, ,
 The A dmin istr a tion o f the Gover n m en t 1 21

“p or t
with B oston de n ou n ci n g the bill a n d r ecom
”
, ,

me n di n g a c on gr ess of a ll the c ol on ies ; he r e the sec on d

C on tin e n t a l C on g r ess met in 1 775 a n d r em a in e d ex ;
, ,

cept whe n the city wa s hel d by the B r itish till 1 783 ; ,

her e the D ecl ar a ti on of I n d epe n de n ce w a s p a sse d J u ly

4, 1 776 a n d fi r st p u blicly r e a d J uly 8 ;
,
he r e the ,

Ar ticles of C on fe de r a tion a n d P e r petua l U n ion we r e

si g n e d J u ly 9 1 778 a n d fi n a lly r a tifi e d M ar ch 1 1 781
, , ,

he r e the C on stitution w a s fr a me d M a y 25 to S eptembe r ,

1 7 1 787 ; he r e the S t a te c on ve n ti on r a ti fi e d the Con

,

s titu tion of the U n ite d S t ates D ecembe r 1 2 1 787 ; , ,

a n d he r e : in the city b u il d i n g on the c or n e r of S ixth

and C hest n u t str eets C on g r ess s at bet wee n 1 790 a n d
,

1 800 a n d Wa shi n g t on w a s i n au g u r a t e
,
d in 1 793 a n d
Ad ams in 1 797 .

M r s P e n n h avin g d ie d in 1 733 the g ove r n me n t

.
.

b ec a me veste d in h er th r ee s u r vivin g s on s Th H h , e e e

J oh n Th om a s a n d Rich ar d
,
J oh n a n d P .
en n

Th om a s b oth c ame to P e n n sylvan i a J oh n c ou l d .

n ot r em a i n l ong on a cc ou n t of the b ou n d ar y d isp u te

,

with M a r yl an d ; b u t Th om a s r em a i n e d in the p r ovi n ce

n i n e y e ar s Gove r n or Gor don die d while Th om a s P e n n
.

w a s still he r e ; a n d f or two ye ar s L og an who ha d ,

bec ome p r esid en t of the C ou n cil a cte d a s Gove r n or , .

F r om 1 738 to 1 74 7 the g ove r n or ship w a s hel d by,

p
Ge or g e Th om a s a we a lthy l a n te r fr om the
, G m
Tnn ‘
ee e e,

isl an d of An ti q u a , W a r h a vin g bee n de n ns

cl a r ed betwee n E n gl a n d a n d S p a i n in 1 739 G ove r n or -

, ,

Thom a s p a sse d thr ou g h the s a me expe r ie n ces th a t

E v an s a n d G ookin ha d c on ce r n in g me a s u r es of de fe n se .

To his r e qu est for a id the Assembly r eplie d th a t thei r ,

c on sc i e n ce for b ade them to exte nd it b u t th at he a s , ,

Gove r n or mi g ht or g a n ize a v ol u n t ar y m ihtii withou t

r

,
1 22 A H is tor y f P enn sy lva n ia
o

c on s u ltin g them With the a i d of F r an klin he s oon

.
,

ha d m or e t r oops th an the qu ot a c a lle d f or ; b u t u n for tu

n a tel y so m a n y of them we r e r e d empti on e r s a n x i ou s to ,

esc ape fr om ser vitu de th at the Assembly r e fu se d to v ote

,

a n y m on ey u n less these we r e r et u r n e d to thei r m a ste r s .

Th om a s w a s st ubb or n a n d r a ise d fu n d s on the cr e dit

,

of the B r itish gove r n me n t The n the Assembly ha d to

.

in dem n ify the m a ste r s for the l oss of their ser v an ts .

I t als o ga ve p ou n d s to the C r own in a i d of the

wa r b u t n othi n g to Th om a s P olitic al d iv ision s n ow
,
.

sp r a n g u p Th ose who si d e d with Th om a s we r e c a lle d

.

the ’
ge n tleme n s p ar ty ; ”
while th ose who s u pp or te d
“
the Assembly we r e kn ow n a s the c oun tr y p ar ty At ”
.

a n electi on f or the Assembly in 1 742 the g e n tleme n s

’
, ,

p ar ty w a s c ompletely r ou te d
”
Th om a s the n m ad e .

pe a ce with the Assembly H e si gn e d the l aws p a sse d

.
-
,

a n d in r etu r n g ot a ll a r r e a r s of s a l ar y .

I n 1 744 Ki n g G e or g e s wa r c omme n ce d a n d P e n n
,
’
,

P ac t
e e a sylv a n i a ce a se d to be a c ol on y of pea ce .

fl
E d
an n
F r an ce thr e a te n e d the p r ovi n ce fr om with
ou t , in the e or t to t ake p ossessi on of the O hi o
v alley a n d the I n d i a n s thr e ate n e d it fr om withi n
,

bec au se they h ad bee n u n j u stly depr ive d of s ome of

their l an d s A b atter y w a s e r ecte d bel ow P hil a del
.

phi a by me an s of fu n d s r a ise d by l otte r y C on r a d .

W eiser the p r ovi n ci al in te r p r ete r w a s se n t a m on g the

, ,

I n d i an s to p r op ose a t r e aty The I r oqu ois p r om ise d

to p r eve n t the F r e n ch a n d thei r I n d i a n a llies —the
.

—
D el aw ar es a n d the S h aw an ese fr om m ar chi n g th r ou g h
I r oqu ois te r r it or y to a tt a ck the E n g lish settleme n ts .

H oweve r the l avish n ess of F r e n ch p r ese n ts a n d the

,

“
mem or ies of the Walki n g P u r ch a se m ad e the set”

tl er s on the f r ontie r feel ve r y u n e a sy .

 The A dministr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 1 23

G ove r n or Th om a s , a ssiste d by F r an kli n and Log an ,

h ad n o di ffic u lty in r aisi n g a v ol u n tee r

Th A o i t
The m en who v ol u n tee r e d wer e
e s c a or s
militi a .

c alle d Ass oci at or s a n a me applie d f or m a n y ye ar s to

,

fl
the militi a They c ar r ie d for the fir st time the so
.

c alle d p r ovi n ci al ag of P e nn sylv a n i a It wa s de .

si g n e d b y Fr a nklin a n d c on siste d of a lion hol d in g a

,

cimete r a n d the shiel d of the p r ov

in ce. The tr u e p r ovi n ci al fl ag
( ar g e nt on a fesse s able thr ee
, ,

pl a tes ) the b an n e r of the P e n n s wa s

, ,

n eve r u n fu r le d in P e n n sylv a n i a B ut .

its be ar i n g s a r e set u p a n d d ispl aye d

on the shiel d of ar ms in the g r e a t

se a l a n d on the ofiicia l a cts a n d

p r ocl a m ati on s iss u e d by the S t ate s ’
‘

au th or ity The Assembly in s u p

.
,

p or t of the expe d ition aga in st L ou is

b u r g v ote d “
p oun d s to be expe n de d for b r e ad
, ,

bee f p or k flour whe at a n d othe r gr a in

, , ,
”
F or t u n ately .
,

P e nn s y lv a n i a w a s n ot m oleste d in Kin g Ge or g e s wa r
’
,

except to be b a dly fr i g hte n e d .

W he n Thom a s r esi g n e d on a cc ou n t of p oor he alth , ,

An th on y P alme r p r esi de n t of the C ou ncil

, Go o , v er n r

bec a me acti n g Gover n or The s u ccess or w as .

“ ma

J a mes H a milton wh ose admi n istr ati on e xte n de d to the

,

ye ar 1 754 , H e r u le d the p r ovi n ce at a time whe n a ‘

gr e a t stor m w a s g a the r i n g The I n di an s in cite d by.

,

F r e n ch p r ese n ts a n d p r omises of l ost h u n ti n g gr ou n d s ,

n ow sh owe d ope n con tempt for the white m a n of

P e nn sylv a n i a The S e n ec a s on a yisit to P hil adelphia
.
, ,

kille d c attle a n d r obbe d or ch ar d s n ot eve n sp ar i n g ,

the p r ope r ty of C on r ad Weise r S u ch a cts wer e com .

 1 24 A H istor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

m itted to e xt or t p r ese n ts fr om the p r ovi n ce . I n this

the wily I n di an s we r e su ccess fu l The Assembly v ote d .

l ar g e s u ms of m on ey on sever a l occ a si on s to qu iet

them Nor w a s this the on ly expe n se
.
‘

The settler s .

ha d to be r eimb u r se d for their l osses .

H e r etofor e the P r op r iet or s h ad b or n e their sh a r e of

G m
er i th
s o the expe n se inc u r r e d by I n di an c on fe r e n ces
e

a l n
a n d t r e a ties bec au se qu iet on the fr on tie r
n n °n
,

helpe d the s ale of l an d B u t n ow whe n pe ace ha d to

.
,

be kept by a n expe n sive system of p r ese n ts they r e fu se d ,

to c on t r ib u te They cl a ime d to h ave g ive n too m u ch

.

F r anklin who w
'

a l r e a dy f or p u blic d e fe n se a s in the
.
,

Assembly in 1 75 1 d r ew u p the r eply to the P r op r ie

,

t or s a n d w ar n e d them th a t the p r ovi n ce mi g ht be

,

t ur n e d in to a r oy a l on e I n this d isp u te wer e for me d

.

the g e r ms of r ev olu ti on which m a tu r e d twe n ty fiv e -

ye ar s l ate r A p owe r fu l p op u l ar p ar ty w a s or g a n ize d

.

to Opp ose the P r op r iet or s L og an the p r ovi n ci al .

~

S ec r et ar y f or h al f a ce n tu r y w a s d e a d a n d his pl a ce , ,

w a s fi lle d by R ich ar d P ete r s a m a n wh ose symp athies ,

we r e n ot with the Qu ake r s This ch an g e m a d e it .

p ossible for the b r e a ch to g r ow r api dly wi d e r .

The tr e aty of Aix l a C h apelle w a s simply a tr u ce

- -
p

betwee n the E n g lish nd the F r e n ch

Th F
a
e ch r en
.

i th
n e W hile it l a ste d the E n glish slept a n d ,
O h i v ll y
the F r e n ch we r e wi de a wake
° a e
The B r it .

ish g ove r n me n t w a s bli n d to the desi g n s of the

e n emy which ha d bee n f or fifty ye ar s a n d still we r e
, , ,

t o g et p ossessi on of the Mississippi v alley Dur i n g .

the y e ar s of pe a ce afte r 1 748 the F r e n ch expl or e d the ,

v alleys of the Alle g he n y a n d O hi o r ive r s b u r yi n g ,

le a de n pl a tes a t the m ou ths of a n u mbe r of tr ib u ta

r ies a n d n a ili n g pieces of tin to t r ees st a n d i n g n e a r
,
 The A dminis tr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 1 25

by a s evi d e n ces of cl a ims to the l an d dr a in e d by these

,

r ive r s . They the n e r ecte d for ts a t v ar i ou s pl a ces a l on g

the r ou te of expl or ati on a n d st ation e d tr oops the r ein
On e P r es qu e I sle —w a s l oc ate d a t the p r ese n t site of
—
, .

—
E r ie ; a n othe r Le B oe uf —a t th a t of Wa te r for d ; a n d
— —
still a n othe r M a ch au lt a t th at of F r an klin .

To r esis t the pr og r ess of the F r e n ch the Assem ,

b l y wa s a ske d to b u il d a for t a t the j u n c H am ilt on

ti on of the O hi o a n d Alle g he n y r ive r s ; b u t d th an e

A ssem bly
the F r e n ch h ad so l on g c on fi n e d their hos
til ities aga i n st N ew Y or k a n d N ew E n g l an d th a t ,

P e nn sylv an i a f elt a t e a se V i r g in i a the n c omme n ce d

.

to b u il d the for t ; b u t the F r e n ch seize d it a n d afte r ,

fin ishin g it g ave it the n a me of Duqu es n e

,
V ir g i n i a
.

cl a ime d the te r r it or y in which the for t w a s l oc a te d ,

a n d p r omptly d isp a tche d Wa shi n g t on on a n expe diti on

to d r ive the Fr e n ch ou t Gove r n or H amilton a ppe ale d

.

to the Assembly to j oin V i r g i n i a a g a i n st the i n t r u de r s ;

b u t th at b ody d eci de d th a t the F r e n ch we r e a s yet
’
on ly i n V i r g i n i a After Wa shin g t on s d e fe a t at F or t
.

N ecessity an othe r appe a l w a s m a d e by H amilton ; b u t

,

a s he i n siste d on a n a pp r op r ia tion of m on ey f or the

expe d ition the Assembly a g a i n r e f u se d its c on se n t
,
.

R athe r th an yiel d the r i g ht to g ive m on ey on its own

te r ms the Assembly r e fu se d to g ive a n y a t a ll
,
Nor .

w a s P e n n sylv an ia al on e in this p ositi on The othe r

.

c ol on i es too withhel d m on ey a n d s u pplies r a the r th a n

, ,

g ive u p thei r c o n stit u ti on a l r i g hts a t the d ict a ti on o f

the Gove r n or s .

To g a in the fr ie n d ship of the S ix Na ti on s a c ol o ,

n i a l c on g r ess w a s hel d a t Alb an y in 1 754 Th A lba y

, e n

by or d e r of the B r itish g ove r n me n t In .

C g on r es s

di a n a fi a ir s we r e n ow t ake n ou t of the h a n d s of the

1 26 A H istor y f
o P en n sylva n ia

c ol on ies a n d m a n age d by the m othe r c oun tr y th r ough

a n ag e n t a pp oi n te d by the C r own Am on g P enn syl .

v an i a s d ele ga tes w a s Be n j a mi n Fr an kli n

’
H e pr e .

se n te d a pl an of p olitic al un i on which th ough n ot , ,

a ccepte d wa s a s tep t ow ar d the u n i on for me d twe n ty

,

ye ar s l ate r H oweve r the p ur ch a se of l an d fr om the

.
,

In d i an s by t he P e nn sylv an i a dele gates w a s n ot a

p r a isewor thy a ct ( S ee p . W he n the I n dian s in
.

P e n n sylv an i a le ar n e d th a t they h ad bee n d ep r ive d

of -
~
n e ar ly a ll the l and west of the S u s qu e ha nn a ,

they v owe d ve n ge an ce a n d c a st their l ot with the

,

F r e n ch .

S u ch w a s the th r e a te n in g attit ud e of the F r e n ch a n d

G w e “ n I n di an s whe n in O ct ober 1 754 H amilton
,r , , , ,

“m i n
we ar y of his oni ce r esi g n e d a n d wa s s u c
, ,

ceeded by R obe r t H u n te r M or r is
”
The Assembly n ow .

p r omptly v ote d p oun d s of p ape r m on ey h a lf ,

of which w a s for the Kin g s u se M or r is r et ur n e d

’
.

the bill bec au se he w an te d the p ape r m on ey to be r e

,

deem a b l e in fi ve ye ar s in ste a d of twelve a s st a te d in ,

the bill To p r ove its l oy alty a n d yet n ot s u r r e n de r

.

its abs ol u te r i ghts ove r m on ey bills the Assembly , ,

on its ow n c r e d it b or r owe d , to be ex
pe n de d in the Ki n g s c au se
’
A ye ar l ate r the s ame
.
,

d i ffic u lty w a s s olve d in the s a me w ay The G ove r n or .

ha d secr et in st r u cti on s fr om the P r op r iet or s n ot to

a sse n t to a n y m on ey bills u n less he c ou l d h a ve a
v oice in d isb ur si n g the fu n d s th u s r a ise d B u t P e nn .

sylv an i a a s well a s the othe r c ol on ies c on te n de d th a t

,
.
,

th ose who p ay the t axes must h ave s ole p owe r to

apply them Th a t wa s a p r i n ci ple of E n g lish libe r ty
.
,

a n d the Ame r ic a n s we r e e n title d to a ll the libe r ties of

E n g lishme n
 The A dmin istr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 1 27

E n g l a n d pe r ceivi n g the des ign s of F r a n ce to t ake

,

p ossessi on of the Mississippi v alley se n t two B ea d d , r e ,

M W“
r e g ime n ts u n d e r G e n e r a l B r add ock to Ame r ic a

in M ar ch 1 755, P e nn sylv a n i a w a s a ske d for t r oops

.
,

p r ovisi on s t r an sp or t a tion a n d for a p ar t of a com

, ,

mon fu n d to be r a ise d by all the c ol on ies The .

Assemb l y met a n d at on ce p r ovi de d f or the ope n in g

of a p ost r oad betwee n P hil adelphi a a n d W in cheste r , ,

V ir g in i a a s well a s for w agon s a n d p a ck h or ses

,
-
.

Fr an kli n u n de r t ook the t a sk of getti n g 1 50 w agon s

a nd p a ck h or ses H e adve r tise d for these in
-
.

Yor k L an c aste r a n d Cu mber l an d c ou n ties a n d in

, ,

tw o weeks h ad m or e th an the qu ot a H e gave his .

b on d s for s u ch h or ses a s mig ht be l ost in the se r vice

—
.

C l a ims to the am ou n t of p oun ds e n ough to

r u i n him fin a n cia ll y — we r e after w ar d s p r ese n te d The .

Assembly afte r a l on g del ay p a i d his obli ga ti on s

, , .

Th r ee h u n dr e d men we r e the n p u t to wor k c u tti n g a

‘

’
r oad fr om F or t L oud on to u n ite with B r addock s r oad

c omin g u p fr om M ar yl an d west of the m ou n t a in s .

.

T og ethe r with N ew Je r sey the p r ovi n ce als o fu r n ishe d ,

a b ody of t r oops .

‘
I t w a s J un e before B r a ddock s ar my le ft F or t
’

Cumbe r l a n d f or F or t Duqu es n e “ ove r the B d d eh , re e

r
s

D efe t
wor st r oa d s in the wor l d ”
H e w a s a ec om .
a

p a n ied by Wa shi n g t on tw o chie f s in c om ma n d of

, ,

s ome I n di a n s G e or ge C r ogh an the I n di an a g e n t of

, ,

P e n n sylv an i a a n d Ca pt a in J a ck the “ W il d h u n te r
”
.
, , .

P r og r ess w a s sl ow b u t with ou t da n ge r till the

,

Mon on ga hel a ha d bee n cr osse d s ome seve n miles fr om ,

F or t D u qu es n e Ju ly 9 The ar my h ad j u st fin ishe d
, .

d i nn e r a n d r es u me d the m ar ch whe n it s u dde n ly c a me ,

fa ce to fa ce with the F r e nch Ca n adi a n s a n d I n di a n s , .

1 28 A H istor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

The E n glish tr oops wer e a t on ce c on fu se d by the

str an g e m a n n e r of b attle empl oye d by the e n emy who ,

kept behin d t r ees a n d l og s while n othin g c ou l d be ,

see n b u t pu fi s of sm oke W he n B r add ock r ode u p

,
.

a n d down a m on g his m en ur g i n g them to fi g ht they

, ,

r eplie d th a t they w ou l d d o so i f he c ou l d sh ow th em

the e n emy H e g ot an g r y at Wa shi n g ton for su g

.

g estin g to fight the I n d i a n s in I n d i a n fa shi on a n d ,

whe n s ome of the s ol die r s did r es or t to it he r u dely ,

or de r e d them a wa y fr om thei r shelte r The b a ttle

'

l a ste d for thr ee h ou r s a n d ha d n ot Wa shin gton c ov

'

e r e d the r etr e a t with his p r ovi n ci als the e n tir e ar my ,

wou l d h ave bee n an n ihil a te d B r a d dock w a s sh ot in

.

the b a ck j u st af te r he h ad or de r e d a r etr e a t H e d ie d .

on the s u mmit of Lau r el H ill the thir d d a y afte r .

w ar d s . H is b ody wa s b u r ie d in the ce n te r of the

r oa d ,
th a t the r etr e ati n g ar my in m ar chin g ove r it
mig ht efi a ce a ll sig n s of the g r ave I n 1 804 the r e .

m a in s wer e r e in te r r e d a t the foot of a l ar g e white

-

oa k t r ee n e ar by .

B r ad dock s d e fe at w a s foll owe d b v the g r e atest

’

Th I d i
e n c on ste r n ati on in Pe n n sylv a n i a
a ns The I n .

‘k a
a n g nn
d i an s n ow ha d the Opp or tu n ity of ave n g
n

in g the Wa lkin g P ur ch a se the Al b an y D ee d a n d othe r

, ,

a cts of i n j u stice r e al a n d im ag in ar y
,
They fell u p on .

the fr on tie r of P e n n sylv a n i a a l on g its e n tir e le n g th

a d ist a n ce of two h u n dr e d miles Fir st they d isp ose d
of the is ol ate d settle r bey on d the m ou n t a i n s —ih the
.

v alleys of the J u n i a t a a n d the S u s qu eh a n n a W ith .

n o n ei g hb or s n e a r e r th a n f ou r or fi ve miles he w a s a n ,

e a sy victim A plow in the fu r r ow a c abin in a shes

'

.
, ,

a n d a fa mily sc a lpe d m u til a te d a n d m u r de r e d wa s the

, ,

u s u a l ta le The n the bl oodthir sty I n di an s b r oke

.
 The A dmin istr a tion o f the Gover n men t 1 29

th r ough the gaps of the Bl u e R idge The F r e n ch offi .

ce r s who we r e with them h ad n o c on tr ol ove r them .

The m a in b ody wa s e n c a mpe d on the S u s qu eh an n a ,

thir ty miles ab ove H ar r is fe r r y’

The n ce they r a v
.

age d the c ou n ties of Cu mbe r l a n d Lan c a ste r Be r ks , ,

a nd Nor th a mpt on . Their a tr ocit i es we r e c ar r ie d to

withi n fifty miles of P hil a delphi a ; the sc alp yells
we r e he ar d a t Na z a r eth a n d Bethlehem to which ,

t own s the I n di a n s c ar r ie d their p r is on e r s a n d pl u n de r .

G ove r n or M or r is c alle d the Assembly in N ovem

b er ; b u t he r ej ecte d thei r bill to r a ise D im h i i eu es h

’
m on ey for the Ki n g s u se bec au se it t a xe d R i i g F d a s n un s

the P r op r iet a r y est a tes The Assembly the n r a ise d

.

p ou n d s by v ol un t ar y s ubsc r ipti on s p r omisi n g ,

to r eimb u r se the S ubscr ibe r s P etiti on s for a r ms a n d

.

a mm u n ition n ow c a me in fr om eve r y p ar t of the p r ov

i n ce
. The fr on tie r c ou n ties p a sse d r es ol u ti on s a t
p ublic meetin g s to r ep a ir to P hil ad elphi a a n d d em an d
me a s u r es a n d me an s of d e fe n se A b ody of fou r hu n
.

d r e d G e r m an s m ar che d to the city c r owd e d i n t o the ,

h a ll of the Assembly a n d in pe r s on al i n te r views im

,

p r esse d their d em an d s The m u r de r e d a n d m an g le d

.

b odies of a fa mily b u tche r e d b y the I n d i a n s we r e

t ake n to P hil a d elphi a like fr oze n ve n is on fr om the
,

m oun t a in s h a u le d ab ou t the str eets a n d a ct u a lly

, ,

pl a ce d in the d oor w ay of the Assembly Ab ou t .

th r ee h u n dr e d I n d i an s who ha d r em a i n e d fa ith fu l
to the memor y of P e nn a ls o j oin e d in the a ppe a ls
for help . The p olitic a l quar r el c ou l d n ot be c on ti n u e d
u n de r s u ch c on dition s
n a tion
The P r opr iet or s o er ed a d o
.

p ou n d s for the d e fe n ce of the

fl
of

p r ovin ce a n d the Assembly p a sse d a bill to r a ise

,
.

m on ey wit hou t t axi n g the P r op r ietar y esta tes .

1 30 A H istor y f
o P ennsylva nia

A militi a l aw p r ep ar e d by F r a n kli n w a s the n e x t

, ,

A M iliti a me a s ur e of d e fe n ce The P r opr iet ar y by .

,

P nnd
nn
vi r t u e of the ch ar ter c ou l d r a ise a militi a ; ,

b u t p r i or to 1 755 n o militi a l aw ha d bee n p a sse d

, .

Now h oweve r the Assembly d eci de d th a t alth ough

, , ,

it w a s a g a i n st their own scr u pl es to be ar ar ms they ,

wou l d a llow those who th ou ght it r i g ht to do s o , .

I t w a s to be a ltogethe r a v ol u n tee r
system F r a nkli n w a s m ade com .

'
!

H e le d ab ou t fi ve h u n dr e d
'

m an de r .

m en to Bethlehem in D ecembe r , to ,

g ive m u ch n ee de d s u cc or to the M or a -

vian settleme n ts H e r em ai n e d i n .

N or th ampton c ou n ty till Fe b r uar y a n d ,

B j mi F
en a nklir an n
ate slept a n d r oug he d it with the
.

, ,

a ss oci at or s The phil os ophe r scien tist j ou r n a list a n d

.
, ,

st atesm a n bec a me s o p opu l ar a s a s ol dier th a t he w a s

m a de a c ol on el a n d wa s a ct uall y s u g geste d to le a d
,

a n expe d iti on a g a i n st F or t D u q u es n e .

W hile F r a n kli n w a s in the fi el d he e r ecte d F or t ,

Alle n opp osite the m ou th of M ah on i n g

F ti F t
r on er or s
,

c r eek a n d for me d a li n e of c omm u n ic ati on

,

thr ough the wil d e r n ess to W yomin g establishin g a ,

for t a t m id d ist an ce c alle d the Mi ddle F or t

-
, Gov .

er n or Mor r is ab ou t the s a me time d ecid e d to b u il d

, ,

F or t Au g u s ta a t S h a m oki n B u t the r e we r e so m an y .

p oin ts al on g the fr on tie r th a t n ee d e d s u ch p r otec tion

th a t the Assembly t ook the m a tte r in h an d a n d a p .
,

pr opr ia ted p ou n d s f or a ch ai n of for ts fr om

the D el a w ar e to the M ar yl an d l in e At fi r st the r e .

we r e less th a n twe n ty ; b u t a t the cl ose of the wa r ,

n o less th a n tw o h u n d r e d st ock a d es a n d bl ockh ou ses

ha d bee n e r ecte d so a s to for m tw , o disti n ct li n es of

 The A dmin istr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 1 31

d e fe n ce on the fr on tie r They c omm an de d the p r in

.

c ipa l p a sses in the m ou n t a i n s a n d we r e gar r i son e d

,

by the militi a or by the r an g e r s The settle r s fr e

.

qu e n tly live d in the for ts for m on ths a t a time t aki n g ,

their h ou seh ol d g ood s far m impleme n ts a n d live

, ,
'

stock with them in to the e n cl os u r e Whe n the r e w a s .

no imme d i a te d a n ge r ou tsi d e the m en wor ke d in

,

their fi el d s du r in g the d a y a n d r et ur n e d a t n i ght

, .

They a lways t ook their r ifles with them a n d wer e ,

ofte n a cc omp a n ie d by se n tin els To i n cite the e n e r

.

g ies of the militi a in the f or ts a n d of the fr on tie r s

,

m en in g e n er al Gover n or M or r is ofi er ed a r ew ar d
,

for I n d i an sc a lps a n d for the r ec ove r y of E n g lish

p r is on e r s The I n di an s c ou l d be t r a ce d a n d l oc a te d
‘

by their p aths of which the r e we r e four le ad in g on es

, .

Bu t the r ew ar d f or sc a lps did n ot a cc omplish m u ch ,

except to a r ou se the i n di g n a tion of the Ass embly .

M or r is a ls o pl an n e d C ol on el A r mstr on g s fa m ou s
’

expe d ition aga i n st the I n d i a n str on g h ol d A m t o g r s r n

’
s

E n d‘n“
a t Kitt an n i n g alth ough it w a s exec u te d
,
x n

un de r his s u ccess or The for ce c on sisti n g of th r ee

.
,

h u n dr e d m en m ar che d fr om F or t S hir ley n ow in ‘

, ,

H u n ti n g don c ou n ty Au g u st 30 1 75 6 a n d a tt a cke d
, , ,

Capt a in J a c obs the m ost a ctive chie f of th a t time a t

, ,

d a yb r e ak of the 8th of S eptembe r M an y of the I n .

d i an s we r e sleepin g in a c or n fi el d on a cc ou n t of the ,

he at. They wer e s ur p r ise d a n d dr ive n i n t o the t own .

Afte r two r e fu s als to s ur r e n de r thei r h u ts we r e set

,

on fir e a n d m an y of the s av a g es d ie d in the fl a mes

, ,

sin g in g a n d wh oopi n g a s the y per ishe d Capt a in J a c obs .

w a s sh ot while tr y in g to esc ape fr om a W i n dow The .

b est p ar t of the vict or y wa s the c a ptu r e a n d d e

st r u cti on of g r e a t qua n tities of p ow d e r a n d othe r stor e s
1 32 A H is tor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

which the Fr e n ch h ad s u pplie d C ol on el Ar mstr on g

.

r eceive d a me d a l f r om the C ou n cil of P hil a d elphi a in

r ec og n iti on of his se r vices If he ha d n ot destr oye d

.

Kitt an n i n g Ca pt a i n J a c obs wou l d h a ve m ar che d for

,

F or t S hir ley the n e x t d a y .

G ove r n or M or r is wa s s u ccee d e d in 1 756 by Wil , ,

Gee e m e, li a m D e n n y ; b u t the P r op r iet ar y i n str ucti on s

Den n y we r e n ot ch a n ge d As it wa s n o time for
.

r e n ewi n g an old quar r el the Assembly w a ive d its

,

r i ghts temp or ar ily a n d p a sse d a m on ey bill s a tis fa ctor y

,

to the Gove r n or They even p a sse d a c omp u ls or y

.

militi a l a w b u t D e n n y vet oe d it
,
Ar ms a n d amm u .

n ition we r e n ee d e d m or e th an m en Gu ns we r e ou t .

of r ep a ir fiin ts we r e sc ar ce a n d p oor a n d the for ts

, ,

we r e with ou t c annon U nd e r s u ch c on dition s A r m

.
,

str on g s victor y l ost its effect P l owi n g a n d see d i n g

’ ‘
.

a n d h ar vesti n g h a d a g a i n to be d on e in dr e a d f e a r of
’
the I n di an s t om ah awk a n d sc alpin g kn ife The b or .

der c ou n ties in 1 757 we r e kept in c on st an t a l ar m ,

a n d the s a v a g es c a r r ie d te r r or eve n to withi n thir tv

miles of P hil a d elphi a .

F or t u n ately with the a dv en t of W illi a m P itt a s

,

p r ime mi n iste r of E n gl an d “ the he a ve n s

A Ch an g e i n ,

th Mi i t y
e n s r
be gan to b r i g hte n a n d the stor m to l ose
its p owe r ”
E n gl a n d n ow se n t m en a n d m u n iti on s
.

of w ar in n u mbe r s a n d qua n tities s u ffi cie n t to p u t

an en d to the st r u g g le with F r a n ce P itt ple d ge d .

himself to p ay libe r ally a ll s ol d ie r s who e n liste d in

Ame r ic a . P e n n sylv a n i a r a ise d m en O f the .

th r ee expe d iti on s pl a n n e d the on e a g a in st F or t

,

D u qu es n e w a s le d by Ge n e r a l J oh n F or bes H is .

a r my c on siste d of the p r ovi n ci a ls of P e n n sy lv an i a

a n d the s ou the r n c ol on ies a n d of B r itish r e gu l a r s
 The A dmin istr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 1 33

all t ol d e n dezv ou se d a t Be dfor d in S ep

. It r ,

tembe r 1 758 a n d a t the s u g g esti on of C ol on el Bou

, ,

qu et a S wiss offi ce r in the se r vice of the B r itish ar my

, ,

c u t a n ew r oad fr om Ra y stown to L oy alh an n a a

-
—
d ist a n ce of for ty fiv e miles -
L oy a lh an n a wa s m a de .

the b a se of ope r ati on s A sm a ll for ce w a s se n t for

.

w ar d to a sce r t ai n the str e n g th of the e n emy at F or t

Duqu esn e Ve n t u r in g too fa r the d et achme n t w a s ,

a tt a cke d a n d far e d n o bette r th an B r a ddock

,
En .

c ou r a g ed by their s u ccess the F r e n ch a n d In di an s ,

r es olve d to m ake a s u dde n a ss au lt on the c amp a t

L oy alh an n a b u t we r e r ep u lse d twice by C ol on el
,

B ouqu et F or bes h avi n g bee n d et a in e d a t Car lisle

.

by sickn ess r e a che d L oy a lh an n a ab ou t N ovembe r

w
,

1 st. The c a mp a i g n ou l d h a ve bee n p ostp on e d till

S pr in g b u t for the c a pt ur e of th r ee F r e n ch sc ou ts ,

who dr oppe d the secr et th a t F or t Duqu es n e w a s

we akly gar r is on e d F or bes qu ickly alte r e d his pl an s
.
,

a n d se n t

B u t the e n emy h ad ed fl
Wa shi n gton for war d with the V ir g i n i an s
Fl amin g timbe r s a n d ex
.
.

pl odin g p ow de r we r e a ll th a t w a s le ft a t F or t D u
q ues n e to tell the t ale of Fr en ch occ u p ati on in the
O hio v alley F or bes wa s a he r o ; the F r e n ch a n d
.

I n di an wa r w a s ove r in P e n n sylv an i a ; a n d the

qu e stion whether the C eltic or the Te u ton ic civili
z a tion sh ou l d p r ev a il in N or th Amer ic a wa s m or e
th a n h al f s olve d F or bes s u cc ess wa s du e in n o
’
.
-

sm all de gr e e to Fr e de r ick P ost a Mor avi an mis ,

sion a r y At the i n stan ce of the Fr ie n d ly Ass oci ati on

.

of Q ua ke r s this he r oic m a n twice on ce in J u ly a n d

, ,

a g a in in O ct obe r we n t am on g the s av ag es of the

,

Wes t bn a missi on of pe ace U n der the ver y sh a dow .

of F or t D u qu es n e in the p r ese n ce of the Fr e nch

, ,
1 34 A H is tor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

a nd the face of thr e ate n e d de a th he m ad e a t r e aty

in ,

with the D el aw ar es [ a n d the S h aw an ese whe r eby ,

these bec ame the fr ie n d s of the E n g lish be for e Gen

e r al F or bes ha d m ar che d ou t of L oy a lh an n a .

The Assembly in 1 757 ha d r es u me d the qu estion

, ,

p p i t y
ee e e er of t a xi n g the est ates of the P r op r iet ar y .

T x d
E t t
s a es
They ha d se n t F r a n kli n to E n g l an d to
n n

a ppe al to the Kin g a n d P ar li am e n t Fin di n g the .

Ki n g too b u sy with the wa r to g ive him a n au d ie n ce ,

F r a n kli n appe a le d to the pe ople by p u blish in g a b ook ,

“
e n title d H ist or ic al Rev i ew of P e n n sylv an i a ”
Com .

in g fr om the m a n w ho h a d d isc ove r e d the i de n tity of

electr icity a n d li g ht n i n g the b ook w a s r e a d by ,

l or d s a nd c omm on s The E n g lish pe ople c ou l d see n o

.

r e a s on why P e nn s est ates sh ou l d n ot be t a xe d while

’
,

they themselves p a i d he a vy t a x es for the wa r in

Ame r ic a S o whe n fi n a lly in 1 759 the q u esti on c a me
.
, ,

be for e the P r ivy C ou n cil F r a n kli n won the d a y

,
H is .

fa me a s a d ipl om at sp r e a d all ove r Ame r ic a a n d ,

seve r a l othe r c ol on ies m ad e him their r ep r ese n t ative in

L on don to a dj u st their difii cu l ties
, .

Gove r n or D e n n y w a s r em ove d by the P r op r iet or s

pon ti c
a
’
in 1 759 a n d J a mes H a m ilt on a ppoi n te d in
s ,

C°nn nn y
his pl a ce
n°
The Assembly w a s n ow in a
.

p osition to a id in the p r osec u ti on of the wa r in

Can a d a with ou t e n d a n g e r in g its r i g hts a n d it d id so ,

m ost g e n e r ou sly Afte r the t r e aty of 1 763 the r e w a s

.

eve r y p r ospect of a l on g er a of pe a ce The r e w a s n o .

f or ei g n foe be y on d the m ou n t a i n s to i n v a de the c ol o

n ies or , to i n cite the I n d i an s a g a i n st the f r on tie r .

The settle r s r etu r n e d to thei r ab a n d on e d h om es to

fl
be g in li fe an ew ; a n d the E n g lish g ove r n me n t for ti .

ed the r e g i on c on qu e r e d f r om the F r e n ch B u t the .

 The A dmin is tr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 1 35

e x te n si on of these de fe n ses a n d the r a pid adv an ce

of the settle r s c au se d a fr esh u p r isi n g am on g the
'

s a v ages P on ti a c a ve r it able Na p ole on of the wil de r

.
,

n ess or gan ize d a ll the t r ibes f r om Lake

,
O n t ar i o to
G e or g i a in a g r an d c on spi r a cy to r epel the E n g lish .

I n weste r n P e n n sylv a n i a he w a s ably sec on d e d by

K ia shu ta the V ice r oy of the S ix Nation s
, The a tt a ck .

w a s to be m a de on a ll the for ts a n d settleme n ts on

the s ame d a y ; b u t the pl a n misc ar r ie d a n d F or t P itt ,

wa s s u r r ou n de d ab ou t Ju n e 1 1 763 a few d ays be for e , ,

the w ar wh oop w a s he ar d in N ew Yor k M ar yl an d a n d ,

Vi r g in i a A b u n dle of sticks ha d bee n g ive n to eve r y

.

t r ibe in the c on fe d e r a cy e a ch b u n d le c on t a i n i n g a s
,

m a n y sticks a s the r e we r e d a ys till the time f or the

a tt a ck . On e stick w a s to be dr a wn ou t ever y m or n
in g ; the d a y o n which the l a st on e w a s r em ove d w a s
to be the time for the a tta ek A D el aw ar e s qua w .

on the O hi o w ho w a s in symp a thy with the W hites

, ,

ha d p u r p osely d r a wn ou t tw o or th r ee sticks u n n o ,

tic ed by the w ar r ior s a n d so b r ought ab out the ,

u n timely a ction .

The wh ole fr on tier of P e n n sylv a n i a west of the

S u s qu eh an n a w a s dev a st a te d so c om
, Th F ti e r on er

D tm d
pl etel y th a t I n di an hist or y in Ame r ic a nv ns

pr ese n ts n o p ar allel The t omah a wk fir st a n d the

.

tor ch n ext w a s the or de r which P on ti a c ha d g ive n

,

a ll a l on g the lin e C or pses a n d a shes m ar ke d the

.

p a th of destr u ction Alth ough the h ar vest w a s r ipe

.

the far me r s a b a n don e d their gr a i n fi el d s a n d ed fl ,

thr ou g h the m oun t a in p a sses to the settleme n ts

beyon d On the 25th of J uly S hippe n sb u r g ha r
.

bor ed ove r th r ee h u n dr e d fu g itives ; Car lisle too w a s , ,

fu l l to ove r flowin g a n d so we r e othe r pl aces

,
C ol on el .
1 36 A H is tor y f P en nsy lva n ia
o

A r mstr on g with s ome th r ee h u n dr e d v ol u n tee r s fr om

,

Car lisle S hippe n sb u r g a n d Be dfor d st ar te d fr om F or t

, ,

S hi r ley on the A u g hwick to d est r oy the I n di a n set

,

tl em en t a t M u n cy b u t the e n emy h ad
,

ed whe n he
,
fl
ar r ive d the r e .

B u t these a n d othe r f eeble effor ts a t r esist an ce

we r e f a r fr om e ff ective U n l ess F or t P itt
fl
’
Bou q tue s .
,

E xn d itm
fr om which the I n di an s ha d c u t o a ll
'

n n

c omm u n ic a ti on c ou l d be r elieve d ther e wou l d be n o

, ,

s afety e a st of it Ge n e r a l Amhe r st c omm a n de r of

.
,

the B r itish ar my in Ame r ic a disp a tche d C ol on el B ou ,

qu et to weste r n P e n n sylv an i a H is c omm an d w a s .

c omp ose d of r a n g e r s fr om Lan c a ste r a n d C u mbe r l an d

c ou n ties a n d ab ou t fi ve h u n dr e d r e g u l ar s who we r e
, ,

wor n ou t vete r an s u n fi t for h ar d se r vice s ome h avin g

, ,

to be c on veye d in w a g on s S t ar ti n g fr om Ca r lisle.

J u ly 21 he m ar che d by w a y of F or t Be dfor d a n d
,
.

F or t L i g on i e r On Au g u st 5 whe n withi n a sh or t
.
,

d ist an ce of B u shy r u n n e ar B r a ddock s fi el d the I n

’
, ,

d i a n s m ad e a s av age att ack on his a dv a n ce guar d ;

a n d whe n the m a i n a r m y c a me u p a fi e r ce b a ttle e n s u e d ,

l a sti ng the g r e a te r p ar t of two days Nothin g b u t a .

st r ate g y s ave d C olon el B ouqu et s t r oops fr om bei n g

’

an n ihil ate d I n the n i g ht he ar r a n g e d them in a

.

ci r cle H e the n or de r e d a fei g n e d r etr e at to be m a de

.

a t the p oi n t of the e n emy s d e ad liest fir e

’
The .

I n d i an s r u she d i n t o the ci r cle in p ur s u it of th e

r et r e a ti n g li n es b u t be for e they we r e a wa r e of it
,

r eceive d s u ch a fir e f r om a ll d i r ec ti on s th a t they fle d

beyon d the O hi o in the u tm ost c on fu sion B ou qu et .

n ow l ed his ti r e d a r my to F or t P itt a n d be g a n to
—
,

e r ect a r e doubt a s q u a r e ston e b u il d in g which is

—
,

still st an din g ih pl a ce of the ol d for t I t is the l a st .

‘
 The A dmin istr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 1 37

m on u me n t of B r itish domi n ion in P ittsb ur g On it is .

the i n scr ipti on “ C ol on el B ouq u et A D The

, , . .

I n di a n s with dr ew bey on d the O hi o .

F or s ome m on ths afte r the b attle of B u shy R u n

the fr on tie r of P e n n sylv a n i a
w a s c omp ar atively qu iet The .

r a id m a de u p on the Con
es tog a In di an s ( see p 55 ) .

especi a lly ha d a wh oles ome

e ffect u p on the s av ages B u t
w
.

ith the fir st appe ar an ce of

sp r i n g in 1 764 h ostilities
, ,

we r e r e n ewe d The B r itish

.

gove r n me n t n ow r es olve d to
R do bt
c ar r y the wa r in t o the
’
B o qu t u e s e u '

I n di a n c ou n t r y Two expe d iti on s we r e pl a n n e d

.

on e aga in st the In di an s a l on g the Gr e a t Lakes a n d ,

the othe r aga in st th ose on the O hi o The l atte r w a s .

e n t r u ste d to C ol on el B ouqu et The Assembly vote d .

to r a ise m en p ou n d s a n d 50 p a i r s of
, ,

bl ood h ou n d s The u se of the dog s w a s n ot p u t i n to

.

e ff ect . B ou q u et m ar che d b r avely i n t o the wil d e r n ess

of O hi o c ompletel y ove r awe d the I n d i a n s
, a n d m ade ‘
,

them sue f or pe a ce They ha d to g ive u p a ll the

white p r is on e r s —m or e th a n two h u n dr e d in n u m
.

b er — m a n y of wh om ha d bee n in c a ptivity sin ce

1 75 5. S ome of the s ol di e r s ha d r el a tives a n d fr ie n d s
am on g the c aptives a n d the r e un i on of s u ch wa s a
,

m ost affectin g sce n e M an y of the chil dr e n ha d

.

bec om e so att a che d to In di a n life th a t they ha d to

be t ake n b a ck to their h omes by for ce A few who .
,

ha d m ar r ie d I n d i a n s n eve r r etu r n e d Th ose who

,
.

c ou l d n ot be ide n tifi e d at F or t P itt we r e b r ou g ht to

1 38 A H istor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

Car lisle in the h ope th at pe ople e a st of the mou n

,

t a in s mig ht cl a im them I t wa s he r e th a t the ol d.

G e r m an wi dow M r s H a r tm an c au se d her l on g l ost

, .
,
-

d au g hte r to r e cogn ize her by s i n gi n g a cr adl e s on g

'

Alth ough F r an klin ha d sec u r e d the decisi on in

To A h h h th
e e E n g l an d th at the est a tes of the P e n n s
e

we r e to be t axe d yet howa n d u p on wh a t ,

b a sis wa s a n ope n qu esti on

,
Gove r n or J oh n P e nn .
,

W illi a m a n d s u ccess or to H amilt on

'

g r an d s on of , ,

wou l d n ot si gn the g r an t for B ou qn et s e x pe d ition

’

u n less the best wil d l an d s of the family est a tes we r e

.

t axe d a t the s a me l ow r a te p a i d by the pe ople f or

'

the p oor est ; a n d the Assembly an xiou s for pe ace , ,

yiel d e d I mme di ately str on g opp osition ar ose a g a in st

.
,

the P r op r iet or s a n d me a s ur es we r e t aken to ab olish

,

the P r op r iet or ship a n d m ake P e nn sylv an i a a r oy al

p r ovi n ce The Assembly p a sse d r es ol u ti on s r ehe ar si n g
.

the tyr a n n y of the P r op r iet ar y a n d a bitte r fa cti on al ,

str u g g le e n s u e d am on g the pe ople The an ti P r op r ie .

-

t ar y p ar ty cir c u l a te d petition s p r ayin g the Kin g to

t ake the p r ovin ce u n de r his be n i g n p r otecti on In .

O ct ober 1 764 the Assembly p a sse d the petiti on for a

, ,

ch an ge of gove r n me n t by a v ote of 27 to 3 Ra the r .

th a n si g n the d oc u me n t I ss a c Nor r is a t the l a st , ,

m ome n t r esi g n e d the p ositi on of S pe ake r

,
I n the .

fi n a l deb ate J oh n D icki n s on a n d J oseph Gall ow ay

,

m a de the le a din g speeches for a n d a g a in st r espect ,

iv el y. B oth d esi r e d the s u ccess of the d em ocr a tic

p r i n ciple th at w a s a sse r ti n g itsel f in the p r ovi n ce ;
b u t G all owa y fav or e d the ab olition of the P r op r iet ar y
g ove r n me n t a s the best w a y to a cc omplish the en d ,

while D icki n s on believe d its c on ti n ua n ce woul d se r ve

the en d bette r .
 The A dmin istr a tio
n f
o the Gover n men t 1 39

Fr an klin w a s a pp oin te d to c ar r y the petition to

E n gl an d a n d l ay it be for e the C r own The P r op r ie .

tor s do n ot seem to h a ve fe ar e d the r es u lt Th om a s .

P e n n wr ote fr om E n g l an d to a fr ie n d in P en n syl
van i a : “ W e a r e n ot in fe ar of y ou r mi g hty Goli a th ,
wh ose schemes of g ove r n me n t a r e n ot app r ove d of
he r e a n d who m ay l ose the g over n me n t of a p ost
,

offi ce by g r a spi n g a t th a t of a p r ovi n ce I n Novem

”
.

b er 1 765 F r a n kli n l a i d the petiti on of the Assembly

, ,

be for e the P r ivy C oun c i l ; b u t n o a cti on w a s t aken ,

except th at the P e n n s we r e r e qu i r e d to fur n ish the

C r own a st a teme n t of the fin an ci a l m an ageme n t of
the p r ovi n ce H owever the a g it a ti on h ad its wh ole
.
,

s ome e ff ects The P r op r ietor s or de r e d G o ver n or P e n n

.

to do eve r ythi n g in his p owe r to c on cili a te the fa c

tion s in P e n n sylv an i a H is t a sk wa s m a d e e a sy for
.
,

in their wr a th a g a i n st the S t amp Act the pe ople l ost

sig ht of their g r iev a n ces with the P r op r ietor s N eve r .

thel ess the effor t to th r ow off the P r op r iet ar y Gov

,

er n m en t w a s a p r ep ar a t or y dr ill for the R ev ol u ti on ten

ye ar s l ate r .

TH E RE VOL UTI ONAR Y P E RI OD

I n 1 764 , P ar li a me n t a n n ou n ce d a n ew doctr in e of
t ax ation to the c ol on ies I t w a s to the ef
Th S t m p A t
.

e a c

feet th at in fu tu r e r even u e for the Kin g s

,
’

u se w ou l d be r a ise d in Ame r ic a by P ar li a me n t ar y a cts .

Befor e th at time in ter n a l t axes h ad always b ee n im

”

p ose d by the c ol on i al le g i sl at ur es A bill p a sse d on.

this doctr in e of “ t a x ati on with ou t r ep r esen t ati on w a s

”

b r ou g ht in a n d p a sse d in M ar ch 1 765 I t w a s the , .

fa m ou s S t a mp Act D r F r a n kli n who wa s in E n g

. .
,
=
1 40 A H istor y f
o P en n sy lva n ia

l an d a t the time did a ll he c ou l d to p r eve n t its p a s

,

s a g e ; b u t s ai d he “ E n g l an d w a s p r ov oke d by A m er
, ,

ic an cl a ims of in depe n d e n ce a n d all p a r ties j oin e d ,

in r es olvi n g by this a ct to settle th a t p oi n t ”

No .

s oon er ha d the n ews r e ache d Amer ic a th an the

S t a mp Act C on gr ess wa s c a lle d to meet at N ew Y or k .

Joh n D ickin s on of P hil a delphi a dr af te d the r es o

, ,

l u ti on s sin ce kn own a s the fi r st Amer ic an Bil l of

,

Ri g hts J oh n H u g hes a membe r of the Assembly

.
, ,

w a s m ade st a mp d istr ib u t or for P e n n sylv an i a ; b u t

whe n the bells we r e m u f e d the c ol or s h oiste d h a lf fl ,

m a st a n d a cts of vi ole n ce th r e a ten e d he r esi g n e d

, , .

fl
A P hil a delphi a n ewsp a per a ppe ar e d the da y be for e the
a ct we n t in t o e ect with sku ll a n d cr oss b on es sp a de
,
-
,

and sh ovel The e d it or stoppe d a n d a ske d for s ub

.

scr iption s du e th at he mi ght live

,
The stor ekeeper s .

r es olve d to b u y n o m or e B r itish g ood s To i n c r e a se .

the p r od u ct of d omestic w ool l ambs we r e n o l on g e r ,

kille d . Gr e a t fr u g ality w a s p r a ctice d eve n the ,

“p omp of woe ” a t fun e r a ls w a s r estr a i n e d

S u ch .

we r e the r es u lts acc omplishe d in P e n n sylv an i a by

the S on s of L ibe r ty in opp ositi on to the S t a mp Act
, ,

a n d whe n n ews of its r epe a l r e a che d P hil a delphi a ,

they we r e in hi g h g lee ove r the vict or y They din e d .

a n d wi n e d the c apt a i n of the b r i g b r i n g i n g the n ews ,

a n d p r ese n te d a g ol d l a ce d h a t to him -
Their ki n dly .

feelin g for the m othe r c ou n tr y r etu r n e d u n ab ate d ;

f or on the Ki n g s bi r th d ay they dr esse d the m sel v es
’
,

in E n g lish g ood s a n d g ave thei r h omesp u n to the p oor .

Dr . F r an klin who wa s l a r g ely i n str u me n t al in the

,

r epe a l of the S t a mp Act ha d to c au ti on his fr ie n d s in

,

fl
Ame r ic a n ot to be too dem on str a tive lest E n g l a n d ,

t ake o en se .
 The A dmin is tr a tion o f the Gover n men t 1 41

W illi a m P itt who ,

“r ej oice d
th a t Amer ic a ha d
r esi ste d
”
the S t a mp Act dr ew a li n e b e , E t l x er n a

t wee n i n te r n a l a n d exte r n a l t a x a tion h ol d “ n

,
na ”

in g th a t P a r li a me n t c ou l d t a x the c ol on ies by the

l atte r meth od on the g r ou n d th a t it c ou l d r e gu l a te
,
‘

tr ade a n d r a ise a r eve n u e Acc or d in g ly in 1 767 a n

.
, ,

a ct wa s p a sse d p r ovi din g f or c ol on i al r eve n u e to be ,

r a ise d fr om a d u ty on wi n e oil g l a ss , , ,

p ape r le a d c ol or s a n d te a the pr o
, , ,

ceed s to be u se d to p a y the g ove r

and the j u d g es s al ar ies in the
’ ’
n or s

r oy a l p r ovin ces A g a in n on imp or ta

.
-

ti on agr eeme n ts we r e p r op ose d a n d

a ccepte d by the P hil a delphi a m er
ch an ts while the p r ovin ce se n t pr o
,
J oh D ick i o n ns n
tests to the K in g a n d to P ar li a me n t
.

“
J oh n D icki n s on in the L ette r s of a P e n n sylv an i a
,

F ar me r ”
stir r e d the c ol on ists fr om N ew H a mpshir e
,

to Ge or gi a with his simple ir r esistible l og ic ,

The .

far mer s especi ally a n d they we r e by f a r the m ost

n u me r ou s —
cl a ss of pe ople the n we r e th or ou g hly
ar ou se d fr om thei r p o litic a l s leep b y D icki n s on He .

p oin te d ou t “ th at a n y l aw so fa r a s it c r e ates
expe n se is in r e a lity a t a x
, th at if E n gl a n d
c ou l d ta x the c ol on ies for the s u pp or t of the g ov .

er n or s a n d j u d g es the s a l ar ies of these offi ce r s w ou l d

,

n o l on g e r d epe n d on thei r st a n din g with the Assem ~

blies b u t wou l d be fixe d by the Ki n g to se r ve his own

,

e n d s ; th a t the G ove r n or s mi g ht n ot c all the Assemblies

“
tog ethe r at a ll except to m ake l aws f or the yokin g
,

’
of h og s or the p ou n d in g of str ay c a ttle D ickin s on s
”
.

lette r s we r e W i dely r e a d b oth he r e a n d ab r oad At

,
‘

a p ublic meeti n g in B ost on H an c ock Ad ams W a r , , ,

 J
1 42 A H is tor y f
o P en n sy lva n ia

r en ,
ther s wer e app oi n te d a c ommittee to wr ite
a nd o

him a lette r s a lu ti n g “ the F ar mer a s the fr ie n d of

,

Ame r ic an s a n d the c omm on be n e fact or of m an kin d ”

.

E xceptin g a b r ie f ch an ge in the g ove r n or ship ,

J h
o d
n an p olitic a l a fi a ir s wer e qu iet in P en n syl v a
Ri n d P
n n’
n ia till 1 773
en n
J ohn P en n h a vi n g r etu r n e d
.

to E n gl a n d in 1 771 the p r esi de n t of the C ou n c il

, ,

J a mes H a mil ton a cte d a s Gove r n or u n til Rich a r d

,

P e n n a y ou n g e r b r othe r of J oh n ar r ive d a f ew
, ,

m on ths l ate r Rich ar d w a s a g r e at fa v or ite in P e nn

.

sylv an i a b u t he se r ve d on ly till his b r othe r J oh n

'

r etu r n e d in 1 773 J oh n P e n n n owhel d the gove r n or

, .

ship u n til the en d of P r op r iet ar y g ove r n me n t in 1 776 , .

The du ties imp ose d by the a ct of 1 767 wer e r e

"

Th T e m ove d in 1 770 fr om eve r ythi n g b u t te a

e.x ,

T“
'

°n
which w a s t a xe d thr ee pe n ce per p ou n d ;
b u t the n on imp or t ati on agr eeme n ts wer e faith f u lly
-

kept H e n ce E n g l an d w a s obli g e d to m ake ar r a n g e

.

me n ts a t h ome so th at the acc u mu l ate d te a of the ,

Ea st I n di a C omp an y c ou l d be s ol d in Ame r ic a for

wh a t the c ol on ists c oul d bu y it be for e the t a x
,

w a s on it This a ct g ave r ise to the so c alle d te a

.
“ -

”
p ar ties The Ea st I n d i a C omp an y se n t seve r a l v es
.

sels l oade d with te a to the col on ies b u t it wa s n ot ,

a ll owe d to be l a n d e d At P hil a delphi a the ships

.
,

“with the deteste d te a

g ot a s f a r a s Gl ou ceste r P oi n t
”
,

whe r e a c ommittee fr om a m a ss meeti n g of

pe ople a ssemble d in the S t a te H ou se y ar d met them
, ,

a n d w a r n e d them n ot to c ome n e a r e r The c a p ta i n .

w a s all owe d to c ome to t own a n d d eci d e for himsel f

whethe r he th ou g ht it p r ude n t to l a n d H e c ame .
,

b u t deci de d not to l an d The c ommittee a ls o i n du ce d

.

the c on si g n ees to r esi g n thei r c om missi on s for selli n g

 The A dmin istr a tion of the Gover n men t 1 43

te a . The foll owin g is a fa csimile of the no tice

se n t to the c on si gn ee s :

a n d C oo I - ce O d et te d oe . « fle m o c d d -O d M ‘

A ,
c A a D .

HE P U BL I C pr efen t their Co m pli en ts to M eill eu rs m

JAM ES A ND D R IN K E R W e are in for m ed tha t y ou o
o o o o

e t"n a tiv e
y 0
0

immediately in form
be left a t the Cor n : H 0 0 83 ,
not. r enounc e a l l P retentious to

a ccent: that Com mi mon ? -«THM WE M AY e ov n n oun

s u u s a c eoa mn ev r .

P h ld dt ecember a , 1
'

, D 773 .

" s o w m on r o “ Co n D F ” D 9 ”

When the B ost on P or t Bill ( see a n y U n ite d S t ates

hist or y ) w a s p a sse d by P ar li a me n t in P yl i , en n s van a

1 774 a n d othe r r ep r essive a cts d esi g n e d

,

to b r i n g M a ss a chu setts to s ub missi on th at c ol ony ,

felt th at it c ou ld n o l on ge r r esist G r e a t B r it a in
with ou t the help of the othe r s This w a s n ot .

d i ffi c u lt to g et in s ome c ol on ies ; f or they ha d like

wise bee n m ade to feel the r od of the m othe r
c ou n tr y V ir g i n i a p r omptly p a sse d a r es ol u ti on i n
.

her L e g isl a t u r e settin g a p ar t the d a y on whi ch the

B ost on P or t Bill wa s to g o in to e ect a s on e of
“fa stin g h u mili a tion a n d p r aye r ”
V ir gin i a like .
fl
, ,

Ma ss ach u setts ha d bee n dep r ive d of her libe r ties by

,

n u me r ou s a cts of opp r ess i on a n d r est r a i n t a n d was ,

r ipe for a u n ite d e ff or t to r e ga i n wh a t she ha d l os t

1 44 A H istor y f
o P en n sy lva nia

P e n n syl v a n i a , h avin g h a d a P r op r iet ar y for m of g ov

er n m en t b a se d on a m ost libe r a l ch a r te r
,
c ou l d n ot so ,

r e a d i l y t r a ce her ills to the C r own M or e over the .

,

p r ovi n ce a lways e n j oye d a g r owth a n d a p r ospe r ity so

g r e a t a n d u n ifor m th a t the ills of g ove r n me n t b or e
less he avily on her th an on othe r c ol on ies I t wa s .

n atu r a l the r efor e to fin d a str on g c on ser v ative ele

, ,

me n t in P e nn sylvan i a whe n the fir st steps we r e t ake n

to r esist Gr e a t B r it a i n .

S in ce P e nn sylv a n i a bei n g n ext to V ir g in i a a n d

,

pan ] R me
-
e qual to M a ss a ch u setts in p op ul a ti on
e e
r
,

Vi “n
wou l d i n fl u e n ce the mi ddle col on ies by
her a cti on a s the othe r two d i d their n ei ghb or s it
, ,

w a s imp or t an t th at she sh ou l d r esp on d p r omptly a n d

vi gor ou sly to the cr y fr om B oston S o in M a y 1 774 .
, ,

P au l Reve r e c a me to P hil a d elphi a to expl a i n the sit u

fl
ati on . H e w a s r eceive d by Joseph R ee d Th om a s ,

M if in a n d C h ar les Th oms on who in tr odu ce d him to ,

othe r le a di n g m en A p ublic meetin g wa s hel d

.

in the C i ty T ave r n the ver y n ext d a y

we r e m a de by Ree d M if in Th omson a n d D ick in ,
fl
S peeches
,
.

Dr W illi a m S mith p r ov ost of the P hil a

'

son . .
,

d elphi a C olle ge dr ew u p a lette r to be c ar r ie d to

,

B oston by Reve r e The lette r a n d a set of r es ol u

.
,

ti on s a cc omp an yi n g it d ef e n de d the r i g ht of the ,

c ol on ies to g ive a n d g r an t their own m on ey th r ou g h

their own Asse m b lies ; the B oston P or t Bill wa s de
n ou n ced a n d d eep symp a thy exp r esse d f or M a ssa chu
,

setts ; a n d a c ol on i al c on gr ess w a s r ec omme n de d .

C opies we r e se n t to the othe r c ol on ies th a t a u n ite d ,

e ffor t mi g ht be m ade th r ough ou t Ame r ic a to let Gr e a t

B r it a i n k n ow th at a p r i n ciple is fa r too de a r to be
ab a n don e d by the p ayme n t of a pe tty t ax on te a .
 The A dmin istr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 1 45

An oth er a n d a l ar g e r meeti n g w a s hel d Ju n e 28 ,

in the S t a te H ou se S ti r r i n g r es ol u ti on s
. Th P pl e eo e

O g i n
we r e a g a i n p a sse d simil ar to the othe r s ;,
’ nn z

the G ove r n or w a s a ske d to c a ll the Assembly

togethe r ; a c on gr ess of a ll the c ol on i es w a s r ecom
me n de d ; a n d a c ommittee w a s app oin te d to c or r e
spon d with simil a r c ommittees the n or g a n izi n g in the

othe r c ou n ties of the p r ovi n ce Gove r n or P e n n .

h avi n g d ecli n e d to c all the Assembly these com ,

m ittees we r e to be the n u cle u s of a n ew or gan iz a ti on

in the m oveme n t aga i n st the opp r essive a cts of E n g
l an d Meetin g s we r e hel d thr ough ou t the p r ovi n ce
.

“ to t ake the se n time n ts of the i n h abit a n ts Th ose .

”

who fav or e d the libe r ty p ar ty we r e calle d Whi gs “ ”

,

a n d th ose wh ose symp a thies wer e with Gr e a t B r it ain

“
we r e c alle d T or ies ”
At the s uggesti on of the com
.

m ittee of P hil a delphi a dep u ties we r e c hose n fr om ,

eve r y c ou n ty to meet in the city J u ly 1 5 At this .

p r ovi n ci a l c on g r ess a n acc oun t of wh at ha d a l r e a dy

,

bee n don e in P e n n sylv an i a a n d othe r c ol on ies w a s

give n ; sixtee n r es ol u tion s we r e d r awn u p to exp r ess
‘

the se n se of the c on ven tion on the diffi c ulties with

Gr e at B r ita i n ; a n d a set of in str u ction s was add r esse d
“
to the Assembly The in str u cti on s we r e the w or k
.
”

ver y l ar g ely of J oh n D icki n s on .

“H on or
j u stic e a n d hu m an ity call u pon u s to h ol d a n d to
, ,

t an sm it to ou p ost e ity that lib er ty which we rec ived f om

r r r , ,
e r

ou an c esto s It is n ot ou r du ty to l eave w ealth to ou chil

r r . r

d enr b u t it is ou du ty to l eav e lib e ty to th em

r So r .

ala m in g a e th e m eas u es al ead y taken fo layin g th fou n d a

r r r r r e

ti on s of a d esp otic au tho ity ov u s that u n l ess we

r er

can i n t e r u pt th e w o k ou r chil d en will n ot b e abl e to ov e

r r ,
r r

th ow it wh en c om pl t ed
r e .
”
1 46 A H is tor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

“F or att a i n in g this gr e a t a n d d esir able en d the ”

,

Th F i t
e rs
Assembly w a s a ske d to a pp oi n t d ele ga tes
“
Con ti t l
n en a to a tte n d a C on g r ess of D ep u ties fr om the
C°° g r e ss
seve r a l c ol on ies ”
The m en a pp oin te d wer e
.

J oseph G all ow ay S a m u el R h oad s Th om a s M iffiin a n d

‘

, ,

J oh n D icki n s on of P hil a delphi a ; J ohn M or t on of

, ,

C hester ; C h ar les H u mph r eys of H aver for d ; Ge or g e

'

R oss of Lan c a ste r a n d E dw ar d Biddle of Re adin g

, , , .

’
These we r e P e n n sylv an i a s dele gates to wh a t h a s sin ce
bee n kn own a s the Fir st C on ti n e n t a l C on gr ess wh ose ,

session s wer e hel d in C ar pe n te r s H all P hil ad elphi a ’

, ,

S eptembe r 5 to O ct obe r 26 D icki n s on w a s the le ad

.

in g m a n a m on g them O f the six p ape r s dr awn u p

—
.

by the C on gr ess he w as,

the auth or of two the
fa m ou s petition to the Ki n g a n d the addr ess to the ,

pe ople of Can a da Ga ll ow a y pl aye d a c on spic u ou s

.

b u t n ot ve r y h on or able p ar t Acc or din g to B a n c r oft

.
,

“
he a cte d a s a v ol u n tee r spy for the B r itish g ove r n
me n t .
”
To the dele g a tes fr om other c ol on ies ”
says ,

the histor i a n “ he i n sin uate d a s they ar r ive d th at

,
‘
c om m iss ion er with full p owe r sh ou l d r ep a i r to the
r

B r itish afte r the ex a mple of the Rom an Gr e ,

c ia n a n d M a ce don i a n c ol on i es on occ a si on s of the like

,

n a tu r e
’
H is c olle a g u es sp u r n e d the th ou g ht of se n d
.

in g e n v oys to d a n g le a t the heels of a min iste r a n d

u n de r g o the sc or n of P ar li a me n t ”
On the thir d da y .
,

the C on g r ess w a s ope n e d with p r aye r afte r S a m u el ,

.

Ad a ms ha d sile n ce d the objecti on s of J a y a n d

“
Ru tle d g e by decl ar i n g : I a m n o bi g ot ; I ca n he a r
a p r ay e r fr om a m a n of piety a n d vi r tu e who is a t ,

the s a me time a fr ie n d to his c ou n tr y The ma n .

”

n a me d f or this s a c r e d d u ty w a s R ev J a c ob Du ché . .

r ec tor of C h r ist ch ur ch a n d fir st ch apl a in of the

,
 The A dmin is tr a tion re
f \the Gover nmen t 1 47

News ha d j u st bee n
S ec on d C on ti n e n t a l C on g r ess .

r eceive d of a bl oody a tta ck on the pe ople by the

tr oops at B oston ; a n d a s the c ollect f or the da y w a s
r e ad
,
membe r s the C on gr ess believe d th at a

Ca r p en ter s Hall
’
.

rude s ol die r y wa s the n i n festin g the dwelli n g s a n d tak

in g the lives of the pe opl e of B ost on H e ave n itsel f .

seeme d to d ictate the wor d s of S c r iptu r e the 35th ,

P s a lm th at mem or able m or n i n g :
,

P l ead my cau s e 0 L o d with th em that st r ive with me :

,
r ,

fig ht ag ain st th em that fi g ht ag ai n st m e Tak e h ol d of shi el d

.

a n d bu ckl er
, a n d stan d u p f or m i n e h elp .

Car pe n te r s H a ll wa s b u ilt in 1 770 by the Ca r

’

’
pe n ter s C omp an y a n or g an iz a tion for me d
,
C p en t H llar ers
’
a
for g ivin g i n str u cti on in a r chitect ur e a n d
assistin g p oor member s W i dows a n d chil dr e n
’
A fte r .
1 48 A H istor y f P enn sylva nia
‘

the F ir st C on g r ess the b u il d in g w a s occ u pie d by

v ar i ou s b odies r ep r ese n tin g the p r ovin ce The B r itish .

occ u pie d it in 1 777 the s ol d ie r s u si n g the v a n e on

,

the c u p ol a f or t ar get p r a ctice The Fir st a n d S ec on d .

Na ti on a l B an ks b oth t r an s acte d their b u sin ess within

its w alls f or sever al ye ar s L ater on it se r ve d in all
—
.

s or ts of c ap a cities a s c u stom h ou se l an d offi ce , ,

m u sic h all meetin g h ou se sch ool h ou se h or se m ar ket

, , , ,

fur n it ur e st or e I n 1 857 the Car pen ter s again t ook pos

.
,

session of their an cien t h all a n d h a ve sin ce kept it ,

ope n a s a hist or ic r elic H a lf a m i lli on pe ople .

visite d the time h on or e d b u il din g du r in g the Ge n te n

-

n i a l E xhibiti on in 1 876 ,

The r ep or t of the p r ocee din g s of the Fir st C on ti

n e u t a l C on g r ess w a s u n an im ou sly adopte d
Th A c m bly ss e

R tifi th A ct by the P en n sylv an i a Assembly e ar ly in

a es e s
,
°f C g °n r es s
D ecembe r ; ; a n d the p r ovi n ce th u s bec ame ,

a member of the Ame r ic a n Ass oci a ti on d esi g n e d to

secu r e the e n for ceme n t of n on imp or t ati on a n d n on -

fl
c on s u mpti on of B r itish good s Bid dl e D icki n s on .
, ,

M i l in G all ow ay H umph r eys M or t on a n d Ross we r e

, , ,

electe d dele g ates to the S ec on d Con ti n e n t a l C on gr ess ,

to meet M a y 1 0 1 775 F r an kl in on ar r ivi n g fr om

, .
,

his ten ye ar s s oj ou r n in En g l an d in the sp r i n g of

’
,

1 775 w a s a t on ce a dd e d to the dele g a ti on

,
G a ll owa y .

ha d r e qu este d to be r elieve d fr om se r vi n g on a cc ou n t
of the r a dic a l a cts aga i n st E n g l a n d G ove r n or P e n n .

h ad hithe r to r e fr a i n e d fr om d ir ecti n g or c on tr olli n g

the Assembly in m a tte r s pe r t a i n i n g to the c on test .

B ut w he n Gr e a t B r it a i n p r op ose d n ot to t a x the c ol o
n ists p r ovi d e d they w ou l d t a x the m selves to the s a tis
,

fa cti on of P a r li a me n t the G ove r n or in a m ess a g e to

, ,

the Assembly M ay 1 775 si d e d wi th G r e a t B r it a i n

, , ,
.
 The A dmin is tr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 1 49

A sec on d pr ovin ci a l c on g r ess was hel d in P hil a del

phi a J a n uar y 1 775
, , Ne a r ly a ll the c ou n
. A E h h m n e e e

L i gt
ties wer e r ep r ese n te d R es ol u tion s we r e .
ex n nn

adopte d to p r ovid e me a n s f or the g r owth a n d m a n u

fa ctu r e of thin g s th a t u se d to be imp or te d fr om
E n gl a n d . At fi r st it W a s d ete r m in e d to exh au st a ll
pe a ce able me a s ur es f or the r est or a tion of Ame r ic an
r i g hts b e for e r es or ti n g to a r ms I t w a s n ot u n til .

fl
“the sh ot which w s he a r d a r ou n d the wor l d ” h d
a a

bee n fi r e d a t L exi n g ton th a t a d i er en t S pir it be g a n

,

to m ake i tself str on g ly f elt

. Th ou s an d s of pe op le .

n ow a g r ee d
“to a ss oci a te f or the p u r p ose of d e fe n d i n g
with ar ms their lives thei r p r ope r ty a n d their libe r ty
,
”
, .

P e n n sylv a n i a s i n st r u cti on s to her dele ga tes in the

’

S ec on d C on gr ess to wh om b esi des F r an k

, R d ,, e r es s o

l in Th om a s W illi n g of P hil a d elph ia a n d G i ac ,

r ev n es
, ,
sw g h t
J ames W ils on of Cu mber l an d we r e adde d
, , ,

h ad bee n to c ombin e i f p ossible a r e dr ess of g r iev, ,

a n ces with “ u n ion a n d h ar m on y betwee n Gr e a t

’

B r it a i n a n d the c ol on ies ”
I n this p ositi on P en n sy l
.

v an i a w a s n ot a l on e ; f or the Ame r ic a ns g e n e r ally ha d

n ot yet g ive n u p the h ope of r ec on cili ati on I n d epen d .

e n ce seem ed p r ob able b u t n ot i n evit able , Fr an klin .

,

h oweve r s u pp or te d the b ol d est me a s u r es “ Make .

,

y our selves sheep ”

he wou l d s a y “ and the w olves
, ,

will d ev ou r you ”
D ickin s on fav or e d a sec ond peti
.

ti on to the Kin g a n d d r af te d it ; b u t the Ki n g

,

“d ete r min e d to liste n to n oth i n g fr om the ille ga l

C on g r ess ”
.

On the 1 4th of J u n e 1 775 C on gr ess r es olve d to , ,

r a ise a C on ti n e n t a l a r my

w a s f or “
I ts fir st levy
si x c omp an ies of expe r t r i e
A Co ti
A y F
t l
.

m d
fl nn
n n en a

or e

men to b e r a ise d in P e n n sylv a n i a two in M ar yl a n d , ,

1 50 A H is tor y f
o Pe
n n sy lva n ia

a nd two in V i r g i ni a .
”
A few d ays
l a te r two m or e
c omp a n ies we r e or d e r e d fr om P e n n sylv a n i a The .

Assembly a t on ce r ec omme n de d to the c oun ties to

p r ovi de a r ms a n d e qu ipme n ts f or this for ce I t a ls o .

a pp oi n te d a C ommittee of S afety J u n e 30 c on sistin g ,

of ten pe r s on s fr om the city of P hil a d el phi a f ou r ,

fr om the c ou n ty two fr om C heste r ; a n d on e fr om

,

e a ch of the othe r n in e c ou n ties This b ody or g a n .

iz ed with F r a n kli n a s p r esi d e n t

, I ts fir st a ct w a s to .

d r af t r u les a n d r e g u l a ti on s for the a ss oci at or s or ,

militi a which i n cl u de d a ll able b od ie d m en betwee n

,
-

the a g e s of 1 6 a n d 50 M a n y pe r s on s d eclin e d to
.

pe r for m milit ar y d u ty on the g r ou n d of c on scie n ti ou s

sc r u ples All s u ch we r e to c on t r ib u te a n e qu iv ale n t
.

in m on ey f or milit ar y se r vice
fl The ei g ht c omp an ies
of v ol u n tee r r i em en c a lle d by C on gr ess we r e r a ise d
,
.

with ou t a n y d ifiicu l ty Lan c a ste r c ou n ty f u r n ishe d

.

two i n ste a d of on e a n d s o the r e we r e n i n e whe n the

,

qu ot a ha d bee n c omplete d They we r e for me d i n t o

.

a b a tt ali on c omm an de d by C ol on el W il li a m Thom p

,

s on ,
of Ca r lisle The c omp an ies m ar che d f or B oston
.

a s s oon a s they we r e or g a n ize d On the 1 8th of .

“
Ju ly Na g el s Be r ks C ou n ty Du tc hme n
’ ”
the fir st
—
,

c omp an y to be r e a dy a r r ive d a t Ca mb r id g e a n d ,

fl
withi n less th a n sixty d a ys fr om the da te of the c a ll
of C on gr ess the r i em en of P e n n sylv an i a M a r yl an d
, ,

a nd V i r g in i a we r e a ll with Wa shi n g ton the fi r st ,

t r oops c a lle d i n t o the C on ti n e n t a l a r my .

The C ommittee of S afety n ext we n t to w or k on

Th A m ic
e er anthe de fe n ses of P hil a delphi a a g a i n st a n
N y av
i n v a si on fr om the se a I t p u t the f a .

m ou s chev au x de fr ize in the D el a wa r e a n d be g a n the

- -
,

c o n s t r u c ti on of the S t a te Na vy I n Au g u s t 1 776 .
, ,
 The A dmin is tr a tion o f the Gover n men t 1 51

the fleet n um be r e d twe n ty seve n v essels w ith Cap -

,

t a in Th om a s Ree d a s c omm odor e the fir st offi ce r of

“

th a t title in Ame r ic a On e of the fir st c ommissi on s

.

i ss u e d w a s th at to the fa m ou s N ich ol a s Bi ddle a s ,

c a pt a i n of the F r an klin Thr ee m on ths afte r the .

‘

S t a te Navy w a s be g u n C on g r ess t ook a cti on f or the ,

c on st r u ction of a C on ti n e n t al Navy which w a s a ls o ,

fi tte d ou t at P hil a delphi a .

The ope n i n g g u n of the ye ar 1 776 the m ost ,

memor able of a ll the ye ar s of the Rev o C mm o on

wa s Th om a s P a in e s p amphlet
"
S
l u tion ,
’
,
en s e

“C omm on b r ou g ht ou t J a n uar y 8 The son

S e n se ”
, .

of a Q uake r in En g l an d he was i n du ce d by F r ank ,

lin to c ome to P hil adelphi a whe r e he a ss oci a te d ,

with R itte n h ou se C lyme r Ru sh a n d othe r p at r iots

, , ,

of P e n n s y lv ani a .

“E v er yth i n
that is r i g ht a n d n at u al pl ead s fo s epa a
g r r r

tion E ven istan c e at which th e A lm i g hty hath plac ed

‘

. th e d
E n g lan d a n d A m e ic a is a st on g a n d n atu al p oof that th e
r r r r

auth o ity of th e on e ov r th e oth er was n ever the d si g n of

r e e

H av en
e It is n ot in th p ow of B itai n o of E u op e to
. e er r ,
r r ,

c on qu e Am e ica if she d o s n ot c on qu er h e s elf by d elay

r r ,
e r

a n d ti m i d ity
”
.

“C omm on w a s wr itte n to ove r th r ow the

S e n se ”

P r op r iet a r y p ar ty P e n n sylv a n i a bu t it d id m or e , .

The Kin g ha d j u st iss u e d his p r ocl a m ation de n ou n ci n g

the c ol on ists a s r ebel s P a i n e s p amphlet the r e for e
’
.
, ,

c a me at a m ost opp or t un e time to c r e ate se n time n t

in fav or of a s ep ar ation .

I n Ap r il the Assembly r e n ewe d its i n st r u cti on s to

,

the P e n nsylv a n i a d ele g a tes in C on g r ess Th A m bly e sse

’

T t d
n ot t o g ive thei r c on se n t to a sep ar a ti on
es n

or a ch a n g e of the P r op r ieta r y g over n me n t But .

1 52 A H istor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

C on g r ess M a y 1 5 r ec om me n de d S t a te g ove r n me n ts in
, ,

the c ol on ies a n d d ecl ar e d th a t a ll au th or ity u n de r the

,

C r own sh ou l d be tot ally s u ppr esse d On the 8th of .

Ju n e the d a y afte r R ich ar d He n r y L ee in C on g r ess

, , ,

ha d p r op ose d the in d epe n d e n ce of the c ol on ies the ,

Assembly g a ve in str u ction s which n eithe r a dvise d n or

for b a d e a d ecl a r ati on of i n depe n d e n ce b u t le f t the ,

“
q u esti on to the abili ty p r u de n ce a n d i n te g r ity of ”
,

the dele g a tes This d ou btfu l acti on p r ove d the en d

.

of the P r op r iet a r y Assembly ; on ce on ly d id it agai n

h a ve a qu or u m of its membe r s I n ste a d of a ll owi n g .

the S t ate g ove r n me n t or d e r e d by C on g r ess M a y 1 5

, , ,

to be f or me d by membe r s of a n Assembly sw or n to
s u pp or t the Ki n g the pe ople c alle d a p r ovin ci a l c on
,

v en tion f or th a t p u r p ose The Assembly i n stit u te d .

by P e n n d id n ot c ome to a n en d till the ob sti n a cy of

the Ki n g le f t n o r oom f or r ec on cili ati on
Whe n on the l s t of J u l y the v ote on L ee s r es ol u
, ,
’

L
v
ee e R l ti ti on for i n depe n d e n ce w a s to be take n
es o u on

A d nt d
° °
in c ommittee of the wh ole the P en n sy l
—
,

v a n i a dele g ati on in C on g r ess F r a n kli n D icki n s on , ,

M or r is Wils on M or ton H u mph r eys a n d W illi n g

, , ,

we r e d ivi de d a n d c a s t their v ote a g a i n st it

,
D ick in .

son m a d e a g r e a t speech the b u r d e n of

. which w a s ,

th a t the time w a s n ot yet r ipe f or s u ch a n imp or t an t

step . W ils on who ha d hel d the s a me view be for e
, ,

c ou l d n ow n o l on g e r a g r ee with D icki n s on Two

—
.

ot he r S t a tes
— D el awa r e a n d S ou th Ca r oli n a v ote d
nay ; while New Y or k wh ose d ele g ates did n ot ,

r eceive fa v or able i n st r u cti on s till afte r the a dopti on

of the d ecl a r a ti on d id n ot v ote at a ll The n ext d a y
,
.
,

whe n the c ommittee of the wh ole r ep or te d to Con

g r ess D el aw a r e v ote d a ye ; s o d i d S ou th Ca r oli n a
, .
 The A dmin is tr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 1 53

D el aw a r e s v ote w a s ch an g e d by C aes ar Rodn ey who

’
,

r od e e i g hty miles on h or seb a ck to v ote for i n d e

p en d e n c e. D icki n s on a n d M or r is r e ma i n i n g a w a y ,

P e n n sylv an i a by the v ote of F r a n klin W ils on a n d

, , ,

Mor ton a g a i n st H umph r e y s a n d W illin g w a s a ls o

, ,

e n able d to s a y aye on “ the g r e a test qu esti on eve r

d eb a te d in Ame r ic a or eve r d eci d e d a m on g m en
”
.

The sec on d d a y of J u ly 1 776 w a s n ot d esti n e d to , ,

“
bec ome the m ost mem or able ep och in the J ff
.
e e r s on s

hist or y of Ame r ic a I t w a s the f ou r th D cl ti f

.
”
e a ra on o

I d pm d m n e e e
d a y of J u ly whe n Je ffe r s on s D ecl a r a ti on
’

of I n d epe n de n ce in which he set for th the r e a s on s f or

,

the act of the sec on d of J u ly wa s p a sse d On the , .

I
n ter ior of In d e enp d en ce H a ll Room
. in which
D cl a r a tion
e of I n dep en d enc e was s ig d
ne .

8th , the D ecl ar ati on of In d epe n d e n ce wa s r e ad in the

S t a te H ou se y a r d At the s ame ti m e the Kin g s a r ms
.
’

we r e t aken fr om the c ou r t r oom a n d p u blicly b u r n e d ,

while m e r r y chimes fr om the ch u r ch steeples a n d

“
pe al s fr om the S t ate H ouse bell pr ocl a ime d l ib e r ty
1 54 A H is tor y f
o P enn sy lva nia

thr ou g h ou t the l a n d The D ecl ar ation h avi n g to be

’
”
.

en gr osse d w a s n ot si gn e d u n til A u g u st 2
,
As .

D icki n s on H u mphr eys a n d W illi n g ha d in the me an

,

time bee n s u ccee d e d in C on gr ess by other m en their ,

n a mes d o n ot a ppe a r a m on g the si gn e r s of P enn syl

v an i a who wer e Ben j ami n F r an klin Robe r t M or r is
, , ,

D r , Be n j a min Ru sh a n d G e or g e C lyme r of P hil a del

, ,

phi a ; G e or g e Ross of Lan c a ste r ; J a mes S mith of

, ,

Y or k ; J a mes W ils on of Cu m b er l an d ; G e or g e T ayl or

, ,

of N or th a mpt on a n d J oh n M or t on of C heste r c ou n ty
, , .

Be for e D ickin s on le ft C on g r ess he dr afte d the ,

Ar ticles of C on fe der ati on a n d on ce m or e d isti n g u ishe d

,

himsel f by the u se of his pen in beh a l f of his c ou n t r y .

Fr an kli n h ad p r ep ar e d a pl an of u n i on the p r eviou s

ye a r b u t it ha d b ee n l a i d a si de for the time bein g
,
.

S c ar cely h ad th e pe a ls of the L ibe rty B ell die d ou t ,

h i gto whe n the d r u ms of Wa shi n gt on s ar my ’

W
’
as n n s

‘
R t
n ’ nn
s oun de d the r etreat a c r oss N ew Je r sey i n ,

the fall of 1 776 ( see a n y U S histor y ) . P en n sy l

. .

v an i a wa s in c on ste r n ati on L ibe r al b oun ties we r e

.

off e r e d to v ol u n tee r s ; bl a n kets a n d stocki n g s we r e

be gge d for the s ol d ie r s ; the a ss oci a t or s of P hil a del
phi a a n d the c oun ties ar ou n d it wer e ur ge d to j oi n
the ar my a n d ar me d b oats wer e se n t to T r e n ton to
,

fl
’
tr a n sp or t Wa shin g t on s t r oops ac r oss the D el a war e .

I n the mi d st of this exciteme n t C on g r ess ed pr ec ipi

,

ta tel y to B a ltim or e B u t P e n n sylv a n i a s C ommitte e ’

.

of S afety c oope r a te d with Wa shi n g t on c a lli n g on ,

“
eve r y p a t r i ot to step for th a t this c r isis a n d r e ”
"

i n for ce the d eplete d a n d d ishe ar te n e d a r my of less

th a n th r ee th ou s a n d m en The militi a of B u cks
.
,

Nor th a mpt on a n d a dj oi n i n g c ou n ties a n s we r e d the

c a ll p r omp tly .
 The A dmin is tr a tion o f the Gover n men t 1 55

Afte r cr ossin g the D el a war e on his r et r e at Wa sh ,

in g ton m ad e his he a dqua r te r s a t N e w town W hi g t , as n on

B ucks c ou n ty while his ar my w a s st a

,
C i g r os s n

th D l wm
tion ed ei g ht miles ab ove T r e n t on a t
e e a

M cCon k ey s fe r r y n e ar T ayl or sville

’
,
The P en n sy l .

v a n i a m iliti a we r e st ation e d at B r istol u n de r Ca d ,

wa la der a nd at Mor r isville opp osite T r e n ton u n de r

, , ,

E win g . S ome t r 00ps we r e a ls o st a ti on e d a t Yar dley

v ille a n d oth er p oi n ts u p the r iver Wa shi n g t on s ’
.

pl a n on the n i g ht of the 25th of D ecembe r c on tem

pl a te d a c ombi n e d a tt a ck on T r e n ton by himself ,

E win g a n d Ca dwa l ade r

,
E wi n g owin g to the ice in
.
,

the r iver m a d e n o a ttempt to c r oss it

,
Ca d wa l a d e r .
,

with h on est ze al t r ie d it ; s ome of the m en g ot ove r

, ,

b u t the h or ses a n d a r tille r y c ou l d n ot r e a ch the l a nd

‘

on a cc ou n t of the ice Afte r s u ffer i n g in a dr ivi n g

- .

sn ow st or m for s ome h ou r s C a dw al ad er a n d his m en ,

r et u r n e d to c a mp a n d c r ep t i n t o thei r ten ts with ou t ,

fir e or li ght The stor y of Wa shi n gt on s c r ossin g the

.
’

D el aw ar e is famili ar to eve r y sch ool b oy Be for e -

.

n i g ht on the 26th he h ad l an de d in P e nn sylv a n i a

with his th ou s an d H essi an p r is on er s a n d st ar te d them
on their w ay to P h il ad elph i a whe n ce they we r e se nt ,

to Lan c a ste r a n d con fin ed in b a r r a cks e r ecte d for

'

the p u r p ose .

