Lect

ure#03

I
oni
corEl
ect
rov
alentbond
Anat om canacqui r
eoct etbygainingtheaddi ti
onalelectronsi fithaslesst han
eightv al
enceel ectr
onsorbyl osingitsal lv alenceelectrons.Whenoneormor e
electrons ar et r
ansf er
red fr
om one at om t o anot her at om an i oni c or
electroval
entbondi sf ormed.Thist ypeofbondi sgener allyfor medwhena
met all
icat om combi neswi t
hanon- met alli
cat om.Thet ransferofel ectrons
occur sfrom met alatom tothenon- met alat om.Thus,anel ectrov al
entori onic
bondi sfor medbet weent heatomsbyt hecompl etetransf erofoneormor e
valenceel ectr
onsofoneat om totheot herat om sot hatt heycancompl etet heir
outermostoct etandacquiresstablenear estnobl egasconf iguration.Ther efore,
i
nt hi
st ypeofbondi ng,oneatom compl et esi t
soct etandacqui r
esnobl egas
conf i
gurationbylosingtheelect
ronsandot herbygai ningtheel ectrons.

Theatom whichlosestheelect
ronsacquir
esaposi t
ivechar
ge(cal
ledascat i
on)
andtheotherwhi chgainstheelectronsacquir
esanegat i
vecharge(call
edas
ani
on).Becauseofelectr
ostati
cforcesofattr
acti
on,thetwoopposit
elycharged
i
onscomecl oserandform anioni
cbond.

Theel
“ ect
rost
ati
cfor
ceofattr
act
ionwhichhol
dstheopposi
tel
ychar
gedi
ons
t
oget
herisknownasIoni
cBondorEl
ect
roval
entBond”

The compoundscont ai
ning i
oni
corel
ect
rov
alentbondsar
e cal
l
ed I
oni
cor
El
ect
r ov
alentCompounds.

 For
mat
ionofNaCl
:

Letusill
ustrat
etheformat ionofi oni
cbondbyconsideri
ngtheexampl eof
2 2 6 1
sodi
um chlor
ide.Sodi
um at om (1s 2s 2p 3s)canacquirestabl
eelect
roni
c
2 2 6
conf
igur
ati
onofNeon( 1s 2s 2p)byl osi
ngtheoneelect
ronpresenti
ni t
s
val
enceshell
.
 Fi
g.1.For
mat
ionofNaCl

Inasimi l
armannerl i
kethatofsodium, chl
orineat om (1s22s22p63s23p5)needs
onlyoneel ectr
ont ocompl etei
tsoctetasi thassev enelectr
onsi ni
tsv al
ence
shell
.Thus,bot htheatomscancompl etetheiroct et
sifsodium atom gi
vesone
elect
ront ochl ori
neatom.Thi stendencyi sr esponsibleforbondingbet ween
sodium andchl ori
neatoms.Therefore,sodi
um gi vesoneel ectr
onandbecomes
+
positi
velychargedNa i on,whilechlori
net akesupt heel ect
ronandbecomes
-
negativel
ychar gedCli on.Thebondf ormedbet weent heset woionsisi oni
c
becauseofel ectr
ostat
icforcesofatt
racti
on.

I
nterms ofLewi
s st
ruct
ure,t
he i
oni
c bond bet
ween Na+ and Cl
-maybe
r
epr
esent
edas:

Fi
gNo.2For
mat
ionofSodi
um Chl
ori
de(
DotSt
ruct
ure)

 For
mat
ionofCaF2:

Theelect
roni
cconfi
gurati
onsofcal
cium andf
luor
ineat
omsar
eCa(
Z=20)
:[Ar
]
2 2 5
4s andF(Z=9):[He]2s 2p

Intheformationofcalcium f
luor
ide, cal
cium l
osesi t
sboththeval
enceelectr
ons
totwofluori
neatomseachofwhi chi sinneedofoneel ectr
on.Thi
sresultsi
nthe
2+ -
for
mat i
onofCa i onandt woF i ons.Eachoft heseionsacquir
enobl egas
2+ -
confi
gurati
on.OneCa andt woFi onsform bondstogivecal
cium f
luor
ide.Thi
s
mayber epresentedas:
 Fi
gNo.3For
mat
ionofCal
cium Fl
uor
ide(
DotSt
ruct
ure)

