Metallisches Strahlmittel

Gerundetes Stahldrahtkorn VDFI 8001

Bezeichnung, Güteanforderungen, Prüfungen
Edition May 2009
Supersedes VDFI 8001
Peening media, cut wire shots; October 1994
Nomenclature, quality requirements, tests

1 PURPOSE

Peening media used in the spring industry are generally used to improve the durability of springs under
dynamic stress.
The method applied – shot peening - is a manufacturing process whose result directly depends on the
kind of peening medium applied. Therefore, certain requirements which are defined in this standard must
be met by the peening media.

2 APPLICABILITY

This standard applies to shot with the applicable dimensions of the cut wire shots being listed in table 2.

3 TERMS

Conditioned (rounded) Cut Wire Shot describes the state in which the peening medium is used for shot
peening. The degree of conditioning is more or less pronounced, depending on the application.

• The abbreviation for the peening medium “Cut wire Shots“ is StD.
• The abbreviation for the shape of grain “conditioned“ of the peening medium is G.
• The degree of conditioning of the cut wire shots is specified by the figures 1, 2 or 3.

4 DESIGNATION

The designation of a peening medium comprises

a) the denomination,
b) the abbreviation for the type of peening medium,
c) the abbreviation for the shape of grain of the peening medium,
d) the grade of conditioning,
e) the nominal diameter of the cut wire shots in mm,
f) the nominal value of Vickers hardness specified by the suffix HV, and
g) the abbreviation for this standard.

The elements b) and c) as well as d) to g) are each separated by a hyphen.

Example:
The designation for the peening medium “Cut wire shots“, conditioned in compliance with figure 1 a) in the
standard series 8.1, nominal diameter of the cut wire 0.8 mm, nominal Vickers hardness 640 HV1, is:

Metallic abrasive StD-G1-0.8-640HV-VDFI 8001

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Internet: www.federnverband.de
 Page 2 of 5

5 REQUIREMENTS

5.1 Material
The source material used for the manufacture of cut wire shots is wire rod acc. to DIN EN 10016-2.

5.2 Steel wire

The prematerial usually used for cut wire shot is patented cold-drawn steel wire acc. to DIN EN 10270-1.
The relevant tensile strength must be set so that the hardness specified in table 2 is achieved. The
prematerial must be newly manufactured steel wire, whose surface must be without deep cracks, grooves
or scale. The surface must be dry and free of oil and corrosion. Coatings used for corrosion prevention
such as cadmium, tin, zinc and paint are inadmissible, unless specified otherwise. Phosphate-coated
steel wire may be used.

5.3 Shape and dimensions of grain

5.3.1 Shape of grain
The three figures shown in section 8.1 must be deemed a standard series for the shape of grain and the
degree of conditioning. Deviations from the examples presented are possible. The tolerance margin for
deviation must be agreed upon between the supplier and the customer. The proportion of defective grain
found acc. to section 6.2.2 must not exceed 2‰*). If a proportion of defective grain between 2‰ and 4‰ is
found during the first test, a second test is allowed which, however, must then meet the 2‰ limit. A
proportion of defective grain of more than 4‰ results in direct rejection.

5.3.2 Grain dimensions

Grain dimensions of conditioned cut wire shot are found by a screening analysis acc. to section 6.2.3. The
screening analysis must result in the following screening residue:
• 1st screen: ≤5 % • 2nd screen: ≥85 %
• 3rd screen: ≤10 % • Percentage of dust: ≤ 0.5 %

5.4 Hardness
The arithmetic mean of Vickers hardness HV0.5 or HV1 found must be within the tolerance range as
specified in table 2. The tolerance range of the individual Vickers hardness values is larger and can also
be found in table 2.

5.5 Service life

The service life of the peening medium tested and found acc. to section 6.2.5 is calculated by the number
of cycles performed in the Ervin tester; it must at least reach the number of cycles specified in table 2.

6 TESTING

6.1 Sampling
The quantity of conditioned cut wire shot required for all tests is taken according to DIN EN ISO 11125-1
and divided into the standardised sample quantities required for the individual tests.