The S u p r eme E xec u tive C ou n cil ch ose n u n de r the ,

n ew C on stit u ti on in Feb r uar y 1 777 m et

, , ,
Th Y 1 777 e ea r

M ar ch 4 a n d took the r ein s of g ove r n

,
‘

me n t . Th om a s Wh ar ton J r wa s electe d P r esi d e n t ;, .

,

a n d a s s u ch w a s chie f exec u tive of the S t ate The .

C oun cil of S afety wa s n ow d iss olve d Fr a n kli n its , ,

p r eside n t h avin g al r e a dy g on e to F r an ce a s on e of
,

the th r ee c ommission er s sen t by C on g r ess to s olic it

1 56 A H istor y f P en n sy lva n ia
o

a id . The ye ar 1 777 w a s to be a mem or able on e f or

P e n n s y lv an i a M an y s u ch p at r i otic a n d he r oic d ee d s
.

a s th a t of R obe r t M or r is in P hil ad elphi a on N ew , ,

Y e ar s m or n i n g a n d J oh n Kelley at S t on y c r eek on
’
, , ,

J a nu ar y 3 ( see p wer e don e .

be for e it cl ose d M or r is we n t fr om .

h ou se to h ou se in P hil a d elp hi a r ou s , ,

in g the pe ople ou t of b ed to b or r ow ,

m on ey of them Ear ly in the d a y he .

se n t Wa shi n gt on with the

“
mess a g e : W h ateve r I c a n d o sh a ll
be d on e for the g ood of the ser vice ;
Thom W h r to J
as a n, r .

if fu r the r occ a si on al s u pplies of

m on ey a r e n ecess ar y you m a y d epe n d on my ,

exe r ti on s eithe r in a p ublic or a p r iv a te c ap acity

,
”
.

Dur i n g the s u mme r the W hi g s ar r este d s ome for ty

T or ies Ab ou t h alf of them si gn e d thei r p a r ole
.
,

p r omisi n g n ot to sa y or d o a n ythi n g a g a i n st the

U n ite d S tates a n d the n we r e d isch ar g e d
, J oh n P e n n .

the l a te G ove r n or r e fu se d a n d he w a s c on fi n e d a t , ,

F r e de r icksb u r g V ir g in i a ,
.

The expecte d a tt a ck on P hil a d elphi a wa s set on

f oot by H owe a t N ew Y or k J u ly 5 whe re
H w S il
o e a s , ,

f or he emb ar ke d his t r oops On ar r ivi n g a t .

Ph il d lph i
a e a
the c apes of D el aw ar e he le ar n e d of the ,

chev au x de fr ize in the D el awar e a n d r es olve d to

- -
,

e n te r P e nn s y l v an i a by wa y of the C hes ape a ke a n ,

ch or i n g his fleet in E lk r ive r 54 miles fr om P hil a ,

d elphi a C on g r ess which ha d r etu r n e d fr om B alti

.
,

m or e m a de a r e qu isition on the E xec u tive C ou n cil

,

f or militi a a n d or de r e d W a shi n g ton to le a ve

,

New Je r sey a n d m a r ch a g a i n st H owe The c omm a n .

d er in chie f r e a che d P h il adelphi a A ugu st 24

- -
a nd ,
 The A dmin istr a tion f
e the Gover nmen t 1 57

fl
le d his troops d ec or ate d with S p r ays of gr ee n a n d
c ar r yi n g the Ame r ic a n a g for the fi r st time th r ou g h ,

the st r eets of P hil ad elphi a to e n c ou r a g e the p a tr i ots

, .

H e r e the y ou n g M ar qu is d e Lafayette j oi n e d the ar my

to be w ou n d e d in his fi r st b a t
tle Wa shin gt on h a ste n e d on to
.

, meet the e n em y wh ose two divi

,

sion s h ad for me d a j u n ct u r e a t
Ke n n et t S quar e S eptembe r 1 0
, .

By a sec r et m oveme n t he took ,

p ositi on on the hi g h g r ou n d s
ab ove C h a dd s F or d on the
’
,

n or th si d e of the B r an dywin e ,

he B tsy R O S F l g
dir ectly in H owe s p a th
’ T
.
e S a

Ear ly on the m or n i n g of the 1 1 th the B r itish with , ,

a sm all p ar t of their ar my u n de r Kn ypha u

B d ywi ra n ne

sen , m a d e W ashin g t on believe th at they

i n te n de d to cr oss the B r an dywi n e at C h add s F or d ’
.

Bu t he r eceive d i n for m a ti on th a t thei r m a i n b ody ,

u n d e r H owe an d C or n w allis ,

w ou l d cr oss the r ive r at a for d

hi ghe r u p S o he s en t w or d .

to G e n e r a l S u lliv a n sec on d in ,

c omm an d to meet H owe a n d ,

C or n wallis a n d h ol d them in
check while he himself wou l d ,

d e fe a t K n ypha u sen fir st a nd

the n tur n his atte n ti on to the

Th P
m a i n b ody of the e n emy J u st
e t Fl g
.

e r es n a .

a s Wa shin g t on w a s ab ou t to
atta ck Kn y pha u sen a mess a g e c ame fr om S ulliv a n
,

th at the B r itish we r e n ot c omi n g fr om the n or th ,

a nd th at the r e for e he ha d dis obe y e d his or de r s .

1 58 A H istor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

B u t Wa shin g ton ha d bee n c or r ectly in for me d H owe.

ha d c r osse d the B r an dywi n e ab ove the for ks a t T r im

ble s a n d J effer i s for d s a n d s oon fell u p on S u lliv an
’ ’
,

ab ove Bir min g h a m meetin g h ou se Wa shin g ton le av

.
,

in g Ge n er al
Way n e to oppose
K n ypha u sen at
C h ad d s F o r d
’
,

h a ste n e d to the
a ssist a n ce of S u l
liv an ; b u t this
Gener al ha d
a l r e a d y g ive n
B i m i gh m M ti g H o
r n a ee n u se .
w a y to the u n ex
p ec ted a tt a ck of
the B r itish a n d wa s on the r etr e a t
,
Whe n Wa shi n g
.

ton c a me u p his own t r oops a t fir st fell in with the

,

fleein g s ol d ie r s of S u lliv an ; b u t Gr ee n e s c or ps which

’
,

i n cl u de d a d ivisi on of P e n n sylv an i a n s fightin g on

their n ative s oil w a s fin ally pl an te d in a p os i
,

tion whe r e it c ou l d h ol d its g r ou n d aga in st the

B r itish til l n i g htfall .G e n e r a l Wayn e m ad e a g all an t
st a n d a g a i n st Kn ypha u sen ; b u t the d e fe at of the
Ame r ic an r i g ht c ompelle d him a t l a st to r etr e a t a n d
ab a n don his c an n on to the H essi an c omm an de r .

G e n e r a l Gr ee n e w a s the l a st to qu it the fi el d b u t n ot ,

be for e dar k n ess ha d m a d e fur the r r esist an ce impos

sible . Wa shin g ton s ar my r etr e a te d to C heste r th at
’

n i g ht a n d the n ext d a y to G e r m a n t own

, .

H owe s s u ccess on the B r a n d ywi n e c au se d g r e a t

’

G t
r ea c on ste r n a tion in P hil a delphi a a n d its
vicin ity . C hu r ch bells we r e s u n k in the
r ive r or c ar r ie d away The L ibe r ty Bell wa s hi dde n
.
 The A dminis tr a tion o f the Gover n men t 1 59

un de r the floor of Z ion s Re for me d ch ur ch in Alle n

’
,

town ; the S t a te ar chives we r e c ar r ie d to Ea st on while ,

fl
the S t ate gove r n me n t r em ove d to La n c a ste r The .

membe r s of C on gr ess r ose fr om their be d s a n d ed

in the n i g ht to La n c a ste r a n d the n ce to Y or k
, The .

w oun de d in b attle we r e se n t to E phr a t a a n d other

pl a ces . Lafayette w a s c ar e d for by the Mor a vi an s
a t Bethlehem M an y of the far mer s with thei r
.
'

families a n d their h or ses a n d c a ttle s ought s afety in , .

the ou tlyin g c ou n ties ; a n d to p r eve n t the Br itish

fr om e n te r i n g P hil ad elphi a be for e an other bl owc ou l d
be str u ck the fl oa tin g b r i dg es on the S chu ylkill we r e
,

r em ove d .

As s oon a s Wa shin g ton h ad su pplie d his ar my a t

Ge r ma n t own with p r ovision s a n d a mm u Th M c e a ss a re

Pm “
n ition ,
he r ecr osse d the S ch u ylkill f ol ,

l owe d the La n c a ste r tu r n pike a n d met the B r itish at

War r e n T a ve r n a little west of P a oli ; b u t a he avy
,
?

r ain dr e n che d the c ar tr i dges a n d he h ad to r etir e

,
.

H e le ft Ge n er a l Wa yn e with ,

m en n e ar P aoli to fa ll
, ,

u p on a n d to d estr oy H owe s ’

b a g gag e . The B r itish le ar n e d

’
of Wa yn e s p ositi on a nd m ade
,

a su dde n a tt a ck on the c a mp
in the d e a d of n i g ht W ith the.

c r y of n o quar te r s they b ay
”
,

on eted the Ame r ic an s in a m a n A th o y W y n n a ne .

.

n er th a t b e g g ar e d desc r iption .

S ome of the victims p a sse d fr om the sleep of n i g ht

i n t o the sleep of ete r n ity with ou t w akin g The l oss .

w a s he avy to be a r a n d ope n e d the way to P hil a del

,

phia for the B r itish .

1 60 A H is tor y f
o P enns ylva nia

The m a ss a cr e of P a oli occ u r r e d on the n i g ht of ,

H w T k
o e thea es2 0th By seve r a l skil.f u l m a n oe u ve r s ,

Phil d lph i
a e
H owe on the n i g ht of the 23d c r osse d
a
, ,

the S ch u ylkill bel ow V alley F or g e a n d t ook pos ,

session of P hil a d elphi a on the 26th The Ame r ic an .

ar my too we ak to ofi er a n y r esist an ce e n c ampe d a t

, ,

S kipp a ck c r eek n or th of Ge r m an t own The fa ct '

.
,

th a t Wa shi n g ton d id n ot p r eve n t H owe fr om cr oss

in g the S ch u ylkill w a s the chie f g r ou n d on which ,

the foll owi n g wi n te r his e n e mies s ou g ht to h ave him

,

r em ove d E ve n J oh n A d a ms c r ie d ou t in d esp a ir
.

afte r the m a ss a cr e a t P a oli : O H e ave n g r a n t u s ,

on e g r e a t s o u l ! On e le a d i n g mi n d w oul d extr i
c ate the best c au se fr om th a t r u i n which seems to
a wa it it ! ”

H owe c on str u cte d a li n e of r e dou bts fr om the

H w i
o e nD el aw ar e to the S ch u ylkill a l on g the ,

Ph il d lp h i
a e
p r ese n t li n es of P opl ar Gr ee n a n d Ca l
a
, .

l owhill str eets H e a ls o p oste d a st r on g for ce a t

.

Ge r ma n t own exte n d i n g fr om the m ou th of the W issa

,

h ick on to the Ol d Y or k r oad Wa shin g ton b r oke

.

c amp on the eve n i n g of O ct obe r 3 a n d ar r ive d at Ger ,

m a n town a t 3 o cl ock on the m or n i n g of the 4th

’
.

Ge n e r a l Ar mstr on g with the P e n n sylv a n i a militi a

, ,

m ove d a l on g the b an ks of the S ch u ylkill to fa ll ,

u p on the efi ess ia n s at the m o u th of the W iss a hick on

‘

Way n e a n d S u lliv a n we n t d own the m ai n str eet of

Ge r m a n town to att a ck the B r itish a t M a r ket S qua r e .

G r e en e foll owe d a ci r c u it ou s r ou te by wa y of the

lime kil n r oa d to a t tack the r i g ht wi n g of the
,

e n emy a n d d r i ve them in u p on the ce n te r a t the

s a me time th a t Way n e a n d S ulliv an woul d a t tack
t h em in fr on t .
 The A dminis tr a tion of
‘

the Gover n men t 1 61

The b attle w a s to be gin on a ll q u a r te r s p r ecisely

’
at 5 o cl ock Ar mstr on g c ou l d n ot dr ive
.

G m t w er an o n
the H essi an s fr om thei r p ositi on a n d g et in
the r e ar of the B r itish ce n te r a s wa s i n te n d e d , .

Way n e a n d S u lliv a n h oweve r for ce d H owe s ce n te r

,
’
,

at M ar ket S qu a r e i n t o c on fu sion so th a t the B r itish ,

c omm a n de r ha d to cr y F or sh a me li g ht i n fa n tr y !
, ,

I n eve r s aw you r e
t r e a t be for e F or m !
.

for m ! it is on ly .

a sc ou ti n g p ar ty ”
.

C ol on el M u s g r o v e
q u ickly t ook p osse s ,

si on of the l ar ge a n d
str on g st on e m a n si on
of C hie f J u s t i c e
C he w a n d u se d it a s
Th Ch w M i o e e a ns n .

a for t to check the adv a n ce of Way n e wh ose mem or ies ,

of P a oli fou n d exp r essi on in the cr y H a ve it a t the ,

b l oodh ou n d s ! Reve n g e ! R eve n g e ! ”

Not willin g
to le a ve a n e n emy in a for t Lin the r e ar ”
the ,

Am er ic a n s tr ie d in v a in to set the m a n si on on fir e
a n d b a tte r it down wi th c a n n on b a lls This d ive r .

sion g ave the E n g lish time to for m f or b a ttle a n d

g et r ei n f or ceme n ts fr om P hil ad elphi a W he n Gr ee n e
ar r ive d alm ost a n h ou r l a te he wa s ou t a n ked a n d
, ,
.

fl , ,

afte r fiftee n mi n u tes of he avy fir i n g w a s dr ive n b a ck , .

Th ou g h Wa shin g ton ha d pl ace d a r e g ime n t ar ou n d

C hew s m an sion with Or de r s n ot to c a n n on a d e it
’
,

a g a in on e of G r ee n e s d ivisi on s ope n e d fir e on it
,
’

on ce m or e This occ u r r in g in the r e ar of Way n e s

.
’

’
d ivisi on ,
he mistook it for the e n emy s fir e a n d ,

r et r e a te d in g r e a t h a ste A n e ar ly m or n i n g fog
. “

K
1 62 A H is tor y o f P en n sy lva nia

adde d g r e a tly to the c fu si At ab ou t h alf p a s t on on .

-

ei g ht Wa shi n g ton seei n g th a t the da y w a s l ost

, , ,

or de r e d a r et r e a t which w a s m ad e in pe r fect or d e r to
, ,

P e r ki ome n cr eek .

The for ts a n d vessels c omm an d in g the D el a w ar e

Th p t
e or s on wer e n ext a tt a cke d by Ge n e r a l H owe in ,

th 9 1
or d e r to g et the fleet u n d er his br othe r
e '
3 a
,

r —
fo ts M i flin fl
A d mir a l H owe to P hil a delphi a ,
The r e we r e th r ee
Me r ce r a n d Billin g sp or t
,

these for ts we r e str etche d the chev a u x d e fr ize , a n d

Betw,
ee n
.

-
.

ab ove l ay the Ame r ic an fleet Billi n g sp or t ha d bee n .

ab an don e d to the e n e my be for e the b a ttle of G e r m a n

t own a n d on the 22d of O ct obe r a b od y of H essi a n s
, ,

a id e d by the Br itish fleet m ad e a n a ss au lt on F or t ,

Me r ce r They we r e r ep u l se d with the l oss of 400 m en

.
, ,

who l ay in he aps ar ou n d the for t H owe s m en of ’

.
-

wa r we r e e qu ally u n s u ccessfu l h avin g been dr ive n ,

d own the r ive r by C omm od or e H a z l ew ’

ood s P en n
‘
sylv a n i a S t at e fleet The att a ck on F or t M ifil in w a s
.

he r oic ally r esiste d f or six l on g d ays a n d n i g hts u n til ,

p alis ades p ar apets a n d bl ockh ou ses ha d bee n levele d

,

to the g r ou n d a n d 250 of its 300 de fe n d e r s ha d bee n

kille d a n d w ou n de d The for t w a s the n b u r n e d a n d
.

the g a r r is on r em ove d to R ed B an k W ith the fa ll .

of F or t M ifiiin F or t Me r ce r ha d to be ab an d on e d als o
, .

The S t ate fleet s u ccee d e d in ste a li n g p a st the city a t

n i g ht i n t o the u ppe r w a te r s of the D el aw a r e b u t the ,

C on ti n e n t a l fleet w a s less for tu n a te a n d ha d to be ,

set on fir e a n d b u r n e d .

H owe s fleet n ow c ame u p the D el aw ar e a n d t ook

’

"
T h B t tl
e a a p ositi on in f r on t of P hil ad elphi a
e On .

“m K g e
"
J a n u a ry 5 1 778 the m en of the P en n
e s e

, ,

s y lv a n i a flee t exec u te d a scheme to destr oy it A .

 The A dmin istr a tion f
o the Gover nmen t 1 63

n u mber of m achi n es r esembli n g ke g s we r e p r ep ar e d

a t B u r li n g ton a n d pl ace d in the r ive r to be c ar r ie d ,

d own by the c u r r e n t The ke g s ha d sp r in g l ocks so

.

c on tr ive d a s to explod e on c omin g in c on t a ct with a

vessel .U n for tu n ately the B r itish fleet kep t cl ose to
the W h ar ves a t the ti me to a v oid the i ce As the y .

ke g s m ove d p a st the city b r oa d si d e afte r b r oa ds ide l

,

w a s h u r le d a t them E ve r y chip stick or dr i ft l og

.
, ,
-

felt the vi g or of the B r itish g u n s The affa ir w a s .

m ost l ud ic r ou s Fr an cis H opkin s on r i d ic u le d it in a

.

“
b all ad e n title d The B a ttle of the Ke g s ”
.

Wa shi n g ton th ou g h r ein for ce d by t r 0 0ps fr om

,
.

G ates ar my ch ose the d e fe n sive in his

’
,
V ll y F g a e or e

str on g c a mp a t W hite M ar sh H e r e he .
.

w a s a tt acke d by H owe D ecembe r 4 Afte r a skir mish

,
.

with the P e n n sylv an i a militi a a n d a sh ar p a cti on a t

E d g e H ill the B r itish r eti r e d to P hil a delphi a with ou t
,

“dr ivi n
g G e n e r a l Wa shi n g t on ove r the Bl u e m ou n
t a in
,
”
a s H owe ha d th r e ate n e d to d o A n d the n b e .

g a n a ch a pte r in P e n n sylv a n i a hist or y wh ose eve n ts

m ake the sp ot on which they tr an spir e d m ost s ac r e d
.
.

V alley F or g e ! The Ame ric an a r my r e a che d this

pl a ce ab ou t the 1 9th of D ecembe r I t is a d eep .
,

r u g g ed h oll ow on the west si d e of the S chu ylkill ,

a b ou t six mile s ab ove N or r ist ow n The s ol d ie r s we r e

.

too p oor ly cl a d to live in te n ts ; so h u ts 1 6 x 1 4 in , ,

the for m of a vill a g e we r e m a d e with l og s a n d

, ,

twelve m en we r e a ssi g n e d to e ach c abin .

Wa shin g t on r ep or te d th a t whe n the ar my we n t

“
in t o c amp a t Valley F or g e n o less th an h
T S ff i g e u er n s

m en we r e u n fi t for d u ty bec au se
they we r e b ar e foot a n d othe r wise n ake d ”
They ofte n .

s a t u p all n i ght by the fir es to keep war m Ther e . .

 1 64 A H istor y f
o _
P enn s ylva n ia

wa s a sc ar city of p r ovision s the s ol d ier s bein g with ,

ou t me a t or b r e ad f or da ys a t a time W a shin g ton .

ha d to iss u e a p r ocl a m a ti on c omm a n d in g th a t on e ,

h alf of the g r ai n in st or e withi n seve n ty miles of

his c a mp sh ou l d be
thr eshe d ou t be for e the
1 st of Feb r uar y a n d
the othe r h alf be for e
the 1 st of M a r ch The .

B r itish g ol d a t P hil a
d elphi a w a s m or e d e
sir able th a n the C on ti
n eu tal bills a n d so ,

m a n y far me r s se n t
thei r p r ovision s to

W as h i g to
n
’
n s H dq t
ea uar t V ll y F o g
er s a a
H o
e
we r
H o
e
rses and
.
.

w a g on s bei n g sc ar ce ,

the p a tr iots y oke d themselves to little w agon s of

their own m akin g or like be g g a r s c ar r ie d their
, , ,

wood a n d p r ovisi on s on the b a ck E ve n str a w to .

l ay on the c ol d wet e ar th in the c abin s w a s wa n ti n g

, .

'

The r e w a s n o l ack of p r ovisi on s a n d cl othi n g in the

c ou n t r y ; b u t by mism a n a g eme n t in C on g r ess the ar m y
wa s n ot s u pplie d with them Wa shi n g t on felt m ost .

kee n ly f or his m en a fa ct well a tteste d by the p r aye r

,

which he se n t to the th r on e of he a ve n fr om his he a d

quar te r s in the h ou se of I s aa c P otts A dde d to these .

tr i a ls w a s the f a m ou s pl ot of G e n e r a l C on wa y the ,

a t tempt to a lie n ate Lafayette a n d the cl a m or of Con ,

g r ess a n d the Assembly of P e n n sylv a n i a to dr ive the

B r itish ou t of P hil a delphi a B u t Wa shi n g t on n eve r
.

shr a n k f r om the c a u se of Ame r ic an libe r ty a s it l a y

helple ss a n d g r oa n i n g in Valley F or g e .
 The A dmin is tr a tion of the Gover n men t 1 65

W hile the Ame r ic an s we r e ex pen en cm g all this

su fi er in g , H owe s
a my’
r l g H w W i t
ha d on e on o e s
’
n er

i P h il d ‘
ph i
r ou n d of ple a s u r e in P hil a d elphi a The n a e a
.

d ays we r e spe n t in p a stime a n d the n i g hts in e n te r

ta in m en ts As F r a n kli n s a i d “ H owe did n ot t ake
—
.
,

P hil a delphi a P hil a delphi a t ook H owe ”

The offi ce r s .

pl aye d c r icket a n d ha d c ock fig hts A the a te r w a s -

.

est ablishe d on S ou th str eet M aj or An dr é p a in te d the

.

c u r t a in a n d wa s the s ou l of the e n te r p r ise B ut q u ite

, .

d i ff e r e n t w a s the l ot of the Ame r ic a n p r is on e r s of wa r

in W a l n u t st r eet j a il ! I t w a s a ve r it able L ibby or
An d e r s on ville ; a n d its keepe r — —
Cu nn i n g h am wa s
the or i g i n a l of M ar z The t r e a tme n t wa s c r u el the
.
,

food w a s n ot fi t for swi n e a n d the d e ad wer e ,

t u mble d in t o pits in Wa shin g t on S quar e to mi n g le ,

with the b on es of In di a n s p au pe r s a n d c r imi n als

, , ,

who ha d bee n b ur ie d the r e in the p a st I n the .

sp r i n g H owe wa s s u pe r se de d by C lin t on ; a n d the

offi ce r s g a ve a g r a n d fe te to the d ep ar tin g Ge n e r a l .

I t w a s the fam ou s mischi a n z a a c ombin a ti on of

the r e g a tt a the t ou r n ame n t the b an q u et a n d the
, ,

b all .
”
I t wa s e n a cte d a t the c ou n tr y se a t of Th om a s
Wh ar ton in S ou th war k a n d be g an in the afte r n oon
, ,

of the 1 8th of M a y with a g r an d r e g a tt a which ,

st ar te d down the D el awar e fr om the f oot of Gr ee n

str eet a n d l an de d a t the foot of Wa shi n g t on ave n u e .

H e r e the p r ocessi on of g a y officer s be au tifu l l a d ies , ,

a n d p r omi n e n t citize n s he a de d by a ll the b a n d s of

,

the ar my for me d in lin e a n d m ar che d betwee n g r e n a

,

die r s a n d t r oope r s u p the sl ope to Wh ar t on s m a n

’

sion . The n foll owe d a t ou r n amen t The festivities .

of the eve n in g c on siste d of d an ci n g far o fir ewor ks , , ,

a n d f e a stin g ! a n d l a ste d u n til the s u n c a me u p ove r

1 66 A H istor y of P en n sy lva n ia

the Je r seys O n ce while this r evelr y w a s a t its

.
,

hei g ht the s ou n d of c an n on w a s he ar d in the n or th

,
.

The E n g lish offi ce r s expl a in e d to their fr i g hte n e d p ar t

n e r s in the d a n ce th a t it w a s a p a r t of the ce r em on y .

’
B u t it w a s n ot A da shin g fell ow fr om Wa shin g ton s
.

a r my he ar in g of the mischia n z a took a s qu a d of m en

‘

, ,

in the d ar k n ess to the li n e of r e d oubts betwee n the

D el a war e a n d the S ch u ylkill p a in te d eve r ythi n g withi n
,

r e a ch with ta r and a t a g ive n si gn al set it on fir e

, , , .

The fl a mes th a t sh ot u p a ll a l on g P opl ar str eet

star tle d H owe s a r my a n d eve r y c an n on fr om r ive r to
’
,

r ive r w a s fir e d The B r itish c av al r y d a she d ou t i n t o

.

the n i g ht b u t the dar i n g A m er l ca n s we r e n owhe r e to

,

be fou n d .

"

S ix d ays afte r this p a g e a n t of folly S ir H e n r y ,

p h il d lp h ia
a e C lin ton d eci de d to ev a c ua te P hil a delphi a .

Eva c t d
ua
The B r itish le ar n e d th a t the Ame r ic a n
e

c apit al w a s n ot of m u ch imp or ta n ce to them afte r

all . The C on g r ess ha d ed on wheels a n d P en n syl fl ,

v a n i a ha d r em a i n e d l oy a l Wa shi n g ton s a r my n ow
.
’
,

th or ou g hly dr ille d by B a r on S te ube n a P r u ssi an ,

offi ce r w ho ha d c ome to Va lley F or g e in Feb r uar y ,

bec ame a s ou r ce of d a n g e r to the B r itish Besi des .

,

a F r e n ch fleet w a s on the w ay to New Y or k a n d th a t ,

city r e q u i r e d the p r ese n ce of C li n t on Ju st be for e .

the ev a c u a ti on on the 1 8th of J u n e thr ee pe a ce c om

, ,

mi ssi on e r s fr om E n g l an d ar r ive d in P hil ad elphi a a n d ,

we r e willi n g to g r a tify “eve r y wish th at Ame r ic a

ha d exp r esse d ”
B u t it wa s too l a te
. Fr a nklin a n d .

his a ss oci a tes ha d sec u r e d a n a lli a n ce with F r a n ce ;

a n d the Ame r ic a n C on g r ess r e f u se d to e n te r t a i n s u ch

p r opositi on s I t is s a i d th a t J oseph R ee d on e of
.
,

P e n n syl va n i a s dele g a tes in C on g r ess

’
wa s off e r e d ,
 The A dmin is tr a tion o f the Gover n men t 1 67

p ou n d s ste r lin g a n d the best offi ce in the

col on ies i f he wou l d p r om ote the pl an s f or pe a ce ; b u t
th a t he p r omptly r eplie d : “ I a m n ot wor th p ur ch a s
in g ; b u t s u ch a s I a m the Ki n g of Gr e a t B r it a in is
,

n ot r ich e n ou g h to do it C lin t on s ar my c r osse d

” ’
.

the D el awar e a t Ca m de n a n d G l ou ceste r N ew Je r s ey , ,

in g r e a t h a ste ; while the fleet with seve r al th ou s a n d ,

T or y r e fu g ees a n d a ll their p ossession s on b oar d ,

floa te d sl owly down the b a y “ The sky sp ar kle d with .

star s ; the a ir of the su mmer n i g ht w a s s oft a n d

tr an qu il a s the exiles b r oke n in for tu n e a n d with
, ,

ou t a car ee r we n t with d esp a ir fr om the on ly city

,

they c ou l d l ove ”
.

Wa shin g t on m ove d his ar my ou t of Va lley F or ge ,

foll owe d C lin t on a n d s oon afte r war d s , W h i g to as n n

C um “
fou g ht the b attle of M on m outh whe re F 11
,
° °W s

Mollie P itche r of Car lisle m a de her sel f fa m ou s

, , .

G e n er a l Ar n ol d w a s pu t in c omm a n d of P hil a d elphi a ,

to p r eve n t the d is or d e r s th at we r e expecte d to foll ow

whe n the Whi gs wou l d r etu r n C on gr ess c ame b a ck .

fr om Yor k J un e 25 a n d the St a te g ove r n me n t fr om

, ,

Lan c a ste r the n ext d a y

,
W h ar t on h avin g d ie d
.
,

G e or g e B r y an V ice P r esid e n t of the S u p r eme E x ecu

,
-

ti ve C ou n cil pe r for me d the du ties of the P r esi de n t

,
.

The Whi g s n ow b eg an to p u n ish the T or ies The .

“
Assembly p a sse d a n act f or the a tt ai n de r of d ive rs
t r a i tor s
,
”
am on g wh om we r e J oseph G all oway R ev , .

‘
The Q u akers a n d
,

J ac ob Du ché a n d the Alle n s ,

.

the G e r m an sects we r e speci al obj ects of s u spicion

bec au se t hey th ou g ht it wr on g to t ake u p ar ms .

Active me a s ur es wer e take n for the tr i al of all

pe r s on s a cc u se d of hi g h tr e a s on ; b u t on ly a few we r e
1

exec ute d The exciteme n t du r in g the t r i al r a n ve r y

.
1 68 A H istor y f
o P en n sy lva nia

hi g h ; a n d Ar n ol d who himsel f w a s afte r w a r d s c our t

,

m ar ti ale d f or l awless c on du ct while in c omm a n d of

P hil ad elphi a a s n ot able to , w
r ep r ess the d is or d e r th a t a r ose .

H e spec u l ate d in gove r n me n t

c on tr a cts gr ew r ich a n d hob , ,

n ob b ed with the ar istoc r a cy ,

m ar r yi n g on e of its dau ghte r s

“
be for e he fle d fr om i n qu ir y ”
.

The ye ar 1 778 is r e
m ember e d in P e n n
W y mi g o n

sylv an i a by on e othe r
—
eve n t the W y omin g Mas
’
s a cr e Af te r B u r goyn e s su r .

r e n der the B r itish or ga n ize d

the T or ies a n d I n di a n s to m ake
wa r u p on the fr on tier s of N ew
Y or k P e n n sylv a n i a a n d Vir ,

g i n i a I t w a s a ss u me d a n d
.
,

c or r ectly so th at the Ame r i ,

P o i ci l C
r v n a Ho t Yo k
ou r t u se a r

wh Co gr s s t 1 777 78
er e n es
c a
a
ns
,
c ou l
- d .
n ot
,

g ive m u ch
a tte n tion to the fr on tie r b e ,

c au se a ll their a v a il able for ces w ou l d be r e qu ir e d to

opp ose H ow e afte r he ha d e n te r e d P e n n sylv a n i a So .

the s a va g es we r e set l oose like h oun ds to m u r de r a n d

d ev a st ate I n the m on th of J u n e the pe ople of
.

Wyomi n g bec ame aw ar e of the a pp r oach of a l ar g e

for ce of T or ies a n d I n di an s u n de r C ol on el J oh n ,

B u tle r A n a ppe a l f or help w a s m a de to Con

.

g r ess a s n e a r l y a ll the able b od ie d m en of Wy omi n g

-
,

we r e in the C on ti n e n ta l a r my ; b u t n o help c a me So .

whe n the e n emy appe a r e d in the v a ll ey C ol on el ,

Z eb u l on B u tl e r of the Rev ol u ti on a r y a r my who w a s

, ,
 The A dmin istr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 1 69

h ome on a fu r l ou g h h ad on ly ab ou t th r ee h u n dr e d
,

r a wr ec r u its to Opp ose the e n emy M an y pe ople with .

,

their families ha d c ollecte d at F or ty F or t a little

, ,

ab ove the p r ese n t site of Kin g ston H er e on the 3d .

,

of J u ly ,
C ol on el Z eb u l on B u tle r with C ol on el D en ,

n ison sec on d in c omm a n d st ar te d his little b a n d to

,

meet a for ce thr ee ti m es a s l ar g e .

The e n g a g eme n t be g an l ate in the afte r n oon At .

fi r st the fi g h t w a s spir ite d on b oth sid es ; b u t the

m en of W y omi n g c ou l d n ot l on g r esist the s u pe r i or
n u mbe r s . A n or d e r to fall b a ck to a better p ositi on
wa s mis u n de r st ood a s a si g n a l f or r et r e at The .

e n emy the n sp r a n g for war d s ou n de d the wa r wh oop ,

-

fr om on e en d of the li n e to the othe r r u she d in with ,

!

the t om ah a wk a n d spe ar a n d d e fe at ed the b r ave b an d

,

of he r oic far m e r s O n ly ab ou t fifty esc ape d while

.
,

th ose who d id n ot fall in b attle we r e p u t to d e ath

the fi el d in the m ost cr u el m a nn er The r e fu g ees in .

F or ty F or t c on sistin g,

of ol d m en wome n ,

and chil dr e n we r e ,

all owe d to dep ar t to

their h omes B u t the
.

I n d i an s s oon be ga n to
r ob, b u r n pl u n d e r a n d
,

dest r oy in eve r y dir ec

ti on in spite of a n
,

a g r eeme n t th at they
wou l d n ot I n a week .

or ten d ays these d ep

Th W yom i g M m t e n on u en
r ed a tion s bec a me s o
.

fl
n u me r ou s a n d he ar t r e n d i n g th at all the settle r s who
oc u l d g et aw a y ed S ome c a me to S un b u r y ; othe r s
, .
1 70 A H istor y f
o P en n sy lva nia

we n t to N ew Yor k a n d C on n ectic u t ; b u t m ost of

them t ook r e fuge in the wil de r n ess of the P ok on o
m ou n t a in s a n d fi n a lly r e a che d S t r ou d sb u r g
,
Th ose .

who s ou g ht s afety in these m oun t ai n s h ad n othi n g

to e a t except wh or tlebe r r ies S ome per ishe d in a .

g r e a t sw a mp which h a s eve r sin ce bee n kn own a s

,

“The
S h a d es of D e a th ”
.

The W yomin g m a ss a c r e w a s n ot the on ly on e in

P e n n sylv a n i a in the wa r of the R ev ol u
Other M c a ssa r es

ti on F r om 1 777 to 1 764 the f r on tie r s

. .
,

of th e S t a te we r e on e v a st r e g i on of bl oody m a s
s a cr es I mme di ately afte r th a t of W yomin g the wil d
.
, ,

k n own a s the “Gr e a t Ru n awa y

pr eci pl ta te fli g ht
”
, ,

occ u r r e d in the v alley of the W est B r an ch All .

s u mme r the t om a h awk a n d sc alp i n g k n ife ha d bee n

d oi n g their d e a dl y w or k the r e a n d whe n the n ews of ,

the m a ss a c r e on the N or th B r a n ch ar r ive d the W est ,

B r an ch ab ove S u n b u r y a n d Nor th u mbe r l an d w a s

ab an don e d by the settler s B oa ts c an oes hog.
, ,

tr ou ghs r afts a n d eve r y s or t of fl oa tin g thin g s we r e

, , ,

cr owde d with w ome n a n d chil dr e n The m en c a me .

d own in sin g le fi le on e a c h si de of the r ive r a n d

, ,

a cte d a s g uar d s S un b u r y bec a me a fr on tie r t ow n a n d

—
.
,

the c ou n tr y bel ow H ar r is Fe r r y P a xt a n g a n d M id « , ,

dl etow n w a s fi lle d with the u n for tu n ate r e fugees

-
.

fl
Be dfor d a n d W estm or el an d c ou n ties a n d the c oun tr y
ab ou t P ittsb u r g we r e likewise s or ely af icte d a t this
time A r e g ime n t of C on tin e n t a l t r oops w a s d esp a tche d
.

fr om Valley F or g e s ome time in the sp r i n g f or the

'

r elie f of the weste r n fr on tie r M ost of these s ol d ie r s .

ha d e n liste d fr om bey on d the m ou n t a i n s e ar ly in the

wa r a n d they we r e n owg l ad to g o b ack to de fe n d their
,

wives a n d chil dr e n The n ext ye ar S u lliv a n s expe d i

.
’
 The A dmin istr a tion f
o the Gover nmen t 1 71

ti on st ar te d fr om Ea st on a n d m ar che d by w ay of ,

Wy omin g i n to the c ou n tr y of the S ix Nati on s in N ew ,

Yor k H e d e fe ate d a n ar my of T or ies a n d I n di a n s

.
,

a n d d est r oye d m a n y I n d i a n vill ag es B u t the p u n ish .

men t ha d n o l a sti n g c fi ect The r a v a g es c on tin u e d . .

O the r expe d iti on s we r e or g a n ize d n ot abl y a t F or t ,

P itt ; a n d the b or d e r w ar fa r e r age d u n til 1 784 .

On D ecembe r 1 1 778 , Ge n e r al Joseph R ee d wa s

,

electe d P r esi de n t of the C ou n cil a n d chie f p p M y a er on e

exec u tive of the S t ate H e we n t i n t o office

.

othe r c ol on ies ,

of the C on ti n e n t a l m on ey
fl
a t a t ime whe n P e n n sylv an i a in c omm on with the
su er ed g r e a tly fr om the d ep r eci a ti on

The S ta te too ha d issu e d

.
,

, ,

p aper m on ey . The r e w a s ab ou t fou r times a s m u ch

in c ir c u l a ti on a s w a s n ee de d f or the t r a n s a ction of
b u sin ess a n d p r ices we r e hi g h a n d flu ctuati n g
, These .

c on dition s we r e ve r y fa v or able for spec u l at or s a n d a ,

l aw w a s p a sse d fixin g the p r ice of ce r t a in ar ticles to ,

d estr oy specu l a ti on a nd,

l ayin g em
b a r g oes on the exp or t ati on of good s
n ee d e d by the pe ople B u t these
.

me a s ur es g ave little r elie f The .

militi a a t on e time m ar che d d own

C hestn u t str eet p ostin g pl ac ar d s
,

aga i n st M or r i s W ils on a n d othe r s

, ,

s u specte d of bein g spec u l at or s At J o ph R d .

se ee .

Wils on s h ou se they stoppe d a n d kille d

’

the c a pt a i n of the g ua r d a n d b r oke i n t o the h a llwa y

, ,

whe r e for a time the r e w a s st abbin g a n d cl u bbi n g .

The qu estion of sl ave r y which ha d pe r iod ic ally ,

Sla v ery d istu r be d the r u lin g cl a ss I n P e n n sylv a n i a

“d i h d eve r sin ce P a stor iu s ’ p r otest in 1 688 c ame
s e
,

u p n ow for fi n al settleme n t e ar ly in 1 780 The

, .
1 72 A Histor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

Fr ie n d s in thei r q u ar ter ly a n d ye ar ly meetin g s ha d

, ,

r epe a te d ly a dvise d a g a i n st im pdr tin g a n d pu r cha sm g

n e g r oes As e ar ly a s 1 705 a d u ty w a s imp ose d on

.
,

sl ave imp or tati on I n 1 71 1 it w a s for bi dd e n a lt o

.

g ethe r b
,
u t the P r ivy C o u n cil in E n g l a n d qua she d the
a ct . The foll owi n g ye ar u p on petiti on si g n e d by ,

m an y h an d s the Assembly a ssesse d 20 p ou n d s a he a d

”
,

on imp or te d n e g r oes thi n ki n g so hi gh a duty wou l d

,

be p r ohibit or y ; b u t the a c t w a s a g a in vetoe d by the

C r own . A lette r wr itte n by a me r ch an t in 1 71 5 to
a n imp or te r in J a m a ic a s a ys : I m u st e n t r e a t you to
se n d me n o m or e n e g r oes f or s a le f or ou r pe ople ,

d on t c a r e to b u y them
’
They a r e ge n e r a lly aga i n st
.

a n y c omi n g i n t o the c ou n t r y
”
Y et in spi te of a ll .
,

opp ositi on it w a s the c omm on i n ci d e n t of the da y

,

be for e the Rev ol u ti on to ve n d bl a cks of b oth sexes

a t p u blic s ale a t the c offee h ou ses in P hil a delphi a
, .

F a mily se r v an ts we r e se n t to j a il to g et their d oze n

l a shes for a cts of in s u b or di n ati on B u t the l a ws r e g u .

l a ti n g th eir c on du ct a n d p u n ishme n t we r e a lw ays .

h u m an e They e n j oye d a s m u ch libe r ty a s their

.

m a ste r s we r e a s well f ed a n d a s well cl ad a n d g en

, ,

er a lly live d u n d e r the s a me r oof The fi n a l m oveme n t .

for the ab oliti on of sl a ve r y w a s m a d e in 1 779 by the

S u p r eme E xec u tive C ou n cil in the ir m ess a g e to the ,

Assembly
“H on or ed
will that S tat e b e in the an n als of m an kin d
which shall fi st ab olish this vi olati on of th e i g hts of m a n
r r

ki d ; n d the m em o i es of th os e will b e h el d in g at efu l a n d

n a r r

ever lasti n g em em b an c e wh o shall pass th e law to esto e

r r r r

a n d e stablish th e i g hts of hu m an n atu e in P enn sylvan ia ”

r r .

On the l st M ar ch
of ,
1 780, Ge or g e B r y an ex Vice ,
-

P r esi d e n t of the S t a te , no w a membe r of the As

 The A dmin istr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 1 73

semb l y , p r ese n te d a bill for the gr a dual ab oliti on of

s l a ve r y l n P e n n sylv a n i a a n d u r g e d its p a ss ag e with
,

g r e a t e a r n est n ess I t p a sse d by a v ote of 34 to 21

. .

By its Ope r a ti on ther e wer e sl aves le ft in the

S t a te in 1 790 ,
in 1 800 795 in 1 81 0 21 1 in , ,
.

1 820, a nd 67 in 1 830 .

The Assembly ab ou t this time m a de an other e ff or t

to r elieve the pe ople fr om the withe r i n g Th D th e ea

bli ght of the C on ti n en t a l p aper m on ey f th o e

“m m ‘
.

I t tr ie d to r e deem it by t a x a ti on at the
a a s

r a te of 1 to 40 B u t n eithe r this n or a n y othe r

.

“
me a su r e p r eve n te d the c oin a g e of the phr a se I t is ,

n ot w or th a C on ti n e n t a l
”
To a ssist C on g r ess in pr o
.

v id in g f or the ar my R obe r t Mor r i s a n d othe r fin a n

,

cie r s of the S t a te est ablishe d the B an k of P en n syl

v an i a the fi r st b a n k in Ame r ic a
,
The l a st attempt .

to p r ol on g th e life of the C on ti n e n t a ls wa s m a de
”

by the E xec u tive C ou n cil in M ay 1 781 ; b u t the r em ,

edy p r ove d fa t a l P el a ti a h W ebste r s a i d of the pr o

.

“ Thu s fell e n de d a n d d ie d the C on ti

ceedin g s : ,

n en ta l c u r r e n cy a g e d six ye a r s
,

The ope n i n g of the ye ar 1 781 b r ou g ht P r esi de n t

Ree d fa ce to face with a ver y se r iou s Th R lt t
‘

e ev o a

M "i t w
pr oblem . The P e n n sy lv an i a L i n e i n ,
° s ° n

W a shi n g t on s ar my at M or r ist own ha d for s ome

’
,

time bee n diss a tis fi e d with the tr e a tme n t they we r e

r ecei v i n g a t the h a n d s of C on g r ess S ome ha d bee n .

kept in the ar m y b ey on d their time of e n listme n t ; all

h a d ar r e ar a g es of p ay du e them a n d the m on ey they

h ad r eceive d w a s wor thless On N ew Y e a r s d a y the

.
’

L i n e br oke out in t o ope n r ev olt a n d le ft the c amp

f or P r in cet on H e r e they we r e met by two spies who
. ,

tr ie d to i n d u ce them to j oi n the Br itish ar my b u t ,

1 74 A H istor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

these we r e h an de d over to Wa shi n g t on a n d exec u te d .

Whe n Way n e their c omm a n der met the P en n syl

, ,

v a n ia n s a t P r i n cet on he p r op ose d th at they r e du ce

,

their g r iev an ces to wr itin g This bein g d on e P r esi

.
,

d en t R ee d a n d a c ommittee of C on g r ess set ou t to

meet them Be for e e n te r ing their c amp R ee d se n t a
.
,

n ote to Wa y n e a skin g whethe r it w a s s afe for him

,

to g o withi n the picket lin e of the i n s u r g e n ts Their .

.

c ommittee r eplie d th at he n ee d h ave n o f e ar th a t ,

the wh ole L in e w a s an xi ou s to h a ve him settle the

u n h appy affa ir Aft er a h ar d fou g ht b attle of w or d s
.
-

the d iffi c u lty w a s am ic ably settle d by Ree d ; a n d the

P e n n sylv an i a L i n e m ar che d to V i r g i n i a to t ake a
m ost h on or able p ar t in the cl osi n g b a ttles of the
R ev ol u ti on W he n offer e d a r ew ar d f or d elive r in g
.

up the two spies they r e fu se d it s ay in g : Ou r “

, ,

n ecessities c ompelle d u s to d em a n d j u stice fr om ou r

g ove r n me n t ; we a sk n o r ew ar d f or d oi n g ou r du ty to
our c ou n tr y a g a i n st its e n emies
”
.

The r ev olt of the P e n n sylv an i a L i n e a t M or r is

C m pl t
o e e
t ow n w a s an evi d e n ce of the c omplete
E h x ti
a us exh au sti on of r es our ces f or the R ev ol u
on

° f th S t t
e a e
ti on B u t n on e of the S t a tes w a s m or e
.

th or ou g hly dr a in e d th a n P e nn sylv a n i a This S t a te

.

w a s n ot on ly the r esi de n ce of C on g r ess with a ll its ,

t r a in of a tte n d a n ts a n d office r s b u t als o of all the

,

milit ar y mech a n ism of the c ou n tr y F r om it the

.

quart e r m a ste r p r i n cip ally dr ew his wa g on s his h or ses , ,

his c amp e qu ip a g e of a ll ki n d s besi d es a g r e at n u m

,

b er of w a g on e r s a n d a r tificer s P r is on e r s of w
. ar a nd

st ate ha d bee n l a r g ely the i n he r ita n ce of P en n sy l

van i a All this wa s d on e a t g r e a t expe n se to the
.

S t a te a n d b ur d e n e d it with a he a vy l oa d of d ebt
, .
 The A dmin istr a tion o f the Gover n men t 1 75

The s ubstan ce of the pe ople h ad bee n u se d bu t in \ ,

its pl a ce they ha d n othi n g b u t m on ey m ade of r ag s .

P e n n sylv an i a s sh ar e of the s u pplies a ske d for by

’

C on gr ess in 1 781 wa s e qual in am ou n t to eleve n

,

ye ar s t a xes a n d all the in c ome of the S t ate

’
.

Ree d s s u ccess or a s P r esi d e n t of the S u p r eme E x

’

c on tive C ou n cil w a s V ice P r esi d e n t W illi a m Moor e w

-
ho ,

e n te r e d u p on his du ties in N ovember ,

1 781 . Ear ly the n ext ye ar P en n syl ,

v a n i a j oin e d with C on gr ess in ch ar ter

in g th e B a n k of N or th Ame r ic a by ,

which Robe r t M or r i s the s u pe r in te n de n t

,

of fi n an ces for the C on tin e n ta l Con

g r ess w a s e n able d to r estor e the c r e d it
,

fl
of the U n ite d S t a tes a n d t r a n s a ct its W il li m a

. fin a n cia l a a ir s with g r e a te r e ffi cie n cy I t w a s the .

fi r st i n c or p or a te d b an k in Amer i c a a n d it still exists, .

D icki n s on h avi n g r et ur n e d fr om his six ye ar s s o

,
’ r

j ou r n in D el aw ar e whither he h ad g on e C g
, L on r es s e a v es

afte r his defe a t for r e electi on to Con Phi l d lp hi a e a

g r ess s oon r e gai n e d his p op u l ar ity

, H e w a s electe d .

a member of the S u pr eme E xec u tive C ou n cil in No

v emb er 1 782 a n d bec a me its P r esi d e n t
, ,
The E xecu .

tive C ou n cil in Ap r il foll owi n g p r ocl aime d the n e ws

, ,

th at the pr elimin ar y tr e aty ha d bee n si g n e d a n d or ,

d e r e d the S t a te fl ag to be h oiste d a n d the bells to be

r un g . The p r is on e r s of wa r c on fi n e d in b a r r a cks a t
Car lisle Lan c a ste r a n d Re a di n g we r e b r ou g ht to P hil
,

adelphi a a n d s en t to N ew Yor k The chev au x de

.
-

fr ize wer e r em ove d fr om the D el a war e th at the white ,

win g s of c omme r ce mi g ht a g a in flu tte r ove r its water s .

B u t be f or e the Q uake r C ity c ou l d fu lly e n j oy pe a ce ,

a n u mbe r of office r s a n d s ol die r s of the P e nn sylv a n ia

1 76 A H is tor y f
o P en n sylva n ia

L in e in J un e
,
c a me fr om Lan c a ste r a n d we r e j oin e d
,

by othe r s to d em a n d of the C ou n cil a n d C on g r ess a

,

settleme n t of their a cc ou n ts Their d em a n d s we r e so

.

in s ole n t th a t the C ou n cil r ej ecte d ”

them C on gr ess u r g e d th a t the

.

militi a be c a lle d ou t to d is ar m
the i n s ur g e n ts b u t D ickin s on d id ,

n ot fa v or a step s o se r i ou s The n .

C on gr ess r es olve d to le ave a n d ,

a dj ou r n e d to meet a t P r in ceton .

fl
The le a d er s in this u n for tu n ate
Th S t t F l g
e a e a .

a a ir we r e ar r este d a n d c our t
m ar ti a le d Two se r g e an ts we r e se n te n ce d to be sh ot
.

a n d othe r s we r e to be fl og g e d All we r e s u bse qu e n tly

.

p ar don e d The Assembly a n d the pe ople of P hil a

.

d elphi a u r g e d C on g r ess to r et u r n p r omisin g ample ,

p r otecti on if it wou l d d o j u stice to the a r my a n d

p ublic c r e d it or s B u t it r es u me d its sessi on s a t
.

An n a p olis .

P e a ce bei n g n ow a ss u r e d the S t ate au th or ities ,

P bl m
ro e t ur n e d their atte n ti on to the r est or a ti on of
s

P c ea
t r a d e a n d i n du str y
e
C ommission er s we r e a p
.

p oin te d to estim ate the c ost of Ope n i n g a c omm u n ic a

tion by me an s of r oa d s a n d c an als betwee n the
S u s qu eh a n n a a n d the S ch u ylkill The isl an d s in the .

D el a w ar e we r e d ivi d e d betwee n N ew Je r sey a n d

P e n n sylv an i a a cc or d in g to p r oximity , a n d dist r ib u te d
,

a m on g the seve r a l c ou n ties a l on g the r ive r The two .

S t a tes we r e to h a ve c on c u r r e n t j u r is d icti on betwee n

the b a n ks The C ou n cil of C e n s or s with Fr e de r ick
.
,

A M u hle n be r g a s p r esi de n t hel d its fi r st a n d on ly

.
,

septe n n i a l se ssi on N ovembe r 1 0 1 783 to S epte mb er , ,

24 , 1 784 .
 The A dmin is tr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 1 77

Afte r the S ta te g ove r n me n t ha d b ee n for me d l a ws ,

,

we r e p a sse d in 1 777 r e qu ir i n g the oa th of

Citi h ip z en s

alle g i an ce of a ll pe r s on s ab ove ei g htee n ye ar s

of a g e in or d e r to e n j oy
“ the blessi n g s of li b e r ty a n d
,

citize n ship ”
. I t w a s a test of l oy alty to the Ame r i
ca n c au se a n d th ose w
,
ho r e fu se d to t ake it we r e r e
g a r d e d a s T or ies S ome of these d id symp a thize with
.

Gr e a t B r it a i n ; b u t othe r s d ecli n e d to t ake the oa th

on a cc ou n t of r eli g i ou s sc r u ples This cl a ss i n cl u de d.

m a n y pe ople of me an s who p a i d he avy t a xes d ir ectly

, ,

or i n di r ectly a n d we r e pe a ce able a n d i n offe n sive d u r

,

in g eve r y st a g e of the R ev ol u ti on I t w a s estim a te d .

th at n e ar ly h a l f of the i n h abit a n ts we r e d ep r ive d of

citize n ship . I n s ome pl a ces the n u mbe r of pe r s on s
qu a li fie d to h ol d offi ce w a s i n s u ffi cie n t to admin iste r
the l oc a l g ove r n me n t The ag it a ti on to r epe a l the
.

test l aws be g an in 1 784, b u t w a s fr u itless u n til 1 789 ,

whe n a ll d is fr an chise d pe r s ons wer e r est or e d to

citize n ship a n d for ei gn e r s a l one we r e r e qu ir e d to t ak e
,

a n oa t h of a lle g i a n ce .
“

F r a n klin r et ur n e d in 1 785 fr om his n in e ye a r s ’

se r vice in Eur ope H e w a s s oon afte r F k li p i d t

. ra n n r es en

electe d to the E xecu tive C ou n cil a n d f P

.
yl i ° en n s va n a

m a d e its P r e sid e n t H e th u s bec a me the chie f ex ec u

.

tive of P e n n sylv an i a a t the extr eme a g e of ei g hty

ye ar s se r vi n g u n til 1 788
,
I t w a s a si n g u l ar c oin c i
.

’
d e n ce th a t du r in g the fir st ye ar of the g r e a t scie n tist s
a dmi n istr ation n u me r ou s applic ati on s we r e m a de to
,

the Assembly for a id by scie n tifi c i n ve n t or s On e .

ha d m a de a c r ucible fr om bl u e st on e ; a n other w an te d -

to c on ve r t b a r i r on i n t o steel ;
-
still an othe r h ad a
m achin e to cle a n whe a t a n d m ak e it i n t o fl ou r ; a
fou r th a ske d e n c ou r a g eme n t in the m akin g of t u be;
L
1 78 A H is tor y o f P enn sylva n ia

bell ows for bl acksmiths ; while J oh n F i tch a ske d for

the excl u sive r i g hts of ste a m navi g a ti on in P e nn
sylv an i a Th r ee ye ar s l a te r on e of his i mp r ove d
.

ste a m p a ckets c ar r ie d p a sse n g e r s r e g u l ar ly for thr ee

-

m on ths fr om P hil a d elphi a to B ur lin gton N J

, , .
\

I n 1 787 P hil a d elphi a a g a in bec a me the sce n e of

—
,

Th C
e on s tit a g r e a t Fe de r al eve n t the for m a ti on
u

n n1 C n
of the C on stit u ti on of the U n ite d S t ates
°n nn v e n nn
.

The C on stit u tion a l C on ve n tion we n t i n to se ssi on M ay

‘

25 in the S t a te H ou se a n d afte r a st or my sessi on

, ,

of fou r m on ths e n d e d its l ab or s S eptembe r 1 7

,
The .

dele ga tes fr om P e n n sylva n i a we r e a ll fr om P hil a

d elphi a —
Be n j ami n F r an klin Th om a s M ifil in R obe r t , ,

M or r is G e or g e C lyme r Th om a s Fitz S im on s J ar e d
, , ,

I n ge r s oll J a mes W ils on a n d Gou ver n e ur M or r is

, , .

J oh n D icki n s on r ep r ese n te d the S t ate of D el a w ar e .

P e n n sylv an i a s d ele ga ti on w a s the l a r g est

’
O f its .

ei ght member s the ve n er able P r esi d e n t of P en n syl

,

v an i a Be n j a mi n Fr an kli n n ow ei g hty on e ye ar s ol d
, ,
-
,

w a s the N est or of the c on ve n tion The D oct or s ’

.

speeches on a cc ou n t of his physic a l,

in fir mities we r e r e a d by his c ol ,

l ea g u e e W ils on I t w a s Fr ank
, . .

l in w ho p r op ose d da ily p r aye r s in

the c on ve n ti on a n d ur ge d a spir it ,

of c on cili a ti on whe n the c on test

ab ou t r ep r ese n t ation in C on g r ess
w a xe d hot s ayin g “ We a r e he r e , ,

J m W il son
a es
to c on s u lt n ot to c on te n d
”
He , .

adv oc a te d r ep r ese n t a tion in C on g r ess b a se d on pOpu l a

ti on ; he opp ose d p r ope r ty qualifi c a tion for r ep r ese n t a
tiv a s ; a n d he w a s a lways a p owe r whe n he sp oke .

W hile the membe r s we r e si gn i n g thei r n a mes F r an klin , ,

 The A dmin istr a tion f
o the Gover nm en t 1 79

l ooki n g tow ar d s P r esi de n t Wa shin g ton s ch air on ’

,

the b a ck of which wa s cu t a su n s a id to th ose

.

“
ar oun d him : I h a ve ofte n a n d Ofte n in the c our se ,

of the sessi on a n d in the s olicitu d e of my h opes a n d

,

fe ar s a s to its iss u e l ooke d a t th a t figur e behi n d the

,

P r esi de n t with ou t bei n g able to tell whethe r it w a s

the r i sm g or the setti n g su n Now I kn ow it is the
.

r isi n g M iifi in th ou gh s ayi n g b u t little w a s

, ,

p r om in e n t a n d i n fl u e n ti a l a s a g e n e r al of the Rev
ol u tion a n d a membe r of C on g r ess Rober t M or r is
.

p r op ose d G e n e r a l Wa shin gt on a s p r esi d e n t of the

c on ve n tion a n d w a s well k n ow n to the member s a s
the g r e a t fin an cie r of the Rev ol u tion C lyme r wa s
.

on e of the membe r s w ho ha d the h on or of h a vi n g

si g n e d the D ecl ar ati on of I n depe n de n ce ; he m a d e a
n u mbe r of speeches a n d with S he r m an of C on n ec
, ,

ticu t w a s i n str u me n t a l in keepi n g the te r m s la ves

,

ou t of the C on stit u ti on of the U n ite d S t ates Fitz .

S im on s wa s a r ich m er ch a n t a n d obj ecte d to the

,

p r ohibition of a ta x on exp or ts I n ge r s oll a le a d in g

.
,

l awye r t ook little p ar t b u t afte r war d s a c qu i r e d a

, ,

n a ti on a l r ep u t a ti on J a mes W ils on w a s the best r e ad

.
-

l a wye r on the floor W h ateve r of Bl a ckst on e we n t

.

i n to the C on st itu tion w a s teste d b y him Gou v er .

n e u r M or r is h a s c r e d it f or m or e r em a r ks a n d speeches

th an a n y othe r membe r of the c on ve n tion except

M a dis on . As ch a ir m an of the C ommittee on Ar r an g e
men t a n d S tyle M or r i s d ese r ves the cr e dit for the
,

cle ar a n d simple l an guage of the C on stitu tion D ickin .

son stood for the i n te r ests of the sm all S t ates a n d ,

his a d voc a cy sec ur e d the e quality of r ep r ese n t ati on in

the S e n ate H e dr afte d the secti on p r ovi d in g for the
.

for m ation of n ew S t a tes fr om p ar ts of ol d on es .

1 80 A H is tor y of P en n sy lva n ia

While the ,thi r ty i e membe r s of the c on ve n tion

-
n n

P yl i
en n s van a
we re si g n i n g the C on stit u ti on on the
A ct
s on th e after n oon of the 1 7th of S eptembe r in
“M im i
,
”
a l owe r r oom of the S t ate H ou s e the ,

P e n n s y lv an i a Assembly s a t in a r oom ab ove ; a n d

the r e e ar ly the n ext m or n i n g the d ocu me n t was
, ,

r e ad tw o d ay s be for e C on g r ess in sessi on in N ew ,

Y or k r eceive d it
,
The p r e ss of P hil a delphi a pu b
.

l ished it on the 1 9th a n d eve r yb ody p r a ise d

,

“ The N ew R f
oo at fir st
”
Con gr ess se n t it to the
.

S t a tes for r a tifi c a tion on the 28th The P en n syl v a n l a .

Assembly w a s to a dj ou r n si n e die the n ext d a y The .

membe r s fr ie n dly to the C on stit u tion d eter mi n e d th a t

a c on ve n ti on to a dopt it sh ou l d be c alle d be for e
a dj ou r n me n t On the s a me da y th a t C on g r ess t ook
.

its fin a l a cti on a n d with ou t k n owi n g wh a t th a t

,

a cti on w a s G e or g e C l y me r m ove d in the Assembly

,

th at a c on ve n ti on meet in P hil a d elphi a to c on si de r

the a d option of the n ew c on stitu ti on The m oti on .

c a r r ie d by a v ote of 4 3 to 1 9 ; b u t be for e fi xi n g the

time a n d m an n e r of electi on the Assembly t ook a ,

r ecess to meet in the af te r n oon

, As it t ook 4 6 to .

m ake a q u or u m the 1 9 Opp ose d to the c on ve n ti on

,
‘

r em a i n e d aw ay afte r the r ecess ; a n d the Assembly

ha d to a dj ou r n u n til the n ext m or n i n g The a cti on .

of C on g r ess h a vi n g n ow bec ome k n ow n it w a s sup ,

p ose d th a t the opp osition of the n i n etee n wou l d g ive

w ay ; b u t it d id n ot A qu or u m ha d to be sec u r e d
.

by dr a g g i n g the membe r s f r om F r a n kli n a n d Dau phin

— —
c ou n ties M c Ca l mon t a n d Miley fr om their l odg
i n g s to the S t ate H ou se W ith cl othes t or n i n t o
.

sh r e d s a n d fa ces white with r a g e the two men we r e ,

m ad e to sit in their pl a ces u n til the c a ll for the con

 The A dministr a tion o f the Gover n men t 1 81

v en tion w a s c omplete Th u s it h appe n e d th a t P en n syl

.

v an i a c a lle d a c on ve n tion to c on sid e r the Fe d e r a l Con

stitu tion twe n ty h ou r s afte r the C on gr ess in N ew Y or k

ha d agr ee d to s u bmit it to the S t a tes a n d twelve ,

days afte r it ha d bee n fi n ishe d by the c on ve n tion .

The vi ole n t c ou r se of the Assembly c ombi n e d with ,

ab ou t a d oze n obj ecti on s to the Con stitu P yl i en n s van a

ti on m ade the c amp a i g n for the electi on

‘

A d nt th o s e

“m a ma
,
”
of d ele g ates ve r y fi e r ce W ils on w a s the .

ch ampi on on the si de of the Fe de r a lists H e m ade .

a p owe r fu l speech in fa vor of a dopti on l n the S t a te

H ou se y ar d C e n ti n el
.
”
who wr ote letter s for the ,

n ewsp a pe r s t ook the opp osite side a n d w a s ofte n

'

, ,

ab u si ve n ot eve n sp ar i n g Wa shi n g ton a n d Fr an kli n

’

, .

Robe r t Mor r is w a s “ B obby the C offe r e r ; ”

M ififlin , ,

“T ommy the Q uar te r m a ste r Ge n e r a l

-

Gou ve r n e u r -
,

M or r is , Gou v er a the c u n n i n g m a n
,
”
The c on v en .

ti on met a t the S t ate H ou se N ovembe r 21 with

‘

Fr e de r ick A M u hle n be r g a s ch a ir m an
. The F ed .

er a l ists ha d w on 2 to 1 ; f or the C on stitu ti on wa s

r ati fi e d D ecember 1 2 by a v ote of 4 6 to 23 ,
The .

membe r s c om pr ise d s ome of the best k n own m en -

Th om a s M c Kea n Be n j a mi n Ru sh a n d J ames W ils on

, ,
‘

of P hil ad elphi a An th on y Wayn e of C h este r ; Ab r a ,

h am L in c ol n of Be r ks ; Ti mothy P icker i n g of
, ,

Lu ze r n e ; W illi a m Fi n dley of Westm or el an d ; a n d ,

F r e de r ick M u hle n be r g of Mon t g ome r y Th ose opp os

, .

in g the C on stit u ti on d id so l ar g ely bec au se it w a s in

m a n y w ays d iffe r e n t fr om their own S t ate c on stitu
ti on. The l atte r ha d bee n the w or k of m en fr om
the fr on tie r c ou n ties in 1 776 ; a n d the r ep r ese n t a
tives of these c ou n ties we r e g e n e r ally the on es th a t
opp ose d the Fe d e r a l C on stit u ti on .
1 82 A H istor y f
o P enn sy lva nia

bei n g the sec on d S t ate to r atify ther e

P e n n sylv an i a ,

Th Aff i
e w a s n ot m u ch dem on str ati on m ade a t the
a r

n "C li l ar
time s e
B u t whe n on the 21 st of Ju n e
.
, ,

1 788 N ew H a mpshir e
,
the n i n th S t ate r atifi e d it
, , ,

P hil a d elphi a a n d othe r t own s r es olve d to celeb r a te

the n ew U n ion on the 4th of J u ly The e n th u si a sm .

wa s u n b ou n d e d b u t g e n e r ally pe a ce able
,
A se r iou s .

r i ot b r oke ou t r i g ht af te r the r a ti fi c a ti on in the t own ,

of Car lisle Th om a s M cK ea n a n d J a mes W ils on we r e

.

b ur n e d in e ffigy c an n on we r e spike d a n d a c opy of

, ,

the C on stit u ti on w a s b u r n e d .

The N ew Roof bein g u p a n d P e n n sylv an i a

opp itio os u n de r it the a n ti Fe d e r a lists met in c on
n ,
-

E d
at H ar r isb ur g for the p ur p ose of
‘

v en tion
n s

s u g g estin g ce r t a in a me n dme n ts Twelve wer e pr o .

p ose d a n d r ec omme n d e d to the Assembly for su b m is

si on to C on g r ess This a ction e n d e d a ll opp osition
.

in P e n n sylv a n i a to the C on stitu ti on Fiftee n a me n d .

me n ts ha d als o bee n p r ese n te d by the a n ti Fe d e r a lists -

in the P hil a d elphi a c on ve n ti on They we r e d r awn .

u p by Rober t Whitehill of Cu mbe r l an d c ou n ty a n d , ,

we r e r em ar k able a s bei n g a lm ost i de n tic a l with the

fir st ten a me n dm e n ts afte r war d s adde d to the Con
stitu tion I t is s u pp ose d th at M adis on who pr e
‘

.
,

p ar e d the a me n dme n ts for C on gr ess in 1 789 m ad e ,

u se of th ose offer e d by the an ti Fe de r alists of P e n n -

sylv a n i a .

Be n j amin Fr an kli n ha vm g declin e d a r e electi on on

,

P id t
r es a cc ou n t of old a g e w a s s u ccee de d a s P r esi
en ,

M im’ n
d e n t of the S t ate in Novembe r 1 789 by , , ,

Ge n e r a l Th om a s M iifi in I n J a n ua r y foll owi n g the

.
,

fi r st electi on for P r esi d e n ti al elect or s w a s hel d a n d in ,

Ap r il P hil a delphi a ga ve a r oy al welc ome to Wa sh

,
 The A dministr a tion f
o the Gover nmen t 1 83

fl
in g ton , the fir st P r esi de n t of the U n ite d S t a te s a s he ,

p a sse d th r ou gh on his w ay to N ew Yor k The oa t .

in g b r i dg e a t Gr a y s Fe r r y w a s s o
’

el ab or a tely dec or a te d th a t the p a ss

age ove r the S ch u ylkill seeme d like
th a t a l on g a gr ee n l an e Ar ches .

of l aur el sp a n n e d ea ch en d ; a n d

j u st a s the c ar r i ag e of the P r esi

de n t p a sse d u n de r the weste r n
ar ch a l au r el wr e a th w a s l owe r e d
Thomas M itfiin .

u p on his b r ow by a child cl ad
in white . Afte r a b an qu et a n d fou r tee n toa sts ,

Wa shin g ton r es u me d his j ou r n ey .

A n ew c on stit u ti on h a vin g bee n adopte d in 1 790 ,

old G e n e r a l
,
fl
the l a st P r esi de n t of the S t a te un de r the
M ii in w a s electe d the fir st
,
G m “
m
M i‘
e . O lr

Gove r n or u n de r the n ew H e se r ve d thr ee s u cce ssive

.

te r ms u n til 1 799
, W ith his a d min istr a tion be gan the
.

system of i n ter n al impr oveme n ts for which the S t ate

bec ame n ote d The fu n di n g of the n a tion a l debt the
.
,

n a ti on a l b a n k
—
the i mp ost the e xcise all te n de d to
, ,

m ake m on ey ple n tifu l The fa vor ite for m of impr ove

.

me n t all ove r the c oun tr y w a s the c an a l I n P enn .

sylv a n i a the D el awar e S ch u ylkill a n d S u s qu eh a n n a

, ,

we r e to be m ade n avi g able a n d c on n ecte d with on e

an othe r by me an s of c an als This e a ste r n system w a s
.

the n to be li n ke d in the s ame way to the wa te r s of

the Alle ghe n y Lake E r ie a n d Lake O n t a r io
,
The .

L e gisl atu r e als o r ec omme n de d a tu r n pike fr om P hil a

d elphi a to Lan c a ste r a s well a s r oa d s in othe r p a r ts
,

of the S t a te .To fa cilit ate these schemes of i n te r n a l

impr oveme n t c omp an ies we r e ch ar te r e d by au th or ity
,

of the S t a te .S o m an y m or e sh ar es we r e su bsc r ibe d

1 84 A H istor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

in s ome of them th a n we r e au th or ize d by l a w th a t ,

the n a mes of the p ur ch a se r s wer e p u t in t o a wheel ,

a n d e n ou g h dr aw n ou t to for m the c omp a n y .

The Fe de r a l g over nm e n t h avi n g g on e i n to the

b a n kin g b u si n ess a t Car pe n te r s H all P hil a
’

S tat B
e k an s
,

d elphi a in 1 79 1 th r ou g h the est ablishme n t

, ,

of the fa m ou s B a n k of the U n ite d S t a tes P en n syl ,

v a n i a foll owe d the ex ample in 1 79 3 The L e g isl a tu r e .

ch ar te r e d the B a n k of P en n syl v a m a and the S t a te ,

t ook one thir d of the e n ti r e st ock B r an ches we r e est ab

-
.

l ished a t Lan c a ste r H a r r isb u r g R e a d i n g Ea st on a n d

, , ,

P ittsb u r g The S t ate c on ti n u e d the p ar tn er ship for

.

fifty ye ar s .

I n 1 793 the yell ow f eve r a ppe ar e d in P hil a delphi a

,
.

Th Y llow
e e I t l a ste d fr om Au gu st to N ovembe r a n d ,

PW “ “
c ar r ie d off ab ou t fi ve th ou s a n d pe ople .

The st r eets we r e d ese r te d by a ll except th ose w ho

‘
b u r ie d the d e a d E xp ose d c ofiin s on ch a ir wheels
.
-

we r e c on st a n tly in si g ht b u t n o m our n e r s a ccompa ,

n ie d them The d e a d we r e h u r r ie dly l ai d in l ar g e

.

pits which wou l d r eceive m an y be for e filli n g u p

, .

S om e pe r s on s le f t the city or on e thi r d ,

-

of the p op u l a ti on G e r m a nt own wa s a fa v or ite pl a ce

.

f or the fu g itives B oth the S t ate a n d the U n ite d

.
_

S tates g ove r n me n ts m ove d thei r offi ces to th a t town .

TH E C ONS TI T UTI ONA L P E RI OD

InM ar ch 1 791 C on g r ess l a i d a t a x of 25 ce n ts a

, ,

Th W h i k y whisky m an u fa ctu r e d in the

'

e g a ll on
s on
I tm
n sn n ec
U n ite d S t ates At th a t time the Mississippi
n
.

wa s n ot yet ope n to the Ame r ic an s for tr an sp or ta

ti on ; he n ce the fa r me r s a r ou n d P i ttsb u r g ha d n o
 The A dmin istr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 1 85

o u tlet for thei r g r ai n S o they t ur n e d it in t o

.

'

whisky which fou n d a m ar ket n e ar er h ome

, The .

i n h abit a n ts of th a t secti on ha d a n i n b or n h atr e d for

excise t ax es Their S c otch I r ish a n cest or s ha d r e
.
-

siste d s u ch t axes in Ir el an d M or e ove r the Rev ol u

.
,

tion ha d bee n fou g ht with ou t a t a x by the U n ite d

S t a tes g over n me n t ; a nd the pi on ee r s beyon d the
m ou n t a in s c ou l d n ot u n de r stan d why on e wa s n eces
s ar y n ow S o in S eptembe r 1 79 1 whe n a c ollect or
.
, ,

a ppe ar e d in Wa shi n g t on c ou n ty he w a s fi e r cely a s ,

sa u l ted a n d ha d to flee for his lif e Ab ou t the s am e

.

time dele g a tes fr om F ayette A ll eg hen y t W estm or e ,

l an d a n d Wa shin g t on c ou n ties met in P ittsb u r g a n d

p a sse d r es ol u tion s a g a in st the excise Resist an ce m or e .

or less vi ole n t w a s m a d e aga i n st the c ollecti on of the

t a x for seve r a l ye ar s b u t n o bl ood w a s she d u n til

,

J u ly 1 6 1 794,
The n the h ou se of the i n spect or
.
,

G e n e r a l Neville w a s s u r r ou n de d b y a c omp a n y of
,

militi a a n d on e of thei r n u mbe r w a s kille d by the

,

sh ots th at we r e exch an g e d The n ext d a y N eville s

.
’

h ou se a n d b ar n we r e b u r n e d b u t n ot un til the le a de r
,

of the militi a M aj or M cF a r l a n e a vete r an of the

,

Rev ol u ti on ha d bee n sh ot by the occu p a n ts

,
The .

"

d e ath of M c F a r l a n e g r e atly i n ce n se d the pe ople a n d ,

’
a m a s s meeti n g w a s hel d on B r ad dock s Fiel d Au g u st
-
,

1. I t w a s r es olve d to m ar ch to P ittsb ur g whe r e the ,

Fe de r al c ollector s ha d their he adquar ter s Fe ar i n g .

the town wou l d be b u r n e d by the Whisky B oys “ ”

,

the pe ople se n t a c ommittee ou t to r e a s on with them .

By the t a ct of J u d g e B r acke n r i dg e; who p r e fe r r e d the

l oss of fou r b ar r els of old whisky to the l oss of a
qu ar t of bl ood they we r e l ed thr ou g h the town a n d
,
”

ou t of it agai n wi th ou t d oi n g a n y h ar m .
1 86 A H is tor y f
o P en n sy lva n ia

“fr ee
Pittsbu r g w a s s ave d by a tr e at b u t the ,
”

Fe d e r a l g over n me n t a s well a s th a t of
A A my R i d
,

the S t ate n ow c on cl ude d th a t s omethi n g

n r a se

str on g er th a n whisky eve n w a s r e qu ir e d to en d the

d istu r b a n ce P r esi d e n t Wa shi n g t on se n t a c ommis
.

si on to m ake pe a ce if p ossible a n d , ,

or d e r e d a n ar m y of m en to
be c ollecte d fr om P e nn sylv ani a N ew ,

Jer sey M ar yl a n d a n d Vir g l m a

er n or
,

fl
M if in se n t C hief J u stice Mc
Ke an a n d G e n e r a l W illi a m Ir vin e to
Gov .

a scer t a i n the st ate of the r ebellion ,

a n d c a lle d a speci a l sessi on of the

A lb t G ll ti
.

er a a n.
L e gis l a tu r e J udg e B r acke n r i dge a n d
.

Albe r t Gall a ti n a cte d a s me d i a tor s between the c om

missi on e r s a n d the i n s ur r ecti on ists a n d after on e ,

m on th of h ar d wor k ca me to a n amic able agr ee

me n t . All th ose will in g to do so wer e to S i gn
p a per s si g n ifyin g their s ubmission to the gover n
me n t ; b u t m an y faile d to si gn Wa shin gton ther e .
,

for e or der e d a n a dv an ce of the ar my

, S oon after .

w ar d s W illi a m Fin dl ey a t the he ad of a c ommittee , ,

met him a t Car lisle whithe r the P r esid e n t h ad cOme

, ,

a nd a ssu r e d him th a t pe a ce wou l d be r est or e d .

W a shin gt on r eplie d th at the ar my w a s a lr e ady on the

m ar ch b u t t hat n o vi ole n ce wou l d b e u se d if the
,

i n s u r r ection ists h ad s ub mitte d No fur the r r esist an ce .

w a s off e r e d I t ha d b ee n dem on str ate d th at the

.

Fe de r al gove r n me n t w a s n o r ope of s an d to be b r oke n ,

whe n eve r a S t ate or a p ar t of a S t a te w a s opp ose d

to a l a w .

The di ffic u lties of the Fe de r a l gove r n me n t with

F r a n ce a n d E n g l a n d whe n th ose n ati on s c omme n ce d
,
 The A d min is tr a tion o f the Gover n m en t 1 87

wa r with e a ch othe r in 1 793 ,

m ad e themselves felt in
the S t ate I n c omm on with the wh ole
F ig Politi
.

or e n cs
c ou n t r y the pe ople of P e n n sylv an i a sym
,

p a thi z e d with F r a n ce J a y ’
s t r e a ty
. with E n g l a n d ,

m ad e the foll owin g ye ar c au se d su ch a d ivision of the,

Ame r ic a n s th at they wer e a ll either F r e n chme n or

E n g lishme n in their p olitics At the electi on for the
.

Assembly the r e we r e “ tr e aty ”

a nd a n ti tr e a ty ” -
,

c an d i d a tes G e n et the F r e n ch mi n iste r r eceive d the

.
, ,

m ost fl atte r in g a tte n ti on fr om the d a y he ar r ive d u n til

he w a s r ec a lle d W he n A det his s u ccess or or de r e d
.
, ,

a ll F r e n chme n in Ame r ic a to we ar the tr i c ol or e d -

F r e n ch c ock ade eve r yb od y in P hil a delphi a w or e it

, .

Gove r n or M iffi in a n d his a ss oci ates in the S t a te g ov

er n m en t ope n ly symp a thize d with F r a n ce E ve n after .

F r a n ce h ad a ske d a t r ib u te fr om the Ame r ic an m in

“
ister a n d while million s for d e fe n se ; b u t n ot on ece n t
,

for tr ib u te ”
r ee ch oe d ove r the l a n d the P e n n sylv an i a
, ,

S e n a te p a sse d r es ol u tion s aga i n st a w a r with F r a n ce .

H oweve r the H ou se wou l d n ot c on c ur a n d whe n wa r

, ,

wa s immi n e n t G ove r n or M iffiin c alle d on the militi a

,

to pr ep ar e for d e fe n se J oseph H opkin s on s

.
’ “ H a il
C olu mbi a ”
s u n g for the fir st time in a P hil adelphi a
,

the ater Apr il 25 1 798 to the t u n e of “ The P r esi

, ,
’
de n t s M a r ch ”
adde d gr e a tly to the wa r feeli n g
, .

The wor d s we r e c aught u p a n d r epe ate d th r ough ou t

the c ou n tr y .

The ag it a tion for the r em ov al of the c a pit a l fr om

P hil a delphi a be gan l n 1 784 I n th a t R m o l f th
. e va o e

S t t C p it l
ye ar a committee which ha d bee n a p ,
a e a a

p oin te d on ope n ing c omm u n ic ation with the S u squ e

fl
h ann a r ep or te d th at J ohn H a r r is of H ar r is Fer r y
,
’
, ,

h ad o er ed s ome l an d to the S t ate which it mi ght u se ,

1 88 A H istor y f
o P enn sylva n ia

for p ublic p u r p oses S oon after war d s othe r i n te r ior

.

town s m a de eff or ts to secu r e the c apit al ; b u t H ar r is

b ur g a n d Lan c a ste r we r e the pr i n cl pa l c ompetitor s .

I n 1 795 Car lisle w a s the c hoice of the H ou se b u t n ot ,

of the S e n a te The n ext ye ar Lan c a ste r w a s selecte d

.

by the H ou se in p r e fe r e n ce to Car lisle or Re ad in g ;

b u t the S e n a te a g a in d isse n te d I n 1 798 H ar r isb ur g .
,

a n d Wr i g ht s Fe r r y we r e v ote d f or b u t with ou t a n
’
,

agr eeme n t The foll owin g Ap r il Lan c a ste r wa s se

.

l ected to be the se a t of gove r n me n t afte r the fi r st

Mon d ay of N ovembe r 1 799 , .

Ear ly in A d ams a dmin istr ati on the Fe de r a l g ov

’
,

er nm en t imp ose d the so c a lle d “ h ou se -

F i R b llio
r es
’
e e n

t ax ”
which r e qu ir e d the a ssess or s to
,

me a s ur e a n d r e g iste r the p an es of g l a ss in wi n dows .

To the Ge r m an s the t a x seeme d tyr an n ou s ; a n d in

the c ou n ties of Be r ks L ehi g h Nor th ampt on Mon t , , ,

g ome r y a n d B u cks they r esiste d the e n for ceme n t of

the l aw Fr om the fa ct th at the w ome n in ce r t a in
.

pl a ces p ou r e d hot w a te r on the a ssess or s the in ,

s u r r ecti on g ot the n a me of “ H ot Wate r R ebelli on

while th r ou g h its le a de r it als o r eceive d the n a me of
’
F r ies Rebelli on ”
J oh n F r ies a s ol d ie r of the
.
,

Rev ol u tion w a s a well kn own ch a r acte r in the Ger

,

m a n secti on n or th of P hil a d elphi a H e wa s a n .

au ction ee r a n d wa s e n dowe d with the p owe r of

,

le a de r ship W ith a pl u me d h a t on his he a d a pistol

.
,

a nd a swor d a t his side his little d og “W hisky ”

,

a t his heels a n d ab ou t sixty ar me d m en a r ou n d him

, ,

he m ar che d f r om pl a ce to pl ace to the s ou n d of fife ,

a n d dr u m a nd h a r a n g u e d the Ge r m an s on the in
,

“
j u stice of the h ou se ta x ”
H e d id this for seve r a l
.

m on ths be for e the g ov er n me n t t ook a n y n otice of it .

 The A dmin istr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 1 89

Fin all y a U n ite d S ta tes m ar sh al ar r este d twelve of

,

his men a n d c on fi n e d them in the S u n I n n B othl e ,

hem . F r ies we n t to their r esc u e H e a ppe ar e d b e .

for e the in n ih M ar ch 1 7 9 9 a n d d em an d e d the su r

, ,

r e n d e r of the p r is on e r s The m ar sh a l ha d to yiel d .

‘

a n d F r ies m a r che d a w a y in t r iu mph By or de r of .

P r esi d e n t A d a ms G ove r n or M iffi in n ow c a lle d ou t the

,

“
militi a a n d F r ies betr aye d by W hisky
, ,
”
was c ap ,

tu r ed in a sw amp s ou th of Alle n t ow n H e w a s tr ie d .

in P hil a delphi a for hi g h t r e a s on c on victe d a n d c on ,

d em n ed to die ; b u t P r esid e n t A d a ms p ar d on e d him

The s u ccess or to M if in w a s Th om a s M cK ea n the n fl ,
.

C hie f J u stice H e too se r ve d thr ee s u cces

.
, , G m ev e e,

M K
sive te r ms 1 799 1 808 I n a speech afte r his
,
-
.
c ea n

electi on he a pplie d the epithets “ tr a itor s r e fu g ees , , ,

T or ies Fr e n ch a r ist ocr a ts B r itish a g e n ts a post ate

, , ,

Whig s etc to the Fe de r a lists ; a nd whe n G ove r n or

”
, .
,

he r em ove d the ol d s ol die r s of the Rev ol u tion fr om

offi ce a s fa st a s he c ou l d F or this c on d u ct he r eceive d
.

a v ote of ce n s u r e in the S e n ate a n d b u t n a r r owly es ,

c ape d a like r eb u ke fr om the H ou se .

This u n h a ppy be g in n i n g r es u lte d in

,

a bitte r c on test with the L e g isl at ur e ,

l a stin g du r in g his e n tir e a dmin istr a

‘

ti on . At on e time he wa s in dan g e r
of impe a chme n t on e of the ch ar g es
.
,

bein g th at he a ll owe d his cler k to

affi x the offi ci a l si g n atur e to p ublic
Thom M K as c ea n
d ocu me n t s by me an s of a st a mp I n
.

1 799 m an y petiti on s for the u n c on d iti on a l ab oliti on of

sl ave r y wer e se n t to the L e g isl atur e By the l aw of .

1 780 the chil dr e n b or n of sl a ves the r e afte r we r e to be

,

se r v a n ts n ot sl a ves a n d th at onl y u n til they we r e

, ,
1 90 ~
A H istor y f
o P en n sy lva n ia

twe n ty ei ght ye ar s ol d
-
This c on d iti on w a s ob n oxiou s
.

to m a n y pe ople ; a n d the fr ee n e g r oes off e r e d to p a y

“

f or fr eein g their b r eth r e n u n c on d iti on a lly .