Att hetimeoff or
mat i
onofel ectroval
entbond,Electrov
alenceorElectr
ovalency
i
st henumberofel ectronslostorgai nedbyanat om,itisalsoequalt ot he
numberofuni tchar gesont hei on.ForExampl e,sodium possessesposi ti
ve
electroval
enceofone, whilecal ci
um possessesaposi ti
veelect
rov
alenceoft wo.
Simi l
arl
y,chl
orineandf l
uorinebot hhaveelect
rovalenceofonewhichi snegati
v e.
Atomst hatreadilyl
oseel ectronsar ecall
edelectroposit
ivewhil
et hosewhi ch
readilygainel
ect r
onsarecal l
edEl ectr
onegati
ve.

Si
mil
arl
y,f
ormat
ionofmagnesi
um oxi
demaybeshownas:

Fi
gNo.3For
mat
ionofMagnesi
um Oxi
de

 Gener
alPr
oper
ti
esofI
oni
cBond

 Phy
sicalSt
ate

I
oniccompoundsusual
l
yexist
,int
hef or
m ofcryst
all
inesoli
ds.X-
raysst
udi
esof
thesecompoundsdonotexi
stasindependentmoleculesbutexi
stsint
hefor
m
ofions.

Fi
gNo.5NaClCr
yst
alSt
ruct
ure

Thesearearr
angedinsomedef i
nit
egeometri
cpatter
nst
oform acry
stall
att
ice.
+ - -
ForExample,
inNaClcr
ystaleachNa issur
roundedbysi
xClionsandeachCl is
surr
oundedbysi xNa+.Thenumberofopposi telychar
gedionspresentasthe
nearestneighbori
ng around anioniscalled it
sCoordinat
ionNumber .Thus,
+
coordinat
ion numberofNa i n NaClionic cry
stali
s 6,and similar
ly,t
he
-
coordinat
ionnumberofCli oninNaClcr
ystali
s6.Thecr yst
alst
ruct
ureofNaCl
i
sshowni nfi
gurenumber5.

 Mel
ti
ngandBoi
li
ngPoi
nts

Ionic compounds possess hi gh mel ti

ng and boi li
ng poi nts,because of
electr
ost at
icforcesofattr
act ionsamongt hei ons,mor eamountofener gyi
s
requir
edt obreakthecryst
all atti
ce.Thev ari
ati
oni nthemel t
ingpointdepends
upont hechar gesontheionsandt hei onicradii.Thehi gherthechargesand
closert hei onsinthecr ystal,t he l
argerwi llbet he electrostat
icforcesof
attr
actionandconsequent ly,hi gherwillbet hemel t
ingpoi nt.ForExampl e,i
n
caseofsodi um hali
desthemel ti
ngpointpoi nt
sdecr easefrom NaFt oNaI:

NaF(
1270K)>NaCl(
1073K)>NaBr(
1023K)>NaI(
924K)

 Sol
ubi
li
ty

General
lyIoniccompoundsarewatersolubleandalsosolubleinotherpol
ar
sol
vents,thi
si sbecauseofl
argeelect
rost
atici
nter
act
ionsbetweeni onsand
pol
arsolvents.Buti
oni
ccompoundsarei
nsolubl
einnon-
polarsol
vent
s.

 El
ect
ri
calConduct
ivi
ty

Ioni
ccompoundsactasgoodconduct or
sofelectr
ici
tywheninthesolut
ionfor
m
orinthei
rmolt
enst ates,asthei
onsbecomef reetomov e.However
,thereisno
conducti
onint
heirsolidstat
ebecauseofst
rongelectr
ost
aticfor
cesbetweenthe
i
onsandhencenomobi l
ity
.So,thi
sconducti
vit
yi sgai
nedupondi ssolv
ingor
melti
ngofthecry
stals.

I
oni
cReact
ions

Whent heioniccompoundsar edissol

vedinwatert
heysplitupint
oopposi tel
y
chargedions.Thechemicalreact
ionsofioni
ccompoundsar echaracter
ist
icof
theconstit
uentionsandar eknownasI onicReact
ions.Suchreactionsoccur
almostinst
antaneousl
y.