6.2 Test procedure

6.2.1 Determination of the carbon content
The carbon content is determined on the basis of the incineration method.

6.2.2 Determination of the shape of grain and proportion of defective grain

Cut wire shot taken from a subsample is distributed densely in a single layer on a level surface; an
adhesive tape of 100 mm x 30 mm is used to take a layer of cut wire shots, which is then subjected to a
visual inspection.
The shape of grain is evaluated at x20 to x25 magnification by comparison with the standard series
shown in section 8.1. The same magnification is used to ascertain the proportion of defective grain.
A maximum quantity of defective grain of 2 ‰, e.g. wire shots not conditioned and grains of the
neighbouring conditioning stage may be found on the test surface of 3,000 mm². If a defective proportion
between 2 ‰ and 4 ‰ is found during the first test, a second test is allowed which, however, must then
meet the 2 ‰ limit.

*)
2 ‰ equivalent 2/1000
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Depending on the nominal diameter of wire shots, the rate of 2 ‰ or 4 ‰ means the following in absolute
figures:

Proportion of defective
Nominal diameter of grains
wire shots in units
in mm
at 2 ‰ at 4 ‰

0.2 25 50
0.3 21 42
0.4 18 36
0.6 14 28
0.7 11 22
0.8 8 16
0.9 6 12
1.0 5 10
1.2 4 8
Table 1: proportion of defective grain at 2 ‰ and 4 ‰, depending on the nominal diameter of wire shots

6.2.3 Screening analysis

The sample quantity required for the screening test is taken from a subsample of the cut wire shot.
Screening is performed by means of a set of test screens. The amount of grain remaining on each screen
must be weighed and recorded in the form of a percentage of the quantity of shot tested. The result of the
manual screening is definitive.
The mesh size of the test screens is:
• 1st screen: mesh size = nominal diameter of cut wire shot + 0.1mm
• 2nd screen: mesh size = nominal diameter of cut wire shot
• 3rd screen: mesh size = nominal diameter of cut wire shot – 0.1mm

6.2.4 Determination of hardness

A minimum of 50 grains are taken from a subsample of cut wire shots, distributed in a single layer and
embedded into epoxy resin which cures at a temperature of <140 °C. The test piece must be wet-ground
after curing and polished with a diamond powder whose average grain size is 3 µm. Grinding and
polishing of the surface must be continued down to one third of the nominal diameter of the relevant cut
wire shots. The exposed, polished surfaces of the grains are very lightly etched with 3 % alcoholic nitric
acid.
A hardness measurement acc. to DIN EN ISO 6507 is performed at the centre of 20 grains whose
microstructure clearly indicates that they have been cut in longitudinal direction; then the arithmetic mean
is calculated.
Test forces are as follows:
• for nominal diameters of cut wire shots of 0.2 mm and 0.3 mm: 4.9035 N (HV0.5)
• for nominal diameters of cut wire shots of 0.4 mm to incl. 1.2 mm: 9.8070 N (HV1)

6.2.5 Service life tests

A quantity of 220 g is taken from a subsample of the cut wire shots. A portion of 100 g of that quantity is
placed into the Ervin tester. One cycle is completed after 500 revolutions. After each cycle the smaller
particles are removed from the operating mix via a separating screen (mesh size: 0.3 mm*)) and the
quantity lost is replaced with the same quantity of fresh grain. The operation of cycles is continued until
the total losses exceed 100 g. The application of linear interpolation allows a deduction of the number of
revolutions resulting in a total loss of 100 g. That number of revolutions is the service life.

*)
For the nominal diameter of cut wire shots of 0.3 mm, the separating screen has a mesh size of 0.2 mm. If the nominal diameter
of cut wire shots is 0.2 mm, testing is impossible at present.
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Verband der Deutschen Federnindustrie e.V. Š Goldene Pforte 1 Š D-58093 Hagen
Internet: www.federnverband.de
 Page 4 of 5

6.2.6 Rejection
If requirements in section 5 are not met, the relevant batch can be rejected. The manufacturer must be
informed about the intended rejection and given the opportunity of convincing himself of the justification of
the complaint.