In 1 802 the Leg isl a tnr e p a sse d a n a ct which

A F m
a ou s bec a me the fou n d ati on Of the S OhOOl
Tn l a
system .
“
I t p r ovi de d for the e du c a tion of
the p oor gr atis ”
Gr e a t i n te r est w a s sh own als o a t
.
, ,

the ope n in g of the ce n t ur y in ar chitect ur e m a nu fa c , ,

t ur e h or tic u lt ur e lite r at ur e , a n d the u se fu l ar ts

, , a
n u mbe r of s ocieties bei n g ch a r te r e d by the L e gisl a
t ur e to pr om ote on e or m or e of these B u t s u ch .

u se fu l thin g s we r e l ost si g ht of in the p olitic a l tu r

m oil of the time I n J an uar y 1 805 whe n J u stice
.
, ,

C h a se of the S u p r eme C ou r t of the U n ite d S t a tes

, ,

w a s ab ou t to be tr ie d a t the b a r of the Se n ate for

“hi g h c r imes a n d mis deme a n or s ” a fa m ou s tr i a l of
,

a like n at ur e occ ur r e d in P e n n sylv an i a Thr ee j u s

—
.

tices of the S u p r eme C ou t o the S t ate E dw ar d

r f
S hippe n chie f j u stice and J a sper Ye a tes a n d
—
, ,

Th om a s S mith a ss oci ates h ad bee n impe a che d by

,

the H ou se for the ar bitr ar y c ommitta l of a s u it or f or

c on tempt of c ou r t H H B r acke n r id ge the fou r th
. . .
,

j u stice of the P e n n sylv an i a S u p r eme C ou r t wa s a ls o ,

to be r em ove d b u t Gove r n or M c K ea n r e fu se d whe n

,

the L e g isl atu r e a ske d him to d o so C ae s ar A Rodn ey . .

,

of D el a w ar e w a s empl oye d by the L e g isl a tu r e to a ct

,

a s c ou n sel a g a in st the j u dg es bec au se n o l awye r in ,

the S t a te w ou l d d o it A fte r a l on g str u g g le the

.
,

S e n ate c a me to a v ote in the c a se of S hippe n

—
,

Y e ates a n d S mith I t st ood for c on viction

. 13
g u ilty a n d 1 1 n ot g u ilty As th r ee less th a n the .

r e qu i r e d tw o thir d s v ote d gu ilty the j ud g es we r e ,

a c qu itte d .
 The A dmin istr a tion of the Gover nmen t 1 91

The m u ch h a te d emb ar go a ct of the Fe de r al g ov

-

er n m en t m ad e itself felt in P hil ad elphi a E ff c t f e s o

‘n"E m b n” ‘
ve r y e ar ly in 1 808 D isc on te n te d h u n gr y
.
,
a

a n d pe n n iless s a il or s m ar che d to the C ity H a ll u n d e r ,

the fol d s of the S t ar s a n d S tr i pes to a sk the m ayor ,

wh a t they sh ou l d d o to keep fr om st ar vi n g Yet the .

P e n n sylv a n i a L e g isl a tu r e in c omm on with th a t of

,

othe r S t a tes s u pp or te d the emb a r g o a ct in v ar i ou s

,

r es ol u ti on s At the s a me time it a dmitte d th at cer

.
,

t a in e vils existe d “ to wit the g r e at sc ar city of

, ,

m on ey in the C omm on we a lth and it app oin te d a

c ommittee to c on si der me a s ur es to stop the s ale of
p r ope r ty for the p ayme n t of d ebts .

Afte r Th om a s M cKea n ha d ser ve d a s l on g a s the

C on stit u tion wou l d pe r mit he w a s s u c , Go o v er n r

S y d"
ceed ed by S im on S n yde r the fi r st native ,
n

exec u tive of P e n n sylv a n i a b or n ou tsi de of a Q uake r

c ou n ty . H e ser ve d th r ee te r ms — fr om 1 808 to 1 81 7 .

Ther e wer e th r ee p ar ties in the fi el d with a c an di da te for

G over n or the D emoc r ats ( S n yd er ) ,

the C on stitu ti on al D em ocr a ts or ,

“Q u i d s ” S p ay d
( ) a n d the Fe de r alists
,

( Ross ) . The cr y of the Fe de r alists

fl
“
w a s Fr ee tr ad e a n d n o emb ar g o The ”
.

D em ocr ats ge n e r a lly su pp or te d Je er

sO n a n d his emb ar g o a n d p a ss e d
, a
r es ol u ti on in the L e g isl a t u r e e ar ly in
S imon S n yd er .

1 809 r ec omme n d i n g th a t the membe r s

“
of the n ext L e g isl a tu r e appe ar in cl othes of domestic

m an ufactur e ” “
The L e gisl atu r e als o or de r e d th at n o
.

B r itish pr ece de n t sh ou l d be r e ad or qu ote d in c our ts of

j u stice n or a n y B r itish decisi on m a d e afte r Ju l y 4
, ,

1 776 except th ose on m ar itime a n d i n te r n a ti on a l l a w

,
”
.
1 92 A H is tor y o f P enn sy lva n ia

W he n the Un ite d S t ates b an k we n t ou t of exis

te n ce in 1 81 1 a g r e a t d em an d f or S t a te
L clB k ,

S u ch w a s the man i a f or
o a an s

b an ks w a s m a de .

l oc a l b an ks th at in 1 81 4 a bill to ch ar ter f or ty two -

of them w a s p a sse d vet oe d by the G ove r n or a n d p a sse d

.

, ,

ove r his vet o After the c apt ur e of Wa shi n g ton

.

by the B r itish the b an ks of B altim or e a n d P hil a

,

d elphi a s u spe n d e d specie p a yme n t a me a s u r e which ,

w a s f oll owe d by the b an ks th r ou g h ou t the c ou n tr y .

TW O CE N TS TW O C E N TS
I p ro m is e topay th e Be a r er Two C en ts
on D em a nd at th e

S OH U YL KI L L BANK
W h en a su m am ou n ti g to o n ne do lla shall
r be
p es en t d
r e

P hila d elp hia ,

J u l y 4 , 1 81 5 . R I CH A R D B A CH E .

The sc ar city of c oin g ave r ise to the u se of n otes ‘

— “ ”—
f or sm a ll s u ms shi n pl a ste r s issu e d by i n d ivi d
u a ls W ith the est ablishme n t of b an ks all ove r the
.

S t a te p u blic impr oveme n ts we r e exte n d e d

,
P etition s .

to the L e g isl a t ur e for m on ey to imp r ove the r oa d s

we r e especi ally n u mer ou s .

Whe n the sec on d wa r with Gr e at B r it a in wa s d e

cl a r ed J u ne 1 8 1 81 2 P e n n sylv a n i a wa s
, , ,
Th W e f 1 81 2
ar o

r e a dy with th r ee times a s m an y t r oops a s

we r e r e qu i r e d to fill her q u ot a I n D ecembe r f oll ow .

in g Gove r n or S n y d e r in his mess a g e to the L e g is l a

,

tur e s a i d
,

“Th e swo rd of th e Nati on which f o thi ty y a s has b en r r e r e

,

re sti n
g in th e scabba rd , has b en d awn to m ai n tai n that i n d e
e r
 The A dmin is tr a tion o f the Gover n men t 1 93

pen d en c e whic h it ha d g l o iou sly achi eved I n the wa r of th er .

R evolu ti on ou fath e s w en t fo th as it w e
r
‘
with a sli n g
r r , r e,
‘

a n d with a st on e a n d s m ote the en em y S in c e that p e i od ’

, . r

ou c ou n t y has b een abu n d an tly bl ess ed a n d its es ou c es

r r r r

g eatly m u ltipli ed ; m illi on s of h e

r s on s hav e g own to m a n r r

h ood a n d i n h iti n g th e p in cipl es of th ei fath e s a e d ete

, ,
er r r r ,
r r

m i n ed to p e s e v e th e p eci ou s h e itag e which was p u chas ed

r r r r
’

by th ei bl ood a n d won by th ei val o

r ,
r r .
”

P e n n sylv a n i a ’
s s oil r eceive d n on e of the bl ood she d
in this wa r ; b u t her s on s ble d a n d d ie d a t C hippew a ,

L u n dy s La n e on Lake E r ie a n d a t B a l tim or e a n d
’
, , ,

sh ar e d in the g l or iou s vict or y a t N ew O r le a n s W he n .

G e n e r a l Ta n n ehill s b r i g ade of
’
v ol u n tee r militi a

r e a che d N i a g a r a they p r omptly c r osse d the lin e in t o

,

Ca n ad a a n d g a ll a n tly foll owe d the fl ag of the

,

U n ite d S t a tes g ove r n me n t i n t o a for ei g n c oun tr y .

The histor ic d i a l ogu e a t Lun dy s La n e ’

M aj or ,

ca n y ou t ake th at b a tter y ? ” “ I c a n tr y sir ,

was bet wee n Ge n er a l B r own a n ative of B u cks ,

c ou n ty a n d M aj or Mille r of Gettysb u r g
, , .

The g r e atest c on t r ib u tion by P e n n sylv an i a to the

wa r of 1 81 2 wa s wh at E r ie did in helpi ng P F l t er r
’
y s ee

to b u il d a n d m a n P e r r y s fleet H a d it n ot
’
.

b ee n for Ca pt a in Da n iel D obbin s of E r ie P e r r y , ,

mi g ht n ever h ave bee n e n able d to sen d the fa m ou s

desp atch S eptembe r 1 0 1 81 3 :
, W e h a ve met the ,

e nemy a n d they a r e ou r s
,
”
D obbin s a s c omm a n d e r .
,

of a t r a di n g vessel
n h a d the ye ar be for e bee n a p r is
, .

on e r of the B r itish a t D etr oit Belie v in g th a t his .

expe r ie n ce wou ld be of v al u e he we n t to Wa shi n gt on ,

a n d t ol d the P r esi den t a n d his Ca bi n et th a t a flee t

ou g ht to be b u ilt a t E r ie f or the p u r p ose of sweepi n g

the B r itish fr om the l akes H e r etu r n e d with or d e r s .

to b u il d tw o g u n b oats Late in O ctobe r he gathe r e d .

M
1 94 A H istor y f
o P enn sylva nia

a few h ou se c ar pe n te r s a n d by J a n uar y 1 81 3 h ad
-
, , ,

m a d e su ch p r og r ess th a t he w a s in str u cte d to b u ild

tw o sl oops of w — -
ar E ve r y stick of timbe r ha d to be
.

c u t fr om the st u mp while d eep s n ows c ove r e d the

,

r oots a n d wi n tr y bl a sts whistle d thr ou g h the t ops .

I n M a r ch ,
whe n P e r r y ar r i ve d the keels a n d r ibs ,

we r e r e a dy a t the h ar b or of E r ie H e h a ste n e d the .

wor k still m or e by or d er in g men fr om P hil ad elphi a

a nd New Yor k to a ssist F r e qu e n tly a piece of
.

timbe r th at bec a me p ar t of a ship on a n afte r n oon

h a d bee n p ar t of a t r ee in the f or est th a t m or n i n g .

The men of E r ie stood g uar d Ove r the ships while in

p r ocess of c onstr u ction ; they we n t to B ufi a l o a n d
P ittsb u r g f or s upplies ; a n d whe n a t l a st P e r r y w a s
for ce d to s ay to the n a v al a u th or ities “ F or G od s ’
,

s ake a n d your s a n d mi n e se n d me m en a n d offi ce r s

, , , ,

a n d I will h a ve the e n emy s ships in a d a y or tw

’ ”
o ,

the mil iti a ar ou n d E r ie r esp on d e d to his c a ll a n d

helpe d to win the g r e a t victor y th a t m ad e him the “

y ou n g N els on of Am e r ic a ”
.
I

On e othe r eve n t of this wa r c au se d a g r e a t sti r

—
withi n the b or de r s of this S ta te the b ur n i n g of
Wa shi n g ton G ove r n or S n y d er Au gu st 26 1 81 4 in
.
, , ,

obe d ie n ce to a n or d e r fr om P r esi d e n t M a d is on m ade ,

a c all for the militi a of the c ou n ties n e ar est to the .

Ca pital . They a ssemble d at Car lisle Y or k a n d M a r , ,

cus H ook Th ose who we r e or de r e d to W a shi n g ton

.

tOok p a r t in the a ttempt of Ge n e r a l W i n d e r to keep

the B r i tish i n v ade r s ou t of the Ca pita l Am on g the .

he r oes who won d isti n ct ion on the se a we r e C omm o

-

d or e S tephe n D ec at u r L ie u te n a n t J a mes Bi ddle a n d

, ,

C a pt a in C h ar les S tewar t e a ch of wh om w a s h on or e d
,

by the L e g isl at u r e with a g ol d hilte d swor d -

.
 The A d min is tr a tion o f the Gover n men t 1 95

In Feb r uar y 1 81 0 Gove r n or S n y de r a pp r ove d the

, ,

a ct of the L e g isl a t ur e est ablishi n g pe r m a n e n tly the

c a pit al a t H ar r isbu rg be for e the cl ose of O ct obe r
, ,

1 81 2. The r ec or d s wer e in d a n ge r of dest r u ction a t

Th e Ol d Ca pitol . il
B u t 1 81 9- 21 ; d es tr o ey d by fir e Fb
e r ua r y2 , 1 897
.

Lan c a ste r a n d a m or e ce n t r a l pl a ce w a s d esir e d

, The .

pl a ces v ote d on wer e Lan c a ster H ar r isb ur g Nor th , ,

u mb er l a n d Belle fon te
,
C olu mbi a Car lisle R e a d i n g a n d
, , ,

S u nb u r y. H ar r isb u r g w a s selecte d bec au se a ve r y

g r e a t p or ti on of the p r od u ce of the S t a te wou l d fin d
its w ay to m ar ket by me an s of the S u s qu eh a nn a a n d
its b r an ches I t w a s ar gu e d th at m en of c a pital
.

w oul d l oc ate at the se at of g ove r n me n t if it admitte d

of c omme r ce a n d w a s withi n e a sy a n d cl ose c omm u n i

c ati on with P hil adelphi a W illi a m M c Cl a y g a ve ten

.

ac r e s of l an d to the S tate in additi on to the four

.
,

ac r es alr e ady app r opr i ate d by Joh n H ar r is The c or .

1 96 A H istor y o f P enn sy lva nia

n er ston e the c a pitol w a s l a id M ay 31 , 1 81 9 ; the

of

b u il d in g w a s c omplete d in 1 821 a n d fi r st occ u pie d b y

the Assembly J a n ua r y 3 1 822 Be for e it w a s c om , .

p l et ed the
,
S t a te g ove r n me n t w a s qua r te r e d in the o l d
Dau phi n c ou n ty c ou r t h ou se -
.

T ow ar d s the cl ose of S n yd er s ad min istr a ti on the r e

’
,

A B it ter wer e old sch ool D em oc r a ts a n d n ew sch ool

- -

D em oc r a ts The f or mer wer e opp ose d to the

.

system of c au c u s n omi n a ti on by which C on g r ess a n d ,

the S t a te L e g isl atu r e m a d e kn own their p r e fe r e n ces

for P r esi de n t a n d G ove r n or The n ewsch ool in 1 81 7 .
, ,

n omi n a te d W illi a m Fin d l ay for G ove r n or ; the other

wi n g of the pa r ty p r ese n te d the n ame of J oseph
H ieste r to the v ote r s of the S t a te The Fe d er a lists .

v ote d for H iester ; b u t Fi n dl ay c ar r ie d the S t ate by

W he n the L e g isl atu r e met in
'

a sm all m aj or ity .

D ecembe r petiti on s we r e p r ese n te d p r otestin g aga in st

,

the electi on of Fin dl ay A m oti on to s u spe n d the

.

in au g ur a ti on wa s m a d e in the H ou se Bey on d c au si n g .

m u ch r a n c or the petition s wer e fr u itless

, .

W illi a m Fi n dl a y w a s G ove r n or f or on e te r m on ly
—
,

fr om 1 81 7 1 820 The wa r betwee n the .

G F i dl y
two sch ools of the D em oc r a tic p ar ty ove r
ov e r n or n a

meth od s of n omi n a ti on wa s kept u p b r iskly a n d p ar ty ,

spir it r a n hi g h P etiti on s we r e se n t to the L e g isl a

.

t u r e a ski n g for a n i n vesti g a ti on i n t o the c on du ct of

the Gove r n or A c ommittee w a s app oin te d to m ake
.

a r ep or t of the ch ar g es of which the r e we r e n i n e ;,

b u t n o a ction w a s t ake n bec au se the r ep or t of the ,

c ommittee w a s n ot in fa v or of it .

G ove r n or Fi n dl ay w a s a n a r d e n t a d v oc a te of i n te r
na l imp r oveme n ts H e p r es en t ed a pl a n f or the
.

n a vi g a ti on of the p r i n c i p a l r ive r s a s n e a r to their

 The A dmin istr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 1 97

s ou r ces a s p ossible — the he a d s the str e a ms to be of

c on n ecte d by sh or t p or t a g es I n this he w a s b u t
.

sec on d i n g a like m oveme n t by othe r S t a tes a n d the _

U n ite d S t ates all a l on g the Atl a n tic

se ab oar d D u r in g the sec on d w
. ar

with E n g l an d the S ou the r n a n d Mi d

,

dl e S t a tes we r e bl ock ade d a n d the

c oa st t r ad e ha d to be ab an don e d .

I n ste ad a system of i n l a n d tr ade

,

sp r a n g u p betwee n New E n gl an d a n d
W ill i m F in dl y a a
the S ou th which r es u lte d in ce r tai n
,
.

t r u n k lin e r ou tes r u nn i n g n or th a n d s outh Afte r .

the wa r whe n the I n di an s a n d the B r itis h we r e n o

,

l on g e r a hi n dr an ce to the settleme n t of the Nor th

we st g r e at q u an tities of w ar e a n d mer ch an d ise ha d
,

to be se n t westw ar d B u t ther e we r e n o r oa d s
.

in th at d ir ecti on ; so the n a tu r a l thi n g to do wou l d

be to ope n the r iver s for n avi g a ti on S te a mb oa ts .
,

which ha d hithe r t o bee n u se d on ly for p a sse n g e r s ,

we r e n ow to t ake the pl ace of the ox a n d h or se“

m ar i n e ”
in c ar r y i n g fr ei g ht C ommission er s of
‘

M ar yl an d a n d P e n n sylv an i a j oi n tly ex amine d the

S u s qu eh a n n a a n d r ep or te d th a t
, wou l d cle ar
the r ive r fr om H ar r isbu r g to Ti og a P oin t With a '

c an al twe n ty th r ee miles l on g fr om the he a d of the

,
-
,

W est B r an ch to the Alle g he n y the Mississippi v alley ,

c ou l d be r e a che d From the he ad of C h au t au qu a l ake

.
,

a c an al n in e miles l on g wou l d ope n a n ea sy r ou te to

'

Lake E r ie a n d the othe r gr e a t l akes By me an s of .

a n other wa te r r ou te to H ar r isb u r g a n d P ittsb u r g by ,

way of the S ch u ylkill the S wa t ar a a n d the J u n ia ta

, ,

P hil ad elphi a c ou l d be c on n ecte d with the P a ci fi c oce a n

a t the m ou th of the C ol u mbi a with on ly seve n ty five -
1 98 A H is tor y f P enn sy lva n ia
o

miles of c an al S u ch wer e the c a lc u l ati on s m a d e to

.

ou t do N ew Y or k on the n or th a n d s u ch we r e the
,

dr e ams of P e n n sylv an i a while the n i g htm ar e of the

Er ie c an a l d ist ur be d her sleep !
At the electi on f or G ove r n or in O ct ober 1 820 the , ,

Th E l ti
e ee c on test w a s e n tir ely c on fin e d to S tate
ee e

0 ‘1 820 iss u es The n ew sch ool D em ocr a ts ha d

.
-

g ive n Fi n d l a y a u n a n im o u s n omi n a ti on f or a n other

ter m . J oseph H iester his Opp on e n t w a s s u pp or te d
, ,

by the ol d sch ool D em oc r ats a n d the F e d e r a lists

-
.

U n d e r the c on stitu ti on of 1 790 the G ove r n or h ad ,

m an y ofiices to fi ll a n d th u s m a de m an y e n emies
, It .

w a s this th a t d e fe ate d Fin dl ay f or r e electi on At .

the p r esid e n ti al electi on in N ovembe r P e nn sylv an i a ,

w a s the on ly S t ate in the U n l on th a t m a d e a n y opp o

s ition to M on r oe I t w a s b a se d on his a pp r ov al of
.

the Miss ou r i Bill On electi on d a y the r e for e the

.
, ,

a n ti sl ave r y m en of P e n n sylv an i a v ote d for D eW itt

-

C li n t on
—
.

Gove r n or H ieste r se r ve d on e ter m fr om 1 820 to

1 823 H e for es a w the p a r ty st r i fe
.

th at a waite d him ; f or he u r g e d the

L e g isl a tu r e i n his fi r st mess a g e to
r e du ce the g r e a t p owe r a n d p a t r on a g e

of the E xec u tive Fi n dl a y bec a me a

.

c an d id ate for the U n ite d S t ates S en

ate in J a n uar y foll owi n g ; b u t n o on e
J o ph Hi t
se e s er

g etti n g a m aj or ity the L e g isl at u r e

.

a dj ou r n e d sine die This u n fi n ishe d b u si n ess in

.

c r e a se d the r an c or of p ar ty ; b u t e ar ly in 1 822 ex
G ove r n or Fi n dl a y w a s electe d S e n a t or and th at ,

c on te st wa s elimi n a te d fr om the st r u g g le betwee n the

two fa c ti on s .
 The A dmin is tr a tion o f the Gover n m en t 1 99

The m oveme n t for i n te r n al imp r ovem en t did n ot

ab a te d ur in g H iester s te r m
’
. The gr e a t P blic u

hi ghways to the W est we r e n ot to be Imp o m t r ve en s

d m m “ an u
a me r e fa n cy . The L e gisla tu r e in 1 821
ch ar te r e d a n u mber of c an a l a n d t u r n pik e c omp a n ies ,

a n d a pp r op r i a te d m on ey f or the s ame The s u bj ect .

of e du c a ti on r eceive d c on sid er able a tte n ti on a t this

time G ove r nor H ieste r s a id in his mess a g e : Ab ove
.
“

all it appe ar s a n impe r ative du ty to i n tr odu ce a n d

,

s u pp or t a liber al system of e du c ation c on necte d with ,

s ome ge n e r a l r eligi ou s i n str u cti on .

’

H ieste r n ot bei n g a c a n di date for r eelection the ,

D em ocr ats n omin ate d J oh n An dr ew S hu l z e Th E l tio ; e ec ns 0

1 323
for G ove r n or in 1 823 The Fe de r a list d 1 824 an

m
.

'

c an d i da te w a s An dr ew G r e gg a for me r D e oc r a t
, .

S hu l ze w a s electe d , and wa s the ch oice of the

D em oc r atic win g which s u pp or te d Ca lh ou n a n d
C r awfor d a g a in st J a ckson in 1 824 H owever the
.
,

her o of N ew O r le an s g ot the elect or a l v ote of P e n n

sylv an i a by a n over whelmi n g m aj or ity C r awfor d .
,

h avi n g bee n n omin ate d by a con g r essmn a l c au c u s

h a d n o ch a n ce in this S t a te whe r e the
,

D em oc r ats ha d bee n split si n ce 1 81 7

on meth od s of n omi n a ti on .

Gove r n or Shu l z e wa s in offi ce fr om

1 823 to 1 829 se r vi n g tw
,
o te r ms G . ov e r n o r

sn ‘
Ass u min g t hat the L e g isl atu r e n zn

kn ew the wan ts of the S t a te bette r

J A d wS h u l e
th an he S hu lz e in his fi r st m ess a g e
, ,
oh
,
n n re z

r ec omme n d e d b u t on e thi n g f or their c on side r ation

e du c ation “ C on vince d th at even libe r ty
. S a i d he ,

with ou t k n owle d g e is b u t a p r ec a r i ou s blessin g ,

I ca n n ot too str on gly r ec omme n d this s u bj ect to

200 A H istor y o f P enn sy lva n ia

y ou r c on si d e r a ti on The L e g isl atu r e a cc or d in g ly

.
”

p a sse d a l a w p r ovid in g for the e du c ati on of a ll

chil dr e n betwee n six a n d four teen at p u blic expe n se ;
b u t n o chil d w a s to h a ve this p r ivile g e for m or e th an
th r ee ye ar s Bein g vi ole n tly Opp ose d the l aw w a s
.
,

r epe a le d in 1 826 .

The s ubj ect of in te r n a l i mp r oveme n ts w a s an othe r

I t
n er n al Im ve r y live qu estion a t this time C oal ir on .
,

a n d m a n ufa ct u r es we r e bec omi n g gr e a t in

n V
r° t
°nnen s
,

d u str ies in P e n n sylv an i a The S ch u ylkill a n d the

.

U n i on c a n als c on n ectin g P hil ad elphi a with the S u s

,

qu eha n n a we r e fi n ishe d
,
The g r e a t P e n n sylv a n i a
.

c an a l w a s be gu n n e ar H ar r is b ur g in 1 827
. The .

seve r a l p ar ts i n cl u din g the D el aw ar e the C ol umbi a

, , ,

the H ar r isb u r g the J u n ia ta a n d the W este r n d ivi

, ,

sion s h a vi n g a lt og ethe r a le n g th of 425 miles we r e

, ,

c omplete d in 1 830 A b oar d of fi ve c a n a l c ommis

w
.

sion er s a s c r e a te d by the L e g isl at ur e in 1 825 to ,

m an age this st u pe n dou s system for the S t ate The .

m on ey n ee d e d w a s b or r owe d fr om b an ks by au th or ity
of the L e g isl atur e Gove r n or S hu l z e Opp ose d this
.

pl an fa v or in g t a x a ti on to p ay at le a st a p ar t of the
,

e n or m ou s expe n se B u t the pe ople d id n ot c a r e f or

.

d ebts in this “ a n d be f or e the

of g ood f eeli n g
”
er a ,

cl ose of S hu lz e s sec on d te r m the S ta te ha d b or r owe d

’
.

I t r e q u i r e d all his skill a n d e n e r g y to

r eme d y the evils th at foll owe d .

Du r in g the P r eside n ti al c amp ai g n of 1 824 whe n ,

fou r c a n d i d a tes we r e be for e the pe ople

Go W
v er n or lfo
,

the ol d p ar ties we r e b r oke n u p The n ame .

F ed er a list s a n k i n t o oblivi on I ts pl a ce for a b r ie f .

pe r i od w a s t ake n by the a n ti M as on s who in 1 829 -

, , ,

n a me d J oseph Rit n e r a s thei r c a n d i d a te for G ove r

 The A dmin is tr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 201

n or . The em oc r a tic c an di date w a s Ge or g e Wol f

D ,

who won the electi on by a m aj or ity of

W he n G ove r n or Wol f a ss u me d ofiice he r ep or te d to ,

the L e gisl a t u r e th a t ha d bee n b or r owe d ,

by the S t ate sin ce the fir st l oan for

p ublic imp r oveme n ts wa s au th or ize d
in 1 821 and ,
th a t was
still n ee de d to c omplete the c an als
a n d r a il r oad s i n cl u de d in the system .

The pu blic wor ks we r e p u she d to

c ompletion and in
, a few ye ar s
G o g W olf e r e
G over n or W ol f a n d othe r s u p on
.

wh ose sh ou l der s the r esp on sibility r este d he avily for

a time ha d the p r oud s a tis facti on of seein g the
,
‘
S t a te p r osper gr e atly u n d e r its system of w ate r
c omm u n ic ati on “ C lin ton s Bi g D itch in N ew Y or k
’
.
”

now ha d a wor thy r iv al .

G ove r n or W ol f in his fir st i n au g ur a l addr ess like

, ,

a ll his p r e decess or s u n de r the c on stit u ti on P blic u

Ed ‘
i
of 1 790 a dd r esse d himsel f to the s ubject of
n cn 0n
,

p ublic e du c a tion a n d p r ove d himsel f a w a r m fr ie n d

,

of th at c au se Bu t a ll the Gove r n or s fr om M iffi in

.
,

d own to W olf a n d a ll the le g isl a tive r ep or ts bills

, , ,

d isc u ssi on s a n d e n a ctme n ts r e a che d n o hi g he r g r ou n d

,

th a n the fr ee i n str u cti on o f the p oor or a t best a , , ,

g e n e r a l s y stem of fr ee pr im a r y i n str u ction U p to .

1 830 the g r e a t fr ee sch ool system a s we n ow h a ve

,
-
,

it w a s still in emb r yo Eve n Wolf whe n he bec ame

, .
,

“
Gove r n or sp oke on ly of e n s ur i n g to eve r y in di g e n t
m
,

ch ild in the C om on we alth the r u d ime n ts of le ar n

in g ”
. B u t l n his mess a g e to the L e g isl a t u r e of
\

—
1 830 3 1 he g ives evid e n ce of b r oa de r i de a s whe n he
,

s pe aks of the blessi n g s of e du c ati on to the wh ole“

202 A H is tor y f P en n sy lva nia
o

c omm un ity to in d ivi d u a l s u sceptible of pa r

” “ev er y
,

” “
t aki n g of them to the p oor a s well a s to the r ich ”
, , .

“I tho ou g hly p e su ad ed that th e e 8 n ot a si n g l e

am r r r 1

m asu e of all th e s e wh ich will en g ag e y ou d elib e ati on s in

e r r r

th e c ou s e of th e s e ssi on of s u ch i n t i n sic i m p o tan c e to th e

r r r

g n al p osp e ity a n d happi n ess of th e p eopl e of th e C omm on

e er r r

w alth ; t o th e cau s e of pu blic vi tu e a n d pu blic mo als to the

e
’

r r ,

h op es a n d exp ectati on s of th e isin g g en e ati on to wh om the r r ,

fu tu e p olitical d esti n i e s of th e R epu blic a e to b e c om m itt ed

r r ,

or which will a d d so mu ch to the su m of i n d ivi du al a n d s ocial

i m p ov em en t a n d c om fo t as a g en e al d i ff u si on of the m ean s
r r ,
r

of m o al a n d i n t ell ectu al c u ltivati on

r amon g all class es of ou r

citi en sz .
”

The pe ople too h ad adv a n ce d P etiti on s for the

, , .

Th C m m on
e o
est a blishme n t of a bette r system of p u b

S ch l
oo lic e du c ation h ad c ome be for e the L e g is
E mb l i b d
s s e
l atu r o fr om twe n ty four c ou n ties while -
,

on ly a few r em on str an ces we r e p r ese n te d Mu ch .

c r e dit is du e to the P e n n syl van i a S ociety for the P r o

m oti on of P u blic S ch ools I t mem or i a lize d the L e g is .

l a tu r e r epe a te dl y in fa vor of p u blic sch ools Yet a ll .

th at w a s d on e a t the sessi on of 1 830 3 1 wa s to pr o -

“
vi de for a c om m on sch ool fun d ”
the i n te r est of ,

which w a s to be distr ib u te d a n d applie d to the s u p

p or t of c omm on sch ools in a m an n e r to be d ete r mi n e d
by fu tur e le g isl ati on I n his n ext mess ag e the G ov .
,

er n or emph a size d the imp or t an ce of fu r the r le g isl a

ti on Yet th ou g h the qu estion c a me u p a n n ually
.
,

the r e afte r n othi n g w a s a cc omplishe d u n til 1 834

,
The .

pe ople ha d bec ome wi de a wake n ow P ublic meet .

i n g s we r e hel d a ll ove r the S t a te r es ol u tion s we r e ,

p a sse d c omp ar is ons with othe r S t ates we r e m a de a n d

, ,

a n i n c r e a se d n u mbe r of f r ee sc hool m embe r s w a s in -

b oth h ou ses of the L e gisl a tu r e The r esu lt wa s th a t .

 The A dmin istr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 203

on M ar ch 1 5 1 834 Act to E st ablish a G e n e r a l “A n

, ,

S ystem of E du c a tion by C omm on S ch ools ”

wa s
p a sse d I n the H ou se b u t on e m a n v ote d n a y ; in
.

the S e n a te th r ee , .

I n str a n g e c on tr a st with this u n a n imity w a s the

opp ositi on to the l a w l n the n ext L e g is Th C m m e o on

l a tu r o A m aj ori ty of the membe r s we n t

.

to H ar r isb u r g r es olve d to r epe a l it The e n emies of .

fr ee sch ools ha d a tta cke d the me a su r e of 1 834 in all

p ar ts of the S t ate F a milies n ei g hb or h ood s ch ur ches
,
.
, , ,

.
n ewsp a pe r s a ll quar r ele d with on e an othe r a n d
a m on g themselves I n s ome in st an ces membe r s of .

the L e gisl atu r e who ha d v ote d for the fr ee sch ool l a w -

m ade h u milia ti n g a n d d ish on or able c on fessi on of

h avin g don e wr on g else they wou l d n ot h ave bee n ,

r et u r n e d The S e n a te w a s especi ally h ostile to the

.

act of 1 834 , a n d r epe ale d it in M ar ch 1 835 Thir tee n

.
, .

of the n i n etee n w
.
ho v ote d for the r epe a l ha d the pr e
e

v iou s ye a r v ote d f or f r ee sch ools The H ou se for tu .

,

n a tely w as m or e fr ie n dl y ; b u t wh a t it w ou l d h ave
,

d on e ha d it n ot bee n f or the speech

of on e membe r
— Th adde u s S teve n s
c an n ot be t ol d I t wa s s a i d by eye .

wit n esses of the g r e at fi g ht in th a t

b ody th at S teve n s s ave d the 1 1 th
d a y of Ap r il 1 835 for the c omm on , ,

sch ools in P e n n sylv an i a .

“W h o wou l d n ot ath e d o on e livi n g r r

d eed than hav e his ash s en sh i n ed in

T h dd St
e r
a eu s ev en s ‘

ev e b u n ish ed g ol d ! S i s I t u st that wh en we c ome to

r -
“
r r r

—
,

act on this qu esti on we shall tak e l ofty g ou n d l ook b ,

r e

yon d th n a r ow spac e which n ow ci c u m sc ib es ou visi on

'

e r r r r ,

beyon d the passin g fl e ti n g p oin t of tim e on which we e

—
.

sta n d and so cast ou votes that the bl ssi n g of ed u cation r e

204 A H istor y f
o P en n sy lva n ia

shall b e c on f e ed u p on ev e y son of P en n sylvan ia — shall

rr r

b e ca i ed h om e to th e p oo e st chil d of th e p oo est i n b ah
"

rr r r

ita n t of th e m an est hu t of y ou m ou n tai n s so that ev en h e

e r ,

m a y b e p epa d to act w ell his pa t in this lan d of f eem en

r re r r ,

a n d lay on ea th a b oa d a n d a s oli d f ou n d ati on f o

r r that en du r r

in g k n owl ed g e which g oes on i n c easi n g th r ou g h i n c e asi n g r r

et e n ity
”
r .

Gove r n or Wolf w a s n omi n a te d f or a thir d te r m ;

Go v er n or b u t wa s d e fe a te d by J oseph R it n er the an ti ,

Kit "
n
M a s on a n d W hi g c an d i d ate who ha d bee n ,

his opp on e n t twice be for e R ev H A M u hle n be r g . . . .

,

a n other c an di d ate divi d e d the D em ocr atic v ote

, .

“P ublic E d u c ati on ” the b an n e r u n d e r which Gov ‘

er n or W ol f fou ght his c a mp a i g n ha d m u ch to d o ,

wi th his de fe a t B u t R it n e r alth ough s ome of his

.
,

s u p por ter s we r e n o sch ool t a x a n d n o fr ee sch ool

” - - ” - -

m en p r ove d to be a n e qua lly st au n ch fr ie n d of the

,

n ew l a w I n his a n n ua l mess a g es he fa v or e d in
.

c r e a se d S t ate a id to the c omm on sch ools a n d ha d ,

the s atisfa cti on of seein g it r a ise d fr om to

a ye ar H e w a s ably s u pp or te d in his pol
.

icy b y his S ecr et ar y of the C omm on we alth a n d S u pe r

in ten den t of C om m on S ch ools Th om a s ,

H B u r r owes . .

G ove r n or Ritn e r s a dmin istr ati on w a s

’

pi i ; als o ch ar g e d with the t a sk of

na h e a

a i ‘ti
m a k i n g the p ublic wor ks
nn nn

“a n swe r the g r e a t object for which

—
they ha d bee n or i g in ally desi g n e d the
J o ph R it
se n er
p u blic g ood This p r ove d to be a
.
”
.

d i ffi c u lt t a sk on a cc ou n t of fi n a n ci a l tr ou bles A .

v a st a m ou n t of p a pe r m on ey h a d bee n iss u e d while

the w or ks we r e in p r ocess of c on st r u cti on R it n e r .

wa n te d t his k in d of m on e y r e du ce d to wi thi n “ the

 The A dministr a tion qf the Gover n men t 205

a ctua l v al u e a n d a mou n t of its p r in cip al I n the .

”

p an ic of 1 837 ( see a n y U S histor y ) the b anks a ll . .

s u spe n d e d specie p ayme n t , a n d p ape r m on ey w a s the

on ly me d i u m of exch a n ge
“
J a cks on s fa mou s specie
’

cir c u l ar a n d othe r m
.

”
e a s u r es ha d for ce d g old a n d
silve r ou t of ci r c u l a tion .

The a d option of a n ew c on stit ution

w a s the l a st imp or t an t
G P t o v er n or or er

eve n t of G ove r n or R itn e r s ’

a d min is tr a ti on H is .s u ccess or w a s
Da vi d R P or te r who w a s Gove r n or
.
,

fr om 1 838 to 1 845 The c amp a i g n

.

D avi d R Por te
w a s ve r y he ate d a n d whe n the electi on
,
. r.

w a s ove r the fr ie n d s of Gove r n or Rit n e r r es olve d

to m ake a n i n vesti g ati on of a lle g e d fr au d s The .

L e gisl at u r e which m et D ecembe r 4 1 838 w a s a n ti ,

«
,

M a s on i c a n d W hi g in the S e n a te ; in the H ou se
bo th p ar tie s cl a ime d a m aj or i ty Acc or d in g ly two
electe d in the H ou se —Th oma s S
.
,

S pe ake r s we r e .

C u n n in g h am of Be ave r c ou n ty b y the an ti M a s on s
, ,
-

a nd W hi g s a n d W illi a m H opkin s of Wa shin g ton

, ,

c ou n ty by the D em ocr ats

, B oth S pe ake r s occ u pie d
.

se a ts on the pl atfor m a d ouble he ad e d or g a n iz ati on

,
-

w a s efi ected a n d b oth fa cti on s adj ou r n e d to meet the

, ,

n ext da y B u t the an ti M a s on s a n d Whi g s met

.
-

a g ai n i n the after n oon S ome spect at or s fr ie n ds of

.
,

the H opkin s p ar ty we n t u p to the pl a tfor m a n d

,

c ar r ie d the S pe ake r pr o tem down i n to the a isle . .

O ve r c ome by s u per ior n u mbe r s the C u n n i n g h a m ,

H ou se the n a dj ou r n e d to wh a t is n ow the L oc hiel

H otel . The S e n ate a ls o ha d to a dj ou r n the S pe ake r ,

j u mp in g out of a wi n dow twelve fee t hi g h th r ou g h

'

thor n b u shes a n d ove r a seve n foot picket fe n ce ” -

.
206 A H is tor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

Thi n g s no w a ssu me d a th r e ate n in g

a spect A .

“
Th g
e k
ee p ublic meetin g wa s hel d c ou n selli n g m od
"
n °h t
c r ati on ; b u si n ess w a s s u spe n de d for sever a l
’

days ; Gove r n or R it n e r c a lle d ou t the militi a u n de r

G e n e r a l P a tte r s on ; a n d ha d n ot P r eside n t Va n B ur e n
,

decli n e d to or d e r them U n ite d S t ates t r oops fr om

,

Car lisle wou l d h ave bee n on the sce n e too The .

p r ese n ce of the b ay on et e n able d the pe a cem ake r s to

r estor e qu iet The S e n a te r ec og n ize d the D em oc r a tic
.

wi n g of the H ou se a s the r i g htfu l or g an iz a tion a n d ,

wh a t is kn own a s the B u ck sh ot W a r c ame to a n ” -

en d . The a mm u n ition for the i n fa n tr y a t this time

w a s b u ck sh ot c ar tr i d g es
-
I t is s a i d th a t the Cu n :
.

n in g h a m m en m a d e s ome of these c a r t r i d g es a t thei r

he a d quar ter s a n d se n t them by a n e g r o to the

ar se n al to be u se d on the m ob ; th a t the n e gr o w a s
,

c au g ht a n d c ompel le d to g ive u p his c ar tr i d g es to the

c a ptor s who d istr ib u te d them am on g their fr ie n d s a s
,

meme n toes H e n ce the n ame

. B u ck shot W a r ” -
.

T he s u spe n si on of specie p ayme n t c on tin u e d to

F i ci l
na n a d ist u r b b u si n ess In 1 842 a n .a ct wa s
Tm b l
n es
p a sse d by the L e g isl at u r e c ompelli n g b a nks
to r es u me Re fu s al to do so w a s to be foll owe d by
.

a for fe it ur e of their ch ar te r s S ome r es u me d ; othe r s

.

tr ie d b u t ha d to cl ose their d oor s while a few r e fu se d ,

to obey the l aw S o d ep r eci a te d p a per m on e y r e

.

m a in e d the c ur r e n cy u n til the L e g isl atu r e a g r ee d to

fil l the S t a te s empty t r e a s u r y by me a n s of t a x a ti on
’

—a me asu r e th at ha d bee n str on g ly u r g e d by Wolf .

The n ewsp a pe r s of th ose d ays all p ublishe d r a tes of

d isc ou n t a n d d esc r ip ti on s of c ou n te r f eit n otes a n d ,

these we r e c on su lte d by the pe ople whe n they p a id

or r eceive d p a pe r m on ey .
 The A dmin is tr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 207

Gove r n or P or te r ha d occ a sion to m ake a de fe n se of

the G e r m an s a n d the G er m an l an guage G o p n v er n .) 1r o er

in on e of his veto mess a g es A n act .

d th G n an e e n nn s

h ad b ee n p a sse d ab olishi n g the pr in tin g of the l a ws

in the G e r m a n l a n guag e On e thir d of the popu l a
.
-

tion w a s G e r m an I n m ost of the e a ste r n c ou n ties

.
,

Ger m an w a s the l an g ua g e of d a ily in te r c ou r se of the ,

sch ools a n d of the n ewsp ape r s

, Gover n or P or te r
.

c ou ld the r efor e see n othi n g u n r e a s on able in p ublish

, ,

in g the l aws in the on ly l a n g ua g e th ose pe ople c ou l d

u n der stan d A few ye ar s l ate r whe n a S u per in ten
.
,

d e n t of P u blic P r i n ti n g w a s est ablishe d it w a s ,

or d e r e d th a t he sh ou l d r eceive bi d s for b oth E n g lish

a n d G e r m a n p r i n ti n g a n d the r e w a s
, a n E n g lish a n d

a G er m a n S t ate P r in ter un til 1 85 6 .

The Miss ou r i C omp r omise ha d r es u lte d in a g en

e r al m oveme n t in the Nor th a g a i n st sl a ve r y
Rac Riot
.

e s

Ab oliti on s ocieties we r e for me d n ewspa pe r s ,

we r e est ablishe d a n d men a n d W ome n t ook the pl a t

,

for m . I n 1 833 a c on ve n ti on met a t P hil adelphi a

,

a n d f or me d the Ame r ic a n A n ti S l a ve r y S ociety -

This .

a g it ation b r ou g ht on r i ots in P hil ad elphi a betwee n the

whites a n d the bl a cks The m ost ser i ou s occ u r r e d
.

whe n P e n n sylv a n i a H all w a s de d ic a te d in Ma y 1 838 , , .

I t ha d b ee n e r ecte d by the An ti S l ave r y S ociety for -

the fr ee d isc u ssi on of th a t c au se All we n t well .

u n til the eve n in g of the thi r d da y whe n a c r owd of ,

r ou g hs th r ew st on es i n t o the wi n d ows a n d hisse d a n d

h oote d the spe ake r s The n ext n i g ht a l ar g e r b ody

.

p u t ou t the l a mps in the n ei g hb or h ood b r oke i n t o ,

the h all set it on fir e a n d tu r n e d on the g a s to a ssist

, ,

the fl ames The w or k of d estr u ction w a s c omplete ;

.

for n othi n g b u t the w a lls w a s le f t of this m on u me n t

to fr ee speech .
208 A H is tor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

In a n ew p ar ty a ppe ar e d in Ame r ic an p oli

1 843 ,
— —
tics the Native Ame r ic a n which am on g
P oliti l Ri t
,
ca o s
othe r thi n g s hel d th a t f or ei g n er s sh ou l d
,

n ot be a pp oi n te d to offi ce I n P hil a d elphi a the m ove .

me n t w a s atte n de d the n ext ye ar by dis or d e r ly meet

i n g s fa t al r i ots , an d the b u r n i n g of h ou ses a n d
,

chur ches I n M ay Gover n or P or te r or de r ed G e n e r a l

.
,

P atte r s on to r est or e or d e r with the militi a which he ,

d id. B u t on the followi n g F ou r th of J u ly the r e w a s

a g r a n d Native Amer ic an p r ocessi on in P hil ad elphi a .

This r evive d bitte r mem or ies a n d the r iotin g be ga n ,

a n ew l a stin g f or seve r al d ays

,
The city w a s pu t .

u n de r m ar ti al l aw T r oops m ove d u p on the m ob

.

with d e a dly cfi ect ; while the r ioter s p r oc ur e d a c a n .

n on a n d fir e d ch a i n s ; b olts spikes a n d other missiles ,

a t the s ol d ie r s The G ove r n or . who ha d c ome to ,

P hil a delphi a in pe r s on n ow c a lle d ou t a d d iti on a l

,

tr oops a n d w a s s oon able to with dr a w the militi a

,

a n d e n t r u st the city a g a in to the m a yor The L e g is .

l a tu r e the n p a sse d a l a w str e n gthe n i n g the g ove r n

me n t of the city of P hil adelphi a a n d the r iots which ,

ha d d is g r a ce d the city for ten ye ar s ce a se d .

Acc or din g to the C on stitu ti on of

1 838 the G ove r n or c ou l d
Go e Sh k v r n or
“
un
,

n ot h ol d ofii ce l on g e r
th an six in a n y te r m of n in e ye a r s ”
.

Gover n or P or te r the r e for e r etir e d a n d , , ,

wa s s u ccee de d by his S ec r et ar y of the

C omm on we alth F r a n cis R S hu n k who , .
,

F ci R S h k se r ve d on e te r m a n d ab ou t six m on ths
ran s : nn

of a sec on d te r m H a vi n g bec ome ill Gove r n or

.
,

S h u n k J u l y 9 1 848 a d d r e s se d a p a the tic lette r fr om

, , ,

his d e ath b ed to the pe ople of P e n n sylv a ni a a n d

-

,
 The A dmin istr a tion o f the Gover n men t 209

resi gn e d his offi ce . H e d ie d , d eeply l a me n te d , J u ly

30 a t H a r r isb u r g
, .

taki n g l eav e of you u n d er ci c u m stan c es so s ol em n

In r
,

acc ept my g atitu d e f o the c on fid en c e you have r ep os ed in m e

r r .

M y p ay e is that p e ac e vi t u e i n t elli g en c e a n d r el ig i on m a y
r r ,
r , ,

p e vad e all y ou b or d e s ; that th e f ee i n stitu ti on s you hav e

r r r r

i n h e it ed fr om y ou an c est o s m a y r em ain u n i m pai ed till th e

r r r r

lat est p ost e ity ; that the sam e ki n d P ovi d en c e which has a l
r r

r e a d y s o si g n ally bl ess ed you m a y c on d u ct you to a still hi g h e r

stat e of i n d ivi d u al a n d s ocial happin ess ; a n d wh en the wo l d r

shall cl os e u p on y ou as I feel it s oon abou t to cl os e u p on m e

, ,

that you m a y en j oy the c on s olati on of the Ch istian s faith r

’
,

a n d b e g ath e ed withou t a wan d er er l ost in to the fol d of the

r , ,

G eat S h eph e d ab ov e
r r .
”

Gove r n or S h u n k w a s chie f exec u tive of P enn syl

'

v an i a du r i n g the Mexic an wa r P r esi

T h M xic
.

W e e an ar
d e n t P olk c a lle d for six r e gime n ts fr om
t his S t a te I n r esp on se
. n in ety c omp a n ies we r e ,

for me d m aki ng thr ee r e gime n ts m or e th a n we r e

,

a ske d while on ly two r e g ime n ts a n d seve r a l d et a che d

,

c omp a n ies we r e m u ste r e d i n to se r vice These disti n .

g u ished themselves by their b r a ve r y a t V e r a C r u z ,

C e r r o Gor do C hep u ltepec a n d Mexic o I n mem or y of

, .

their v a lor the S t ate e r ecte d a t owe r i n g m on u me n t on

Ca pitol H ill a t H ar r isb u r g The victor ies of pe a ce
, .

du r i n g this ad mi n istr a ti on we r e e qu a lly imp or t an t In .

1 845 the fi r st tele g r aph p oles we r e e r ecte d withi n the

,

S t a te a n d a lin e w a s ope n e d fr om P hil adelphi a to

w
,

N ew Y or k The fir st m oveme n t to ar d the con str u c

.

tion of the P e n n sylv an i a r ail r oad betwee n H ar r isb ur g

a n d P ittsb u r g t ook pl a ce in the s a me ye a r .

Afte r Gover n or S h u n k s r esi g n ati on the r e w a s

’

an in te r r e g n u m u n til Ju ly 26 whe n the G , ov er n or

J h
S pe ake r of the S e n ate a g r ee ably to the t
,
° n s °n

C on stitu tion took the offi ce for the u n expir e d te r m

, .
21 0 A H istor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

The pe r s on who thu s bec ame a ctin g G ove r n or w a s

W illi a m F J oh n st on a n d he wa s n ick n a me d
.
,
“ H is -

Acci d e n cy ”
J oh n st on w a s als o the ch oice of a s m all
.

m aj or ity a t the electi on for the u n expir e d te r m He .

bel on g e d to the W hi g s who we r e i n ,

the a s ce n d e n cy in 1 848 electin g G en ,

e r a l T a yl or P r esi d e n t I n the N or th .

they we r e opp ose d to the exte n sion of

the sl a ve p owe r I n P e n n sylv an i a the
.

Assembly p a sse d a n a ct p r ohibitin g

j udg es of the S t a te f r om exec u tin g

W il liam F J ohn s to .
the fug itive
n
sl a ve l a w of 1 79 3 -
and ,

for bi dd in g the u se of the j a ils for the

deten ti on of fu g itive sl aves The p r ivileg e of n on
.

r esi d e n ts to keep sl a ves temp or a r ily in the S t a te w a s

a ls o c an celle d These a cts we r e seve r ely c on d em n e d
.

by the S ou the r n S t ates .

I n 1 850 a n ew fu g itive sl ave l a w w a s p a sse d by

,
-

C on g r ess by which U n ite d S t a tes com

Th e ,

U d g
n er d mission er s we r e au th or ize d to t ur n over a
r ou n

Ra m d
n e g r o to an yb ody w
a
ho cl a ime d him a s a n
e sc ape d S l a ve F or ye ar s the f u g itive sl ave ha d f elt
.

s afe whe n he r e a che d P e n n sylv a n i a ; b u t n ow he ha d

to flee to Can ad a I n this he w a s a ssiste d by a n
.

or g a n iz a ti on k n own a s the
“ U n de r g r ou n d Ra il r oa d ”
.

The or i g i n of this n a me m ay be tr a ce d to C ol u mbi a ,

La n c a ste r c ou n ty Th a t t ow n wa s l a i d ou t by
.

desce n d an ts of the Q uake r J oh n W r i g ht ( see p .

and they r ese r ve d s ome l ots in it f or fr ee c ol or e d

pe ople I t the r e for e bec ame a r e fu g e f or r u n a wa y
.
, ,

sl aves .Thei r m a ste r s c ou l d tr ack them a s fa r a s

C ol u mbia whe r e a l l t r a ces dis a ppe a r e d ; a n d it w a s
,

d ecl a r e d th a t “ the r e m u st be a n u n d e r gr ou n d r a il
 The A dmin is tr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 21 1

a d le a d i n g ou t of it Th r ou gh the sec r et a ssist

'

”
ro .

an ce of the a n ti sl ave r y pe ople the fu g itive sl aves

-
,

wer e se n t a c r oss La n c a ster C heste r M on t g ome r y a n d , ,

B u cks c ou n ties to W est C heste r P hil a d elphia Q u ake r , ,

t own a nd S t r ou d sb u r g To these p oi n ts the n e gr oes

.

wou l d tr avel in sm all p ar ties by n i g ht a n d be con

c oale d by fr ie n d s in cell ar s g a r r ets h ay l ofts a nd , , ,

othe r hi d i n g pl a ces till a ll d an g e r fr om p u r s u it ha d

,

p a sse d . A n othe r li n e c a me u p fr om M ar yl an d
th r ou g h C hester c ou n ty S ome fu g itive sl a ves e n te r ed .

the S tate by w ay of Be dfor d a n d foll owe d the m ou n

t a i n s to P otte r c ou n ty whe n ce they we r e f or war de d to
,

Can a d a E r ie too w a s a fa v or ite st ati on

.
, ,
U n de r the .

l aw of 1 850 the le a st a ssist a n ce g ive n to a fu g itive

,

sl a ve w a s p u n ishe d if it wa s d isc ove r e d A man l n .

Cu mbe r l an d c ou nty w a s t r ie d in the U n ite d S t a tes c ou r t

for g ivin g a f ew sl aves s omethin g to e a t afte r a n i ght s ’

r est in his b a r n Th ou g h n ot c on victe d he h ad to sell

.
,

his far m to p ay the expe n se of the t r i a l .

I n 1 85 1 a se r i ou s r i ot occ u r r e d a t C h r isti a n a La n
, ,

c a ster c ou n ty on e of the st ati on s of the

, T h Ri t .
e o

t C h i ti
U n d e r gr ou n d R a ilr oa d I t g r ew ou t of a n .
a r s a na

a ttempt to a r r est th r ee fu g itive sl aves h ar b or e d in the

ca b in of a n e g r o far m h an d n a me d P a rke r The
'

own e r of the sl aves a cc omp an ie d by a U n ite d S t a tes

,

m ar sh a l a n d his p osse appe ar e d e ar ly on e m or n in g in

,

S eptember A dem an d to s ur r e n de r wa s an swe r e d b y

.

a sh ot fr om the gar r et a n d the bl owin g of a b ig

d i n n e r h or n As a gan g of ki d n ap er s ha d bee n
.

a b ou t f or s om e time the n ei g hb or s u n d e r st ood the

,

si g n al a s th at f or se r iou s a ction W hite m en a n d .

c olor e d m en with g u n s scythes a n d cl ubs r a n fr om , , ,

ever y d ir ecti on The sl ave own er w a s advise d to

.
-
21 2 A H istor y f P enn sy lva n ia
o

“
le a ve ; b u t he w a n te d his p r ope r ty de ad or a live , .
”

I n the e n c ou n te r which f oll owe d he himsel f w a s m or

t ally w ou n de d by on e of his own sl a ves A n u mbe r .

of the fr ee c ol or e d m en we r e a r r este d a n d i n d icte d f or

tr e a s on ; b u t on ly on e w a s tr ie d a n d he w a s a c qu itte d
, .

The r i ot a t C hr isti an a c au se d a p r of ou n d se n s ation

a ll ove r the c oun tr y I t h a ppe n e d in the mi d st of the
.

c amp a i gn f or G over n or a n d bec a me a n iss u e at the

,

election .

Gove r n or J oh n ston wa s de fe a te d f or a sec on d te r m

Gov er n or by W illi a m Bi g le r the D em oc r a tic c an d i
,

B ig ‘
n'
d a te w ho se r ve d fr om 1 852 to 1 855
,
The .
.

c omm on sch ool system h avi n g bee n exte n ded to

eve r y dis tr ict in the S t a te in 1 849 imp r oveme n ts ,

in it c ou l d be m a d e m or e e a sily a n d effectua lly In .

his fir st an n ua l mess a g e G ove r n or Bi g le r m a de a

,

str on g ple a f or p r ofession al te a che r s a n d othe r n ee de d

imp r oveme n ts ; a n d he ha d the s atisfa cti on of si g n in g
a bill cr e ati n g the office of c ou n ty s upe r i n te n d e n t .

P r ovisi on s f or the e du c a ti on of feeble mi n d e d chil dr e n -

we r e al so m a d e du r in g his te r m .

The e n or m ou s S t a te debt a m ou n t ,

Th S t t e in g in 1 848 to m or e th a n
a e

D bt e
w a s r e du ce d by
d ur i n g the p r evi ou s a dmi n
istr a tion by me a n s of a si n ki n g fu n d .

T he Gove r n or the r e for e u r g e d the

, ,

c ompleti on of the c a n a l a l on g the

N or th B r a n ch of the S u s qu eh an n a
W il l i m B igl
a er
a w or k th at ha d bee n n e g lecte d f or
.

ten or twelve ye ar s The c a n a l w a s to g ive a n

.

ou tlet to the b ou n d less c oa l fiel d s in th a t r e g i on

-
.

An othe r p owe r fu l imp u lse to the d evel opme n t of the

 The A dmin is tr a tion o f the Gover n men t 21 3

S t a te w a s g ive n by the c ompletion

“

the P en n syl of

v a n i a r a il r oa d , in 1 854 The er a of g r e a t ex pen di

.

t ur es wa s n ow ab ou t ove r G over n or Bi g le r mi g ht .

fl
well c on gr at u l ate the pe ople on the fa ct th at he n ce
for th m on ey w ou l d ow i n t o the
t r e a s ur y i n ste ad of ou t of it .

I n the electi on for G ove r n or in

O ct obe r 1 854 the W hi g s
, ,
G P ll ck o v e r n or o o

a nd Na tive Ame r ic an s
electe d their c an d i da te J a mes P oll ock , ,

a g a i n st W ill i a m B ig ler D em oc r at a n d , ,

B Ru sh B r adfor d Fr ee S oil by a l ar ge
.
, ,
J m P oll ock a es
m aj o r ity The qu estion of sl a ve r y w a s
.

d is r u pti n g b oth the Whi g s a n d D em oc r a ts thr oug h ou t

the c ou n t r y This r u ptu r e in the ol d p ar ties a n d the
.
,

imme n se for ei g n immi g r ati on ab ou t the m iddle of the

c e n tu r y
, g a ve a n ew b u t b r ie f le a se of li f e to the
Na tive Ame r ic an s This p ar ty ha d n ow c ome to be
.

”
c a lle d the K n ow Nothi n g P ar ty fr om the fa ct th a t
-
,

its membe r s whe n qu esti on ed ab ou t their p u r p oses

,

a n d p r i n ciples w ou l d s a y
“ I d on t kn ow
’ ”
.
, ,

I n 1 85 7 the L e g isl a tu r e p a sse d a n a ct d i r ecti n g the

,

m a in li n e of p ublic w or ks betwee n P hil a Th P bli e u c

W m“
delph ia a n d P ittsb u r g to be s ol d The .

P e nn sylv an i a Ra il r oa d C omp a n y pu r ch a se d them for

The c an als on the S u s q u eh a nn a a n d its /

b r an ch es ab ove the m ou th of the J u n i a t a t og ethe r

‘

with the D el a war e d ivisi on we r e s ol d the foll owi n g ,

ye ar to the S un b ur y a n d E r ic R ailr oa d C omp an y for

These c an als after the r a il r oad s h ad ,

bee n b u ilt h ad fa ile d to be a s ou r ce of r eve nu e to

,

the S t a te The p r ocee d s of the s ale g r e a tly lesse n e d

.

the p ublic d ebt a n d the pe ople we r e r elieve d of b u r

,
21 4 '
A H istor y f
o P en n sy lva n ia

d en some t ax ati on The t ran s f e r of the c anals and

.

ra il road s t o p r iv ate c or p ora ti on s cl o se d the hist ory of

p ublic imp ro veme n ts i n the li n e of t ran sp ort ati on .

In 1 857 a gr e a t finan ci a l p an ic o cc urr e d i n the

,

“
Un ite d S t a tes and a w ave of b an k ru ptcy
Th p e i
an c ,

“1 357 swept round the civilize d w orl d ”

It was .

du e t o spec u l ati on r es u lti ng p ro b ably fro m the d is

, , ,

c ov er y of go l d i n Ca liforn i a and A u st ra li a The .

b a n ks of P e nn sylvan i a i n c o mm on with o the r s a ll ,

o ve r the c oun t ry bec a me m or e or less emb arra sse d

, ,

and h ad to s u spe nd specie p ayme n ts Go v e rnor .

P o ll o ck c a lle d an extra sessi on of the L eg isl a t ur e i n ,

ord e r t o r ele a se the b anks fro m the pe na lties p r evi

ou sl y p r esc r ibe d for s u spe n si on and t o g iv e r elie f t o ,

d ebt or s Th ro u gh this timely a cti on ru i n and b an k

.
,

r u ptcy we r e av o i d e d The ye ar 1 857 is als o mem orab le

.

i n the hist ory of the S t a te a s cl o si ng the c aree r of

on e of he r gr e a test s on s
— D r E lish a Ke n t K an e the .
,

A r ctic expl or e r H is b od y l a y i n st ate i n I n depen

.

d e n ce H all w a s v iewe d by th ou s and s of pe o ple and

, ,

fo ll o we d t o the gra ve by scie n tists st atesme n p ro , ,

f essor s and st ud e n ts fro m a ll o ve r the l and .

In the mi d st o f the finan ci al d is a ste r c am e the

Th R p u blic
e e c amp a i gn for GOVBI D OI
an W illi am F ‘ ‘
. .

Pa m O g i d Pa cke r wa s no mi na te d by the D em o c ra ts
' a n ze
,

Davi d W i lm o t by the F r ee So ile r s and I s aa c H a zle ,

h ur st by the A m e ric an s The ye ar be fore the R ep u b

.
,

lic an p arty h ad m ad e its a ppe aran ce a s a n a ti ona l

organ iz ation a t P ittsb urg and a f ew m on ths l a te r ,

no mi nate d its fir st c and i da te for P r esid e n t a t P hil a ,

d elphi a Davi d W ilm o t r ecei v e d the su pp ort of the

.

R ep ublic an s bec au se the n ew p a r ty w a s t o abs orb the

F r ee S o ile r s The D em o cra tic c and idate w a s s u ccess fu l
. .
 The A dmin istr a tion o f the Gor er n men t 21 5

W hen Go ve rnor Pa cke r a ss u me d o ffi ce in J anuary ,

1 858 the c urr e n cy of the S t a te w a s

,
G o P k ov er n r ac er

still i n a dis ord e r e d c ond iti on But .

the a tte n ti on of the pe o ple of P e nn sylv an i a fro m 1 858 ,

t o 1 861 w a s r ivete d on na ti ona l a fi a ir s

,
Two .

’
days afte r the i naugura ti on of P e nn sylv an i a s on ly
Pr esi d e n t the Su p r eme Court of the
,

Un ite d S t a tes d ecid e d th a t a sl av e

c ou l d be t ake n i nt o the te rrit or ies the
s a me a s a h or se or an o x and th a t , ,

the r e fore Dr e d S c o tt the Miss our i

, ,

sl av e wa s no t a free m an
,
A little .

l a te r Bu ch anan i gnoring the v o te of

,

the free settle r s aga in st it urg e d the Wil lia m F P ck,

. a er .

ad m i ss i on of K an s a s a s a sl ave S t a te These a cts .

of the go ve rn me nt a t Wa shi ngt on alie nate d m an y

of the Pr esi d e n t s s u pp orte r s i n P e n n sylv an i a chie f
’
,

of wh o m w a s J o h n W F orn ey . .

The n ext affa ir t o add fury t o the po litic a l fir e

w a s the ra i d of J o h n Bro wn on e Sunda y J h B w , o n ro n s
’

n i ght in O ct o be r 1 859 and his exec u ti on

, ,
R i d a

on the gall o ws D ecembe r 2 B ro wn h ad m ad e C h a m

, .

b er sb u r g his b a se of o pe rati on s for s o me weeks and ,

wa s kno w n the r e a s D r S mith e ngag e d i n mi n i ng

.
,

i n the S t ate of M aryl and Whe n his se n te n ce of .

d e a th h ad bee n p a ssed , the A b oliti on ists o f the S t a te

we r e fi lle d with i ndi gn a ti on A t a meeti ng i n Phil a
.

delphi a on the m orni ng of the ha n g l n g Lu c r eti a M ott

‘

, ,

-
the Q u a ke r A b o liti o n ist —and o the r spe ake r s ex
p r esse d thei r symp athy und e r a st orm of hisses and
,

groan s . Two days l a te r the b ody of Br o wn p a sse d

th rough the city and the r e w ,
a s a gr e a t cl a m or fro m

the Ab o liti on ists and the c o l or e d pe o ple for a View o f

21 6 A H is tor y o f P en n sy lva n ia
6

it. F or f e ar of v i o le n ce a t rick w a s pl aye d on the ,

c ro w d ou tsi d e the d ep o t A b o x i n imit a ti on of a .

,

c o ffin wa s s o lem n ly c arrie d ou t by six me n while

, ,

the r e a l b ody w a s qu ietly and s afely c on veye d to the

N ew York f e rry F resh a l ar m and an xiety we re c r e

.

ate d whe n i n the s a me m on th Go v e rnor W ise of

, , ,

V irgi n i a r e qu este d the s ou the rn me dic a l stud e n ts i n

,

P hil ad elphi a t o fin ish thei r c our se a t R ichm ond and

o the r cities i n the Sou th .

The ye ar 1 860 fro m J anuary to D ecembe r w a s

, ,

Th E l c ti
e e g i v e n t o on e c on tinuou s ag it a tion of
on

“1 860 the sl ave ry qu esti on p artic u l arly i n its ,

be ar ing s on the electi on s for P r esi d e n t and Go v e rnor .

The D em o c rats of the S t ate we r e d ivi d e d i n the

ch o ice for Pr esid e n t betwee n B r ecke nr i dg e and ,

Dougl a s ; on the c a n d i da te for Go v e rnor H e nry D ,

.

F o ste r they we r e un ite d

,
The R ep u blic an s h ad a .

m aj or ity for L i n c o l n and electe d A nd r ew G Curti n , .

Go v e rnor B ell the Un i on c and i da te for P resi d e n t

.
, ,

g ot ab ou t v o tes i n P e n n syl v an i a Whe n . .

Go v e rnor Pa cke r w ro te his l a st mess ag e to the L e g is

l a tu r e Sou th Caro lina h ad a l re ady sece d e d and o the r
, ,

“
S t ates we r e c on si d e ri ng the s ame step The ady o .

c a tes of secessi on ”
s a i d the Go ve rnor “ cl a i m th a t
, ,

the U n i on is m e r ely a c o mp a ct betwee n the se v e ra l

S t ates c o mp o si ng it and th a t an y on e of the S t a tes
, ,

whe n aggrie v e d m ay a t its ple a s ur e d ecl ar e it will

, , ,

no l ong e r be a p arty t o the co mp a ct This do ct ri n e .

is cle arly e rron e ou s ”

.

The fir st d eci d e d r esist an ce t o P resi d e n t B u ch anan s ’

mm R i t to
es s a n c e S ec r et ary of War wh o wa s a Sou th ,

e rn e r and qu ietly stre ngthe n e d the

,

milit ary p o sts of the Sou th c a me fro m Pittsb urg , ,

 The A d min istr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 21 7

l a te i n D ecembe r 1 860 I t w a s le arn e d th a t 700

,
.

t on s of ar ms and a mm un iti on we r e t o b e shippe d

fro m the ar se na l at Lawr e n ce v ille A lle ghe n y c oun ty , ,

t o New O rle an s S ev e ra l p u blic meeti ng s we r e hel d

.
,

and w e r e a tte nd e d by th ou s and s of pe o ple R es o .

l u ti on s we r e p a s se d th a t the P r esi d e n t sh ou l d p urg e

.

his Cab in et of disl o y a l membe r s and a s a P en n syl , ,

v an i a n ,s ee to it th a t the R ep u blic su fi er no detr i

me n t a s l ong a s it we r e i n his h and s
,
While a .

committee we n t t o Wa shi ngt on t o p ro test c annon we r e ,

c on v eye d to the wh a r f and l oade d on the ste a me r A t .

this c r itic a l m o me n t Edwi n M S t an t on Bu ch anan s ’

.
,

A tt orn ey G e n e ral se n t a tele gra m

-
, th a t the ord e r
.

wou l d be c oun te r m and e d in a few days .

O n the 1 5 th of J anuary 1 861 be gan the m o st , ,

mem orable ad mi n is tr a ti on i n the hist ory

Cu ti
of P e nn syl v a n i a — “
th a t of the War Go v
G ov e r n o r r n

er n or,
”
A ndr ew G Curti n . In his i naugu ra l a ddr ess
.
,

“
he d eclar ed th at P e nn sylv an i a w ou l d r e nd e r a full
and deter ml n ed su pp ort of the fr ee i n stit u ti on s of the
Un i on ,
”
and pledg e d himsel f t o d ef e nd the Con stitu .

ti on aga in st all its e n emies The .

L e gisl a tur e likewise t oo k a firm st and

i n beh alf of the Con stitu ti on and the
Un i on . W he n L i n c o l n st o ppe d a t
H arrisb urg Feb ruary 22d on his
, ,

w ay t o Wa shingt on he wa s en thu si ,

a stic a l l y r ecei v e d i n the ch ambe r of

the A ssembly whe r e the membe r s

,
A d ewG 0m m n r
of b o th h ou ses h ad a ssembl ed t o '

gr eet him and t o he ar his i n spi ri n g ora t ory It .

w a s afte r this r ecepti on th a t L i n c o l n s fam ou s sec r et

’

r i de t o Wa shingt on wa s pl ann e d at the J on es H ou se

21 8 A H istor y f P en n sy lva n ia
o

( no w the Co mm on we alth H o tel ) H e h ad bee n in .

for me d th at a pl o t existe d i n B altim or e to a ss a s

s in a te him on his w a y th roug h th a t city A s it ha d .

bee n p ublishe d far and wi d e th at he wa s t o le ave on

the Northe rn C e n tra l Ra ilroad e arly the n ext m orn
i ng ,
Go ve rnor Curti n S ec r et ary S life r
,
S e nat or ,

M c Cl u r e and Co l on el S c o tt of the P e nn sylv an i a

, ,

Ra il road deci d e d ve ry m u ch agai n st M r L in c o l n s

, , .
’

wishes th at he sh ou l d le a ve H arr isburg th a t eve n ing

,

and p a ss by w ay of Phil ad elphi a th roug h B altim or e

, ,

a t an un expecte d h our T o d ecei v e the th rong ou t

.

si de the h o tel Go ve rnor Cur ti n c alle d for a c arri ag e

,

and h ad himself and the Pr esi d e n t elect dr iv e n i n the -

d ir ecti on o f the E xec u tive M an si on Whe n n e ar .

the r e a cir c u it ou s rou te w a s t ake n t o the d ep o t

, .

L i n c o l n a cc o mp an ie d by a frie nd wh o wa s ar me d
, ,

with a sm all ar se na l of we a p on s h a stily t oo k a speci a l ,

t rai n for P hil ad elphi a Co l on el S c o tt the n with his

.
,

ow n h and s c u t a ll the tele gra ph wi r es le ad i ng ou t of

,

the city a nd n e r vou sly aw a ite d a ciphe r d esp a tch th a t

L i n c o l n w a s to se nd whe n he arr i v e d a t Wa shi ng ton .

I t w a s a l ong an xi ou s n i ght for th o se who we r e i n

,

the sec ret W ith the daw n of da y c ame these word s

.

“Pl u ms d elive r e d nu ts s afely ” si gn ifying th a t a ll wa s

well . L in c o l n always r e gr ette d th at he h ad gon e t o
Wa shi ngt on i n th a t w ay ; for it is n ot believe d th a t
an y pl o t t o a ss a ssi nate him h ad existe d .

The da y afte r F ort Su mte r wa s ev a cua te d Pr esi ,

Th F i t
e rsd e n t L in c o l n c alle d for t roo ps P e n n ,

D f d
e en
sylv an i a s quo t a being
°r s ’
Go ve rnor
Curti n tele gra phe d the c all a ll o ve r the S t ate and s o ,

qu ick wa s the r esp on se that fiv e Keyst on e c o mp an ies

“
n ow we ar the p roud b adg e of the Fi rst D e fend e r s ”
.
 The A dmin is tr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 21 9

They we re the Ri nggo l d L i ght A r tille ry of Re ading ; ,

the Logan Guard s of L ewist o wn ; the Wa shi n g t on

,

A rtille ry and the Na ti ona l L i g ht Infan t ry of Po tts ,

~

Ville ; and the A lle n R ifles of Alle n t o w n The R ing , .

go l d c o mp an y wa s the fir st t o r e a ch H arrisb u rg arr iv ,

ing the r e the day afte r the P resi d e n t s c a ll

’
In the .

str eets of B altim or e the “ Fir st D efe nd e r s s u ffe r e d

the t aun ts s n ee r s and i n s u lts of the s a me m o b th a t
,

a tt a cke d the S ixth Ma ss achu setts the n e xt day B u t .

they n eve r w a ve r e d u n d e r the c on st an t fir e of b ricks ,

clu bs st on es and e arth

, A fte r they h ad b oard e d the
.

t ra i n for Wa shi ngt on the mob t rie d t o de ra il the

,

c ar s d et ach the l o c o m o tive and b re ak the m achin e ry

, .

Duri ng it a ll the Go ve rnor of P e nn sylv an i a with

, ,

b re athless an xiety liste n e d t o the click of the tele

,

graph a t H arrisburg a s it r ep orte d step afte r step of

,

the per l l ou s m arch th rough B altim or e A t 7 o cl o ck ’

.

on the eve n i ng of
“
the 1 8th the Fir st D efe nde r s
r ep orte d a t Wa shing t on Congr ess afte rward s p a sse d
.

“
a res o l ut ion th an kin g the 530 s o l die r s fro m P e nn
,

sylv an i a wh o p a sse d th rough the m ob a t B a ltim or e

and r e a che d Wa shi ng ton on the 1 8th of A p ril l a st ,

for the d e f e n ce of the Nati ona l Ca pit a l ”

.

R ec ru its n ow p our e d i n t o H arr isb urg by the th ou

s and s o ve rflo wi ng the d ep o ts the st reets and the
, , ,

c apit o l ground s A gre a t c amp wa s est ablishe d calle d

.
,

Ca mp Curti n i n the northwest s u bu rbs

,
B e for e the .

e nd of the m on th twe n ty fi v e r e gime n ts we r e forme d -

ther e and se nt t o the fron t While thi rty m or e we r e ,

’

ofi er ed b u t no t a ccepte d S im on Came ron S ec ret ary .

,

of War Th add e u s S te v e n s membe r of Congress and

, , ,

Go ve rnor Curti n all fav or e d a m u ch l arg e r army th an

,

L i n c o l n h ad c alle d for .
220 A H is tor y f P en n sy lva n ia
o

O n the 1 5th
of M ay the L e g isl atur e i n ext ra ,

Th p
e enns y l sessi on ord e r e d the for m a ti on
,
of the f a

Van ai R v m ou s P e nn syl v an i a R ese rves

e s er es
G e org e A . .

M c Ca l l w a s a pp o i n te d m aj or g e n e ra l and J o h n F -
, .

R ey no l d s G e org e G Me ad e and O E C O rd b ri ga
,
. . . .
,

d ie r g e n e ra ls
-
They nu mbe re d . me n thir tee n ,

r e g ime n ts of i nfan t r y on e of c av al ry and on e of ,

artille ry —wh o wer e t o se rv e th r ee ye ar s

,

,
They we r e .

t o be dril le d and e qu ippe d r e ad y f or an y c all th a t ,

mi ght b e m ad e The wis do m of this me a s ure w a s

.

see n i n Ju l y whe n the Un i on forces c a me ru shing

, ,

b a ck fro m B u ll Run d ef e ate d and d is organ ize d , The .

P resi d e n t i n st an tly c a lle d for the P e nn syl v an i a

R ese r ves Und e r the c all of “ F athe r A b rah a m for
.

fi v e h undr e d th ou s and m or e
”
the R ese rv es n ow eu ,

t or e d u p on a c ar ee r of h onor and g l ory .

In 1 862 the S t ate w a s c a lle d on t o do little except

,

M an y S l d io t o fur
er s n ish he r quo ta of troo ps ; b u t the
F d e
pe o ple i n thei r p ri v ate c a p a city d i d m u ch .

M a s on and D ix on s L i n e w a s the gatewa y t o the

’

Sou th dur i ng th a t ye ar the Mississippi v a lley bei ng ,

still i n the h and s of the Confe d e ra tes A s the t roo ps .

p a sse d th rough our cities and t o wn s on their w ay t o

‘

the fron t a cts of ki ndn ess i nnu me rable we r e sh o wn

,

t o them T r a i n l oad s we re r efr eshe d with s andwiches

.

and c o ffee In P hil ad elphi a th rough ou t the war the

.
, ,

U n i on and Coo pe r sh o p v o l un tee r r e freshme n t s al oon s

-

we r e kept o pe n with free c on t r ib u ti on s N e arly a .

milli on of s o l d ie r s fro m the North and Ea st a s they ,

p a sse d t o and fro we r e m ad e h appy with s o mething ,

t o e a t and d r i nk A t on e time a fa i r w a s hel d i n

.

Loga n Squar e and r a ise d for the sick and

w ound e d .
 The A dminis tr a tion i
f
o the Gover nmen t 221

In A ugu st 1 862 a S t ate draft u n d e r the di r ecti on

, , ,

of the Un ite d S t a tes w a s m ad e ,

The me n m n .
d a s an

S ub titut
drafte d c ou l d furn ish s ubstitu tes for wh o m ,
s es

a s m u ch a s wa s p a id A r e gul ar b u si n ess of .

b uying and selli ng su bstit u tes sp rang u p at Camp

Cur ti n and e norm ou s p rofits we r e m ad e i n the t raffic
, .

S ubstitu tes we r e empl o ye d wh o we r e i n c o mpete n t or

d isl o y al shirki ng duty i n the fi el d and dese rting a t
,

the fir st o pp or tun ity In 1 863 a sec ond draft w a s

.
,

m ad e b u t by the di r ect a u th or ity of the Un ite d S t ates

, .

O n the da y a pp o i n te d for the drafti ng the na mes of ,

a ll p r evi ou sly e nro lle d i n a ce rt a i n dist r ict e ach writte n ,

on a sep ara te b a ll o t we r e pl a ce d i n a wheel fro m

, ,

which a pe r s on bli ndfo l d e d drew a nu mbe r of na mes

e qual t o the quo t a of the d ist rict Pe rs on s drafte d .

c ou ld be exc u s ed fro m se r vice on the p rodu cti on of a

s ubstit u te or the p ayme n t of $ 300 .

No s oon e r h ad the w ar fa irly c o mme nce d th an it

bec ame evi d e nt th at P e nn sylv an i a w oul d
S tu t R id ’
ar s a
be i n v ade d The fir st Opp ort un ity c a me
.

t o the e n emy i n the fa ll of 1 862 O n the l 0th of .

O ct o be r G e n e ra l J E B
, . .S t uart m ad e a c a v
.

a l r y ra i d th rough F rankli n c oun ty H is troo ps rod e .

in t o C h a mbe r sb urg i n the e v e n i ng ou t ofi tele graphic ,

c o mm un ic ati on s ran s a cke d the st or es and te rr ifi e d

, ,

the in h abit an ts all n i ght with the t ra mp of h or ses

and the ra ttli ng of s abe r s The n ext m orn ing they
.

m ad e a rai d on a war eh ou se c on t a i n ing milit ary st or es .

W h a t they c oul d n ot p a ck on thei r h or ses of which ,

h ad bee n t ake n on the rai d through the c oun ty ,

they d est ro ye d by setting fir e to the b u ild ing The .

flames sp re ad t o the dep o t of the ra il road and c on /

s u me d it t oo The ra i d e r s the n be a t a h a sty r et re at t o

, .
222 A H is tor y o f P en n s y lva n ia

the P otom a c , and the n ce t o V i rg i n ia afte r c au si ng a l o ss,

of ab ou t C h a mbe r sb urg w a s withi n a n i ght s ’

ri d e fro m the Confe d e rate lin es all th roug h the w ar .

P e nn sylv an i a w a s the l and of p ro mise t o G e n e ra l

L ee and the ar my of nor the rn V i rg i n i a
L
’
ee s Iv i
n a s on
.

I ts r ich granaries gr e a t c oal fields and ,

-
,

exte n siv e fa ct or ies of w ar s u pplie s we r e tempting

’
o bj ects for c a pt ur e and d estru cti on L ee s d efe at .

a t A n tiet am fo ile d the fir st a ttempt b u t d i d no t

'

d est ro y the d esir e H is v ict ory a t C h a n cell or s v ille

.

gave the o pp or t un ity t o t ry aga in In J un e 1 863 .

, ,

the b ord e r c oun ties of the S t ate fro m on e e nd of ,

M a s on and D ix on s L i n e t o the o ther we r e th r e a te n e d

’
,

with i nv a si on The S ec r et ary of War S t an t on tele

.
, ,

graphe d t o Pittsb urg th at the g u n shops of th at

city we r e t o be d estro ye d I m me di a tely a ll the gre a t
.

i ron pl an ts we re cl o se d and the me n we r e kept at work

for two weeks th ro wi ng u p i n t r e n chme n ts
,
Th o ug h .

no att ack w a s m ad e a s far wes t a s the M onongahel a

v alley Conf e d e rate sc ou ts Visite d M c Con n ell sb u r g
, ,

F u lt on c ounty and Mt Un i on H un ti ngdon coun ty

, .
, .

O n M onday m orn i ng J un e 1 5 a d et a chme n t of L ee s

, ,
’

ar my Je nki n s c a v al ry e n te re d Gree n c a stle and i n the

,
’
, ,

e v e n ing the st reets of C h a mbe r sburg agai n r es ound e d

with the cl atte r of Sou the rn t ro ope r s A fte r sc ouri n g .

F r an kli n and F u lt on c oun ties for h or ses and p ro v i ‘

si on s the for ce p ro cee d e d t o S hippe n sb urg and the n ce

,

t o Carlisle r e gali ng themsel v es a n d b a iti ng thei r stee d s

,

a t the expe n se of the p u blic au th orities N ext c a me .

’
G e n e ral E well with the v anguard of L ee s e n ti re
army . H e arr ive d a t Carlisle on the 27th of J un e ,

a few h our s af te r Je nkin s E well m ad e a r e qu isition

.

for a l arg e am oun t of s u pplies i n cl ud i ng e v e n qu i ,

 The A dmin istr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 223

n i n e and chl oroform H is for ce r em a i n e d at Carlisle

.

un til the n i ght of the 30th They d est ro ye d the ra il

.

road b ri dg e th r e ate n e d H arrisb urg by m aking ra id s

,

i n th at di r ecti on to withi n a few miles of the city ,

and c au se d v a st nu mbe r s of the p o p u l ati on of the

Cu mbe rl and v alley t o flee a c ro ss the Su s qu eh anna ,

with h or ses c a ttle and m o v able thing s of eve ry

, ,

d esc r ipti on .

A t H arr isb urg the r e w a s gr e a t c on ste rnation .

Earthworks and o the r d e fe n ses k no w n (h t , ea

C t m ti
a s F or t Wa shing t on we r e e r ecte d on the,
°n s e a °n

west si de of the rive r Go v e rnor Cur ti n on the 26th

.
, ,

he ar i ng of the a pp roa ch of the i nv ad e r s c a lle d for ,

me n to d ef e nd the S t ate E ve n the v ete ran s .

of the w ar of 1 81 2 te nd e r e d thei r se rvices so gr e a t ,

w a s the n ecessity of the h our G e n e ra l W F S mith . . .

,

wh o w a s pu t i n c o mm and of the v o lun tee r s m ar che d ,

i n t o Carlisle a s E well m arche d ou t S c arcely h ad S mith

'

e n c a mpe d whe n a b od y of Co n fe d erate c av al ry r e ap

,

pea r ed and afte r fir i ng d em and e d the s urr e nd e r of

, , ,

the t o wn This w a s r e fu se d
. The n the t ow n w a s .

shelle d and set on fir e ; b u t the Confe d e rates we r e

n ee d e d elsewhe r e — the b a ttle of G ettysb urg h ad
be gun .

Early s d iv isi on of E well s c orps w a s se n t i n

’ ’

adv an ce of L ee s army i n the d irection

’
Th B id g e r e

of G ettysb urg by w ay of Ca sht o wn

, At t W ig h t iu .
a r sv e

B ed ur n
the l a tte r pl a ce this force w a s d i v i d e d
, ,

Gordon s b ri gad e t aking temp orary p o ssessi on of G et

’

ty sb u r g on the 26th while Early himself p ro cee d e d to

,

York and o cc u pie d th a t t o wn the n ext day A s s oon

, .

a s Yo r k h ad le ar n e d of the app roach of the Confe d

cr a tes the sm a ll b ody of t roo ps st ati on e d the r e fell
,
224 A H is tor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

b a ck t o Wr i ghtsv ille H ere a sli ght ski r mish

.

o cc urr e d ; b u t the b r i dg e h a vin g bee n set on fire by

the citize n s of the t o w n the e n emy c ou l d go no ,

far the r A t a p u blic meeti ng the pe o ple of York on

.
, ,

d em and of G e n e ral Early c on t rib u te d good s and ,

m on ey t o the a m oun t of No dam ag e w a s

don e t o p r iv ate p ro per ty ; b u t the ra il road s uffe r e d
s o me l o ss .

The m o st imp or t an t si d e skir mish c onn ecte d with -

Th S k i m i h
e r the b a ttle of G ettysb urg w a s the c av al ry
s

“H m m a
e ngag eme n t a t H ano ve r York c ounty I
er
, ,

betwee n G e n e ra l Kirkp at r ick and G e n e ra l S tuart .

