

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Whenl iqui
di spl acedi nanopenv essel.I
tsl owl yescapesi nto
gaseous phase v entuall
yl eav i
ng t he v essel empt y. Thi s
phenomenon i s known as v apori
zati
on or ev aporat i
on.
Evapor ati
onofl i
quidscanbeexpl ai
nedi nthet ermsofki net i
c
mol ecularmodelal thought her
ear estrongmol ecul arattractive
forces whi ch hold mol ecules together.The mol ecules hav ing
suffici
entki net
icener gycanescapei ntogaseousphase.I fsuch
mol eculeshappent ocomeneart hesurfaceinasampl eofl iquid
allthemol eculesdonothav esameki neti
cener gy .Therei sa
smal lfract
ionofmol ecul
eswhi chhav eenoughki neticener gyt o
overcomet heat t
ractivefor
cesandescapesi ntogaseousphase.

Evaporati
oncausescool i
ng.Thisisduetot hereasonthatt
he
moleculeswhi chundergoevaporati
onhavehighkinet
icener
gy
ther
eforet he ki
net
ic ener
gyoft he mol
ecul
es which ar
eleft
behindisless.
Si
ncet
her
emai
ningmol
ecul
eswhi
char
elef
thav
elowerav
erage

kinet
ic energy.Therefor
et emperat
urei s keptconstantt he
remaining l
i
quid wil
lhave same dist
ribut
ion ofthe molecul
ar
kinet
icenergyandhi ghmolecul
arenergywi l
lkeptoneescaping
from l
iqui
dintogaseousphaseoftheli
quids.

Fact
orsaf
fect
ingt
her
ateofev
apor
ati
on

(1)NatureofLiquids:Themagnitudeofinter-
molecul
arforcesof
attr
acti
oninl i
quiddeterminethespeedofev apor
ati
on.Weaker
theinter
-molecularforcesofattract
ionlargeristheext entof
evaporat
ion.Indiethyletherr
ateofev aporat
ionisgreaterthan
thatofethyl
alcohol.

(2)Temper ature:Ther at
eofevaporati
onofliqui
dsvar i
esdir
ect l
y
withtemper ature.Withtheincreaseinthetemperature,f
raction
ofmol ecul
eshav i
ngsuf f
ici
entkinet
icener
gyt oescapeoutf r
om
thesurfacealsoi ncr
eases.Thuswi t
htheincr
easeint emperature
rateofevapor at
ionalsoincr
eases.

(
3)Sur
faceArea :Mol
ecul
esthatescapethesurf
aceofthe
l
i
qui
dsconst
it
utetheev
apor
ati
on.Ther
efor
elar
gersurf
acear
ea
cont
ri
but
esaccel
erat
ingev
apor
ati
on.

(4)Composi t
ion ofEnvironment:Ther ateofev aporation of
l
iqui
dsdependsupont hef lowofaircur
rent
sabov et hesur f
aceof
theli
quid.Ai
rcur r
entfl
owi ngoverthesurfaceoft heliquidtook
awayt hemol ecul
esoft hesubstancei nv apourstatet hereby
prev
entingcondensat
ion.

Exper
imentno.1

Aim :Tocompar
ether
atesofev
apor
ati
onofacet
one,benzene
andchlor
ofor
m.

Requi
rement:ThreesamesizePetr
idishesofdi
ameter10cm.
,
10ml.pi
pett
es,st
opwatch,
acetonebenzeneandchl
orof
orm.

Pr
ocedur
e:

1.Cl
eananddr
yal
lPet
ridi
shesandi
dent
if
ythem asA,
BandC.

2.Pipett
eoutof10ml .acetoneinPetridi
sh"A"withstopper
si
milarl
ypipet
teoutof10ml .ofbenzeneandchl
orof
ormineach
ofPetri
"B"and"C"
.

3.Removethecov
erpl
atesf
rom al
lPet
ridi
shesandst
artt
he
st
opwatch.

4.LetthePet
ridi
shesremai
nexposedfor10mi
nut
e.Nowcover
eachofthepetr
idishandnot
ethevol
umeofremai
ningmat
eri
al
i
nt hem.
Obser
vat
ion:

Ti
me:
10mi
n.=600Sec.

Pet
ridi
shesMar
ked

Li
qui
dTaken(
V1)ml
.

Vol
umer
emai
ning(
V2)ml
.

Resul
ts:

Rat
eofev
apor
ati
onofAcet
onei
s0.
0133ml
/s.

Rat
eofev
apor
ati
onofBenzenei
s0.
0166ml
/s.

Rat
eofev
apor
ati
onofChl
orof
ormi
s0.
010ml
/s.

Concl
usi
on:

Theint
ermolecul
arf
orcesofacet
one,benzeneandchl
orof
orm
arei
norder
.

Chl
orof
orm >Benzene>Acet
one.

Exper
imentno.2
Ai
m :To study the eff
ectofsur
face ar
ea on t
he r
ate of
ev
apor
ati
onofdi
ethyl
ether.

Requi
rement:ThreePetr
idishesofdi
amet
er2.
5cm.
,5cm.
,7.
5
cm.withcov
er,10ml.ofpi
petteandst
opwat
ch.

Pr
ocedur
e:

1.Cl
eananddr
yal
lPet
ridi
shesandmar
kthem asA,
BandC.

2.Pi
pet
teoutof10ml
.diet
hyl
etheri
neachoft
hePet
ridi
shesA,
BandCandcovert
hem i
mmediatel
y.

3.Uncov
eral
lthr
eePet
ridi
shesandst
artt
hest
opwat
ch.

4.Notetheremaini
ngvol
umeaf
ter10mi
n.v
apor
izat
ionofdi
ethy
l
etherf
rom eachPetr
idi
sh.

Obser
vat
ion:

Ti
me:
10mi
n.=600Sec.

Resul
ts:Theor
derofev
apor
ati
onofacet
onei
nthr
eepet
ridi
shes
as7.5>5.0>2.
5cm.

Concl
usi
on:
Lar
gert
hesur
facear
eamor
eisev
apor
ati
on.

Exper
imentno.3
Ai
m :To study the ef
fectoft
emper
atur
e on t
he r
ate of
ev
apor
ati
onofacet
one.

Requir
ement:TwoPet r
idishesof5cm.di amet
ereachst
op
watch,10ml
.pi
pet
te,
thermometer
,ther
most
at.

Pr
ocedur
e:

1.WashandCl
ean,
dryt
hePet
ridi
shesandmar
kthem asA,
B.

2.Pi
pet
teoutof10ml
.ofacet
onet
oeachofPet
ridi
shesAandB
andcov
erthem.

3.PutonePet
ridi
shatr
oom t
emper
atur
eandt
otheot
herheat
forsamet
ime.

4.Not
ether
eadi
ng.

Obser
vat
ion:

Ti
me:
10mi
n.=600Sec.

Resul
ts:Theor
derofev
apor
ati
onofacet
onei
ntwoPet
ridi
shes
asgiv
en

Room Temper
atur
e<Heat
ing.

Conclusi
on :Obser
vati
on clear
ly shows t
hatt
he ev
apor
ati
on
i
ncreaseswit
htemperat
ure.