7 QUOTED STANDARDS

• DIN EN 10016-2 Non-alloy steel rod for drawing and/or cold rolling - Part 2: Specific
requirements for general purpose rod
• DIN EN 10270-1 Steel wire for mechanical springs – Part 1: Patented cold drawn unalloyed
steel wire
• DIN EN ISO 11125-1 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related
products - Test methods for metallic blast-cleaning abrasives – Part 1:
Sampling
• DIN EN ISO 6507 Metallic materials - Vickers hardness test

8 STANDARD SERIES AND QUALITY REQUIREMENTS

8.1 Standard series shape of grain

a) b) c)

G1 G2 G3

Fig. 1: Shape of grain:

a) Grade of rounding G1
b) Grade of rounding G2
c) Grade of rounding G3

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 Page 5 of 5

8.2 Quality requirements for conditioned cut wire shots

Service life
minimum number of
Vickers hardness tests
Cut wire revolutions during
shots - ERVIN test
Nominal Limit values
diameter Limit values
Test force

of the
of the mean Type of material
Nominal individual
in mm value of 20 acc. to G1 G2 G3
value values of the 20
measured grains DIN EN 10016-2
measured
(± 30HV)
grains (± 60HV)
640 610 - 670 580 - 700 C72D / C76D
0.2 670 640 – 700 610 - 730 C72D / C76D not testable
HV 0.5

700 670 - 730 640 - 760 C82D / C86D

640 610 - 670 580 - 700 C72D / C76D 4,600 4,500 4,400
0.3 670 640 – 700 610 - 730 C72D / C76D 4,500 4,400 4,300
700 670 - 730 640 - 760 C82D / C86D 4,600 4,500 4,400
640 610 - 670 580 - 700 C72D / C76D 4,400 4,300 4,200
0.4 670 640 – 700 610 - 730 C72D / C76D 4,300 4,200 4,100
700 670 - 730 640 - 760 C82D / C86D 4,400 4,300 4,200
640 610 - 670 580 - 700 C72D / C76D 4,200 4,100 4,000
0.5 670 640 – 700 610 - 730 C72D / C76D 4,100 4,000 3,900
700 670 - 730 640 - 760 C82D / C86D 4,200 4,100 4,000
640 610 - 670 580 - 700 C72D / C76D 4,000 3,900 3,800
0.6 670 640 – 700 610 - 730 C72D / C76D 3,900 3,800 3,700
700 670 - 730 640 - 760 C82D / C86D 4,000 3,900 3,800
640 610 - 670 580 - 700 C72D / C76D 3,700 3,600 3,500
0.7 670 640 – 700 610 - 730 C72D / C76D 3,600 3,500 3,400
HV 1

700 670 - 730 640 - 760 C82D / C86D 3,700 3,600 3,500
640 610 - 670 580 - 700 C72D / C76D 3,500 3,400 3,300
0.8 670 640 – 700 610 - 730 C72D / C76D 3,400 3,300 3,200
700 670 - 730 640 - 760 C82D / C86D 3,500 3,400 3,300
640 610 - 670 580 - 700 C72D / C76D 3,300 3,200 3,100
0.9 670 640 – 700 610 - 730 C72D / C76D 3,200 3,100 3,000
700 670 - 730 640 - 760 C82D / C86D 3,300 3,200 3,100
640 610 - 670 580 - 700 C72D / C76D 3,100 3,000 2,900
1.0 670 640 – 700 610 - 730 C72D / C76D 3,000 2,900 2,800
700 670 - 730 640 - 760 C82D / C86D 3,100 3,000 2,900
640 610 - 670 580 - 700 C72D / C76D 3000 2900 2800
1.2 670 640 – 700 610 - 730 C72D / C76D 2900 2800 2700
700 670 - 730 640 - 760 C82D / C86D 3000 2900 2800

Table 2: requirements of hardness and service life for cut wire shots

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Verband der Deutschen Federnindustrie e.V. Š Goldene Pforte 1 Š D-58093 Hagen
Internet: www.federnverband.de