The l a tter ha d n ot c ro sse d the P o t o m a c with L ee and

‘

his whe r e ab ou ts we r e unk no wn O n J un e 30 while .

,

G e n era l Ki rkp a tr ick s t r oo pe r s d ism oun te d i n the

’
,

str eets we r e e ati ng a l un che on se rve d by the pe o ple

,

of H ano ve r S t uar t s u dd e n ly a tt a cke d the r e ar and

,

th r ew it i n t o c onfu si on M ov i ng ou t i n t o the o pe n
.

c oun t ry the Un i on c a v alr y form e d i n li n e of b attle

,
.

and afte r fig hti ng un til dark dro v e the e n emy fro m

, ,

their p o siti on .

The attempts t o sec ur e the b ri dg es a t H arr isb urg

G tty b u g
e s and Wri ghts v ille h av ing faile d it bec ame
r ,

Th D y
e
ev i d e n t th a t a b attle w ou l d h a v e t o be
a

fought on the west si d e of the Su s qu eh an n a So .

whe n L ee h a lte d on the di am ond a t C h a mbe r sb urg ,

he t u r n e d his ti re d h or se t o the r i ght a n d rod e t o wa r d s

G ettysb urg i n ste ad of H arrisb urg Me ad e s arm y h ad
’
.

bee n m ar ching no r thward t o the e a st of L ee s in the ’

, ,

g e n e ra l d ir ecti on of H arr isbu r g G e n e ral Rey n o ld s .

,

sec ond t o Me ade i n c o m m a n d wa s on the ext reme ,

-

le ft with the l st Cor ps cl o sely w atchi n g the m o v e ,

me n ts of the e n emy A t G ettysb urg Ju ly 1 he met .

, ,
 The A dmin istr a tion f
o the Gover nmen t 225

the adv an ce for ces und e r G e n e ra l H ill a s they we r e

, ,

ab ou t t o e n te r the t o w n A n d n ow the gre a t b attle

.

w a s on B u t it h ad sc ar cely be gun whe n the Un i on

.

army s u ffe re d its gr e a test l o ss W hile G e n e ra l .

R ey no l d s w a s r i d ing forw ard t o select ground for a

li n e of b a ttle he fell pie rce d
, ,

th roug h the he ad by a b all

fro m a sh ar psh oo te r s r ifle
’
.

Double da y who su ccee de d

,

him fought d espe ra tely on

,

S emi nary R i dg e till the hot

J u ly s un st ood a t hi g h noon .

G e n e ra l H o w ar d the n c a me
u p with the 1 1 th Cor ps .

The e n e m y ch arg e d u p on
him with a t r eme ndou s for ce ,

th r e a te n i ng t o o v e rl ap b o th
fl anks H e ord e r e d a r e
.

M u
ggig gfig
t ’n on
t re a t and the tw o blee d
,
’

i ng and exh au ste d c orps

fle d th roug h the streets of G ettysb urg t o C emete ry
‘

H ill. W he n Me ad e wh o wa s still s o me fiftee n miles

,

aw ay and d i d n ot arr iv e till l ate a t n i ght he a rd of

, ,

the death of R ey no l d s he o r d e r e d G e ne ral H an c o ck

,

t o le a v e the 2d Corps and h a ste n to G ettysb urg t o

a ssu m e c o mm and of the for ces a lr e ady the r e The .

Un i on army —
st rong nowc ame u p on e c or ps ,

afte r an o the r a n d duri n g the ni ght t oo k p o siti on

,

( i n the form of a fish h ook ) on C e mete ry Ridg e -

a s far b a ck a s Round Top on the left and Cu l p s ’

H ill on the r i ght L ee s lin e sim il ar i n fo r m b u t

.
’
, ,

m u ch l o n ge r wa s a l ong S emin ary Ri dg e

,
H is army .

n u mbe r e d a b ou t

O
226 A H istor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

The sec ond day un t il 3 o cl o ck w a s spe n t b y

,
’
,

Th S
e dD y
e c on a

fl
b o th armies i n r em o vi ng f e n ces d i gg ing
r i e pits b u il d i n g st on e d e f e n ses st r e ngth
-
,
‘

,
,

c u ing we ak p o i n ts d ist r ib u ting a mm un iti on and p ro

, ,
‘

v id in g h o spit a ls
’
A b ou t . o cl o ck L ee o pe n e d fir e on
’
Me ade s le ft G e n er a l .

S ickles w a s i n c o mm and
the r e with the 3d Cor ps , ,

and by s o me m ist ake

h ad t ake n an is o l a te d
p o siti on In st an tly b o th .

li n es i n th at quarte r we r e
a bl aze of ar t ille ry a nd
m u sket ry Long st r eet s ’
.

Confe de rate c orps c a me

on like the r esistless
ti d e The Un i on t roo ps .

w ave r e d and fell b a ck .

S ickles wa s wound e d
and c arrie d off the fi el d .

H u mph r eys l o st
of his me n i n
M d S t tu
ea
’
e s a g etti ng b a ck t o the p o si
e .

I nF i m o t P k Phil d lphi
a r un ar , a e
ti on i nte nd e d t o be 00 a .
_

cu pied i n the fir st pl a ce A d ivisi on of r einforceme n ts.

se n t o v e r f r o m H a n c o ck s c or ps l o st two b ri gad ie rs
’

Z oo k and Cro ss B u t the r e wa s a n a t ura l st rongh o l d

—
.

n e ar b y L ittle Round T o p B y the for esi ght of .

G en e ral Warr e n this w a s s av e d t o the Un i on for ces

, ,

b u t the bl ood she d a t this p o i n t which i n cl ud e d ,

the fam ou s D e v il s D e n w a s m o st a pp alling

’
Had ,
.

Long st reet t ake n Rou n d Top the a ss au lts on the ,

li nes n ext t o C emete ry H ill c oul d n ot h av e bee n with

 The A dministr a tion f
o the Gover nmen t 227

st ood . A s it w a s the a cti on the r e s oon e nd e d ;

,

b ut no t be for e H an c o ck and the g e n e ral n ext i n

c o mm and of the 2d Cor ps we r e b oth w ound e d .

J u st a s the c urt ai n of n i ght w a s fa lling u p on the

sce n e of c arnag e on the left G e n e ra l
.
Th L ui i
, e o s a na

E well att a cke d C emete ry H ill hel d by ,

T i g er s

Ho w ard s c or ps
’
. I t wa s he r e whe r e the Lou isi ana
Ti g e r s m ad e their fam ou s a ss au lt Th o se d espe rate .

fighte r s c a m e u p to the ve ry m ou ths of the c annon

and a ct ually spike d two of the Un i on gun s A t this .

c r itic al m o me n t a b ri gad e of G er m an t roo ps fell u p on

the vict or i ou s Ti g e r s and i n a h an d : to h and ch arg e
,
-

dro ve them do wn the hillsi d e I t wa s the Wate rl oo

.

of the Ti g e r s .

L ee h ad n owa tt a cke d the wh o le Un i on lin e except

the e x t r e m e
C lp H ill u
‘ ’
s

r i ght hel d by ,

Ge n e ra l S l o c u m with the ,

1 2th Corps H ere Ge n .

e ra l Early of E well s ’ ‘

c orps und e r c o ve r of ,

Wh er e Ha n coc k w wou d
as n ed .

darkn ess a n d timbe r be gan a Vi gorou s a tt a ck on

,

Gu lp s H ill and p o i n ts bey ond b u t w a s b ravely

’
,
228 A H istor y o f P enn sy lva n ia

r ep u lse d H o we v e r the r e wa s a ga p i n the Un i on lin e

.
, ,

c au se d by the with drawa l of G e n e ra l G e ary t o the

s u pp or t of Round T o p T aki ng ad v an t ag e of this
.
,

the e n emy b roke th rough and go t withi n a thi rd of

a mile of Me ad e s he adquar te r s
’
.

’
The b r e ak m ad e i n G e ar y s d ivisi on the e v e n i ng
be for e nat urally c au se d the b attle t o be
Th T hi d D y
e r a

r e n ewe d i n th a t quarte r e arly i n the m orn

'

i ng of the thi rd day G e ary h av i ng r et urn e d o pe n e d

.
, ,

a furi ou s c annonad e t o d isl odg e the i nt rud e r s Ewell .

,

wh o h ad b ee n r ei nfor ce d by p arts of Long st reet s and ’

H ill s c orps dur i ng the n i g ht r esp ond e d with fa t a l

’ '

efi ec t a ll a l ong the li n e of S l o c u m e v e n t o C emete ry ,

H ill ; b u t it w a s s o li d n ow and well d e f e nd e d In .

fron t of G e ary s c o mm and the sl a i n we r e lyi ng i n

’
,

he aps A t 1 0 o cl o ck E well f ell b a ck and the b a ttl e

.
’
, ,

of G ettysb urg on the r i ght e n d e d .

The n the r e w a s a p au se of th r ee h our s an om i

nou s sile n ce s u ch a s s o metimes goe s
P i k tt Ch g
’ ,
c e s ar e

befor e a c ra sh of th und e r L ee w a s .

m a ssi ng his ar tille ry of 1 1 5 gun s Opp o site C emetery .

H ill Me ade sa w wh a t wa s p ro p o se d t o be don e and

.
,

p rep ar e d for it A t 1 o cl o ck the si gna l gun w

’
. as

fire d on S emi nar y R i dg e F or two h our s an artille r y

.

du el rag e d s u ch a s h ad n e v e r sh ake n the atm o sphe r e

of eithe r c on ti n e n t T rees ro cks and t o mbst on es
—
.
, ,

we r e sh atte r e d h or ses and me n we r e m ang le d

g un s sw ord s and c ann on we r e d ye d i n bl ood W he n
, , .

’
it ce a se d P ickett s b ra v e V i rg i n i an s wh o h ad j u st
, ,

r e ache d the b attle fi el d m ad e thei r fa m ou s ch arg e

-
,

u p on the Un i on ce n te r No thi ng i n hist ory su r

.

p a sses it i n he r o ism and s a c ri fice W he n they n e are d .

the c o vete d h ill se v e n ty i ron th roa ts p our e d g r ape

, ,
 The A dministr a tion e f the Gover nmen t 229

shell and c an iste r u p on them

,
Yet on they we n t
.
,

eve n t o the c annon s m ou th and for on e b r ie f

’
,

m o m e n t a Confe d e ra te fl ag w ave d o ve r the Un i on

gun s . B u t H an c o ck s
’

i nfant ry qu ickly a d
v a n ced and r ec o ve r e d
the l o st ground The
.

r a w t roo ps with wh o m

P etti grew w a s t o s u p
p or t the ch arg e gave
wa y a t the s a me m o
me n t and P ick ett w a s
,

left al on e t o c on te nd
H i gh W t M k of th C ivi l W
the U n i on forces a er ar e ar .

no w p r essing him on eve ry si d e The u s ua l se qu el

.

of r et r e at d i d n ot fo ll o w . P ickett 8 ch arg e e nd e d
’

in alm o st t o t a l d est ru ction .The fi el d on which he

fought h ad bee n m o wn with the scythe of D e a th .

Dur i ng the time of this l a st and s u p r eme e ffort of

L ee the r e w a s a g e n e ra l m o veme n t aga i n st Th R v
, e es er es

Me ade s army all al ong the li n e ; b u t it

’
d G gg an re
’
s

c v l y
wa s of little c on se qu e n ce elsewhe r e On .
a a r

the left i n fron t of L ittle Round Top the P en n syl

, ,

v an i a R ese rv es dro v e b a ck H ood a nd M cLa ws c a p ,

t uri ng st and of arms and t aking 300 p r is on e r s .

O n the r i ght G e n e ral Gre gg ga in e d a d ecisive victory

,

o ve r S tuar t in a c av al ry e ngag eme n t The fo ll o wi ng

.

m orn ing L ee w a s on the r et re a t t o the P o t o m a c ; b u t

th at day and the n ext we r e empl o ye d by Me ad e i n “

s u cc or i ng the wound e d a n d b uryi ng the d e ad ”

Go v .

fl
c ruor Curti n s oon afte r ward s p ro p o se d t o the Go ve rnor s
of the d i er en t S t a tes wh o se r e gime n ts t oo k p art i n
the b a ttl e th a t a cemete ry b e p urch a se d for the fina l
,
230 A H istor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

b ur i a l of the Un i on de ad The ground s emb ra ce d i n

.

this cemete ry w e r e a t fir st o w n e d by this S t ate and ,

the expe n ses o f m a in t a i n ing them b orn e by the sev

e ra l S t ates i n te r este d The cem ete ry w a s d e d ic a te d
.

No v embe r 1 9 1 863 a s A b ra h a m L i n c o l n s a i d on th a t
, ,

o cc a si on t o be “ a fin a l r esti ng pl a ce for th o se wh o
,

he r e ga ve thei r li v es th a t the na ti on mi g ht live ”

In .

1 872 the Un ite d S t a tes go v e rn me n t s u ccee d e d t o the

o wn e r ship and m anag eme n t The e nti r e b attle fi el d is
.

n ow the p ro pe r ty of the na ti on and the p o s iti on of ,

eve ry milit ary organ iz a tion which fought u p on the

fi el d h a s bee n m arke d by m onu me n ts no t t o d ec a y by ,

the t ou ch of Time A n d G ettysb urg will be the Mecc a

.

of p a t r i o ts a s l ong a s our fa i r l and e ndur es .

In 1 864 the Confe d e rates on ce m or e m ad e a ra i d

,

Th B u i g of
e rn n i n t o P e nn sylv an i a and b urn e d C h a mb er s ,

Ch m b
a er s bu g r
b urg They appe ar e d ou tsi d e of the t o w n
.

on the eve n i ng of the 29th of J u ly b u t we r e d el a ye d ,

i n thei r e n t ran ce until dayli ght of the 30th They .

pl an te d two b a tte ri es and fir e d a few sh o ts befor e

the wh o le c o l u m n of e n te r e d Soon afte r the .

o cc u p a ti on M c Ca u sl a n d the c o mm and e r d em and e d

, , ,

i n gr ee n b a cks or i n go l d t o be ,

p a i d withi n h a lf an h our O n r efu s al the t o wn wa s

.
,

t o be b urn e d H e w a s t o l d tha t
.
“ C h a mbe r sb urg
cou l d no t a n d w ou ld no t p a y an y ran s o m The n he
”
.

h ad the c ourt h ou se bell rung for a p ublic meeting ;

-

b u t no on e a tte nd e d A rr ests of p ro mi n e n t citize n s

.

we r e n ext ord e r e d and th re ats we r e m ad e t o c arry

,

them t o R ichm ond if they d i d no t p ay the ran s o m .

Whe n all this p ro ve d t o no p urp o se he set the t o wn ,

on fire . In a f ew h our s w orth of p ro pe rty

wa s d est ro ye d , pe o ple we re left h o meless and
 The A d min istr a tion f
o the Gover nmen t 231

m an y o f them pe nn iless and for miles around the

,

c oun t ry w a s c ro wde d with te rror st r icke n r efug ees -

.

C h a mbe r sbur g w a s the on ly t o wn t o t ally d estro ye d ,

withi n the limit s of the Un i on S t ates .

A t the cl o se of the w ar Go v e rnor Curti n i n a, ,

speci al mess ag e t o the L e gisl a tur e s a i d P y lv ,i en n s an a s

’

“ B ttl F l g
th a t the r es our ces of P e nn sylv an i a ,
a e a s

whethe r i n me n or m on ey, h ave n eithe r bee n withhel d

nor s quand e r e d ”
The S t ate furn ishe d all t o l d 270
.
, ,

r e gi me n ts and seve ral una tt a che d c o mp an ies numbe r ,

ing
fl
me n E ve ry r e g ime n t w a s s u pplie d with
.

a b attle a g embl az on e d with the nu mbe r of the

-

r e g ime n t and the c oat of —

,
.

arms of the Co mm on we a lth

-
.

The R ese r ves and o the r e arly r e g ime nts we re p ro v i d e d

with fl ag s be ar i ng additi ona l i n sc r ipti on s of b attles ,

of the R ev o l u ti on the w ar of 1 81 2 and the Mexic a n

, ,

war p articip ate d l n by Pe nn sylv an i a r e g ime nts of

,

the s ame nu mbe r These flag s we r e p r ese n te d by

.
;

Go ve rnor Cur ti n i n pe r s on M o st of them h ave

m
.

si n ce bee n r et urn e d t o the S t a te s o e t atte r e d and,

t orn a n d st a i n e d with bl ood They c on stitu te an in

.

terestin g r elic a n d ar e p r ese rv e d l n the E xec u ti v e

,

B u il d ing of the Capit o l a t H arrisb urg .

t o r ecei v e thei r b attle a g s Go ve rnor Th S mm

-
fl
W he n the P e nn sylv an i a r e gime n ts we re dra wn u p
,

O‘P h
e o e
,

Curti n a lw ays ple dg e d the S t ate t o sus ans

t ai n cl o the and e du c ate the chil dre n of tho se wh o

,

h ad fa milies S o whe n i n 1 863 Co l on el Th o m a s

.
, ,

A . S c o tt on beh alf of the P e nn sylv an i a Rail road

,

Co mp an y donate d
,
for b oun ties t o v o lun tee r s ,

it w a s d eci de d t o u se th a t fun d i n ano the r w ay ;

n a mely to est ablish sch oo ls for s o ld ie r s orphan s
,
’
.

A nu mbe r of sch oo ls willi ng t o t ake p u pils we r e

232 A H istor y o f P en n sy lva nia

sele cte d i n v ar i ou s p ar ts of the S t a te and by 1 865 ,

266 s o l d ie r s or ph an s we r e e nro lle d i n them Th rough

’
.

this me a s ur e P e nn sylv an i a e r ecte d a m onu me n t to

,

he r s o l d ie rs th a t is m or e e ndur i ng th an the gran ite

c o l um n s th a t h ave bee n raise d on the b attle fi el d s .

“
A t the electi on for a s u cce ss or t o the gr e at War
Go ve rnor J o h n W G e ary the R epu b ,
”
.
,

lic an c and i date r eceive d a m aj or ity of ,

1 7 000 v o tes o ve r H ieste r C lyme r ; the

,

D em o c ratic c and idate G e ary w a s G ov .

er n or
—
for two te rm s fro m 1 867 t o
1 873 The wh o le c oun t ry b u t m or e
.
,

especi a lly the North p ro spe r e d gr e atly ,

J hn W G m
°
afte r the w ar
° e
P e nn syl v an i a with its .
,

v a st m ate r i a l r es our ces e n j o ye d unu s ual b u si n ess ,

a ctiv ity H o we v e r the re w a s on e secti on i n the S t a te t o

.
,

which the rav ag es of the w ar we r e a d eci d e d drawb a ck .

I t e mbra ce d the s o c alle d “ b ord e r c oun ties

-
York -
,

A dams Cu mbe rl and F ran kli n F u lt on B e df ord and

, , , , ,

P e rry . These s u ff e r e d gr e atl y on a cc ount of the

d ep r e da ti on s th a t h ad bee n c o mmitte d i n the c our se
of the v ari ou s i n v a si on s Whe n the L e g isl atur e w a s
.

a ppe ale d t o for a i d it p a sse d an act i n 1 868 by

,

which the cl a ims for dam ag es we r e s atis fi e d i n s o me

d e gr ee The na ti ona l go ve rn me n t h a s likewise m ad e
.

r ep ara ti on for m an y l o sses and is still a ppe ale d t o ,

for the settleme n t of o the r s

—
.

A si de fro m “ the sa w du st w ar a d ist urb an ce i n

-
,
”

G v
o e r n or W illiam sp or t i n 1 871 re qu iring the p res
, ,

H m
a an“ e n ce of the milit ary — the Co mm on we alth ,

e nj o ye d pe ace and t ranqu illity un til 1 872 Th a t .

ye ar the L i b e ral Rep u blic an s ( see an y U S his . .

tory ) no mi na te d H ora ce Greeley e d itor of the New ,

 The Admin istr a tion o f the Gover n men t 233

York Tr ibu n e aga in st P r esi d e n t Gran t wh o w a s the

, ,

r e gu lar R ep u blic an c andi date for a sec ond te r m The .

D em o c rats h ad p ra ctic ally no c andi date b u t i ndor se d ,

Gr eeley . The c an v a ss th rough ou t the c oun t ry wa s

m arke d by i n te n se p artis an feeli ng which aff ecte d
the c a mp ai gn for Go v e rnor The Re .

p u blic an no mi n ee wa s G e n e ra l J o h n
F H art ranft ; the D em o c ratic C h ar les
.
,

R B u ck alew A nu mbe r of p ro m
. . .

i n c u t Rep ublic an s i n P e nn sylv an i a

j o i n e d the ranks of the L iberals and
s u pp orte d B u ck alew f or Go ve rnor .

A fte r a gr e a t p o litic a l b a ttle H a r ,

Joh F H t ft
tr a n ft w
n ar ran
a s electe d A t this electi on
. .

.
,

the P ro hibiti on is ts for the fir st time p r ese n te d a

c and i da te — S B C h a se.
— f or Go ve rnor
. H e r eceive d .

v o tes .

The gre a t finan ci a l c risis of 1 873 m arke d the e nd

of the p ro spe rou s times th a t fo ll o we d Th F i il e n a nc a

the w ar I t w a s p recipit ate d u p on the

.
“ 1 3 73

c oun t ry fro m P hil ad elphi a by the fa ilur e o f J a y Coo ke

,

Co wh o we r e force d t o cl o se the door s of thei r

.
,

b anking hou se on the 1 8th of S eptembe r

-
B e for e .

“
n ight run s we r e m ad e on the o the r b anks of the city
”
, ,

and i n a few days a nu m be r of them h ad t o s u spe nd

,

The se fa ilur es be gan the l ong t ra i n of b u si n ess and

l ab or diffi c u lties th at m ad e the n ext f ew ye ar s s o
da rk t o t rad e and i ndu st ry Early the n ext ye ar a
.

ra ilroad str ike o cc urre d a t Su s qu eh anna bec au se the ,

Ne w York and Er ie road d i d n ot m ake m on thly

p ayme n ts p ro mptly T roo ps h ad t o be se nt by the
.

Go ver nor t o r est or e orde r A b ou t this time too

.
, ,

d ist urb an ces i n the c oa l r e g i on s be gan t o be se ri ou s .

234 A H is tor y f
o P en nsy lva n ia

The fir st st rike of an y c on se qu e n ce o cc urr e d i n the

an th racite secti on i n 1 868 for an ei ght h our da y ,
-
.

I t wa s no t s u ccessfu l b u t it r es ulte d i n a c o mp act,

organ iz a ti on of the mi n e r s In 1 871 the S t ate militi a .

,

h ad t o be se n t t o S c ran t on on a cc oun t of a st r ike

aga in st r e du cti on of w ag es I t w a s settle d by ar
—
.

i
b t a tion
r ,
the fir st no teworthy ex a mple of this m od e
of settleme n t in the Un ite d S t a tes O the r st rikes of .

m i nor i mp ort an ce o cc urr e d ; b u t on J anuary 1 1 875 , ,

the m i n e r s of the L ehi gh and S c huyl kill r e gi on s

we n t ou t on wh at bec a m ek no w n a s the l ong st rike“ ”
.

I t l a ste d un til J u ly and e nd e d i n the un c onditi ona l

,

s urr e nd e r of the m i n e rs I t w a s g en er a ll y pea cea b l e ;

.
‘

b u t at on e time the Go v e rnor h ad t o se n d the militi a

t o qu ell d is ord e r .

O n Ju ly 4 1 874 ground w a s b ro ke n i n P hil a

, ,

C ity H n
a and th d elphi a f or the C e n te nn i a l E xhibition
e

C t il
en e n n a
b u il d i ng s an d the c orn e r st on e of -
,

the C ity H all w a s l a i d The l atte r is the l arg est.

p ublic b u il d i ng i n A me ric a b u ilt of white m arble , ,

i n the r e naiss an ce style The m a in t o we r 547 feet .

,

hi gh s urm oun te d by a st a tu e of W illi a m P e nn 3 6

,
‘
,

f eet hi gh and fa ci ng northe a st in the d ir ecti on of

the fam ou s elm is the hi ghest i n the w orld
, The .

b u il d ing c on t ai n s s o me 500 roo ms and h a s a fl oor ,

ar e a of 1 4% ac r es I t h a s a l re ad y c o st ab ou t
.

and is no t c o mplete d The C e n te nn ia l .

E xhibiti on which wa s t o c o mmem ora te the D ecl ara

,

ti on of Ind epe nd e n ce h ad m ad e s u ch p rogr ess by ,

J u ly 4 1 875 th at the c o l o ss a l figur e of Co l umbi a

, , ,

on Mem or i a l H all w a s unv eile d on th a t da y

, F or .

Mem ori al H all the S t a te and Phil ad elphi a a pp ro p ri

,

a te d the m on ey ; o the rwise the C e n te nn i a l wa s an

 The A dmin istr a tion f
o the Gover n m en t 235

e nte rp rise of the wh o le c oun t ry A b ou t 1 80 b u il di ng s

.

we r e e r ecte d on the ground s The fi ve gr e at bu il d

.

i ng s we r e the M ai n E xhibiti on B u il d i ng M a chi n e ry ,

H a ll Me m or i a l H all A gr ic u lt ura l H a ll and H or ticu l

, ,

iy
C t l Phil a del phi
Ha l , a .

t ura l H all The S t a tes of the Un i on e a ch h ad a b u il d

.

i ng ; and s o h ad the Un ite d S t ates the forei gn go ve rn

,

me nts and s o me e n te r p rising i nd i v i duals The four .

gre at days we r e the o pe n i ng day M ay 1 0 ; I n depen

,

d e n ce Day J u ly 4 ; Pe nn sylvan i a Day S eptembe r 28 ;

, ,

and cl o si ng day No v embe r 1 0 The F ourth of J u l y

, .

h ad b rought t o P hil ad elphi a a l arg e nu mbe r of pe o ple

fro m all o v e r the Un ite d S t ates b u t P e nn sylv an i a
,
"

Day wa s the m o st m emorable t o t his S t ate ; for on

236 A His tor y o f P enn sy lva n ia

th at da y of its pe o ple s urg e d th rough the

ground s of the E xhibition The hi ghest atte ndan ce
.

b e for e th a t h ad bee n The cl o sin g day oc

Th e C en ten i
n al E xhibi ti on .

c urr e d und e r the gl oo m of a bitte r Pr esi d e nti al c on test

i n the Un ite d S t ates and excepti ng the m agn ifi ce n t
, ,

py ro tech n ic d ispl ay i n the e v e n i ng w a s un e v e n t fu l ,

.

P r esi d e n t Gran t gav e the si gna l for cl o sin g the E xhi

b ition , and i n st an tly the gr e at Corliss e ng i n e i n
Ma chin e ry H all ce a se d t o m o ve .

The ye ar 1 877 is no te d for the m o st exte n sive

Th R il
e a d and d est ru ctive r i o ts th at e v e r b ro ke ou t
r oa

R im s
i n P e nn syl v an i a They grew ou t of the
.

gr e at rail road st r ike i naugurate d through ou t the

Un ite d S t ates on the 1 4th of J uly A t P ittsb u r g .

s o me two th ou s an d fr ei ght c ar s we r e destr o ye d m an y ,

fl
ra il road b u il d ing s l aid i n a sh e s and miles of t racks ,

t orn u p The sher i w a s h elpless agai n st the l awless

.

m o b who t oo k ad van t age of the st rike and e ngag e d i n

pl und e r and d est ru ction . Go v e rnor H artranft wa s
en ro u te on a visit t o the P a cifi c c oa st and h ad t o ,

r eturn .O n the 22d of Ju ly be fore re achi n g h o me

, ,
 The A dmin istr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 23 7

he tele graphe d an ord e r c a lli ng ou t the Na ti onal '

Guard Bu t the arme d m ob wa s n ot to be d ispe r se d

.

by the S t ate t roo ps and Un ite d S t a tes t roo ps ha d t o

,

be b roug ht u p on the sce n e befor e qu iet c ou l d be

r est or e d The d ist urb an ce at P ittsb urg wa s the si gnal
.

for d is ord e r at o the r p o i nts A t P hil ad elphi a an d .

H arrisb urg it w a s n ippe d i n the b ud A t Read i ng the

~

ra il road b r i dg e a c ro ss the S ch u ylkill w a s b urn e d and ,

the Na tiona l Guard c a me i n t o fat a l c o lli si on with a

b ody of str ike r s l n the st reets A c o mp an y of U n ite d .

S t ates troo ps we r e e n c a mpe d the r e un til l a te i n the

fa ll A t S c ran t on and W ilkes B arr e p a sse ng e r tra i n s
.
-

we r e fir e d a t a s they p a sse d th roug h and the t ra cks ,

gre a se d t o st o p them In this secti on the mi n e rs

.
,

t oo we n t on a st r ike b u t the milit ary p re v e n te d an y

, ,

d est ru cti on of p ro pe r ty s u ch a s ch aracte r ize d the

st r ike at R e ad ing and Pittsb urg
,
.

A t the electi on for Go v e rnor i n 1 878 the re we r e

f our c and i da tes — H e n r y M H o yt Rep u b .
,
G H yt o v er n or o
lic an ; A ndrew H D ill D em o c rat ; Sa m u el .
,

R M a s on Gr ee n b a ck ; and F ran kli n H Lan e Pro b i

.
, .
,

bitiou The R ep ublic an c andi date w a s elect ed

. In .

J anuar y 1 879 the fir st L e g isl a tur e

, ,

h o l d ing a bie nn i a l sessi on met The .

i ndu st ri es we r e still su ffe ring fro m

h ard times b u t the r e we r e si gn s ,

of r et urn i ng p ro spe r ity p r ese n t Go v .

er n or H o yt i n his i naugura l r emi nd e d

, ,

the pe o ple th at they spe n t m or e th an

they e arn e d th at the ext rav agan ce
H e y M H oyt
,

nr
of the r ich i s n ot the ga i n of the
. .

p oor th at wa ste and p rofu si on ar e no t for the good

,

of t rad e The n t oo fre qu e n t a ss a ssi nati on s and

.
, ,
238 A H istor y f
o P enn sylva n ia

o the r ou trag es wer e c o mmitte d on j u stices c on ,

st ables and m in l n g b o sses i n the an th racite

r e g i on s T o exp o se these l awless d ee d s and b r ing
.

the c r imi na ls t o j u stice d etectives h ad t o be em ,

pl o ye d P lo ts and c oun te r pl o ts wer e l a i d and a

.
-

feeling of gr e at un e a si n ess p r ev a ile d Go v e rnor H a r .

tr a n ft i n his l a st mess ag e ad v o c a te d arbit ra ti on and

,
t

c on cili ation a s a bette r p o licy th an r ep r essi on t o

r est ore t ranqu illity The S t ate h ad p a i d annua lly for
.

ei ght ye ar s for the su pp r essi on of l ab or

t roubles .

The L e gisl at ur e of 1 879 ord e r e d an i n vesti gati on of

Im p t t
or a n tw o sh a m me d ic a l c o lle g es in P hil ad elphi a .

m ma as
which s o l d dipl o m a s t o a pplic ants with ou t a
k no wle dg e of me d ici n e I t au th or ize d ano the r pe n i
.

ten tia r y which tw o ye ar s l a te r bec a me the H un ti ng

,

don R eform a t ory I t r e organ i z e d the Na ti onal Guard

.
,

which w a s m ade t o c on sist of o ffice r s and

—
e n liste d me n i n a si ng le d ivisi on th r ee b r i gad es ,

th r ee b a tte r ies of artille ry the b a tt a li on of S t a te Fe n

,

cibles and two i nd epe nd e n t c o mp an ies

,
.

In 1 881 an effort wa s m ad e by the L e g isl atur e t o

,

h ave the r em a in s of W illi am P e nn

Th B i C
e -
t il
en en n a
r em o v e d fro m the gravey ard a t J or
dan s meet ing h ou se i n B u ckingh amshi r e Engl and
’ -
, , ,

and i n te rr e d i n P hil adelphi a The hei r s of P e nn .

obj ecte d ; b u t the abse n ce of his b on es d i d no t m ar

fl
the b i ce n te nn i al celeb rati on of his arr iv al i n the
-

good ship W elc o me The a a ir wa s be gun a t C heste r

.
,

on M onday O ct o be r , So me ch a ra cte rs r ep
r ese n ti ng W illi am P e nn and his c o l on ists l and e d a t
the foo t of P e nn st r eet whe r e they we r e r ecei v e d by
,

L ie u tenan t M arkh a m and a grou p of Q uake r s S we d es ,

 The A dmin istr a tion o f the Gover n men t 239

and Ind i an s a pp ro p r i a tely c o st u med

,
A t mi dn i gh t .

two hundr e d str o k es of the S t a te H ou se bell

“
announ ce d the be g i nn ing of l andi ng day i n P hil a ”

d elphi a . F ully str ang e r s we r e i n the city

t o see the Welc o me c o me u p the D el awar e ab ou t 9 ,

’
o cl o ck i n the m orn i ng The l and ing w a s m ad e at .

the foo t of Do ck st reet a cc ord i ng t o t rad iti on A , .

p ro cessi on w a s for me d and a t the grand st and ,

Go ve rnor H o yt greete d Pe nn and his s u ite The .

found e r the n m ad e an address t o which Sa chem T a m ,

an e nd of the D el awares m ad e a r eply

, The pr oces , .

si on which i n cl ud e d m or e th an
,
m en i n lin e ,

and r e qu i r e d fo ur and a h al f h our s i n p a ssi ng w a s ,

ve ry un i qu e I t sh o we d the gradua l p rogress m ad e

.

dur i ng the two ce n t uri es of the S t ate s existe n ce The

’
.

f estivities c on ti nu e d un til F ri day .

A t the electi on i n 1 882 the r e we re fi ve c and i dates ,

fer Go ve rnor ; v iz Ro be rt E Pattis on .

, G m , ev e er

P w
.

D em o c ra t ; J a mes A B e a ve r R ep u blic an ; .
,
a s”

J o h n S tew art Ind epe nd e n t R ep u blic an ; Th om a s A

, .

A r mst ro n g Gr ee nb a ck Lab or
, and
A lfr e d C P ettit Pro hibiti on
. As , .

Go ve rnor H o yt s a i d i n his l a st m es
“
s ag e the pe o ple d e te rmin e d u p on a
,

ch ang e for the D em o c ra tic c and ida te

”
,

w a s electe d F o ll o wi ng the ex ample

of P r esi d e n t J e er son
.

M r Pattis on fl , .

wou l d no t r ide i n a c arriage fro m the

R ob t E P tti o er a s n
d ep o t a t H arr isb urg b u t w alke d t o
. .

the h o tel a t the time of his inauguration In his .

mess ag es t oo he adv o c ate d ec ono m y i n the p u blic

, ,

se r v ice r ec o mme ndi ng v ar i ou s r e forms i n te nd e d to

,

lesse n expe n ses .

240 A H istor y f
o P en n sy lva n ia

O n the day fi xe d by the L e gisl atur e for adj ourn

A L on g E tr a x me n t J un e 6 1 883 the Go ve rnor c alle d
, , ,

an ext ra sessi on t o meet the fo llo wing

day . The o bj ect w a s t o r e d istr ict the S t a te i n t o
se na t ori al and rep r ese n t a tive d ist r icts i n o be d ie n ce t o ,

the Con stit uti on A rticle ,

secti on 1 8 ; a ls o t o m ake
a n ew app orti on me n t i n c ongr essi ona l and j udici a l
d ist r icts The L e gisl at ur e h ad f a ile d t o do this w ork
.

a t the r e g u l ar sessi on bec au se the two h ou ses bei ng

, ,

of di ff e r e n t p o litic al c o mplexi on c ou l d no t agr ee ,

.

The ext ra sessi on c on ti nu e d un til D ecembe r 6 B ills .

we r e i n trodu ce d t o meet the p urp o se of the c a ll ; b u t

on ly the on e r e arrangi ng the j ud ici al d ist r icts bec ame
a l a w The o the r s fa ile d on a cc oun t of :p o litic al d is
.

agreeme n ts The expe n se i n c urr e d w a s he av y and

.

c au se d m u ch d iss atisfa cti on The me mbe r s we r e p a i d

.

te n do ll ar s pe r d iem T o av o i d a r ec urr e n ce of s o
.

gr e a t an expe n se th rough an ext ra sess1 on the l a w ,

w a s ch ang e d i n 1 885 The c o mpe n s a ti on for b o th

.

the r e gu l ar and ext ra sessi on s n ow is a fi xe d a m oun t ,

for the r e gu l ar a n d $ 500 for the ext ra ,

r e gard less of the le ngth O the r imp ort an t le gisl a ti on

.

a t the sessi on of 1 885 w a s c re ating c or p orati on s for

the p rodu ction c on v eyan ce and d ist rib u ti on of na t
,

ura l ga s ; r e qu esti ng the Go v e rnor t o d esi gnate a day

a s A rb or Day ; and r e qu i ri ng i n the c o mm on sch oo ls

fl
the st udy of physi o l ogy and hy g ie n e with speci a l
r e fe re n ce t o the e ec ts of alc o h o lic dri nks stim u l an ts
and narc o tics .
,

The qu esti on of tempe ran ce r eceive d a tte n ti on i n

T m p c d o the r d irection s als o ab ou t this time
e er a n e an .

A s e arly a s 1 872 P e nn syl v an i a p u t a ,

l o c al o pti o n l a w u p on the st a tu te b oo ks b u t it ,
 The A d min is tr a tion f
o the Gover n men t 24 1

wa s r epe a le d s oon afte rward s With the s udd e n .

gro wth of the P ro hibiti on p ar ty i n the Pr esid e n

ti a l c a mp a i gn of 1 884 the r e c a me a d em an d for le g is
,

l ati on t o r est rict and e v e n t o p ro hibit the li quor

, ,

t ra ffic The re we r e a t the time

. lice n se d dr i n k
i ng pl a ces i n P hilad elphi a al on e In o be die n ce to a .

l oud c all fro m all o v e r the S t ate the L e g isl a t ur e i n ,

1 887 p a sse d the so c a lle d “hi g h lice n se bill which

- ”
,

fi xe d the fees for the ri ght t o sell li quor a t r et a il a s

hi g h a s $ 500 and $ 300 i n cities and p ro p or ti onately ,

hi gh i n b oroughs and t o wn ships A t the s a me time .

,

an a me nd me n t t o the Con stit u ti on p ro hibiti ng the ,

m anufa ct ur e and s ale of i n t o xic ati ng li quor a s a b ev

e rag e w a s p ro p o se d
,
This p ro p o siti on h av i ng bee n
.

agr ee d t o a ls o by the n ext L e gisl atur e an electi on w a s ,

hel d J un e 1 8 1 889 , for the p urp o se of ratifying or

,

r ej ecti ng the a me ndme nt A v e ry spi r ite d c a mp a i gn

.

en su e d ; b ut the a me ndme n t w a s l o st by a v o te of
to the v o te by c oun ties bei n g 39
“
agai n st it and 28 for it La te r on the hi g h lice n se ”
.
,

a ct w a s a me nd e d s o a s to i n c re a se the am oun t i n
cities of fir st and sec ond cl a ss .

A t the electi on for Go v e r nor i n 1 886 the r e we r e

four c and i dates a s fo ll o ws : J ames A
, Th S t t
.
e a e

B e ave r R ep u blic an ; C h aun cey F B l a ck

,
A
a .
,
s su r es

N w D un
D e mo c rat ; C h arles S Wo l f P rohibiti on ;
e es
.
,

and Ro be rt J H o u st on Gr ee nb a ck
. The R ep u blic an
, .

c and i date wa s s u ccess fu l The L e g isl at ur e i n 1 887

.

d id wh a t it h ad bee n a ske d t o do by Go v e rnor Patti

s on whe n he c a lle d the ext ra sessi o n ih 1 883 The .

S t ate w a s app orti on e d i n t o twe n ty ei ght c ongressi ona l -

dist ricts and r ep rese n t ativ e d istr icts we r e p ro v i d e d

,

for 204 membe r s of the H ou se A t this sessi o n t oo .

, ,

P
242 A H istor y f
o P en n sy lva n ia

the a pp ro p r i ati on f or c o mm on sch oo ls wa s i n c re a se d

fro m to the dissemi na tion of
vil e lite ra t ur e w a s d ecl ar e d t o be a mis d eme anor ; the
“e a ste rn st andard ” ti m e w a s made the standard
th rough ou t the Co mm on we alth ; the
c u ltur e of t rees w a s e n c ourag e d and
their wilful d est ru cti on p ro hibite d
and h o spit a ls we r e est ablishe d for
pe r s on s inj ure d i n the c oal fi el d s It .

is see n fro m the na ture of these l a ws

th at the S t a te a ssu me d n ew duties
and r esp on sibilities ab ou t this time
J m A B e ve
a es . a r
,

do i ng thi ng s th a t use d t o be don e

by the pe o ple i n their p r iv a te c ap acity or we r e no t
don e a t all The empl o yme n t of w o me n and chil dr e n
.

ln fa ct or ies wa s r e gu l a te d and p ro v ision m ad e

for thei r safety while the fi sh i n the str e a ms and the
,

game i n the for est we r e p ro tecte d aga i n st r uthless

d estru cti on .

A no the r ex a mple of the

Th e J h t w
o ns o gro wi ng i nter est
n

N “
W
of the S t ate i n
its pe o ple w a s furn ishe d by
the fl ood s of 1 889 O n M a y .

3 1 the r e g i on s of the West

B ran ch of the Su s qu eh anna ,

the J un i at a and Con em augh ,

r iv e r s we r e v isite d by fl ood s
which h ad no p ara llel in
hist ory M an y villag es t o wn s
.
,

and cities on the e a ste rn

J ohn B a k er .

sl o pe of the A lle gh en ies we r e ,

for a time r e nd e r e d u t te rly helpless

, On the weste rn
.
 The A dmin is tr a tion of the Gover n men t 243

sl o pe J ohn stown and its n eig hb or in g t o wn s we r e a lm o st

,
“
o blite rate d Th ree th ou s and li v es we r e l o st i n the
.

Con em augh v a lley m or e qu ickly th an the st or y of the

,

d is a ste r c an be t o l d The cau se of this te rr ible l o s s

.

Th e Penn syl va ia R il
n a r oa d B id g
r e and th e W ck g b v
re a e a o e It .

of life wa s the b re aki n g of a da m c o ve r i ng 600 ac r es

‘

of l and and c a lc u l a te d t o h o l d 500 000 000 c u bic f eet , ,

of w a te r I t w a s sit uate d on the Sou th F ork two

.
,

m iles s ou th of the j un cti on with the Con em aug h and

te n miles e a st of J o h n st o wn
-
O n the afte rnoon of .

M ay 3 1 it ro se sl o wly un til it p oure d o ve r the t o p .

The n s o me o l d le ak ag es bec a me l arg e r the b r e a st ,

b rok e and the w a te r ru she d for th like a d em on J o h n

, .

B ake r the Pau l R e v e r e of the occ a swn rod e a ra ce

, ,

W ith it f or a while and s av e d m an y pe o ple ; b u t the

d e a th de a lin g w ave no w l ade n with t r ees h ou ses
-
, , ,

wr eck ag e and h u m an bei ng s d e fie d ste a m whistles ,

and tele graphic i n str u me nts I t pl oughe d th roug h .

Sou th F ork Mi n e ra l P o i nt F rankli n Ea st Con em augh

, , , ,

Woodv ale C on em augh J o h n st o wn Ke rnville Mill

, , , ,
244 A H is tor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

ville and Ca mb r i a
,
I t wa s l ate i n the afte rnoon and
.
,

the n i ght th at fo ll o we d w a s on e of unutte rable agon y .

Morn i ng dawn e d u p on a sce n e th a t be ggar e d descr ip

tion ; and whe n the pe o ple le arn e d wh at h ad h a ppe n e d
a t J ohn stown they exte nd e d a i d and symp a thy a s
,

un p arallele d a s the c a t a st ro phe itself R elie f c o mmit

.

tees we r e organ ize d in Phil ad elphi a and P ittsb urg t o

furn ish a i d and t o help b ury the d e ad Go ve rnor .

B e a v e r a pp o i nte d a Fl ood R elie f Co mmissi on t o d is

t r ib u te a fund th at h ad swelle d t o m or e th an
The S t ate B oard of H e alth w a s e arly
on the ground t o e nfor c e the s an it ar y l a ws and the ,

milit ary c a me the r e t o p r ese r ve ord e r To p a y the .

S t ate s expe n ses g e n e rou s me n of me an s ad v an ce d the

’
,

m on ey till the L e g isl at ur e w ou l d r eimb ur se them .

The r e n eve r wa s a m or e b e au tifu l ex ample of p u blic

and p r i v ate ch arity i n a ll hist ory .

A t the electi on for Go ve rnor i n 1 890 the r e we r e ,

G v
o e r n or aga i n four c andi dates : Ro be rt E P attis on .
,

P w
a s”
D em o c rat ; G e org e W D el a m a te r R ep ub
.
,

lic an ; J o h n D G ill P ro hibiti on ; and T P Ryn der

.
, . .
,

Lab or M r P a ttis on w a s electe d for a sec ond te rm

. . .

fl
Und e r the Con stit uti on of 1 873 a pe r s on h o l d ing the
o ic e of Go ve rnor is no t eli g ible for the n ext su c
,

ceed in g te rm P ro b a bly the m o st imp ort an t a ct of

.

“
the L e g isl at ur e of 1 89 1 w a s the p a ss ag e of the B a ll o t
R efor m La w The v o te r w a s no t s u fficie n tly fr ee
”

and i nd epe n d e n t i n c a sting his b all o t and the c ry for ,

p ur e r electi o n s wa s he ard a ll o v e r the Co mm on w e alth .

The l a w p a sse d is k no wn a s the A u st ra li an system ,

the na tur e of which is th at it p rese r v es t o a m an

free do m and sec r ecy i n the d isch arg e of his du ty a s
an elect or .
 The A d ministr a tion f
o the Gover nmen t 245

The ye ar s 1 89 1 and 1 892 ar e mem orable on

acc oun t of gre at l ab or t rou bles O n the L b T ub l
.

a or ro es

2d of A p ril ; 1 89 1 the she r i ff of West

,

m or el and c oun ty tele graphe d t o the Go ve rnor th a t

seve n pe r s on s h ad bee n kille d and twe n ty on e -

w ound e d a t M oor ew ood and th at he wa s unable t o

,

s u pp r ess the d is ord e r Two r e g ime n ts of the Na ti ona l

.

Guard w e re se n t the r e and ord e r w a s a t on ce r est or e d

,
.

The fo ll o wing ye ar on J u ly 6 the sher ifi of A lle

, ,

g hen y c oun ty tele gra phe d t o H arr isb urg th a t a c o lli

si on with fa t a l r es u lts h ad o ccu rr e d at H o meste ad
betwee n st riki ng w orki ng me n and arme d d ep u ties and
w atchme n and th at he wa s una ble t o c o pe with the
,

r i o te r s
. The c au se of the strike w a s th a t the Car
n eg ie S teel Co m p an y a ttempte d to r e du ce the w ag es

of s o me of its empl o yes wh o nu mbe r e d ab ou t

,

me n . Th o se wh o r efu se d t o a ccept the n ew sc ale of

w ages we r e l o cke d ou t and the n the t rouble be gan
,
.

O n e a ct fo ll o we d an o the r until the me n l o cke d ou t

h ad p ra ctic al p o ssessi on of the w orks The c o mp an y
.

n ow b roug ht a for ce of P i n ke rt on d etectives fro m

C hic ago t o p ro tect its own p ro pe r ty W he n these .

arr iv e d i n b arg es fro m P ittsb urg they we r e att a cke d ,

a s th ey attempte d t o l and and a se r i ou s r i o t e n su e d ,

i n which t he P i nke rt on s go t the wor st A b ou t a .

do z e n lives we r e l o st and sc or es of pe r s on s we r e
wounde d . W he n the Na ti ona l Guard arr iv e d the ,

to wn w a s well n i g h und e r the r e i gn of m ob l a w; b u t

-

a two weeks p r ese n ce of the S ec ond and Third B r i

- ’

gad es r est or e d ord e r The H o me ste ad r i o t a n d o the r

.

l ab or t roubles c au se d m u ch agit ati on i n and ou t of

the L e g isl atu r e for seve ral ye ar s i n fa v or of a b oard
of arbit ra ti on t o settle a ll l ab or d iffi c u lties i n the S t a te ,
246 A H istor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

A t the Worl d s Co l u mbi an E xp o siti on a t C hic ago ,

’

Pen n sy lv i an a
thein L e g isl a t ur e
1 89 3 , spe n t
t th
a to sh o w the p rodu cts of far m and fa c
e

W md F i t ory mi n e and mill ar t and e du c ation

’
s a r
, , ,

and a ll the best r es u lts of the S t ate s m a te r i a l ’

p ro spe rity The P e nn sylv an i a S t ate B u il d i ng with

.
,

its fa csimile S t a te H ou se to we r and its ol d L ib ,

er ty B ell i n the m a i n e nt ran ce w a s a fav or ite ,

sp ot a t the Wor l d s F a i r ’
In the s ame ye ar a .

be autifu l b u il d i ng w a s e recte d a t H arrisb urg t o be ,

u se d by the E xec u tiv e D ep artmen t and the S t ate L i

fl
b rery I t c o st h alf a milli on do ll ar s and w a s m ad e
.
,

firep roof t o p r ese rve the o icia l r ec ord s do c u me n ts ,

and b ooks The L ib rary c ont a i n s ab ou t

. vo l
u mes a nd is with a si ngle excepti on the m o st v a l u a
, ,

ble S t ate lib rary i n the c oun t ry .

A t the electi on for Go ve rnor i n 1 894 the r e we r e ,

Gov em e, fiv e c andi da tes a s fo ll o ws : Dan iel H H a st , .

ti g
Has n s
i ng s R ep ublic an ; W illi am M S i ng e rly
,
.
,

D em o c rat ; C h arles I H awley P ro hibiti on ; Je ro me T

.
, .

A llm an P e o ple s ; and Th o m a s H Grund y So ci a list

’
,
.
,

Lab or H a sti ng s m aj or ity w a s with

’
.

ou t a p ara llel i n the hist ory of gube r

n a tor ia l electi on s The L e gisl at ur e of .

1 895 m ad e a ve ry m arke d exp an si on

i n the p u blic se rvice I t c r e ate d a .

nu mbe r of n ew d ep artme nts a n d

o ffi ces The agric u ltura l d ep artme n t
.
,

with its kindre d i ndu st ries of da i ry

and food s u pplies h ortic u lt ure and ,
i l H H ti g
forest ry wa s est ablishe d i n the in te r
Dan e . as n s.
,

ests of far me r s A b anki n g d ep artme n t wa s c re ate d t o

.

exec u te the l aws of b an ki ng and finan ci a l i n stit u tion s

 The A d min istr a tion o f the Gover n men t 247

in g e n e ra l . A n ew c our t of seve n —
j udg es the
Supe r i or Co urt wa s est ablishe d to lesse n the work
of the Su p r eme Court

O n T u es day Feb ruary 2 1 897 the cl o ck i n the

, , ,

t o we r of the S t a te Ca pit o l st ru ck twelve Th C pit l e a o

o cl o ck noon a s u s ua l ; bu t whe n it st ru ck t y d
’
D es r o e

“
aga i n it t o lle d its own d e a th k n ell for a t
by F ‘
-
, ,

1 o cl o ck the fir e th a t d est ro ye d the hist or ic b u il d i ng

’

on th a t da y h ad a lr e ad y e n circle d the do me like a

hy dra he ad e d se rpe nt ; and the o l d cl o ck and a ll th a t
-

wa s de ar ab ou t Pe nn sylv an i a s c apit o l w a s doo me d t o

’

be n o m or e M an y b ooks and r ec ord s th a t c ou l d no t

.

be r epl a ce d we r e d est ro ye d The old b u ild i ng h ad

.

an i n te r esting hist ory I t h ad wit n esse d the in a u g u

.

ra ti on of sixtee n Go ve rnor s ; P r esi d e n ts H arr is on ,

T— y l e
,
r T a yl or L i n,
c o l n Gran t and ,
H a yes h ad bee n
withi n its walls and W ebste r e nt rance d an audie n ce
,

i n it with his el oqu e n ce Lafayette wa s te nd e r e d a

.

p u bli c r ecepti on i n the ol d S e na te ch ambe r and i n ,

1 860 a S imil ar h o n or w a s a cc ord e d t o the P r in ce of

Wales . The L e g isl a t ur e afte r the fir e r es u me d its
, ,

sessi on s i n Gra ce Meth od ist E pisc o p a l C h urch of ,

H arr isb urg . A n ew Ca pit o l b u il d i ng w a s au th or

iz od t o b e e r ecte d fir e p roo f and of the r e na iss an ce
,
-

style o f arch itect ur e the co st no t t o excee d

,

W ork w a s be gun i n the s u mme r of 1 898 the c orn e r ,

st on e w a s l a i d on the l o th of A ugu st a nd the b u il d ,

i ng w a s o cc u pie d by the L e gisl at ur e J anuar y 3 1 899 , .

E xte n siv e st r ikes aga i n b ro ke ou t i n th e c oa l

re gi on s i n the s u mme r of 1 89 7 In the E xt iv . ens e

S td k
bitu minou s fi el d s of weste rn P e nn sylv an i a es

on e w a s i n p rogr ess fro m J u ly 4 t o S eptembe r 1 1

m
,

h av ing bee n a p ar t of a g e n e ra l o veme n t exte n d ing

24 8 A H istor y f
o P ennsy lva n ia

o v e r W est V i rg in i a O hi o Ind i ana and I lli no is

, ,
In ,
”

the m a i n it wa s pe a ce able A n ew meth od of r est ra in

.

in g the st r ike r s w a s p u t i n t o e ff ect ; namely the

’

c ourts grante d i nj un cti on s e nj o i n i ng the st r ike r s fr o m

a ssembli ng i n the p aths and road s u p on the p ro pe rty
of the mi n i ng c o mp a n ies and fr o m i n te rfe r i ng with
,

s u ch empl o yes a s d esir e d t o work S c ar cely h ad the .

bitu mi nou s str ike e nd e d whe n on e b ro ke ou t i n the

an th ra cite r e gi on The mi n e r s w an te d hi ghe r wag es
.
,

and t rie d t o st o p the c o llie r ies b y i ndu cing o the r

'

mi n er s no t t o wo r k O n S eptembe r 1 0 the she riff of

.

Lu ze r n e c oun ty with ab ou t a hundr e d d ep u ties met a

b o dy of st rike r s —m o stly H ungari an s P o les Lithu
, ,

a n ia n s and S l a v s —wh o we r e m ar chi ng

, ,

,
t o a c ollie ry
a t La ttime r to pe r s uad e o the r s t o j o i n them Con .

s ider in g s u ch a d em on st ra ti on u n l awfu l he ord e r e d ,

them t o d ispe r se So me t rie d t o for ce thei r w ay p a st

.

him In an i n st an t the d ep u ties fire d i n t o the mi n e r s

.
,

killing s o me twe n ty and wound i ng ab ou t fif ty o the r s .

Th r ee th ou s and t r00ps of the N a ti ona l Guard we r e

s oon te n te d ab ou t H a zlet o n a n d no furthe r v i o le n ce ,

o cc urre d The she r iff and his d ep u ties we r e arra i gn e d

.

for m urde r , b u t they we r e a c qu itte d on the ground

th a t they h ad n ot o ve r steppe d the b ound s of r e a s on
in t ryi ng t o p r ese r v e ord e r .

O n the 21 st of A p r il 1 898 the Un ite d S t ates afte r

, , ,

Th S p
e i h thirty th r ee ye ar s of pe a ce bec a me i n v o l v e d
an s
-
,

W ar
i n a w ar with S p a i n Two days l a te r .
,

P r esi d e n t M c K in l ey c a lle d for v o l u n tee r s .

P e nn syl v an i a s quo t a wa s
’
Go v e rnor H a sting s
ord e r e d the Nati ona l Guard —
me n t o m o bilize
a t M oun t Gr etna whe r e the y and o the r s n ee d e d t o
, ,

fill u p the quo t a we r e sworn i n t o the se rvi ce of the

,
 ,

The A dmin istr a tion f

o the Gover n men t 249

Un ite d S t ates for two ye ar s un less s oon e r d isch arge d .

A b ou t a m on th l ate r a c all for m or e v o lun tee r s

wa s m ade and Pe nn syl v an i a fu r n ishe d
,
add i
tion a l me n The Te n th r e g i m e n t w a s se n t t o
.

M a n il a and t oo k p art i n a nu mbe r of e ngag eme n ts

,

dur i ng the ye ar s se rv ice i n the P hilipp i n es

’
The .

S ixtee n th the F ourth and the c av a l ry and ar tille ry

, ,

wer e se n t t o P or t o R ic o The S ixtee n th w a s e ngag e d .

a t the c aptur e of Coa m o The o the r P enn sylv an i a .

r e g i me n ts , though e qually an xi ou s to fight h ad t o ,

c on te n t themsel v es with c amp du ty i n the Un ite d

S t ates .

A t the electi on for Go v e rnor i n

1 898 the r e we r e
,
four c and i d a tes :
W illi a m A S t on e R ep ublic an ;
.
,

G e org e A Je nks D em o c ra t ; S ila s C

.
, .

S wal l o w P ro hibiti on ist

, Pe o ple s ,
’
,

Libe rty and H on est Go ve rn men t ; and

J M ahl on B arn es So ci a list Lab or
.
Willi m A s to ,
-
.
a . ne

Th e R ep u blic an c and i date w a s electe d ; and his admi n

istr a tion be gan J anuary 1 7 1 899 .

B OOK S F OR RE A D I NG A ND O
C NS U LTATI ON
F i sh er ’
s P enn sy lva n ia Colon y a nd Common wea l th, pa ssim ;
E gl e ’
s H is tor y o f P en n sylva n ia ,
pp . 45 276 ;
-
S ch a r f and W e st
c ott ’
s H istor y of P hila d elphia , Vol . I; Pro ud ’
s H is tor y of P enn

sylva n ia Gor d on ’
H is tor y f Ar m or s Lives of ’
'

; s o P enn sylva nia ;

the Gover n or s of C a r p en ter a n d A r th u r s H is tor y
’
P en n sylva n ia ;
of P ennsylva nia M c M a ster a n d S ton e ’
s P ennsylva n ia a nd the
F ed er a l Cons titu tion Colonia l R ecor ds a nd P enn sylva n ia A r chives ;
Votes a nd M in u tes f
o the A ssemb ly , 1 682 1 790 ; -
The G over n or s ’

M essa g es in th e H ou se a nd S e n a te J ou r n a s, l 1 79 0 1 898
-
S ta tu tes
a t L a rge o f P enn sylva nia ; Pe pp er a nd Le wi s ’
D ig es t of the
La ws of P ennsylva ni a .
 C HA P T ER VI

TH E I N D U S TR I A L H I S TO R Y

B e for e the R e v o l u ti onary w ar P e nn sylv an i a s chie f ,

’

C om m d
i
e r ce a n
ndu st r ies we r e agr ic u lt ur e and c o mme rce .

Ag i l tu
r cu L ike the o the r c o l on i es i n A me r ic a the
re
,
h m ms
e e
p ro vi n ce w a s p ro hibite d b y Gr e a t B rit a i n
fro m e ngagi ng in m anufa ctur i ng Sawmills and grist .

mills we r e nu me rou s a l ong the c r eeks for the settle r s ha d ,

t o h a ve lu mbe r for d welli ng s and fl our for b r oa d ; b u t ,

othe r m anufa ct ur es we r e c onfin e d t o a f ew simple

ar ticle s for h o me c on s u mpti on .

The fir st articles of t rad e we r e fur s s k i n s and , ,

t o b a cc o o bt a i n e d fro m the Ind i an s

, This p rimi tive .

c o mme rce i n c re a se d rapi d ly i n v ar iety and quan tity .

In 1 73 1 the exp or ts we re whe a t fl our bisc u it bee f

, , , , ,

p ork b utte r cheese ci der a pples s oa p c and les

, , , , , , ,

st ar ch h a ir p o wd e r le athe r w ax bee r lin see d oil

,
-
, , , , ,

peltry hemp l u mbe r and drug s ( s a ss afra s c a l am u s

, , , ,

aro m atics s nak e roo t etc ) , , .

A nu mbe r of ships we r e b u ilt e a ch ye ar for s ale ,

o ve r and ab o ve wh at we r e empl o yed by the me r ch an ts .

Gre a t quan tities of c orn we r e se n t t o Portugal and

S p a i n the Canar ies and the A z or es and fr e qu e n tly
, ,

ship and c argo we re s o l d The p ro cee d s we re in

.

veste d i n Engl and for m anufact ur es n ee d e d i n the

p ro v in ce A n exte n si v e trad e sp rang u p with the
.

W est Indies especi ally with the F r en ch and Du tch

,

isl and s Wh at wa s no t s o l d for c a sh wa s exch a ng e d

.

( 250)
 The I n du str ia l H istor y 251

for ru m s ugar and m o l a sses

, Al l the p orts of the .

o the r English c o l on ies fro m N ew H a mpshi r e t o the

,

Caro li na s we r e visite d by ships fro m Phil ad elphi a ;

,

and N ewfoundl and fi sh we r e c arr ie d i n P e nn sylv an ia

b o tt o ms t o Me dite rran e an and Car ibbe an p or ts
In 1 740 the p o p u l ati on of Pe nn sylv an i a h ad
,

e quale d and excee d e d th a t o f a ll the o the r R t i en . n

c o l on ies except M aryl and M a ss a ch u setts

, , ,

and V irgin i a Te n ye ar s l a te r M aryl and w a s p a sse d

.
,

in the race ; afte r the R ev o l uti o n M a ss ach u setts ; ,

and V i rg in i a h ad t o g ive
u p its pl a ce a s sec ond

i n the Un i on to P e nn
sylv an i a i n 1 830 ; while
for n e ar ly a h undr e d
ye ar s afte r 1 750 Phil a ,

d elphi a w a s the metr op

o lis of A me r ic a W he n .

it is r emembe r e d th at
P e nn sylvan i a is n ext t o
the y oung est of the thir
tee n ori g inal c o l on ies ,

its ran k a s se cond in

p o p u l ati on and we alth ,

a tt a i n e d s o e arly in its
hist ory and kept to the
,

p r ese n t time is a m a t . S t p hen G ir a r d City H a ll P hi1 a del phia

e . , . e

te r of j u st p rid e The .

"

c o mme rci a l t ran s a ction s of the p ro vin ce p ro duce d the

gr e atest finan cie r s of A me ric a Ro be rt M orr is wa s .

the finan cie r o f the R e v o l u ti on and eve n be for e th a t ,

time he with a few o the r s h ad est ablishe d a c re dit

, , ,

in Euro pe which w a s u se d for b an ki ng p ur p o ses

,
252 A Histor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

a m ong c o mme rci a l me n The n ee d of a b an k i n Phil

.

ad elphi a h ad bee n f elt by he r mer ch an ts l ong be for e

the fir st on e i n A me r ic a w a s est ablishe d the r e i n ,

1 780 .S tephe n G irard a m a sse d te n mill i on do ll ar s ,

and bec ame the r ichest m an i n the Un ite d S t a t es .

The d ecli n e of c o mme r ce dates fro m the War of

Dee h ;
he e 1 81 2 Dur ing the Nap o le on ic war s P e nn
.
,

sylv an i a i n c o mm on with a ll the c o l on ies

, ,

e n j o ye d gr e at c o mme rci al p ro spe rity F ar m p rodu cts

.

we r e i n gr e at d em and i n Euro pe and A me ric an ves ,

sels ha d t o c ar r y the m bec au se we we r e ab o u t the

on ly n e u t ra l on the se a B u t whe n Engl and and
.

F ran ce by thei r ord e r s and dec r ees aga i n st our ships

,

and c argo es m ad e it n ecess ary for Je ffe r s on i n sel f

, ,

d efe n se t o r es ort t o emb argo and non i n te rc our se

,
-
.

A me r ic an c o m me r ce go t a se ri ou s b l o w ; and for s o m e
r e a s o n P hil ad elphi a n eve r r ec o v e r e d fro m it
,
W ith .

the c o mpleti on of the Er ie c ana l in 1 825 New York ,

bec ame the c o mme r ci a l emp or i u m of the Un ite d

S t ates .

A s l ong a s Phil ad elphi a w a s pr eé m in en t i n c o m

C m m ci l
o er
me r ce
a
he r we a lth m ,
a d e he r the chie f p a t ron
p o p ity
r s er d of lite ra t ur e
an scie n ce and art i n A me ric a
, , .

u tt er s ’ “ A me ric an
A ndr ew B radford s W eek ly
Me rc ury ”
the thi rd n ewsp ape r i n the co l on ies ,

“
C h rist o phe r Sau r s H i g h Ge rm an P e nn sylv a n i a H is
’

tor iog r a pher

” “
and Dr F rankli n s G e n e ral M a g
’
.

az in e and H ist oric al C h ron icle ”

the first m aga
’ “
zi n es and J o h n Dun l a p s A m e ric an Da ily A d v e r tise r ”
,

the fir st da ily p a pe r we r e the for e runn e r s ,

of the m an y b oo ks and pe ri odic als th a t we r e t o be

se n t for th fro m the D el a war e Tw o of the c o l o n i a l
.

n ewsp ape r s the “Pe n n sy lv an i a Ga z ette ”

and the
,
 The I ndu str ia l H is tor y 25 3

“P e nn sylv an i J ou r n a l we r e c ar r ie d th r ou g h the
”
a ,

Rev ol u ti on ar y pe r i od a n d t og ethe r with the P e n n “

, ,

sylv a n i a P a cket exe r cise d a n i n c alc u l able

in flu e n ce in sh a pi n g the aff air s of the n ew n a tion .

S u ch m en a s Fe n n o B a che a n d Dua n e m ad e a l a st
,

in g imp r essi on u p on U n ite d S t a tes hist or y in th a t ,

they helpe d to sh a pe a n d fa shi on the p olitic al p ar ties .

I n the e ar ly p a r t of the n in etee n th ce n tu r y s u ch m a g ,

“ “
a zin es a s the P or tfolio a n d Gr ah a m s fi lle d the
” ’ ”

p l a c es n ow o cc u pie d by the “ Nor th Amer ic a n ”

,
"F or u m ” “C e n t u r y ” othe r s L on g fell ow,
5 , and
, .

B r y a n t C oope r Willis L owell P oe a n d M or r is

, , , ,

a ll m a d e their d eb u t in the ol d P hil a delphi a pe r i

od ic a l s
. I n this lite r ar y a tm osp he r e we r e b r ou g ht
f or th the pi on ee r of Ame r ic a n n ovelists C h ar les
—
,

Br ock den B r own , the fi r st Ame r ic an the ate r the fi r st ,

me d ic al sch ool the fir st l aw sch ool a n d the fir st

,

cir c u l ating lib r ar y .

S cie n ce a n d a r t we r e likewise g r e atly e n c our a g e d .

’
Fr an kli n s d isc ove r ies ha d bec ome k n ow n
S ci c d A t en e an r

in the r em otest par ts of the civilize d w or l d .

H e i n du ce d P r ov ost S mith a n d Tom P a i n e to c ome

to P e n n sylv a n i a a n d the g r e a t chemist D r P r iestly
, , .
,

fou n d r e fu g e he r e fr om h1 s pe r sec u t or s in E n g l an d .

Davi d Ritte n h ou se u n de r P e n n sylv an ia skies bec a me

, ,

the g r e atest a str on ome r of his time ; while the bir d s

in B ar t r a m s fa m ou s b ot an ic a l g ar de n on the S c hu yl
’

kill m ad e Alex an de r Wils on the celeb r a te d or n ithol o

g ist. Au du b on too a c qu l r ed m u ch of his b ir d l or e
, ,
-

in P e n n sylv a n i a g r e atl y to the n e g lect of his far m ;

,

a n d it w a s in P hil a d elphi a th at he r es olve d on the

p u blic ati on of his g r e at w or k — “Bir ds of Ame r ic a ”

.

O f the m u se u ms the n in the c ou n tr y P e ale s wa s ,

’
254 A H is tor y of P en n sy lva n ia

the g r e atest No str an g e r fa ile d to see his n a tu r al

.

won de r s a n d wor ks of a r t in the S t ate H ou se The .

fa m ou s p a i n tin g s of m or e th a n a h u n dr e d st atesme n .

a n d s ol d ie r s h an g in g in on e r oom a n d p a i n t ed by ,

P e a le a n d his son R emb r an d t oec a me the n u cle u s of

J
,

the P e n n sylv an i a Ac a demy of Fi n e Ar ts in 1 806 , .

The m a n to h on or ou r S ta te most in the fin e a r ts wa s

Be n j a min West th ou g h in l a te r ye ar s a H ov en der a n d
,

a R othe r mel a dd e d n ew g l or y to ou r a chieveme n ts in

th a t fi el d .

As l on g a s the pe ople of P e n n sylv a n i a we r e en

g a g e d chiefly in a g r ic u lt u r e a n d c o mme r ce a ll the ,

r oa d s l ed to P hil a d elphi a These at fir st we r e me r e

.

“h or se w ays ” in which the p a ck h or se

-
foll owe d by -
, ,

c a lves a n d sheep c ar r ie d the p r odu cts of the far m

,

in w a llets s a cks a n d b a skets

,
The thi n g s p u r ch a se d
.

in t own we r e c ar r ie d
b a ck in the s a me
w ay on ly the l oa d ,

wa s m u ch li g hte r ;
f or the pe ople n ee d e d
their m on ey to p ay
for thei r l a n d La te r .

on the p a ck h or ses ,
-

c ar r ie d g r e at qua n ti
ties of me r ch a n d ise
B i th pl a c of B
r e j m i W t S w th mo
en a n esi n t o the i n te r ior to
, ar r e,

D l w c o ty
e a are un
Car lisle S hippe n s
'

b u r g Me r ce r sb u r g a n d eve n i n to the M on on g ahel a

, ,

v alley .The i r on m a de in the J u n i at a v a lley wa s a t

fi r s t c a r r ie d to P hil a delphi a a n d P i ttsb u r g in this
way . Fifty or a hu n dr e d we r e f r e q u e n tly in on e r ow ,

d ivi de d i nt o secti on s of twelve or fiftee n with a m a n ,

 The I n dn s tr ia l H is tor y 25 5

a t the en d of e a ch section The fir st dep ar tu r e fr om

.

t his m od e of t r a n sp or t a ti on wa s the sle d in wi n te r ;

a n d w agon s c a me i n t o u se a s r oa d s we r e m a d e The .

C on est og a w a g on wa s fir st u se d ab ou t 1 760 The se .

h uge vehicles dr awn by six ei g ht or m or e h or se s

, , ,

Con es to ga T ea m .

o f te n h ad a c ap a city of four t on s Thei r c ove r s we r e

.

of li n e n hig h a t e a ch en d a n d their wheels we r e

, ,

broad to keep them fr om si n ki n g in t o the mir e of

,

the c ou n tr y r oa d s .

The fi r st t u r n pike in the U n ite d S t ates w a s th a t

betwee n P hil a delphi a a n d Lan c a ste r The Th .
‘

r oa d betwee n these two pl a ces w a s the L c t P i k an a s er e

be g i nn in g of the chie f hi g hway to the W est It we n t .

thr ou g h C heste r a n d Lan c a ste r c ou n ties cr osse d the ,

S u s qu eh an n a a t Wr i g ht s F er r y p a sse d th r ou g h Yor k
’
'

, ,

Car lisle S hippe n sb ur g a n d Be dfor d the n ce a cr oss the

—
, ,

Alle g he n ies to P ittsb u r g the metr op olis of the W est

afte r the Rev ol u tion On this hist or ic r oad th ou s an d s
.

of emi g r an ts tr a vele d in the su mme r m on ths to

P ittsb u r g whe r e they fi tte d ou t for their n ew h omes ;
,
“

while l on g tr a i n s of wa g on s b r ou g ht the p r odu ce of

their fa r ms to P hil ad elphi a The way wa s b r oa d a n d
.

l evel in the l owlan d s b u t n ar r ow a n d d an g e r ou s in

,
256 A H istor y f
o P enn sy lva nia

the m ou n t a in s a n d beset with steep d eclivities

,
Man y .

in n s we r e fou n d a l on g the r ou te a n d the vill a g e r s ,

livin g ab ou t them d id a th r ivin g b u si n ess ; b u t

To th e m er r y waysi d e tav n er

C om es the n oisy th on g n o m o r re

A n d th e fa d d S i g n c om plai n i n g
e ,

S wi n g s u n n otic ed at th e d oo r
”

—Th m B
.

o as u c ha n a n R ea d .

I t wa s this tr an sp or t a tion to a n d fr om the W est

th a t g a ve r ise to the p r oj ect of the Lan c a ste r p1 k e in
1 792 .W he n fi n ishe d it wa s the w on de r of Ame r ic a .

The L an c a ste r pike wa s the fi r st i mp or t an t piece

O th er of wor k don e l n the li n e of i nte r n a l
I m pm m m
ve
imp r oveme n ts which be g an to be m a de
e s
,

ab ou t 1 790 The ope n i n g of the N or thwest Te r r it or y

.

f or settleme n t m a de it n ecess ar y to c a r r y ou t schemes

th at ha d bee n the d r e a m of ye ar s a n d t u r n e d the ,

a tte n ti on of c apit a lists fr om the se a to the l a n d All .

ove r the U n ite d S t a tes t u r np ikes b r i d g es a n d c an als ,

we r e p r oj ecte d H a milt on s f un d i n g system ( see a n y

’
.

U S hist or y ) the U n ite d S t ates B an k the imp ost a n d

. .
, ,

the excise all wor ke d t og ethe r f or g ood times

,
In
‘

1 79 1 thr ee c a n als we r e be g u n on e a l on g the b a n ks ,

of the B r a n d ywi n e an othe r betwee n the D el a w ar e a n d

,

the S ch u ylkill a n d still a n othe r betwee n the S chu ylkill

,

a n d the S u s qu eh a n n a These we r e the be g in n i n g s of

.

the g r e a t system of c an al s c on n ectin g the v a lleys a n d

‘

st r e a ms a n d bi n d i n g t og ether the d i ff e r e n t p ar ts of
,

the S ta te to a n exte n t a n d a t a c ost u n e quale d by

,

a n y simil a r w or ks in Ame r ic a The La nc a ste r pike .

w a s exte n de d u n til in the ye a r 1 806 it r e a che d P i tts

bur g Ar ou n d P hil a delphi a a pe r fec t n etwor k of s u ch
.
 The I n du str ia l H istor y 257

ro ad s c a me i n t o existe n ce a n d their s ubst a n ti al ston e

,

b r i d g es we r e a n object of ad mir ation to the t r a vele r

in P e n n s y lv a n i a .

Road s b r i d g es a n d c an als we r e n ot the on ly me a n s

,

th ought of a t t his time for the im p r oveme n t F it h c

v
s

S t mbm
of the i n te r i or L on g be for e F u lton in
.
,
ea

1 807 m ad e his t r ip to Alb a n y in the fa m ou s C le r m on t

, ,

J oh n Fitch ha d ste a me d u p a n d down the D el awa r e

bet w ee n P hil adelphi a a n d B u r lin g ton New Je r sey ,

M odel of Fitch ’
s S tea m b oa t .

The i de a of
ste a m n a vi g ati on ha d c ome to Fitch while
a t the vill a g e of N esh a mi n y
-
B u cks c ou n ty in 1 785 , . .

H e m a de a m od el a n d tr ie d it in a str e am H e for me d .

a c omp an y in P hil a d elphi a to fu r n ish the c apita l

n ee de d A G e r m an cl ockm ake r of th a t city H e n r y
.
,

Voi g ht helpe d him to m ake the b oiler a n d e n g i n e

, .

Afte r seve r al tr i als on the D el awar e in the su mme r of ,

1 786 the b oa t r e a che d the r ate of seve n miles a n

—
,

h ou r
. The he b il t a l ar g e r on e for ty fi v e feet l on g ;
n u -

a n d on Au g u st 22 1 787 in the p r ese n ce of the mem

,

“
be r s of the C on stit ution al C on ve n ti on a n d a v a st
/
c on c ou r se of othe r spectat or s he p r opelle d it u p a n d ,

d own the D el aw ar e to the g r e a t a st on is hme n t of the

m u ltit u de Ab ou t a ye ar l a te r Fitch ha d so impr ove d
.
,

6
his s te amb oat th a t it be g an to m ake r e g u l ar tr i ps
fr om P hil a delphi a to B u r li n g ton g oi n g u p on e d a y ,

Q
258 A H istor y of P en n sylva nia

a nd etu r n i n g the n ext

r On S u n d ays it m a de r etu r n
.

tr ips to C heste r A time t able with r a tes of far e

.
-
,
;

a ppe a r e d in the P hil a d elphi a p ape r s fr om Ju n e to

S ep tembe r f or seve r al ye ar s b u t the c ompetiti on of
, ,

s a ilin g p a ckets a n d st ag e c oa ches m a de the e n ter p r ise

-

u n p r ofi t able a n d the tr ips we r e ab an don e d .

I n 1 804 O liver E va n s r a n a p a ddle wheel ste a mb oa t

,
-

d o w n the S ch u ylkill a n d u p the D el a w a r e

Stea m o th n e

a r a s Du n k s Fe r r y ( n owBeve r ly N ew
’
O i
ho
e
d
n a s f ,
M ‘ ‘ ipp ‘
ss ss
Jer sey ) a n d b a ck with ou t a cc i d e n t or del ay .

B u t it r em a in e d for Rober t F u lt on to m ake a s u ccess

of ste a m n avi g ati on a n d n o pl a ce in P e n n sylv a n i a p r of
,

ited m or e by his i n ve n ti on th a n P itts b u r g

1 81 1 , keel b oa ts -
Ke n tu cky , a t b oa ts a nd

pi r og u es we r e the me a n s of tr a n sp or t a tion down the

Be for e
I n di a n fl -
.

O hi o F r om S t L ou is r ud e b oa ts a n d r afts fl oate d
. .

down the Mississippi to Na tchez a n d N ew O r le a n s .

B u t the c u r r e n t w a s too r a pi d for this kin d of cr aft

to r et u r n ; a n d s o they we r e r u d ely p u t t og ethe r a n d
s ol d for l umbe r a t their d esti n ati on I n 1 81 0 to test .
,

F u lton s pl an of n a vi g a ti on on this i n te r i or wa te r way

’
,

a b oat 1 38 feet l on g of s ome 300 t on s b u r de n wa s

, ,

b u ilt at P i ttsb ur g I t wa s ch r iste n e d the N ew O r le a n s

.
,

a nd l au n che d in 1 81 1 The ste a mb oa t le ft f or the

.

C r esce n t C ity i n D ecembe r foll owin g O ther s we r e .

c on str u cte d a n d fr om th a t time on P ittsb u r g b u ilt

, ,

m a n y r ive r ste amb oa ts a n d its t r a de with the O hio

,

a n d Mississippi v a lleys bec ame imme n se .

Ra il r oa d b u il di n g als o d ates b a ck to the time of

Ope n i n g w a ys of t r a n sp or t a ti on to the i n te
R il d
a r oa s

r i or O live r E va n s a s e a r ly a s 1 773 s a i d he
.
, ,

cou l d a ppl y h is s te a m e n g i n e to p r op el c a r r i a g es u p on

the l a n d ; a n d in 1 782 he ha d s uccee de d in m aki n g

 The I n du str iai H istor y 259

on e . he exhibite d a l an d c ar r i age in p ublic

I n 1 805 , -
.

I n 1 809 Th om a s L eipe r c on str u cte d a w oode n r a il r oa d

,

t r a ck fr om a ston e qu ar r y in D el aw ar e c oun ty to a
b oa t l a n di n g at R i dle y a d ist an ce of n e ar ly a mile , .

This w a s the fi r st r ail r oad in Ame r ic a The t r a ck .

c on siste d of oa k r ail s l a id on bl ocks ei g ht feet ap ar t ,

a n d a si n gle h or se dr ew the fou r wheele d c ar r i a g e

J oh n Bu ll En gi n e, 1 831 . Ca m d en and Am b y R il
o a r oa d .

h a vi n g a wei g ht of m or e th an p ou n d s The .

r oa d w as in ope r a ti on f or m an y y e ar s .

The n ext r a ilway in P e n n s y lv an ia b u ilt in 1 827 , ,

a n d als o ope r a te d by h or se p owe r wa s th a t le a di n g

,
-
,

fr om the c oal min es a t M au ch C hu n k to the L ehi g h

r ive r ,
—
a dist ance of 9 miles 6 miles l on g e r th an the
on e a t Q u i n cy M a s s c on str u cted the ye ar be for e
, , .

Th u s on e exper ime n t g ave r ise to an othe r a n d in ,

1 829 the D el aw ar e a n d H u d s on C omp an y tr ie d the

,

l oc om otive fr om their mi n es to H on es d ale the fir st ,

a ct ua l a nd p r actic a l u se of ste a m on a n Ame r ic an

'

r a il r oa d . The fir st r ail r oad in P e n n sylv a n i a for p a s

se n g e r a n d fr ei g ht t r affi c wa s the Ge r m an t own r oad .

The fir st p a sse n g e r tr a i n le ft N i n th a n d Gr ee n str eets ,

P hil a d elphi a Ju n e 6 1 832 a n d w a s d r aw n by h or ses

, , ,
.

On the 23d of Novembe r foll owi n g a l oc om otive ,

260 A H is tor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

“ l
e n g in e , Od
I r on si des w a s pu t on the t r ack at a
,
”
,

spee d of 28 miles a n h ou r .

The fir st r a il r oad to the in te r i or of the S t a te w a s

Th C l m bi
e o u the C ol u mbi a Railr oad fr om P hil a delphi a
a ,

R il m d
a a
to C ol u mbi a The S t ate u n de r took th is .

wor k in c on n ecti on with the b u il din g of the c an a ls .

I n Ap r il 1 834 a n excu r smn by membe r s of the

, ,

L e g isl a tu r e C a 11 a 1 ,

C ommissi on e r s and ,

othe r s le ft H ar r is
,

b u r g bei n g t owe d t o
'

C ol u mbi a by a c an al ,

p a cket and ,
then ce
c ar r ie d by r ail to
Lan c a ste r whe r e they ,

r em a i n e d a ll n i ght .

The n ext m or n in g
they st ar te d for P hil a
d elph ia the c ar s bein g ,

dr aw n by h or ses a n d ,

r e a che d the city in

ei g ht a nd a h al f
h ou r s i n clu di n g stop
,

p a g es Befor e wi n te r
.

the r oad w a s in full

A M od Com pa tm n t C er n r e ar
ope r a ti on The c ar s
.

we r e ow n e d a n d r u n by the p r op r iet or s of the ol d

st a g e lin es An yb ody c ou l d u se the r oa d b y p ayi n g
.
_

tw o ce n ts a mile f or e a ch p a s se n e r
g a nd f or ,

e ach ca r se n t ove r it I t ha d a si n g le tr a ck a t
.

fir st wi th tu r n ou ts he r e a n d the r e a n d the r e we r e
,
-

fr e qu e n t fi g hts f or t he r i g ht of wa y I n the s u m .

m er of 1 835 c a r s a n d b oats r a n fr om P hil a delphi a

,
 The I n du s tr ia l H is tor y 261

‘
thr ou g h to P ittsb u r g p ar tly by c an a l a n d p or t a g e
,

r a il r oa d in thr ee a n d on e h a lf d ays ; b u t by th a t
,
-

time the c an al c ommission e r s ha d p r ocu r e d l oc om o

tiv es a n d a n ew r a il
r oa d fr om Lan c a ste r
to H ar r isb u r g vi a ,

Moun t J oy ha d bee n ,

b u ilt .The he ad of
the c an al n a vi g ation
e a st of the Alle g he n ies
wa s H ollid aysb u r g .

H e r e the P or t a g e Ra il
r oa d ,
c r ossin g the
m ou n t ai n s by fi ve in
cl in ed pl an es on e ach
si de the c ar s dr awn
,

by st a ti on ar y e n g in es ,

c on n ecte d with J ohn s

town : F r om the l at
ter pl ace the c an a l
al on g the C on em au g h
c omplete d the r ou te
to P ittsb u r g I n 1 834.
,

’
an emi g r an t s b oa t
Old P or ta g R oa d e
fr om the Nor th B r an ch
.

of the S u s qu eh an n a p a sse d ove r the i n cli n e d pl a n es

.

on t r u cks while the family w a s in it I t wa s l au n che d

.

a g a in at J ohn stown r e ache d P ittsb ur g wa s r u n i n to

, ,

the O hi o floate d down to Ca ir o a n d wa s t owe d u p

, ,

the Mississippi to S t L ou is The r ou te of t r a n sp or t a

. .

ti on betwee n P hil a delphia a n d P i ttsb u r g with s ome ,

d evi ati on s ha s si n ce bec om e the m a i n li n e of the

,

P e n n sylv an i a R ail r oa d Wi t h its n u me r ou s b r a n ches

.
262 A H is tor y of P en n sy lva nia

in the S t a te a n d its lin es ou tsi de it c on n ects New

, ,

Yor k P hil a delphi a B altim or e a n d Wa shin g ton with

, ,

P ittsb u r g E r ie C level an d T ole do C ol u mb u s C i n ci n

, , , , ,

H or s esh oe Cur v
e .

n ati I n di an ap olis S t L ou is a n d Chicago a s well a s

, , .
,

New E n g l an d a n d the S ou th .

Th ou g h these i n ter n a l imp r oveme n ts wer e be g u n

Th eU to d evel op
se the a g r icu lt u r a l r es ou r ces of
‘ P e n n s y lv a n i a a n d S t a te in
0
to pu t the
c omme r ci al r el ati on s with the West their v a st ex ,

te n si on a n d fin al c ompletion ha d othe r c au ses .

The C on e st og a wa g on s mi g ht h ave tr an sp or te d the

far me r s p r odu ce to m ar ket for m a n y ye ar s m or e ha d
’
,

n ot P hilip G in te r the hu n te r in 1 79 1 d isc ove r e d

, , ,

“
st on e c oals u n d er the r o ots of a fa lle n t r ee n i n e
”
, ,

mil es west of M au ch C h u n k An th r acite c oa l ha d .

bee n u se d in the W y om in g v alley in 1 768 ; a n d d u r

in g the R ev ol u ti on a r y wa r it w a s shippe d d ow n the
S u s q u eh an n a f or the u se of the a r se n a l a t Car lisle .

On a m a p of P e n n sylv a n i a p u blishe d in 1 770 c oal is , ,

m a r ke d a s occ u r r i n g n e ar the p r ese n t t ow n of P otts

vill e P i ttsb u r g too ha d u s e d f u el d u g f r om a hi g h
.
, ,

bl u ff b efor e the town a n d ev en the n w a s e n ti tle d to

,
 The I n du str ia l H is tor y 263

be c alle d the “ S m oky

C ity Gi n te r ha d his spec i ”
.

m en ex amin e d in P hil a d elphi a a n d the Lehi g h C oa l ,

Mi n e C omp an y w a s for me d the r e Ten th ou s a n d .

a c r es of l an d a t S u mmit H ill we r e p u r ch a se d a n d a
h al f d oze n ar ks l oa de d with c oa l we r e star te d down
, ,

the L ehi g h to P hil ad elphi a B u t wood w a s ple n ty .

,

a nd
“
the u se of ston e c oals wa s n ot u n de r st ood
”
.

Alth ou g h h an dbills we r e p r i n te d in E n g l ish a n d Ger d

*

m a n expl a in in g the meth od of b u r n i n g it yet the ,

n ew fu el fou n d n o p a yi n g m ar ket a n d it w a s u se d to ,

p a ve the si d ew alks The s ame d is app oin tme n ts we r e

.

expe r ie n ce d by shipper s of an thr acite c oa l fr om the

S ch u y lkill r e g i on On e m a n w a s a ctually th r e a te n e d
.

with ar r est a s a swin d le r a n d a n imp ostor bec au se ,

“
his r ocks afte r ” “ p okin g a n d r aki n g a n d stir r i n g
, .

a n d bl owi n g
”
them for h a lf a d a y wou l d n ot b u r n
~

, .

I t w a s n ot u n til after the sec on d wa r with Gr e at

B r it ai n du r in g which the emb ar g o the n on m ter cou r se
, ,
-

a ct a n d the block ad e sta r te d m an ufa ctu r in g in the

U n ite d S t ates th a t coal c ame in to exte n sive u se
, .

The n c an a l a n d r ailr oad b u ild i n g r eceive d a fr esh

impetu s .Fir st the L ehi g h a n d S chu ylkill c an als we r e
,

m ad e to t a p the an thr a cite fi el d s the on e c ompletin g ,

c omm u n ic ation with P hil ad elphi a in 1 820 a n d the

othe r in 1 825 The n in 1 833 the P hil ad elphi a a n d
.
, ,

Re a d i n g r a ilr oad c omp an y w a s ch ar te r e d It w a s the .

fi r st of the c oa l r oa d s a n d by its e n or m ou s tr affi c it

,

h a s bec ome a g r e at system c on tr ollin g ab ou t a th ou ,

s an d miles of lin e in a c omp ar atively sm all p or tion

of the S t a te The cities a n d t ow n s which it r e a ches
.

h a v e ha d a won d e r fu l g r owth in m an u factu r es of all

ki n d s
. The c oal fi el d s of the Wyom i n g v alley dev el
ope d the tw o c ities W ilkes B a r r e a n d S c r a n t on a n d a
,
-
,
264 A H is tor y o f P en n sylva n ia

sc or e or m or e of sm alle r t own s e q u ally th r ivi n g wh ose ,

chie f ou tlets e a st a n d west a r e the L ehi g h Valley a n d

the La ck awa n n a r ail r oad s .

P r a ctic a lly a ll the a n th r a cite c oal p r odu ce d in this

c ou n tr y c omes fr om the hills a n d v alleys of the Blu e
m ou n t a in s fr om the he a d w a ter s of the S chu ylkill
,

and the L ehi g h r ive r s n or thw ar d a n d wes tw ar d to

,

the S u s qu eh an n a — a n ar e a of a little less th a n 500

s quar e miles The c oun ties i n clu de d l n the fi el d a r e
.

Na n ticok e Coa l B r ea ke r .

chiefly S chu ylkill Ca r b on Lu ze r n e La ck aw a nn a a n d

, , ,

N or thu mb er l a n d ; a n d the n u mbe r of per son s empl oye d

in 1 895 w a s The bit u min ou s fiel d i n cl u d es
the wh ole sec ti on of the S t a te in a n d west of the
Alle g he n y m ou n t a i n s The g r e at ce n te r of all the in
.

d u str ies th a t owe thei r existe n ce to bitu mi n ou s c oa l

is P it tsb u r g .The n u mbe r of empl oyees in m i n i n g this
ki n d of c oal in 1 895 wa s
,
-

These v a st d ep osits of c oal e n able d P e n n sylv a n i a

to bec om e a g r e a t m a n u fa ct u r i n g S ta te
M f ct i g
a nu a ur n

fir st in the n u mbe r of est a blishme n ts a n d

,

the a m ou n t of c apit a l i n veste d a n d sec on d in the , ,

v al u e of m a n u fa ct u r ed p r odu cts I n 1 890 the n u mbe r .

,
 The I n du str ia l H is tor y 265

of pe r s on s empl oye d w a s a n d the v a l u e of

the m an u fa ctu r es M a n ufa ctu r in g in

the U n ite d S t ates ha d its be g i n n i n g on a n e n l ar g e d
sc ale in the ad opti on of the Fe de r al C on stit u tion !

It .

pu t a n en d to the c on flicti n g a n d r estr icti n g le g isl a ti on

of the S t a tes ; a n d it g a ve the Fe d e r a l g ove r n me n t the

p owe r to p r otect h ome a g a i n st for el g n m an ufa ctu r es

whe n eve r necess ar y D u r i n g the R ev ol u ti on m an y
.

thi n g s we r e m ad e he r e th at u se d to be imp or te d fr om
the m othe r c ou n tr y ; b u t fr om the for ce of h abit ,

the pe ople sec u r e d them a g ain fr om the s a me s ou r ce

,

af te r the wa r a n d opp ose d h ome m a n ufa ct u r es to

,

s u ch a n exte n t th a t the imp ost p r op ose d by C on g r ess

!

in 1 786 w a s vi ole n tl y a ss a ile d The l ove of a g r i .

c u l tu r e a n d c omme r ce wa s d eeply r oote d I t wa s

‘

ar gu e d th a t the way to m ake m on ey w a s to sow the

fiel ds with g r a in h a r vest it whe n r ipe se n d a fleet of
, , ,

ships to the m ar ts of the wor l d a n d h a ve them c ome ,

b a ck l a d e n with g ol d The m or e p oetic on es c on

.

tr a sted the l ow of c a ttle a n d the ble a t of l ambs with

the din of mills a n d fa ct or ies .

B u t s u ch all u r i n g pict u r es d id n ot d ete r mi n e the

p ol i cy of P e nn sy lv an i a A few cle a r he a d s s a w thi n g s
.

othe r w ise chie f a m on g wh om w a s Te n ch C oxe of

, ,

Rhil a del phia Whe n c otton w a s still g r owin g in

.

gar d e n s a m on g r ose b u shes a n d h on eysu ckle vin es ,

he s aw th a t it wou l d s ome da y be ki n g in Ame r ic a .

No soon e r ha d the Rev ol u tion e n d e d th a n C oxe t r ied

to imp or t a m od el of A w kw r ig ht s fa m ou s spi n n i n g
’

je nn ies ; b u t the B r itish g ov e r n me n t seize d it on the

eve of shipme n t a n d M a ss a ch u setts set u p the fi r st
,

st ock c ar d a n d S p i nn i n g j e n n y
-
N eve r theless th r ou g h
-
.
,

his e ffor ts P hil a d elphi a a nd the S t a te a t l ar g e bec a me

,
266 A H istor y o f P enn sy lva n ia

d eeply i n te r este d in the m a n ufa ctu r e of c ott on a n d

othe r g ood s I n 1 789 h osie r y h a ts g l oves c oa r se
.
, , , ,

lin e n s a n d w oole n s c ott on g ood s a n d m an y othe r

,

fl
ar ticles we r e m a d e in the S t a te P r emi u ms we r e.

“ P e n n sylv an i a S ociety for the E n c ou r a g e

o er ed by the

me n t of M a n ufa ctu r es f or the best specime n s of

”

these ar ticles I n the s ame ye a r the Assembly p a sse d

.
,

“A n a ct to a ssist c ott on m a n ufa ct u r es of this S t a te ”

,

and off e r e d b ou n ties for the i n tr odu cti on of the

A wk w r ig ht p a te n ts I t is s a i d th at S a m u el S l a te r
.
,

the fa the r of Ame r ic an c ott on m an ufa ct u r es w a s ,

i n d uced by these b ou n ties to e mig r a te to Ame r ic a .

G e n e r a l Wa shi n g t on u se d to p oi n t with p r i d e to the

P hil a d elphi a fab r ics wor n by his W i fe The w or ste d .

h osie r y m a d e in G er m an town Bethlehem La n c a ste r , ,

R e a d i n g u n d e r s ol d th ose of the s a me fi n e n ess

‘

and

m a de in E n g l a n d Two h u n dr e d a n d fi fty st ocki n g

.

l ooms e ach a ve r a g i n g ab ou t two p ai r a d a y we r e in the

, ,

S t a te be for e 1 790 On e fou r th of the men in P hil a

.
-

d elphi a ha d a l r e a d y bec ome m a n ufa ct u r e r s of on e kin d

or a n othe r .Ear ly in the n in etee n th ce n t ur y travele r s ,

we r e a s ton ishe d a t the g r e a t n u mber of fa ct or ies in

the S t a te . B u t it wa s n ot u n til ab ou t 1 840 whe n the
,
,

c oa l i n d u st r y a n d the i r on i n d u st r y j oin e d h an d s th a t ,

P e n n sylv a n i a e n te r e d fu ll y u p on its g r e a t m a n u fa c
t u r i n g c a r ee r .

The e ar liest iro n p r odu ce d fr om n ative or e wa s

m a de a t C ove n t r y F or g e C heste r c ou n ty
Ir on F c
urn a es
, ,

in 1 720 F oll owi n g this f u r n a ces a n d

.
,

for g es we r e ope r a te d a t v a r iou s p oi n ts in the s ou th

e a s te r n p ar t of the S ta te M a n a t aw n y a n d G r ee n
,

L a n e in M on t g om er y c ou n ty ; Wa r wick in Chester p
, ,

Gl a s g ow in Be r ks ; C or n wall a n d C oleb r ook in

, ,
 The I n du s tr ia l H istor y 267

L eb an on ; a n d E liz abeth in Lan c a ste r wher e B ar on , ,

S tei gel m a d e s ome of the fir st stoves c a st in this

c ou nt r y I n 1 786 the r e we r e withi n for ty miles of
.
,

Lan c a ste r seve n tee n f ur n a ces for g es r ollin g a n d

, , ,

slitti n g mills a n d two b or i n g a n d g r in din g mills for

,

the m a n ufa ct ur e of g u n b ar r els The ol d f or g e a t .

the j u n cti on of Valley cr eek a n d the S chu ylkill g ave

u s on e of the m ost mem or able n ames in Ame r ic an
—
histor y Va lley F or g e I n Y or k a n d Cu mbe r l a n d
.

c ou n ties too fur n aces a n d for g es we r e est ablishe d

, ,

be f or e the Rev ol u tion W illi a m D e n n in g m a d e wr ou g ht

.

i r on c a nn on for the C on tin e n t al ar m y a n d a m on u ,

me n t w a s r ece n tly e r ec te d by the S t a te a t his g r a ve

in N ewville Afte r the R ev ol u ti on the i r on i n du st r y
.

spr e ad th r ou g h the Ju n i at a v alley whe r e sc or es of ,

t own s a n d v ill a g es b y thei r n a mes testi fy to the p r es

e n ce of for ges a n d fur n a ces in the e ar lier d a ys The .

fi r st fu r na ce west of the Alle ghe n ies w a s b u ilt ab ou t

1 790 on J a c ob s c r eek fiftee n miles fr om its j u n cti on
,
’
,

with the You g hiog hen y whe r e c an n on b alls we r e m ad e ,

for the de fe n se of P ittsb ur g a g a in st the I n d i a n s .

'

Be for e 1 840 i r on w a s m ade on ly in ch ar c oal fu r

,

n a ces As othe r S t ates ha d a n ab u n dan ce

l F c
.

C oa urn a es

of or e too P e n n sylv an i a mi g ht n ot h a ve
,

bec ome the fir st in the m an ufactu r e of i r on p r odu cts ,

ha d it n ot bee n disc ove r e d th a t an th r a cite c oa l c ou l d

be u se d a s a smelti n g fu el I t m a r ke d a n er a in the .

histor y of i r on m an uf actur e whe n h ar d c oal w a s su e «i -

cessfu ll y u se d a t M au c h C h u n k a n d P ot tsville in the ,

r e d u cti on of i r on or e Ab ou t the s a me time a c oke

.
,

r a w c oa l
and
“ fu r n ace wa s e r ecte d in Ar mstr on g
”

c ou n ty a n d the m an u factur e of bitu mi n ou s i r on c om

,

m en ced C oal fur n a ces we r e n ow r a pidly b u ilt in

.
268 A H is tor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

eve r y secti on of the S t a te a ccessi b le to the c oa l fi el d s .

Mills f or the m an u fact ur e of a ll ki n d s of ir on p r od u cts

we r e est ablishe d in gr e at n u mbe r s T own s a n d cities . .

S p r a n g u p ; r a il r oa d s a n d c a n a ls we r e b u ilt to c on n ect

them ; a n d the fa r mer s:f ou n d a n ew m ar ket for their

p r od u cts a m on g the c oa l :mi n e r s a n d ir on wor ke r s
j

.
=

No pl a ce in P e n n sylv a n i a be n e fi te d m or e fr om the
p itt b m g
s d ir on i n du st r y th an P ittsb u r g a n d the cities
a n

“ N ig h b m
8 e
a n d t ow n s in its vici n ity F r om the exte n t .

of its 1 r on w or ks it c a me to be k n ow n a s the
“Ir on
,

C ity a n d fr om the h e avy cl ou d s of bit

”
,
—
u mi n ou s sm oke

ove r h a n g in g it the n a me of S m oky C ity w a s als o

,
”
_

g ive n to it By r e a s on of its p osition a s chie f g a te

.

wa y to the West a n d of its c oal ir on oil a n d n atu r a l , ,

g a s it is the chie f ce n te r f or the m a n ufa ct ur e of ir on

,

a n d steel in the U n ite d S t a tes The city is e qua lly .

g r e a t in othe r thi n g s which its b ou n tifu l fu el e n a bles

it to m ake Ab ou t h alf the g l a ss factor ies in the
—
.

U n ite d S t a tes a r e l oc a te d the r e an i n du str y which

the t ow n be g an l n 1 797 Whe n the u se of n at u r al g a s.

a s fu el bec ame c omm on Alle g he n y c ou n ty a c qu i r e d a n

,

a dd iti on a l fa cility for m an ufa ctu r i n g a n d in r ece n t ,

fl
ye ar s it h a s bec ome a n empir e in itsel f i n cl u di n g ,

besid es P ittsb u r g a n d Alle g he n y M cK eespor t M it in , ,

T own ship B r addock H omeste a d a n d othe r p opu l ou s

, , ,

t ow n s a n d t ow n ships .

Na tu r a l g a s ha d bee n kn own to exist in a n d a r ou n d

P ittsb u r g for m a n y ye a r s b u t w as n ot u tilize d except, ,

on a sm all sc ale be for e 1 884 whe n G e or g e Westi n g

, ,

h ou se bec ame i n te r este d in it a n d dr ille d a well on ,

the g r ou n ds of his own r esi de n ce I n two ye a r s ’

.

time pipe li n es r a di ate d fr om P ittsb u r g like the sp oke s

,
-

of a wheel a n d g a s w a s b r ou g ht the r e fr om a d ist a n c e

,
 The I n d us tr ia l H is tor y 269

of m or e th a n a h u n dr e d miles The d a ily c on s u mpti on

.

h a s bee n a s hi g h a s c ubic feet .

The r e a r e m a n y othe r cities a n d t own s th at owe

their g r owth chiefly to the m an ufa ctu r e of ir on a n d
its p r odu cts a m on g which a r e J oh n stown N ew Ca s tle
, , ,

S teelt on Al le n town Bethlehem Ea st on P h oen ixville

, , , , ,

Dan ville Ke n sin g ton ( a p art of P hil a delphi a ) a n d

,

C heste r . The l a st two n a me d a r e n ote d f or the

b u il d i n g of ir on ste amships the y ar d s bei n g k n own
,

’
r espectiv ely a s C r a mp s a n d Roa ch s
’
The con str u c .

ti on of ir on ste a mships h a s bee n b r ou g ht to s u ch

Cr a m ps S h ip Yar d—L a un ch in g of th e Yoik town a nd th e Vesu i

’
v us
'
.

pe r fecti on on the D el awa r e th at it is s ometimes c a lle d

“the C lyd e of Ame r ic a Afte r ou r wa r with S p ain
.
”
,

a ll the wor l d w an te d to k n ow h ow wa r v essels we r e

b u ilt at Ke n sin g ton R u ssi a or d e r e d seve r al ships a t
.

C r amp s a t on ce r ec alli n g to ou r mem or y the off e r

’
,

she m ade to S a mu el H u mph r eys afte r the W a r of

1 81 2
The l u mbe r in du str y bec ame exte n s ive with the
b u il din g of r a ilr oad s t own s a n d cities a n d
, Th L m b , e u er

the m an u fa ctu r e of m a chi n e r y in ci de n t to “ d t” us

the est ablish m e n t of the c oal a n d ir on i n du s tr ies .

P hil ad elphi a P ittsb u r g a n d E r ie h a d bee n b u il d in g

,
270 A H istor y f
o P en n sy lva n ia

ships a n d u si n g l u mbe r a s a n ar ticle of c omme r ce

be for e . S hip c ar pe n te r s we r e a m on g the ve r y fi r st
mech an i cs in the P r ovin ce The S we d es ha d bee n.

b u il d i n g vessels be for e P e n n c ame a n d in 1 683 a ship ,

y ar d w a s est ablishe d in P hil ad elphi a O the r y ar d s .

a n d d ocks we r e ope n e d the r e a n d the city bec a me ,

fa m ou s for ship b u il d i n g I t w a s a c omm on p r actice

.

to sell b oth ship a n d c ar g o in for ei g n p or ts D u r in g .

the R ev olu tion a C on tin en t al a n d a S t ate fleet wer e

,

b u ilt on the D el aw ar e a n d when C on g r ess est ab lishe d

,

the Navy D ep ar tmen t in 1 798 the fir st n avy y ar d w a s

, ,

l oc a te d the r e The exte n sive c on str u ction of wood e n

.

cr aft w a s d isc on ti n u e d ab ou t 1 860 Er ie h a s bee n a .

g r e a t l u mbe r m a r ket eve r si n ce P e r r y

’
s g a ll a n t fleet
w a s c on st r u cte d fr om tr ees in the s u r r ou n d i n g for est ;
while P ittsb u r g b u ilt m an y ste a mb oa ts for the s ou the r n
a n d weste r n r ive r s a n d a pp r op r i a te d the p r odu cts of
,

the for est in othe r ways .

The l u mbe r i n du str y of l ate r ye ar s ce n te r e d in the

city of W illi am sp or t Afte r 1 840 it m a de s u ch r a pi d
.
,
;

p r og r ess th a t a g r e a t b oom w a s e r ecte d in the r ive r a t

,

th at pl ace f or the p u r p ose of h ol d i n g the l og s fl oate d

,

d ow n fr om the pi n e r ies ab ove u n til the y c ou l d be t ake n

ou t a n d s a we d Be for e 1 850 the l og s u se d to be
.
,

c au g ht b y m en in sm all b oats a n d tie d i n t o r afts The .

b oom p r ove d so s u ccessfu l th a t it w a s e n l ar g e d fr om

time to ti me u n til it exte n de d a l on g d ist a n ce u p the
,

r ive r. I n the sp r i n g it is p a cke d s o s oli d ly with l og s

th a t on e c a n wa lk a c r oss the r ive r on the m The l ar g e .

pie r s the he a vy timbe r s b olte d t og ethe r a n d the c on

, ,

st r u cti on of the d a m is a n i m m e n se piece of wor k

, .

The n u mbe r of m ills in Willi a m sp or t e n g a g e d in m a n u

fa c tu r in g l u mbe r a n d d r e s si n g it in v a r i ou s w ays h a s
, ,
 The I n du s tr ia l H istor y 271
I

m a de the t own on e of the m ost flour ishi n g in the S t a te .

L ock H ave n is the n ext l ar g est emp or i u m in the l u m

b er d istr ict .The W est B r an ch b oom w a s e r ecte d
ther e a b ou t the s a me time a s th a t at W illi amsp or t ,

a n d the s awmills a r e exte n sive The for ests fr om .

The B oom at W illi a m spor t .

which this g r e at l u mber in du str y w a s d evel ope d a r e

m ostly white pi n e a n d heml ock a n d a r e l oc ate d al on g
,

the W e st B r an ch of the S u squ eh a n n a a n d its tr ib u

t ar ies .

. The l ast g r e at i n du st r y of P e n n sylv an i a is th at

of pet r ole u m O n ly ab ou t for ty ye ar s h ave
P t l m
.

e ro e u

p a sse d sin ce the fi r st still w a s ch ar g e d wi th

petr ole u m a n d the fir st b ar r el of r e fi n e d oil w a s off e r e d
,

f or s ale ; yet its exp or ts r a n k f ou r th in v a l u e bei n g ,

su r p a s se d on ly by c ott on b r ea d stu fi s a n d p r ov i s i on s
,

wh ile eve r y h ome in ou r own l an d e n j oys its b en eficen t

lig ht. I t is estim ate d th a t the t ot a l c apit al empl oye d
for the p r od u cti on m a n u factu r e a n d t r an sp or t ati on of
,

petr ol eu m a n d its p r odu cts am ou n ts to

The r e is evide n ce th a t this oil wa s u se d in the g r ay
daw n of histor y — l n N in eveh B abyl on a n d E g ypt
,
.

C e r t a in it is th at in Ame r ic a the I n d i an s c ollecte d

,
.

“ f r om petr ole u m sp r i n g s ; a n d in
their S e n ec a oil ”

d ic a tion s a r e n ot w a n tin g to s how th a t the M ou n d

B u il de r s ha d du g wells in P e n n sylv an i a a n d O hio .
272 A H is tor y of P enn sylva n ia

The F r e n ch in th eir expl a ti on s m ad e n ote or of

“a
, ,

fou n t a i n at the he a d of a b r an ch of the O hi o the ,

w ate r of which is like oil E n g lish a n d Amer ic an

.
”

s ol d ier s on du ty in weste r n P e n n sylv a n i a h a lte d a t

“oil c r eek a n d b a the d thei r
”
r he u m a tic j oi n ts with
,

the oil th at floate d on it Late r on while b or in g for

.
,

b r in e to m ake s a lt oil appe a r e d g r e a tly to the a n n oy

, ,

a n ce of s a lt Oper a tor s .

The histor y of the in du str y d ates fr om the ye ar .

1 85 8 whe n on the 28th of A u g u st , E

Dra k O il W ll
e s
’
e
“
, , .

L D r ake str u ck oil on Wats on s Fl a ts

.
” ’
,

n e a r Tit u sville H e wa s the fi r st m a n to d r ive a pip e

.

th r ou g h the s an d
and cl ay Af ter .

p u ttin g down a t ube

to the d epth of 3 6
feet he str u ck r ock .

The n he c omme n ce d
to d r ill W he n on .
,

S at u r d ay n i g ht A u ,

g u st 27 the b or e ,

ha d pe n etr a te d the
r ock 33 f ee t the ,

dr ill dr oppe d i n to
a c r evice ab ou t 6
i n ches The t ools .

Colo l D k Oil W l l ’
ne ra e s
we r e p u lle d ou t a n d
e .

“ n
p u t a sid e to r esu me wor k on M on d ay
, U cle Billy .
”

S mith who d id the b or i n g we n t to the well on S u n

, ,

d a y a n d f ou n d a li q u i d withi n a f ew fee t f r om the

,

H e d ippe d s ome of it u p a n d 1 0 ! it wa s oil

.

top .
, .

The p u mp w a s st a r te d on M on da y a n d the well pr o ,

d u ced a t the r a te of 25 b a r r els a d a y .

 The I n du s tr ia l H istor y 273

O il ha d bee n c ollecte d n e ar Tit u svil le on a n isl a n d ,

a t the j u n cti on of Oil a n d L i n e c r eeks Oth W ll ,

er e s

for n e ar ly ten ye a r s be for e D r ake b or e d

his well I t wa s d on e by m e a n s of a ser i es of pits
. ,

ar r a n g e d like sep ar a
tor s the w ate r flowin g
,

fl
bel ow l eav m g the oil
,

oa tinghn the sur f a ce

ta be d ippe d u p with
,

bl a n kets S pecimen s of
.

th i s oil ha d bee n e x a m
in ed a n d its u se f or
ill u min ati n g p ur p oses
d em on st r a te d As the .

wh a le oil i n du st r y w a s
the n on the decline
a n d the b u r n i n g

mad e of E n g lish a n d
u id Oil D
fl icks
,

er r .

No v a S c oti a c oa l w a s n ot s atisfa ctor y the r e wa s a

'

d em an d for a n ewil l u m l n a n t The s u ccess of D r ake s

.
’

well the r e for e s oon b r ou g ht for th othe r s in g r e a t

, ,

n u mbe r s a l on g O il a n d F r e n ch c r eeks a n d the Alle

.

g hen y r ive r .

The n ext d isc ove r y w a s the flowi n g well

. These .

g u s he r s or pet r ole u m fou n t a i n s g r e a tl y i n c r e a se d the

quan ti ty p r odu ce d I n 1 862 the dr ille r s bec omi n g
.

;
,

c r owde d in the r ive r b ottoms p u she d b ack i n t o the ,

a dj ace n t c ou n t r y a n d d isc ove r e d th a t the hi g h l a n d s

,

of C l ar i on B u tle r Ar mstr on g M c K ea n a n d W ar r e n
‘

, , ,

c ou n ties als o c ove r ed the hi dd e n tr e a s u r e The pr o .

d u cti on in Wa shi n g ton a n d Gr ee n e c ou n t i es d id n ot

bec ome imp or t a n t u n til 1 885 Acc or di n g to the cen .

su s of 1 890 the r e we r e ,
p r odu ci n g wells i n the
R /
274 O
A H istor y f
o P enn sylva n ia

S t a te . A dd in g to this n u mbe r th ose n ot the n in

ope r a ti on the r e we r e p r ob ably a s m an y oil d e r r icks
,

in P e n n sylv an i a a s the r e a r e s quar e miles .

The tr an sp or t a ti on Of oil wa s at fir st in b ar r els ,

Tm p n fi
s o ah au le d on tr u cks to O il C ity or on b ar g es
on , ,

0“
which we r e c ar r ie d d own the sh all ow
st r e a m b y me an s of a r ti fici a l flood s p r odu ce d by ope n
in g a se r ies of d a ms At O il C ity the b ar r el s we r e
.

t r a n s fe r r e d to l ar g e r b oa ts a n d shippe d to P itts b u r g ,

the g r e a t d istr ib u ti n g ce n te r I n 1 866 the Al le g he n y .

,

Valley r a il r oa d w a s Ope n e d a n d c ar s b u il t speci a lly ,

for t r a n sp or tin g Oil I n time the pipe li n e displ a ce d

.
,

the c a r a n d b oat This meth od w a s fir st u se d a t

.

P ith ole for a d ist an ce of fou r miles ove r a n a sce n t

, ,

of 500 f eet The own e r s a n d dr ive r s Of oil w a g on s

.

th r e a te n e d ve n g e an ce u p on the p r op r ietor of the little

pipe lin e a n d it ha d to be g uar de d b y a n ar me d
'

p atr ol T od ay the oil r e g ion is a n etwor k of pipes

.
,

a n d g r e a t t r u n k li n es s u pply the n e ed s Of N ew Y or k ,

P hil a d elphi a B a ltim or e C level a n d B uffal o P ittsb ur g

, , , ,

a n d C hic a g o The t ot al le n g th of pipe li n e tr a n s

.

p or ti n g P e n n sylv an i a c r u de oil is ab ou t miles

—“a gir dle for the e ar th ” The tr u n k lin e to P hil a
,

d elphi a st a r ts a t C ol g r ov e M cK ea n c ou n ty its 6 i n ch , ,
-

pipe exte n di n g ove r a d ist a n ce of 235 miles . Pe .

tr ol eu m h a s als o a dd e d g r e a tly to the m a n ufa ctu r es .

The n umbe r a n d v a r iety of its p r odu cts a r e a lm ost

limitless .

An othe r i n te r est of c on si d e r able m a g n itu de is th at

Of the sl a te qua r r ies which a r e fou n d in the
Sl t
,
a e

n or the r n h a l f of N or th a mpt on a n d L ehi g h

c ou n ties a n d the e a ste r n qu a r te r of Be r ks c ou n ty The .

sl a te r e g i on h a s a n e xt r eme le n g th of 50 miles a n d a
 The I n du s tr ia l H istor y 275

m a xim u m b r e adth of 1 3 miles S ome sl a te is a ls o

.

fou n d in C heste r a n d Yor k c ou n ties The fi r st qua r r y .

wa s ope n e d in u ppe r M ou n t Bethel t ow n ship Nor th ,

a mpton c ou n ty ab ou t the ye ar 1 81 2 S i n ce the n the

, .

i n du str y h a s a dde d m u ch to P e nn sylv a n i a s we alth a s

’
,

the an n ua l shipme n ts of s u ch town s a s S l a tin g ton ,

P en A r g yl a n d B a n g or will sh ow The S l a ti n g ton

.

r e g i on al on e in 1 882 p r odu ce d a s hi g h a s
s quar es of r oofin g sl ate ( 4 or 5 s quar es to a ton ) ,

c a ses of sch ool sl a te ( 1 0 doze n to a c a se ) a n d

1 00 bl a ckb oar d c a se s The u se Of sl a te for bl a ck
.

b oar d p ur p oses h a s sin ce the n g r e atly i n c r e a se d .

F or m a n y ye ar s the n ickel mi n es in B ar t t own ship ,

La n c a ste r c ou n ty kn ow n a s the Ga p
N ic k l d Zi c
,
e an n

Mi n es we r e a n imp or t a n t min i n g i n te r est

, .

They ha d bee n w o r ke d at in te r v a ls fr om the ye ar

1 71 8 for thei r c oppe r I n 1 852 it w a s d isc ove r e d
.
,

th at l a r g e qua n tities Of n ickel ha d bee n mi n e d with

‘

the c opper a n d th r own aw ay a s r e f u se The Ga p .

C oppe r Min es a t on ce b eca m e the Ga p N ickel Min es

'

a n d smelti n g wor ks we r e p u t u p n e ar by The r e we r e .

mi n e d a n d smelte d m or e th a n 600 t on s of or e in a
,

m on th whe n the p r od u cti on w a s a t its hi g hest ; b u t

the i n d u st r y h a s bee n ab an don e d for s ome time .

An othe r or e of m u ch v al u e is the zi n c or e of
L ehi g h c ou n ty . The mi n e is sit u ate d a t F r ie d e n sville ,

a n d c on sis ts of ve r y l a r g e a n d exte n de d exc a v a ti on s .

I t h a s bee n wor ke d to a d epth of 250 feet th ou g h in ,

l ate ye ar s it h a s bee n i dle The n ther e a r e the

.
,

b r ow n ston e quar r ies n e ar H u mmelstow n Dau phin

-
,

c ou n ty a n d the blu e ston e quar r ies of n or the a ste r n

,
-

P e n n sylv an i a b oth Of which a r e wi dely k n ow n in the

,

e a ste r n p ar t of the U n ite d S t ates .

276 A H is tor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

Al th ou g h mi n in g a n d m a n u fa ct u r i n g a r e the le a d
in g i n te r ests in P e n n sylv an i a its a g r ic u l
A g ic l t
,
r u ure

t u r e m u st n ecess a r ily r a n k hi g h W e h av e .

‘
s ome of the fi n est far min g l a n d in the wor l d a n d ou r ,

th r ivin g a n d p op u l ou s t ow n s a n d cities aff or d a m a r

k et f or a ll th a t the fa r me r s ca n p r od u ce a n d a g r e at ,

d e al m or e I n the p r odu cti on of c or n a n d whe a t the

.
,

S t a te s u r p a sses a ll the othe r Atl an tic S t ates ; a n d its

d a i r y a n d t r u ck fa r ms s u r r ou n d a h u n d r e d ce n te r s Of
p op u l a ti on l a r g e e n ou g h to c on s u me the p r odu cts .

The sm all far ms of P e n n s y lv a n i a a r e m or e p r ofi t able

th an the l a r g e on es he r e or elsewhe r e in p r op or ti on , ,

to the c a pit a l i n veste d O f the six c ou n ties in the .

U n ite d S t ates wh ose agr ic u ltu r al p r odu cts we r e the

m ost v a l u able in 1 889 Lan c a ste r r a n ke d fi r st a n d ,

C heste r a n d B u cks thir d a n d four th r espectively ; while

the You n g far ms in Da u phi n c ou n ty a r e p r on ou n ce d
, ,

the fin est in the w or l d .

B OO KS F OR R EAD I NG A ND C ONS ULTATI ON

cha f n d W estc ott s H is to y of P hila d lphia Vol III Chs
S r a
’
r e , .
, .

—
liii lvi W ils on s H is tor y of P nnsyl a nia R a il oa d Compa ny ;
’
e v r

F ish s P ennsylva nia Colony a nd Commonwa l th Ch viii T eg o s

er
’
e , . r
’

G eog r a phy of P nn sylva n ia pp 1 1 —

6 1 64
e B ow en s P ic tor ia l S k tch , .
’
e

B ook of P en nsylva n ia ; P etr ol eu m , I ts P r od u ction a nd P r od u c ts in

P en n sylva nia ,
in th e R e po t
I n d u st ial S tatistics
r of th e B u r e au of r ,

1 89 7; B ull tin of th D pa tm n t of La bo N o 1 3 Nov em b e

e e e 1 897
r e r , .
,
r ,

S yph e s S chool H is to y of P en n sylva nia Ch xxxv ; Gover nor s

r
’
r , .
’

M essa g es in th e H ou s e a n d S en at e J ou n als 1 790—

, 1 898 S wan k s r ,
’

I r on a nd Coa l in P en ns ylva n ia ; M c M a ster ’

s H is tor y of the P eople
the Un ited S ta tes , I S ee I n d ex fo
Vol “M a n u fact u r es ” Vol
of .
, r , .

I I , S ee I n d ex f or “I n t n al I m p ov em en ts
er r .
”
 C H A P T ER VII

E D U CA T I O N I N P E N N S YL V A NI A

AT the time when the Du tch a n d the S we des settle d

/

on the D el aw a r e the sch ools of E u r ope

, Am g th on e

we r e u s ually u n de r the c on tr ol of the D tc h d u an

th sw d e e es
ch ur ch . The mi n iste r himsel f w a s the
sch oolm a ste r or the sch oolm a ste r w a s the m in 1 ster s
,
’

a ssist a n t E ve r t P iete r s on who t au g ht the fir st sch ool

.
,

on the west b a n k Of the D el a w a r e in a ch u r ch a t ,

“
New Ca stle 1 65 7 w a s to a ct a s S exton P s a lm S ette r
, , ,
-
,

C om for te r Of the S ick a n d S ch oolm a ste r , The peo .

”

“
ple we r e p oor a n d sc atte r e d ”
a n d the f ew ch u r ches ,

a nd p r e a che r s a m on g them ha d to d o d ouble du ty .

I n m an y c a ses the p a r e n ts t au g ht thei r chil dr e n un de r

the ove r si g ht of the cle r g ym an A B C b ooks p r im .
- -
,

er s , a n d c a techisms we r e se n t fr om S we d e n 1 n l a rg e

n u mbe r s .

B u t the sch ools of the Du tch a n d the S we d es

are me r ely a n histor ic a l cu r i osity The F o d tio .
un a ns

foun d ation s of e du c ation in P e n n sylv a n i a L ai d

W e r e l a i d by W illi a m P e n n a n d the Assembly a t its
fi r st a n d sec on d sessi on s The twel fth p r ovision of
.

the Fr ame of G ove r nme n t s ays

,

That the G ov e n o a n d P ovin cial C ou n cil shall e ect a n d

r r r r

o de
r all pu blic schools a n d en c ou ag e n d ewa d the auth o s
r ,
r a ,
r r r

of u s efu l sci en c es a d la u d abl e i n v en ti on s

n .

P en n hel d th at the gove r n me n t is a tr u stee for

( 277)
278 A H is tor y f
o P enn sylva n ia

the y ou th a n d m u st l ook afte r thei r e d u c ati on

,
1 n this .

w ay it wou l d e n d e a r itself t o the pe ople ; for they

w ou l d r emembe r the g over n me n t m or e for their ed u
c at i on th a n for their est ates The p r a ctic al or i n du s .

tr i a l si d e of e du c a ti on w a s especi a l ly emph asize d by

the found e r of ou r S t a te H is i d e a s a n d pl an s a r e .

exp r esse d in the foll owi n g a ct of the Assembly which

met a t P hil a d elphi a in 1 683 :
A n d to th ethat p oor as w ell as ich m a y b e i n st u ct ed
en d ,
r ,
r

in g ood a n d c om m en d abl e l ea n i n g which is to b e pr ef err ed r ,

b efor w ealth B e é t na c t d etc That all p e s on s in this

-

e ,
e e , .
,
r

P ovi n c e n d T e it o i e s th er eof havi n g chil d en a n d all th e

r a rr r ,
r ,

g u a d ian s a n d t u st ee s of o pha n s shall cau s e s u ch to b e in

r r r ,

st u ct d in ead in g a n d w iti n g so that th y m a y b e abl to

r e r r ,
e e

re a d th e S c ipt u e s a n d to w it e by th e ti m e th ey attai n to
r r r

tw elve y ea s of a g e n d that th en th y b e tau g ht som e u sef ul

r a e

t a d e o skill that the p oo m y w o k to liv e a n d th ich if

r r ,
r a r ,
e r

th ey b e om e p oo m a y n ot wan t of which ev e y C ou n ty C ou t
c r r r

shall tak e ca e A n d in cas e s u ch pa n ts g u a d ian s o ove

r . re ,
r r r

s e s shall b e fou n d d fi ci en t in this esp ect th ey shall pay fo

er e r , ,
r

ev e y s u ch chil d
r fiv p oun d s e .

This act 1 683 t ook a dv an ce d g r ou n d

of I t p ro .

c ls v id ed for
“ st a te e du c ati on ” “
u n ive r s a l e du
S h oo ,

E s ta b ‘i h e d
s
c a tion ” “in u st r i a l e u c a ti on d”
a nd
“ c d om
, ,

pu l sor y e du c ati on Acti n g u p on its p r ovisi on s P e n n ”

.
,

a n d the P r ovi n ci a l C ou n cil th a t s a me ye ar e n g a g e d

E n och Fl owe r fro m E n g l a n d to Ope n a sch ool in a

, ,

h ou se b u ilt of pi n e a n d ce d ar pl an ks I n 1 689 the

'

.
,

F r ie n d s P ublic G r amm ar S ch ool which afte r war d s

’
,

bec ame the W illi a m P e n n C h ar te r S ch ool w a s o pe n e d ,

in P hil a d elphi a The m a ste r ha d to be lice n se d by

.

the Gove r n or a n d C ou n cil I t w a s n ot a p u blic sch ool .

in the Ame r ic a n se n se n ow b u t r esemble d the so ,

“
c a lle d p u blic sch ools of E n g l a n d I t w a s e n dowed .
 E du ca tion in P en n sylva nia 279

a nd fr ee on ly to the p oor who we r e e du c ate d in b r a n ch

,

sch ools loc ate d in v ar i ou s p ar ts of the town .

This w a s a ll th a t w a s don e by the S t ate for the

e du c a tion of its pe ople d 0wn t o the Rev o
, Th C h c h e ur

S h l
l u tion a r y W a r The C h ar te r of P r ivile g es
.
° °° s

( see p 1 04 ) c on t ai n e d n o cl au se even r el ati n g to edu

.

c ati on . As st a te d be for e chu r ch a n d sch ool d welt

,

u n der the s ame r oof in th ose d ays ; b u t a s the r e

we r e so ma n y ch u r ches in P e n n sylv an i a it w a s im
_
,

p ossible to h ave a st a te sch ool

. The v ar iou s sects .

a n d ch u r ches ha d schools of thei r ow n The e ar liest .

school st a r te d by pr iv a te e ffort w a s on e on Ti nic u m

isl a n d . Dar by too bec a me the se a t of a sch ool in
, , ,

1 692 . On e wa s est ablishe d a t G e r m an town in 1 701 ,

with the le ar n e d P a stor i u s at its he a d No s oon e r .

ha d C h r ist C h u r ch bee n found e d th an a sch ool h ou se

sp r an g u p by its si d e S ch ools a r e k n ow n t o h a ve
.

bee n t a ug ht by the B a ptist p r e a che r s l n thei r e ar ly

ch u r ches in B u cks a n d C heste r c ou n ties
. The S c otch .

I r ish r e g ar d e d the ch u r ch a n d the sch ool h ou se a s

twi n a g e n ts of civiliz a ti on a n d thei r cle ar i n g s we r e
,

n eve r with ou t them The Cath olics with wh om it is

.
,

the p olicy eve n n ow t o e n tr u st e du c ati on to the ,

ch ur ch a r e kn own to h ave ha d a sch ool in the

,

p r iest s h ou se a t Goshen hoppen Be r ks c ou n ty s oon

’
, ,

afte r thei r G e r m an missi on w a s est ablishe d the r e .

The Lu the r a n s a t New H an ove r M on t gome r y c oun ty , ,

r eceive d a g i ft of fif ty a c r es of l a n d for thei r ch u r ch

a nd sch ool On e of the fathe r s of the R e for me d

.

C hu r ch in P e n n sylv an i a p r e ache d a n d t au g ht in his

ow n h ou se in M on t g ome r y c ou n ty for s ome ye ar s s oon

afte r 1 720 .

No ch u r ch or sect wa s m or e a c ti ve in e du c ation
280 A H istor y f P en n sy lva n ia
o

th a n the M or avi a n s At Na z a r eth Bethlehem a n d L ititz

.
,

they ha d n u r se r ies whe r e the chil dr e n ab ove on e or

,

two ye a r s of a g e we r e f ed cl othe d in st r u cte d a n d

.
, ,

c ar e d for a t the expe n se of the b r eth r e n L ater p aro .

chi a l sch ools with in fan t d ep ar tme n ts att a che d d is

, ,

pl a ce d the n u r se r ies The Me n n on ites a t G er m an t own

.

b u ilt a l og ch u r ch l n 1 706 which w a s afte r war d s ,

u se d a s t h e i r s c h o o l
h ou se I n t h e p r ese n t .

b u il di n g 1 30 ye ar s ol d , ,

st a n d s the t able a t which

“the pi ou s sch oolm a ste r

of the S kipp ack — C h r is ”

topher D ock — s a t whe n

he t a u g ht sch ool in th a t
D ock T bl a d B enc h
’
s a e n
t o w n H e is the au th or of
.
.

the fir st b ook on sch ool

te a chi n g p ublishe d in A me r ic a H e d ie d on e eve n in g
—
.

afte r sch ool while k n eeli n g a t his d esk t o p r ay as

wa s his c u stom The S chwen ckfel der s a n d T u n ker s
.
,

w or shipi n g for m a n y ye ar s in h ou s es a n d b a r n s ih ,

st r u cte d thei r chil dr e n a t h ome Am on g the S eve n th .

D a y B a ptists a t E ph r a t a a hive of i n tellect u a l a ctivity

, ,

the fi r st S abb ath sch ool in Ame r ic a wa s ope n e d .

Whe r e pe o ple live d fi ve or te n m iles fro m a ch u r ch ,

N igh b h
e d or whe r e a v ar iety of r eli g i ou s d e n omi n a
or oo

S h l
¢ °° s
ti on s existe d sch ools we r e or g a n ize d by ,

n ei g hb or h ood s These we r e k n own a s

.
“ p ay or ”

“ u
s bsc r ipti on sch ools
”
The b u il di n g of a h ou se a n d
.

the empl oy me n t of a te a che r w a s u s u a lly e n t r u ste d t o

a c ommittee electe d by the n ei g hb or h ood The m on ey .

n ee d e d wa s r a ise d by v ol un t a r y s ubsc r ipti on The .

pa y s ch ool s s oon ou t nu mbe re d th ose s u st a i n e d by r e

 E du ca tion in P enn sy lva n ia
'

281
'

l ig iou s b od ies owi n g to the in te r mixi n g of the sects

,

a n d ch u r ches a s the p op u l a tion g r ew I t wa s s a id of .

the c ou n t r y ar ou n d P hil a delphi a th a t by 1 750 a sch ool

“
-

h ou se s tood in alm ost eve r y r i dg e of wood s ”

W he n .

the pe ople c r osse d the m ou n t a in s a n d c a me in c on t a ct

with settle r s fro m M ar yl an d V i r g i n i a N ew Yor k a n d , ,

New E n g l a n d the r e w a s s u ch a n i n te r mi n g li n g s oci a lly

, ,

th a t n ei g hb or h ood s ch ools ha d f ew p r ej udices t o eu '

c ou n te r M a n y mi n iste r s we r e te ache r s b u t the

.
,

c h u r ches we r e n ot or g an ic a ll y c on n ecte d with p r im ar y

e du c ation in ce n tr al weste r n a n d n or the r n P en n syl

, ,

v a n i a I n the Wy omi n g v alley 960 acr es of l an d we r e

.
,

Set a par t in e a ch t own ship

“for the p u blic u se of a
Gospel Min ist r y a n d sch ools ”
S ome of the sch ools .

in th a t secti on we r e a ltog ethe r free befor e the Rev o

l u tion They we re s u pp or te d by the p ublic fund a n d
.

a t a x on p r o pe r ty .

Whe n the Revol u ti on m a de n ecess ar y the for m a ti on

of a n ew c on stit u ti on l n P e n n syl van i a Th C tit tio
“
, e on s u ns

this is wh a t wa s s a i d in it ab ou t edu “ 1 776 ” 1 79° a

c ation
A sch ool sch ools shall b e establish ed in e ach c ou n ty by
or

th e L eg islat u e f o th e c on v en i en t i n st u cti on of y ou th with s u ch

r r r ,

sala i es to th m ast s pai d by th e pu blic as m y en abl th m

r e er , , a e e

to n st u t y ou t h at l ow p ic es ; a n d all u s efu l l e a n i n g shall b e

1 r c r r

d u ly en c ou a g d a n d p om ot d in on e o tw
r e o Un iv
r esiti es r er .

The S t ate in 1 776 t ook no g r oun d in ad v a n ce of

, ,

the ch u r ch a n d c omm u n ity sch ools whe n it p r op ose d ,

t o fu r n ish eleme n t ar y i n str u cti on “

a t l ow p r ices ”
.

B oth cl a sses of sch ools ha d a lways str ive n to r e a ch

pe ople of m oder a te ci r c u msta n ce s " I n 1 790 h oweve r , ,

Tim othy P icke r i n g of L u ze r n e s u pp or te d by Thom a s

, ,

M cK ea n of P hil a delphi a W illi a m Fi n dley of W est

, , ,
282 A H istor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

m or el an d , a nd o the r s s u ccee de d in
, g e ttin g the word s
“in
ma nn er tha t the poor ma y be ta ug ht g r a tis
”
su ch a

a tt a che d to the c on stitu tion al cl ause on sch ools On .

these wor ds r ests the

s y s t e m o f c om m o n
sch ools ; for in ord e r ,

t o te a ch the p oor gr a tis ,

it wa s fi n a lly deter mi n e d
to te a ch the r ich gr a tis
, ,

too .

The i d e a of te a chin g
Ch it y the p oor at pu b ar

S h l
lic expen se w a s
° °° s

stimu l ate d in its slow

g r owt h b y s e v e r a l
Al x
e d W il o S ch ol H
an er s
’
n s o1 804 e
ou s e,
d u c a ti on a
.
l m oveme n ts '

The ch ar ity sch ools of

P hil ad elphi a helpe d to d evel op it A ch ar ity sch ool .

“
to qu a lify a nu mbe r of the p oor e r s or t a s sch ool
m a ste r s in the c ou n tr y w a s at fir st c on n ecte d with
,
”
.

wh at is n ow the U n ive r sity of P e n n s y lv an i a The .

a ttempt to te a ch the Ge r m an s the E n g lish l an g ua g e

( see p 49 ) w a s a step t ow ar d s le n di n g a helpin g h an d
.

in e du c a ti on I t wa s the fi r st e du c a ti on a l m oveme n t
.

to bec ome g e n e r a l in the p r ovi n ce The sch ools of .

the Q uake r s b u t m or e especi ally of the M or avi a n s for

, ,

the e du c ati on of the I n di an s a n ob je ct set for th in

-

P e n n s ch a r te r for the f ou n d i n g of P e n n sylv a n i a

’
,

we re no ble ex amples of f r ee e du c ati on for the p oor .

The n the r e we r e the sch ools for c ol or e d pe ople in

, ,

P hil a d elphi a H a r r is b u r g
,
P ittsb u r g a n d elsewhe r e
, ,
.

They we r e Ope n d a y a n d eve n i n g f or y ou n g a n d ol d , ,

a n d we r e t au g ht b y v ol u n tee r s w ho se r ve d by tu r n s
, .
 E du ca tion in P enn sy lva n ia 283

The m oveme n t th a t l ed u p n e a r est to the p r ese n t

free sch ools wa s the Lan c a ste r i an system Th L m e a as

t i‘ m sy t m
a s cheme by which the p oor c ou l d be ta u g ht e' s e

g r a tis a t a ve r y l o w exp en se A f te r 1 7 90 r.epe ate d ,

efi or ts we r e m a d e to c a r r y ou t the c on stit u ti on a l pr o
'

vision in r el ati on to the e du c a tion of the p oor But .

the l a ws p a sse d r esu lte d in d ivi d in g the pe ople i n t o

tw o cl a sses
— the r ich a n d the p oor The chil d r e n who .

“
we r e t au ght g r atis bec ame kn ow n a s pau pe r sch ol ar s ”
,

“
a n d we r e a sh a me d t o g o t o the p au pe r sch ools while
”
,

“
the p ay sch ol ar s ”
we r e too p r ou d t o g o The La n
, .

c a ster ia n system n a me d afte r

, J ose ph Lan c a ste r a n ,

En g lishm an a n d d evise d b y him in L on d on a t the

,
'

cl ose of the ei ghtee n th ce n t u r y empl oye d the ol d e r p u pils

,

a s m on itor s to in str u ct the othe r s La n c a ste r p rep ar e d

.

his pu pil a ssist a n ts for their d aily w or k s omewh at afte r

the meth od empl oye d by a S un day sch ool s u pe r i n te n d e n t
a t his te a che r s meeti n g s The system w a s tr ie d in P hil a
’
.

d elphi a wi th su ch s atis fa ct or y r es u lts th a t the L e g is

l atu r o p a sse d a l a win 1 81 8 est ablishin g p u blic sch ools
,

in th a t city in w
, hich it w a s to be u se d in its m ost “

a pp r ove d sta te ”
. Lan c a ste r himsel f c a me to P hil a d el
phi a t o c ar r y the l aw i n t o efi ec t F ou r ye ar s l ater .
,

Lan c a ster w a s for me d i n to a sec on d sch ool d istr ict

like th a t of P hil a delphi a in which p ublic sch ools of
,

the Lan c a ste r ian ki n d we r e s u pp or te d by p u blic ta x es .

Dau phin c ou n ty in 1 827 w a s au th or ize d to h ave the

,

s ame kin d of sch ools ; a n d a n u mbe r of other pl a ces

in the S t a te i n t r odu ce d them .

The Lan c a ste r i a n system w a s foll owe d by m ar ke d

imp r oveme n ts . The p u pil te a che r t r a in e d I m p
-
m t, r ov e en s

th t
u n de r the eye of a n expe r ie n ce d m a ste r ,
a

wa s bette r th a n the pe da g ogu e of c ol on i a l times who ,

284 A H is tor y f P enn sylva nia
o

g e n e r ally tr a mpe d the c ou n tr y whe n he d id n ot te ach .

—
W ith bette r te a che r s c a me bette r h ou ses ston e b r ick ,

or fr ame ; a n d a m or e exte n d e d c ou r se of st u dy th an
the thr ee R s in cl u d i n g g e
’
,

og r a phy a n d L i n d ley M u r

r ay s E n g lish g r a m m a r
’
.

B u t in spite of these im
pr o v e m e n t s less th a n ,

chil dr e n atte n de d
sch ool at p u blic expe n se in
—1
on ly a b ou t 5 6 Of the
“

Ol d S c h ol Ho
o 1 825
u se , .

e n ti r e p opu l a ti on whe r e a s ,

n ow the sch ool e n r ollme n t is ab ou t t of the popu l a

ti on . I t w a s n ot u n til the l aw of 1 834 ( see p 202) .

ha d r em ove d d isti n cti on s of bi r th a n d we a lth th a t the

little r ed sch ool h ou se do tte d all the hills a n d valley s
of P e n n sylv a n i a .

The fr ee sch ool l aw of 1 834 a ll owe d the pe o ple

of e a ch d ist ri ct t o d eci d e a t a n electi on
Th e F S ch
r ee loo s
whethe r t o a d opt it or n ot Ab ou t h al f .

of the d istricts a ccepte d it the n a n d by 1 848 it h a d

,

g r ow n so m u ch in p op u l a r fa v or th a t it w a s m a d e
g e n e r al .H oweve r i f a d ist r ict w a s willi n g t o l o se
,

its S t a te a pp r op r ia t ion it w a s n ot c ompelle d to

,

m a in t a i n fr ee sch ools ; a n d it w a s n ot u n til 1 874

th a t the l a st d istr ict a ccepte d the l a w S ta te S u .

per in ten d en t W icke r sh a m the n s a i d in his a n n ua l

,

r ep or t :
“ ‘

F or the fir st time in ou r his tor y the d oor ,

of a p u blic sch ool h ou se st a n d s ope n t o r eceive eve r y

chil d of p r ope r a g e wi thi n t he limi t s of the S t a te .

”

The p rogress of p op u l a r e du c a ti on afte r 1 850

wa s ve r y r a pi d I n 1 854 g r e a te r p o we r to c ol l ect
.
,

the sch ool t a x w a s g ive n ; g e og r a phy a n d g r a mm a r ,

 E du ca tion in P enn sylva nia 285

tog ethe r with s u c h hi g he r b r an ches a s the d ir ector s

mi g ht p r escr ibe wer e t o be tau g ht in eve r y sch ool ;
,

p r O V 1 s 1 on f or g r a d e d sch oo ls w a s m a d e ; a n d the
offi ce of c oun ty s u pe r i n te n d e n t w a s est ablishe d Th r ee .

ye ar s l ate r the S t ate S u pe r i n te n de n cy of C ommon

,

S ch ools w a s m a de a sep ar ate offi ce ; be for e th a t its

d u ties we r e pe r f or me d by the S ecr et ar y of the Com
m on wea l th . At the s a me time the N or m a l S ch ool l aw
wa s p asse d by which the S t ate w a s divi de d i n t o
,

twelve distr icts ,

- —
l a te r i n c r e a se d to thi r tee n in e a ch ,
fl
of which ,
be g i n n i n g with 1 859 ha s b een est ab lishe d
,
-

a sch ool for the p r ofessi on a l p r ep ar a ti on of te a che r s .

t
As the r e a r e m an y chil dr e n a n d y ou ths in the
ch ar it abl e a n d pe n al i n stitu tion s it w a s
‘

, Th St t e a e s
’

t Gm w
felt n ecess ar y to h a ve s ome ove r si g ht g ive n I t n er e s s

to their i n st r u ct ion a n d t r a i n in g es peci ally a s the

,

S t a te g r an ts fi n a n c i a l a id to their s u pp or t F or this .

p u r p ose the S t ate B oar d of P u blic C h ar ities w a s in

stitu ted in 1 869 F or the s a me r e a s on s the S ol d ie r s
.
’

O r ph a n S c hools we r e pl a ce d und e r S t ate su per v i s1 0n .

E ve n i n g sch ools we r e au th or ized b y l aw i n 1 883 ,

whe n it w a s orde r e d th a t if the p ar e n ts of twe n ty or

m or e p u pils ab ove the a g e of six ye ar s m ad e a ppl i
, ,

c ation a free eve n i n g sch ool for a te r m of n ot less

,

th a n four m on ths sh ou l d be est ablishe d B u t the

.

cr own i n g a cts to make ele m e n t ar y e d u c ati on u n ive r s al

we r e the fr ee text b ook l aw of 1 89 3 a n d the com
-
,

p u l s o r y a tte n d a n ce l a w o f 1 8 95 C hil d r e n betwee n

—
.

the a g e of ei g ht a n d thir tee n ye ar s a n d th ose betwee n

thi r tee n a n d sixtee n u n less u se fu lly empl oye d a r e
,
—
n ow r e q u ir e d t o a tte n d sch ool a t le a st 70 per ce n t u m

of the time du r in g which the sch ools a r e ope n in

their d istr ict S uch atte n da n ce is p ossible bec au se
.
,
286 A H is tor y f
o P enn sy lva n ia

a ll b ooks a n d s u pplies a r e fr ee The S t ate by l oc a l

.
,

t ax ati on a n d by g e n e r al a pp r op r i ati on
,

spe n d s ab ou t for the c omm on sch ools eve r y

ye ar .

H i g he r e du c ati on by p ublic au th or ity be g a n with

Th S t t
e a e d a r es o l u ti on of the P r ovi n ci a l C ou n cil
an ,

H i g h “ E d tim c allin g f or “a S ch ool of Ar ts a n d S ci

u ca

e n ces ou t of which g r ew the W illi a m P e n n C h ar te r

”
,

S ch ool ( see p . This in stituti on devel ope d i n to

a sch ool in which La ti n Gr eek a n d othe r hi g he r
, ,

br an ches we r e t au g ht a n d is tod a y on e of the

,

ol d es t of its ki n d in this c ou n t r y The n ext step .

w a s t ake n by F r an klin a n d o the r s whe n in , ,

1 749 , they found e d the Ac ademy a n d Ch ar it able

S ch ool of the P r ovin ce of P e n n sylv an i a This .

ac a d emy in 1 755 bec a me the C olle g e a t P hil a

, ,

delphi a a n d i n 1 779 the U n ive r sity of P e n n sylv a n i a ;

,

a n d with e a ch
.
a ct of i n c or p or a tion the i n stit uti on ,

r eceive d a g r an t of l an d a n d m on ey The o the r .

c olle ges a n d ac ad emies n ow in the S t a te we r e al l

est ablishe d afte r the Rev ol u ti on ar y w ar As l on g .

a s the r e we r e n o fr ee sch ools the a ct of i n c or p or a ti on

,

u s ually c a r r ie d with it a g r an t fr om the S t a te on ,

c on d iti on th at a ce r t a in nu mbe r of p oor stu de n ts

sh ou l d r eceive i n str u cti on free The c olle g es a n d
.

a c a demies du r in g th a t time als o r eceive d a n a n n ual

, ,

a pp r op r i ati on on the s ame c on d iti on I n 1 838 the r e .

we r e n i n e c olle g es a n d on e h undr e d a n d seve n a c a de

m ics a n d f em ale semi n ar ies r eceivi n g a pp r op r i a ti on s .
A few ye ar s l a te r whe n the S t ate w a s h ar d p r esse d
,

for m on ey on a cc ou n t of its p ublic imp r oveme n ts ,

a n d whe n the c omm on sch ools n ee d e d a ll the fi n a n ci a l

a ssist a n ce p ossible the a pp r op r i ation s we r e withhel d

,
.
 E du ca tion in P en n sy lva n ia 287

As the c omm on sch ools g r ew i n fa vor the n ecessity ,

for the sch ol a stic a nd p r ofessi on a l pr ep a

N o m l S ch l r a oo s
r a ti on of te a che r s bec a me a pp a r e n t F or .

this speci fic a n d tech n ic a l p ur p ose N or m a l S ch ools we r e

i n stitu te d O n a cc ou n t of thei r vita l imp or t an ce to the
.

S t a te they r ece i ve a id fro m th a t s ou r ce .

Most of the c olle g es in this S ta te a r e de n omi n a ti on al

—
.

The fir st c olle g e l n P e n n sylv a n i a the Th C h ch mt e ur a

“ ”— H i g h" “m il
fa mou s Log Coll eg e l
wa s of this ki n d .
a ”

I t wa s est ablishe d i n 1 726 by Rev W m Te n n e n t . .

,

p a st or of the Nesh ami n y P r esbyte r i a n ch u r ch B u cks ,

c ou n ty Te n n e n t p r ep are d you n g m en the r e for the

.

m l n l str y a n d othe r c alli n g s O u t of this sch ool g r ew

,

P r i n ceton C olle g e N ew Je r sey “

L ike Log C olle g e
.
”
, ,

othe r s ch ools w e re t au g ht he r e a n d the r e in col on i a l

-

times by le ar n e d d ivi n es who kn ew e n ou g h La tin t o

,

m ake it t he l a n g ua g e of the s ch ool r oom B u t the er a .

of c olle g es p ro pe r d id n ot c ome m u ch befor e the m n o

teen th ce n t u r y I t r e q u i r es we alth t o fou n d hig he r in
.

stitu tion s of le a r n i n g Whe n the ch u r ches on ce h ad

.

me an s they s oon ha d c olle ges

, P e n n sylv a n i a n ow
.

h a s five u n ive r sities and twe n ty seve n c oll eg es -

Th a t .
'

m os t of them a r e d e n omi n a tion a l is d u e t o the fa ct

th a t so m an y ch ur ches a n d sects settle d the S t a te .

B u t the c omm on school s g n or m a l sch ools a n d c ol

/

le g es do n ot i n cl u de a ll th a t the S t a te a n d its pe o ple

h a ve d on e f or e du c ati on We n ee d b u t me n tion
.

Gi r a r d C olle g e a n d the S ch ool f or the Bli n d in ,

P hil a delphi a the S ch ool f or Fee b le mi n de d C hildr e n

,
-

in Me d i a L i n c ol n U n ive r sity a t O xfor d the R e for m a

, ,

tor y at H u n ti n g don the P e nn sylv an i a R eform S ch ool

,

a t M or g a n z a the S ch ool for the D e af and Du mb in

—
,

P itts b u r g a s well a s like i n s titu tion s i n othe r p ar ts

288 A H is tor y f
o P en n sy lva n ia

of the S t a te —
app r eci ate wh at g i a n t e ff or ts h a ve
to
‘

bee n p u t for th for the imp r ove m e n t of all cl a sses of

'

s ociety .

P e n n sylv an i a is k n own a s the Keyst on e S t a te

Th eK y t e p ossibly on a cc ou n t of the fa ct th a t six
s on e

St t a
of the
e “or i g i n al thi r tee n
”
a r e to the n or th

a n d six to the s ou th of h er ; b u t p r ob abl y bec au se

she wa s c on si d e r e d to h ol d the b al an ce of p olitic a l
p owe r betwee n six fr ee S t a tes a n d six sl ave S t a tes ,

afte r the U n i on u n de r the C on stit u tion h ad bee n

forme d W hicheve r r e a s on m a y be the t ru e on e it
.
,

l on g si n ce ce a se d to exist ; a n d if we wou l d c on tin u e

t o occ u py the p r ou d p ositi on we m u st d o i t by ou r
r ank in the U n i on B u t the r an k of a S t a te d e
.

pe n d s u p on he r sch ools .

B OO KS F OR RE A D I NG A ND C ONS ULTATI ON
G ay d o s
r n
’
M emoir s , ch i ; S cha f a . r nd W e sc ott s ’
H is tor y f
o

P hila d elp hia , Vol . 1 11 , ch xlvii ; P r opos

. a ls R ela tin g to the E d a
ca tion of You th in P en n sylva n ia , 1 749 ; B oon e ’
s E d u ca tion in the
Un ited S ta tes , s ee In d x ; e W ats on s An na ls
’
f
o P hil a d elphia ,
Vol .

I, pp . 286 -
297, and Vol . III p 1 63 ; W i
, . c k e r sh a m ’
s H is tor y f
o

E d u ca tion in P ennsy lv a n ia ; The Common S chool La ws of P en n

s y l va n ia .
 C H A P T E R VIII

B I OG R A P H I C A L S K ET C H E S

THE G O VE R N OR S OF P E NNS YL VA NI A

ILLIA M M A RK H A M ( u n d e P n n 1 681 1 682 un d er

W
—
r e
—
,

F l etch 1 693 1 695

er u nde
,
P n 1 695 1 69 9 n d in D lawa r e n a e re

P en n 1 69 1 —
,

unde r 1 693 ) was a c ou si n of W illia m P en n a s ol d i

, by , er
p ofessi on n d b u t twen ty on e y ea s of a g e wh en h e a iv d as
r ,
a -
r rr e
D pu ty Gove n o H cam e to P hilad elphia by way of N wYo k
e -
r r . e e r ,

wh r h e in form ed th e Gov n o of that c ol on y that his u l of th e

e e er r r e
D elawa h d pass d i to W il l i m P en n s han d s H e d i d in P hila
re a e n a
’
. e
d elphia 1 704 a n d was b u i d with m ilita y h ono s by d i ecti on of
, ,
r e r r r

G ov e n o E van s P en sylvan ia ow es mu h to W illiam M a kham

r r . n c r .

H n u s ed th c ol o y in its i n fan cy a n d th e chil d n o d ou bt cau s d

e r e n , e
h im m a n y a sl e pl ss n ig ht e e .

W ILLI A M P E NN ( 1 682— 84 1 699 1 701 ) was b o n in L on d on in ,

-
r

1 644 H is fath wa s Ad m i al W illia m P n n wh o h d d isti n g u ish d

. er r e ,
a e
h im sel f in th e B itish n avy n d was a n xi ou s that his on ly s on sh ou l d
r , a
b a m n of p om i n en c e
e a To this en d h e s r t W illiam to Oxfo d .
,
en r .

W hil e th e th y ou th b cam d r e, ply i m p ss d by th p achi g

e e e ee re e e re n

of th e Q u ak e Thom as Lo d was ex p ll ed f om c oll g e f o

r ,
e, a n e r e r re

fu si n g to c om ply with c tai n g lati on s of d ess which h n ow er re u r , e

g d d s w on g To efi e th i m p ssi on s of L oe s p achi g
’

’
re ar e a r . ac e re re n ,

Ad m i al P n n s en t his s on to th e C o ti
r e t wh r e h e t avel d f o n n en ,
e r e r

a tim e Up on t n i n g W illiam stu d i ed law b cam e n attach

,
r e ur , , e a e
to his fath in th n aval s vic era nd i 1 665 ass u m ed th m
e er e, n e an

a g m e t of a fam ily state n ea C o k

en H e ac qu i ed s om m ilita y
e r r . r e r

r en ow n as a s ol d i n d h d a p o t ait of hi m s elf pai t d in m ili

er ,
a a r r n e

ta y c ostu m
r W hil in I la d P en n on c m o e h a d Th om as
e . e re n ,
e r e r
L e p ach
e d this ti m th e a ow of c on victi on w n t st ai g ht to
re ,
an e rr e r

his h art H j oi n d th e F i n d s a d opt ed th i p i n cipl s

e . e e d r e ,
e r r e , an
sha d th ei p s c u ti on s At a m eti n g in C o k h with oth e s
re r er e . e r ,
e, r ,

was a est ed d th own i n t o p is on W h n el as d h b g an to

rr an r r . e r e e ,
e e

p ach a n d w ite th e Q u ak d oct in

re Th
r c on v r si on to th er r e . e e e

Q ak s of s o p om i n t a p s on s th e on of Adm i al P n wa s
u er r en er a s r en

th e talk of th ki g d om Th f ath r t i ed ha d to u d o L oe s ’
e n . e e r r n

wo k n d ev n m ad his son l eav h om e ; b u t W illiam efu s ed to

r , a e e e r

d pa t f rom th e Q u ak
e r c stom s v en o mu ch as to tak e ofi his er u ,
e s
hat to his fath th e K i n g d th Du k of Y o k D u i g his er ,
an e e r . r n

ba ishm en t from h om e a m oth s l o e p ovi d ed h im s ec tly with

n
,
er
’
v r re

s
( 289 )
290 A H is tor y o f P enn sy lva n ia

an all owa n c e H is w iti n g s b i n g g a d d as h tical he was

. r e re r e er e ,

arr ted a n d th own i n t o th T owe of L on d on fo ei g ht m on ths

es r e r r ,

wh re h w ot his c el b ated wo k N 0 C oss No C own

e e r e Ad e r r ,
r ,
r .
”

m i al P en n n owb ecam e t ou ch d by th e h e oic c on d u ct of his son

r e r

a d ha d h im lib
,

n ated Th e two w er e r ec on cil ed a n d W illiam er .

,

ag ai n took cha g e of th estat es in I elan d b u t on ly fo a sh o t r e r , r r

ti m R s u m i n g his p eachi n g in E n g lan d in 1 670 h e was on c e

e . e r ,

m ore th own i n t o p is on A fter b ei n g el eas ed a g ai n h c on tin u d

r r . r ,
e e
to w it e p e ach a n d t av l in th i n t e sts of civil a n d eli g i ou s
r ,
r ,
r e e re r
lib ty n d u p on his tu n f rom G e m an y n d H ollan d his his
er , a re r r a
t o y m erg ed i n t o that of P n n sylvan ia
r e .

T H O M A S LL OYD ( P esi d en t of C ou n cil 1 684— 86 ; on e of fi e

C om m issi on e s 1 686—88 ; P esid en t of C ou n cil 1 690—
r , . v
r 9 1 ; D ep u ty
,
r ,

G ov e n o 1 691 —93 ) was n t u st d with th e k eepi n g of the G eat

r r ,
e r e r

S eal wh n P n n sail d f o E n g lan d in 1 6 84 H e h a d b n ed u cat ed

e e e r . ee

at Oxfo d a n d h d h l d plac es of t u st in E n g lan d H avi n g b ec om e

’

r a e r .

a Qu ake h es olv ed to c om e to P en n sylvan ia wh e e h e a ived in

r ,
e r ,
r rr

1 683 on th e s a m e ship w ith P asto iu s L l oyd s fi st offic e was ’

,
r . r

that of lan d c om m issi on e of wh om th e w re thr e W h en h e r ,

er e e.

ask d to b e li ev d f rom his ex ecu tiv d u ti es in 1 688 P en n g av e

e re e e ,

his c on s en t v y el u cta n tly y t h e afte wa d s s er ed twic e in the

er r ,
e r r v

sam e capacity H d i ed in 1 694 at the ea ly a g of 45 . e ,

r e .

JO H N B L A CK W E LL ( 1 688 90) h a d b een a captai n in C om -

r

w ll s a m y n d was at the ti m e of his s el ecti on in on e of the

e
’
r , a
New E n g lan d c ol on i es “ S i n c e n o F i nd “
says P en n wou l d . r e ,
”
,

u n d e tak th G ov n o s plac
r e I took on e that was n ot a n d a
e er r
’
e, ,

st an g e that h e m ig ht b e i m pa tial a d m o e v e n c ed
r r , But r n r re re .
”

n s h op es w e r n ot e ali A ft e a littl e m o e than a y a of

’
P en d e r ze . r r e r
t u b u l n t u l e th e M ilita y G ov n o was li eved of his au th o ity ;
r e r , r er r re r

a nd h exp ess ed h is than ks that h e h a d e scap d f r om his t ou bl es

e r e r .

A NDR E W H A M ILT O N ( 1 701 th e fi st D ep u ty G ov r -

er
n o aft M a kham s l on g a d p eat ed u l was a n ativ of S c ot ’
r er r n re r e, e
lan d a d a m cha t in E d i b u g h On his a ival in Am e ica h e
n er n n r . rr r ,

w s m ad e G ov n o of NewJ e s ey H e plan n d a syst em of p ost

a er r r . e

offic s in th e c ol o i s
e n d was m a d D p u ty P ostm aste G n al n e ,
a e e r -
e er
f o all th e pla tati o s
r H e d i ed as G ov e n o of P en n sylvan ia
n n . r r ,

whil e on a visit to his fam ily at Am b oy NewJ e s ey in 1 703 ,

r , .

E D W A RD S H I P P E N ( P esi d n t of Cou cil 1 703 04) s u cc e d ed r e n ,

-
e
to ex c u tiv au th o ity on th d ath of H a m ilt on
e e H e wa s P hila r e e .

d elphia s fi r st m ay o T ad iti on has it that h was d i sti n g u ish ed

’
r r e
f o th e thi n g s —th bi g g est m a
.

r r e th bi g g est h ou s e n d th e bi g g est e n e a

fl
,

ca iag e H cam e ea ly i n to the p ovi n c e from B oston whith

rr . e r r , er
h h d g on f om E n g lan d
e a d wh n c e h h d
e d on acc ou n t of
r , an e e a e
th e p s c u ti o s m t d o t to the Q u ak s
er e H e was th e g a n d
n e e u er . r

f th of Chi f J u stic e S hi pp
a er nd n a n c st o
e of D W i l liam en a a e r r .

S hip p n th e fi st m d ic l l t
e ,
in P hila d l phi d th e s c o d
r e a ec u r er e a ,
an e n

in A m e i a r c .
 Biog r aphica l S ketches 29 1

JO H N V A N S ( 1 704—1 709 ) was of W elsh d esc en t b u t b o n in

E ,
r

Lon d on W h en appoi n t ed G ov e n o
. h e was a m em b e of the r r ,
r

Q u een s h ou s eh old H wa s too you g a n d i n exp e i en c ed to m ak e

’
. e n r

a g ood ex ec u tiv e whil e his p ivat lif g av e g at ofi en se W illiam

,
r e e re .

P en n th e y ou n g e h a d c om e with him to P hilad elphia a n d th

r , e
tw o h el d hi h ca n ival at ti m es in the stai d a n d qu i et city of that
g r

C H A RLE S G O O KIN ( 1 709 1 7) was n I ishm an H e was th e -

a r .

opp osit e of E va n s in a g e n d m or als ; y et h e d id n ot pl e a se th a e

A ss m bly H e h d b een a captai n in the E n g lish a m y n d the
e . a r , a
s el ecti on of a m ilita y Gove n or u n d e P en n th e Ap ostl e of r r r ,

P e ac e was s om ewhat of a n an om aly H e retu rn ed to E n g lan d

,
”
.

aft e his term of offi c e

r .

S I R W ILLI A M K E IT H ( 1 71 7 26 ) was the son of a S c otch ba on -

r ,
a n d h a d h l d offi c e u n d the B itish g ov n m en t b efo e he was er e r er r

app oin t ed G ov e n o havi g b een fo som time th K in g s su v yo

r r ,
n r e e
’
r e r

of c u st om s f o th e s ou th p ovi n c s I n th is capacity he h d
r er n r e . a
visited P hila d l phia a n d b ec om e favo ably kn own th r H avi n g
e r e e .

m ad e hi m s lf p op ular with th e p opl

e h e was el ct ed to t he A s e e, e
sem b l y u p on ti i g f rom the g ov e n o ship H e wen t back to E n g
re r n r r .

l a n d aft e wa d s a nd d i ed in obscu ity

r r r .

P A TRIC K G O RD O N ( 1 726— 3 6 ) was a n oth m ilita y m a n hav er r ,

ing s e v ed f rom his y ou th in th e E n g lish arm y

r W illiam P n n h a d . e
d i d in K ith s ad m i ist ati on a d G o d on was acc o d i n g ly a p
e e
’
n r n r r

p oin t ed by S p in g tt P en n the h ei t law of the p op i ta y

r e ,
r -
a -
r r e r

fam ily H e d i d in offic e in 1 73 6 aft er ten y ear s of a happy a d

. e ,

m i n ist ati on
r .

JA M E S L O G A N P esid en t of C ou n cil 1 736 38 ) cam e to r ,

-

Am e ica with P en n on his s c on d visit in 1 6 9 as s c eta y H

r e , e r r . e
was b o n in I lan d of S c ottish pa e tag in 1 74 d t the g
r re ,
r n e, ,
an a a e
of thirt n h d ac qu i
ee d L ati n G a k a n d H b w L at h re , r ee e re . er e
b ecam e p ofi ci t in m ath em atics n d th e m od n lan g u ag s H
r en a er e . e
m ad e i n v sti g ati on s in b ota ny a n d oth e sci c s w ot b ooks n d
e r en e ,
r e a

c o sp o d ed with th l a n ed m en in E op H is lib a y w
rre n e e r ur e . r r as

j oin d with F an kli n s to m ak e th e P hilad lphia lib a y th e fi rst

’
e r e r r ,

ci c u lati g lib a y in th c ol on i es P en n i vest ed him with m an y

r n r r e . n

i m p o tan t tru sts which w er n obly d ischa g ed Alth ou g h h e n ev

r ,
e r . er
was Gove n o in n am e in his capacity as s ec eta y of the P ovi n c e
r r ,
r r r ,

m emb er of the C ou n cil c omm ission e of p op ty a n d Chi ef ;

r r er ,

J u stic h e wa s ev ythi n g to P en n a n d th P nn fam ily f rom th e

e, er e e

nt ed th ei s vic e u n til h e d i ed in 1 75 1 H e was a

'
day h e e er r er , .

warm f ri n d of th e I n d ian s H is classic h om e a t S t e t on n ea

e . n ,
r

G m an town wa s n a ly always s u ou n d d by I n d ian d el g ati on s

er ,
e r rr e e ,

who cam p d th to e k a d vic

e n d fav o
er e f om th i h on o ed se e a r r e r r

r e
“
f i n d hid in th b u sh es e .
”

S R G ORG E T O
I E H M S —
A ( 1 738 47 th s o of a w althy e n e

plan t was b o n at An ti g u a in th W st I d i s H e was a m m

er ,
r ,
e e n e . e
292 A H istor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

b er th e g o
of v e n m t of that islan d wh n app oin ted a n d aft his
r en e ,
er

ter m of offi e c was Gov o of th L e wa d a d Ca ib Isla d s er n r e e r n rr ee n .

ft wa s b ecam a ba on et n d d i d in L on d on
H e a er rd e r ,
a e .

A NT H O NY P A L M E R ( P esi d n t of C ou cil 1 747 4 8 ) was a r e n ,

-

g en tl e m a o f w e alth w h o
n h a d c om e to th P ovi n c e in 1 708 f om ,
e r ,
r

th e W e st I n d i s It is sai d that h e liv d in g at styl e k eping a

e . « e re , e

c oach a n d a pl easu ba g in which h m ad his visits f om th re r e, e e r e

“Gov e n o s H ou s e at S h a ck a m a xon to th e city
r r
’
H e d i ed i n ”
.

1 749 .

JA M E S
H AM ILT N
O 1 74 8—5 4 , 1 759— si t
63 , a n d P r e d en of
C cil
ou n in 1 771 ) was a ativ
n e of P hila lphia p ss ss
de ,
o e ed of a lar ge

f t
or u n e , a n d e xp i c
er en ed in th e a fi a ir s of th e -P r ovi c by s vi
n e er ng
’

as th ta y
P r o on o r He was twic app i t G v
e o n ed o er n or ,
. s vi
er n g t en

y a s alt th
e r og e er h l th c s
H e e d o er offi e , a n d was a v y p p l
.er o u ar
man un til
th e R v l ti a y v
e o u on r m o em en t b a wh
eg n , t k si s
en h e oo de
w h
it th e r o nC w H e ie in New or in 1 783
d d Y k . .

R O B E RT H U NT E R M O RRI S ( 1 754 56 ) was br d a lawy -

e er ,

a n d was Chi ef Ju stic e of N w J e s ey f o t w n ty y ar H is d e r r e e s . a

m i ist ati on in P
n r n sylva ia occ u d at a st o m y tim e in th h is
en n rre r e

to y n d ith h n o th P ovin c e h d m a y pl easan t ec ol l

r , a ne er e r e r a n r ec

tio s of it Up on h i eti m en t h e etu n ed to New J e s ey

n . s r re ,
r r r ,

wh e h e d ied in 1 764
er .

W ILLI M D E NNY
A —
1 75 6 59 w b o n in E n g lan d On as r .

fi n is hi n g his ca ee as Gov n o of P n n sylvan ia h e tu n d r r er r e , re r e

th ith r wh er h r tir e d o a n an u ity f om th e C ow n
e ,
e e H e was
e n n r r .

re c iv ed t P hilad elphia with g at h o o s ; b u t his d isag eem en ts

e a re n r r

with th e A ss m bly m ad his ecall n ec essa y H h a d to si g n bills

e e r r . e

c on t a y to his in st u cti on s in o d to g et his sala y

r r r r er r .

J O H N P E NN ( 1 763—71 n d 1 773 th s on of Richa d a n d a e r

g a n d s on of W illiam P en n was a n ativ e of P hila d elphia b o n i

r r n
H e was t wic e G ov n o —f om 1 763 to 1 771 a n d a g ai n f om
, ,

1 728 . er r r ,
r

1 773 to th e e d of th p op i eta y g ov n m en t in 1 776

n He e r r r er , . re

m ai d h e d u i n g th e R vol u ti on
ne er d havi n g efu s d to si g n a
r e ,
an ,
r e
pa ol e was c o fi d in NewJ e s y a n d Vi g i n ia H e d i d at his
r ,
n ne r e r . e
h om in Bu cks c oun ty 1 795 a n d was bu i d in Ch ist s g av ya d
e , , r e r
’
r e r ,

f rom which his r em ai s w e aft e wa d s t an sfe ed to E n g lan d n er r r r rr .

RIC H A RD P E NN ( 1 771 b oth of J oh n P n n d h n c r er e , an , e e,

als o g an d s on of W illiam P e
r was b o n in E n g lan d 1 734 A ft e nn ,
r , . r

c om i n g h e h e b cam e a m em b of th e P ovi n cial C oun cil n d a

er , e er r a
n aval offi c e A s G ov n o h e s ecu ed p u blic c on fid en c e to s u ch
r . er r ,
r

a n xt n t that wh
e e in 1 775 h e sail ed f o E n g la n d th e s ec on d
en , , r ,

p titi on of C o g ss to th K i g was en t u st ed to him f o p e

e n re e n r r r
s en t tion to th e P ivy C oun cil
a P a lia m n t avail d its elf of h ir . r e e s
i fo m ati on on A m ica n a ff i s n d h e s u bs eq u n tly b ecam e a
n r er a r ,
a e
m em b of that b od y
er H e d i d in E g l d in 1 81 1 . e n an .

B E N J A M IN F R A NKLIN ( chai m a n of C om m itt e of S af ety r e ,

 B iog r aphica l S ketches 293

1 776—77 x c tiv C cil

P r e d en of S u r eme E e u
and e ou n si
, 1 7
—
85 88) t p
was b r st isa
o n a t B o on , in 1 706 , b u t di wi h his b th
g r ee n g t ro er , to
wh m o ha d b
he app tic as a p i t
e en r en ed ca
r n er , h e m e to P hil a d el
ph ai in 1 723 w k r m
H e g ot or w a f ay a
f o An d r e B r d or d , a n d in
. e r
ha d sav h
e d enou g s k his f t
to ee L
or u n e in son d on H e oon r e .

t hila lphia
u r n e d to P de ,
a ai w k as a j
and g n or ed y a ou r n e m n ; b u t
l
n ot on g , f or in 1 830 h e h a d

a p i ti n g stablishm n t
r n e e ,

was ed itor n d p op i to of a r r e r

th e P en n sylva n ia Ga z ette, a n d
ha d m arr ied D b ah e or R ee , d
th e g irl that la h u g ed a t him
wh en h e walk past ed h er
h ou s e eati lls Two ng . dr y r o , .

y s l ate
ea r a klin pu b r ,
Fr n
li h d
s
“ P oo
e Richa d s Al r r
’

m an ac th e fi st n u m b e b e
,
”
r r
in g “f o th e y a of Ch ist r e r r

H e was n ow a bu sy
m y et h e stud ied F en ch
an ,
r ,
Italian S pa ish a n d L atin,
n , ,

w ote p am phl ts d essays

r e an ,
n d g av tim e to s oci ety d
a e
F kli G
an
r an n s
’
r ave
th e l od g e
.

I n 1 73 6 h g ot . e
his fi st sala i d offic cl k of th A ss em bly ;
’

r r e d with tha t e, er e an
app oi n tm n t b eg an his l o g lif e of p blic s vic m o va i ed
e n u er e, re r

a n d ext en d ed than that of n y oth m n in A m ic a Th e fact a er a er .

that h e si g n ed th D ecla ati on of I n d ep n d c e th e t r eaty of e r e en ,

allia n c e with F an c th t eaty of p eac e w ith E n g lan d n d r e, e r ,

a
th e F ed al C on stit u ti o er shows what g eat s e vic es h e e d e d n r r r n re

Th e last y ea r s of his lif w

,

to th e Un it ed S tat s e sp n t i e . e re e n

g eat f eebl en ss a n d m u ch physical sn fi in g a n d d ath was w l

r e er ,
e e
c om e wh n it cam e Ap il 1 7 1 790 H is em ain s w r e b u ri d in
e ,
r . r e e
Ch ist Chu ch g av eya d at th c o
r r of F ifth d A ch st
r ts r ,
e r n er an r r ee ,

wh tho sa d s stop v y y a to l ook at th m od t t om b

er e u n e er e r e es
ston s of B j am i n a n d D eb o ah F an kl i
e en r r n .

T H O M A S W H ART O N JR ( 1 777 wa s born in P hil d l , . a e

phia 1 73 5 h is g a d fath havi n g m i g at d f om E n g la d to
, ,
r n er e r e r n
P sylvan ia th y a aft e P en n s a ival
en n B i n g a wa m
e e r r
’
rr . e r

s u pp o t of th R v olu ti on h was m ad P si d n t of the S u

r er e e ,
e e re e
p m E x cu tiv C o cil i 1 777 d as su ch b cam e th fi st
re e e e un ,
n ,
an ,
e e r
E x c u tiv of P
e n sylva ia s a S tat e
e H d i d in offic wh il th
en n a . e e e e e
s eat of g ove m t was t m po a ily a t L a cast d u i g th o
rn en .
e r r n er ,
r n e c
c u p tion of P hilad lphia by th e B itish
a At th q st of th e e r . e re ue

v st y his b od y was n tomb ed withi n the walls of T i n ity Chu ch

e r , e r r ,
L a cast e
n r .

G E O RG E B RY A N ( M y — D ec m b e 1 778) was Vic e P esi d n t a e r ,

-
r e
of th C o n cil wh Th om as W ha t o J d i d H e th e pon
e u en r n ,
r .
, e . er u
294 A H is tor y f P enn sy lva n ia
o

a ssum ed si t
th e offi e Chi f x c tiv c
P r e d en a n d ewas
ofE e u e He a .

n ativ e I la of p s ttli
re nd, hila lphia
a n d u on e n g in Pa de en g g ed in
th m e ca til b si
e r ss n e u ne , b
ut w
s cc ssf l a s n ot was l
u e u He on g in
e —m em er of th e S
.

th e p u blic s vic b er ta p C ss m A ct on g r e ,
of th e
A ss em bly x c tiv C cil
, a n d of th e E e u was si c
e ou n He a n er e pa .

tr iot a t all i m sy pathy

t his f l w a m ad
e s , a n d h is m f or el o m n e him
a cham pi h a f on f or um n r eed om di d
( S ee p He e in 1 79 1 , . .

a n d l i s bur d e sbyt ia
ie av a
in th e P r e erch st t
n gr ar
ey r d , A r r ee , n e
F ifth P hila lphia
, de .

J O S E P H R E E D ( 1 778 —81 ) wa s b o n at T n t on New J e s y r re ,

r e ,
1 74 1 A ft g ad ati n g t th C oll eg of NewJ e s y ( P i n c t on )
. er r u a e e r e r e ,

an d stu d yi n g law in L on d on h p actic ed law a n d h l d offi c e in h i ,

e r e s
n ativ S tat e U p on s ttli g in P hila d lphia h b ecam e at o c
e . e n e , e n e
p om i t in p u blic a fi i s r in g on th e C om m itt of C o s
r n en a r s, e v ee rre

pon d n in C on g e ss a n d i th C o tin en tal A m y

e c e, r H d ecli n ed ,
n e n r . e
ofiic e of Chi f J u stic e of th S tat s w ell as a b i g a d i e
‘
th e e e e, a r r

g n alship
e er A s P esi d n t of th e C ou cil h was p opu la w ith the
. r e n ,
e r
p eopl e on acc ou n t of h is en g y activity n d pat iotism H e was er ,
a r .

a l ad in th e e tabl ish m en t of th e Un ive sity of P n n sylvan ia

e er s r e ,

th ab oliti on of slav e y a nd th d iv estm n t of th e P e n s of th ei

e r ,
e e n r
p op i eta y i g hts H e d i d in P hilad lphia 1 785 a t the ear ly
r r r r . e e , ,

ag of 44 lit e ally w o n ou t in th
e ,
s e vic e of his c ou n t y
r r e r r .

W ILLI A M M O O R E ( 1 781 b o n in P hilad elphia was a r ,

m chan t wh n th e R v ol u ti on d ew h im i n t o pu blic aff ai s

er e He e r r .

w a ti in th e m ea u r s ad opt ed by the S tat e n d C on g ess to

as c ve s e a r

re m ov th O pp ssi o s of E n g lan d
e e Aft e h is ter m of offic e as
re n . r

P si d n t of th C ou cil b en t ed th A ss m bly a n d k ept u p his

re e e n , e er e e

i t st in p u blic aff ai s till h e d i d in 1 793

n er e r e , .

JO H N DICKIN S O N ( 1 782 th ou g h b o n in M a yla n d ( 1 732) r r

a n d livi n g in D lawa e f o a ti m is clai m d by P en n sylvan ia a s

e r r e, e

o ne of h e g at est son s A ft stu dyi n g law in P hilad elphia n d

r re . er a

L o d on he h u n g ou t his s ig n in P hila d lphia A s ea ly as 1 764

n ,
e . r

h e was a m em b e of th e A ss m bly n d f o th e n ext tw elv e y ea s

r e ,
a r r

th e l ea d i n g m n in P n n sylvan ia H is sta w e t d own f o a

a e . r n r

ti m e b ec au s h opp os d th e D cla ati on of I n d ep en d en c e as

, e e e e r

p m atu ; b u t h e w s too g at to sku lk H sh ou l d ed the

re re a re . e er

m u sk t in d f n s of his c ou t y a n d was m a d b i g a d i e g en e al
e e e e n r ,
e r r -
r

of t h S tat m ilitia
e A ft e h e h d ti ed to his fa m in D elawa e
e . r a re r r r ,

h e was fi st s n t to C on g ss by that S tat e a d th n el ect ed as its

r e re n e

ex ec u tiv e W h n th e R ev ol u ti on was o er Dicki n s on

. e tu n ed to v ,
re r

P hila d elphia n d w s s oon aft h on o ed w ith th p esi d en cy of

a a er r e r

th E x c u tiv e C ou n cil
e e I n th e C on stitu ti on al C on v en ti on in 1 787 .
, ,

a d in th
n cam pa ig n fo its ati ficati on b y th S tat es he a g ai n
e r r e ,

d m o st at ed his g e t p ow
e n r n d i n fl u en c e W h en ou elati on s
r a er a . r r

wi th F a c e w on t he p oi n t of b eaki n g
r n h t ook u p hi pen
er e r , e s

f o th last ti m e
r e J ohn Dicki s on d i ed a t W il m i n g t on D elawa e
. n ,
r ,

in 1 808 .
 B iog r aphica l S ketches 29 5

T H O M A S M I F F LIN ( 1 788 b y his c on spic u ou s s e vic e s a r s

stat esm an a n d s old i e in th e Revol u ti on a y p i od a n d aft h old s r r er er ,
a hi g h plac e in th e hist o y qf P en n sylva ia H e wa s bo n in r n . r
P hilad elphia in 1 744 t ai n ed in th faith of th e Q u ak e s a n d in ,
r e r ,
t n d ed fo th e m e can til e bu si n ess which h e pu s u ed fo a ti m
e r r , r r e .

H e was ch os en to th e A ss m bly at th e a g e of 28 a n d tw o y a s e , e r

lat e he was a m em b e of th e fi st C on tin en tal C on g ess At th e

r r r r .

op en i n g of th e R v ol u ti on h e en t er d th e C on ti n en tal A m
e e r
y as
m aj o of a P en n sylvan ia battali on a n d aft e th battl of G e ma
r ,
r e e r n
t own r esi g n ed as m aj o g n e al At th e battl e of L on g Islan d r -
e r .
,
M i th i n c ov e ed th e et at n d in spit e of a d ea d fu l m istak in
r r re a ,
r e
his o d e s d id it h e oically H is esi g n ati on was fo c ed u p on him
r r ,
r . r r
by i m pai ed h ealth b u t C on g ess wou l d n ot acc ept it a n d h e o
r ,
r , c n
ti n n ed his d u ti es as qu a te m ast e g en e al till 1 778 a n d lat e on r r r -
r ,
r

r e c iv ed th
e t han ks of C on g ess fo wis e a n d salu ta y plan s ec
e r r r r
om m en d ed to ed u c th e g en e al exp en s es
,
”
rAft er the wa h e r . r, e
was el ected to C on g ess n d s e ved as P esid n t f o a year H r a r r e r . e
was als o a m em b e of that g eat a n d hon o abl body which f am d r r r e r e
th F ed e al C on stitu ti on
e rH is valu abl s e vic es in th e L g is . e r e
l a tu e as S p e ak e of th e A ss em bly a n d p e si d en t of th e C ou n c il
r r r ,

a n d in the c on v en ti on which f am ed th e c on stit u ti on of 1 790 ov r ,

er
which he p esid d m ad e h im th e al most u n an i m ou s ch oic e fo th e
r e , r

fi s t Gov e nor of th e S tat e

r r A fte h old i n g this hi g h offi c e as l on g . r

as the c on stitu ti on p erm itt ed h e a g ai n en t e ed th e L eg islatu ,

r re

a n d d i ed in th e ha n e ss at L an caste in 1 800 H is r em ai n s a e
r ,
r , . r
bu i ed at the Ge m an Lu th e an chu ch of that city
r r r r .

T H O M A S M K E A N ( 1 799 whos e pa en ts w e e n ativ es

’
r r
of I elan d b el on g ed to P en n sylva n ia a n d D elawa e
r , H e was b o n r . r

in L on d on d e y Ch e st e c ou n ty 1 734 b u t stu d i ed a n d p ac tic ed

rr ,
r , ,
r

law in New Castl e D elawa a n d was a m em b e of th L eg is l a ,

r e, r e

t u e of that S tate H avi n g b een well ed u cat d a n d en d ow d with

r . e e

g e at ability h e b ecam on e of th e pilla s of th e R v ol u ti on

r ,
In e r e .

th S ta m p A ct C on v en ti on h el d in New Y o k h e assist ed in
e ,
r ,

d awi n g u p th e a d d ss of th e c ol on i s to th H ou s e of C om m on s
r re e e .

H was a m m b e of th e C o ti n en tal C on g ess f om b oth P n n y l

e e r n r r e s
van ia a n d D elawa e sittin g in that b od y f om 1 774 to 1 783 At r ,
r .

on tim e he was b oth Chi ef J u stic e of P en n sylvan ia a n d P esi d en t

e r

of C on g ss H was at th h ead of th S u p me C ou t in P en n
re . e e e re r

sylvan ia fo twen ty two y ea s H e d i ed in P hilad elphia in

r -
r .

a n d was b u i ed in th e g ou n d s of the P esbyt e ian ch u r ch

r on r r r ,

M ark et st ee t r .

—
S I M O N S NYD E R ( 1 808 1 7) was b o n at L an cast er a n d w as r ,
th e fi st of th e G e m an G ov er n o s of P en n sylva n ia
r H e was a
r r .

tan n e by t ad e b ut of stu d i ou s hab its At th e a g e of 25 h e n

r r . e

g a g ed in th e m can til e bu si n ess at S eli n s g ov e n ow S n yd

,

er r ,
er
c ou n ty H e b eg an his p u blic ca ee as j u stic of th e p eac e H e
. r r e .

h lp ed to f am e th C on stit ti on of 1 790 a n d aft e h e t ed th

e r e u ,
r en e r e

L g i slatu was ch os n S p ake of th e H ou s e fo six su cc ssiv

e re e e r r e e

t m s H e was a can d i d at e fo Gov n o fou tim es b ein g d e

er . r er r r ,
296 A H istor y o f P enn s ylva n ia

feat ed th e fi st ti m by a s m all m aj o ity n d l ect d th e oth

r e r a e e er
ti m es by la g e m aj o iti es H d i ed in 1 81 9 whil a m em b e of
r r . e ,
e r

th S en at e
e n d his b od y e s ts in S eli n s g ov e
, a r r .

W ILLI A M F INDL A Y ( 1 81 7 of S c otch I ish d esc en t w

,
a -
r ,
s

b o n at M e c sbu g F an klin c ou n ty H e b g an lif e as a fa m

r r er r ,
r . e r er .

A ft e b was tw en ty n in e he was el ct ed to the L eg islatu f o a

r e -
e re r

n u m b e of t er m s a n d s u bs qu en tly h l d th e ofii c of S tat e T as

_

r ,
e e e re
u r er f o ten y a s r A ft s vi n g on e t m as G ov e n o h e was
e r . er er er r r ,

el ct d U n it ed S tat e s S en at o
e e n d s e v ed on e t e m H e fi n is h d r a r r . e

his pu blic ca ee as a n offi cial of th e Un it ed S tat es m i nt M

r r . r .

F i n d lay d i d at H a isb u g in 1 84 6 at th e e si d n c e of his s on rr r ,

e r e
m law G ov n o S h un k
-
, n d was b u i d in that city
er r , a r e .

JO S E P H HI E S T E R ( 1 820—23 ) was a n ativ e of B e n t own ship r ,

B e ks c ou n ty his fath e havi g em i g at ed f om G m an y

r ,
Jos ph r n r r er . e

s e v d his c ou n t y m ost l oyally in the R v olu ti on H e ais ed a

r e r e . r

c om pa n y at the v e y ou tb eak a n d wh en th e battali on was fo m d r r ,

r e

was app oi n t d m aj o H e was w ou n d ed n d t k en p is on e in th e

e r . a a r r

battl e of L on g Islan d n d was c on fi ed in a p ison ship fo a ,

a n r r

yea W h en xchan g ed h e was ag ain wou n d ed at G e m an town

r . e ,
r .

H e r ec eiv d ext en siv e t ai n i n g as a stat es m an in th e L eg islat u

e r r e,

th c on stitu ti on al c on v en ti on of 1 79 0 a n d C on g ess
e H d i ed in ,
r . e
1 83 2 n d is
, b u i ed in the g oun d s of the G e man R efo m ed
a r r r r

ch u ch of R ead in g
r .

JOH N A NDR E W S H U L Z E ( 1 823 b or n at Tu l pehock en ,

B ks c ou n ty was th e s on of a G m a n cl e g ym an
er ,
nd h hi m s lf er r ,
a e e
h a d s e v d as past o of s v al Lu th e an c on g eg ati on s in B e ks
r e r e er r r r

c ou n ty b fo his h alth d m an d ed that h sh ou l d en g ag in s om e

e re e e e e
thi n g els H en t ed th m e can til e bu si ss at M y st own
e . e er e r ne er ,

th en Dau phin c ou n ty a n d b ec om i n g i n t st ed in p olitics was , ,

er e ,

e l ect ed to th e L eg islatu W h n th n ewc ou n ty of L ban on was r e. e e e

o g an i
r d in 1 81 3 h e acc ept ed a n ofiic in it which h e h l d f o
ze , ,
e , e r

e i g ht y a s Aft e that he ag ain n t d th e L eg islatu e s er vi n g

e r . r ,
e er e r ,
in b oth h ou s es A t th e en d of his s ec on d t e m he en g ag ed in
. r ,

ag r icu ltu al p u su its b u t b efor e his d eath he em ov ed to La n c a s

r r , r
te wh e e he d i ed in 1 85 2
r, r .

G E O R G E W O L F ( 1 829 35 ) was a n ativ e of All en t own ship -

Nor tham pton c ou n ty b u t his fath e h a d b een b o n in G e m an y ,

r r r .

G eo g r c eiv ed a classical n d a l eg al ed u cati on a n d was w ell

e re a ,

p epa ed fo th e i m p o tan t d uti s of his lif e H e stu d i ed law whil

r r r r e . e
he was p i n cipal of acad em y a d os e api d ly in p ublic favo
r an ,
n r r r .

H avi g b e n a cl e k in a c ou n ty offic e b fo
n e he was of a g e it is r e re ,

n ot s u p isi n g that he h a d b
r r n p ost m ast e of E ast on cl e k of th ee r ,
r e
o ph n s c ou t a n d m em b of the L eg islat u e b efo e he was f o ty
’
r a r er r r r .

I n 1 824 he was el e ct d to C on g ess a n d s e v ed in that b od y till e r ,

r

e l ect ed G ov e n o in 1 829 A ft e s vi n g in th e g u b e n ato ial chai

r r, . r er r r r
f o six y ea s a n d w iti g his n a m e i n d elibly u p on th pa g es of P
r r r n n e en
sylva n i s hist o y he en t d th e s e vic e of the U n it ed S tat es in
a
’
r ,
er e r
 Biog r a phica l S ketches 29 7

th e ac pacity fi st r of C t ll
on r o er of th e T as y
re ur a nd a ft wa s
er rd

of C ll ct
o e or of th e P or t
in P hila lphia
de ,
in which city he i d e d in
1 84 0 H is r em n
. ai s w er e b i
u r ed in H r ra isb u r g , th e sc
en e of his
gre at s vic s b half his b l v
er e in e of e o ed S tate G vo er n or W o lf was a .

p pl
m a n of th e eo e a n d always i f l th i b st i t sts
_
m n d u of e r e n er e He .

was fi st x c tiv
th e r e e u e to hav his c
e offi e in the Capit l his p
o ; r ed e
s a
c e ss or s h a d u ed h i p ivat si c
r oom in t e r r e re d en e f or that p p s
u r o e,
mu ch a ya c
to th e n n o n e of th s w w
o e ho er e n ot a c st
c u om ed to ser
va ts waiti
n in ng ,stati on ed at v y t
e er ur n

JO S E P H RITN E R ( D ec em b e 1 5 1 835 —Jan u a y 1 5 1 839 ) was

.

r ,
r ,

th thi d Gov e n o b o n in B e ks c ou n ty H is fath e was a

e r r r r r . r

G m an fa m e a n d lik e m ost fa m b oys of his d a y J os eph

er r r ,
r er ,
re c iv ed b u t a m ag du cati on W h n a y ou n g m n he emov ed
e e er e . e a ,
r
to W ashi n g t on c ou n ty wh he e g ag ed in fa m in g By th e ,
er e n r .

fo c e of his m en tal vi g o he s oon p ov d hi m s lf a u s efu l m a n

r r ,
r e e
in his n ew h om e a n d th p eopl e h on o ed him with a s eat in ,
e r

th e L eg islat u H e s e v ed six y ea s n d os e to th p ositi on of

r e. r r a r e

S p ak e A s the s u cc ess o of W olf he b ecam th e g u a d ian of a

er r e r
—
.
,

p ci ou s l eg acy th e c om m on sch ool law ; a n d he han d ed it d own

re

to p ost ity with ou t th l oss of on e j ot o tittl e

er At th e en d of e r .

his ca e as G ov e n o re Ritn
r eti ed to a fa m n ea M ou n t
r r ,
er r r r r
Rock C u m b e la d c ou ty wh e e he d i ed at th e ip ol d g e of
,
r n n ,
r r e a
ei g hty n i n P esi d n t Tayl o
-
in 1 84 8 app oi n t d him Di e ct o
e . r e r , , e r r
of th e M i n t at P hila d elphia b u t a fav o it e of F ill m o e s u cc e d ed ,
r r e
to th offic e s oon e aft wa d s Th e f oll owin g a e th e op en in g er r . r
lin es of a p o m by W hitti e on Ritn e s m ssag e of 1 83 6 :
e r r
’
e

Th k G d f th t k — l ip i till f an o or e o en on e s s r ee,
O pi it t mm ll d b di g k l
ne s r un r a e e . un en n on e n ee
”

D A VID RITT E N H O U S E P O RT E R ( 1 839 whose p a ter n al

a c st o s h a d c om e f om I elan d was b o n in M on tg om e y c ou n ty
n e r r r ,
r r ,

n ar N o
e istown An d w his fath e was a n offic in the R evo
rr . re ,
r ,
er

l tion a y a m y
u d was o c ofi e ed a p ositi on in M a d is on s Cabi
r r an n e r
’

n t e H o ac e P o t
. s on of th e G ov e n o
r d isti n g u ish ed hi m s elf in
r er , r r ,

th e R b lli on en d was app oi n t ed M i n ist

e to F a n c e by P esi d en t
a er r r

M K in l ey
c Davi d c iv d a classical ed u cati on n d whil e assist
. re e e a ,

i g his fath
n wh o was S u v eyo G n al stu d i d law ; b u t
er ,
r r -
e er ,
e

his h alth d m an d ed a m o e active occu pati on H th e efo en

e e r . e r re

g ag ed in th e m an u factu of i on in H u ti n g d on c ou n ty A ft
‘
re r n . er

rep s tin g his ad opt d c ou n ty in th L g islatu b oth as R ep e

r e en e e e r e, r

s n t ti e
e n d S n at o
a v he was el ect d Gove n o d s e ved two
a e r ,
e r r an r

t m s H d i ed at H a isbu g in 1 867 a d was bu i ed th e e

er . e rr r , n r r .

—
F R A NCI S R AW N S H U NK ( 1 845 48) was of G e m an d esc n t r e

a n d a n ativ of M on t g om e y c ou n ty havi n g b en b o n n ea
e th e r , e r r
T app in the sam e y a with Gov n o P o t e 1 788 At th e
r e, e r . er r r r , .

e a ly a g of fift e he b g an to t eac h a d wh e a y ou n g m n he
r e e n e ,
n n a

was app oin t ed cl e k in th S u v eyo G al s offic by G ov e n or e r r -

en er
’
e r r

Po t s fath
r er I n 1 81 4 he sh ou l d e d th e m u sk t in d ef en s of
’
er . re e e

B altim o ag ain st th B itish At th g of tw n ty i g ht he

re e r . e a e e -
e
beg an th p actic of law n d b cam i n t st ed in p olitics H e
e r e a e e er e .
298 A H istor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

was cl e k of th e H ou s e of Rep es en tativ es f o s eve al y ea s a n d

r r r r r

s c eta y to th Can al C om m issi on e s I n 1 842 he em ov d to

e r r e r . r e

P ittsbu g a n d p actic ed his p ofe ssi on

r A b ou t six m on ths b efo e
r r . r
his t e m as Gov e n o h d xpi ed he was fo c ed to esi g n on a c
r r r a e r , r r
c ou n t of shatte ed h alth H e di d Ju ly 3 0 1 848 a n d his d u st
r e . e , ,

r ep os es with that of his ki n d ed at th e T app e his n ativ e plac e r , r , .

W ILLI A M F R E A M E JO H N S T O N ( 1 84 8 whos e fa th er
was S c otch I ish was b o n at G een sbu g W estm o lan d c ou n ty
-
r ,
r r r ,
re
,
1 808 H e ec eiv ed a c om m on sch ool a n d acad em ic d u cati on
. r e ,
stu d i d law a n d b eg an th p actic e of his p ofessi on in A m st on g
e e r r r r
c oun ty H e s oon os e to p om i n n c e a n d b ecam e d ist ict a t
. r r e r

t o n ey H n ext ep esen t ed his c ou n ty in th e H ou s e a n d lat

r . e r r , er ,

his d ist ict in th S n at e I n th e fin an ci al c isis of 1 837 he

r e e . r ,

p op os ed a m asu of li ef in th L eg islatu e wh os e salu ta y

r e re re e r , r

eff cts m a d e h im v er y p op u la
e A ft e his t e m as Gove n o he r . r r r r ,
was en g ag d in the m an u factu e of i on n d th e p od u cti on of c oal
e r r a r

a n d p et ol u m H e was app oi n t d C oll ect o of th P or t at P hila

r e . e r e

d lphia by P e si d n t J oh n s on b u t th e S en at e w ou l d n ot c on fi m
e r e , r

h im on acc ou n t of its h ostility to the a d m i n ist r ati on H e d i ed at .

P ittsbu g in 1 872 a n d was b u i ed th e e

r ,
r r .

W ILLI A M B I G L E R ( 1 852 55 ) was b o n of G e m an pa en ts at -

r r r ,

S h e m a n sb u g
r C u m b e lan d c ou n ty W hil e W illiam was qu it e
r ,
r .

you n g th e fam ily em oved to M e c e c ou n ty wh e e the fath e d ied

,
r r r ,
r r

a n d l eft th m st u g g li n g on on a s m all backwood s fa m

e r It woul d r .

hav b een a g at s olac e in his d yin g hou if h c ou ld have s een

e re r e

th e f u tu e of two of his s on s on e of wh om J oh n b eca m e G ov e

r , , , r
no of Calif o n ia a n d th e oth e
r W illiam G ov e n o of P en n sy l
r , r , ,
r r

van ia Bu d n ed with th e su pp or t of th i wid ow d m oth e the

. r e e r e r ,

b oys h d to b c on t en t with a m eag sch ooli n g W illiam l a n ed

a e er . e r

the p in ti n g t a d r a n d was em pl oy ed f o s ve al year s by his

r e, r e r

b oth J oh n in th e offic e of the C n t e D emocr a t pu blish ed at

r er ,
e r ,

B ll fon t e
e e A n d ew G C u ti n afte wa d s Gov e n o i n flu en c ed
. r . r ,
r r r r ,

W illiam to c om m en c e th e p u blic ati on of a p olitical pap e at Cl ear r

fi eld U n d m an y m is g ivi n g s he fou n d ed th e Clea field D emocr a t

. er , r ,

a n d lai d th e fou n d ati on of his p olitical ca ee Disposin g of his r r .

pap he w en t i n t o the l um b e bu si n ess a n d b ecam e th e fo e

er ,
r r

m ost l u m b m e chan t ou th e W est B a n ch

er H e was el ect ed to th e
r r .

S tat e S en at e in 1 841 a n d in his ow n c ou n ty c eived ve y v ot e , re e r

cast b u t on e H e was el ect d S peake twic e a n d r eel ect ed to the
. e r ,

S en at e twic H is g eat s e vic e in the L g islat u e was r en d e ed

e . r r e r r
in a d v ocati g th e bill g ivi n g the i g ht of way f o th e c on st u cti on of
n r r r
the P n n sylva ia C en t al ail oa d
e A g r eat eff or t was m ad e th n to
n r r r . e
c on n ect P hilad elphia a n d P ittsbu g by m ean s of the B alti m o e a n d r r
Ohi o a il oa d th ou g h D elawa e M a ylan d Vi g i n ia a n d the w e st
r r r r r r ‘

fl
, , ,

e rn c ou n ti es of P en n sylvan ia i n st ea d of by a d i ect ou te ac r oss ,

r r
th e All eg h en i e s A ft e his ti em en t f om th e G ov e n o s o ic e
. r re r r r r
’
,

he b cam p esi d en t of th P hilad lphia a n d E i e Ra il oa d Com

e e r e e r r

pan y a n d ep es en ted the S tat e on e t e m in the Un ited S tat s

,
r r r e
 B iog r a phica l S ketches 299

he d i ed n d was b u i ed in 1 880
a
fl
ate At th e cl os e of his p u blic lif e h e d vot ed him s elf to his
S en
bu sin ess a i s a n d to th e w elfar e of his t own —Cl ea r field —wh e e
.

a r
r .
, e

J A M E S P O LL O CK ( 1 855 whos e an c est o s em i g ated f om r r r

th e n o th of I elan d a n d s ettl ed in Ch st e c ou n ty was b o n at
'

r r e r , r
M ilt on N o th u m b e lan d c ou n ty 1 81 0 H was d u cat d at the
,
r r , . e e e
acad em y of his n ativ e t own a n d at P in c eton C oll eg e H is sch ol r .

a l y attai m n ts s ecu ed him the d eg ee of LL D f om his al m a

r n e r r . . r

m at a n d f om J fi e s on C oll eg
er S oon aft e b e i n g ad m itt d
r e r e . r e
to th e b he was el ect ed d ist ict atto n y of No thu m b e lan d
ar ,
r r e r r

c ou n ty H e p es en ted his d ist ict in C on g ss f om 1 843 to 1 849

. re r r re r
,
a n d was th n app oi n t ed p e si d en t j u d g e of th
e d ist ict i n cl u d i n g r e r

No thu m b lan d Afte th e expi ati on of his official t m Gove

r er . r r er , r !

no P oll ock
r sum ed th e p actic of law at M ilton H e b o e a
re r e . r
p om i n en t pa t in the c on v n ti on at W ashi n g ton b etw n th e
r r e , ee
No th a n d S ou th in 1 860 to p v n t n a pp eal to a m s f o the
r , ,
re e a r r
s ttl m en t of the st ife b etw een the two s ecti on s H e was Di ecto
_

e e r . r r
of the M i n t at P hila d elphia f om 1 86 1 to 1 866 a n d was in s t u r r
m en tal in g etti n g the mott o I n God we t u st
,
“ plac d u p on th e r
”
e
, ,

c oi s H ec eived the sam e app oi n tm en t ag ain u nd r G an t s

n . e r e r
’

ad m i n ist ati on M P oll ock em ai n ed a n h on o d a n d esp ect d

r . r . r re r e
c iti en u n til his d eath which occu ed in Lock H a ven in
z H is ,
rr ,

em ai n s a e i n t e
r ed in th e M ilt on c em et e y
r rr r .

W ILLI A M F I S H E R P A CK E R ( 1 85 8 of Qu ake anc estry r ,

was bor n in 1 807 in H owa d town ship C n t e c oun ty his fath e r e r r
mov ed f om Ch est e c oun ty L ik e his p ed ec ess o s
, ,

h avi n g re r r . r r ,

P oll ock a n d B i g l W illiam was l ft fath e l e ss wh n a chil der , nd e r e , a

h d to en c ou t
a th e ha d ships of li fe e a ly
n er H e l ea n ed th e a t r r . r r
of p i n ti n g b ef o e h e was fi ft een b u t aft e wo ki n g at the t a d
r r , , r r r e
fo a f w y ea s stu d i ed law at W illiam sp o t
r e r , H ow ev e he n v e r . r , e r
appli ed fo ad m issi on to the b r I n st ead he b ou g ht n i n t st ar .
, a er e
in the W il lia mspor t Ga zette a n d lat r h elp ed to e st a blish th e , e
K eys tone a D m oc atic pap ,
at H a isbu g H s e v d on the
e r er rr r . e r e
B oa d of Can al C om m issi on s was Au d it o G n e al a n d a m m b
r er ,
r -
e r , e er
of th H ou s a n d S
e at e b fo e he b cam e Gov o W hil in
e en e r e er n r . e
th e L g islat u e he t ook th l ad i g pa t in passi n g the bill to in
‘

e r ,
e e n r

c o po at th e c om pa y that b u ilt th e No th e n C en tr al ail oa d

r r e n r r r r

ab ov H a isbu g A t th e cl os e of his t m as Gov r n o M

e rr r . er e r , r .

P ack owi n g to d ecli i n g h ealth

er ,
eti ed to his h om in W illia m s n ,
r r e
p o t wh e e h d i ed a n d was laid to est in 1 870
r r e r

A NDRE W G R E G G C U RTIN ( 1 86 1 —
.
,

1 86 7) was b o n 1 81 7 i r , ,
n

B ll fon t
e C en t e c ou ty H is fath was a n ative of I lan d
e e, r n . er re ,

on e of th e fi st i on m a n u factu e s in c r t al P en n sylvan i a a d a
r r r en r ,
n

m n of lib al d u cati on n d g eat p om i n n c e An d ew was d u

a er e a r r e . r e

c a ted in p ivat e sch ools at B l l fon t

r and Ha isbu g a n d in the e e e rr r ,

aca d em y at M ilton H ead law at hom e a n d took a c ou s at . e r ,

r e
Dicki s on C oll eg n H e c om m n c ed th e p actic e in 1 83 9 e . n d at e r ,
a

on c e t ook hi g h an k in his p of ssi on H en t e ed the p olitical

'

r r e . e r
300 A H istor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

a a to win Aft h elpi n g H a is on a n d Clay a n d Tayl o in

r en . er rr r

th i P si d en tial c on t ests his fi st p i cam e in th e fo m of S c

e r re ,
r r ze r e

t y of th e C om m on w ealth
re ar nd S u p i n t n d n t of C omm on a er e e

S ch ools u n d P oll ock ,

A s S ch ool S u p i n t en d en t h e lab o ed
er . er ,
r

ha d to n abl e th law e stablishi g the c ou n ty su p e in t n d en cy to

r e e n r e

tak e oot in p u b lic opi n i on G ov n o C u tin was call d to u l

r . er r r e r e

th S tat e at th m ost c itic a l p e i od of its histo y ; b u t he was qu al

e e r r r e

to the occasi on a d fu l fi ll ed v y exp ctati o that his i n au g u al,

n e er e n r

ad d ess of 1 861 h d a o s d in the m in d s of th e p eopl e S o

r a r u e . ar
d u ou s w e his d u ti e s that at the n d of his fi st t e m his h ealth
er ,
e r r ,

d m an d ed a cha g
e n d in N ov m b 1 864 he sail ed f o C ba to
n e, a e er , ,
r u ,

S p n d th e wi t e
e m on ths th e e I n 1 868 he was a p om i n en t
n r r .
,
r
ca d i d at e f o Vic P si d n t on th tick et with G an t n d wh n
n r e- re e e r ,
a e

th e l att e h d b een el ect ed P esi dr t he m ad e C u ti n M in ist to

a r en ,
r er

Ru ssia a p ositi on h e h l d till 1 872 P n n sylvan ia s W G ov

, e . e
’
ar er
no r will always b h l d in th d ea st m m b an c
”
H d e e e re re e r e . e e
v ot ed ev er y m om en t of his tim e ev y th ou g ht of his m i n d n d ,
er , a

e v y fib of his st n g th to th su cc ess of the Un i on a m y n d

er er re ,
e r a
th e w elfa e of the b oys f om P en n sylvan ia w
r h o f ou g ht in that r

a m y Yea m o ! F om th e tim e of that c ol d Than ks g ivi n g

r .
,
re r

m o n i n g wh en th e two waifs b eg g i n g at his h ou s e in H a isbu g

r ,
rr r ,

t ol d h im th ei fath e h d b een kill ed in battl e his g eat h ea t als o

r r a ,
r r

h d a plac f o th e s ol d i e s o phan s
a e A ft eti i n g f om p u blic
r r
’
r . er r r r

lif M C u r ti n si d d in B ell fon t e n til his d eath in 1 894 H is

e, r . re e e u , .

re m ai n s st in Un i on C em et y re er .

J O H N W H IT E G E A RY ( 1 867 of S c otch Ir ish d esc en t -

,

was b o n a M ou t P l asan t W estm o lan d c ou n ty 1 81 9 B

rn e r n e ,
re ,
. e

f o he h d g adu at d at J fi on C oll g e his fath d i ed a n d h e

re a r e e er s e ,
er
h d to t ach sch ool to fi ish his c ou s
a e A ft a b i ef exp i n c n r e . er r er e e
as a m cha t s cl k in P ittsbu g he b cam a civil n g in
er n
’
er r ,
e e e eer .

W h n th M xican w b ok o t his ca ee as a s ol d i
e e e b g an ar r e u ,
r r er e
w ith th e app oi tm e t of li t n a t c ol o el H vi g won d isti n o
n n eu e n -
n . a n

ti on at Chapu lt ep ec G ea y was m a d C ol on l a n d fi st c omm n ,

r e e , r a

d of th e city of M xic o aft e its capt e er e r ur .

L at e wh n th e c on qu ests of th e wa h d b e n r , e r a e

pu t u n d e th e c on t ol of th e U n it ed S tat es r r ,

C ol on el G ea y was m ad e p ostm ast of S n r er a

F a cisc o th n alcal d of th e c ity d fi n ally its r n ,
e e ,
an
fi st m ay o Up on his t n to P sylvan ia r r . r e ur en n ,

he liv d on his f m in W stm o ela d c ou n ty e ar e r n

u n til 1 856 wh n he was m a d e G ov e o of th e ,
e rn r

T ito y of K an sas H e fou n d th e an ti slav y er r r .

-
er
n d p o slav y pa r ti s a ay d in a m s ag ai n st a r -
er e rr e r

ach oth b u t he d isba d ed th ei a m i e s a n d e er n r r

s n t th em h om U n d e his c ou s e the cau s e e e . r r ,

J m B ch
a
o
es
f slav y wu
o l d hav
anan
e b een c u sh ed in K a sas er u r n

th n b t h e esi g ed wh en B u chan an was

.

e , u r n

l t d b c u s e h f l t th t h was o l on g wan t ed E a ly in
e ec e , e a e e a e n er . r
1 86 1 he is d th 28th P n syl an ia g i m n t d os e to the
, ra e e e n v re e an r
 I
B iog r aphica l S ketches 301

r an k of b i g ad i e g e e al H is c om m a d won g l o y at F ed e icks
r r -
n r . n r r r

b u g Cha c ell o svill G ettysb u g L ookou t M ou n tai n a n d i S h e

r ,
n r e, r , ,
n r

m an s m a ch to th e s a
’
A ft e th e capt u e of S avan n ah Gen e al
r e . r r ,
r

Gea y was m ad e M ilita y Gov e n o

r Hi ip xp e i n c a n d r r r . s r e e r e e
pat i otic s e vic s m ad him a g at favo ite fo Gov e n o of P en n
r r e e re r r r r

sylvan ia in 1 866 H i s ec on d t m xpi d J n u a y 21 1 873 a n d . s er e re a r

'

, ,

he d i d su dd n ly on the 8th of th e foll owin g m en th a t the Capital

e e ,
city wh e he was b u i ed
,
re r .

J O H N F R E D E RICK H A RTR A N F T ( 1 873 79 ) was b o n in New -

r

H a n ov e t own ship M on t g om e y c ou n ty in 1 83 0
r A s his n a m e
,
r , .

i n d icat s he was of G m an d esc t P pa in g fo c oll g e at

e ,
er en . re r r e

T eem ou n t S em i n a y N o istow
r n d taki g th e f e sh m a n y a r at ,
rr n , a n r e r

M a shall C oll g e M er c sbu g h g a d u at d at U n i on C oll g e

r e ,
er r , e r e e ,

S ch e ctad y in 1 85 3 H e ad law n d was ad m itt d to th e b

ne , . re , a e ar

at No istown in 1 859 Two y a s lat th e y ou n g lawy er ais ed

rr . e r er ,
r

th e 4th P en n sylvan ia r eg i m en t a n d h lp ed to fi g ht the battle of e

B u ll R u n as a m em b e of G en e al F an kli n s sta ff th e th ee
,
r r r
’
,
r

m on ths en listm en t of his ’

g i m e t havi n g expi ed the d a y b efo e re n r r .

H th n o g an i ed th 5 1 st eg i m e t l ed the fa m ou s cha g e that

e e r z e r n , r

ca i ed th ston e b i d g e at A ti tam pa ticipat ed in all th e

rr e r n e ,
r

e n g ag m en ts of the 9 th c o ps
e i n cl u d i n g Vicksb u g ; wa s m ad e r ,
r

b i g ad i g n e al in 1 864 g alla n tly ecaptu ed F o t S teadm an

r er -
e r , r r r ,

a n d was b v t ed m aj o g n al Aft e the wa r he s e ved as

re e r -
e er . r ,
r

Au d it or Gen e al of the S tat two t e m s W h n he eti ed f om th

-
r e r . e r r r e

G ov e n o ship he was m ad e m aj o g
r r al of th e Nati o al Gu a d
,
r -
en er n r ,

a n d s e v ed s u cc e ssiv ly as P ost m ast

r n d C oll e ct o of th P o t ine er a r e r ,

P hi la d elphia H d i ed at N o ist own in 1 889 a n d his b od y e sts

. e rr , ,
r

by the ban ks of th e S chu ylkill A n equ est ian statu e has b een . r

e ect d to his m em o y on th e Capit ol g ou d s in H a

r e isbu g r r n rr r .

H E NRY M A RTIN H OYT ( 1 879 a d esc n d an t of n ol d e a

N w E n g lan d fam ily was b o n at K i g st on Lu
e n e c ou n ty in ,
r n ,
z er ,

1 830 H wo k d u p on his fath s fa m u n til he was g own

. e r e er
’
r r .

Th n h e p epa ed f o c oll eg
e d n t e d L af ay tt
r r b u t fi n ish ed r e an e re e e,

his du cati on at W illiam s C oll g M as s in 1 849 H e was a

e e e, , .

t each e in a h i g h sch ool at T owa d a d in W yom i n g S em i

r n an

n ary a t K i n g st on H e was a d m itt ed to th b a at W ilk s B a e . e r e -

rr ,

in 1 853 At th ou tb eak of th c ivil w h h elp d to ais e th e

. e r e ar e e r

5 2d eg i m en t a n d was m a d li u t e a t c ol o l
r ,
F o m e it o i ou s e e n n -
ne . r r r

s e vic e he was m u st d ou t at th cl os of the w as b vet

r er e e e ar re

b i g ad i e g en al H s e v d as J u d g in the c ou ts of L
r r -
er . ne e r e e r u z er

a n d as I n t e al R v n u e C oll ect o b fo e he b ecam e Gov n o

rn e e r e r er r .

W h n he l ft H a isbu g he p actic d law in P hila d elphia n d

e e rr r r e a
Lu e n e d g ain d n o littl e pu tati on as a hist o ian a n d po
z r ,
an e re r

l iti l ec on om ist
ca H e d i ed in W il kes B a in 1 892 a n d is b u i d
.
-
rr e , r e

th er e .

R O B E RT E M ORY P A TTI S ON ( 1 883 87 n d 1 89 1 wh os e -

a

a n c st o s d w elt ac oss M as on d Dix o s L i n is th on of a ’

e r r an n e, e s

p om in n t M eth od ist cl e g ym an n d was b o n at Q ua n tic o S om

r e r ,
a r ,
302 A H is tor y of P enn sy lva n ia

er s et cou n ty M a ylan d i 1 850 The fath e em ovin g to P hila

,
r ,
n . r r

d elphia R ob er t was ed u cat ed in the pu blic sch ools of that city

, ,

g a d u ati n g as the val ed ict o ian of his class in th e C en t al H i g h

r r r

S ch ool H was a d m itt d to th e b a in 1 872 a n d fiv e y ea s late

. e e r , r r
was el ect d City C on t oll e a n offi c which his val u abl e s r vic es
e r r , e e
e n abl d h im to h ol d f o
e tw o t e m s th ou g h he d id n ot b el on g to r r ,

th e u li n g par tyr On the st n g th of th e p opu la ity thu s

. o re r a
qu i ed he was n om i n at ed a n d l cted Gov e n o in 1 882 the
r , e e r r ,
youn g est that th e S tat e has ev e h a d b ein g b u t thir ty two y ea s r ,
-
r
ol d H avi n g sp en t f ou y e a s as a p ivat e citi en he was ag a in
. r r r z ,

el ect ed Gove n o S i n c e his eti em en t in 1 895 he has b een

r r . r r ,
livi n g in P hilad elphia .

JA M E S A D A M S B E A V E R ( 1 887 whos e fo efath e s r r

cam e f om th P alatin at e in G e m an y was b o n a t M ill e stown

r e ,
r ,
r r ,

P e y c ou n ty in 1 83 7 H e was p epa ed fo c oll eg e a t P i n e G ov e

rr , . r r r r

M ills A ca d em y C en t e c oun ty a n d g ad u at ed at J eff e s on Col

,
r ,
r r

l eg Can on sb u g in 1 856 H e stu d i ed law at Bell efon t e n d

e, r , . a
b eg an his p of ssi on al ca ee th e W h en the civil wa c om
r e r r er . r

m n ed he en t e ed th e a m y as fi st li eu t en an t of th B ll efon t
e c ,
r r r e e e
F en cibl e s H e os to b e li eu t en an t c ol o el of th e 45th eg i m n t
. r e -
n r e ,

c ol on el of th e 1 48th a eg i m en t m ostly ec u ited in his own c ou n ty ,

r r r ,

a n d f o d isti n g u ish ed c on d u ct at C ol d H a b o
,
r to that of b ev t r r ,
r e
b ig a d i g en e al H was s eve al tim es wou n d ed a n d sp en t
r er -
r . e r

w a y weeks in the h ospital At R eam s S tati on wh e e he l ost

e r .
’
,
r

his l eg he j oi n d his eg i m en t wh en h e ha d ba ely ec ove ed f om

, e r r r r r

a g hastly wou d in his si d e ec iv d in the fir st assau lt u p on

n ,
r e e
P et e sb u g M
r B eav e b ecam e a p om i n en t lawy e a n d bu si n ess
r . r . r r r

m n aft e th e wa
a e a n est in
r v r y d u ty a n d g r eatly d vot ed to
r ,
r e e e
r eli g i on and ed u cati on I n 1 895 he was app oi n t ed on e of the .

j u d g es of the S u p e i o C ou t r r r .

1 —
D A NI E L H ART M A N H A S TIN G S ( 895 99) was b o n in L am a r r
t own ship Cli n ton c ou n ty i 1 849 H is fath e was a n ative of
, ,
n . r

I elan d a d his m oth e of S c otlan d Dan i el pass ed hi s b oyhood

r ,
n r , .

d ays on a fa m att en d d th p u blic sch ools n d b efo e he was

r , e e ,
a r

fi ft en y ea s of a g e tau g ht a sch ool in his own n ei g hb o h ood

‘

e r In r .
‘

1 86 7 he h a d attai n ed s u ch sta n d i n g as a t each e that he w en t to r

B ll ef on t e to tak e cha g of th e aca d m y at that pl a c e

e H n ext r e e . e
b ecam e p in cipal of the pu blic sch ools of B ll efon te fi lli n g th e
r e ,

positi on fo s even y ea s a n d i m p ovin g hi m s elf by p ivat e stu d y at

r r r r

th e sa m e ti m e A ft ed iti n g th e B ellef on t R epu blica n he ead

. er e ,
r

law a n d was a d m itted to th e b a in 1 875 H e su bs equ en tly b ecam e r .

i n te st ed in c oal m i i n g i Cam b ia c ou n ty It was whil e on

re n n r .

bu si n ess at H asti n g s of t hat c ou n ty that th e m emo abl e fl ood , ,

r
occ u ed at J oh n s tow
rr n B ei n g A d j u ta n t G en al of th e S tat e he .
-
er ,

m a d e it his d u ty to ass u m e c on t ol of th e g at wo k of eli ef ex r re r r

t e d d to th s ff e s
n e d won h i g h p ais es f o his s e vic es
e u er He r , an r r r .

was a ca n d i d at f o G ov o in 1 890 b u t was d efeated in the

e r er n r ,
c on venti on by tw elv v ot es e .
 B iog r aphica l S ketches 303

ILLI A M A LE X I S S T O N E ( 1 899
W of NewE n g la n d a n d
P en n sylvan ia G e m a n d e sc n t was b o n in D elm a t own ship Ti og a
r e ,
r r ,

c ou n ty 1 846 H is ea ly lif e was sp en t on his fath s fa m H e

, . r er
’
r .

was ed u cat ed at th e S tat e No m al S chool in M an sfiel d H e j oin ed r .

the a r m y b efo e he was ei g ht e n y ea s ol d as a p ivat e in th e 1 87th

r e r ,
r

r eg i m en t a n d pa r ticipat ed in th e si g e of P et e sb u g
,
H was e r r . e

s v e al tim es p om ot d a n d was ad van c ed to th e g ad e of s ec on d

e r r e r

li eu t n an t in 1 865 Aft er the w Gove n o H a t a ft app oin t d

e . ar ,
r r r r n e

h im assista n t a d j u tan t g en e al of the Thi r t een th d ivisi on Na -

r ,
- 1

tion a l G u a d with the a k of li u t en a t c ol on l H e stu d i ed

r r n e n -
e

l a wa n d w
.
,

a s ad m itt ed to th e b a r in 1 870 fi st p actici n g in W ells ,

r r

b o e a n d lat e in P ittsbu g wh e h e s v d as Un it ed S tat s

r r r , er er e e

Dist ict Atto n ey f o the W st n d ist ict of P n n sylvan ia B

r r r e er r e . e

fo e b ec om i g Gov n o M S ton s e v ed as a m em b e of Con

r n er r ,
r . e r r

g s s fo e i g ht y a s
re r e r .

OTH E R H I S TORI CAL P E R S ONS

ILLI A M A LLE N of P hilad lphia was Chief Ju stic e of

W , e ,

P en n sylvan ia f om 1 750 to 1 774 H e ai d ed B en jam i n W e st a n d

r .
,

c oop e at ed with D F an kli n in fou n d i n g the C oll eg e of P h il d l

r r . r a e
phia H e b ou g ht th e land f o the S tat H ou s e n d pai d for it with
. r e a
his own m on ey H e b el iev d in the cau s e of the c ol on i es b u t n ot
. e ,

in ev ol u ti on o i n d ep n d en c e
r H e w en t to E n g lan d in 1 774 a n d
r e .
,

th er e ad vocat d a plan fo r st o i g ha m on y H is s on s a g eed

e r e r n r . r

w ith him in s en ti m en t a n d a l l we e on b oth si d s of the c on t est at ,

r e
on e tim e o a n oth e An d ewwas on th e C ou n cil of S afety a d in
‘

r r . r n

the C on tin en tal C on g ess b u t d es e t ed th e cau s e in 1 776 a nd his r , r ,

e stat e was c o fiscat ed W illiam was with M on t g om e y at Q u b ec

n . r e ,

b u t in 1 778 ais ed the e g i m en t of P en n sylva n ia L oyal ists James ‘

r r .

t ook n o pa t b ut em ai n ed qu i et in th e c ou n tr y
r ,
r .

JO H N AR M S TR O N G of Ca lisl aft his d a i n g achi v e r e, er r e

m en t at K itta n n i n g w s of c on ti n u d s vic to th e f on ti e s et
,

, a e er e r r

tl em en ts d u i n g th F n ch a d I n d ian war a n d in th e R v ol u ti o
e re n r, e n
he os e to b a m aj o g n al H e was at F o t M ou lt i e a n d
r e r -
e er . r r ,

c om man d ed the m ilitia at B an d ywi a n d G m an t own H e s er ved r ne er .

twic e in th e C on tin en tal C on g ess r .

“
JA C K A R S TRON G k n own as Captain Jack the black
M “ ”
, ,

hu n te th e “black ifl e the “wil d hun t e of the Ju n iata the

r,
”
r ,
”
r ,
”

“bl a ck hu n t e of the fo est was f om C u m b e la d c ou n ty H

r r
”
r r n . e
,

en t e ed the w il d s of th e J u n ia ta
r bu ilt him s elf a cabin a d liv d by ,
n e
hu n tin g a n d fishin g On ev n i n g wh en he etu d f om his . e e r rne r

spor ts he fou n d his wife n d chil d en m u d e d a d his cabin

, a r r re n

bu n ed F om that ti m e on h fo s ook civili d life lived in ca ves

r . r e r ze , ,

a n d p ot ect d th f on ti e s ttl s f om th e I n d ian s askin g n o e

r e e r r e er r , r
wa d b u t th e g atitu d of th os wh om h escu d
r
“
r Jack s N e e e r e .
’
ar
ows a n a ow passag of th e Ju n iata th ou g h Jack s m ou n tain
” ’
r , rr e r ,

b el ow H u n tin g d on was n am ed af te h im ,
r .
304 A H is tor y o f P enn sylva n ia

JO H N JA M E S A U D U B O N was a wo thy s u cc ess or r of A l ex

an d er W ils on in bir d l or e Th ou g h b o n in L ou isian a -
r ,
he en sp t
a n u m b of y ea s in P en n sylvan ia H i fath er in
er r . s ,
1 79 8, h a d
b ou g ht him th M ill g ove fa m on th P e ki om en n ea S ch u ylkill
e r r e r ,
r
F alls H he m a i ed the d au g ht e of a n E n g lishm an who was
. er e rr r ,

his n ei g hb o Th o g h he h d p evi ou sly fo m ed a passi on f o

r . u a r r r

bi d s it was on this fa m wh e e h h a d m u ch l isu e that h

r ,
r ,
r e e r ,
e
p o d ov e the i d a of a g at w o k on o n ith ol og y H s ol d his
re r e re r r . e
plac e in 1 81 0 n d with the p oc e d s sail d d own the Ohi o with his
a r e e ,

wif n d child on a bi d sketchi n g xp ed iti on H e sp en t y a s in

e a ,
r e . e r

Am ica n wood s I n 1 824 he w n t to P hilad lphia wh e e he m et

er . e e ,
r

Cha l es Lu ci n B on apar t e wh o n c ou ag ed him to pu blish th e

r e ,
e r e r

s u l ts of his e s a ch e s A ft two y a s m o e of expl o ati on he

r e r . er e r r r ,

n
“
w e t to E n g lan d to g et s bsc ib e s f o his w o k on Th B i d s of u r r r r e r

Am ica er He visit d Am e ica th ee ti m s to m ak e fu r th e e

.
”
re e r r e r r

s a ch es a n d d i ed in 1 85 1
e r ,
.

B E N J A M IN F R A NKLIN B A C H E was b o n in P hila d lphia n r e i

1 769 H is fath
. h d c om f om E n g lan d a d m a i d S a ah
er a e r ,
n rr e r ,

th e on ly d au g ht e of B j am i n F an kli n The l d acc om pa n i ed

r en r . a
his g an d fath e D F an kli n to P a is p u su ed his stu d i s th e e
r r ,
‘
r . r ,
r ,
r e r

a n d ac qu i ed a k owl ed g e of p i ti n g
r On his tu n to P hila
n r n . re r

d lphia he g a d at ed at th e C oll g e of P hila d lphia

e r u n d in 1 790 e e ,
a

p u blish ed th e fi st n u m b e of the G n a l A dv tiser wh os n am

r r e er er , e e

was aft e wa d s chan g d to th e A u o a a d Gen a l A dver tis

r r e r r n er er .

This pap b ecam a n a d t cham pi on of the F n ch R epu blic

er e r en re ,

and p es t ed th e an ti F ed e al pa ty B ach e d i ed of y ll ow
re r en -
r r . e
f v e in 1 798
e r .

JO H N B A RTR A M b o n in what is n ow D elawa e c ou n ty in , r r ,

1 699 was th fath of Am e ican b ota y H stablish ed a

e er r n e e
—
.
,

b ota ical g a e
n d th fi st ev e att em pt d on this si d e of th e
r n e r r e
Atlan tic — ou the w est ban k of th S ch u ylkill a littl e b l ow e ,
e

P hila d elphia n a G y s Fe y ,
H is m i d was p obably d i
e r re
’
rr . n r

r ec ted to a s e i ou s st u d y of b otan y by J m s L og an
r B y the id a e . a

of f i n d s B a t a m was
r e n abl e d to t av el a n d g ath e
r r sp ci m n s e r r e e ,

m a n y of which w e s t to E u op e a d a g e ly st u d i ed th e er en r n e r er .

H i on W illiam d v ot ed hi m s lf to th e sam e p u s u it a n d b i n g a
s s e e r , ,
e .

si g l p s on he t av l d ext en sively n d on his etu n liv ed a

n e er ,
r e e , a r r

lif of s cl u sio at the old h om st ea d

e e n e .

E D W A RD B IDDL E was b o n in P hila d elphia a n d s e v ed as r ,

r

a n offi c in th F er ch a n d I n d ian w H th en b ca m e m i
e r en ar . e e e

n en t as a lawye in R ad i g H e n te ed the A ss m bly b efo

r e n . e r e re

th R ev ol u ti on b ca m its S p eak
e a n d was a m em b e of th
, e fi st e er ,
r e r

C o ti n n tal C o g ss H e was als o a m em b of C on g ss i

n e n re . er re n

1 776 d o ,
of the f o
an m ost a d v oc t s of i n d ep n d en c
ne b ut re a e e e,
c ou l d n ot att d th s ssi o s on a c ou t of a li n g i n g d is as to
en e e n c n er e e,

which he s u c c m b d in 1 779 u e .

NIC H O LA S B IDDL E was b o n i P hilad lphi i 1 75 0 At r n e a n .

th e g of fi ft e n he w l ft wit h th e oth
a e e hipw eck d ail o s as e re er s r e s r
 B iog r aphica l S ketches 3 05

on a n u n n i habit ed isla d in the W est I n d i s a n d was n ot esc u ed n e , r

f o two m on ths
r H e n ext t e d th e B itish n avy ; b u t s oon e
. en re r r

si g n ed in o d e to j oin a P ola exp ed iti on H o ati o N els on the

r r r . r ,

h e o of T afalg a was on b oa d th e sam e v ess el At th e ou tb eak

r r r ,
r . r
of the R ev ol ti on B i dd l was plac ed in cha g e of a vess l on th e
u e r e
D lawa e b u t aft wa d s was s n t to th e B aham as wh e he
e r ,
er r e ,
re

m ad val u abl captu es

e H i n xt achi ev em n t was th e captu e
e r . s e e r

of l ev en v ess ls a d s ve al hu n d d m en on a c u is e to th e
e e n e r re ,
r

ban ks of N ewfou n d lan d H e h a d on ly on e v ss l with which to . e e

tak e th s e p i es n d b i n g th em back to P hilad lphia B i dd l
e r z a r e . e
was n ow plac d i c omm an d of the b est ship of the n avy d e n an
o d r ed to th
er W est I n d i s T he e in 1 778 he f ell in with a
e e . r , ,

B itish ship of s u p e io a r m a m en t b u t w o l d hav won h a d n ot

r r r ,
u e
th e m a g a i n e expl od ed a n d kill ed h im a d all his c w b u t fou
z n re r .

JA M ES B ID D LE was a ativ e of P hilad lphia H e s e v ed in n e . r

th e wa with T ip oli r n d was tak en p is o r I n the wa of 1 81 2 ,

a r n er . r
he was a li eu t en an t on the W asp wh n sh e captu ed the F olic e r r .

H e was pu t in c omm an d of th p i e b u t b oth ships w e e captu ed e r z , r r

a n d tak n to B e m u d a e A ft e his exchan g e he c om m a n d d th

r . r e e
H o n et a n d was w ou n d d in th e captu e of th e B itish P en qu in
r ,
e r r .

B si d s a g ol d m ed al C on g ess g av e him th e an k of captai n

e e ,
r r .

JE RE M I A H S U LLIV A N B L A CK was b o n in the Glad es

nd w
r
,

S om s t c ou n ty
er e as d u cat d in a l og sch ool h ou s e n a
,
a e e -
e r

his fath e s fa m H e stu d i d law n d s ettl ed at Y o k At th e

r
’
r . e a r .

e a ly r g e o f t hi aty tw o he was e l evat d to the b e nrch achi n g th -

e ,
re e

S u p m C ou t of P en n sylvan ia n i n e y ea s lat e
re e r nd s vi n g in it r r , a er

e i g ht y a s H e b ecam Att o n y Gen e al in B u chan an s

”
’
n ee e r . e r e -
r

a d m i ist ati o n d t owa d s its cl os e was t an sf d to th e p osi

n r n, a r r er r e

ti o of S c r ta y of S tat e Up on his ti em en t f om offi c e in

n e e r . re r r ,

1 86 1 he e s u m d the p actic of law at Y o k

,
r e r e r .

H U G H H E NRY B R A C K E NRID G E cam to A m e ica f om e r r

S c otla d at the g of fi n d s ettl ed with th e st of th e fam ily

a e ve an , re ,

in Y o k c ou n ty r H g ad u at ed at P i n c t on by t achi g sch ool at

. e r r e e n

i n t vals a n d t t o i n g at c oll g e H thou g ht n othi g of walk

er u r e . e n

in g tw n ty o thi ty m il e s to g t th l oan of a b ook o n ewspap

e r r e e r er .

H ta g ht sch ool af te g ad u ati on

e u nd a ly vi n c d his ability as r r ,
a e r e e
a w it rI n 1 776 h e w en t to P hila d lphia a n d d it d the Un it d
er . e e e e

St t a M a g a zin
es H e was lic n s d to p ach e nd s .v ed as chap e e re , a er
lai n in th e R evol ti on a y a m y ; b u t h stu d i ed law n d s ettl d in u r r e a e
c
P itt b u g s He h e d isti n g u ish ed hi m s elf as a lawy
r . re a p oliticia er ,
n,

a j u d g a n d a w it e, B ack n i d g was m ix d p to s om r x er . r e r e e u e e
ten t with th e W hisky I n su cti on a d he p u b lish d a n acc ou t rre ,
n e n

of it H e was J d g e of the S p em e C o t of P n n sylvan ia f om

7 u u r ur e r
“
. .

1 79 9 to 1 81 6 H is chi f w o k as a n au th o is M od e n Chival y e r r r r
”

in w
.
,

hich h g iv es a n ad m i abl e p ictu of s oci ety in west e n

e r re r

P en sylva ia at th cl os of the ei g ht ee th c n tu y
n n e e n e r .

W ILLI A M B R A D F O RD was o of the Q ak s who in ne u er ,

306 A H is tor y of P enn sy lva nia

1 682, 1 n d ed in th e a s wh
ood hila lphia
er e P de n oww
sta s nd He .

was th e fi r st p i t vi c
r n er in t he P r o aft a ti was cha
n e, b ut er me r g ed

with p i tir n ng s iti s w iti s th h

ed ou r ng , ou g c vict
n ot on ed H ow .

v he
e er , ha d b c b xi s
e ome o n o outhe s ttl s
to e er w t
a nd en to New
Y k wh
or , e r e , in he sta t its fi st wspap
1 725 , r ed r ne e r , The N ew

Yor k Ga zette thi ty y a s he was

F or r .e r ly p i t
th e on r n er in th e

c l y
o on of Ne wY k or w b
H is s on A n d r e , or n in P hila lphia
. de in
1 686 , was ly p i t
th e on sylva ia till ab t
r n er in P en n n ou 1 725 , a n d h e
sta t
r ed , on D c b thi
e em e r 22 , 1 71 9 , th e wspap
rd ne the c l
er in o o
n ei s a n d th e fi rst hila lphia
in P de , th e A mer ica n W eekly M er cu r y .

He als o ha d a b k st
oo was p st ast
or e , a n d o m city
er of th e a ti
f or me .

S A M U E L B R A DY was b o n in S hipp en sb u g a d m ov d r r ,
n re e
with his fath to Un i on c ou n ty wh e he b ecam a typical f o
er , er e r n

ti e s m an H e j oi n d th e R evol u ti on a y a m y at B ost on wh n b u t
r . e r r e
s even t n a n d at the battl e of M on m ou th won th a k of cap
ee ,
e r n

tain L ik e Va n Cam p en he was n ows l ct d to fig ht th I n d ian s

.
, e e e e ,

a d was stati on ed at F o t P itt

n I this capacity h won a pu ta r . n e re
tion fo skill n d d a i n g that was n ot s u pass ed in all Am e ica
r a r r r .

H e h u n t ed a d kill ed I n d ian s lik g am e in th e f o est

n H sh ot e r . e

on e I n d ia n off a h o s e whil e the sava g e was ca yi n g away a w om a

r rr n

a n d he chil d ; h e kill d th e oth s whil e th y w e sitti n g on a

r e re er e er
l og plan n i n g h owto m ak e s u e of his scalp ; n d he e scap d f om r a e r

d eath at th e stak e by p u shi n g a s q u aw with a pap oos e on h er

back i n t o the fi e th a t h d b een ki n d l ed fo him
r a r .

C H ARLE S B R O C K D E N B R OW N was b o n in P hilad elphia r

in 1 771 havi n g d sc en d ed f om th os e wh o cam e to P en n sylva ia

,
e r n

in th g ood ship W elc om e

e H e was th fi st Am e ican of n ot . e r r e
wh o m ad e lit e atu e a p ofessi o H e e stablish ed the Liter a y
r r r n , r
M a g a zin a n d A m r ic n R g is t
e i 1 803 b u t d isc on ti n u ed it at
e a e er n

the n d of fi y ea s Two of his n ov ls “A thu M er vyn n d

e ve r . e , r r
”
a
“E d a H u n tl ey attai n d ”
e
g r ,
to th e a n k of stan d a d r r

om a n c ; b u t m ost of th m r e e

hav e l on g sin c e b een f o r

g ott en th ou g h th ey w e e ,
r

e ad with avi d ity i h his r

day B own liv ed in h m . r u

b l e ci c u m sta n c s in a r e ,

l owtw o st o y b ick h ou s ,
r r e,

stan d i n g a littl i f om the e n r

st e t with n ev a t e o r e ,
er re r

a sh b n ea it H e d i d ru r .
”
e

in 1 81 0 .

CH ANAN JA M E S BU ,

B i thpl f J m B ch
fift
a ce o
een th P esi d en t of th e r
r
Un it d S tates was b o n at
a es u anan.
e ,
r
“S t on y B att e n a M c sb u g F a n kli n c oun ty A p il 23
r
”
e r er er r r r
, , , ,

1 791 H w th . on of S c otch I i h t d
e as d w e s d cat d a -
r s ra er ,
an as e u e
 B iog r aphica l S ketches 307

at D icki s on C oll eg e H e b eg an the p actic e of law n L an c es

n . r i
te r 1 8 1 2 a d s oon en t e ed the L eg islatu e
, ,
n F o ten y ea s f om r r . r r r
1 821 he was a m emb er of C on g ess
, A ft e s e vi n g as M i n ist e r . r r r
to R u ssia on y ea he en t e d the Un it ed S tat es S en at e in 1 834
e r , re ,
a n d c o ti n u ed in that b od y till he was m a d e S ec eta y of S tat e
n r r

by P esi d en t P olk I n this p ositi on he h a d to s ettl e th e qu esti on s

r .

of “ 54 4 0 o fi g ht
°
of th e a c qu isiti on of T exas
r a n d of the
”
,
M exican w
,
P i e c e s en t him to E n g lan d as M i n ist e
ar . r a n d he r ,
was p s n t at the Ost en d c on f e erl c which was to b i n g ab ou t
re e r e, r

the sal e of C u ba to th e Un it ed S tat es I n 1 856 h e was el ct d

'

. e e
P e si d n t
r e c e ivi n g b esi d e s the v ot e of s ev e al N o th e n S tat e s
e ,
r r r r

that of ev e y slavehol d i n g S tat e exc ept M a ylan d T owa d s the

r r . r

cl os e of his te m esp ec ially after L i n c ol n s el ecti on th slave

r ,
’
,
e
powe m ad e his a dm in ist ati on m ost diffi cu lt a n d his so call ed
r r ,
-

“t em o i i n p olicy was s ev e ely c iticis ed A ft e his ca e in

”
p g r z r r . r r er
th e W hit e H ou s e he liv ed in eti em n t on his estat e n ar L a n r r e e
caste kn own a s W h eatlan d H er e h e d i d J u n e 1 1 868
r , .
-
e , .

T H O M A S H B U RR OW E S a n ativ e of L an cast c ou n ty was

.
, er ,
ed u cat ed at Q u eb e c a d in T i n ity C oll g I elan d H e b ecam e n r e e, r .

a lawy a n d p actic ed his p ofessi on in L an cast e Aft s e vi n g

w
er r r r . er r
in the L g islat u e h e a s app oi n t ed S ec eta y of th
r ,
C om m on e r r e
wealth by G ov e n o Ritn in 1 835 a n d as s u ch was
r r x ofiicio er , ,
e -

S u p e i n t n d en t of C om m on S ch ools a n d en t u st ed with the xe u

r e ,
r e c
ti on of th e f ee sch ool law pass ed th e y ea b efo e H is han d
r r r .

fashi on ed m u ch of the sch ool l eg islati on between 1 836 a d the en d n

of his se c on d t e m as S u p e i n t en d en t of C om m on S ch ools in 1 863

r r , .

Thu s this m a n wh o c on f ss ed in 1 836 that he kn ew n o m o ab ou t

,
“ e re

the d etails of sch ools than ab ou t the l ocal g eog aphy of th e m oon r ,
”

b ecam e a pilla in the st u ct u e of pu blic edu cati on in P en n sylvan ia

r r r .

Z E B U L O N B U TL E R was b o n in C on n ectic u t a n d was a r ,

m em b of th er c omm itt ee of th e un d e wh os e d i cti on the fi st

e r e r re r

su cc ssfu l s ettl em en t was m ad e in th W yom in g vall ey by the

e e

NewE n g lan d s H e was on e of the j u d g e s whil th e vall ey was

er . e
attach ed to C onn ectic u t as the t own ( town ship ) of W stm o elan d e r .

H e was n offi c a in the R v ol u ti o B i n g h om e at the tim of

er e n . e e

th e M assac e of W yom i n g he was the l ea d r of th s ettl s on that

r ,
e e er

d r ea d fu l J u ly d a y 1 778 H o d i ed in L u e e c ou n ty 1 795
, . z rn , .

JO H N C A D W A LA D E R of W elsh d sc en t a n d b o n in P hila , e r

d elphia was c om m an d e of
,
Th e S ilk S t ocki n g C om pan y wh en r
”

th e R evol u ti on a y m ov m en t b eg a n and r at on c en t e ed th e ,
e r e
s e vic of th e a m y H was m d e b ig a die g en e al d plac d
r e r . e a r r -
r an e

in c om m an d of the P en n sylvan ia m ilitia H e c oop e at ed in th . r e

capt u e of the H essian s a n d was p es en t as a v ol u n t e at
r r er

B an d ywi n e G m an t ow
r n ,
a d M on m outh
er
“
W h en the C on way ,
n .

cabal was fo m ed h chall e g ed Th om as C on way to a du el a n d

”
r ,
e n

shot him in th e m ou th b u t was hi m s lf u n hu t ,

e r .

S I M O N C A M E R O N was a n ativ e of L a n cast e c ou n ty He r .

308 A H istor y o f P enn sy lva n ia

wo k r at th e p i n t s t ad e in his b oyh ood a n d y ou th n d ed

ed r er
’
r ,
a

it d a n wspap e in D oyl st own a n d at H a isb u g aft e h h d

e e r e rr r r e a
b c om e of g
e H e n xt b cam e i n t e est ed in ban ki n g n d th e
a e . e e r a
c on st u cti on of ail oad s a n d s oon a cqu i ed w ealth H e was
r r r , r .

e l ect ed Un it ed S tat es S n ato by the D m oc ats in 1 843 ; b u t e r e r

aft th e p ea l of th e M iss ou i C om p om is e h e b ecam e a R e

er re r r

p u blica I n 1 85 7 h e was a g ai n el ect ed S en ato

n . a n d se d till r , rv e

1 86 1 wh n L in c ol n app oi n t ed h im S c eta y of W a
e Not a g ee e r r r . r

in g with th P esi d n t on th e q u e sti on of f eei n g e d a m i n g th e

r e r an r

s l av s Cam e on esi g n ed a d a cc pt ed th e p ost of M i n ist at S t

e ,
r r n e er .

P t sbu g
e er H was on c e m o e el ct d S n at o i 1 867 a n d
r . e r e e e r n ,

s e v d c on ti n u ou sly fo ten y a s H e d i ed in 1 889

r e r e r . .

A NDR E W C A RN E G IE cam e f om S c otlan d at th e g e of t n r a e

y ea s his fam ily s ettli n g in All g h en y H e b eg an lif e th e in
r ,
e . er a
c otton facto y th en b ecam a m ss en g e b oy fo a t l g aph om
r ,
e e r r e e r c

pa y n d wo k ed hi m s lf u p to th e p ositi on of s u p e i n ten d t
n a r e r en .

H m ad
e f o tu n e in oil b ecam e i t e est d in i on wo ks a n d s oon
e a r ,
n r e r r ,
was th e la g est m an u factu e of i on st eel ails n d c ok in th e
r r r r ,
r , a e
w o l d H is pu blic g ifts in th f o m of lib a i es to P ittsbu g
r .
, e r r r r ,

A ll g h e y n d oth e plac s hav b e n p i n c ely H is s u cc ess in

e n , a r e e e r .

P en n sylva n ia was s o g atifyi n g to his a d m i s in G eat B itai n r r er r r

that a s at in P a liam n t was off e ed to h im n d th f e d om of

e r e r a e r e

citi es xt e d d e n e .

G E O R G E CLY M E R wh os n am is affix ed to th D cla ati on , e e e e r

of I n d p d c e was b o n in P hilad elphia a d f ell h i to th e

e en en ,
r ,
n e r

m ca t il b si n ss of his u cl
er n W h n th O pp ositi on to E n g
e u e n e . e e
li h u l b cam activ h s olved to liv e as a f eem an o p e ish
s r e e e e, e re r r r

as a pat i ot H was chai m an of P hilad lphia s t c omm itt e

r . e r e
’
ea e,
C o ti n t l t eas u
n ne m mb of th
a C ou n cil of S afety
r d a r er , e er .
e ,
an

d el g at e in C on g ss at va i ou s ti m s aft e J u ly 20 1 776
e I n this re r e r , .

b od y h e lab o d ha d d t ook hi g h a k H is fam ily liv d in re r an r n . e

Ch st c o n ty n d wh n h e visit d th m h e d id so on ly f o a
e er u , a e e e r

n i g ht t a ti m A ft th R v ol uti o M Clym e n t ed th
a e. er e e n r . r e er e
A ss m bly wh
e his g t st s e vic e was th t p fo m d in b half
, er e r ea e r a er r e e

of ab olishi g th e d eath p en alty in a l l b t th e m ost fla g a n t cas es

n u r

of c i m r He w s a m mb e . of th e C o stit u ti on al C on v en ti on a e er n ,

a n d of th e fi st C on g ss Aft s vi g as R v n u e C oll ecto of

r re . er er n e e r

P n sylv a i d
e n i g th W hisky R b lli o h e t i d to p ivat e
n a ur n e e e n ,
re re r

lif e n d d i d in 1 81 3 t M o isvill e B u cks c ou n ty

a e ,
a rr , .

J A Y C OO K E was b o n in Ohi o a n d en t e ed a ba n ki n g h ou s e r ,
r

in P hil d lphi a t th g e of s ev n t n b c om i n g a pa t n
a e a wh n e a e ee ,
e r er e
h a iv d at his m j o ity
e rr e H e establish ed th e fi m of Jay C ook e a r . r

Co i 1 861 . n d pl c ed m ost of th e l o n s of th
n Un it ed S tat s
, a a a e e
d u i n g th Civil W
r H i s cc ess as th a g n t of th G ov e n
e ar . s u e e e r

m e t g av e him th n m e of th e
n
“ F i a ci o f th e R eb lli on e a n n er e .
”

Th e h ou s p osp d u t il it b ca m t h fi
e l ag n t of th e N o th
r er e n e e e s ca e r
er n P ific R ail o d C om p
ac y H f il d S pt m b 1 9 1 873 r a an . e a e e e er , ,

Bl k F i d y
ac d p ipit t d th pa ic of t hat y a Th ou g h
r a ,
”
an r ec a e e n e r .
 B iog r a phica l S ketches 309

C ook e l ost his fo tun his cha act e was u n s u lli ed H is m g r e, r r a

n ifi en t m an si on —Og on t
.

c n a m d aft n I n d ian chi ef w ho was z, e er a

r —
his f i en d in child h ood is n ow Og on t S em in ar y for Y ou g
“ z n

L ad i es a n d is sit u at ed at Chelton H il l s M on tg om e y c ou n ty
,
” I
,
r .

M A R G A R E T C O R B IN was an oth e h e oi n e lik M olli e r r e

P itch e S h e was w ou n d ed a n d u tt ly d isabl ed at F o t W ash
r .
”
er r

in g to whil e sh h oically fill d th e p ost of h e hu sban d wh o

n , e er e r ,
was kill d by h e si d s e vi n g a pi c e of a till e y H e n am e is
e r e, r e r r . r

foun d on th e olls of the I n vali d R eg im en t of P en n sylvan ia as it

r ,

was d ischa g ed in 1 783 S he was b o n in F r an kli n c ou n ty n d

r . r ,
a
d ied in W st m o elan d c ou n ty ab ou t 1 800
'

e r .

T E NC H C O X E b o n in P hilad elphia a n d edu cat ed the b e r e,

— , r

ca m a me e cha t at e g e of twe ty o e i h the y a of th e

n t h n nr a -
e r

D ecla ati on of I n d ep n d n c
r H e t u n ed oyalist a n d l eft th e e e. r r e

city to j oin th e B itish H e etu n ed with H owe a n d was a ested r . r r '

rr

a n d pa ol d aft er th evac u ati on of th e city

r e Th n h tu n d e . e e r e

W hi g n d en t e ed u p on a l on g p olitical ca
a e H e sat in th e
r re r .

A ap olis c onv n ti on in th C on ti n ntal C on g ss a n d h l d

nn e ,
e e re ,
e
oth hi g h plac es b u t v e ed f om on e sid e of pa ty p olitics to
er e r r r

an oth e H is claim s to a plac e in hist o y l ie in his lab o s f o

r . r r r

Am ican m an u factu es a n d his w itin g s on p olitical ec on om y H

er r r . e

m y j u stly b e call ed th fath er of th Am e ican c otton i n du st y

a e e r r .

W ILLI A M CR A M P was b o n in K n si g t on n ow in P hila r e n ,

d elphia H e b g an ship bu il d i n g on th D elawa

. in 1 830 wh n
e e re ,
e
h e was b u t tw n ty th ee y a s ol d A t fi st h e bu ilt on ly ba ks
e -
r e r . r r

a n d b i g s b ut h e s oon
r ec iv d o d e s fo la g e v ss els
,
A s his
. r e e r r r r r e .

s on s g ew u p a n d l ea n ed th e bu sin ess h e t ook th em in to pa t e

r r ,
r n r

ship u n d e th e n am of W illiam C am p 86 S on s Th e Civil W a

,
r e r . r

h e al d ed th em th ou g h ou t th e wo l d as chi efs in th ei c aft It

r r r r r .

was th en that the D elawa e b ecam e kn own as th e Clyd of “ r e

A e ica
m r
“ N w I on si d es was b u ilt f o the Gov e n m n t in
.
”
e r
”
r r e
s ev n m on ths aft th e o d h a d b een c eived F o i g n n ati on s
e er r er re . re

have ha d wa v ss l s b u ilt at K sin g t on n d o own n avy has

r e e en ,
a ur

r ec eiv ed its fi est m a i n e wa i o s f om th e C am ps W illiam

n r rr r r r .

C am p d i ed in 1 879
r .

G E O R G E M D A LL A S lawy e of P hilad lphia m ay o of .

, a r e ,
r

that city n d d ist ict atto n y was U it d S tat es S en at o f om

,
a r r e ,
n e r r

1 83 1 to 1 832 wh en h b cam e Att o n y G e al of th e S tat e F o

,
e e r e -
n er . r

two y a s h e h el d th e r p ost of M in ist e to R u ssia Dallas was e r .

e l ect ed Vic e P esi d t o th e tick t with P ol k i 1 844 H e wa

-
r en n e ,
n . s

pu t o th e tick t to h ol d th p ot cti o ist v ot e in P

n n sylva ia f o
e e r e n en n r

P olk as a g ai n st Clay ; b u t in spit of this h g av th e casti n g v ot

,
e e e e

in th S n at f o th W alk
e Ta i ff of 1 846 H i last pu blic offi c
e e r e er r . s e
was that of M in ist e to E g lan d u n d B u chan a s ad m in ist ati on r n ,
er n
’
r .

S T E P H E N D E C A T U R was b o n in M a ylan d whil e his fath e r r r

s oj ou d th e on acc ou t of B itish occ u pati on of P hilad lphia

rne er n r e .

W h en th e fam ily et u r n ed in 1 779 S t eph en was th ee m on ths ol d r ,

r .
31 0 A H istor y o f P enn sylva n ia

He b g an s vic in th e n avy in 1 798 I n 1 804 h e d isti n g u ish ed

e er e .

hi s elf by d st oyi g th P hilad elphia which h d fall en i n to th

m e r n e ,
a e
ha d s of T ip oli I n th e w of 1 8 1 2 h e captu ed th e B itish ship
n r . ar r r

M ac d on iane nd aft a stu bb o n fig ht h d to s u n d e the n u

,
a ,
er r , a rre r
s eawo thy P esi d n t I n 1 81 5 h e p e fo m ed a m ost valu abl e s e vic e
r r e . r r r

fo his c ou n t y by h u mbli n g th e B a ba y p ow s with a s qu a d on

r r r r er , r

of t n v ss ls e H e c on clu d ed a t eaty by which t ib u t e was

e e . r r
ab olish d a n d p ison s a n d p op e ty st o ed thu s add i n g an oth e
e r er r r re r , r
j w l to th e c own of th e Am e ica avy H en d ed his ca eer in
e e r r n n . e r
a d u l with C omm od o e B a on in 1 820
e r rr .

W ILLI A M D U A N E was th s u cc ess o of B ach e ( s p 3 04 ) e r ee .

in th e m an a g em e t of th e A u o H e was n ativ of th e n o th
n r ra . a e r

e n pa t of New Y o k
r r W h n a l a d of fi e h e was b ou g ht to r . e v ,
r

P hila d lphia by his w id ow d m oth

e b u t s oo aft e wa d s tak n to e er ,
n r r e
I lan d wh
re h was ed u cat d n d app n tic d to a p in t e
,
er e e e a re e r r .

C om in g back to P hilad lphia in 1 796 h e was m pl oyed as o e of e ,

e n

th e ed it o s of th e A u o a A ft B ach s d ath the pap was ’

r r r . er e e ,
er
n
“
k own f o y ea s as Du an e s pap e n d was a p ow f l in t u
r r
’
r a er u s r
m n t in th e o g an i ati on a n d u pb u il d i n g of th R ep u blican o
e r z e ,
r

D m oc atic pa ty
e r r .

R E V J A C OB D U C H E was b o n in P hila d elphia a n d g a du at ed

. r ,
r

at th c oll eg of that city c om pl etin g his stu d i s in E n g lan d A s

e e , e .

re cto of Ch ist Chu ch h e was a m n of g eat i n flu en c e wh en the

r r r ,
a r

R vol u ti on c om m en c ed H e was chaplai n of C on g ess in 1 776

e . r ,

an d g av e all his sala y fo th e li f of s ol d i e s wi d ows a n d r r re e r

’

o ph n s
r B u t his l oyalty to th A m ican cau s e fail d wh en the
a . e er e
B itish t ook p oss ssi on of P hila d lphia H h elp d to w lc om e th m
r e e e e e e

fl
.
,

a n d w ot a l tt e to W ashi n g ton u g in g h im to g ive u p a h op el ess

r e e r r

st g g l e Th e l tt was lai d b fo e C on g ss n d D u ch é d to
ru . e er e r re , a e
E n g lan d He tu n ed s om e tim e afte the w b u t his in fl u n c e
. re r r ar , e
a n d p ositi on w e e g on e r .

J O H N E LD E R on of the fi st cl e g ym en in th e vici n ity of , e r r

H a isb u g was a P esbyt e ian f om I la n d a g a d u at e of the

rr r ,
r r r re ,
r

Un iv sity of E d in bu g h a sch ol a l y m n a n d of va i ed ability

er r ,
r a r .

H e was p a st o of th e c on g eg ati on at P axtan g f o n a ly sixty

r r r e r

y a s D u i n g the t ou b l s om e ti m es with th I n d ia n s h e was

fl
e r , r r e e ,

c ol on el of the P axtan g Ran g e s H a n d th e m en of his c on g r . e re

g tion f eq u e tly ca i d th ei
a r i es with th m to chu ch so on
n rr e r r e r , c
s tan t was th ei d an g f om th sava g es Th g av eya d at P a x
r er r e . e r r

t n g wh
a ,C ol o el E l d li s bu i d a n d th a t at D y Chu ch
er e n er e r e ,
er r r ,
b ot h in Dau phi n c ou ty a e M cc s fo th e S c otch I ish n ,
r e a r -
r .

O LIV E R E V A N S was a n tiv e of D el wa e b u t ea ly in life a a r ,

r

cam to P hilad lphia wh e h m d th e fi st hi g h p ss u e

e e ,
re e a e r -
re r
st am en g i n e a d th fi st st a m d ed g i g m achi n e u s ed in this
e n e r e r n

c o nt y This m achi n e wa pu t on wh l s a d p op ell d its lf to

u r . s ee n r e e
th S h u ylkill iv e
e c wh e it w fi tt d wi th st a m pad dl e d
r r ,
er as e a e an
n avi g t d d ow n th e S ch u ylkill a n d u p the D elawa e a sh o t d is
a e r r
 B iog r a phica l S ketches 31 1

tan c e I t is s u pp os ed to hav e b een th e fi st st am ca iag e on

'

. r e rr
lan d in Am ica H e u g d th c on st u cti on of ail oad s wit h
er . r e e r r r
rails of wood o i on b ut ha d n ot the m ean s to ca y his i d ea s i nto
r r , rr
ex ecu ti on .

JAM E S E W IN G was a n ativ e of L an cast e c ou n ty b u t a ly r ,

‘

e r

in life s ettl d in Y o k H e was a li eu t n an t in B ad d ock s exp ed i

e r . e r
’

ti on s e ved with d istin cti on th ou g h th wh ol e of th R volu ti on

,
r r e e e ,

a n d r os e to th e an k of b ig ad i e g en e al r r r -
r .

J O H N F E NN O was a n ativ of B ost on H e establish ed the e .

Ga z tt of the Unit d S ta t s in N w Y o k wh en th e G ov e n m en t
e e e e e r ,
r

und th e C onstit u ti on b eg an
er nd em ov ed it to P hila d lphia th e ,
a r e
n ext y ea in o d e to p u blish it at th e capital of th e n a ti on
r

r r r .

F n o s pap e b eca m a st on g a d v ocat e of th e F ed e al pa ty a n d

e n
’
r e r r r

er
“
bitt ly opp os ed the F en ch facti on in th e Un it d S tat s H r
”
e e . e
d i d of y ell ow f v e in 1 79 8 fou d ays aft er th e d ath of his
e e r , r e
p olitical an tag on ist B ach e of th e Aur o a ,
r .

W ILLIA M F INDLE Y a n ativ e of I elan d ca m e to P en n syl ,

r ,

van i a in ea ly lif e s e ved in the R evolu tion a n d s ettl ed in W st

r ,
r , e
m o elan d c ou n ty wh e he b eca m e activ e in p olitics
r ,
H e was a er .

m em b e of th e L eg islatu
r a n d of th e S tat e c on v en ti on that re

ad opt d the F d e al C on stitu ti on This b e activ ly opp os d on

e e r . e e

th e g ou n d of its c n t ali d p ow
r H e was el v en ti m es l ect d e r ze er e e e

fl
.

to C on g ss s e vin g f om 1 79 1 to 1 799 a n d f om 1 803 to 1 81 7

re ,
r r r .

H e was n a d n t s u pp o t e of the J e e son ia n pa ty a n d was a

a r e r r r r

g eat p ow e as a S p ak
r r e er .

T H O M A S F IT Z S IM M O N S cam e to P hiladelphia f om I r
‘

re

lan d a d en g ag d in th e m e can til e bu si n ss H e s e v d in th e

n e r e . r e

R evolu ti on as captai n of a c om pan y a n d his fi m s u bsc ib d ,

r r e
f o th e s u pp o t of th e a m y
r H was a m emb e of th e r r . e r
A ss em bly f o m an y y ea s n d a d l g at e in th e C on ti n n tal
r r a e e e
C on g ess f om 1 782 —3 A fte his s e vic s in th e C on stitu ti o al
r r . r r e n

C on v n ti on in 1 787 h e s e ved in th F ed al C on g ess f om 1 789

e ,
r e er r r

to 1 795 .

JO H N
I
W E SS FO RN Y was b
E L a cast
or n in n er , in 1 81 7, a n d
l a pi t sta
e r n ed the r n er
’
r de w t He hila lphia
en to P de a a n d f or .

l on g ti it
m e ed ed The P ennsylva n ia n was cl k
He er s of th e H ou e .

of R p s tativ s at ashi t
e r e en e W whil
n g on , a n dthat p siti
e in o on ed
ited th e Un ion b a
I n 1 85 7 h e eg n th e P hil a d elphia
. P r ess , a n d
c ti
on n u ed to b e its it till
ed or 1 877 his a a
U n d er tm n g em e n th e .

pap b ca a v y p w f l
er e me er a c ivi
o er u or g n , r e e i flicti
ng and n a y ng m n
h avy bl w It was p p la ly k w as
e o s o u r no n . ys “ ss
F or n e ’
Pre ”
In .

C l l y stablish
1 878, o on e F or n e e a w kly lit a y j
ed P r og r ess , ee er r ou r
l at
n a l , m od e ed L
f er t he on d on W or ld i wi ly
H e d ed in 1 881 , de .

k wn o n a n d d eeply havi
m ou r n ed , j y f i ship all
n g e n o ed th e r en d of
l a i
t he e d n g m en of the nati i his l
on d u r n g ca as j
on g alist
r eer a ou r n .

JOH N F ITC H was b o n in C on n ectic u t a n d was a watch maker r ,

31 2 A H is tor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

by t r a de a s f o th C on ti n n tal A m y a d wa s with
. H e m de g un r e e r ,
n

th t oops at Vall y F o g e R ob t F u lto is sai d to have h d

e r e r . er n a

a cc ss t o his d awin g s n d pap s a n d it was p ov ed by th

e r a er ,
r e
c o ts in 1 81 7 that his i n v en ti on s a n d th os e of F itch w e e in
ur , ,
r
s bstan c e th e sam e F itch on c e sai d that th e d y wou l d c om e
u . a
“wh n s om m o e p ot e t m a n will et fa m e a n d r ich e s f om my
e e g r n r

in n tion b u t n ob od y will b eli ev e that p oo

ve ,
J ohn F itch c a n d o r

a ythi g wo thy of att n ti on

n n A fte his e t er p is e on th e D ela
r e .
”
r n r

wa e h a d fail ed h w n t to F an c e b u t th e F en ch Revol u ti on p e
r e e r ,
r r

v ted a r e wal of his st eam n avi g ati on th e e H e fin ally w n t

en ne r . e

to K n tu cky wh e h e h d s om e la n d ,
B c om i n g i n v olv ed in
er e a . e

l w su its with i n t u d e s on his p oss ssi on s th e e h e c omm itt ed

a r r e r ,

s u ici d e in 1 798 .

R O B E RT F U LT O N the s u cc essfu l i n v en tor of the stea m b oat , ,

was b o n at L ittl e B itai n L an c t c o n ty in 1 765 H was

r r ,
a s er u , . e
at fi st a p o t ait pai t e a n d at the a g e of r r r n r,

tw n ty on e w n t to E n g lan d Th e e h e -
e . r e
s oon b ecam e i n t e est ed in en g in ee i n g a n d r r

in v en ti on s H e n ext liv ed in F an c e wh e . r ,
re

h e i n v en t ed th e t o p d o a n d vai nly t i ed to r e r

g et Nap ol eon as w ell as th e B i tish M in ,

r

istr y to a d opt it H e etu n ed to Am e ica , . r r r

in 1 806 a n d th e n ext y e a r th Cl e mon t ,

e r

st eam ed f om N wY o k to Alban y H e was r e r .

aft wa d s em pl oy ed by the G ov e n m en t in er r r

p oj ectin g n avi g a ti on sch em es ; b u t owin g to r

lawsu its ov his pat n ts h n ev am ass d er e ,
e er e

R b tF n a f o t u n e f om his i n v ti on s th ou g h th ey r r en ,

nd w
o er u cn'
b ou g ht fo tu n es to oth m e e of r r er en . a r

th e g eat st i m po tan c e in d v l opi n g th e i n t i o of the Un it ed

~

r e r e e er r

S tat s H e d i d in N wY o k in 1 81 5
e . e e r .

A LB E RT G A LL A TIN who m ad e a lastin g m a k on the su ,

r r
fac e of n ati o al p olitics was b o n at G e va S wit lan d a n d
n ,
r ne ,
z er ,
b ec m o of th m ost ill st i ou s Am e ican stat es m en H e was
a e ne e u r r .

ed u cat ed in th e u iv sity of his n ativ e city n d cam e to Am e ica

n er a r
in 1 780 at th a g e of n i n t e n
,
A ft va i ed expe i en c es h e
e e e . er r r

s ttl ed in F ay ett e c ou n ty wh e e h e foun d ed New G en eva a n d

e , r
e stablish ed g lass w o ks H e s oon en t e d the L eg islatu e a n d -
r . re r ,

in 1 793 was el ect ed U it ed S tat es S en at o b u t was n ot a d m itt ed n r ,

t o his s eat on acc ou n t of a q estion ais d ab ou t the ti m e of u r e

his citi n ship A fte his s e vic es as a m ed iat or in th e W hisky

ze . r r

I n s u ecti on h e en t ed C on g ess n d d istin g u ish ed hi m s elf in

rr , er r a
fi an cial matt e s
n F om 1 801 to 1 81 3 h e was S ec eta r y of th e
r . r r

T easu r y a n d m ad e a c o d as on e of the abl est A m ican fin a n

r , re r er
ci e s H e was on e of the c omm issi on e s that n eg otiat ed the t eaty
r . r r
of Gh en t d oi g m o e tha n a n y on e els e to cl os e the w
,
n a r of 1 81 2
r .

M a d is on off e ed to m ak h im S c ta y of th T eas u y on c m o e
r e e re r e r r e r ,

b u t he d ecli n ed a n d acc ept ed the plac e of M i n ist er to F r an c e

, ,
 B iog r a phica l S ketches 31 3

which p ost h e h el d s even y ea s I n 1 826 h e was s en t as E n voy r .

E xt a o d i a y to G eat B itai
r r n A ft e eti i g f om p olitical life
r r r n . r r r n r ,
h e en g ag ed in ban ki n g in NewYo k city a n d d i d at A st o ia on r ,
e r ,
L on g Islan d in 1 849
,

, .

JO S E P H G A LL OW AY was S p eak e of th e P en n sylvan ia A s r

s em b l y f om 1 766 to 1 774 a n d h
r p op os ed a fo m of g ov e n m en t , e r r r

in th P ovi n cial C on g ess fav o abl

e r to th e C own W h n th e r r e r . e
H ow s issu d th e i p ocla ma ti on in 1 776 g an ti n g am n sty to s u ch
e e r r ,
r e
Am ica s as wou l d fo sak e th i
er n v olu ti on a y c o s G all o r e r re r ur e,
way s c o a g fail ed h im n d h tu d T o y tog the with the
’
ur e a e rne r , e r
All en s on of the m ost n ot ed fam ili s in th P ovi n c e
fl
, e e e r .

G ll w y h d d j i d th lH w
a o a as e an o ne e v en a o e;
T p hi b him c i g d b w
o r ov e s a s en ess . s ee r n e an o
A t it t hi c t y d it l w
,

ra or o s ou n r an s a s,
A f i d t ty t d th i c dc t
r en o r an s a n e r u r se a u se,
”
e c .

H is stat es with that of oth e T o i es we e c on fi scat ed a n d h e w en t

e ,
r r , r ,

to E g lan d n .

S T E P H E N G IR A R D was a d sc n d an t of a F en ch s ea fa i n g e e r r

fam ily livin g n a B o d au x W h en a b oy of i g ht h e l ost his

, e r r e . e
r i g ht eye a n d a littl lat his m oth D ou bly u n fo tun at e e er er . r ,

S t eph en was an xi ou s to escap f om th s u ou n d i n g s of his you th e r e rr .

R ec ivin g s v al th ou san d d olla s f om his fath e h e sail d as a

e e er r r r ,
e
cabi n b oy to S an t o D om in g o m a d e s om e m on y n d fo m ed a l ove , e a r

f o th r At th e a g e of tw ty i g ht h sail d f om Bo d au x
e s ea . en -
e e e r r e

a s captain n v to tu n Two y a s lat in 1 776 h e cam to

, e er re r . e r er , , e
P hi l a d lphia a n d st ock d
e s m all st o e wit h a ca g o h e h d b ou g ht e a r r a r

f om th W st I n d i es H am ass d la g fo tu e in fo ei g n
r e e . e e a r e r n r
t ad his ships m aki g voyag es to E op e I n d ia n d Chin a H
r e, n ur , a . e
was v y f u g al in p ivat e lif b t g n e ou s in p u blic affai s H
er r r e, u e r r . e
wo k d in a hospital fo s ev e al hou s ach d y d u in g th y ell ow
r e r r r e a r e
f ev epi d em ic a n d stak ed his fo tu to assist th e c ou n t y of his
er , r ne r

ad opti on in th w of H g av e la g s u m s to cha ity

e ar d e r e r ,
an
foun d d Gi a d C oll g e which c on ti u ally su ppo ts n d ed u cat s
e r r e ,
n r a e
s om e two th ou san d o phan b oys W it hin its walls r .

D A VID M M U R TR I E G R E G G was b o n in H u n tin g d on in

’
r

1 83 3 g a d u at ed at W st P oi n t
,
r n d was assi g n d to th d a g oon s e ,
a e e r .

Aft s e vin g in s ev al I n d ian cam pai g n s h n t d th e st n

er r er , e e er e er

s e vic e of act u al w
r in 1 86 1 H e b g an as fi st li u t n an t in th ar . e r e e e
caval y d os to b b ev tt d m aj o g en al of vol un t s H e
r an r e e r e e r -
er eer .

pa ticipat d i m ost of th battl es of th e A m y of the P otom ac

r e n e r ,

and g atly d isti g u ish d hi m s elf as a c om m a n d e of caval y H is

re n e r r .

ste li n g qu aliti s as a p ivat e citi z n hav e b een ec og n i d on

r e r e r ze

s v e al occasi on s sin c e th e w
e r H e was app oi n t ed C o su l at ar . n

P a g u e B oh em ia i 1 874 a n d was Au d it o G en er al of the S tat e

r , ,
n ,
r
-

f om 1 892 to 1 895 H e lives in R ead in g

r . .

G A LU S H A A G R OW cam e to P n n sylvan ia f om Con n ecti . e r

c u t i h 1 84 7 at th e a g of tw n ty th e n d s ttl ed in S u squ e e re a e
e
-
, ,

ha nn a c ou n ty “
H e r ep r es en t ed the W il mot dist ict in C on g r ess
. r
”
31 4 A H is tor y o f P enn sy lva n ia

f om 1 85 1 to 1 863 occ u pyi n g the S p eak e s c hai d u in g th e t yi n g

r , r
’
r r r

ti m e of 1 86 1 to 1 863 H e th n g ag ed in ext en sive b u si n ess n t e . e en e r

p is s b i n g p esi d en t of a ail oad a n d esi d i ng f o a whil e in

r e , e r r r r r

T xas H e d cli n ed a n om i n ati on f o C on g ss in 1 879 b t was

e . e r re ,
u

a ca d i d ate fo Un ited S tat es S n ato in 1 881 in a l on g ha d

n r e r , ,
r

c o t st ed st u g g l in the L eg islatu e H e was th en ou t of p oli

n e r e r .

tics u n til 1 894 wh en he was l ect ed C on g ess m a t la g e by th

, e r n -
a -
r e
e n o m ou s m aj o ity of
r H has b een in C o g ess v r e n r e er
n —
si c e as tall a n d e ect as i the d ys b fo e th e Civil W r n a e r ar ,

wh n K eit t of S ou th Ca oli n a assau lt d h im on the fl oo of th

e ,
r , e r e
H ou s e a n d g ot th e w o st of the en c oun t e r r .

W IN F I E LD S C O TT H A NC O CK was b o n in M on tg om e y r r

c ou ty in 1 824 a n d g adu at ed f om W st P oi n t at th e a g e of
n , r r e
tw en ty H e a n ed th e titl of v et e an in th e M exican wa by
. e r e r r

ha d a n d g alla t fi g htin g a n d h el d h on o abl e p ositi on s in the

r n ,
r

r eg la a m y u n ti l th e w of th e Un i on b ok e ou t Th en he was
u r r ar r .

s u mm o d to W ashi n g ton n d m ad e a b i g a d i e g en e al in th e
ne a r r -
r

A m y of th e P ot om ac H e was p om ot d to th e an k of m aj o
r . r e r r

g en al a n d by his m ag n i fi c en t b ea i n g h e w
er , on th e s ou b i q u et of r r
“Th S u p r b e H is n a m e was n ev e m n ti on ed as havi n g c om
e .
”
r e
m itt d a bl u n d e in battl f o which h e was esp on sibl e
e H e was
r e r r .

t he D m oc atic ca n d i d t e f o P
e si d en t in 1 880 b u t was d f ated
r a r re ,
e e
by Jam es A Ga fiel d H e d i ed in 1 886 a n d is b u i ed at No
. r .
,
r r
r is to wn .

JOH N RRI S
fi st p m an en t s ettl e on the S u squ e
HA , th e r er r
ha n n was f om Yo kshi E n g lan d
a , d ca m e t o P hila d elphia
r r r e, ,
an
s om e ti m e b fo 1 698 I n 1 705 h e l ocat ed on th S u s q u han n a
e re .
, e e
as n I n d ian t a d lic en s d by th e p ovi n c e H n otic d the
a r er e r . e e

a d van tag of the l ocati on at th e p oi n t wh e th e P axtan g fl ows

e re
i n to th S u s qu ehan n a a n d in 1 825 establish ed hi m s elf th e e p
e ,
r er
m a n en tl y b uyi n g a la g t act of lan d i n cl u d i n g th e l ow
, pa t r e r er r

of th e p es en t sit e of H a r isb u g H e a c qu i ed a p owe fu l s way rr r . r r

ov th e I n d ian s by his c ou a g
er a n d g ood j u d g m en t On on e r e .

occasi on h e fu s ed um to s om e d u n k n I n d ian s a n d th ey ti ed
re r r e ,

him to a m u lb e y t ee on the iv e f on t a n d w e e g oi n g to b u n
rr r r r r r r

h im H e wa s el as ed by s om f ien d ly I n d ian s w
. ho cam e to the
r e e r

sp ot j st as th e oth e s we e ki n d li n g the fi e W h n he d i ed
u r r r . e ,

in 1 74 8 his e m a i n s by his ow
,
n equ est w e e b u i d at th e foot
r , r ,
r r e

of th t t ee a I t d e ay ed t un k st ood in H
r . is P a k till 1 889
s c r arr r .

The g a v is n l os ed with n i on f n c e
r e H i s on J oh n H a is
e c a r e . s ,
rr ,

w s th foun d e of H a i b g a n d a p r om i n en t m a n in th
a e r rr s ur , e
a ffai s of t he p ovi n es p ci lly in th I n d ian wa s I n 1 753
r r ce, e a e r .

h g ot a cha t
e to n a f y ac oss the S u s q u eha n n a d the
r er ru er r r , an
pla e b ec m e kn own as H a is F e y
c a rr
’
rr .

J O H N H A Z LE W OO D was a n E n g lishm a n by bi th a n d cam r e

to P hila d el phia as c ptai n in th m ch a n t m a i n e A ft e h h d a e er r . r e a

b n m d c omm od o e of th e P
ee a e ylva ia n vy th C on ti n tal r en n s n a ,
e en

v ess els in the D ela w a e w e e a ls o pu t u n d e his c omma n d W hil e r r r .

 B iog r a phica l S ketches 31 5

Lor d H owe was wi th his fl eet in D elawa r e bay , in 1 777, h e s en t

for C om m od or e H a z l ew ood a n d p r om is ed him H is M aj e s ty s pa r d on
’

a n d ki n d t r e at m en t if he w ou l d s u r r en d e r th e P en n sylva n ia fl eet
H is on ly r eply was that e w l dh ou
“ d ef e d the
n eet to the l a st
”
'

fl .
.

JO H N H E C K E W E L D E R was bo n in E n g lan d a n d came to r ,

P en n sylva n ia with his pa en ts wh en h was tw lve yea s ol d r e e r .

H e b ecam e a M o avia n m issi on a y a n d w o k ed chi efly am on g the

r r ,
r

D elawa es afte th y ha d b een em oved to th Ohi o H e pu b

r r e r e .

l is hed his obs e vati on s u p on th ei r la n g u a g e habi ts a n d cha act er

r , r .

H is vi ews whic h a e v y favo abl e to th e I n d ia s hav e b een

,
r er r n ,

wa m ly attack ed a n d wa m ly d ef n d d A ft r lab o i n g fo ty
r r e e . e r r
y ea s a m on g th em h w en t to B thl eh em wh e h pass ed the
r ,
e e , er e

re m a in d e of his d ays in eti em en t

r r r .

F R A NCI S H O P KIN S O N was a P hila d elphia n a g a d u at e of ,

r

th e U n iv e sity of P en n sylva ia a n d a la w
r y by p of ssion n ,
er r e .

A ft r s p d i n g a f wy a s in E g lan d he s ettl ed in B o d n t ow n
e en e e r n , r e ,
Ne w J e s y which S ta te h e
r e p es en ted in C on g ss wh en th
,
re r re e
D cla ati on of I n d ep en d en c e was si g n ed H e h lp d to d aft th
e r . e e r e
A ticl es of C on f d ati on H e was als o at the h ea d of th Navy
r e er . e

of th e R ev ol u ti on fo a ti me By his witty sati es a n d p opula r . . r r

p oem s a n d s on g s h e g eatly aid d the ca u s e of lib e ty H e was
,
r e r .

J u d g e of the Ad mi alty for P en n sylva n ia f om 1 779 to 1 789 a n d r r ,

af te wa d s a Un ited S tat es Dist ict J u d g e
r r r .

JO S E P H H O P KIN S O N son of F an cis H o ki n s on of R evo , r ,

lu tio a y fa m e was lik e his fath e a P h il a d e l p ia n a g a d u at of

n r , ,
r , ,
r e

th e U n iv e sity of P en n sylva n ia a lawy e

r a C on g ess m a n a n d a ,
r, r ,

Un it d S tates Dist ict J ud g e H e is k n ow n in lite atu e by a

e
"
r . r r
si n g l e b i ef p od u cti on on ly the pat i otic s on g of H ail C ol u mbia
r r ,
r ,

which was en c o d th e fi st ti me it was s u ng by a n au d i en c e that

re r
,
“
was m d as the p i estess of the D o ic God
a r r .
”

T H O M A S H O VE ND E N was I ish by bi th a n d edu cated a t the r r

C o k S ch ool of D esi g n W h en a y oun g m n he cam e to Am ica

r . a er

a n d st u d i ed a t in N wY o k L at h w en t to P a is to st u d y
r e r . er e r
,

a n d wh en h e et u n ed s ettl ed in P ly m ou th t ow n ship M on t g om e y
r r , r
c ou n ty H e was a m emb of n u m e ou s a t s oci ti es in P hila
. er r r e

d lphia a n d N w Yo k H e pai n t ed m a n y fa m ou s pict u es b u t

.

e e r . r ,
“
is b est kn ow n to the wo l d by B eaki n g H om e Ti s M any a r r e .
”

sil n t t a was d opp ed at the W o l d s F ai by the mu ltitu d es that

e e r r r
’
r

d aily st ood l ooki n g at “ B aki n g H om Ti s W hat H om “ re e e .

”
e,

S w eet H om e n
“
is in s o g B eak in g H om e Ti es is on can vas
”
r
”
, .

H ov en d n s n eg o pict u es
e
’
n otably
“ Th e L ast M om en ts of J oh n
r r ,

B ow n
r w pai n ted in the st d i o of a n ol d ba n that h a d on c e
,
”
er e u r

d on e s e vic e on th e u n d g ou n d ailway
r
“Th C on f d e at e in a er r r . e e r

P en sylva n ia F a m H ou s e
n was his n obl est exp ession of th
r
”
r e

d om estic i n ci d n ts of th Un i on wa H ov en d n l ost his lif e whil e

e e r . e

t yi n g to sc u e a chil d fr om d eath u n d e a l oc omotive n ea r Nor

r re r ,
r istow n in 1 895 .
31 6 A H is tor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

C H A RLE S H U M P H R E Y S b oth e of J osh u a the shipb u il d e ,

r r r ,

was b o n a t H av e fo d n owM on t g om e y c ou ty F o m an y y a s
r r r ,
r n . r e r

h was a s u cc essfu l m ill e

e H e was a m m b e of th A ss m b ly in r . e r e e

1 764 n d a g ai n i 1 775
a I n the latt y ea h e b ecam a m em b e of
n . er r e r

th e C on ti n n tal C on g ess nd alth ou g h h e O pp os d th Opp e

e r a ,
e e r s

sive m asu s of G eat B itai n h e vot ed ag ai n st th e D ecla ati on of

e re r r ,
r

I n d p e d en c e
e n .

S A M U E L H U M P H R E Y S was n ot ed shipb u il d e of P hila

'

a r

d elphia H is fath e J oshu a h a d b e n n g a g d th in the sam

. r , ,
e e e er e e

occ u pati on a n d h a d d e si g n ed a d c on st u ct ed th
,
C on stit ti o n r e u n,

th Ch esap ak e th e C on g ss th P esi d en t a n d th U it d
e e ,
re ,
e r ,
e n e

S tat es A ft e th e wa of 1 81 2 S am u el was as ked to c om e to

r r

fl
.
,

Ru ssia to o g a i e a n avy b u t d cli n d sayi g W h th e my

r
“ n z e e n e r
, , ,

m e it b e g at o s m all I owe it all to th e

r re g of m y c o n t y
r nd ,
a u r ,
a

that is a d ebt I m st pay B cau s h e h d d si g n ed d afted u .

”
e e a e ,
r ,

a n d c on st ct ed m ost of th ships lau n ch ed at th p o t of P hila

ru e e r

d lphia
e n d th u s h a d h lp d to m ak e th e A m
a ican n vy v i to i e e er a c r
—
,

o s ov
u E n g lan d victo y which F an c S pai n a d H ollan d
er a r r e, n

h d all fail d to achi v e — h was m a d Chi f Naval C o st u ct o of

a e e e e e n r r

th e Un it ed S tat es H h l d this d isti n g u ish ed plac u n til h d i d . e e e e e ,

in 1 846 .

JA R E D IN G E R S O LL b or n C on n ectic u t a n d ed u cat d at , in e
Yal e m et B en jam in F a klin in a is
,
d s oon aft c om m n c d r n P r ,
an er e e

th p actic
e of l w in P hilad lphia wh
r e e he os e to d isti n cti o
a e , er r n .

H was a n a d t pat i ot d u i n g th R v ol u ti on m em b
e r en of Con r r e e er
—
,

g e rss in 1 78 81
0 d o was w ll p pa d f o th e g at d u ty of an s e re re r re

his lif —to h lp f am th C on stit uti o H h l d im p o tan t S tate

,

e e r e e n . e e r

offic s aft wa d s d d cli d th app oi n tm en t of Chi f J u stic e of

e er r , an e ne e e
th F d e l C ou t
e e ra r .

W ILLI A M IRVIN E was b o n i I la d d s ttl d at Ca lisl r n re n ,

an e e r e
as a physician wh n h was t wen ty on y a s ol d I n 1 776 h e e e -
e e r .

r ais d a g i m t d j oi n d th e a m y in Can ad a wh e h e was

e re en an e r , er
capt ed at th bat tl e of Th e Riv s A ft his xcha n g e in
ur e r e er . er e
1 778 h was pu t in c om m a n d of a P n n sylva ia b i g ad e t the
, e e n r a
battl e of M o m o th a d m a i ed its c om m a n d u til 1 781 H
n u ,
n re n er n . e
was th n t a n sfe ed to P ittsb g to g u d th e f on ti e whi h was
e r rr ur ar r r ,
c
m n a c d by th B it i h n d I n d ia s
e e W hil e t he e h e b ca m
e r s a n . r e e
i n t est d in th e n o thw st
er e s ecti on of th e S tat e a n d it was r e er n ,

la g ly th o g h h im th t th S t t e a ft wa r d s p chas d th e
r e r u
“ a e a er ur e
t ia g l
r To sh ow it g tit u d f o his l b o s th S tat d o at d
n e .
”
s ra e r a r , e e n e
h im a t act o f l d on L k E i e
r G en e l I vi n e was a m em b e
an a e r . ra r r
of th C on ti n en tal C o g ss two y s n d of th thi d C on g ess
e n re ea r a e r r

u nd th e C o stit uti on
er H i l st s vic e in th e fi el d was as s en i o
n . s a er r
m aj o g en e al in c omm an d of th t oops ais ed to s u pp ess the
r -
r e r r r

W hisky I s u cti o Th e cl os e of his lif wa s s p n t in P hila

n r re n . e e
d elphia wh e e h h l d a F d al offi
, Ge r al I vi h a d two e e e er ce . n er r ne

b oth s i th R vol u ti on d th e o s in th W of 1 81 2
r er n e e an r e s n e ar .

E LI S H A K E NT K A N E was a n a t iv e of P hila d elph ia a n d a ,

 B iog r aphica l S ketc hes 31 7

a a ici
g r du te in m ed n e of th e U iv sity
n er sylva ia
of P en n n He
'

s v
er ed on th e m ed ical c ps or U it
of th e n tat s Navy
ed S e ,
th s
and u
c ltivat a l v
u ed o e f or t av l which
r e , atifi by visiti
he g r ed a y
ng m n
pa ts
r of th e w lor d vi c his a i
H e e n ed d r n g on th e P hilippi
. ne
Isl s by sc i
an d c at
d e en d n g th e r er of a v lca o its v y b tt
n o to er o om ,
cha i his b ts
r r ng oo a nd b c i i s sibl f
e om n g n en e r om g a s I n 1 85 0, h e .

j i
o n ed th e A r ctic xp iti
e ed t
on sen ou t ins a ch
e r J h
of S ir o n
Fr n a kli n Up t
on th e r e u r n of th e e
. xp iti f
ed on its f itl ss
r om ru e
v ya
o a i
g e , h e or g n z ed on e u n d er his ow cn a
om m n d a n d s et sail in
1 85 3 , taki as s
ng ur g eon D r I I ay s H Ch st c ty
e , of e er ou n , who . . .

aft wa s hi s lf b ca
er rd m e e mea t n o ed ctic xpl
Ar e or er Th h ou g .

Fr n a kli was
n n ot f ou n d , D rK a s xpl ati s
ne
’
e or on sci ti c
a nd en fi .

o bs vati s w
er on er e m ost val abl u e c
H e r ed u ed to g e og r aphical .

c tai ty
er n m or etha a th s
n il s c ast li
ou a n d m e of o G
n e in la
r een nd .

JO H N K E LL E Y was b o n in L an cast e c ou n ty b ut b ecam e r r ,

a f o ti s m an in Un i on c ou n ty I n D c em b e 1 776 h e j oi d
r n er . e r , ,
ne

W ashi n g t on s a m y as in j o in th e N o thu m b lan d battali on

’
r a r r er .

A ft th e battl e at P i n c eto wh en C o n wallis was cl os e u p on th

er r n , r e
h eels of W ashi g t o s a m y the c om m an d in chi ef d tach ed
n n
’
r , er - -
e

K ll y with a pa ty of P
e e n sylvan ia t 0ps to d est oy
r b id g e on en r0 r a r

S t on y c eek to p v n t th e a d van c e of th e en m y
r ,
K ell y t the
re e e . e cu
ti m b s with his own ha d m id st a ain of B itish b alls W h n th
er
'

n r r . e e

b i d g e f ll h e w n t d own with it i n to th e fl oati g i a n d m ad e

r e ,
e n ce,
his way i to cam p th e sam e n i g ht n ot al o b u t i c om pa y with a
n ,
n e, n n

B itish s ol d i
r wh om h h d captu d on th way K ell y d i d at
er e a re e . e e

L ewisb u g wh e a m on u m n t was
r ,
ct d in his h on o
re e er e e r .

K I A S H U T H A h d his h om e on th b oa d b ott om lan d s j u st a .

e r -

ab ov S ha psbu g All g h y c ou ty which still b ea his n am e

e r r ,
e en n ,
r .

H was on e of th activ e
e d m a kabl e I n d ian s of Pe sylvan ia an re r en n .

H e app a s to hav b n d tail d b y th e I oq ois as a ly as 1 75 8

e r e ee e e r u , e r ,

to watch th e D lawa s d S hawa s th en livin g at a d n a

e re an n e e, n e r

Fo t D q r s e H e l n t hi m s lf to th e sch m es of P on tiac
u ue n . e e e

a n d alli d him s lf with th B itish

e th R v olu t io a y w
e e r in e e n r ar .

L at h ag ai b cam e the
er , e n e

f i n d of th e s ttl s visit d
r e e er ,
e

G n al W ayn
e er n d t i d to e, a r e

i n d c th w st n I d ia s to
u e e e er n n

su b m it to th Gov e n m en t e r .

A B R A H A M LINC O LN
was b o n in Am ity t own ship
r ,

B ks c ou ty i 1 736
er H n ,
n . e

was a m n of c on si d e abl e a r
i n fl n c e in th G en al A s
ue e er

s em b l y in th e P n n sylva ia
,
e n

c on v n ti o to atify the F d
e n H m f M d c i Li c l
r e o e o or e a n o n ,

e al C o st it u ti on
r n n d in th e ,
a

S tat e c o v n ti o which f am d th C o stit u ti o of 1 79 0

n e n H di d r e e n n . e e

at his si d n c e in E x et t ow ship in 1 806 H is fath was

re e er n ,
. er
31 8 A H is tor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

M or d ecai L i n c ol n wh o
c om e to B ks c ou n ty f om M assa ,
ha d er r

hu etts nd di d in A m ity t ow ship in 1 73 5 M o d cai h d

m u ch p op e ty —s om of which was
c s ,
a e n . r e a
r in N w J e s y wh e h
r e e r e , er e
will d th h u n d ed ac s to his son J oh n This J ohn L in c ol n
e r ee r re .

l ft NewJ s ey s om y a s lat e stablish ed hi m s elf in Vi g i n ia

e er e e r r ,
e r
,
an d was th e g a n d fath of th e P si d en t Th e L i n c ol n s w e e
r er re . r
cl os ely alli d t o th e a n c sto s of Da i el B oo e als o of B ks
e
'

e r n n , er
c oun ty S q u i B oon th fath of Dan i l was on e O f th a p
. re e, e er e , e
p ais s of M o d ecai L i c ol n s e tat
r er d his “l ovi g f i en d d
r n
’
s e, a n n r an
n i g hb o
e whil e Ab aham L i c ol th e s u bj ct of this sketch
r r n n , e ,
was m a i ed to Ann a B oon e a fi st c ou si n O f Dan i el
rr ,
r .

L O G A N was the s c o d son of S hik l l imy a n d was n am ed aft e n e , er

Jam s L og an th e I n d ian s b st f i n d afte P n n h a d l ft th
e ,
’
e r e r e e e
p ovi n c e L og an liv ed f o a l on g ti m n ea a la g sp i n g still
r . r e r r e r

b a in g his n am e in the K ishac oqu illas vall y six m il s f om

e r e , e r

L wist own R em ovin g to th e w st in 1 771 h e l ocat ed on th e Ohi o

e . e ,

rive s om thi ty m il s ab ov e W h eeli n g H e his wh ol e fam ily

r e r e . er
was m u d e ed by s om e whit es in a d u n k n ca ou sal To av n g e
r r ,
r e r . e
this fou l d eed he o d e d his chi fs to c omm it th m ost f i g htfu l ,
r re e e r

ba ba iti es a m on g th whit es W h en h e was ask d to c on s en t to a

r r e . e
t eaty of p eac e h e m ad a eply that sch oolboys m i g ht w ll c om m it
r ,
e r e

to m m o y e r
“
It O p s with th es e w o d s I app eal to a n y whit e
. en r :

m a n to say if ev e h e en t e ed L og an s cabi n h u g y
,
n d h e g av e r r
’
n r , a

h im n ot m eat ; if ev e h e cam e c ol d a n d n ak ed a n d h e cl oth ed h im r

”
n ot .

A LE X A ND E R K E LLY was a n ativ e of S h m an s M c CL U R E er

’

vall ey P y c ou n ty H e was a fa m e s son ed u cat d in th e

,
er r . r r
’
, e
villag e sch ool a n d app e tic ed to th e tan n s t ad e B u t wh n,
r n er
’
r . e
h eh d l ea n ed it h e e stablish ed th e J u n ia ta S n tin el at M i th i
a r e n .

H e n xt t ook cha g e of th e Cham b e sb u g R p osi to y a n d at th

e r r r e r , e
a g e of tw n ty six b cam e a lawy e H avi n g tak en a v e y ctiv e
e e r r a
-
.

pa t in S tat e a d Nati on al p olitics h e s oon aft e t e ed th e L g is

r n ,
er n r e

l tu e
a n d was chai m an O f th e S n at e C om m itt ee on M ilita y
r a r e r

A ff i s in 1 86 1 —62 H e was a cl os e f i n d of C u ti n n d L i n c ol n
,

a r . r e r a ,

havi n g d on e y eom an s e vic e f o th l ecti on of b oth ; h e play ed a r r e e

p om i n e t pa t in P en sylvan ia d th e Nati on d u i n g th e Civil
r n r n an r

W W h n th e C o f d at s b u ed Cham b sb u g
ar . e he h d n e er e rn er r , a
sca c ely tim e to g et ou t of t own b efo e the i vad s t o ch was
r r n er
’
r

appli ed to all th e p op ty h e h a d I n 1 868 h e w en t to P hila r er .

d elphia a d a ft p actici g law th e e a n d s e vi n g a n oth e t e m

,
n er r n r r r r

in th S tat e S en at e h e stablish ed the Tim s in 1 875 O f which h ,

e e e , , e
has ev sin c e b n the ed ito H i cl os e elati on s with L i n c ol n
er ee r . s r

a n d oth e p u blic m n of th e Civil W a en abl d h im to w it e a

r e r e r
“
val u abl e wo k en titl d L in c ol a n d the M n of W a Tim es
r e n e r
”
, .

G E O R G E A M C A LL was b o n in P hila d elphia g r ad u at ed at

’
. r ,

W st P oi n t
e d s v d in th S em i n ol e a d M xica n wa s
, an er e e n e r .

P esi d r t Tayl o m a d h im I sp cto G n e l of the U it d S tates

en r e n e r -
e ra n e
a m y d in 1 86 1 G ove n o C u ti n app oi nt ed him m aj o g n e al
r ,
an r r r r -
e r
 B iog r aphica l S ketches , 31 9

of the sylvan ia Res e ves H e was with the A m y of the

P en n r . r

P ot om ac u n til th e battl e of F a i e s F a r m wh e e h e was tak n r z r

’
, r e
p is on e A fte his exchan g his h ealth m ad it n ec essa y fo
r r . r e, e r r
him to e si g n H d i ed n ea W est Ch st e in 1 868
r . e r e r .

G E O R G E B RINT O N M CL E LL A N was b o n in P hila de lphia

’
r

in 1 826 a n d ed u cat d at th e Un iv e sity of P en n sylva n ia a n d at

,
e r

W est P oi n t H e h a d j u st fin ish d his m ilita y c ou s e wh en th e

. e r r
M exican wa c omm en c ed Aft e it was ov er th Gov e n m n t s en t
r . r e r e
him to E u op e as n exp e t to ep o t th e O p e ati on s O f th
r a r ,
r r r e
C i m ean wa Up on his t u n h was n g ag ed by the Illi ois Ce
r r . re r , e e n n
t al Rail oad as civil en g in ee n d aft wa d s b eca m e a ail oad
r r r , a er r r r

p esi d n t W h n th e Civil W
r e . b ok ou t h e was app oi n t d
e ar r e e
m aj o g en e al a n d plac d in c om m an d of W st e n Vi g i n ia wh e
r -
r e e r r , er
h e g atly d isti n g u ish ed hi m s elf
re A ft e the d isast at Bu ll R u n . r er ,

h e was m ad e c om m an d e of th e A m y of th e P ot om ac n d s oon r r , a
aft e su cc eed ed G en e al S c ott as c omm an d e i h chi ef I n o g a n
r r r - -
. r

i i n g the A m y of the P otom ac he p e fo m ed a m ost val u abl

z r ,
r r e
s e vice ; b u t in his cam pai g n s b efo e Rich m on d he d isappoin t d
r
’
r
, e
th e a u th o iti es at W ashi n g t on a n d was eli ev ed O f th e c om m a d
r , r n .

P op e s d isast s est o ed M c Cl el l n f o tw
’
o m on ths in which ti m e
er r r a r ,
h e fou g ht th e battl of An ti etam W h en h e was ag ai n m ov d e . re e
a n d plac ed on waiti n g o de s h e esi g n ed f om th e a m y in 1 86 4 r r , r r r ,
.

Th e sam e y ea h e was th e D em oc atic can d i d at e f o P esi d en t

r nd r r r , a
re c eived 21 el ec to al vot es H e was Gove n o of New J e s y r r r r e
1 878—
.
,

1 881 a n d d i ed at S ou th O an g e
, in that S tat e in 1 885 r
“L ittl e M a c wa s v e y p op u la with th e A m y of the P otom ac
, , .

”
r r r ,
in spit e of c iticis m ou tsi d e of it r .

G E O R GE G O RD O N M E A D E was b o n in Ca d i S pai n whil e r z, ,

his fath e was Un it d S tat es C on su l th e e Up on th e tu n of

r e r . re r
the fa m ily to P hila d elphia G o g e was d u cat d in th e p u blic ,
e r e e
sch ools a n d afte wa d s en te d as a cad et at W st P oi n t H
,
r r re e . e
s e ved in th e I n d ian wa in F l o i d a a d in th e M exican w
r d r r n ar , an
was p om ot ed fo b ave c on d u ct in battl e I n 1 861 h e was m ad e a
r r r .

b i g ad i g en e al in the P en n sylvan ia R es ves Th e n xt y a

r er -
r er . e e r
h e ose to th e an k of m aj or g en e al a n d aft
r th battl e of Chan
r -
r , er e

c el l o sv ill e was a ssi g n ed to th e c om m a n d O f th e A m y of th

r r e

P ot om ac which p ositi on h e h el d u n til th e cl os e of th e w

,
ar .

Gen e al M ead e was hi ghly h on o d by th p eopl e fo his hi g h

r re e r

cha acte his g eat m ilita y ability n d th i m p o tan t pa t h

r r ,
r r a e r r e
took in th w r of the Un i on P hilad elphia p s en t ed h im a
e a . re

hou s e n d aft e his d eath in 1 872 ais ed a fu n d of

,
a r fo , ,
r r

his fam ily .

W ILLI A M M M E R E DIT H w ho f o m an y y ea s h el d the fo e.

, r r r

m ost an k in P en n sylvan ia as a lawy

r was b o n in P hilad elphia er ,
r .

H h elp ed to f am e th e C on stitu ti on of 1 83 8
e d that of 1 873 b ei n g
r an ,

chai m an of th e c on v en ti on that f am d th e latte H e b ecam e

r r e r .

S ec eta y of th e T ea s u y in 1 849
r r d h l d the offi c e u n til P si r r an e re

d en t Tayl o s d eath H e was G ov e n o C u r ti n s Atto n y G en e al

’ ’
r . r r r e -
r ,
320 A H istor y f
o P en n sy lva n ia

and was O ff e ed the p ositi on O f c o n s l f o the U n it d S tat es in th

r u e r e e
G en eva a bit ati on of the Alabam a qu esti on P n n sylvan i a has
r r . e

r e as on to b p ou d als o of S am u el M ed ith Th e M e ed iths

e r er . r are

W lsh e S am u el s fath e cam e f om W al e s a n d h a d th e h o o of

.
’
r r n r

en t e tain i g W ashin g ton wh en th e latt fi st cam e to P h il d l

n er r

phia —a you n g m a n u n k own to g eat ess a n d to fam e Th e two

r a e
n r n .

acci d en tally m et in a c ofi e h ou s a d M e d ith m a d e th e y ou n g e -

e, n re

Vi g in ian his g u est whil e em ain in g in th e city S am u el th e

r r .
,

s on was a p om i n en t Ofii e in th e R v ol uti on a n d f o a l on g ti m

,
r c r e r e
aft wa d s was T asu O f th e Un it ed S tat s H was a pa t
er r re r er e . e r n er

in b u si ss with G eo g e Clym a n d th e fi m c on t ibu t ed li b e ally

ne r er ,
r r r

to th e ca u s e of lib e ty A bou t 1 800 th ey i n v ested la g ly in la d s r . r e n

in n o th ast e n P en n sylva ia
r e M e d ith b u ilt hi m s elf a m an si on
r n . re

at B l m on t n a P l asan t M ou n t W ay e c ou n ty wh e h d i d
e ,
e r e ,
n , re e e
in 1 81 7 H li es b u i d in a n g l ect ed g av
. e r e e r e .

G O U V E RN E U R M O RRI S cam e to P enn sylvan ia in 1 778 as a ,

d el eg at f om New Y o k to th e C onti n en tal C o g r ess th n in

e r r n ,
e
s ssi on at Y o k H b cam e a citi en of P enn sylvan ia a d p a
e r . e e z ,
n r c
tic d law in P hilad elphia H e was A ssistan t S u p i n t d n t of
e . er en e
F i a n c es u n d e R ob t M o is d l g at f om P n n sylva n ia to th
n r er rr ,
e e e r e e
C on stitu ti o al C on v e ti o n d M i n ist e
n to F an c e A ft e his n n , a r r . r

re tu n f om E u op e h e a g ai n lived in NewYo k wh e e h d i ed
r r r ,
r , r e
in 1 81 6 .

R OB E RT M O RRI S th e fi n an ci e of the R v ol u ti on em i g at d , r e ,
r e
f om L iv e p ool to P hilad elphia wh n h was a b oy a n d s v d
as a cl k f o th e W illin g s —the ich m cha t fi m of which h e
r r e e ,
er e

er r r er n r

was aft wa d s a m m b e H e esc u d C on g ess ep at d ly f om

er r e r . r e r r e e r

fi a n cial c is e s by b o owi n g m o y on his own a n d his fi m

n r ,
rr ne r
’
s
c ed it Th e
r . f o W ashi n g t on s cam pai g n a g ai st C o n r
’
n r

wallis was ais ed by his x e ti on s d on his own n ot es F om

r e r an . r

1 781 to 1 784 h e was S u p i n t n d en t O f F i n a n c d on s v al er e e, an e er

occasi on s k pt th e n wn ati on f om g oi n g i n t o ba k u ptcy

e W h en e r n r .

th e C o stit u ti on al g ov n m e t whic h h e h lp d to fo m w t er n n ,
e e r , en
i nt o eff ct h e was l ct d U n it d S t t es S e at o H e was u g d
e , e e e e a n r . r e
to b c om eS c ta y of th e T e e y b t h e re f s d a d g r r a su r ,
u e re u e ,
n su

g est d H am ilt on
e I n his lat y a s h e w s u n s cc ssf l in b u si
. er e r a u e u

n ess l ost his f o tu n e

, d was at on ti m e i m p is on ed for d bt
r , an e r e .

Th u s th m n wh o o c h d ow e d th m ost m g i fi c
a t h om i n e a ne e a n en e n

th e city of P hila d lphia d i d in c om pa ativ p ov e ty e e r e r .

JO H N M O RT O N was of S wed ish a n c st y a n d was b o n in e r r

Ri d l ey t own ship Ch t c ou ty (n ow D l wa ) H is d u cati o , e s er n e a re . e n

w v y li m it d b t his t l en ts w e g a t H e was a s u v y o
as er e , u a er re . r e r

a n d a fa m u ntil h e b e ca m e g oss d in p u blic b u si n ess

r er H e was e n r e .

j u tic O f the p c e sh i ff c om m on pl as n d s u p em e j u d g e
s e ea ,
er ,
e a r ,

m mb e a n d S pe k erof th A s m bly d el g at to the S tam p A ct a er e s e ,

e e

C o g ess to th fi st C on ti n en t l C o g s d to th s c on d H i
n r ,
e r a n r es an e e . s

l st y
a i Co g ea rs w s th m t i m po t t p t of his life ; fo
n n r es a e os r an ar r

h w c ll d on to d ec id wh th r to v ot e f o the D ecla a t io of
e as a e e e e r r n
 Biog r aphica l S ketches 321

I nde p en d n c e o ag ain st it H e ch os e th e wis c ou s e a n d voted

e r . er r

f or it H e d i d in Ap il 1 777 at th e a g of fifty fou r a n d li es

. e r , ,
e -
,
bu i d at S t Jam es ch u ch in Ch est e TO th os e who c ou l d n ot
r e . r ,
r .

fo g ive him fo his v ot e in favo of i n d p en d en c e h e sai d in his

r r r e ,

d yi n g h ou : “T ell th em th y will liv e to s e th e h ou wh en th ey

r e e r

shall ackn owl ed g it to hav b een th m ost g l o i ou s s e vic e I ev e e e e r r r

re nde d to m y c ou n t y
re r .
”

L U CR E TI A M O TT a n ativ e of M assachu s etts n d th e wife O f , a

Jam s M ott b g an h ca e in P en n sylvan ia as a sch ool t ach e
e ,
e er re r e r
in P hilad elphia S oon aft e s h e b eca m a p each e in th e S oci ty
. r e r r e
of F i en d s r S h e m ad e a t ou th ou g h N wE n g lan d a n d th e M i d d l e
. r r e

S tat e s p achi n g a nd d en ou n ci n g slav e y a n d i n t em p e a c e

,
re Sh r r n . e
was o e of th e fou n d s of th Am ican An ti slave y S oc iety in
n er e er -
r

S h e was a d l eg at to th W o l d s An ti slave y c on v n ti on
,
’
1 833 . e e e r -
r e ,

h l d in L on d o 1 840 b u t was xcl u d d b cau s e sh was a wom an

e n , ,
e e e e .

H erxcl u si on i n c eas d the wom an s su fi g ag itati on in which

e r e
’
ra e ,

s h e n ow b ca m e a l e a d S h e t ook pa t in th e fi st wom an s ’
e er . r r

r i g hts c on v ti on in 1 848 S h em ai ed activ e in th cau s O f

en , . e r n e e
an ti slav y a n d wom an s i g hts to the en d of h e l on g life in 1 880
-
er
’
r r , .

H E INRIC H M E LC H IO R M U H L E N B E R G was b o n in G e r r
m an y i h 1 71 1 H e was a g ad u at e of G Ottin g en n d a m n of g at
. r a a re

schola sh ip a n d cu ltur H e h d i n t nd d to b ec om e a m issi o a y r e. a e e n r

in B n g al b u te c eiv ed a call f om P en n sylvan ia to lab o am on g

,
re r r
th d estit u t e Lu th an p opu lati o
e which h d b een m ch n g l ct ed er n , a u e e .

H lab o ed ha d in his pasto al ch a g e O f P hilad lphia New

e r r r r e ,
H an ov e a n d P ovi d en c e a d p each d in m an y oth e plac s
_

r r ,
n r e r e ,
m a ki n g l on g j ou n ys a n d g ai i n g a wi d e ac qu ai n tan c e H e was
r e n .

als o i n st u m e tal in b i n g in g oth ed u cat ed m in iste s f om G

r n r er r r er
m an y i n t o th e p ovin c th s layi n g d ep d b oad f ou d ati on
r e, u a e an r n

fo th L u th e an Ch ch
r e Du in g th R vol u ti o he was n a d n t
r ur . r e e n a r e
pat i ot d th ou g h his g at i n fl n c e did m u ch fo th e cau s of
r ,
an r re ue r e
lib ty H was so ou tsp ok that his lif e was oft en i p il At
er . e en n er :

his d ath which occu ed i 1 787 t h was d p a d wid esp ead

e ,
rr n er e ee n r

s o ow which fou d exp ssi o in tollin g b lls ch ch es d ap ed

rr ,
n re n e ,
ur r

in mou n i n g a n d th p achi n g O f m a y f u n e al s m o s
r e re n r er n .

J O H N P E T E R G A B RI E L M U H LE N B E R G s on O f H ei n ich , r

M elchi o was b o n in M on t g om e y c ou ty a n d ed u cat ed at H all

r ,
r r n , e,

G m an yer H e st u d i ed f o th e m i n ist y a d p each ed at W ood

. r r n r

stock Vi g i n ia wh n th e R vol u ti on b ok e ou t H e sh owed his

,
r ,
e e r .

par tiality f o a s ol d i e s life whil e in Ge m a y fo h e n away

r r
’
r n ,
r ra

f om th u n ive sity a n d j oi n ed th e d ag oon s It was n ot su

r e r r . r

p isi n g that h e tol d his c on g eg ati on im Vi g in i on e S u n d ay that

r r r a
th was a tim e to fi g ht a n d ti m to p ach At th e cl os e of th
er e a e re . e
s e vic e h e to e Off his g own sh owi n g him s lf in fu ll u n ifo m a d
r r , e r ,
n

re ad in g his c om m issi o as c ol on l H e i n vit ed th e m en of his n e .

c on g g ati on to foll ow his xam pl a n d th y did al m ost to a m n

re e e, e a .

H d id valian t s e vic e f o th cau s of li b ty

e nd ti ed at th
r r e e er , a re r e
cl os of the w with th an k O f m aj o g n e al havi n g pa tici
e ar e r r -
e r ,
r

U
322 A H istor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

pated in n ea ly all the campai g n s in NewJ e s y P en n sylvan ia a n d

r r e ,

Vi g in ia as w ll as at S t on y P oi n t a d Cha l eston S oon afte h e

r , e n r . r

r et u n d to P n sylvan ia wh er e h e was el ect d to th e E x e c u tiv e

r e e n ,
e

C ou cil a n d b oth h ou s es O f C on g ess H e cl os ed his pu blic ca ee

n r . r r
as C oll ecto of the P or t at P hilad elphia H e n d Rob t F u lt on
r . a er

a e P n n sylvan ia s ep r esen tativ e s in S tat u a y H all O f the Nati on al

’
r e r r

Capitol .

F R E D E RI C K A U G U S T U S M U H L E N B E R G s on of H ei n ich , r
M elchi o was b o n in M on t g om e y c ou n ty ed u cat ed at H all G e
r ,
r r , e, r

m an y d p ea ch d f o a ti m e in NewY o k city
, an r H e ep e s en t ed
e r r . r r

P en n sylva n ia in th e C on ti n en tal C on g e ss in 1 778 n d 1 780 a n d r a ,

was p si d en t of th e c on v en ti on that atifi d th e C on stitu ti on O f

re r e

th e U it d S tat es
-

n W h n th e n ew g ov n m en t was o g an i ed in
e . e er r z

1 789 F ed e ick A M u hl n b e g was ch os en S p eak e of th e fi st

,
r r . e r r r

H ou s e of R ep es en tativ es H e was als o S p eak e of th e thi d Con

r . r r

g ess
r .

G O T T H ILF H E INRIC H M U H LE N B E R G was an oth e s on of r

H ei n ich M elchi or H too was ed u cat ed at the Un iv sity of r . e, ,
er

H all e which h e n t e ed at th e a g e of ten a n d att en d d fo s ev en

,
e r e r

y ea s Th n he t av el ed in G m an y a n d E n g lan d W h en h
r . e r er . e
r et u n ed to A m e ica h e was o d ai n ed as
r m i n ist a n d assist ed his
r r a er
fath e in th chu ch in P hi l ad lphia W h en the B itish t ook pos
r e r e . r

s essi on of the city he eti ed to th e c ou n t y wh e e h e d evot d

— —
r r r ,
r e
hi m s lf to his fav it e stu y b ota y a n d ac qu i ed a w o l d wid e
e o d n r r . r -

r ep u tati on as a b ota n ist .

LINDLE Y M U RR AY of Q u ak e d sc en t was b o n on th , r e , r e
S wata a withi n th e p s en t li m its O f Da u phi n c oun ty in 1 745
r ,
re , .

H si d d in En g lan d th e g eat pa t of his life ; b u t his sch ool

e re e r er r

b ooks we epu blish ed in this c ou n t y n u m e ou s ed iti on s b in g

re r r , r e
b ou g ht ou t in P hilad lphia Th ey s oon d isplac ed th e t xt b ooks
r e . e -

O f oth e au th o s in P en n sylvan ia n otably th os e of N oah W ebst e

r r , r,

which h a d b en so la g ely u s d e r e .

J O H N N E VILLE was a n ativ of Vi g i n ia s ved with B ad e r ,

er r

d ock n d th ou g h th R ev ol u ti on
a B ec om i n g a citi n of A ll eg h n y
r e . ze e
c ou n ty h e h l d s v al i m p o tan t civil O ffi c s I n 1 79 1 wh n the
,
e e er r e .
, e
e xcis law was pass d P si d en t W ashi g t on app oi n t d h im i h
e e ,
re n e
sp cto f o w st n P enn sylva ia h opi g that his g eat p opu la ity
e r r e er n ,
n r r

w ou l d allay th e O pp osi ti on to th l a win that s ecti on e .

I S AA C N O RRI S was a v e y i n fl u en tial Q u ak of P hilad lphia r er e .

Isaac his fath was lik ewis e a p om i n n t m n in the P ovi c e

,
er , r e a r n ,

an d liv ed in g at l u x u y in a m a n si on at F ai H ill re Isaac th r r .

, e
s on ac q u i
,
d a l g e f o t u n e in a dd iti on to what h e i n h e it ed
re ar r r .

H b eca m a m m b e O f th A ss em bly in 1 73 4 a n d was S p eak e of

e e e r e , r
that b od y fo fift e y e s aft 1 75 1 N o is p op os ed the i h
r e n ar er . rr r

r
“
sc ipti on P ocl i m lib ty th oug h ou t th l d u to all the i
r a er r e an n n
h bit ts th of ou the S t t H ou s e b ll which was o d e d
a an er e ,
”
a e e , r re

f om E g la d the fi s t y ea h was S p eak

r n n H was a st ic t r r e er . e r
 B iog r aphica l S ketches 323

Qu aker , o f
p ac p licy of the p ovin c e wh n ev
and
d e en d ed th e e e r e er
wa s b k r r o e ou t O pp ositi on to the wa r pa ty
H is f oll ovver s , in .
'

r
“
,
w e e call
r N is pa ty
ed th e or r r
”
.

T H O M A S P A IN E fam ilia ly call ed Tom P ain e cam e to P hil , r ,

ad elphia f om E n g lan d whe e h e h d b een a n xcis em an n d

r ,
r a e a a
political w ite H e cam e h e e at th e O p in g of the R evol u ti on
r r . r en
a n d ed it ed th e P n nsylva nia M a g a zin B esi d e s his Common S en se e . e,
h e pu blish d th e C isis which app a ed at i n t vals d u i n g th e
e r , e r er r

wa r H is s vic es as a w it
. we e of g eat v a l u e to th e Am e ica n
er r er r r r

cau s e Afte the fo m ati on of th e S tate he was cl e k in the Leg

. r r ,
r

i l a tu
s W h en th e F n ch R evol u ti on b ok e ou t h e was fi st in
re . re r ,
r

F a n c a n d th en in E n g lan d
r e B i n g ou tlaw ed by the E g lish on . e n
“
acc ou n t of his Ri g hts of M a n he tu n ed to F an c was el ect ed ”
re r r e,
,

to the c on v n ti on , i m p is on ed by th e Jac obi n s a n d w ot

e his r ,
r e
“A e of R e as on H e r et u n ed to th e Un it ed S tat e s a n d d i ed in
”
g . r ,
NewY o k in 1 809 r .

F R A NCI S D A NI E L P A S T O RIU S b o n in G e m an y in 1 65 1 was , r r ,

ed u cat d in th e classical a n d m od e n la n g u a g e s
e d all th e sci en c r an e
of his a g e n d t ai n d in th e p actic e of th e law
,
a H a iv ed in P hil
r e r . e rr
ad elphia Au g u st 1 683 a n d in Octob r b eg an to lay ou t G e man
, , ,
e r

town H e was its fi st bailiff a m em b of the A ssem b l y a d a

. r , er ,
n

sig n e of the fi st p ot st ag ai n st slav y m ad e in Am e ica This

r r r e er r .
'

p ot est is th e s ubj ect O f W hitti e s p oem Th e P en n sylvan ia

r r
’
,

P il g im r P ast o iu s tau g ht sch ool in G m a n t ow n a n d P h il d el

.
”
r er a
phia fo m an y y ea s H pu blish ed s v al wo ks a n d l eft oth e s
r r . e e er r r

in m an u sc ipt H is L ati n p ol og u e to th e G e man t own b ook of

r . r r

re c o d s was t a slat ed by W hitti er in e O e b eg in n i n g H ail to

r n th d r
“
P ost e ity H e d i ed in Ger m an t own in 1 71 9
r .
”
.

R OB E RT P A TT E RS O N cam e to this c ou n t y f om I elan d r r r

wh en qu it e y ou n g a d en te d th e em pl oy of a m chan t in P hila n re er
d lphia
e A ft g oi g th ou g h c oll eg e h e t d th a m y in th e
. er n r ,
e n er e e r

W arO f 1 81 2 n d os e to b e captai n H th n b ecam , a p om i r . e e e a r

n n t m an u factu
e r in P hila d lphia W h n th M xican w b ok
re e . e e e ar r e

ou t h ag ai n b u ckl ed on his s wo d n d was app oi n t d m aj o

e r a e r

fl
, ,

g n e al of U n it ed S tat es v ol u n t
e r s H d istin g u ish ed hi m s lf at ee r . e e

C o G o d o a n d wh n th Civil W a c om m en c d th o
er r r ,
of his e e r e ,
e er
s e ic es at the fi st call fo volu n t ee s was v y w lc om e H was
rv r r r er e . e

a ssi g n d to th e c om m an d of th e d epa t m en t of P n n sylvan ia

e r e ,

D lawa e a n d M ar ylan d H avi n g en list d on l y fo th m o ths

e r . e r r ee n ,

a n d b ei n g n ea ly s v en ty y ea s old h e was m u st r d out O f s e r ,

er e er

vic aft e th e b attl e O f B u ll R u n H e en g ag d a g ain in m an u

e r . e

f tu in g
ac n d liv ed to th e
r ip e Ol d a g e of eig hty n i n e
, a
r -
.

R E M B R A ND T P E A LE b o n in P hilad elphia in 1 778 was the , r ,

s on of Cha l s W P al e w h o was f o n ea ly tw e ty y a s the

r e . e ,
r r n e r

on ly p o t ait pai n t e O f n ot e in A m
r r ica havin g m ad e th e fi st r er ,
r

lik n ess O f W ashi g ton

e d th lik ss s O f n a ly all th R vo n ,
an e en e e e r e e

l ution a y offi c s Th e s on p od u c ed a p o t ai t of W ashi g t on at

r er . r r r n
324 A H is tor y o f P enn sy lva nia

th e age O f s even t een

stu d i ed ab oad fo a n u m b e of y ear s . He r r r ,
a n d wh en h e et u n ed to P hila lphia pai t d the fam ou s C ou t
d r n r “ e e r
of D e ath a d
n
“ Th e Rom an Dau g ht e
”
H e m ad e a g r at ffo t r .
”
e e r

to hav e d awi n g i n t od u c ed in th e sch ools b u t was n ot v y s u cc ess

r r , er
ful B oth th fath e a n d th e son st u d i ed u n d e B en jam i n W est
. e r r .

R em b an d t d i ed in 1 860
r .

TI M O T H Y P ICK E RIN G thoug h a n ativ of M assach u s tts , e e

and a si d n t of that S tat e in the a ly n d lat e y ea s O f his lif
re e e r a r e,
was i d en tifi ed with so m u ch O f P en n sylvan ia s histor y that he ’

d s v s a plac e in it
e er e A s adj u tan t g en e al in W ashi n g ton s .
-
r
’

a m y h e was at B an dywi n e n d Ge m an town ; lat e h e s r v d on

r , r a r r e e
th e B oa d of W a a n d was m a d e q u a r t e m ast e
r rg n e al At the r r -
e r .

cl os e of th w h e w en t i n to b u sin ss in P hilad lphia b u t e

e ar ,
e e , r
m ov ed to W ilk e s B a in 1 786 H e was the l ead i n g spi it in th
-
rre . r e
s ettl em n t of the lan d d isp ut e b tw en P en n sylvan ia a n d th e
e e e

C on n ectic u t s ttl e s in the W yom in g vall ey H e o g an i ed

e r . r z

Lu e n e c ou n ty a n d was a d l eg at e f om that c ou n ty in th e P n n
z r ,
e r e
sylvan ia c on ven ti on that atified th C on stitu ti on Of the Un ited r e

S tat e s H e n eg otiat ed t eati s with th e S ix Nati on s was s u cc es

. r e ,

si vel y P ost m ast G e e al S ec eta y O f W a a n d S c eta r y O f

er -
n r ,
r r r , e r

S tat e F om th e last offi c e h e was d is m iss ed by J oh n A d a m s b e

. r

cau s h wou l d n ot esi g n H e ag ain s ettl ed on his lan d s in

e e r .

P en n sylvan ia ; b u t a n u m b e O f his f i n d s in M assach u s etts r r e

b ou g ht th m in o d to i n d u c him to tu n to his n ativ S tat e
e r er e re r e ,

which h e d id a n d afte wa d s s ved in b oth h ou s es of C on g r ess

,
r r er .

“
M O LLY P IT C H E R S t ue n a m e was M olli e H ays H ’ ”
r . er
h u sban d was a n a till y s g ean t S h acc om pan i ed h im to th e r er er . e
w ar n d aft
,
a two y a s O f ca m p lif i m m o tali ed h e n a m e at
er e r e r z r
th battl e O f M on m ou th by taki g his plac e at his g un wh en h e
e n

was w ou n d ed a d by ca yi n g wat e fo the w ou n d d afte the battl

n rr r r e r e .

Th e latt e act won f o h e th n am e of

r
“M olly P itch e Aft e r r e r .
”
r
S g a n t H ays d i ed sh e m a i ed G eo g e M c Ca u l ey
er e This x
,
rr r . e
plai n s th i n sc ipti on on h e tom bston e in the Ol d Ca lisl e g av
e r r r r e
ya d r

“M O L L I E M C CA U LE Y ,

R E N OW N E D IN H I S TO R Y A S

M O LLIE P I T C H E R ,
’

TH E H ER OI NE OF M ONM OU T H .

D I E D J A NU A R Y 1 83 3 A G E D 79 YE A R S , , .

E R ECT E D B Y TH E CI T I Z E NS OF C U M B E R LA ND COU NT Y JU L Y 4 . .

DR W ILLI A M P LU NK E T was th fi s t esid en t physician of

. e r r
No th um b e la d c ou ty H e was a ativ O f I lan d n d on his
r r n n . n e re ,
a

a ival in A m ica s ttl ed at Ca lisl

rr H was li uter an t n d e r e . e e en a

s u g on in the F n ch n d I n d ia n w n d
r e iv d fo his e re a ar, a r ec e e r s r
 B iog r aphica l S ketches 325

vic es s eve al hu n d d ac es on the W est B an ch To thi s he g av

r re r r . e
th e n a m of
“S ol d i e s R et eat
e nd establish ed his si d n c r
’
r
”
a re e e
th e e H e took pa t in th op en i n g sc n s of th Revol u ti on b u t
r . r e e e e ,
b ecam e n u t al afte wa d s e r r r .

J O S E P H P RI E S TLY was a n E n g lis h Un ita ian cl e g ym an r r ,

a sci en tist a n d a n au th o H m a d e m an y d isc ove i es in ch m
,
r . e r e
ist y a n d in 1 774 d isc ov
r ,
d oxyg en g H is th eol og ical vi ws er e as . e
b ei n g Ob n oxi ou s his ch u ch a n d p op ty we d st oy d by a,
r r er re e r e
m ob n d he ca m e to Am
a ica in 1 794 H si d d at No th er . e re e r

u m b e l n d a n d c on ti n u d his sci n ti fi c i n v sti g ati on s th

r a e u n til e e e er
his d ath in 1 804 I n 1 874 th e sci en tists of Am e ica c l b at d
e , .
,
r e e r e
th e c n t n n ial a nn iv e sa y O f th e d isc ov e y of oxy g en at N o th
e e r r r r

u m b er l a n d .

S AM UE N LL w b
J RA D A as L hila lphia
or n in P . de ,
in 1 828,
a
a nd en g g ed in m er ca til p s its
n e ur u t p litics as
H e en er ed o m em .

c cils
b er of th e ou n s v
H e e r ed in the Stat at e S en at
e, a n d
. th e
ou tb ak
re of the R b lli j i
e e on U i a y as a p ivat
o n ed th e n on rm r e .

I n 1 86 3 h ewas l cte e C
ed to ss wh
on g r e , ai
er e h e r em til his
n ed u n
de ath ,
in 1 89 0 Hwas p ak
e S e e r of th s f
e. H ou e r om 1 87 6 to 1 88 1 ,

and was l c i
on g the r e og n z edl a e d er of D th ec atsemo r in th e
s xc pt
H ou e , e e att s p tai i
in m er er which
n n g to th e ta r ifi , on s qu e
tion h e was a p t cti ist
ro e on ati al p tati
H is n on re u a a
on m d e him .

p i t ca i at
r om n en nd d si cy
e f or th e P r e d en , a
was b
n d he ht r ou g f or
w ar dih D
th e c atic c v ti s
em o r on en on of 1 880 a n d 1 884 .

T H O M A S B U C H A N A N R E A D th e P o t P ai n t e was b o n , e -
r ,
r

in E ast B an d ywi n t own ship Ch est e c ou n ty

r lived in P hil d l
e , r a e
phia n d Cin ci n n ati sp en t m u ch O f his ti m ab oad a n d d i d in
a , e r , e
N w Yo k in 1 872 sh o tly aft e his r et u n f om th last s oj ou n
e r , ,
r r r r e r

in E u op e H was n ot al on a g at p o t b u t n a tist too

r . e H is e re e , a r , .

r
“
p o t it of S h e i d an a n d H is H o s h s attain d al m ost eq al
ra r r e
”
a e u

e e r
“
c l b ity with h is p opu la p o m on S h i d an s Ri d e “ L on g f el r e er
’
.
”

l ow s Child n is an oth e favo ite pai n ti n g H i pu tati on as a

’
re
”
r r . s re
poet sts in th e sh o t ly ics c on tai n d in his “L ays a d B allad s
re r r e n .
”

“S h e id an s Ri d e was d ash ed ofi by th au th o at a h ot l a n
r
’ ”
e r e
h ou o so b efo e att en d in g a c pti on g iv n to G n e al S h i d an
r r r re e e e r er .

JO H N F U LT O N R E YN O LD S was a n ativ e of L an caste a n d r

a W est P oin t g ad u at e Aft r g allan t s e vic es in th M xican
r . e r e e

w h e was app oi n t ed c om m a n d e O f cad ts at th e m ilita y

ar ,
r e r

acad m y H e en t ed th e w of the Un i on as li eu t n an t c ol on el
e . er ar e -

a d
n os e to th
r c om m an d of a c o ps G n e al M ad e n d th e n
e r . e r e a e

ti e A m y of th P ot om ac l ost a b av s ol d i e a n d a n obl e g en tl e
r r e r e r

m n wh n R yn ol d s f ll b f o e G ttysb u g
a e e H e was b u t fo ty e e r e r . r

th e y a s Old a n d h d it n ot b e n fo a sha p sh oote s bu ll et

re e r ,
a e r r -
r
’

h m i g ht hav won g l o y on m a n y a n oth

e battl fi l d H is
e r er e e . re

m ai s w e b u i ed in th L a cast
n er c m t y on th Fou th of
r e n er e e er e r

J ly wh en L s a m y was in f ll t at ac oss M as on n d
u , ee
’
r u r e re r a

Dixon s L i n ’
e .
326 A H istor y o f P enn sy lva n ia

D A VID RIT T E N H O U S E was b o n on a fa m n ear G e m an r r r

t own i h 1 73 2 H e sh owed his m chan ical g e i u s at th g e O f

, . e n e a
s ev n by m aki g a littl e wat e wh l n d t n y ea s lat e h e h d
e n r ee ,
a e r r a
m ad cl ock with his own han d s M athem atics e g ag ed his m in d
e a . n

whil e at w o k on th fa m H e u s ed fen c es n d b u il d i n g s as
r e r a

fl
.

blackb oa d s B fo h was O f g h e ha d m ast ed th e “m th od

‘

r . e re e a e er e
of u x ion s O f which h e fo a l on g ti m e s u pp os ed hi m s lf th e s ol e
,
”
r e
d isc ov H c o st u ct ed th e m ost c om pl et e o y that h d
e r er . e n r r r er a
ev b en m ad e ; it is n owin p oss ssi on of P in c eton Un iv e sity
er e e r r .

L at e on h e m ad a still la g on e fo th e U n iv sity O f P n n
r e r er r er e
sylvan ia Ritt n h ou s e s u cc e d ed F an klin as p esi d n t of the
. e e r r e

Am ican P hil os ophical S oci ety n d was also a p om i n n t m n

er ,
a r e a
in th c ou n cils of th S tat a n d Nati on
e H h elp d to f o m th e e . e e r e
fi st c on stit u ti on of P en n sylvan ia was S tat e T eas u
r f om 1 777 , r r er r

1 789 m mb e of th e B oa d O f W
, e n d th e fi st Di ect o
r O f th e r ar ,
a r r r
U it d S tat s M i t H d i ed in 1 796 at his h om in P hil d l
n e e n . e , e a e
phia c o n r O f S ev n th a n d A ch A n l og i u m u pon his cha
,
r e e r . eu r

act was d liv d in th p s n c e of W ashi n g ton m m b s of

er e er e e re e ,
e er
C on g ess th e S tat e L g islat u e n d the City C oun cils
r ,
e r ,
a .

S A M U E L R H O A D S was a w althy b u i ld e i P hila d lphia e r n e

a nd p at d ly a m m b e of th A ss m bly b fo e th e R evol u ti on
re e e e r e e e r .

H was el ct d to the fi st C on tin n tal C on g ss whil e h e was

e e e r e re

m ay o of th e city r H h lp ed to fou d th P n n sylvan ia hos . e e n e e

pital n d was n activ e m m b O f th P hil osophical S oci ety
a a e er e .

J O H N R O A C H a n ativ e of I elan d cam to this c ou n t y at , r , e r

th ge a O f f o t e
e n a n d s tt l ed in NewY o k as a m achi n ist
ur e , He e r .

e stabl ish ed a fo n d y a n d m ad e the la g st en g in s th en in u u r r e e se .

H was v y su cc ssfu l a d in 1 871 b ou g ht th shipya d s at

e er e ,
n e r

Ch est H i plan t c ov
er . d 1 20 ac s a n d was val u ed at
s er e re

H b u ilt sixty th e v ess els in tw elv y ea s chi efly

e -
re e r ,

f o th U it d S tat s
r e On th e
n fu sal of th e g ove n m en t to a o
e e . re r
c pt th e D olphi n in 1 883 h e m ad a n assi g n m en t n d cl os ed his
e , ,
e a
wo ks ; b u t th y w e e
r O p en d wh n th v ss l was acc pt ed
e r r e- e e e e e e .

H e b u ilt m o than a h d d i on v ss els alt og eth

re nd on un re r e er , a c
st ct d th s cti on al d ock at P n sac ola F l o id a H d i d in
ru e e e e ,
r . e e
1 887 .

R G E R O S S w a n ative of N w Castl e D lawa a n d

GE O as e , e r e,

was classically d cat d : H e s ettl d in L an cast 1 75 1 nd e u e e er , ,

a
p actic d law H s ved in the A ss m bly s v e al y a s d
r e . e er e e r e r an
was p om i t in l l th e m ov m n ts that l d to the R vol ti o
r n en a e e e e u n .

H is fi st i m p o ta t s e vic was p f o m d as
r d el g at e to th
r n r e er r e a. e e
P ovi n cial C on v n ti on i 1 774
r Th A ss m bly el ect ed h im s on ee n . e e a
of th d l g at s to the fi st C o ti n
e t l C on g ess H e n xt
e e e r n en a r . e
rais d a c om pan y o f ass ociato s d was p esi d en t of the L n
e r ,
an r a
c s t M ili ta y C on v n ti on J u ly 4 1 776 H e was vic e p si d t
a er r e , ,
.
-
re en
o f th c o v ti on t hat f a m ed th fi t S t t C on stit u ti on n d at
e n en r e rs a e ,
a
th s m ti m a m m b O f C o g ss a ffi xi n g his n a m e to the
e a e e e er n re ,

D l ti on O f I n d p d n c A u g u st 2 1 776 i a h n d that was

ec a r a e en e e, , ,
n a
 B iog r a phica l S ketche s 327

s ec on d on ly to J ohn H an c ock s in st n g th a n d b ol d n ess H ’

re . e
d i ed as J u d g e of th e A d m i alty C ou t i 1 779
, A m mo ial pil r r , n . e r
l a was e ect d in 1 89 7 on th e sit of his h ou s e in L an cast
r r e , e er .

B E T S Y R O S S was th wif e of J oh n R oss a n eph ew of G eo g e r e

fl
,
Ross th si g n e , Th e e r .

h ou s e wh e e the a g was r

m a d e is n ow 23 9 A ch r

st eet b el ow Thi d in
r r
— ,
P hila d elphia a s m all tw o
,

sto i ed a n d attic t n em en t
r e ,
fo m e ly NO 39 S h e was
r r . .

a Q u ak er la d y en g ag d in , e
u ph olst e i n g W ashi n g t on
r .

was a f equ en t v isito at he

r r r

h o s e a n d k n ew h e skill
u r
with th e n d l
b oi d d his shi t u f es
r

a n d d id m an y oth
er e
S h e em

thi n g s
ee e .

er
r fl
f o him r H t og th er with
. e, e
Rob t M o i s a nd G eo g e
er rr r

Ross he hu sban d s u cl
,
r
’
n e,
call d on h in J un e 1 776
e er , , ,
a n d t ol d h e th y wer e a r e
c omm itt ee O f C on g r es s a n d
wa t ed h er to m ake th e a g
n

f om a ou g h d awin g
r r r
fl .

Sh epli ed
e r
“ I d on t kn ow ’
,

wh th e I c a n b ut I ll t y
e r ,
’
r .
”

S h s u g g est ed that th e d e
e
S i g n was wr on g th e S tar s B t y R H , i
e s oss ou se
b ei g six p oin t d n d n ot
.

n -
e a
fiv e p oi n t d as th ey sh ou l d b
-
e This a n d oth chan g s o th
,
e . er e n e

d awi n g w e m ad e by G en e al W ashi g t on i h
r er back pa l o r n ,
n er r r .

P E T E R F R E D E RICK R O T H E R M E L was b o n in N sc op eck r e ,

Lu c ou n ty 1 821 H e cam to P hilad lphia in his chi l d h ood

z er n e , . e e ,

a n d c omm n c ed lif as a su v y o At th g O f t wen ty two h e

e e r e r . e a e -

foll ow d th n atu al b t of his m i n d d opp d th e su v yo s

e e r en ,
r e r e r
’

chai n n d took u p the pain t e s b u sh I n 1 856 h e w n t to E op

a r
’
r . e ur e
an d st u d i d a t th e y a s e On his etu n h e was l ct d a m m
r r e e r . r r e e e e

b er of th e P n sylvan ia A ca d m y O f F i n e A ts e n H e p od c d e r . r u e
n um ou s w ell kn ow n pai n ti g s s om
er of which -
own d ab oa d n ,
e are e r .

A ft th e Civi l W th L g islatu e of P en n sylva ia c om m issi on d

er ar e e r n e

him to pai n t th “ B attl e of G ettysb u g H e c om pl t d th c ol ossal

e r .
”
e e e

wo k in 1 871 n d ec iv ed
r f o it ,
It h u n g in M m o ial
a r e r . e r

H all P hilad elphia u n til th e E x c u tiv e B u il d i n g was e ct ed at

, ,
e re

H a isb u g wh en it w s p l ac d on th e wall of th F lag R oom

rr r ,
a e e .

H d i d at h is h om
e e in L i fi l d M on t g om e y c ou n ty A u g u st e n e ,
r , ,
1 895 in th e sa m
, w k with B oven d en e ee .
3 28 A H is tor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

NJ A M IN R U S H was b o n in Byb e y t own ship P h il d el

BE r rr ,
a

phia c o ty n o th ast of the city H e g ad u at d at P i c to

un ,
r e . r e r n e n

a n d st u d i d m d ici n e h e d ab oad
e H e p actic ed his p of s
e er an r . r r e

si on in P hilad elphia with g eat d evoti on n d s u cc ss D u i n g th r a e r e

fl
.

y ll ow f ev e epi d m ic of 1 793 h stu ck to his p ost wh n all b u t

e r e ,
e e

tw o oth e physicia s h a d d F o a wh ol e w e k h visit d a n d

r n e . r e ,
e e

p esc ib d f o ab ou t 1 20 p ti en ts pe d y a n d m an y h a d to le av
r r e r a r a ,
e

his O ffic u n ai d ed H e was a p of ess o of m ed ici n e in th e Un i

e . r r
v sity of P en n sylva n ia n d h a d n u m e ou s O ffi c e stu d n ts To
er , a r e .

his fam e as a p actiti on e n d t each e of m ed ici n e D Ru sh r r a r , r .

a d d ed the d istin cti on of b ei n g a n em i n en t au th o H e was th e r .

fi st w ite on t em p e a n c e in Am ica
r r r H also m ix ed in th r er . e e
c ou n cils O f the S tat e a n d Nati on n d m pl oy d his tal en ts in th e , a e e

ca u s e of lib e ty I n Ju ly 1 776 h e was ch os n a m m b of Con

r .
, ,
e e er

g ress n d was on e of th si g n s O f th e D ecla ati on of I n d pen d

,
a e er r e

e c th ou g h n ot on e of th e d el eg at e s p e s n t at th a d opti o
n e, n r e e .

C H RI S T O P H E R S AU R ( n ow S owe ) was b o n in G e m an y r r r ,

g r a d u at d at M a b u g U n iv e sity
e and stu d i ed m ed ici n r H r r ,
e . e

cam e to P hilad elphia in 1 724 s ettl ed in L a cast e c ou n ty as a ,

n r

fa m e b u t m ov d to G e m a town s oon aft e wa d s F eelin g th

r r ,
re e r n r r . e

wa n t of b ooks am on g his c ou n t ym en h e e esp ecially in th li n e r r ,

e

O f li g i o h e i m p o t d B ibl es a n d oth e wo ks f om G m an y
re n ,
r e r r r er .

A ft er h e h d es tablish ed his p i n ti n g h ou s e h issu d in th G e

a e e e r

m n lan g u ag a n al m an ac —l on g c on ti n u ed by his d e sc en d an ts a
r ,

a e ,

m ag a in e am o g th e fi st in A m e ica a n d in 1 843 the B ibl

z n r r , ,
e
Lu th s t an slati on th e la g st wo k y t p u blish ed in th c ol on i s
er
’
r ,
r e r e e e ,

a n d wit h th xc pti on of E li ot s I n d ian B ibl th e fi st B ibl ’

-
e e e e, r e

p in t d in Am ica S au is s u pp os ed to hav i v en t ed cast i on

r e er . r e n -
r

stov s ; at l ea t h e i n t od u c d th em i n to g n e al u e H als o
e s r e e r s . e
p actic ed his p of ssi on n d m ad e eig ht d y g an d fath
r
“ r e cl ocks a -
a r er
”
.

H is s on Ch ist oph who was lik wis e a p omi n t m n in th

,
r er , e r ne a e
p ovin c especially in the T u n k e Chu ch c on ti n u ed th e pu blish
r e, r r ,

in g b u si n ess Th e h ou s is still k n own as th e Ch ist oph e S ow e

. e r r r

P blishi n g C om pan y aft e a n u n b ok en exist en c e of on e h u n d ed

u
,
r r r

a n d fi fty y a s e r .

M IC H A E L S C H L A TT E R was b o n in S wit e la n d a n d was r z r

s n t to Am ica by th e R efo m ed S yn od O f Am st e d am to l ook

e er r r

a ft e the G e m an em i g an ts O f that d en om i n ati on in P en n sylvan ia

r r r .

H was past o O f th ch u ch es in P hila d elphia a n d G e m a n t ow n

e r e r r

an d o g a i ed c on g eg ati on s in this S tat e a d in N w J e s y

r n z r n e r e ,

M ylan d a n d Vi g i ia
ar H e i d u c ed oth e m i n ist s to c om e to
r n . n r er

A m ica a nd assist d in o g an i i n g th e sy n od of A m e ica H is

er e r z r .

w o k in b h lf O f th d u cati on of th G e m an s ttl e s was n f i

r e a e e e r e r u r
in g a n d m ost la d abl I n 1 757 h e w s chaplai n of a n exp ed iti on
u e . a
to N ova S c otia a g ai n st th F n ch n d fo sp ou si g th cau s O f e re , a r e n e e
lib ty in th e R ev ol uti on he was i m p is on d wh en the B itish
er r e r
occ u pi ed P hilad lphia e .

T H O M A S A S C O TT was b o n i F a kli n c ou n ty a n d on . r n r n ,
 B iog r aphica l S ketches 329

acc ou n t of h is fath s d ath was obli g ed to l eav e sch ool at th e er

’
e

a g e O f ten y a s nd a n his li lih ood Aft fillin g s v al

e r a e r ve . er e er
cl ical p ositi on s h e b eg an his ail oad ca ee at C olu m bia wh e e
er ,
r r r r ,
r

h e was c oll ect o of t olls o th e li e of th S tat e ail oad

r He n n e r r .

was p om oted to b e chi ef cl e k in th e c oll cto s offic e in P hila

r r e r
’

d lphia ;
e n d in 1 850 h en t a d th e s vic e of th e P en n sylvan ia e er e er
Rail oad C om pan y as stati on a g n t at D u n can svill e th en the
r e ,

w est n t e m i n u s O f th oad H e n ow os f om on e p ositi on to

er r e r . r e r

an ot h e b ec om i n g vic e p esid n t O f th c om pa y in 1 860 a n d

r, -
r e e n ,

p esi d en t in 1 874 It was la g ly owin g to C ol on l S c ott that th e

r . r e e
P n n sylvan ia ail oa d attai n ed to its h ig h an k a m o g th e t un k
e r r r n r

li n es of A m ica — an k that is s c on d to n on
er It was d u i n g a r e e . r

th e w of th e R eb lli on that his g eat abiliti s w

ar e pu t to th e e r e er
s v st t est Gov e n o C u tin call ed him to H a isbu g in 1 861
e er e . r r r rr r

to d i ect th m ov m n t of t oops f om th e N o th a n d th e W st
r e e e r r r e
whil e en ou t th ou g h the S tat e on th ei way to W ashin g ton
r e r r .

W h n th e b i d g e s of th e N o th n C en t al ail oad h a d b een d

e r r er r r r e
st oy d S i m on Cam e on S c eta y O f W
r e ,
ask d Gov e n o Cu r ,
e r r ar ,
e r r r

tin to s en d S c ott to W ashi n g ton in o d e to op en a n w ou t r r e r e .

Thou g h h was n d ed in H a isb u g th e Gov n o el eas ed him

e ee rr r , er r r

an d in a sh o t ti m th e m ov em en t O f t oops b l ow M as on a n d
r e r e
Dixon s li n e was ag ai n u n i n t u pt d W h n L in c ol n h ea d th e
’
er r e . e r

g ood n ws h sai d eT han k God ! w a e all ig ht ag ai n l S c ott was

,
e ,
e r r
”

n ow m u st d i n t o th U n it d S tat e s s v ic as c ol on el a n d a p
er e e e er e
p oi n t d A ssistan t S ec ta y O f W
e I n this p ositi on h e k ept u p re r ar .

a n i n c ssa n t s t e am O f ca s
e ca yi g t oops a n d su ppli s ac oss
r r ,
rr n r e ,
r

th P ot om ac a n d th e Ohi o i n t o th e h a t of th e C on f d e acy
e e r e r .

C ol on el S c ott s u s efu l n d well o n d ed lif e en d ed in 1 881

’
a -
r u .

S H I K E LLI M Y was O f On ei d a bi th a n d was p obably b o n in r r r

New Y o k H fi st app ea d in P e n sylva ia ab ou t 1 728 livi n g

r . e r re n n ,

on th e W est B an ch b l ow M ilt on L at on h stablish d h im

r ,
e . er ,
e e e

S lf at S ham okin as th
e chi ef of all th e I oqu ois on th S u squ e r e e
ha n a H is i n flu e c was c ou t d by th e p ovi n cial autho iti s
n . n e r e r r e ,

a n d h e att en d d n a ly all th t ati es m ad e in his tim e H was

e e r e re . e
a wa m f i en d of th e M o avian m issi on a y Z isb g e a n d of
r r r r ,
e er r

W hil in B ethl h m th last ti m h w

,

W is e er . e a s c on v e t ed On e e e e e r .

his way h om h e t ook sick a n d d i d sh o tly aft e his etu n

e ,
e r r r r .

Z isb g e was his spi it u al ad vis e in th last h ou s a n d h d h im

e er r r r e r , a

bu i d in a c offi n An oth e i m p o tan t a n d i n te sti n g cha act

r e . r r re r er ,

n a e S ha m oki n was M ad am e M on t ou
r a F n ch Can ad ian who
,
r ,
re ,

h d m a i ed R olan d M on t ou
a rr a S e ca b av a n d lived On th r ,
ne r e, e

Ch en k y as a ly as 1 727 I n that y ea sh e act d as in t p et e

as e r r e er r r

in P h il d l ph i b twe n the G ov e o a n d th F iv e Nati on s

a e a e At e rn r e .

th d eath of h
e h sban d J ohn d Thom as P en n c on d ol ed with
er u ,
an

h er pu blicly in P hilad lphia whil e h e atten d ed a t eaty H

,
e ,
s r . er

s on A n d ew w s als o a p ovi n cial i n t

r p t fo a n u m b O f
a r er r e er r er

y a s H e c ived a g an t of lan d o thw st of Ca lisl n d was

e r . re e r n r e r e, a

captai n of a c om pan y of I d ia s i the E n g lish s vic Th e n n n er e .

F en ch s t a p ic e of £ 1 00 on his h ea d
r e r .
330 A H is tor y o f P en n sy lva n ia

ILLI A M S M IT H D D was n ative of S c otlan d edu cated

W , . .
, a ,

at Un iv e sity of Ab d een a n d O f g at l ea n i g a n d ex cu tive

th e r er ,
re r n e
ability H e cam e to NewYo k at th e a g of tw n ty fou b u t was
. r e e -
rh

i n du c d by F an klin to s ettl in P hilad lphia a n d b ec om e the fi st

e r e e r

P ov ost o P esi d n t of th e C oll g e of P hila d lphia a p os iti on h e

r r r e e e ,

h l d u n til th e i n stitu ti on was m e g ed in t o the Un ive sity of P en n

e r r

sylvan ia H e took g at i n t e est in p olitical affai s as w ell as in

. re r r ,
m at te s O f ch u ch a n d ed u cati on
r H e si d ed with th e P r op i e
r . r

ta i s a n d th e A ss em bly h a d h im a est ed at on e ti m e a n d th own

r e ,
rr r

i n t o j ail B t his w o k as a t each e w n t on f or his class es m et

. u r r e ,
h im in th e p is on W h en th e R v ol uti on c om m en c ed h e was a n
r . e
a d n t su ppo te of th Am ican cau s p eachin g l oyal s e m on s
r e r r e er e, r r

a n d m aki n g pat i otic a d d e ss s H ow ev e in 1 777 h e was a

r st d r e . r , ,
rre e
f o d isl oyalty s u pp os d ly b cau s e h e
r g a d d th e D ecla ati on of
,
e e re r e r

I n d p en d en c as p em atu e H e g av e his pa ol e a n d eti d to

e e r r . r r re

M a yla n d wh en c h
r t u n ed in 1 789 to ec eive back what h e
, e e re r ,
r
“
always call ed M y C oll eg e .
”

JA M E S S M IT H was on e O f th e m en who si g n ed the D ecla a r

ti on of I n d ep en d en c e W h en a l a d h e cam e to this c ou n t y f om .
,
r r

I elan d a n d s ttl ed with his fath e on th w est ban k of the S u s

r , e r e

qu h n n a
e H e was ed u cat d in th e classics to s om e ext en t b e
a . e ,

cam a su v yo a n d a lawy e p actici n g th es e bl en d ed p ofessi on s

e r e r r, r r

fi st n ea S hipp en sbu g th en at Yo k H esi d ed all th e est O f

r r r ,
r . e r r
his lif e in Yo k a n d was f o a l on g ti m e the on ly esi d en t lawy e
r ,
r r r

th er e At th e ou tb eak of th e R ev ol u ti on h e at on c e took a n
. r ,

activ e p a t in b ehalf of lib e ty H e ais ed th fi st P en n sylvan ia

r r . r e r
c om pan y f o sistan c e to G eat B itai n was a m em b e of the
r re r r ,
r

P ovi cial C on v en ti on in 1 774 a n d s e v ed as a d el eg at e in Con

r n , r

g r ess H e d i ed in 1 806
. .

E D W IN M S T A NT O N of Q u ak e stock was b o n in Ohi o

.
, r ,
r ,

a n d p actic ed law th e e u n til 1 84 8 wh en h

r s ttl ed in P ittsbu g r , e e r

a n d b ecam e l e a d at the b a of All eg h n y c ou n ty H e wen t i n to

er r e .

B u chan an s cabi n et as A tt o n y G en e al to fi ll a vaca n cy

’
W h en r e -
r , .

S i m on Cam e on si g n ed th e p o tfoli o of S c eta y of W a L i n c ol n

r re r e r r r ,

s el ct ed S tan ton to fill the plac e H is m an ag em n t of the W

e . e ar
D epa tm en t was n ot d fo vi g o a n d i n t eg ity H e b ecam e em
r e r r r .

b oil d t ti m es with p olitician s n d O ffi c s sp ecially with

r e a a er , e
M c C l l l a n a n d S h e m an
e He m ai n d in J oh n s on s cabi n et aft e
r . re e
’
r

L i n c ol s d eath b u t was su sp en d d by the P esi d en t on acc ou n t

n
’
,
e r

O f s e i ou s d isag eem en t This acti on b ou g ht th e qu a l b

r r . r rre e

tween th P esi d en t n d C o g r ess to a h ead S tan ton was e

e r a n . r

sto d b ut a g ai n em ov d n d the P esi d en t s i mp ach m en t fol

re r e ,
a r
’
e
l ow d C on g ess pass ed a v ot e O f than ks to M S tan ton on his
e . r r .

re ti em en t H e s m d th e p actic e of law b u t his l on g d

r . re u e r ,
an

a d u ou s lab o s h a d u n d m i n ed his st en g th a n d h d i ed in 1 869

r r er r ,
e .

A RT H U R S T CL A IR cam e to A m e ica as a B itish s ol d i e in . r r r ,

1 75 8 H w s b o n in Ed i n b u g h S c otla d
. e a nd s ved u d e r r , n , a er .
n r

G n e l W ol fe at Q u b c H e sta b lish d hi m s el f in W est mo e

er a e e . e e r
 B iog r aphica l S ketches 331

l an d c ou n ty a n d took the si d e of th c ol on i es in the Revolu ti on

, e .

H e s e v d t h ou g h the wh ol e wa a n d os e to th e an k of m aj o
r e r r r r r

g en al er H e ep es en t ed P n n syl a n ia in th e C on ti n en tal Con

. r r e v

g ss f om 1 785 to 1 787 n d was p si d en t of that b od y wh en it

re r , a re
pass ed the fam ou s O d in an c e of 1 787 by which the No thwest r r
T e i to y was o g an i ed H e was Gov e n o of this T e it o y f om
rr r r z . r r rr r r
1 789 to 1 802 H e c om m an d ed th e xp d iti on ag ai n st th e M iam i
. e e
I n d ian s which en d ed so d isast ou sly H e was sick at the tim e
, r .

a n d g av e his o d e s on a litt ; b u t p u blic O pi n i on obli g ed h im to

r r er
re si g n his c omm an d Afte his l on g a n d d istin g u ish ed pu blic se . r r
v ic h e liv ed p oo a n d n g l ect ed on Ch estn u t R i d g e W estm o e
e, r e ,
r
lan d c ou n ty till h e d i ed in 1 81 8 , , .

T H A DD E U S S T E VE N S was b o n in V e mon t H e m ad e r r .

s h oes tau g ht a c ou n t r y sch ool a n d g a du at ed at Da tm ou th Col

, ,
r r
l eg e b efo e he cam e to P en n sylvan ia as assistan t teach in the
r , er
acad em y at Yo k S t eppi n g f om t eachi n g to law h e b eg an to
r . r ,

p actic e at Gettysb u g H api d ly os e to d istin cti on a n d was

r r . e r r ,

s en t to H a isbu g as a law m ake rr H e t ook n o p om i n en t pa t

r -
r . r r

in th e passa g e of th e f ee sch ool law exc pt to vot e f o it B ut r e r .

wh en its ep eal was th eat en ed he d ef en d ed it with all his m atch

r r ,

l ess l og ic n d el oqu en c e a n d won th e d y ag ai n st d et e m i n ed Op

a ,
a r
p ositi on I n hon o of its au th o the sp eech was b eau tifu lly
. r r ,

p i n t ed on silk by s om e f ee sch ool f i en d s in Read i n g a n d

r r r ,

p ou d ly k pt by him u n til his d ath H e p e fo m ed g eat s e

r e e . r r r r

vic es fo th e n ati on lat on b u t h him s elf always eg a d ed his

r er , e r r
s ucc ssfu l d efen s e of f ee sch ools in P en n sylvan ia as th g eat est
e r e r

achi vem en t of his lif I n 1 841 h e em ov ed to L an caste wh e e

e e . r r ,
r

h was el ect ed to C on g ess in 1 848

e H e s ved in that b od y f ou r . er r
t een y ea s dyin g in W ashi n g ton in 1 868 H e was on e of th e
r , .

b ol d st n d abl est stat esm e wh o su stain ed th e U n i on in its

e a n

h ou of p e il H e was a sin c e a n d c on sist n t f i en d of th e

r r . re e r

c ol o d ac re H o d e ed in his will that his b od y sh ou l d n ot b e

r e. e r r

bu i d in a c em et e y wh e th c ol o lin was d awn H e s e v ed

r e r re e r e r . r

in C on g ss wh en h e ou g ht to hav e b een at h om e en j oyi n g th

re e
twili g ht of his life ; fo d u in g his last y ea h e was d aily ca i ed r r r rr

in a chai to his s at r e .

C H ARLE S S T E W A RT was b o n in P hilad elphia a n d en t e ed r ,

r

th Un it ed S tat e s Navy in 1 79 8
e H e capt u d th ee F n ch ships . re r re

in 1 800 n d d isti n g u ish d hi m s elf in th T ip olitan W

,
a I n th e e e r ar .

su mm of 1 81 3 h e took c omm an d of the C on stit u ti on n d captu ed

er , a r

th ee E g l ish v ess el s that y ea a n d two in ach of th foll owi n g

r n r ,
e e
y ea s of th wa H e ec eiv ed a v ot of than ks a swo d a n d a
r e r . r e ,
r ,

g o l d m d al f om Con
e g ss ; a v
,
o t e o
rf t h a n ks a n d a sw o d f o m th ere
’

r r

P en n sylvan ia L eg islatu ; a n d f om N wYo k th e f eed om O f th e re r e r r

city F om th p opl e h e ec eiv d th s ob i qu et O f Ol d I on
. r e
“e r e e r r

si d s e H e em ai n ed in th e n avy till h d i ed in 1 869 a p e i od of

.
”
r e , , r

s ev en ty on e y a s a n d os e to b ea ad m i al H e was the
-
e r ,
r e r r -
r .

g ar n d fath o f Cha l e s S t waer t P a n ll th e g eat I ish H om e R u l e

r e r r e ,
r r

l ead e in the B itish P a liam en t

r r r .
332 A H istor y o f P enn sy lva n ia

H EN Y W R I LLIA M S TIE G E L th e foun d er of th e qu a i n t ol d ,

town of M a n h ei m L a n c a ster c ou n ty em i gr a ted f r om M a n h ei m

, , ,

G er m a n y H e wa s a v e y ecc en tr ic ch a r a c ter H e m a d e fr equ en t

. r .

v i s i t s to his f u r n a c e a n d a l w a y s d r ov e a fou r in h a n d I t is s a i d - -
.

th a t h e h a d a wa tch m a n sta ti on ed in th e c u p ol a of h is m a n s i on to
a n n ou n c e h is r etu r n h om e b y fi r i n g a ca n n on A b a n d or g a n i z ed .

a m on g his em pl oy e s th en p r oc eed ed to th e c u p ol a a n d m a n y of th e
v ill a g er s r ep a i r e d to h is r es i d en c e to j oi n in th e d em on s tr a ti on s .

Am on g th e r ec or d ed f a c ts of his ecc en tr ic li fe is thi s : W h en h e

d eed e d the l ots u p on which th e E v a n gelic a l L uth er a n ch u r ch wa s
b u ilt in 1 770 the p r ic e wa s to b e a r ed r ose to b e p a i d y ea r ly
, , ,

u p on d em a n d Th e r ed r ose is p a i d to h is d esc en d a n ts to thi s

.

day . I t c on sti tu tes a v e r y u n iqu e a n d b ea u ti fu l ob ser v a n c e in the

ch u r ch a n d h a s a ttr a cted m u ch a tten ti on in r ec en t y ea r s in th e
,

n ew s p a p e s a n d m a g a z i n es
r Th e B a r on a fter wa r d s b ec a m e r e
.

d u c e d in ci r c u m sta n c es a n d en d ed h is li f e in a l og h ou s e a t
,

W om e l sd or f wh er e h e ta ug h t a v ill a g e s ch ool
, .

fl
“B a r on S ti eg el ist d er m a n n
,

D d ie G f en g ies z en a n n
er k .
”

i g l
B a r on S t e e is th e m a n
W h o c a n a st th e stov es c .

B AY AR D TAYLOR ( 1 825—1 878) wa s a n a t ve i of Ken n ett

Sq u a r e,Ch st c oun ty n d li ed th e e ft his m n y t a v el s b y
e er , a v r a er a r

l a n d a n d s a th oug h h e d i d a t B e li n G e m a n y B fo e h e wa s
e , e r ,
r . e r

twen ty - on e , wen t to he
E u r op e a n d m a d e a tr ip on
f oot a m on g th e m ost i n ter
es ti n g pl a c es H is exper i .

en c es wer e r ec or d ed in
“Vi ews A foot or E u r op e
,

S een wi th K n a p sa c k a n d
S ta ff . T hi s wor k m a d e h im
”

fa m ou s a t on c e a n d h e wa s ,

in a p os i ti on to wr i te oth er
b ook s—of tr a v el p oetr y a n d
fic tion —a n d to b ec om e pop
,

u l a r a s a j ou r n a li st a n d l ec
tu r er . A s a n ov e li st h e d e ,

pi oted Am er ic a n li fe pa r ,

Lib r a r y of B aya r dT a y l or at Ced c ar r of t. tic u l a r l y li f e in P en n sy l v a

n ia a s in
“ H a n n a h T hu r s
,

ton ”
a nd
“Th e
S tor y of K e n n ett I n h is v er s e , too , h e of ten .
”

d r ew m a te i a l
r
“
f r om h is own S ta te, a s , in The P en n syl v a n i a
F a r m er ”
. g
Th e r e a tes t of h is p oetic eff or ts is th e tr a n sl a ti on of
“G oeth e ’ s F a s t ” H e l ov e G e r m a n
u d
.
y a n d the G er m a n p eopl e .

W hil e h is f a th er wa s a d
e s c en a n t of a n E n li sh i m m i r a n t of d g g
1 681 , h is r a n m oth er s on b oth s i e s w
g d er e of G er m a n esc en t It d d .

wa s a fi tti n c oi n ci en c e , th er e for e , th a t h e sh o l h a v e i e in
g d ud d d
the G e r m a n c a pi ta l , a s the Am e r ic a n m i n i s ter to G e r m a n y .
 B iog r a phica l S ketc hes 33 3

B a ya rd T a yl o wa s th e g ea test li te a y m n P nn syl n i h s
r r r r a e va a a
p odu c ed n d K enn ett S qu a e m a y b e p ou d to b e his c a d l e
r , a r r r
a n d h is g a v e r .

G E OR G E T AYLOR wa s a n I i sh m a n b y bi th th e son of a r r ,

cl e gym a n wh o g a h im a n du c a ti on m o e libe a l th a n m ost

r ,
ve e r r

y ou th s ec ei v ed a t th t ti m e
r On h is a i v l in Am e ic a h p a i d a . rr a r e
f o his p a s g e b y wo k i n g in th i on w
r s a o k s of D u h m B u c k s r e r r r a ,

c oun ty H m a d e mon y bought a n est te in No th a m pton

. e e , a r

c oun ty a n d fix ed his r es i d en c e th e e H e wa s soon a fte s t to

,
r . r en
th A s m bl y a n d s ved fiv e y ea s in th t b od y
e se H e w s c ti e in
er r a . a - a v
th e m o em n t w hich l ed to th R e ol uti on n d en t ed C on g ess
v e e v , a er r

in J u l y 1 776 wi th R oss S m i th R u s h a n d Cl ym e
, ,
to ta k th e , ,
r, e
pl c es of th o e who h a d O pp osed the D ecl a ti on H e wa s th e
a s ar . re

fo e on of the m em b e s n ot in C o g e s On the 2d of Ju l y b u t on
r e r n r s ,

th e 2d of A ugu st wh n th e en g r ossed d oc u m en t wa s s i g n ed , e .

T a yl o d i ed in E a ston in 1 781
r .

T E D YU S C U N G wa s a f eq u en t v i s i to to P hil d el ph a a n d r r a l ,

h a d a cq u i d a f e u s of E g li h re H e w s on of th a bl st
r e e n s a e e e

fl
.

of I n d i a n chi f s b u t w a s too fo d of liqu oe A t A lb a y whil

,
n r . n , e
n eg oti ti n g t ea ty h e wa s so m u ch u d e its i n u
a a r c th a t h is
,
n r en e

wi f h d to ebu ke h im p ublicly A t his ea n e t qu st h wa s

e a r . r s re e , e
b pti z d b y the M o a v i a n s ; b u t h e l p sed i n to h is ol d w y s
a e r re a a

fl
,

th ou g h n ot wi th out eg et B l a m ed b y his ow n p eopl e f o s i d i n g r r . r

with th E n gli h a n d e i ed b y th I oqu ois f o his in u en c e in

e s ,
nv e r r

th e c ou n cil s of th p o i c e h wa s b etween two fi s du i n g e

‘

r v n ,
e re r

m ost of th e F en ch a n d I n d i a n wa I n 1 763 h e b u n ed to d e th
r r .
,
r a
in h is own h ou s e a t W yom i n g whil e a sl eep in b ed S om e I o . r

qu ois I n d i n s pu t h im to sl eep wi th liq u or a n d th n set fi e to h is

a e r

h ou se Ted yu scu n g w s th e l a st chi ef of the D l a wa es on the

. a e r

e st s i d e of th e A ll eg h en i es
a .

W I L L I A M T E NN E N T wa s a n a tiv e of I l a n d lib e a ll y ed u re ,
r

c ted
a and w ,
hil e th cl e gym a n in th e E pi c op l Chu ch H e er e a r v s a r .

c m to Am e ic a in 1 71 8 n d w s ec ei ed s a m i n i ste i n to th e
a e r , a a r v a r

P esbyte i a n Ch u ch
r Aft a b i ef p sto te in New Yo k h
r r . er r a ra r , e
c m e t o B u c k s c oun ty wh
a h e em i n ed to th e cl ose of his li f , er e r a e .

H e p ea ch ed a t N es h a m i n y ; a n d on l a n d th a t w s g iv en him b y
‘

r a
J m es L oga n h e ec ted the Log C oll ege
a
“ n a m e p ob bl y
er ,
”
a r a

g iv n to the $63 661 a t fi st in c ontem pt Ab out 1 840 a p a t of on

e r . r e

of th e l og s w a s f ou n d a n d a c a n e m a d e fr om it a n d g i ven to on e of
th e p of esso s of P r i n c eton S em i n a y
r r r .

C H A RL E S T H O M S O N c a m e to P en n syl a n i a f om I el a n d a t
th e a g of el e
R e ol uti on b oth in th
v
n e H e wa s v y i n u n ti a l m n du i n g th
ve
c ou n cil s of the S t t n d th Un i t d
.

e
a er fl e
v

a e a
r
a
r

e
r
e
e

S t tes
a H e wa c a ll ed
.
“th S m A d a m s of P hil d lphi a
s He e a a e .
”

w sch ol a l y a n d t u e to h is p i n cipl es
as r Th In d i n s h d o r r . e a a s

m u ch p c t fo h im tha t he w s l c t d m mb of th e D l
r es e r a e e e a e er e a

w e t e
ar ib T h ey c rll ed “
h im th e m a n of t uth a n d it u sed toa r
”
.
,
334 A H is tor y o f P en ns y lva n ia

i g
tr e a s f a r es T om s on s n a m e w u i Ch l h ’
be a sa y n I t is as
er e
u d
n er it
”
H e wa s S e r eta r y of th e
. on t n en ta on r ess r n c C i l C g du i g
its en t r e i
s tor y f r om 1 774 to 1 789hi H e ha d m a e a a r ef d
. c ul
r e or c d
of a l l the r o ee n s and r e e p c di g
it to th e f or m of a oo duc d b k
b u t f or f ea r of off en n s om e of th e R ev o di g
t on a r y f a m es , h e lu i ili
a fter w ar s rne d bu
th e m a n s r t T s wa s r o a y th e r ea test
d u c ip . hi p b bl g
i
m sta e of h is k f e ; f or m v al a e li
stor y is r e in his u ch u bl hi bu i d
g r a ve He e
. in 1 824 di d .

M OS E S utchm a n f om th e M i n i si n k
VA N C A M P E N wa s a D r

s ettl m en t on t h e D el a w e
e b u t li ed n a th e p en t i t of ar ,
v e r r es s e
B l oom sb u g m ost of h is li f r a n d w s f m ou s f o his d a i n g in th e, a a r r e
b o d w fa on th e S u squ eh a n n a H e n d r er ar re . a
a c om p n i on on c e f e d th em sel es a t n i g h t a r e v

f om a gu d of n i n e I n d i n s k illi n g a l l b u t r ar a ,

o e of th em Afte thi s won d e ful esc p e n . r r a ,

h e wa s in g e t d em a n d to o g a n i z b n d r a r e a s
a g a i n st th e I n d i a n s I n 1 782 h e wa s o d d . r er e
b y th e g o n m n t to cl a th e W e t B a n ch v er e e r s r

a b ou t W illi a m s p o t of I n d i n s B ut in thi s r a .

h f a il ed ; f o h e w s c a p tu ed c a i d to e r a r , rr e
N i a ga a a n d d eliv e d to the B i ti s h W h en r re r

fl
.
,

th e I n d i a n s l e n ed w ho h wa s th ey d e ar e ,

m n d ed h im b a c k Th B i ti sh o i e p om a . e r c r r

i d to p otec t him i f h e wou l d n ou n c e th se r re e

M V C mp Am e ic n c a u se H e epli d tha t h e wou l d
fl
r a r e

fl
oses an a en , .

d ie th e m ost c u el d th th I n d i n c ou l d in r ea e a s
ic t b ef o e h wou l d d i s h o o th ch
r e c te of a n Am e ic a n o ic e n r e ara r r r .

H is l oy a l ty s c u ed him p otec ti on a n d h e w s e xch a n g ed wh en

e r r ,
a
th e wa cl os ed H e d i ed in NewYo k S ta te t
r . v e y ol d ge r a a r a .

JO H N W ANA M A K E R w s b o n i P hil a d elphi in 1 838 a n d a r n a

rec ei v ed c om m on sch ool edu c a ti on H e b ec m e a m ch n t a n d
a . a er a
b u ilt u p th e l g st eta il b u si n s in th e U n i ted S t tes H e wa s
ar e r es a .

a m em b e of th e C en ten n i l Comm i ss i on a n d c on t ib u ted m u ch to

r a r

its s u cc ss H e h a s a l wa y s ta k n g ea t i te est in Ch i sti

e . nd e r n r r an a

phil n th opic wo k H e is th e su p e i n ten d en t of th e l a g est S u n

a r r . r r

d y S ch ool in th e wo l d
a nd e y p om i n e t m m b of th
r ,
a a v r r n e er e
You n g M en C h i ti n A s oci a ti on H e w s P ostm st Gen e l
’
s r s a s . a a er o
ra

i P es i d en t H a i so s C bi n et a n d m d e m n y i m p ov em en ts in
n r rr n
’
a ,
a a r
th e p ost l s e ic b y h is b u i n ess li k e m th od s
a rv e s -
e .

AN T H O N Y W AYN E w s n a tiv e of Ch s te c ou n ty a n d a a e r ,

pl a yed th e s ol d i e o m u ch in h is b oyh ood th a t his f th e m a d e him

r s a r

choose b etween the f m n d his b ook s H e took th e l a tte n d ar a . r a

b ec a m e su eyo I n 1 774 h e w s sen t to th e P o i n ci l Con en

a rv r . a r v a v
ti on in P hil a d lphi a th n to th e A s em bl y e n d the n x t y
, e ws s , a e ea r a
a m em b e of th e C om m i tt e of P u blic S f ty
r I n 1 776 h e j oi n ed e a e .

th N o th e n
e m y s c ol on el of
r r eg i m
ar t H is ol d i e l y q u li
a a r en . s r a
ti s s c u ed h im p om oti on fi t to th
e e r k of b i g d i e a n d th n
r rs e ran r a r e
to th a t of m a j o g n e a l H e wa s wou n d ed a t T h ee R i v e s
r -
e r . r r ,
 B iog r a phica l S ketches 3 35

fough t B r a n y wn e , w
d i at a s tw e w ic u d d
o n e a t G er m a n tow n, re
c eiv ed h
on or a bl i
e m en t on f or b uh
r a v er y a t M on m o t , a n d a og ld
d l C g c pu
m e a fr om on r ess f or his a t r e of S ton y P o n t i p pl
Th e eo e .

p
ex r ess e d h i p p ci i
t e r a re a t on of his d i g
ar n by a c lli g
n “
him M a d
h
An t on y ”
H e wa s a s o r esen t a t th e a t r e ef
l p
. c pu Cor n wa lli
s .

G eor a a fter wa r s a v e him a f a r m for r v n th e B r t s ou t of

gi d g di i g ii h
h er b d
or er s h C g
I n 1 79 1 t a t S ta te s en t h im to on r ess , b u t in a
.

con test f or a sea t h e ost l h c i d c

H e t en r e e v e th e omm a n of th e d .

d l c
F e er a a r my , a n d on e m or e st n s e d i i gu i h d hi l m se f b y s u b du i g
n
I di
th e n a n s of Ohi o in th e b l
a tt e of F a ll i b
en T m er s He di d in

fl
e .

s e , in 1 796 , a n d w
th e ol d f or t a t P r es qu I l
e as bu i d
r e
“a t th e foot '

o f th e a g s ta ff ,
”
a cc d i g
or n to his r e
-
que st I n 1 809 his r em a n s i .

wer e a r r e to C ester o n ty
c i d h c u .

C O N R A D W E I S E R a t th e g e of f ou te n em i g ted f om a r e ra r

Ge m y wi th h is p a en ts n d a c om p a n y of P a l a ti n es T h y
r an r a e

s ttl ed in a b od y in New Yo k
.

e H e e y oun g C on d li v d f o r . r ra e r
e i gh t m on th s w ith a n I n d i a n chi ef wh o took a g t fa n cy to h im , r ea

a n d ta u gh t him th e I n d i n l n g u a g so l u bl in his li f In a a e, va a e e .

1 723 wi th m n y of his G e m a n n i ghb o s in N wYo k h e

,
a ttl ed r e r e r , se

a t Tu l p h o k en n ea e R a d in gc H e g g ed i f m i n g n d a
,
r e . e n a n ar a c
qu i ed a l g e t c t of l n d in H ei d elb g town ship H is k n owl
r ar ra a er .

e dg of the M oh a wk s ec u ed him the p osi ti on of i n te p te fo

e r r re r r
th e p o i n c e in 1 732
r v H e h el d thi s p os i ti on a s l on g a s h e c ou l d
,
.

a tten d to its du ti s a n d w s p esen t a t a l l th e t ea ti es m a d e

e ,
a r r .

H is wo d w s h el d in g e t
r as p c t b y th e ed m n D u i n g th e r a re e r e . r

F en ch a d In d i a n wa h e w s c om m n d of l l the fo c es a i s d
r n r a a er a r r e
w t of th S u squ h a n n a I n his l a st y ea s h e liv ed in R ea d i n g
es e e r

H e d i d in 1 760 a n d is b u i ed in the f a m
. .

e ily g a v ey a d n ea
,
r r r , r
W om l d o f e s r .

B E NJA M I N W E S T w s b o n in th e c ou n ty of Ch e t ( n ow a r s er
D la w
e ) in 1 73 8 H e w s b o n a Q u a k a n d h d
are . t on g d a r er a a s r e
i to b ec om e p i n te b u t c eiv d li ttl e n c ou g m n t b
s re a a r, re e e ra e e e
a s
“
c u e his sec t th n we e opp os d t o li k n esses of a l l k i n d s e r e e
”
.

H ow h
ev ero c m a ll ob ta cl es in his w y H e d w h is
,
e v er a e s a . re

s i ste s b a by w
r
’
hil h e w tch ed it h e l n d f om the I d i a n s
e a ,
ea r e r n

h ow to p ep a e om s i m pl
r c ol o s r d h e d p oil ed th e c t s
s e e r ,
an es a
’

whi sk s to m k e b u sh A p p int ou tfit w

’
er an t of a as r . r ese a a er s

s en t to B en on e d a y b y F i n d in P hil a d lphi wh o h a d d e a r e e a ,

tec ted his w on d e f u l t l en ts w hil e on a v i s it to th e W e ts W i th

r a s .

it h m d e a p a i n ti n g th t g
e a e e i d en c of his f u tu e g a tn s a av v e r re es .

I n 1 759 h e v i s i ted It l y to stud y u n d

,
the g e t a ti sts T h en h e
a er r a r .

fou n d h is wa y to L on d on wh e h e w s p a t on i z d b y th K i n g , er a r e e

a n d b ec m th e p e i d en t of th e R oya l A c d em y of A ts
a e r s H e d i ed a r .

in L on d on in 1 820 .

G E OR G E W E S TI N G H O U S E w a s b o n in N wYo k nd s a r e r , a a

b oy b c a m f a m ili
e with m chi n e y in h is f th s g ic u l tu l
e ar a r a er
’
a r ra

wo k s t S ch n c t d y H
r a t ed th e eU io a m y in 1 863 . nd e en er e n n ar , a

a ft his etu r n b c m e s tud n t a t U n i on C oll eg

er r e H owev e the
a a e e . r,
3 36 A H istor y o f P enn sy lva n ia

s pi r i t of i nv en ti on which h a d m a d e him m ost u seful in the a r my

,

wa s too str on g to b e sh u t wi thi n c oll ege wa ll s G oi n g to T r oy on e

,

d a y a d el a y c a u sed b y a c olli s i on s ugg e sted to M r W esti n g

, , , .

h ou s e th e i d ea of a b r a k e u n d er the c on tr ol of th e en g i n eer .

B ei n g i n v i ted to P i ttsb u r g a s a g en t f or th e i n t odu c ti on of s teel , r

f r ogs h e tr a v el ed m u ch a m on g r a il r oa d m en a n d fi n a ll y g ot c on
, ,

s en t to t y his a
r ir r n h “
b a k e o t e P a n H a n d l e b etween P ittsb u r g
- - ”
,

a n d S teu b en v ill e A t a i n of fou r c a r s a n d a n en g i n e wa s fitted

. r

ou t in 1 86 8 a n d th e fi r s t a pplic a ti on of th e b r a k e p r e v e n ted a
, ,

c olli s i on with a wa gon on th e tr a ck Th e W esti n gh ou se A ir .

B r a k e C om p a n y wa s f or m ed th e n ext y ea r a n d s i n c e th en M r , .

W esti n gh ou s e h a s ta k en ou t m or e th a n p a ten ts i n cl ud i n g ,

th os e of th e a ir b r a k e th e u n i on swi tch a n d s i gn a l a pp a r a tu s
-
, ,

a n d el ec tr ic li g h ti n g I n 1 89 1 th e W es ti n gh ou se E l e c tr ic a n d
.

M a n u fa c tu r i n g C om p a n y wa s or g a n i z ed f or th e m a n u fa c tu r e of a l l
th es e p a ten ts Th e wor k s a r e in E a st P i ttsb u r g a n d empl oy th ou
.

sa n d s of op er a ti v es .

W I LLI A M W H I T E of P hil a d elphi a gr a du a ted f r om th e c ol , ,

l eg e th er e a t th e a g e of 1 7 H e c om p l eted h is th eol og ic a l .

s tud i es in 1 770 took h ol y or d er s in E n g l a n d a n d c om m en c ed

fl
, ,

his c a r eer a s a n E pi s c op a l cl e r gym a n in h is n a ti v e ci ty in 1 772 , .

H e wa s a z ea l ou s su pp or ter of th e R ev ol u ti on a n d ed to M a r y ,

l a n d wh en th e B r iti sh occ u pi ed P hil a d elphi a H e wa s ch a pl a i n .

to C on gr ess f r om 1 787 to 1 801 D r W hi te wa s m a d e bi sh op of

—
. .

P en n sy v a n a in 1 786 on e of th e fi r st th r ee in Am er ic a
l i .

RO B E R T W H I TE H I LL of C u m be l d b t n ti in L , r an ,
u a ve an
c st c ou ty
a er id d o f m two m il w t of H i b u g
n ,
r es e n a ar es es arr s r .

H w i p ublic li f fo
e as n l o g ti m d m d b illi n t d e r a n e, a n a e a r a an

s u cc fu l c o d D u i g t m S to of P
es s re r yl . i h r n a er as en a r en n s va n a , e
w Sp k
as t th ea c l b ted i m p chm t of th S u p m
er a e e e ra ea en e re e
C o t H w l c t d to Co g
ur e i 1 805 nd
as e e d i th t e n r ess n , a ser v e n a
b od y till hi d th i 1 81 3 F om 1 774 wh h
.

s ea d o th
,
n . r , en e s er v e n e
c ou ty c om m itt to th ti m of hi d ea th h fi ll ed a lmost ev e y
n ee , e e s , e r
p o i ti on i th g i ft of th p opl
s n e e e e .

JA M E S P YLE W I C K E R S H A M wa s b o n in Ch est c oun ty r er ,

an d b g hi ce an n du c to b y t chi g ch ool t the g

s a r e er a s a e a r ea n s a a e
of i xt
s Aft q uippi g hi m l f t th U i o ill Ac a d my
ee n . er e n se a e n nv e e ,

h took th p i n cip l hi p of th M i tt A c d m y i L
e e r c st a s e ar e a a e ,
n an a er
c ou ty H e w l c ted th fi t sup i t d t of ch ool in
n . as e e e rs er n en en s s
L anc t c ou n ty To i m p o e th t ch
a s er h h ld . T ch r v e ea er s e e a ea er s
’

I ti tut t M ill s ill d th u l i d th f ou d ti on of t h

h a t pl a c e — the fi r st in the S ta te —of which h e
”
ns e a er v e, a n s a e n a e
N or m a l S ch ool at t
b ec a m e the p r i n cip a l H e ser v ed in thi s c a p a ci ty for ten yea r s .
,

when G ov er n or C u r ti n m a d e h im S ta te S up er i n ten d en t of Com

m on S ch ool s H e n owh a d a wi d e fi el d of u s eful n ess a n d h e c u l

fl
.
,

tiv a ted e v e y p a r t o f it wi th s p l e n d i d r e s u l ts du i n g h is fou r teen

r r

yea r s of o i c e B efor e his d ea th in 1 89 1 h e w

. r ote a H i s tor y of , ,
 B iog r aphica l S ketches 3 37

E du c i on in P en n sy lv n i a which is a v e y v a l u a bl e c ont ib uti on

at a ,
r r
to th e hi sto y of th e S ta te r .

T H O M A S W I LLI N G wa s th e b u s i n ss p a tn e of R ob e t e r r r

M o is rr Th e fi m wa s of g e t a s s i sta n c
. to th e R v ol u ti on y
r r a e e ar
c u in su pply in g to es d fun d
a se M W ill in g wa s m yo of
s r an s . r . a r

P hil a d elphi Ju d g of th e S u p m e C ou t p e i d e t of th e P o
a ,
e re r ,
r s n r

v in c ia l C on g ess of 1 774 a n d b ec a m e a m m b r of th e C o ti
r ,
e e n

n n t l Con g ess in 1 775

e a H e v ot d a g a i st th e D ecl a ti o of
r . e n ar n

In d p en d en c e on the g oun d th a t it w s n ot the ti m e fo s u ch a

e r ,
a r
. st p e .

D A VI D W I L M O T of B a d f o d c ou n ty w a s b o n in 1 81 4 a n d , r r ,
r ,

e du c ted a t a n a c a d m y H e b g n the p c tic e of l wa t W il kes

a e . e a ra a
B a rre b u t s oon a ft wa d s settl ed in T owa n d a H b ec m a er r . e a e
p om i n en t D em oc a tic p olitici a n a n d se ed in C on g s f om
r r rv r es r

1 845 — 51 H e ws t e h u tho of t
. h “ W il m ot p o i so
a p o id in g a r e r v ,
”
r v

th a t s l a ve y b e x cl ud d f om te i to y to b
r pu ch a sed f om
e e r rr r e r r

M x ic o in 1 846
e It p ed th e H ou se b u t n ot th S
. at Fo a ss ,
e en e . r

s ev er al y ea s th e W il m ot p o i so w s b ou ght u p a n d d b ted
“ r r v
”
a r e a

wh en n ew t i to i w e to b o g a n i z d er r Aft s e v i g a s
r es er e r e . er r n

p esi d en t j ud ge in th e B d fo d d i st ic t h e b ec a m e Un ited S t tes

r ra r r ,
a
S n to in
e a r Two y e s l a te h w s m d e J udg of th e ar r ,
e a a e
Un i t d S ta tes Cou t of Cl a i m s H d i d t T owa n d a in 1 868 a n d
e r . e e a ,

th e f a mou s “ p ov i so is i nsc ib d on his tomb ston r

”
r e e .

JA M E S W ILS O N w s S c otch m a n du c ted a t Gl a sgow a a , e a ,

S t An d ew s
. nd E d i b u gh Un i e s iti es
r
’
H
a em i g a ted to n r v r . e r

Am e ic a a n d a fte p a c ticin g l a w t R d i n g a pp ea d in p ublic

r , ,
r r a ea ,
re
li f e a d l g te f om Cum b e l a n d c ou n ty to th e c on en ti on th t
s a e e a r r v a
m t in P hil d lphi to c on c e t m ea u es p p
e a e to y to th e F i s t
a r s r re ar a r r

C on ti n en t l Con g ess H e et i n ed hi es i d c in C a li l e till

a r . r a s r en e r s
1 777 w h n h em o ed to An n a p oli s M y l n d n d th e n ext y e
, e e r v , ar a ,
a ar
fi n a ll y settl ed in P hil a d elphi H e wa s p om i n t in th e d i c u s a . r ne s

s i on s p c ed i n g th e R e ol u ti on w s
re l ti m es a d el g t in v ,
a s ev er a e a e

C o g ss a d w s on e of th s i gn s of th D ecl a ti on of In d
n re ,
n a e er e ra e

pen d e c w h o l so s t i th C on ti tu ti on l C on
n e a ti on i 1 787 a n e s a v en ,
n .

I n 1 789 h w s p p oi n ted on e of th fi st a ssoci t j u stic of

a a e e r a e es

th S u p m Cou t
th
e

e
th f c t th t of the fi f ty fi
e a
re

U n i s ity of P n n syl n i
d w
v er
t th e s m ti m
e
W il son s f m e
l w p of
r
t chi
d el g t s to th C on tituti on l Con
a
,
o in

y in
e
an

-
as a
va
ve
a .

e a e
a e
’

e
e a
a
a
r es s

s
r ess

a
e fl r

v entio h e wa s th e b e t p ep a ed b y his kn owl d g e of hi to y

n ,
s r r , e s r

a n d th s ci en c e of g o
e nm t f o th e w o k th t wa s to b e d on v er en ,
r r a e .

No p ok e m o to th p oi t n d n o
ne s x c p ti g G ou
re u e n a n e, e e n v er n e r

Mo i rr d M d i on w
s an o oft n on h is f a t H d i d in N o th
s as s e ee . e e r

whil o hi j ud ic i l ci c u it n d w bu i d th e
,

C oli
ar na e n s a r ,
a as r e r e.

A LE X AN D E R W IL S O N w s S c otch m n who c m e to thi s a a a ,

a

c oun t y i 1 794 wi th a f w b o ow d hilli gs n d n o a qu in

r n e rr e s n a c a

t n c es
a H wo k d t fi s t wi th e c opp p l te p i te th n wi th
r e a r a er -
a r n r ,
e

in P hil d l p hi x t n d whil
.

a w ea v er H f oll ow d te chi n g a e a . e e a ne ,
a , e

h e tau gh t D a b y D el wa e c ou ty ( s
,

s ch ool n a a p ge e r r ,
a r n ee a

V
3 38 A H is tor y f
o P enn syl va n ia

b ec a m e a cqu a i n ted with th e f a m ou s n a tur a li st W illi a m B a r tr a m , ,

wh o b y h is own l ov e of bi r d s d eepl y i n te ested th e y ou n g m a n

, ,
r

in th a t b a n ch of n a tu r e
r W il son r esol v ed to m a k e a c oll ec ti on
.

of a l l th e bi d s of Am er ic a
r H e set ou t on his fi r st ex p e d i ti on
.

in 1 804 . H e stud i ed d r a w i n g a n d etchi n g a n d p r ev a il ed u p on ,

a P hil a d elphi a p u bli s h er to u n d er t a k e a n Am er ic a n O r n i th ol ogy ,

of w hich th er e a e n i n e v ol u m es H e tr a v el ed exten s iv ely in

r .

th e U n i te d S ta tes c oll ec tin g s p eci m en s f or n ea r ly a d ec a d e

, , .

I n h is ea g er n es s to g et a r a r e bi d h e s wa m a c r oss a r i v er
r ,

a n d c a ug h t c ol d which en d ed in h is d ea th a t P hil a d elphi a in

, , ,

1 81 3 . W il s on wa s a l so a p oet H e g a v e u s a b ea uti fu l g li m p se
.

i n to h is li f e a t D a by in his p oem
r Th e S oli ta r y T u tor .
”

D A VI D Z E I S B E R G E R wa s a M or a v i a n m i s s i on a r y , w h o em i
gr a ted to G eor gi a fr om M o a v i a in th e Au str i a n em pi r e H e
r , .

c a m e to P en n sylv a n i a to a s s i st in th e b u il d i n g of B ethl eh em a n d
N a z a r eth H e studi ed th e D el a wa r e l a n gu a ge a t B ethl eh em a n d
.
,
wen t a m on g th e F iv e N a ti on s to a cqu i r e th e u s e of th ei r s He .

n ot on l y d i d m i s s i on a r y w or k a m on g P en n sy lv a n i a I n d i a n s b ut ,

a m on g th ose of New E n g l a n d a n d th e S ou th W h en th e v a r i ou s .

tr ib es h a d b een d r iv en to C a n a d a a n d b eyon d th e O hi o Z eisb er g er

f oll owed ev en thith e
,
H e d i e d in G os h en O hi o a town which
r .
, ,

h e f ou n d ed .H e p ubli sh e d I n d i a n s ch ool b ook s of v a r i ou s k i n d s ,

a n d l eft a d i a r y exten d i n g ov er th e y ea r s f r om 1 781 to 1 79 8 .

C O U NT VO N Z I N Z E N D OR F f ou n d er of th e M or a v i a n c ol on y
,

a t B e thl eh em wa s b or n a t D r es d en G er m a n y in 1 700 edu c a ted a t

, , , ,

H a ll e a n d a fter tr a v eli n g f or a ti m e a s a r eli g i ou s r efor m er wa s

, ,

a pp oi n ted a m em b er of th e S a x on sta te c ou n cil B u t p oli tic a l li f e .

wa s n ot to his ta s te a n d h e b ec a m e i n ter ested in th e M or a v i a n

,

b r eth en a m on g wh om h e wa s o d a i n ed a bi sh op W h en h e h a d
.

r ,
r .

pl a n ted the s ettl em en ts in Am er ic a a n d or g a n i z ed a n um b er of

“
m i s s i on a r y sta ti on s a m on g th e I n d i a n s he r etur n ed to H er r n h u t ”
, ,

h is e sta te in S a x on y wh er e h e d i ed
, .
 A P P E ND I X

P r in cipa l O icer s of fl 4 .
the
va n ia
United S ta tes G over n men t f r om P ennsyl
,
1 783 to

NA M E D
poi
a te of a p
n tm en t
B or n D id
e

PR E S ID E N T S

fl
P r ior to the a d op tion of the Con stitu tion

Th m o as M i flin Nov 1 744 1 800

A thu l i
. .

r r St C a r . . . F eb . 1 734 1 81 8

T m of
B id
PR E S I E N T
er
D S er i vc e
or n D e

Un d er the Con s titu tion

J a m es Buch a na n 1 79 1 1 868

VIC E PRE S I E NT D

G eor
-
g M e . D a ll as —
1 845 1 849 1 792 1 864

E C R E T AR I E S O S T AT E S F

Ti m thy Pick i g
o er n 1 795- 1 800 1 829
J m B uch
a es anan 1 845- 1 849 1 79 1 1 868
J m i h S Bl ck
er e a . a .
1 860- 1 86 1 1 81 0 1 883

S E CRE T R E S o TRE S RY A I r TH E A U
A lb t G l l ti er a a n 1 801 - 1 81 4 1 761 1 849
Al x d J D l l
e an er . a as 1 81 4- 1 81 7 1 759 1 81 7
1 825- 1 829 1 780 1 859
S mu l D I g h m
a e n a 1 829- 1 831 1 773 1 860
Will i m J D u
.

a a ne 1 833 1 865
W lt F w d
.

a er or ar 1 841 - 1 843 1 786 1 852

Will i m M M ditha . er e 1 849 1 850
-
1 799 1 878

S ECR T R E S O W E A I F AR
Tim th y o 1 795 1 745 1 829
J m M P t
a es or er 1 843 1 844 -
1 793 1 862
Willi m Wilk i
.

a ns M 1 844 1 845 -
1 779 1 865
S im
.

C m on ! a er on 1 86 1 1 862-
1 799 1 889
E dw i M St t
.

n a n on 1 862 1 868 -
1 870
J D ld C m
. .

. on a a er on 1 876- 1 877 1 833

S E C RE T R E S O NAVY A I F TH E
Willi m J a on es 1 81 3 1 81 4
-
1 760 1 831
Ad lph E B io . or e . 1 869 1 809 1 880

S E C R E T AR Y o I NT E IO R r TH E R

T M T MK. . c en n a n . . 1 850 1 794 1 852

( 3 39 )
340 Appen dix

P r in c ipa l Officer s of th e U n ited S ta tes G ov er n m en t — c on tin u ed

NA M E T er m Of B or n D id
e
S er v I c e

P O S TM A S T E R S G E N E R AL
Tim othy Pick i g er n 1 791 - 1 795 1 745 1 829
J m
a C m pb ll
es a e 1 853 1 857 -
1 81 2 1 892
J h W m k
o n ana a er 1 889- 1 893 1 838
Ch l E m o y S m i th
a r es r 1 898 1 842

A TT O RN EYS G E N E R A L

Willi m B dfo d a ra r 1 794- 1 795 1 755 1 795

R ich d R u h ar s 1 81 4- 1 81 7 1 780 1 850
H y D G ilpi
en r n 1 84 0- 1 841 1 801 1 860
J m i h S B l ck
.

er e a a 1 857 1 860 -
1 81 0 1 883
E d win
.

‘
M S ta n ton 1 860- 1 861 1 81 4
W
.

a y n e M a c Vea g h
5
1 88 1 833
B en j a m n i H . B re w s ter 1 881 1 88 -
1 81 6 1 888

A SS OCIA T E J U S T C E S O H S U R E M E CO U R T I F T E P

J m Wil
a es s on 1 789- 1 798 1 742 1 79 8
y B l dwi
.

H en r a n 1 830- 1 846 1 779 1 846

R b tC G i
o er r er 1 84 6 1 870 -
1 794 1 870
Willi m S t g
.

a r on 1 870- 1 880 1 808 1 89 5

G eorg S hi J e r a s, r 1 892 1 832

PRE S I E N T S O M O H S E NA T E D PR TE . F T E

Willi m B i gh m a n a 1 797 1 729 1 808

J m RO
a es SS 1 797 1 799 -
1 761 1 84 7
A d wG gg
n re re 1 809 1 755 1 835

S E E R S H O U E O R E R E S E N T A TIVE S
P AK S F P

F A M uhl b g en er 1 789- 1 79 1 1 750 1 801

F A M uhl b g
. . .

en er 1 793 1 795 -
1 750 1 801
G lu h A G w
. . .

a s a ro 1 86 1 - 1 863 1 823
S mu l J R d ll
. .

a e . an a 1 876- 1 881 1 828 1 890

S E N TOR S
A

Wil li m M cl y a a a 1 789- 1 871 Sam u

el M c Kea n 1 833- 1 839
R b tM i J a m es Buch
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

o er or r s 1 789 1 79 5
-
anan 1 834- 1 84 5
A lb t G ll ti i l S tu g
O O O O O O O O O O O O O

er a a n 1 79 3- 1 794 D an e r eon 1 839- 1 85 1

J m R i
S m on C a m er on
o ss 1 794 1 803
—
1 845- 1 849
-
a es
Wil li m B i gh m J p
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

n a 1 795 1 801 a m e s Coo er 1 849 1 855

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a
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o n en er 1 801 ar ro ea 1 85 1 - 1 857
g L g Willi m Bi gl
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Geor e o an 1 801 1 807

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a er 1 855 - 1 86 1
S m u l M cl y
a e a a 1 803 1 808
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S im o C m o n a er n 1 857 1 861
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A d wG gg
n re re 1 807 1 81 3
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D v i d Wil m ot
a 1 86 1 1 863
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M ich l L ib ae e 1 808 1 81 4
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Ab L c ck C h l e R B uc k l w
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n er ea o 1 81 3 1 81 9
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ar s a e 1 863 1 869
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J th R b t S i m o C m e on
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on a an o er s 1 81 4 1 821
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n a r 1 867 1 877
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W lt L w i
a er o r e 1 81 9 1 825
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J oh S c ottn 1 869- 1 875
Willi m Fi dl y
a n a 1 821 - 1 827 Willi m A W ll c a a a e 1 875- 1 881
Willi m M k J D o ld C m o
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a ar s 1 825 1 831
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na n 1 877 1 89 7
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sa a arn ar 1 827- 1 831 n e 1 88 1 1 887

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M tth w S t l y Q u y
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Geor li D ll
e l n a as 1 83 1 1 83C
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a e an e a 1 887- 1 899
Willi m Wi lki
a ns . 1 831 1 834
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B oi Pen o ese r s
 I ND E X
Ad m cou ty 232 S l G tty bu g
a s n ee a so e s r B ltim
a or e , Lo d r 16
Ad lphu Gu t v 1 7 B g
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d p tm t Of B k fir st b a n k P lv i
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All g w i I di p i t 279
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e e 2 n ans, Ba t s s,
A ll gh y v ll y 64 93 1 24 u ty B J M hlo 249
. .

e en a e ; co n a r n es , a n,
85 1 85 city 268 308 B h d I c D 340
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All th 1 67 303 B“ t m Joh 36 253 304
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A llm J m T 246 B v J m A 239 241 244 301 ;
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Am d m t O f F m O f G v m t c ou ty 89
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1 01 1 02 O f F d l c tituti 1 82 B dfo d town 75 76 1 33 1 36 255 ;
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a e on s n n
Am ic Phil phic l S ci ty 326 B i l Co d 47
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A d t 3 B ll fo t 1 95 299 302
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n a s es , e e n e, [ 31 7
A b D y 240 B k c ou ty 1 50 1 88 266 274 296 297
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r or a er s n
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a a n a ; o as 280 339
A 239 c u ty 89 267 273 B ic t i l 238
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m y W hi gt B iddl E dw d 1 46 1 48 304; Nichol s
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c o i g th D l w B igl Willi m 21 2 298 340
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c m t P y lv i i 1 777 1 56 B ig Ru w y 1 70 , , , , .

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t V ll y F l v V ll y B i gh m Willi m 340
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,

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A m bl y G l fi t 28 30 1 00 “B l c k F i d y 308
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Bl ckw ll J oh 1 1 2 290
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ight 1 1 2
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h m 1 1 3 c upl b ut w 1 1 5 B oo D i l 31 8 , .

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1 21 1 30 g t igh t t dj u t will B o d c ou ti 232
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h l d b ck G v l y
,

B o i Adolph E 339
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B ouqu t Colo l 76 82 1 33 1 35 1 38
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di put with P p i t y 1 24
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B ck idg H ugh 1 85 1 86 1 90 306 ,

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k d t build f t th Ohi 1 25 B ddock tow 268
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c t d f th igh t t pply t x B ddock c a m p ig 1 27 1 28 o d
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ar ; e on s n or an e 252, 293 , 305 ; a m , 340; o n ty ,

O f g v m t 1 38 cc pt ct O f
,

o er n en a e s a s 69 , 337
F i t C ti t l C g B d p i u
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on 1 48 i n en a on r ess , r a y , Ca ta n S a m el , 88, 305

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.

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s r uc s e e a es n e on on n en ran y n e , 33 , 1 51 1 59
g c iv i t B r ew B i
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a I 49 on r es s , re e es n s r uc ster , enj a m n H , 340
ti th P p i t y d i B idg
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on s ,1 51 1 07 ; e r o r e ar es , r es , 257
,

Bi l
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r s to , 23 , 33 , 39
A ci t 1 23 1 49 B r ow h l
.

s so a or s , n, C a r e s B r ock d en , 253 , 306

Audub J m 253 304 J h ch l
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on , a es , o n , 21 5 ; th e s oo m a s ter , 76
Aughwick 74 B w
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,

r o n - s ton e , 275
B g
.
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r y a n , G eor e , 1 67, 1 71 , 293

B ch B j m i F 253 B M aw
.

a e, en a n 304 r yn r , 52
B ldwi H , ,

B uch J
. . .

a 340 n, en r y ana n , a m es , 21 5 , 21 6 , 300, 305 , 306,

B l l t R f m 244
, .

a o e or , . 339 , 340 .

( 341 )
342 I n d ex

B uck c u ty 30 62 1 29 1 54 21 1 257
s o n
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C o titution O f 1 776 1 07 1 08; ve g
ns a ra e
lif O f Am ic 1 08 Of 1 790
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276 333 e an er an, ;

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a e a r es 1 09 of 1 838 1 09 1 1 0 205 ;
;
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“B u t C bi C o w y C b l 1 64 307
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Bu w Th m H 204 307 Cook J y 233 308
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B u hy
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r un , er a e
B utl Z b l 67 1 68 307 c u ty 89 C opp 275
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er e u on , ; o n er
Co bi M g t 308
, , , , , , .

273 r n, ar ar e
Byb y 33
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Cor r y , 93
C dw l d J h 1 55 307 C u ci O f
.

a a a er o n, o n l Cen sor s 1 08, 1 09 , 1 76 ; Of

C m b i c u ty 88 f
.
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a r a o n S a ety , 1 06 1 07 1 51 , 1 54 1 55
Cm S im C u g “ th e r ea t n ew 89 ; m a p ,
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a er on , 21 9 307 329 339 34 0 on , ; o n ty A ct ,
l d 339 340 p
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on a r esen t , 65 ; of 1 800, 89
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pb ll J
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Ca m e , a m es 340 Co e en 265 , 3 08
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.
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C a n a s , 9 1 , 1 97, 1 99 200, 21 2 21 3 21 4 , Cr a m , li a m , 269 , 309

c i i f dc u
Cr a w or
, , , .

256 261 263 , 268 : omm s s on er s 200 o n ty , 89

pi l p Th
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C a t a , S ta te , 1 87 1 95 C r es a , om a s , 79
pi l gh G g
.
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b cu c u
. .

C a r on o n ty , 62, 264 Cu m b er l a n d v a l l ey 45 , 5 4 223 ; o n ty

C li l
. , , , ,

ar s e 60, 74 , 76 , 1 36 1 75 , 1 82, 1 84 , 1 88, 1 27, 1 29 , 1 36 , 21 1 267 29 7 324

Cu i A d
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n r ew G , 21 6 , 21 7 21 8 21 9 ,
, ,

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C gi A d n r ew
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a r ne e, , 245 , 308 223 , 229 , 231 , 299 , 329

p l
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Ca r en ter s H a l , 1 07, 1 46 , 1 47, 1 84

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.

C a t ol s , 279 D a ll a s , eor e 309 , 339 , 340; ex

xhibi i d M 339
.

C en tenn i a l E t on , 234 236 -

an er
c u vill 269
. .
, .

Cen tr e o n ty , 209 , 302 D an e,

by 279 339
. .

Cl nb er sb u r g 76 , 221 , 222 224 , 230, D [ 283 322

gg
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D uphi c u ty 54 1 80 1 96 275 276
, , , , . , .

a n o n
P P ivil g D c tu S t ph
, , , , , ,

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a r ter en n s , 97; Of r e es , 1 04 , e a 1 94 309
r e en ,
D cl ti O f I d p d c 1 52 1 54
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é 79 e ara on n e en en e ,
-

Ch ig f m P y lv i 1 54
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a se , S B233 th e s n er s ro enn s an a ;
Ch iv O f R ight 1 08 1 09
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ea t r er , 82 s,
Ch T D l m t G g W 244
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er r y r ee, 88 e a a er eor e
Ch D l w St t fi t ttl m
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es ter , t ow
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n , 28, 33 , 269 , 321 , e a a r e, t i 16 a e, r s se e en n,

326 ; c u
o n ty , 30; e s a n d S ot Wlh c ch c ll d th “th l w c u ti 1 0
a e e r ee o er o n es ,
”

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r s in , 53 , 54 ; 207, 266, 275 , 276 , 279 , f m or p t c u cil 1 1 2 g t
s a se ar a e o n ; e s a
p t A m bly 1 1 3 b y— di
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3 1 7, 325 se ar a e sse : a s
h u Ri dg f 1 4 I di
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y 1 3 4 5 63
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f iz 1 34 L o d 1 4 iv fi t ttl m t
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h ev a u x -d e r e , 1 50, 1 62, 1 75 -
r ; r er rs se e en
1 5 c u ty 21 259
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C ewm a ns on , 1 61
.
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i hu ch i g Will i m 267
.
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C hr s t C r 36-
38, 279 D en n n a
Ch i i y Wil li m 1 32 292
. , .
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r s t a n a , 21 1 D en n a
i c u D ick i J h 1 06 1 38 1 40
.
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Cl a r on o n ty , 273 n son , th o n, ; as e
c u “P y lv i F m
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Cl e a r fi el d o n ty , 88, 29 8 enn s 1 41 1 44 1 45 an a ar er
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Cl y m er , Geor e , 1 06, 1 51 , 1 54 , 1 78, 1 80, i C n 1 46 1 48 1 5 2 1 53 1 54

on r es s , ;
i P i d t 1 75 i C tituti l
, , , ,

309 , 320; H es ter , 232 as r es en ; n on s on a

l v ti Of 1 787 1 78 k tch O f
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,

Coa , 91 , 92, 261 264 -

C on en on ; s e
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,

Coa t of r m s, 1 0 0
lg v D ill A d wH 237
.

Co r o e, 274 n re
l i gv D bbi i l 1 93
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Co on a l o er n m en t , 96 o D n s, an e
u bi D c k Ch i t ph
.
, .

Col m a , 1 95 , 1 97, 21 0, 260, 329

C c —
om m er e , 1 1 7, 250 252
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D y l t w 308
o es o
, 280 r s o
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“ om m on S en se , ” 1 51 ft 221
.
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.

on or , Th e, 40 D k
ra E L 273 e, [ 339
ugh c k Du Will m 253 31 0 Willi m J
. . . . .

Con em a r ee , 261 a n e, ia a
g wg I di B i 95 , , ;
.

C on es to a , a on s , 25 5 , 262 ; n a n s, D u o s,
D uch é J c b
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4 , 55 , 56 R 1 67 31 0 ev a o
C g i F D uk O f Y k 1 9
.
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on r es s Con t n en ta l i r s t, 1 46 ; S ec e or
Du c vill 329
, . , .

on d , 1 48, 1 54 1 59 , 1 6 7, 1 7 5 n ans e,
C icu cl i O f d i pu wi h D u tch ttl m
,

th D l w
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on n ec t t, a m 64 ; s te t t se 14 e en s o n e e a a r e,
ld 1 7 cl i m 1 6 ttl Mi i i k
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sett e 68 a se e on n s n
F l t 1 7 ul 1 9 W t I di Com
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Con n e y D r o n 83 a s, r e, es n a
c ch gu
;
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on o o ea e , 74 , 75 . a ny , 15 .
 I n dex 343

Ea ston 45 60 64 1 59 269 , 270 296 333 F ul

ton , o er t , 257, R b 258, 31 2, 322 ;
duc i cu
.

l ch l
, , , , , , .

E a t on ( see a s o S oo s ) 36 1 90 o n ty , 222, 232

1 99 200 201 fou d t io Of l id 277; B i
, , , .

; n a ns a F u r ly , enj a m n , 1 02
i co stituti o Of 1 776 d 1 790 281 ; Fu
,

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n n ns an , r n a es , 266- 268
in th ch t ch it bl
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282 e d ar er ar a e an
p l 285 ; com pul so y 285 ; hi gh G ll tin A lb t 1 85 31 2 339 340
,

en a r er a a er
G llow y Jo ph 1 38 1 46 1 48 1 67 31 3
, , , , , , , , .

286 287 a a se
E ld Joh 55 31 0 G y Joh —
, . , , , , , , .

erR ev n, ea r W 228 232 300 n

E gli h fi st s ttl m t O f i P en n y l 39 53 ; c ll d P l ti
, .
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, , , .

n s r e e en n s G m er ans, 44 a e a a n es ,
v ni 21 ; im m i g n t 91 92 wh f om 44 ; g t um b Of
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duc tion Of 49 ; occup tio l
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47 1 59 280
ra a 45 ; e a a n an
E pi c op li gu g fi po itio i th S t t 50
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r e, n n 51 207 as r n er s en , n
89 ; I d i Ju i ta v l l y 74 76 ; i Yo k
, , , , , , , ,

7 n a n s, n a a e n r
Ev Joh 1 1 4 290; Ol iv 258 31 0 c ou ty 74 ; i outhw t P
.
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a n s, n, er n yl n s es er n en n s
E wi g J m v i 85 ; n tu liz tio O f 1 1 6
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n 1 55 31 1 a es , an a, a ra a n ;
im m i g tion of ch k d 1 1 8
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ra ec e
“F i Pl y m G m ct 48 1 67
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F ll Of T to G m town s ttl d 39 43 1 59 ; b t
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F y tt cou ty 85 1 85 31 2
a e e n tl of 1 60 1 61 ; 266 279 ;
e c d m y 43 -
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F o Joh 253 31 1 G tty bu g b ttl Of 223 230 p i ti g
, , , . , , , .

en n n, e s r a e
-
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Fi dl y Willi m 1 96 1 98 1 99 296 340 O f b ttl of 327 ; Th dd u S t v
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F“i dley Willi m 1 81 1 85 281 31 1 ttl
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n a se i 331 es n,
Fi t D f d Gill Joh D 244
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F itch Joh 1 78 257 31 1
,

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F itz S im o Thom 1 78 Gi t Phil ip 262 263
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F iv N tio 1 6 d S t ph n 252 31 3 ; col l g 287
,

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Fl g p ov i ci l 1 23 B t y R O S 1 57 Gi t Ch i toph 81
, . , , , .

a r n a e s S s r s er
y lv a i b a ttl G ol d Book f Q u A 44
,

327; P
, , , , , .

231
en n s n a e, en O een n n e,
“Fl t I o G ook i Ch l s 1 1 5 290
. .

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a 81 r n, n, ar e
F l tch Gov o 1 03 1 1 3 G o do Pa t ick 1 1 8 290
.
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Fl ood Of 1 889 242 302 Gov n o Of P ovi c t bl vot a d
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, , .

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F b s G n e l 38 1 32 1 34 ; oa d 75 v to Of 1 02 ; Of S t t 1 09 1 1 0 208
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G f y 1 83 304
, , , , , , , , .

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F o y John W 21 5 31 1 G t M d w 85
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Fo t cou ty 89 G g g A d w 1 99 340 D vi d M 229
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Fo t All 1 30; Augu t 71 73 1 30;
, .
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Ch isti G c tl 222
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C im as 18 er19 D r na u r een as e,
ques G c u ty 273
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vil l I di t a ty Of 86 ; G i R b t C 340
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B o uf 81 1 25 ; Ligon i 1 36 ; G w G lu h 31 3 340
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L oudo 75 1 27; M ch ul t 1 25 ; M c G u dy Th m H 246
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n, a a r n o as
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Pitt 76 81 83 85 1 37 1 70; P qu H m il t A d w 1 04 290 J m

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I l 87 88 1 25 335 ; S hi l y 1 31 1 35 ;
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a t 67 n an ur a se a H an o n e
71 82 ; Wa hi gto t w 82 83
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308 s n n, H a nn a s o n
“Fo ty F o t 67 1 69 v 224
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Fo w d W l t i Joh 4 John
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r an inn, o on a l h is en a n H a r tm a n , M r s , 1 38
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tor y , 37, 38, 84 , 1 05 , 1 06 , 1 07, 1 22, 1 23 , H a r tr a n t, o n 233 , 236 , 301

gl d i g il
.

1 24, 1 26 , 1 27, 1 30; in E n a n , 1 34 , 1 39 , H a st n s , D a n e H 246 , 248

C g v f d
.

1 40; in on r es s , 1 48, 1 49 , 1 52, 1 53 , H a er or , 31 6

F c P id w y h l
.

1 54 ; in r a n e , 1 55 , 1 67; a s r es en t , H a l e , C a r es I 246
k ch Of I
.

, 1 7 8, 1 81 , 1 82 ; 252, 286 ; s et H a y es , D r I , 31 7
g; zl
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,

9 H a eton , 248
F k w c u y zl w d J h
.

r a n li n , to n , 93 ; o n t , 1 80 221 , H a e oo , o n , 1 62, 31 4
w
, .

222, 232, 306 , 328 H eck e el d er , 8, 47, 31 5

F ch c f d ick p i
. .

r en , er e t or ts , 1 25 H en r s on , C a ta n , 1 5
F i d S Qu k i J ph
. .

r en s ee a er s H ester , ose , 1 9 6 , 1 98, 296

F i R b lli 1 88 lli d bu g
. . .

r es
’
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. .

Fr on t er for ts , 1 30 . H om estea , 95 , 245 , 268 .

3 44 I n d ex

H on es a l e 259 d L a n c a ster w
to n , 39 , 45, 1 59 , 1 75 1 76 ,
pk i cis 37 1 63 31 5 F
, .
, ,

Ho n s on ran 1 88, 1 95 , 266 , 283 , 295 307, 326 , 331 ;

c u
, ,

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, ,

se o n ty , 54 , 76 , 78, 1 27, 1 29 , 1 36 , 21 1 ,
“H ot W t R b ll io 1 88
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a er e e n 255 , 267, 275 , 276 , 31 1 , 3 1 7
H ou Of R p t t iv c J ph
, . .

se 1 09 205 e r esen a es , L a n a ster , ose , 283

H ou to R ob t J 241 d cl Of P
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p lic
.

s n, er L a n s , a sses , 60 enn s
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B ov d Thom 254 31 5 pci g g c
.

en en , a s, s e t n , 60; S ta te ets omm on , 61

F k
.
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L
.

H oy t, H enr y M , 237 238, 239 301 a n e, r a n lin H , 237

ud y
,

L i
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H s on H enr 1 0, 1 4 a tt m er , 248
ugu L
.
, , .

H en ot s 57 58 a u r el Hill , 83 , 1 28
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L a w, th e r ea t , 1 01
.
, , .

n 275
u ph h l L w c c u
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H m r ey s C a r es 1 46 1 48, 1 52 1 53 a r en e o n ty , 89
ul L w cv
, , , , , .

1 54, 3 1 6 ; S a m e , 269 , 31 6 a r en e ill e, 21 7

u g i pp v d C
.

L aw
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H n a r a n s 94 s , to b e a ro e b y r own , 9 7, 1 1 5 ;
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,

H nt n n 75 , 287 303 ; o n ty to b e ex a n e b y a en t in on on ,
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222 97 1 1 8 tes t , 1 77 r t s in P en n sy l
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a ni a , 1 91
I m p chm t Of L g 1 1 4 Of S L c ck A b
.

ea en o an ; u ea o n er , 340
p m C u t J u tic 1 90 c u y
,

Lb
, , .

re e o r s es , e a n on , 45 , 60; o n t , 266
I d p d c H l l 1 1 9 1 21 1 98 246 gi l u
. .

n e en en e a
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303 a r o, 1 91 ; r a n ts a r ter s , 1 99 ;
I di c u ty 88 c c c i i —
.

n ana o n r ea te s an al om m ss on er s 200 es
I di c u t y 86 89 f ch l
.
,

ll
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t a b lish es r ee s oo s 202 204 ; se s
I d i pu ch m p Of 6 fi t 26
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n an r a s es , a ; r s or s , 21 3 ; e tr a s es s on of ,
Of xp d public vic i
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63 ; 1 736 a n d 1 75 8, 60 ;
Of 1 686 , 61 ; 240; e an s ser e , 246 ; s ts
Of 1 754 , 66 , 74 , 75 , 76 ; of 1 768, 67. 71 , in a ch ch ur , 24 7

vl y c
.

83 , 88 ; of 1 749 , 70 ; of 1 784 , L eh ig h , a l e , 45 , 92
'

oun ty , 1 88, 274 ,

73 , 86 z75
I di ib P lv L ib M ich
. .

n a n s , tr es of , in en n sy a ni a , 1 e a el , 340
ch c l i L ip Th
, .

8; a r a ter a n d ife , 8 1 4 ; t r ea t es , om a s , 259

-
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h P v L L p I
.

11 t r ea ten en n sy l a ni a , 1 22 ; en ni - en a e n di a n s , 1 3
-

h w h il L i bu g
ew s
.

s o ost i ty , 1 23 r , 31 7

I gh u L wi s tow
. .

n a m , S a m el D , 339 e n , 75 , 21 9 , 3 1 8
I g ll J d Lib B ll
. . .

n er s o , a r e , 1 78, 3 1 6 er ty e , 1 20, 1 53 , 1 58, 246 , 322

I l I p v Lib Phi d lphi
. .

n t er n a m r o m en ts , 1 1 0, 1 77, 1 83 , r a r y , S ta te, 246 ; la e a , 29 1

Li u gv
.

1 92, 1 96 , 1 99 , 200, 201 , 204 , 21 2, 21 3 , e ten a n t- o er n or , 1 1 1

Lig v ll
.

21 4 , 256 , 264 oni er a ey , 82

I v i Li c l P id A b h c
. .

I
n en t on s , 1 77
ih
r s , 91 , 92
. n o n,
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230 a n
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I
.
,

r on , 9 1 , 9 2, 254 , 266 268 c es tr y , 31 7 a n d M c Cl ur e , 31 8 and

-

I ui Th c Ab h
.

r oq o s , 1 , 4 , 5 , 3 1 7, 329 om a s S ott , 329 r a a m , 1 81 ,

I v Wil M dci
.

r in e , li a m , 38, 1 85 , 31 6 31 7; or e a , 31 8
Li u
. .

ter a t r e , 252 254 -

J a ck s Na r r ows 75 Li i z
.

’
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J a c ob s Ca pta i n 1 31 Ll d Th
. .
,

oy , om a s , 1 1 2, 1 1 3 , 290
J a y s T r ea ty 1 87 L ck v
, , . .

H a e n , 72, 92, 270

’
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J en k s G eor ge A 249 L g J
.
, .

o an, a m e s , 44 1 04, 1 1 4, 1 1 5 , 1 1 8, 1 21 ,
J ohn ston Willia m F 21 0 21 2 298 g
, .
, .
,

1 23 , 1 25, 291 , 304 ; G eor e , 340 ; th e

J Oh n stown 9 5 242 244 269 M i g Chi f
, .
, , , .

n o e , 75 , 31 8
-

J on es Will i a m 339 lg
, , , . .

L og Col e e , 54 , 287, 333

J ud icia r y 1 09 1 1 0 1 1 5 1 90 24 7 L i Wl
.
, , .

owr e, a te r 340
J u n ia ta v a lley 6 45 64 74 77 L lh
, , , , , .
, .

a n n a , 1 33
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Lu b i g
, , , , . .

m er n , 92, 269- 271

K E li h K 21 4 81 6 Lu h
.

D
a ne, r s a t er a n s , 48, 49 321
K ith S i Willi m 29 1 1 6 L uz c u
. .
, , .
, .

e r a 290 er n e o n ty , 69 24 9 , 264, 301

G o g 53 1 03 L c i gc u y
, , , , , .

e r e, y om n o n t , 73
K ll y J oh 1 55 31 7
, . .

e e n,
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tt 3 3 1 57 3 32
en n e M a c Vea g h a y n e 340
Ki g to 66 1 69 g
, , , .
, , .

n s n, M c Ca l l , G eor e A 220 3 1 8
Willi ul
, . .
, , .

K i k im i it
s 82 n a s, M c Cl a y a m 1 95 340; S a m e ,
Kitt i g 75 88 1 31 G g
.
, , ,

ann n M c Cl ell a n eo r e B 3 1 9 330

Kitt ti y v ll y 59 Al d
ex a n er K
, , , .
, .
, , .

a nn a e , . M c Cl ur e ,
21 8 31 8 .
, , .

K y a s h u ta 85 3 1 7 M c Con n ell s b u r g 222

Th
, , , .

M c K ea n om a s 1 81 1 82 1 85 , 1 89 , 1 90
L ck wa n n a c ou ul
, , , , .

a a n ty , 264 1 9 1 281 29 5 ; S a m e 340

f c u
.
, , , .

La a y ette , 1 57, 1 59 . M c K ea n o n ty 273 , 274 , .

 I n d ex 34 5

M cK eespor t 95 268 Na vy S ta te and Con t i n en ta l 1 06 , 1 50,

T M
, , .
, ,

M c K en n a n T 339 1 511 62, 270, 31 4

M a g z i 253 306 328 z h
.
, . . .
, .
,

a n es , N a a r et , 46 , 1 29 , 280, 339
M h i g c k 89 h i c k
. .
, ,

a on n r ee Nes a m n y r ee , 26 , 257
M h im 3 32 vill J h
. .
,

an e Ne e, o n , 1 85 , 322
M uf ctu i g 41 42 91 264—269 309 w l
.
, .

an a r n Ne Ca st e , 269
M cu H k 33 1 94 wG v
, , , , , . .

ar s oo Ne en e a , 3 1 2
M kh m Will i m 26 28 1 01 1 03 1 1 2 w
, , . .

ar a a Ne G otten b er g , 1 8
w v
, , , , , , , .

289 Ne H a n o er , 48, 321

M k Will i m 340 w h l d
. .

ar s, a Ne Net er a n s , 1 5 , 1 9
M y l d 77 81 wp p fi P lv i
, . .

ar an
-
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M d D ix Li 80 84 220 222 fi P lv i
, .

G er m a n in
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a s on a n on s n e, r st en n s y a n a , 43 ;
M S m u l R 237
.
, , ,

a s on a e 252, 298, 304 , 305 , 31 0, 31 1 , 31 8

M uch Chu k 92 259 262 267
,

wv ll
.
, . .

a n Ne i e , 267
M d G g G 220 224 225 228 31 9 ick l
, , , , . .

ea e, eor e N e , 275
M di 287 i I c
.
, , , , , . .

e a Nor r s , sa a , 1 38, 322

M it 39 42 48 280
,

i w
. .

en n on es ,
-
Nor r sto n , 1 63 , 297, 301 , 31 4 , 31 5
M c c u ty 89 c u
.
, , .

Nor h a m pton o n ty , 62, 1 29 , 1 30, 1 88,

Z
er er o n
M c b g 254 296 306 , .

er er s ur 27
M dith Willi m M 31 9 339 ; S m hu b l d w
, , , .

er e a a Nor t m er a n , to n , 71 , 1 95 , 325 ;
c u
, .
, ,

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p i
. .

M ey , Ca ta n , 1 5 , 1 6
M iddl w O th of Q u k
.

eto n , 1 70 a s, 114 11 5 a er s , 116 of

Th ll gi n c 1 77
.
, ,

om a s , 1 44 , 1 46 , 1 48, 1 78, 1 81 ,
‘
M ifil in , a e a e,
hold qu lific tio Of
.

1 82, 1 83 , 1 86 , 1 87, 1 89 , 295 , 339 Offi c e- er s , a a ns in

M ili i 1 790 ; m d l c ti v 1 1 0
.
,

t a , 1 1 6 , 1 21 , 1 3 0, 1 54, 1 61 , 1 71 a e e e e,
Mill P Ogo tz 308
. .

er , eter , 47 n
M il Ohio v ll y 64 1 24
. .
,

ton , 95 , 299 329 a e

Mi i i k Fl Oil City 93 273
, .
, , .

n s n a ts , 3 , 62, 63 , 69 , 334
Mi P
.
.
, ,

n ui t , eter , 1 7 O d O E
r 220
Mi chi z O w i g b u g 69
. . .
,

s a n a , 1 65 r s r
Mi ch ll J h
. .
,

t o n I , 340 Ox en stier n 1 7
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M Wi hick f d
Ox or
. .
.
,

on a ster y , ss a on , 43 287
M g h l v ll
,
. .

on on a e a a ey , 222, 254 , 267

M c u P ck Willi m F 21 4 21 5 21 6
.

on r oe o n ty , 62 a er a 299
M I di P i Th m 1 51 253 323
.
, .
, , , , .

on sey n a n s, 2 a n e, o a s,
M g c u
,

P l ti t 44
.
, .

on t om er y o n ty , 31 , 48, 52, 1 88, 21 1 , a a na e,

P lm A th y 1 23 291
.

266 , 279 , 297 a er n on

M u Md R l d P ic 21 4 233
.
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on to r , a a m e , 329 o an and an s,
A d w P li 1 59
.
,

, 329 ao
n re
M W lli P p m o y 1 1 0 1 1 7 1 1 8 1 25
. .
,

oor e , i a m , 1 75 , 294 a er ne 1 70, 1 73 ,

M d
oor ew
.
, , , , ,

oo , 245 204
M vi P k city 93
. .

or a a n s , 46 , 69 , 1 59 , 280, 282, 31 5 ar er
M ich l ll Ch l S t w t 331
. .
,

or e , D r N o a s , 1 01 a r ne a r es e ar
M g z P ti p litic l 1 87 1 91 1 96
. .
, , .

or a n a , 287 ar es , o 1 98, 200, a

M i Rb u
.
, , , ,

or r s , o er t H n ter , 1 26 , 1 29 , 1 30, 204 , 205 , 208, 21 0, 21 3 , 21 4 , 21 6 , 233 , 23 7,

1 3 1 , 1 32, 292 ; o er t , 38, 1 06 , 1 26, 1 52, R b 239 , 241 , 244 , 246 , 3 23
P iu F ci l
.

1 53 , 1 54, 1 55, 1 71 , 1 73 , 1 75 , 1 78, 1 81 , 251 , a s tor s, r an s D a ni e , 40, 279 , 323

uv u P R b
.

320, 327, 340; G o er ne r , 1 78, 327 a tter s on , o er t , 206 , 208, 323

M i v ll P i R b
. .

or r s i e , 309 a tt s on , o er t E , 239 , 240, 24 1 244 ,

M J h
. .
,

or ton , o n , 1 46 , 1 48, 1 52, 1 53 , 1 54, 320 245 , 301

M Lu c i P x “ g B w hip
. .

”
ott , r et a , 21 5 , a ta n , oy s , 55 56 ; to n s , 7 0,
-

M t C a r m e , 95 l 1 71 , 31 0
i P l h l R b d
. . .

M t U n on , 222 ea e , C a r e s , 323 em r a n t , 254 ,

M hl b g
. .

u en er , R ev H enr y M , 48, 321 ; 3 23

F d ic P Mu ul
. . .

s e m , 253
’
r e er k A , 48 1 09 , 1 76 , 1 81 , 322, 340; ea e s
J h P hilf Agl
. .
,

o n G , 48, 321 , 340 G ott , 48, P en r y , 275

Willi
. . .

322 ; R ev H A , 204 en n , a m , 1 0, 1 1 , 1 2 ; and th e

Mu c J iv O f c di
. . . .

n y , 72 er sey s , 22 ; m ot e 22 ; on
Mu Li d l i fv i g c l y
.
,

r r ay , n ey , 284 , 322 t on s a or n h is o on , 23 h is
Mu i Of P lv i Li ch iv l P lv i
.

t ny , en n sy an a n e , 1 73 a r ter , 24 ; a r r a in en n sy an a ,
i
.

27 ; his tr ea ty , 3 , 8, 28 ; his m a n s on ,
Na n ticok e n n tow 95 ; I di a n s, 4 29 ; hisfi dp u r st e a r t r e , 33 ; his r e
i l u fi ldp u d h
.
,

Na t on a Cem eter y 230 t rn, na e a r t r e, a n d ea t , 34 ,

i l u d id
.
,

Na t on a G a r 238 1 03 a n d th e G er m a n s , 39 h is ea s
l
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gv
.

Na tu r a Ga s , 240 268 Of o er n m en t , 98 1 00, 1 01 off er s to

-
, .
34 6 I n d ex

se ll h i p ovi c s r n e, 1 05 ; h is s essor s , ucc city 265 ; u s s —

b ild h ip 269 270 s, en d
ul d of p ip e lin e 274 ; ch ools
,

1 05 h is r e en s, 1 1 6 ; r em a in s of , a nd s 278
vi duc i
,

ws
, ,

238 ; his e on e a t on , 277 ; 282 283

ch O f 289 Ph oen ixville 269
, .

sk et
P Joh Of W ill i m 38 1 05 Th
, . , .

om a s , 69 ,
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en n , o n, s n a , , , Pi er in g , 1 81 , 281 , 324 , 339 ,
1 21
P Rich d o O f Willi m 1 05 Pi ti t 42
.

en n , ar s n a e s s,
P“ik c ty 62
, , , .

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P Th om O f Will i m 1 05 Pitch M ll i 1 67 324
.
. ,
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Pith l City 93
, , , , .

1 21 o e
P J oh g d o O f Will i m 1 06 Pitt b g f d d 82 m
. , .

en n , n , r an s n a , , s ur , ou n83 e , a n or of ,
1 38 1 42 1 48 1 56 292 in 1 790, 86 ; 1 85 , 1 97, 21 6 , 222, 236 , 254 ,
P R ich d g d o O f Will i m b
.
, , , ,

enn ar r an s n a 255 , 256 and s te a m oa t s , 25 8, 269 ,

c l c bi i
, , ,

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1 42 292
M
,

Will i m 1 05 1 1 6 1 21
. 270 and oa , 262 ;
c l fi ld
, 264
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of r on n u str ,
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—
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d Y k w 67 69 d
.
, . , , ,

P en n a m it e an an ee ar -
268 of oil tr a e , 274 , 282, 287
P o B oi 340 Pl M
, . .

enr se , es , ea sa n t ou n t , 320
P bu y 22 30 33 Pl ill
. .

en n s r unk et , D r W ia m , 72 324
P y lv xt t 25 ;
,

P ly
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, ,

en n s i m d an a na e an e en m ou th , 67
fi t ttl 26 ; p t c ou ty m p Pl
, , .

O f 65 —cou ty m p O f 1 800 89 ;
rs se er s , r esen n a o es , 94
n a P l ck J
o lo a m es , 21 3 , 299
o th bou d y 87 ; p opul tio P c w
, , .

n r er n n ar a n on tia 8 a r , 55 , 82, 1 35 1 38
-

i 1 790 90 ; i c Of popul tio Ppl i

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n
90 95 ;
- fo m Of gov m t 96 ;
,

r
n r ea se
er n en
a n, o u a t on ,
c — m ov em en ts of , 1 1 0
r ea se of , 9 0 95 ; 25 1
in

ch t O f 97 ; F m of G ov P g R d
, .

ar er ra e er n or ta e oa , 261
wf m 1 00 ; u d P
,

m t 9 8 1 00;
en
-
ne ra e, n er d
or ter , D a vi R 205 , 207, 208, 29 7
C own 1 03 ; S t t 1 06 ; tti J
,

th a m es M , 339

fl
e r a a e, a
tud t ow d B iti h Opp io P F d ick
, . .

e ar s r s r ess n, os t , r e er , 1 33

1 43 1 45 ; fu i h P c P yl i
.

-
i m f o Co rn s es r e en r n ost offi e , fi r s t in en n s v a n a , 35
t l A m y 1 49 vot fo i d P c y
.

ti n en a r : es r n e otter ou n t , 21 1
gov m t m ov Pottstow
, .

p end 1 53 ;
en ce , er n en es n , 95
to L c t 1 59 d r tu P l
.

an to
a s er an e rns ott svi l e , 9 2, 21 9 262, 267
Phil d lphi 1 67; fi f om p p P ly J p
, , , .

a e a su er s r a er r iest , D r ose h , 253 ,

h i th R volutio Pi i gP P yl i
, .

m o y 1 71 ne s ar e n e e n, r nt n r es s , fi r st in en n s van a ,
ti fi F d l Co titutio P yl i
,

fi r st G er m a n in en n s v a n a , 43 ,
1 80— 3
1 75 ; ra es e er a ns n, 3
1 82 ; id with F c 1 87 ; s es r an e, 3
suppo t m b go 1 91 ; f d U i or s e ar ee s n n Pi
r n tz , G ov er n or , 1 8
ol d i i v d d P p y g
, .

s 220 er s , by L 222 ; : n a e ee , r o r i eta r , r i h t s a n d r en ts , 60, 6 1 ,

th “K y to
e St t 288
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294 ; n a tu r e of , 9 6 s u te W ith A s
P y lv i Ac a d m y O f F i A t di p
.

en n s an a e ne r s, sem b l y on I n an r e s en t s , 1 25 ; t a x a
254 i
t on of esta tes of , 1 29 , 1 34 , 1 38
P ylv i R v 220 229 231 P ci l g
. .

enn s an a eser es , r ovin a Con r es s , 1 45 , 1 49

P qu 39 P ci cil
.
, , .

e ea r ovin al Cou n n a tu r e of , in 1 682,

P kiom 39 1 63 304 c g
, . ,

er en , 1 00; h a n es in , 1 02
P y c ou ty 232 302
.
, , .

er r n
P y F l t 1 93 Q u a k er s 21 22 25 29 ; c h a r a c ter i tic
, , .

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P t R ich d 1 24 i i
,

of 35 ; chief imm gr a t on of 36 ;
, .
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P t ol um 93 271 274 it M d th S c tc h
, .
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P ttit Al f d C 239
, ,

I i h 54 56 i t c f 1 13
.

e re r s
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Ph il delphi I di m 1 2 c ou ty F i d ly ci ti
, .
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a a n an na e, n 1 67 A ss o a r en f 1 33 on o ;
fo m d 30 ; fo d d 3 1 32 i c o c
, ,

a n d s h ool s 3 6, 278, 282

-
r e un e ; n r
po t d 1 04 ; C o ti t l Co g k
, ,

Q u a er town , 21 1
.
,

ra e n n en a n r es s
1 46 1 49 ; occ upi d b y th e y M
a tth ew S , 340
, .

m t i ee s n, e Q ua ,
B iti h 1 61 1 67 ; m uti ou ldi it
.
, .

r s
-
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r en ts , 60, 1 05
ff c t O f E m b g
, .

R a il oa d s 9 1 92 209 21 3 258—
i n 1 75 ; 1 91
e e s ar o on ;
iot i 207 208 ; ec iv fugitiv
, ,

r s n, r e es e r 264 268,
l v 21 1 ; J oh B ow b dy i
, , , , , , ,
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s a es , n r n s o n, 29 8 31 1 329
ou th m d ic l tud t l v R a n d a ll S a m u l J 325 3 40
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